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Gondia district

2022-03-27T16:23:54Z

Tata India:

{{short description|District of Maharashtra in India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Gondia}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gondia district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Southern tropical dry deciduous forest.jpg
| image_caption = Forest in [[Nagzira]]
| image_map = Gondia in Maharashtra (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Gondia district in Maharashtra
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Gondia
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagpur Division|Nagpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gondia]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. '''[[Gondia]]''', 2. [[Goregaon]] 3. '''[[Tirora]]''', 4. '''[[Arjuni Morgaon]]''', 5. '''[[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]''', 6. '''[[Amgaon]]''', 7. [[Salekasa]], 8. [[Sadak Arjuni]]
| area_total_km2 = 5234
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,322,507
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 11.95%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 999
| leader_title = District Guardian Minister
| leader_name = [[Anil Deshmukh]]
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]] shared with [[Bhandara district]], 2. [[Gadchiroli-Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli-Chimur]] (shared with [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] districts)
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = 1 '''[[Gondia]]''', 2 '''[[Arjuni Morgaon]]''', 3 '''[[Tirora]]''', 4 [[Amgaon]].
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway (India)|NH]] [[National Highway 53 (India)|53]], NH 543, NH 753, MSH 11, [[State highways in India|SH]] 249, SH 266, SH 275, SH 354, SH 366
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1197 mm
| website = {{URL|http://gondia.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Gondia district''' (also known as '''Gondiya,''' Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɡon̪d̪iaː]]]) is an administrative district in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India. The district headquarter is located at [[Gondia]]. The district occupies an area of {{convert|5234|km2|abbr=on}} and has a population of 1,322,507 of which 11.95% were urban ({{as of|2011|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qeg4fOlH?url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> The district is part of [[Nagpur Division]]. There are 8 [[Talukas]] in [[Gondia District]]. [[Gondia Airport]] is second airport in Vidharbha region and serves city of [[Gondia]].

==History==
{{expert needed|India|section|reason=incomprehensible and unsourced, may need a complete rewrite|date=March 2018}}
In the 7th century, the modern-day district was part of the territories of the [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]] Rajput kings of Chhattisgarh whose kingdom was known as Maha Kosala. Gondia or Gondiya was a part of Bhandara which retains some recollection of Hindu kings who ruled from Nagardhan.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The 12th century saw the rule of Panwars (Rajput) who were subsequently ousted by [[Gondi people|Gond]] chiefs who asserted their independence of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratanpur dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

This was followed by [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Vidarbha who established himself as the king of Vidarbha in 1743. In 1755, Janoji was declared as the sovereign of the territory, after the death of his father Raghoji Bhonsle. The two brothers Mudhoji and Rupaji of Raghoji Bhonsle of Hingani-Beradi were contemporaries of Shahaji, the father of Chhatrapati Shivaji and one of the ancestors of the Bhonsles of Nagpur who rehabilitated the village of Beradi was probably the contemporary of Maloji, the grandfather of Chhatrapati Shivaji. After the death of Sambhaji, during the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], Parasoji rendered invaluable help to [[Rajaram I]] who had succeeded to the throne of Chhatrapati. The territories of Vidarbha and Berar from which he had exacted tribute were given to his charge under a grant made in 1699 A.D.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb when Shahu was released by Muhammad Azam, Parasoji Bhonsle was the first of the Maratha nobles to join him in west [[Khandesh]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The 17th century saw the invasion of the [[Peshwa]]s who were instrumental in making the district a part of Berar. The Peshwas were succeeded by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]] during the 1850s; the Nizam ceded Berar to the [[British East India Company]]. In 1903 the Nizam leased Berar to the British Government of India. It was transferred to the Central Provinces. In 1956, with the re-organization of states, Bhandara was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Bombay Province and in 1960 with the formation of Maharashtra; it became a district of the state and was carved out of [[Bhandara district]] in 1999.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Divisions==
The district is divided into four sub-divisions, each of which is further divided into ''[[taluka]]s''. These are:
* [[Gondia]] sub-division: [[Gondia]].
* [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]: [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]], [[Amgaon]], and [[Salekasa]] ''talukas''
* [[Tirora]] sub-division: [[Tirora]] and [[Goregaon, Gondia|Goregaon]] ''talukas''
* [[Arjuni Morgaon]] sub-division: [[Arjuni Morgaon]] and [[Sadak Arjuni]] ''talukas''
The district also includes of 556 ''[[gram panchayat]]s'' (village councils), 8 ''[[panchayat samiti (block)|panchayat samitis]]'' and 954 [[revenue village]]. The Eight municipalities in this district are Gondia, Tirora, Arjuni Morgaon, Deori, Amgaon, Goregaon, Sadak Arjuni, Salekasa.

The district has four [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies: [[Arjuni Morgaon]] (Scheduled castes), [[Gondiya]], [[Tirora]] and [[Amgaon]] (Scheduled tribes). While the first three are part of Bhandara-Gondiya [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, the last one is part of Gadchiroli-Chimur (ST) Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=Districtwise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Gondia district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,322,507,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web|year=2011|title=District Census 2011 - Gondiya|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2711_PART_A_DCHB_GONDIYA.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of Mauritius<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Mauritius 1,303,717 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 369th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert| 253 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] during 2001–2011 was 10.13%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Gondiya has a [[sex ratio]] of 996 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 85.41%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.31% and 16.20% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Gondiya district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hindus]]|darkorange|87.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhists]]|mediumblue|9.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|#008000|1.98}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.30}}
}}
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Gondiya District<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
|label1 = Marathi
|value1 = 73.31
|color1 = orange
|label2 = Hindi
|value2 = 10.06
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Powari language|Powari]]
|value3 = 4.70
|color3 = red
|label4 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
|value4 = 3.46
|color4 = gold
|label5 = Lodhi
|value5 = 2.61
|color5 = chocolate
|label6 = Chhatisgarhi
|value6 = 1.79
|color6 = chartreuse
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 4.5
|color7 = gray
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 73.31% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 10.06% [[Hindi]], 4.70% [[Powari language|Powari]], 3.46% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 2.61% Lodhi and 1.79% [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] as their first language.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,13,952|13=1911|14=3,66,186|15=1921|16=3,83,135|17=1931|18=4,40,170|19=1941|20=5,14,165|21=1951|22=5,72,142|23=1961|24=6,78,740|25=1971|26=8,54,527|27=1981|28=9,87,089|29=1991|30=10,86,221|31=2001|32=12,00,707|33=2011|34=13,22,507|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>|align=middle}}

== Climate ==
[[File:Average Temprature Gondia Till AUG2012.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Gondia average temperature]]Gondia experiences extreme variations in temperature with very hot summers and very cold winters and has an average relative humidity of 62 percent. Average recorded rainfall is more than {{convert|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in each rainy season (June to September).

The hottest month is May when daytime high temperatures will generally average {{convert|42|C}}. During the same month, nightly minimum temperatures average around {{convert|28|C}}. In recent times the highest-recorded temperature in May has been {{convert|48|C}}, and the lowest May temperature has been {{convert|20|C}}.

The coolest months are December and January when temperatures will reach highs of around {{convert|29|C}} and lows of {{convert|13|C}}. The highest-recorded temperature in January was {{convert|38|C}} and the lowest was {{convert|0|C}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Gondia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 27.6
|Feb high C = 31.1
|Mar high C = 35.2
|Apr high C = 43.0
|May high C = 47.0
|Jun high C = 45.0
|Jul high C = 30.5
|Aug high C = 29.9
|Sep high C = 30.8
|Oct high C = 31.0
|Nov high C = 29.3
|Dec high C = 27.9
|Jan low C = 13.3
|Feb low C = 15.4
|Mar low C = 19.6
|Apr low C = 24.6
|May low C = 28.9
|Jun low C = 27.4
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.1
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 21.2
|Nov low C = 15.2
|Dec low C = 9
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 30.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 16.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 16.0
|May precipitation mm = 13.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 219.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 503.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 443.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 222.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 22.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.8
|source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BHANDARA/gen_climate.html Government of Maharashtra]
|date = June 2012
}}

==Economy==
Gondia is also known as "rice City", as it is a rice-producing district and has about 250 rice mills in its vicinity. It is also a major trading place. The Mumbai–Nagpur–Kolkata Road is the only national highway passing through the district, covering a total distance of {{convert|99.37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. Gondia has bus connectivity to [[Jabalpur]], Nagpur, [[Raipur]] and [[Hyderabad]].

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Gondia one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://gondia.gov.in/ Gondia district website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090622101632/http://gondiainfo.hpage.com/ www.gondiainfo.com]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gondia district
|North = [[Balaghat district]], Madhya Pradesh
|Northeast =
|East = [[Rajnandgaon district]], Chhattisgarh
|Southeast =
|South = [[Gadchiroli district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bhandara district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{coord|21|27|41|N|80|11|29|E|region:IN-MH_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Gondia district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur division]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]

Arjuni railway station

2022-03-27T16:06:09Z

Tata India:

{{short description|Railway station in Arjuni Morgaon city, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Arjuni railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Express trains in India|Express]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Arjuni.jpg
| image_caption = Arjuni railway station, captured by Master Harshal Khawse
| address = [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Gondia district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[flag|India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.8186015|80.0211464|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|266|m|ft}}
| line = Jabalpur–Gondia–Arjuni-Nagbhir–Balharshah line [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| other = Arjuni Morgaon bus stop (400m), Travel stop (200m).
| structure = At ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = Broad gauge {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| baggage check =
| opened = 1888{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
| closed = Effects of Covid-19 up to (15 August 2020)
| rebuilt = No
| electrified = Yes
| ADA = {{Access icon|20px}} 3 railway gates {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AJU<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjuni Aju Station |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/arjuni-aju-station |publisher=NDTV |access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
| zone = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| division = Nagpur SEC
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 10000 daily{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| pass_year = 2019–20
| pass_percent = 79
| pass_system = AC-2 Tier, AC-3 Tier, Sleeper and General Class
| map_type = India#India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Arjuni railway station
| services = {{s-rail|title=Indian Railways}}
{{s-line|system=Indian Railways|previous=Barabhati|next= Wadegaon|line=South East Central Railway zone|branch= Gondia–Nagbhir–Balharshah branch line on [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]|rows1=1}}
}}
'''Arjuni railway station''' (station code: '''AJU''') serves [[Arjuni Morgaon]] city and surrounding towns and villages in Arjuni Morgaon [[Subdivision (country subdivision)|subdivision]] of [[Gondia district]], [[Bhandara district]] and [[Gadchiroli district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Aju/Arjuni (2 PFs) Railway Station – Train Arrival Timings|url = http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/Arjuni-Aju/5909|website = India Rail Info|access-date = 2019-02-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Gondia district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gondia district]]
[[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Arjuni Municipal Council

2022-03-27T16:02:30Z

Tata India:

Draft:Municipal Council

2022-03-27T15:53:57Z

Tata India: Tata India moved page Draft:Municipal Council to Bharatpedia:Municipal Council: Authorized

#REDIRECT [[Bharatpedia:Municipal Council]]

Bharatpedia:Municipal Council

2022-03-27T15:53:57Z

Tata India: Tata India moved page Draft:Municipal Council to Bharatpedia:Municipal Council: Authorized

{{short description|Legislative body of a municipality or local government area}}
A '''Municipal Council''' is the [[Legislature|legislative body]] of a [[municipality]] or [[local government area]]. Depending on the location and classification of the Municipality it may be known as a '''city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council,''' '''village council''', or '''board of aldermen'''.

User talk:Tata India

2022-03-27T15:45:46Z

Tata India:

Hello, Tata India, and welcome to Bharatpedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Tata India|your contributions]]. I hope you like this place and decide to stay. We are working hard to make this one of the most popular websites in the world, and it's only possible through the contributions of editors like you. This website is not just a collection of articles, it's an active community. The real fun here is contributing to Bharatpedia, but don't feel hurt if some of your first few edits get removed, as there are some central guidelines you may not be familiar with.

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==[[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Legislature]]==
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A tag has been placed on [[:Legislature]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Bharatpedia. This has been done for the following reason:

<blockquote>moved into draft namespace; no sources were provide to stable into mainspace and also small article</blockquote>

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Ok [[User:Tata India|Tata India]] ([[User talk:Tata India#top|talk]]) 21:15, 27 March 2022 (IST)

==[[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Arjuni Municipal Council]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Arjuni Municipal Council]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Bharatpedia. This has been done for the following reason:

<blockquote>moved into draft namespace</blockquote>

Under the [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Arjuni Municipal Council|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Bharatpedia:List of policies|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Arjuni+Municipal+Council|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[BP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 20:31, 27 March 2022 (IST)
==[[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Municipal Council]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Municipal Council]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Bharatpedia. This has been done for the following reason:

<blockquote>moved into draft namespace</blockquote>

Under the [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Municipal Council|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Bharatpedia:List of policies|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Municipal+Council|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[BP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 20:32, 27 March 2022 (IST)

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Hi, thank you creating above articles into Bharatpedia. But unfortunately, It's seems that the articles you've created are not enough to stable into main namespace, for which I moved these into draft namespace, where you can still self edit and improve these articles. And please remember after it's done, don't forget to submit these articles by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> in the articles above. Regards [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 20:41, 27 March 2022 (IST)

Draft:Legislature

2022-03-27T13:10:48Z

Tata India: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} [[Palace of Westminster in February 2007]] A '''Legislature''' is an assembly with the authority to make lawa for a polity such as a country or city."

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

[[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Palace of Westminster]] in February 2007]]

A '''Legislature''' is an [[deliberative assembly|assembly]] with the [[authority]] to make [[law]]a for a polity such as a [[Sovereign state|country]] or [[city]].

Bharatpedia:Municipal Council

2022-03-27T13:03:07Z

Tata India: Created page with "{{short description|Legislative body of a municipality or local government area}} A '''Municipal Council''' is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the Municipality it may be known as a '''city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council,''' '''village council''', or '''board of aldermen'''."

Major State Highway 11 (Maharashtra)

2022-03-27T09:53:44Z

Tata India: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox road |country =IND |image = Major_State_Highway 11_(Maharashtra).jpg |state = Maharashtra |marker_image = Major State Highway 11 |direction_a = North |terminus_a= Balaghat |maint = MSRDC |length_km = |destinations = Gondia, Kohmara, Arjuni Morgaon, Gadchiroli |direction_b = South |terminus_b = Sironcha }} '..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox road
|country =IND
|image = Major_State_Highway 11_(Maharashtra).jpg
|state = Maharashtra
|marker_image = Major State Highway 11
|direction_a = North
|terminus_a= [[Balaghat]]
|maint = [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]]
|length_km =
|destinations = [[Gondia]], [[Kohmara]], [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Gadchiroli]]
|direction_b = South
|terminus_b = [[Sironcha]]
}}
'''Maharashtra Major State Highway 11''', commonly referred to as MH MSH 11, is a Major State Highway that runs through [[Balaghat]], [[Gondia]], [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Gadchiroli]] in the State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

Arjuni Morgaon

2022-03-27T09:28:11Z

Tata India:

{{short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arjuni Morgaon
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Arjuni.jpg
| image_caption = [[Arjuni railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|49|3.216|N|80|1|52.097|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Arjuni Municipal Council]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank = 4th in Gondia.
| area_total_km2 = 8
| population_total = 9,472
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Arjunikar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 441701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07196
| registration_plate = MH-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Gondia-Bhandara
| blank2_name_sec1 =[[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Arjuni Morgaon
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climate regions of India|Dry & hot]] ([[Koppen climate classification|Koppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arjuni Morgaon''' is a city and [[Municipal Council]] in Arjuni Morgaon [[Subdivision (county subdivision)|subdivision]] of [[Gondia district]] in the Berar region in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is connected to [[Balaghat]]-[[Gondia]]-[[Arjuni Morgaon]]-[[Gadchiroli]] [[Major State Highway 11 (Maharashtra)]].

Arjuni Morgaon

2022-03-26T18:31:54Z

Tata India: Created page with "{{short description|City in Maharashtra, India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Arjuni Morgaon | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Arjuni.jpg | image_caption = Arjuni railway station }}"

Electoral College (India)

2022-03-25T02:16:45Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Electorate for the president of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

The [[President of India |President]] is [[indirect election|indirectly elected]] by means of an [[electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of the [[Parliament of India]] and the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative assemblies]] of the [[States of India]] and the [[Union territory|Union territories]] (having an elected assembly). The number and value of votes are based on the population in 1971 rather than the current population, as a result of the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd Amendment]], and extended by the 84th Amendment,<ref name="84th">[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm 84th Amendment]</ref> with the intention to encourage [[family planning]] programs in the states by ensuring that states are not penalised for lowering their population growth.

The [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]] is elected by a [[Vice-President_of_India#Election|different electoral college]], consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Composition==
The presidential electoral college is made up of the following:
* elected members of the [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[upper house]] of the Parliament of India);
* elected members of the [[Lok Sabha]] ([[lower house]] of the Parliament of India);
* elected members of each state's [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]] (lower house of the state legislature); and
* elected members of each union territory possessing a [[Legislative assembly]] (i.e. Delhi, (Jammu & Kashmir not included <ref>[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/jk-not-included-in-electoral-college-for-presidential-election.html]</ref>) and Puducherry etc.)

==Weighing of votes==
The value of votes cast by elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament are determined by the provisions of article 55(2) of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S55.htm |title=Section 55 of the Constitution of India |access-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043542/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S55.htm |archive-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The details of number of voters and votes for the presidential election are given below.<ref name="electoralvotes">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/election%20to%20the%20office%20of%20President%202012.pdf Election to the Office of President, 2012]</ref> Per the 84th Amendment, the 1971 census is used, and will continue to be used until 2026.<ref name="84th">[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm 84th Amendment]</ref>

The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MLA is:

{| align="center"
|-
|<math> \mbox{Value of an MLA vote} = \cfrac {\mbox{Total population of the state or union territory}} {\mbox{Total number of elected members of the State Legislative Assembly} \times {1000}} </math> 
|}

That is, the average constituency size, determined by the 1971 census, in his/her state or union territory, divided by 1,000.

The number of votes for MLAs are as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="30"|S. No.
!width="150"|Name of the State/Union Territory
!width="150"|Number of State Legislative Assembly seats (elective)
! width="150" |Population (1971 Census)<ref name="electoralvotes"/>
!width="150"|Value of the vote of each MLA
!width="150"|Total value of votes for the State/Union Territory
|-
| 1
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 175
| 27,800,586{{ref|cap|†}}
|159
|27,825

|-
| 2
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 60
| 467,511
| 8
| 480
|-
| 3
| [[Assam]]
| 126
| 14,625,152
| 116
| 14,616
|-
| 4
| [[Bihar]]
| 243
| 42,126,236
| 173
| 42,039
|-
| 5
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 90
| 11,637,494
| 129
| 11,610
|-
| 6
| [[Delhi]]
| 70
| 4,065,698
| 58
| 4,060
|-
| 7
| [[Goa]]
| 40
| 795,120
| 20
| 800
|-
| 8
| [[Gujarat]]
| 182
| 26,697,475
| 147
| 26,754
|-
| 9
| [[Haryana]]
| 90
| 10,036,808
| 112
| 10,080
|-
| 10
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 68
| 3,460,434
| 51
| 3468
|-
| 11
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order</ref>
| 87
| 6,300,000
| 72
| 6,264
|-
| 12
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 81
| 14,227,133
| 176
| 14,256
|-
| 13
| [[Karnataka]]
| 224
| 29,299,014
| 131
| 29,344
|-
| 14
| [[Kerala]]
| 140
| 21,347,375
| 152
| 21,280
|-
| 15
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 230
| 30,016,625
| 131
| 30,130
|-
| 16
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 288
| 50,412,235
| 175
| 50,400
|-
| 17
| [[Manipur]]
| 60
| 1,072,753
| 18
| 1,080
|-
| 18
| [[Meghalaya]]
| 60
| 1,011,699
| 17
| 1,020
|-
| 19
| [[Mizoram]]
| 40
| 332,390
| 8
| 320
|-
| 20
| [[Nagaland]]
| 60
| 516,499
| 9
| 540
|-
| 21
| [[Odisha]]
| 147
| 21,944,615
| 149
| 21,903
|-
| 22
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 30
| 471,707
| 16
| 480
|-
| 23
| [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| 117
| 13,551,060
| 116
| 13,572
|-
| 24
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 200
| 25,765,806
| 129
| 25,800
|-
| 25
| [[Sikkim]]
| 32
| 209,843
| 7
| 224
|-
| 26
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 234
| 41,199,168
| 176
| 41,184
|-
| 27
| [[Telangana]]
| 119
| 15,702,122{{ref|cap|†}}
| 132
| 15,708
|-
| 28
| [[Tripura]]
| 60
| 1,556,342
| 26
| 1,560
|-
| 29
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 403
| 83,849,905
| 208
| 83,824
|-
| 30
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 70
| 4,491,239
| 64
| 4,480
|-
| 31
| [[West Bengal]]
| 294
| 44,312,011
| 151
| 44,394
|- class="sortbottom"
|
| '''Total'''
| '''4,120'''
| '''549,302,005'''
|
| '''549,495'''
|-
|}

'''Note:-''' {{ref|note|†}}http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf.

The value of an MP's vote is calculated by dividing the total value of all MLAs' votes by the number of MPs. The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MP is:

{| align="center"
|-
|<math>\mbox{Value of an MP vote} = \cfrac {\mbox{The sum of vote value of elected members of all the State Legislative Assemblies}} {\mbox{The sum of elected members of both the houses of Parliament}} </math> 
|}

That is, the total Members of Parliament (Elected) = Lok Sabha (543) + Rajya Sabha (233) = 776
:Value of each vote = 549,495 / 776 = 708.11, rounded to 708
:Total value of votes of Parliament = 776 × 708 = 549,408

The number of votes for MPs are as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="150"|Name of the House
!width="150"|Number of Parliamentary seats (elective)
!width="150"|Value of the vote of each MP
!width="150"|Total value of votes for the House
|-
| [[Lok Sabha]]
| 543
| 708
| 384,444
|-
| [[Rajya Sabha]]
| 233
| 708
| 164,964
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total'''
| '''776'''
| '''708'''
| '''549,408'''
|-
|}

Total number of votes for Presidential electors are as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="150"|Elector
!width="150"|Total number of electors
!width="150"|Total value of votes
|-
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assemblies]] (elected)
|4,120
|549,495
|-
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] (elected)
|776
|549,408
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total'''
| '''4,896'''
| '''1,098,903'''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:Electoral colleges|India]]

Vice President of India

2022-03-25T02:15:58Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Second-highest constitutional office of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = [[Vice President]]
| body = [[India]]
| native_name = {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhārat kē Uparāṣṭrapati}}
| formation = {{start date and age|1952|5|13|df=y}}
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of India]] (Article 63)
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India|State Emblem of India]]
| termlength = Five years
| termlength_qualified = Renewable
| residence = [[Vice President's House (India)|Vice President's House]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| imagesize =
| image = Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg
| incumbent = [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
| incumbentsince = 11 August 2017
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Vice President]] {{small|(informal)}} [[Excellency|His/Her Excellency]] {{small|(in diplomatic correspondence)}}
| appointer = [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College of India]]
| inaugural = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(1952–1962)}}
| salary = {{INRConvert|400000|lk=r}} per month<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/arun-jaitley-budget-speech-2018-president-salary-vice-president-salary/194462|title=President, Vice President, Governors' salaries hiked to Rs 5 lakh, Rs 4 lakh, Rs 3.5 lakh respectively|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>
| website = {{url|vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/}}
| abbreviation = VP
}}

{{Politics of India}}

The '''Vice President of India''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhārat kē Uparāṣṭrapati}}), officially the '''Vice President of the Republic of India''', is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the [[President of India|President]].<ref name="vicepresidentofindia.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/const.asp |title=THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA AND THE CONSTITUTION |access-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221002805/http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/const.asp |archive-date=21 February 2012 }}</ref> Article 63 of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] states that "There shall be a Vice President of India." The Vice President acts as President in the absence of the president due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations.

The Vice President of India is also ''[[ex officio]]'' Chairperson of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. When a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha, the vice president decides whether it is a financial bill or not. If he is of the opinion, a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill, he would refer the case to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] for deciding it.

Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice President. The Vice President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of [[Proportional Representation]] by means of the [[Single transferable vote]] and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by [[election Commission of India|election commission]].<ref>http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/597714/</ref> The Vice President of India also acts as the Honourable [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh.

[[Venkaiah Naidu]] is the current Vice President of India. He defeated UPA's candidate [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] on 5 August 2017 [[2017 Indian vice-presidential election|election]].

== Election, oath and term ==
=== Qualifications ===
As in the case of the President, in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice President, a person must:<ref>{{cite web |title=ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF VICE – PRESIDENT OF INDIA |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/FAQ_VP.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
* Be a citizen of India
* Have completed more than 35 years of age
* Not hold any office of profit

While in order to be a President, a person must be qualified for election as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of Peoples), the Vice President must be qualified for election as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States).<ref name="vicepresidentofindia.nic.in" /> This difference is because the Vice President is to act as the ''[[ex officio]]'' Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

=== Election ===
The Vice President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of both houses of the Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by secret ballot. The election of the Vice President is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college but the nominated members of both the houses are part of electoral college for the vice presidential election.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of {{INRConvert|15|k|lk=r}} in the [[Reserve Bank of India]].

The [[Election Commission of India]], which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice President. A [[Returning Officer]] is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty members of parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other members of parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot.

The election is [[proportional representation]] by means of a single transferable vote by open ballot. Voters stack-rank the candidates, assigning 1 to their first preference, 2 to their second preference, and so on. The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the total number of valid cast votes by two, and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder. If no candidate obtains the required number of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated and his/her second-preference votes are transferred. The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes. Nominated members can also participate in the election.<ref name="VPElection">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Chairman-Rajyasabha/VPElection.htm|title=Election of the Vice President|website=164.100.47.5}}</ref>

After the election has been held and the votes counted, the Returning Officer declares the result of the election to the electoral college. Thereafter, he/she reports the result to the Central Government (Ministry of Law and Justice) and the Election Commission of India and the Central Government publishes the name of the person elected as Vice President, in the Official Gazette.

The Vice President may resign his office by submitting his resignation to the President. The resignation becomes effective from the day it is accepted.

=== Election disputes ===
All disputes arising in connection with the election of the Vice President are petitioned to the [[Supreme Court of India]], which inquires into the matter. The petition is heard by a five-member bench of the Supreme Court, which decides on the matter. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.<ref name="VPElection" />

[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] shall inquire and decide regarding ''doubts'' and ''disputes'' arising out of or in connection with the election of a Vice President per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 71(1)]] of the constitution. Supreme Court can remove the Vice President for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Rajya Sabha member under the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sections 7 & 8k, The representation of the people act,1951|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024716/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subject to Article 71 (3), Parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the ''disputes'' only that arise during the election process of the vice president but not the ''doubts'' that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of vice president which may violate the requisite election qualifications.<ref>{{cite web|title= Sections 13 to 20, The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/102305/ |access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> Supreme Court shall also expeditiously decide any doubt raised by which the elected vice president could be ineligible to be Rajya Sabha member for the unconstitutional acts committed before becoming vice president. Under Article 71(1), it is the responsibility of the Supreme Court to inquire and decide about the so-called unconstitutional acts committed by the Vice President such as turning down the notice of the Rajya Sabha members to impeach the [[Chief Justice of India]] and other judges of Supreme Court and High Courts per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 124(4)]] and Judges (Inquiry) Act,1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha chairman Venkaiah Naidu rejects opposition notice for removal of chief justice Dipak Misra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-president-venkaiah-naidu-rejects-opposition-notice-to-impeach-chief-justice-dipak-misra/articleshow/63875690.cms|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/speaker-must-act-as-reasonable-man/article23661992.ece|title=Speaker must act as 'reasonable man'|date=24 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 February 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=the Constitution Bench held that though it is the "individual discretion" of the Speaker or the Chairman to admit or refuse a motion, this discretion is expected to be of a "reasonable man" who acts with a "high degree of responsibility"}}</ref>

=== Oath or Affirmation ===
The article 69 of the Constitution of India provides the Oath or Affirmation for the Office of Vice President as follows:- 
"I, [name] do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter." 
The President administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Vice President.

== Term ==
The Vice President holds office for five years. The Vice President can be re-elected any number of times. However, the office may be terminated earlier by death, resignation or removal. The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy, apart from a re-election. However, the [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] can perform the Vice President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event.

However, when the President dies in office and Vice President takes over as President, he can continue serving as the President for a maximum of 6 months within which a new President shall be elected.

== Removal ==
The [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] states that the Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the [[Rajya Sabha]] passed by an effective majority (i.e.,majority of all the then member of the house ) and agreed by the [[Lok Sabha]] with [[Majority|simple majority]] (Article 67(b)).<ref name="vicepresidentofindia.nic.in" /> But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days' advance notice has been given. Notably, the Constitution does not list grounds for removal. No Vice President has ever faced removal or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha cannot be challenged in the court of law per [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 122]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61480953/ |title=Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

Supreme Court can also remove the Vice President for committing electoral malpractices and not fulfilling the eligibility criteria for the Rajya Sabha member while in office per Article 71(1) of the constitution. Per Article 71(1), it is also the duty of the Supreme Court to examine the doubts raised in connection with the conduct of a Vice President and remove the Vice President if found committing contempt of constitution.

== Salary and pension ==
There is no provision for the salary of the Vice President of India in that capacity. He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the ''ex officio'' Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which is currently {{INRConvert|400|k}} per month (revised from {{INR}}125,000 in 2018). In addition, he or she is entitled to a daily allowance, free furnished residence, medical, travel and other facilities.
The constitution provides that when the ''ex officio'' Vice President acts as the President or discharges the duties of the President, he or she is entitled to the salary and privileges of the President. The pension for the Vice President is 50% of the salary.<ref name="Vice President pension Act">{{cite news|url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Vice_presidents_pension_act1997.pdf|title=The Vice President's Pension Act of 1997|date=9 November 2008|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|access-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126153132/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Vice_presidents_pension_act1997.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== List of vice presidents of India ==
{{Main|List of vice presidents of India}}

== See also ==
* [[List of vice presidents of India by longevity]]
*[[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Spouse of the Vice President of India]]
*[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/}}

{{IndianVicePresidents}}
{{Indian vice presidential elections}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Vice presidents of India| ]]
[[Category:Chairs of upper houses|India]]

Parliament of India

2022-03-25T02:14:29Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Bicameral national legislature of India}}
{{Coord|28|37|2|N|77|12|29|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #0000FF
|name = Parliament of India
|native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhāratīya Sansad}}
|coa_pic = Indian Parliament.svg
|coa_caption =
|coa_res = 300px
|coa_alt = Parliament of India
|house_type = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]]
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1950|01|26}}
|preceded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
|houses = [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper house) [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house)
|leader1_type = [[President of India]]
|leader1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-updates-president-swearing-in-ceremony/article19357489.ece|title=Live: Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India|date=25 July 2017|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725080450/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-updates-president-swearing-in-ceremony/article19357489.ece|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
|party1 =
|election1 = [[2017 Indian presidential election|25 July 2017]]
|leader2_type = [[Vice President of India]] & [[Vice President of India|Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
|leader2 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-sworn-in-as-vice-president/article19471240.ece|title=Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President|date=11 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173947/http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>
|party2 =
|election2 = [[2017 Indian vice-presidential election|11 August 2017]]
|leader3_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
|leader3 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Harivansh Narayan Singh re-elected Rajya Sabha deputy chairman {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/harivansh-re-elected-rs-deputy-chairman-he-belongs-to-all-sides-of-aisle-says-pm/articleshow/78107220.cms |access-date=14 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|party3 = [[Janata Dal United|JDU]]
|election3 = 14 September 2020
|leader4_type = [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
|leader4 = [[Piyush Goyal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-piyush-goyal-to-be-leader-of-house-in-rajya-sabha-2486486|title=Minister Piyush Goyal To Be Leader Of House In Rajya Sabha|website=NDTV|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|election4 = 14 July 2021
|leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
|leader5 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|leader6_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
|leader6 = [[Om Birla]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 June 2019|date=19 June 2019}}</ref>
|party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|election6 = [[2019 Indian general election|19 June 2019]]
|leader7_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
|leader7 = Vacant
|party7 =
|election7 = [[2019 Indian general election|23 May 2019]]
|leader8_type = [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]
|leader8 = [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|title=Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2014|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906183222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>
|leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
|leader9 = Vacant {{small|(Since 26 May 2014, No party has 10% Seats, other than [[BJP]])}}
|party8 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|election8 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]]
|seats = {{big|'''788'''}} {{bulleted list|245 [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Members of Rajya Sabha]] |543 [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|Members of Lok Sabha]]}}
|party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|election5 = 15 February 2021
|house1 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|house2 = [[Lok Sabha]]
|structure1 = File:Rajya_Sabha_2021.svg
|structure1_res =290px
|structure2 =File:17th_Lok_sabha_2021.svg
|structure2_res = 290px
|political_groups1 =
*'''[[Government of India|Government]] (144)'''
*'''[[Parliamentary Opposition|Opposition]] (96)'''
*'''[[Vacant]] (5)'''
|political_groups2 =
*'''[[Government of India|Government]] (382)'''
*'''[[Parliamentary Opposition|Opposition]] (160)'''
*'''[[Vacant]] (1)'''
|voting_system1 = [[Single transferable vote]]
|voting_system2 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|last_election1 = [[2020 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|2 November 2020]]
|next_election1 = [[2021 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|2021]]
|last_election2 = [[2019 Indian general election|11 April – 19 May 2019]]
|next_election2 = [[Next Indian general election|May 2024]]
|session_room =
|session_res = 300px
|meeting_place = [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]], [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|website = {{URL|parliamentofindia.nic.in}}
|constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Parliament of India''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Bhāratīya Sansad}}) is the supreme [[legislature|legislative body]] of the [[India|Republic of India]]. It is a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]] composed of the [[President of India]] and the two houses: the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) and the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and his [[Union Council of Ministers]].

Those elected or nominated (by the President) to either house of Parliament are referred to as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] (MP). The [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] are [[direct election|directly elected]] by the Indian public voting in [[Single-member district]]s and the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] are elected by the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of all [[Vidhan Sabha|State Legislative Assembly]] by [[proportional representation]]. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 543 in Lok Sabha and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science, culture, art and history. The Parliament meets at [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]].

==History==
{{Main|Imperial Legislative Council|Constituent Assembly of India}}
The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was elected to write the [[Constitution of India]]. Following India's independence from Britain in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament.

==Parliament House==
{{Main|Parliament House (India)}}
The ''[[Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]]'' (''Sansad Bhavan'') is located in [[New Delhi]]. It was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]], who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government, as the home of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The construction of building took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]. The construction costs for the building were .{{INRConvert|8.3|m}}. The parliament is {{convert|70|ft|order=flip}} tall, {{convert|560|ft|order=flip}} in diameter and covers an area of {{convert|5.66|acre|order=flip}}. The Central Hall consists of the chambers of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the Library hall. Surrounding these three chambers is the four-storeyed circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses [[Standing committee (India)|Parliamentary committees]], offices and the [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Parliament, Delhi|url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.html|publisher=delhiassembly.nic.in|access-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Statue of Chandragupta Maurya at Parliament of India.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] at Parliament of India]]

===General layout of the Parliament===
The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall. It consists of chambers of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts. Surrounding these three chambers is the four-storeyed circular structure providing accommodations for ministers, chairmen, parliamentary committees, party offices, important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariat, and also the offices of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is {{convert|98|ft|order=flip}} in diameter. It is a place of historical importance. The [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] was framed in the Central Hall. The Central Hall was originally used in the library of the erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States. In 1946, it was converted and refurbished into [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] Hall. At present, the Central Hall is used for holding [[Joint Session of the Parliament of India|joint sittings]] of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each [[Lok Sabha#Lok Sabha general elections|general election]].

===Proposal for a new building===
A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex. The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi may see a new Parliament building|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/india/32662416_1_heritage-building-parliament-house-mantralaya-fire|access-date=13 December 2013|date=13 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Former Speaker]], [[Meira Kumar]]. The present building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staffs and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag.<ref>{{cite web|author=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|title=Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament|publisher=Firstpost|date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811003217/http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation and performed the ground-breaking ceremony for the new Parliament Building on 10 December 2020.<ref name="ET2020">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Rakesh Mohan |title=PM Narendra Modi lays foundation stone of new Parliament building |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building/articleshow/79659232.cms |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="BT"/> With an estimated cost of {{INR}}971 crore, the building is expected to be completed by 2022.<ref name="ET2020"/><ref name="BT">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone of new Parliament building on Dec 10 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building-on-dec-10/story/424033.html |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=Business Today |date=5 December 2020}}</ref>

==Composition==
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]] with the [[President of India]] acting as their head.
[[File:Sansad seat distribution.png|Current Distribution|thumb|390px]]

[[File:Delimitation Map india.jpg|thumb|390px|Seats after Delimitation-Estimate]]

===President of India===
{{Main|President of India}}
The [[President of India]], the [[head of state]], is a component of Parliament. Under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 60]] and [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 111]], the President's responsibility is to ensure that laws passed by the Parliament are in accordance with the constitutional mandate and that the stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|elected members of Parliament of India]] and the [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislatures]] and serves for a term of 5 years.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]|title=Constitution of India|date=1 December 2007|page=26|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|access-date=27 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

===Lok Sabha===
{{Main|Lok Sabha}}
[[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) or the [[lower house]] has 543 [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|members]]. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of [[Universal suffrage|universal adult franchise]] representing [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituencies]] across the country. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha| 2 additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were also nominated by the [[President of India]] on the advice of [[Government of India]], which was abolished in January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.livelaw.in|date=23 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Every citizen of [[India]] who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or race and is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt, and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each state and the population of the state is, so far as practicable, the same for all states.
<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

===Rajya Sabha===
{{Main|Rajya Sabha}}
[[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) or the [[upper house]] is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament – Government: National Portal of India|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/parliament.php|publisher=Home: National Portal of India|access-date=10 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430004529/http://india.gov.in/govt/parliament.php|archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from [[States and union territories of India|States and Union Territories]] and 12 are [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|nominated]] by the [[President of India|President]]. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of Rajya Sabha]] is 30 years.

==Session of Parliament==
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the Parliament conducts three sessions each year:<ref name="Our Parliament">{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Folder01.pdf|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=6 September 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ATtR2Sjq?url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Folder01.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Budget session'': January/February to May
* ''Monsoon session'': July to August/September
* ''Winter session'': November to December

==Lawmaking procedures==
{{Main|Lawmaking procedure in India}}
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the [[President of India|President]], becomes an [[Act of Parliament]]. [[Money bill]]s must originate in the Lok Sabha. The [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] can only make recommendations over the bills to the House, within a period of fourteen days.<ref>{{cite web|title=How bill becomes act|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.html|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=8 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516023151/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.html|archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

==Parliamentary committees==
{{Main|List of Indian parliamentary committees}}
Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length. The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions. Parliamentary committees are of two kinds: [[Ad hoc]] committees and the [[Standing committee (India)|Standing committees]].<ref name="Committee">{{cite web|last=Parliamentary Committee|title=Parliament of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.html|publisher=Indian Parliament|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724034114/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.htm|archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Committees of Rajya Sabha|title=General Information|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/committees/general_introduction.asp|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920095554/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/committees/general_introduction.asp|archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lok Sabha - Committee Home|title=Introduction|url=http://164.100.47.134/committee/Committee_Home_Page.aspx|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311032452/http://164.100.47.134/committee/Committee_Home_Page.aspx|archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

[[Standing committee (India)|Standing committees]] are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament. The work of these committees is of a continuing nature. Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report.

==Incidents==
{{main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}
On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament was attacked by an [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group. The perpetrators were [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (Let) and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two [[Parliament Security Services]] personnel, and a gardener, which totalled 14 fatalities. The incident led to increased tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], resulting in the [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=rediff.com|date=13 December 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>

==Joint Sessions and debates==
On 16 November 2016, during the winter session of Indian Parliament, the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament observed strong [[Official Opposition (India)|opposition]] and uproar by [[List of political parties in India|political parties]] on [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation (note ban)]] initiative by the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi Government]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="90px">
Jawaharal Nehru and other members taking pledge.jpg|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|[[Constituent Assembly of India]]
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] in 1946.
Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House. - NARA - 177385.tif|[[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]], [[Morarji Desai]] listens to [[Jimmy Carter]] as he addresses the Indian Parliament House.
Barack Obama at Parliament of India in New Delhi addressing Joint session of both houses 2010.jpg|[[President of the United States]], [[Barack Obama]] addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
* [[PRS Legislative Research]]
* [[Indian Parliamentary Group]]
* [[List of legislatures by country]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* "The Parliamentary System" by Arun Shourie, Publisher: Rupa & Co

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikisource portal-inline}}

{{Asia topic|Parliament of|title=Parliaments of Asia}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parliament Of India}}
[[Category:Parliament of India| ]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|India]]
[[Category:National legislatures|India]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

District council (India)

2022-03-25T02:12:45Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Third and highest tier of the Panchayati Raj system of local governance}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{One source|date=August 2021}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Zila Panchayat''' or '''District Council''' or '''Mandal Parishad''' or '''District Panchayat''' is the third tier of the [[Panchayati Raj]] system and functions at the district levels in all states. A Zila Parishad is an elected body. [[Block Pramukh]] of [[Panchayat samiti (block)|Block Panchayat]] are also represented in Zila Parishad. The members of the [[State legislature (India)|State Legislature]] and the members of the [[Parliament of India]] are members of the Zila Parishad. The Zila parishad is the top most tier of the panchayat raj system and acts as the link between the state government and the village-level Gram Panchayat.

Zila Parishad are Panchayats at Apex or District Level in Panchayat Raj Institutions

The 73rd Amendment is about ''Governments''' (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions [http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm?keps2=8-10]
* ''Panchayat at District (or apex) Level''
* ''Panchayat at Intermediate Level''
* ''Panchayat at Base Level''

==Composition==
[[File:Administrative structure of India.svg|thumb|right|Administrative structure of India|500px]]

The chairmen of all the '''[[Panchayat Samiti]]s''' under the district are the ex officio members of Zila Parishad. The parishad is headed by a president and a vice-president.

The deputy chief executive officer from General Administration department at district level is ex-officio secretary of Zila Parishad.

The chief executive officer, who is an IAS officer or senior state service officer, heads the administrative setup of the Zila Parishad. He/ She supervises the divisions of the parishad and is assisted by deputy CEOs and other officials at district- and block-level officers.

==Administrative structure==
The chief executive officer (CEO), who is a [[Civil Service|civil servant]] under [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] or '''State Administrative Service''' cadre, heads the administrative machinery of the Zila Parishad. He is also nominated by the government. He may also be district magistrate in some states. The CEO supervises the divisions of the parishad and executes its development schemes.

== Function ==
# The Zila Parishad is an official body that coordinates the activities of the Panchayats in all its developmental activities,such as minor irrigation works, vocational and industrial schools, village industries, sanitation and public health among others.
#It advises the State Government on all matters relating to the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis under its supervision and the needs of the rural population living therein.
#It also supervises the work of the Panchayats. It also dose the scrutiny of the budget estimates of Panchayat Samitis in some states like Assam,Bihar and Punjab.
#It functions mostly through various Standing Committees, which oversee and coordinate the common programmes of the villages under its jurisdiction.

== Sources of income ==
#taxes on water, pilgrimage, markets, etc. Fixed grant from the State Government in proportion with the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishad. The Zila Parishad can collect some money from the panchayats with the approval of the government.

==See also==
*[[Gram panchayat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* ''Our Civic Life (Civics and Administration)'' Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune

{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]

Gram panchayat

2022-03-25T02:11:57Z

Tata India:

{{other uses|Panchayat (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Local self-government organisation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox political system
|name=Gram-panchayat
|government=* Local government
|type=Local government institute
|legislature=Gram-sabha<ref name="GoI 73rd Amdt">{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 |url=http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992 |date=21 March 2018 |website=Government of India – Ministry of Law and Justice – Legislative Department |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
|native_name=
|part_of=Panchayat Raj system<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Sabha and its Functions |url=https://www.manifestias.com/2020/05/14/gram-sabha-and-its-functions/#:~:text=Gram%20Sabha%20is%20the%20Sabha%20of%20the%20electorate.&text=Persons%2C%20those%20who%20are%20above,the%20members%20of%20Gram%20Sabha |date=14 May 2020 |website=www.manifestias.com |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="GoI 73rd Amdt" />
}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Gram Panchayat''' (English: Village council) is a basic village governing institute in Indian villages. It is a democratic structure at the grass-roots level in India. It is a political institute, acting as [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of the village. The Gram Sabha work as the general body of the Gram Panchayat. The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha.<ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj">{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj System in India {{!}} Definition, Examples, Diagrams |url=https://www.toppr.com/en-in/content/concept/panchayati-raj-system-in-india-204086 |website=www.toppr.com |language=en |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

There are about 250,000 Gram Panchayats in India.<ref name=Chaturvedi>{{cite book|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Mahesh Chandra|title=India's waters.|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1439872833|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b39UVL6nO_0C&q=how+many+grampanchayats+in+india&pg=PA74|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=scroll>{{cite web |title=Ground Rules |url=http://scroll.in/article/706266/two-village-councils-have-governance-lessons-for-the-rest-of-india |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in various states of India, the Panchayat Raj system has three tiers: [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]], at the district level; Nagar Palika, at the block level; and Gram Panchayat, at the village level. Rajasthan was the first state to establish Gram Panchayat, Nagur village being the first village where Gram Panchayat was established, on 2 October 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panchayati Raj - History|url=http://www.rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in/en-us/aboutus/history.aspx#:~:text=Th%20e%20system%20later%20came,held%20in%20September|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

The failed attempts to deal with local matters at the national level caused, in 1992, the reintroduction of Panchayats for their previously used purpose as an organisation for local self-governance.<ref name=DC>{{cite web |last=Sapra |first=Ipsita |title=Living in the villages |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-25-years-elected-village-councils-india-democracy-still-needs-be-deepened |website=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]]|department=Rural Democracy |date=February 2013 |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>

==Structure==
Gram Panchayats are at the lowest level of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Raj institutions]] (PRIs), whose legal authority is the [[Local self-government in India#The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act|73rd Constitutional Amendment]] of 1992, which is concerned with rural local governments.<ref>{{cite book |authors=Benoy Banerjee; Irfaan Khan; Rajeev Kumar |display-authors=etal |chapter=Chapter Eight: Local Governments |title=India Constitution at Work: Textbook in Political Science for Class XI |url=https://schools.aglasem.com/ncert/ncert-books-class-11-political-science-indian-constitution-at-work-chapter-8/ |date=2006 |website=Aglasem.com |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |isbn=81-7450-550-4 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref>
* ''Panchayat at District (or apex) Level''
* ''Panchayat at Intermediate Level''
* ''Panchayat at Base Level''

The Gram Panchayat is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a Ward Member or Commissioner, also referred to as a Panch or Panchayat Member, who is directly elected by the villagers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The Panchayat is chaired by the president of the village, known as a [[Sarpanch]]. The term of the elected representatives is five years. The Secretary of the Panchayat is a non-elected representative, appointed by the state government, to oversee Panchayat activities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC&q=village%2520ward%2520member&pg=PA117|title=Social Science|publisher=Vk Publications|isbn=9788179732144|page=117|language=en}}</ref>

===Meetings===
According to Section. 6 (3) of the ''[[Panchayati Raj Act|Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act of 1994]]'', that state's gram sabha has to conduct a meeting at least twice a year.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/andhra_pradesh/1994/1994AP13.pdf |date=2002 |at=Section 6.(3) |website=Lawsofindia.org |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

== Election ==
A Gram panchyat's term of office is five years. Every five years elections take place in the village. All people over the age of 18 who are residents of the territory of that village's Gram panchayat can vote.<ref>https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/community-power/role-of-gram-sabha/what-is-gram-sabha</ref><ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj" />

For [[women's empowerment]] and to encourage participation of women in the democratic process, the government of India has set some restrictions on Gram panchayat elections, reserving one-third of the seats for women, as well as reserving seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes and tribes]].<ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj" />

== Functions ==

* '''Administrative functions'''
** Public work and welfare functions, such as maintenance, repair and construction of roads, drains, bridges, and wells.
** Install and maintain street lamps.<ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj" />
** Provide primary education.
* '''Social and Economic functions''' (not obligatory)
** Construct libraries, marriage halls, etc.
** Establish and run fair-price shops and cooperative credit societies.
** Establish of gardens, ponds, and orchards.<ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj" />
* '''Judicial functions''' (Nyaya Panchayat; the state judicial service decides jurisdiction.)
** Ensure quick and inexpensive justice.
** Can impose fines up to Rs. 100.
** Not represented by lawyers.<ref name="Toppr Panchayati Raj" />

==See also==
* [[Binodpur Gram Panchayat]]
* [[Caste panchayat]]
* [[Khap]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Zaildar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.panchayat.gov.in website of Ministry of Panchayati Raj] [[Government of India]]
*{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/apr/gov-kardcrefm.htm|title=Ugly duckling to swan|author=Subramaniam Vincent|publisher=India Together|date=28 February 2002}}
*[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rpande/papers/politics.pdf "Indian local governments" (Harvard University)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609164208/http://www.nbkeduit.in/ "Indian local governments" (National Backward Krishi Vidyapeeth Solapur in India)]
{{Local government in India}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gram Panchayat}}
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]
[[Category:Fifth-level administrative divisions by country]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in India| ]]

Sarpanch

2022-03-25T02:11:25Z

Tata India:

{{short description|Title of the elected head of a village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Missing information|the powers and responsibilities delegated to sarpanches in different states|date=December 2019}}
}}
A '''sarpanch''' or '''gram pradhan''' or '''mukya''' is a decision-maker, elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the Gram Sabha (village government) in [[India]].<ref name="Misra2004">{{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Suresh |last2=Dhaka |first2=Rajvir S. |title=Grassroots Democracy in Action: A Study of Working of PRIs in Haryana |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=116 |access-date=2010-12-29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MbwdXsDLT8C&q=sarpanch+female |isbn=9788180691072}}</ref> The sarpanch, together with other elected panchayat members (referred to as commissioners or a ''panch''), constitute [[gram panchayat]]s and [[zilla panchayat]]s. The sarpanch is the focal point of contact between government officers and the village community and retains power for five years.

== Meaning of ''sarpanch'' ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2019}}
''Sar'', meaning head, and ''panch'' meaning five, gives the meaning ''head of the five decision makers of the gram panchyat'' of the village.

In the state of West Bengal, a ''Sarpanch'' is termed as ''Panchayat Pradhan'' (Pradhan means Head) and his deputy as ''Upa-Pradhan''.

== Panchayati raj ==
{{expand section|date=December 2019}}
Although panchayats have been in existence in India since antiquity, in post-Independence [[India]], most of the rural development and community development projects have been sought to be executed through panchayats. India's [[Federalism in India|federal structure of governance]] means that different states have different laws governing the powers of the [[gram panchayat]]s and sarpanches.

=== Panchayat elections ===
In many states, elections were not held for decades and instead of elected sarpanches, the gram panchayats were run by bureaucratically appointed administrators. With the passage of 73rd and 74th [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|Constitutional Amendments]] in 1992, a number of safeguards have been built in, including those pertaining to regular elections.

=== Reservation for women ===
Article 243D(3) of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment requires one-third of seats in panchayats and one-third of panchayat chairperson positions be reserved for women, across all three levels of the [[Panchayati raj (India)|panchayati raj]] system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IX|title=Constitution of India|publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1998">{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Kumud |year=1998 |title=Transformative Politics: Dimensions of Women's Participation in Panchayati Raj |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=23–47 |doi=10.1177/097152159800500103|pmid=12321579 |s2cid=36735582 }}</ref>{{rp|24}} This amendment followed various state-level legislative reforms in which [[Reservation in India|reservations]] were set for panchayat positions to be held by women.<ref name="Sharma1998"/>{{rp|32}}

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Khap]]
* [[Mayor]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Zaildar]]
* [[Binodpur Gram Panchayat]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Local government in India}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Region-specific legal occupations]]

List of state highways in Maharashtra

2022-03-25T02:08:57Z

Tata India: /* State highways */

{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or highways of the neighbouring states.

==Introduction==
[[Maharashtra]] state has a good road network. There are 10088 [[List of National Highways in India#Maharashtra|national highways]] and many state highways with total length of 33,705 km. Major state highways are MH MSH 1, MH MSH 3, MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9, MH MSH 10, MH MSH 11, MH MSH 24.

==Major state highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-

| [[File:Major State Highway 1 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] [[MH MSH 1]]
| [[Songir]] - [[Chimthane]] - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Nimgul]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Dhadgaon - [[Kathi (Maharashtra)|Kathi]] - Molgi - Wadifali - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
| {{convert|181|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-

| MH MSH 71
| Via [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] From [[Indapur]] - [[Vadapuri]] - [[Bavda]] - [[Akluj]] - [[Velapur]] - [[Maloli]] - [[Falwani]] - [[Kolegaon]] - [[Mahud]] - [[Shivane]] - [[Sangole]] - [[Kadlas]] - [[Sonand]] Uptill - [[Jath]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-

| MH MSH 2
| From [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] - [[Murbad]] - Ale Phata Uptill [[Ahmednagar]] -[[Pathrdi]] - [[Beed]]
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Beed district|Beed]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 3 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] {{anchor|MSH3}}MH MSH 3
| Via [[National Highway 211 (India)|NH 211]] From [[Solapur]] - [[Tuljapur]] - [[Ausa]] - [[Latur]] - [[Chakur]] - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Umarkhed]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]]- [[Yavatmal]] - [[Wardha]] - Uptill [[Butibori]] - Via [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] Uptill [[Nagpur]]
|
| [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded District|Nanded]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| MH MSH 6
| [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] border - [[Paratwada]] - [[Amravati]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Amravati District|Amravati]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]]
|-
| MH MSH 8
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] - [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]] -
[[Fardapur, Maharashtra|Fardapur]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - [[Jamner]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Muktainagar]] -[[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 9 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 9
| [[Nagpur]] - [[Umred]] - [[Nagbhid]]- [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 10 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 10
| Via [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] From [[Nadgaon]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Warud]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 11 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH MSH 11
| [[Gondia]] (Gondia District) - [[Kohmara]] - [[Arjuni Morgaon]] - [[Wadsa]] - [[Gadchiroli]] - [[Maharashtra]] state border.
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]],
|-
|}

==State highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_1_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 1]]
|[[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Sangvi]] - Khamkheda - Lasur - [[Amalner]]
|
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_2_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 2]]
| Via [[MH SH 1]] From [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Mhasavad - Islampur (Shahada Taluka) - Lakkadkot - Ranipur (Shahada Taluka) - Nagziri - [[Toranmal]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
|-
| MH SH 3
| Akkalkuva - Gangapur (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Khapran - Devgui (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Dab - Walamba Kh. - Bijaripati - Molgi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 4
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - Loni (Raver Taluka) - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Yawal]] - [[Chopda]] - Lasur - [[Shirpur]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Talode]] - [[Akkalkuwa]] - Nawapada (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 5
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Prakasha]] - [[Nandurbar]] - Khanbada - Visarwadi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 6
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border - [[Nandurbar]] - Ghotane - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Amalner]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 7
| [[Prakasha]] - Ghotane - [[Sakri]] - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Satana (India)|Satana]] - Devla (??) - [[Chandwad]] - [[Lasalgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - [[Shirdi]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 8
| [[Nandurbar]] - Raipur - [[Sakri]] - Dhmnar - [[Malegaon]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 9
| [[Dhanora]] - Khadbara - Umran - Sawrat - Raipur - Pratappur - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_10_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 10]]
| [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - Shevade - Mehergaon - Kusumbe - [[Malegaon]] - [[Manmad]] - [[Kopargaon]] - [[Rahata]] - [[Rahuri]] - [[Ahmednagar]] - [[Daund]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Tasgaon]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-
| MH SH 11
| Sawalde - [[Sindkheda]] - [[Chimthane]]- Shewad - Balsane - Raipur - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 12
| Kharadbari - Navpada - Nizjampur - Lamkani - Nandane - Sakhad
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 13
| [[Navapur]] - Raipur - Pratappur - Kudashi - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 14
| [[Mehergaon]] - [[Dhule]] - [[Amalner]] - Savkheda - [[Chopda]] - Vaijapur - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 15
| Arvi - Borkund - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 16
| [[SH-7 to Deshirwade]] - [[Degaon]] - [[Mahsdi]] - [[Ubhand]] - [[Hingane]] - [[Ajnale]] - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Chitod]] - [[Dhule]]
| 81.4
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 17
| [[Sakri]] - [[Nandurbar]] - [[Prakasha]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]] [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 18
| Ajande - Waghambe - Salher Wadi - Salwan - Karanjkhed - Pimpale Budruk - Mohbari - Kanashi
| 49
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 19
| [[Malegaon]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District) - [[Pachora]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 20
| Parshuramnagar - Ajande - Mulher - Taharabad - Jaikheda - Askheda - Nampur - Vaygaon - Talwade - Lakhmapur - Umbrane - Dongaon - Manmad
| 105
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 21
| [[Akole]] - Dhamangaon Pat - Bota
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 22
| [[Dhule]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 24
| [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 25
| [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - Tirpale - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon district) - [[Erandol]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 27|MH SH 27]]
| [[Pune]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_42_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 42]]
| From Junction of [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]] at Kapurbavdi (Thane district) - Uptill Junction of [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]] near Ghodbunder.
| 15
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
|MH SH 44
|[[Shahapur (Thane)|Shahapur]] - [[Kalsubai]] - [[Akole]] - [[Sangamner]] - [[Shrirampur]] - [[Nevasa]] - [[Gevrai]]
|
|[[Thane district|Thane]] - [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] - [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|MH SH 45
|[[Sinnar]] - [[Loni, Maharashtra|Loni]] - Kolhar
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 46
|Malshejghat - [[Sangamner]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 47
|[[Shrirampur]] - [[Sivral]]
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 48
|[[Amalner]] - [[Parola]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 49
|[[Rahuri]] - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 50
|[[Shrigonda]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Parner]] - Takli Dhokeshwar - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 51|MH SH 51]]
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Nighoj]] - [[Alkuti]] - [[Belha]]
| 55
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|
|-
|MH SH 54
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Bhimashankar]] - Karjat - [[Panvel]] - [[Uran]] - [[Mumbai]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Mumbai (city)|Mumbai]]
|-
|MH SH 55
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Shrigonda]] - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 57
|Bhukum - Urawade - Mutha - Kharwade - Kolawade - Lavarde - Temghar - Dasave - [[Lavasa]]
| 38
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 60
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Jeur - Ghodegaon - Handinimgaon - Newasa Fata
|
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 61
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - Nhavara - [[Morgaon]] - Nira - [[Lonand]] - Wathar - [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|-
|MH SH 64
|[[Pune]] - Saswad - [[Jejuri]]
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 65
|Nasrapur - Jambhali - Ambavane - Karanjawne - Margasani - Vinzar - [[Velhe_taluka|Velhe]] - Bhatti - Kolambi - Pasali - Kelad - Nigade - Kumble
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 67
|[[Daund]] - [[Siddhatek]] - Rashin - [[Karmala]] - Paranda - [[Barshi]] - [[Osmanabad]] - [[Ausa]]
|
| [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Solapur]], [[Osmanabad]], [[Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 68
|[[Shevgaon]] - [[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra state, India|Kada]] - Mirajgaon - Karjat - Rashin
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 70
|[[Pandharpur]] - Velapur - [[Malshiras]] - Natepute - Dharampuri - Barad - [[Phaltan]] - Lonand - [[Shirwal]] - [[Bhor]] - Warandh - [[Mahad]]
|
|[[Solapur]] [[Satara (city)|Satara]] [[Pune]] [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 72
|Satara- medha - kelghar-[[mrdha,_Maharashtra|medha]] - [[medha]] - [[Mahabaleshwar]] - Kapade - [[Poladpur]]
| 83
|[[Satara_district|Satara]], [[Raigad_district|Raigad]] Osmanabad, [[Latur]] - [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 78
|[[Guhagar]] - [[Chiplun]] - [[Koyana]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Karad]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Jath]] - [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|-
|MH SH 84
|[[Patur]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|MH SH 92
|[[Nagothana]] - [[Pali,_Raigad|Pali]] - Amnori - Parali - Durshet - [[Khopoli]]
|
|[[Raigad_district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 107
|[[Sangameshwar]] - [[Devrukh]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 110
|[[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] - [[Lanja]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 112
|[[Sawantwadi]] - [[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]] -
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 115
|[[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]] - [[Talere alias Tarala]] - [[Gaganbawada]] - Kale - [[Kolhapur]]
|144
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 116
|[[Kankavli]] - [[Phondaghat]] - [[Radhanagari]] - [[Kolhapur]]
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
| MH SH 123
| Sawantwadi Talavade Matond Shiroda Redi
|
|-
|MH SH 127
|Kale - Bajar Bhogaon - Karanjphen - Anuskura - Pachal - Rajapur
|90
|Kolhapur, Ratnagiri
|-
| MH SH 129
| Kagal - Sangav - Hupari - Shiradwad - Lat - HerwadRoad
|
|-
|[[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 134]]
|[[Sankeshwar]]-[[Gadhinglaj]]-[[Kadgaon]]-[[Ajra]]-[[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]]-[[Sawantvadi]]
|110
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|-
|MH SH 137
| miraj-arjunwad-shirol-kurundwad-maharashtrrastate border(borgao)
|
|-
|MH SH 141
|[[Solapur]] - Khandeshwar - Mirajgaon - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 142
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Kaddak - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 148
|[[Ahmednagar]] - [[Shevgaon tehsil|Amrapur]] - [[Shevgaon]] - [[Paithan]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 149
|[[Mohol]] - [[Sayyed Warvade]] - [[Kurul]] - [[Kamti]] - [[Kandhalgaon]] - [[Mandrup]] - Junction at [[NH-13]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_151_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 151]]
|[[Barshi]] - Virag - [[Solapur]] - [[Akkalkot]] - Aaland
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 157
|[[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra|Kada]] - [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]] - [[Jamkhed]] - [[Bhum]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 160
|[[Kalamb, Osmanabad|Kalamb]] - Tandulja - [[Latur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
| MH SH 162
|[[Ambejogai]] - Tandulja - Murud - Kanegaon - Ujni [[Akkalkot]]
|
|beed, [[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad, Solapur
|-
|MH SH 164
|Jawli - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 165
|[[Ausa]] - Jawali -[[Nilanga]] to Bhalki (KA)
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 166
|[[Latur]] - Netur - Helamb - [[Devni]] - Sawargaon
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 167
|[[Nalegaon]] - Netur - Lambota - [[Nilanga]] - Kasar Shilpi - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 168
|[[Renapur]] - Nalegaon - [[Udgir]] - [[Deglur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 169
|[[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]] - Ghatnadur - [[Renapur]]
|
|Beed, [[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 171
|[[Khamgaon]][[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] - Janephal - Deulgaon Sakarsha- [[Mehkar]] - [[Lonar]] - [[Mantha]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_173_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 173]]
|[[Shegaon]] - [[Yeualkhed]] - [[Manasgaon]] -[[Warwat]] - [[Bawanbir]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 194]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 176
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Buldhana]] - [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 178
|[[Kannad]] - [[Sillod]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]]
|
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 183
|[[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Sindkhed Raja]] - Sultanpur - [[Lonar]] - [[Risod]] - [[Washim]] -[[Pusad]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 184
|[[Jalgaon]] - Bawdal - [[Pachora]] - [[Sillod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], Auragabad
|-
|MH SH 186
|[[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - Neri - [[Jalgaon]] - Idgaon - Kingaon - Waghjira - Tinsamali to MP
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 187
|[[Bhusawal]] - [[Yawal]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 188
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - Parda - Thad - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] - Wakdi - [[Jamner]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 189
|[[Sawda]] - [[Pal, India|Pal]] to Bhikangaon (MP)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|[[State Highway 190 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 190]]
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Kurhe]] - [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 191
|[[Bodwad]] - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] -Tondapur-Bharudkheda- Kumbhari - [[Wakod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 193
|[[Buldhana]] - Dhad -
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_194_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 194]]
|Dolarkheda -Ichhapur - Khandvi - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 173]] - [[Hiwarkhed]] - [[Akot]] - [[Daryapur]] - Kholapur - Dhabhori - [[Valgaon]] - Revsa - [[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_195_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 195]]
|from [[Burhanpur]](MP) - [[Umapur]] - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Sangrampur, India|Sangrampur]] - [[Warwat]] - [[Telhara]] - [[Warula]] on MH SH 24
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_196_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 196]]
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - [[Nandura]] - [[Khandvi]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 197
|[[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]] - [[Digras]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]] - [[Mangrulpir]] - [[Mahaan, Maharashtra|Mahaan]] - [[Barshitakli]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dabki, India|Dabki]] - [[Gaigaon]] - [[Nimba, India|Nimba]] - [[Manasgaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 198
|[[Patur]] - [[Wadegaon]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]] - [[Shegaon]]
|
|
|-
|MH SH 199
|[[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kherda]] - [[Pinjar, India|Pinjar]] - [[Barshitakli]] - Kapsi - [[Wadegaon]] - Ambetakli - Undri - Warwand on MH SH 24
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 200
|[[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Lakhpuri]] - [[Durgwada]] - [[Shelubazar]] - [[Runmochan]] - [[Bhatkuli]] - [[Amravati]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 201
|[[Kinkhed]] - [[Dahihanda]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 203
|Dhulghat - Asalwada - [[Chikhaldara]] - [[Achalpur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 204
|[[Patur]] - [[Kapasi]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dewri]] - [[Warula]] - [[Akot]] - [[Jhira]] - [[Harisal]] on MH SH 6
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 205
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhi]] - Amdapur
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 206}}MH SH 206
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Mehkar]] - [[Risod]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 207}}MH SH 207
|[[Mehkar]] - [[Malegaon]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - Pimpalgaon - Yevti - Talegaon
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 209
|[[Washim]] - [[Dhanora]] - [[Mangrulpir]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH210}}MH SH 210
|[[Khapri]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Jawala]] - [[Mangrul]] - [[Ghatanji]] - [[Karegaon]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 211
|[[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Nainy]] - [[Khapri]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|MH SH 212
|[[Yavatmal]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Murtajapur]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Anjangaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH213}}MH SH 213
|[[Darwha]] - [[Digras]] - [[Pusad]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH215}}MH SH 215
|[[Pusad]] - [[Kalamnuri]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] - [[Hingoli]]
|-
|MH SH 217
|[[Gangakhed]] - Kingaon - Dhalegaon - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - Shirur Tajband - [[Udgir]] - Torgi to [[Bidar]] (KA)
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 219
|[[Gangakhed]] - [[Ujani]]
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 222
|[[Udgir]] - [[Kandhar]]
|
|[[Latur]], [[Nanded]]
|-
|MH SH 225
|[[Shiru Tajband]] - [[Mukhed]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 232
|[[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Kinwat]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]],Nanded
|-
|MH SH 233
|[[Chimur]] - [[Warora]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - Rajani - [[Kelapur]] - [[Parwa]]
|
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
|MH SH 234
|[[Parwa]] - [[Mangi, Yavatmal|Mangi]] - [[Kadori]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Mukutban]] - [[Purad]] - [[Mohada]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 236
|[[Sangvi]] on MH SH 212 - [[Ner]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]] - [[Ralegaon]] - [[Pimpalapur]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - [[Shivpur, Maharashtra|Shivpur]] - [[Mohada]] - [[Kurai, India|Kurai]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 237
|[[Ghatanji]] - [[Ramnagar, Maharashtra|Ramnagar]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Tiosa]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Dhamangaon]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 239
|[[Valgaon]] - Naya Aikheda - Jarwadi - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 240
|[[Chandurbazar]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Salburdi]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 241
|[[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]]([[Wardha]])
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 243
|(Continued from MSH 6) - [[Amravati]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Hinganghat]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]) - (continued to [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra|MH]] till [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border via MSH 264)
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]. [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|MH SH 244
|(From [[Yavatmal]] via MSH3) - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] - [[Talegaon, Wardha|Talegaon]] (on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH6]]) - [[Ashti, Wardha|Ashti]] - [[Warud]] to [[Multai]] ([[Madhya Pradesh|MP]])
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[MH SH 245]]
|[[Karanja, Wardha|Karanja]] - [[Bharsinngi]], [[Jalalkheda]]-[[Mowad]]-MP Border
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_246_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[Maharashtra State Highway 246|MH SH 246]]
|[[Sawargaon]] - [[Narkhed]] - [[Mowad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[MH SH 247]]
|[[Katol]] - [[Sonegaon]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_248_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 248]]
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Kalmeshwar]] [[Katol]] - [[Warud]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 249|MH SH 249]]
|[[Saoner]] - [[Parseoni]] - [[Ramtek]] - [[Tumsar]] - [[Gondia]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 250|MH SH 250]]
|[[Bazargaon]] - Kohali - Mohpa - Saoner - [[Kelwad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 253
|[[Mouda]] - [[Ramtek]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 255
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Hingna]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 257
|[[Ghatangi]] - [[Parwa]] -
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 258
|[[Wardha]]-[[Samudrapur]]-[[Umred]]
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 261
|[[Kuhi]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 262
|[[Butibori]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 264
|(From [[Nagpur]] via [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] - [[Warora]] - [[Chandrapur]] - [[Rajura]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border.
|112
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]],
|-
| [[File:State Highway 30 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 30
| Nashik-Niphad-Vinchur-Yeola-Vaijapur-Aurangabad-Jalna
|
| Nashik, [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 35
| After Kalshi Bridge, Thane - Bhiwandi - Umberpada - Vada - Pali - Kudan - Jhawhar
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 40
| Makunsar - Saphale - Virar - Raypada - Vasai - joins NH8 near Mandvi, Vasai
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 41
|
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 43
| [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] Phata - Riverwood Park - Katai Naka - Taloja Bypass - Badlapur - Karjat - Khopoli
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 52. Pune narayan gaon juuner
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 54
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 58
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 61 Belhe -pargaon-loni pabal-shikarapur-uruli kanchan - jejuri -shatara
|
|
| [[Pune satara district|Pune]] 204 km
|-
| MH SH 62
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 63
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 66
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 74
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 76
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 85
|
|
| [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
| MH SH 143
| [[Pathardi]] -
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 144
| [[Pathardi]]
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 145
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 146
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 149
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 153
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| [[File:State Highway 154 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 154
| [[Akkalkot]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 155
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 161
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 163
|
|
| [[Latur]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 170
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 174
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 174A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 175
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 176
| [[Solapur]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 177
| [[Sindkhed Raja]] -
|
| [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 179
|
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 181
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 183A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 185
|
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 202
| [[Dharni]] -
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| MH SH 208
|
|
| [[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
| MH SH 220
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 221
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 251
| Rampuri
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 252
| Aroli
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| MH SH 254
| [[Kuhi]]
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 263
| [[Bhiwapur]] -
|
| [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 265
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 266
| Tarsa
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 267
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 268
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 269
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 270
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 271
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 272
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 273
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]],
|-
| [[File:State Highway 275 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH SH 275
| [[Gondia]], Kohamara, [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Wadsa|Wadsa]], [[Armori]], [[Gadchiroli]].
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 276
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 277
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondiya district|Gondia]]
|-
| MH SH 280
|
|
| [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| [[File:State Highway 352 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH SH 352
| [[Katol]], [[Murti]], [[Bori]], [[Thanegaon]].
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]].
|-
| [[File:State Highway 354 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH SH 354
| [[Pauni]], [[Lakhandur]], [[Arjuni Morgaon]] - [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| [[File:State Highway 366 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH SH 366
| [[Sakoli]], Sangadi, [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
|}

==References==
*[http://www.omms.nic.in/ASPNet/citizens/NAT/05NPFS/RoadwiseSummary.aspx?state=MH&district=1&package=0&fromyear=0 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna]
*[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/default.htm Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra]
{{Maharashtra}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of State Highways In Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Roads in Maharashtra|State Highways]]
[[Category:State Highways in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Maharashtra State Highways]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists|State Highways]]

List of state highways in Maharashtra

2022-03-25T01:59:28Z

Tata India: /* Major state highways */

{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or highways of the neighbouring states.

==Introduction==
[[Maharashtra]] state has a good road network. There are 10088 [[List of National Highways in India#Maharashtra|national highways]] and many state highways with total length of 33,705 km. Major state highways are MH MSH 1, MH MSH 3, MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9, MH MSH 10, MH MSH 11, MH MSH 24.

==Major state highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-

| [[File:Major State Highway 1 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] [[MH MSH 1]]
| [[Songir]] - [[Chimthane]] - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Nimgul]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Dhadgaon - [[Kathi (Maharashtra)|Kathi]] - Molgi - Wadifali - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
| {{convert|181|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-

| MH MSH 71
| Via [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] From [[Indapur]] - [[Vadapuri]] - [[Bavda]] - [[Akluj]] - [[Velapur]] - [[Maloli]] - [[Falwani]] - [[Kolegaon]] - [[Mahud]] - [[Shivane]] - [[Sangole]] - [[Kadlas]] - [[Sonand]] Uptill - [[Jath]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-

| MH MSH 2
| From [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] - [[Murbad]] - Ale Phata Uptill [[Ahmednagar]] -[[Pathrdi]] - [[Beed]]
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Beed district|Beed]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 3 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] {{anchor|MSH3}}MH MSH 3
| Via [[National Highway 211 (India)|NH 211]] From [[Solapur]] - [[Tuljapur]] - [[Ausa]] - [[Latur]] - [[Chakur]] - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Umarkhed]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]]- [[Yavatmal]] - [[Wardha]] - Uptill [[Butibori]] - Via [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] Uptill [[Nagpur]]
|
| [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded District|Nanded]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| MH MSH 6
| [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] border - [[Paratwada]] - [[Amravati]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Amravati District|Amravati]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]]
|-
| MH MSH 8
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] - [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]] -
[[Fardapur, Maharashtra|Fardapur]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - [[Jamner]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Muktainagar]] -[[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 9 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 9
| [[Nagpur]] - [[Umred]] - [[Nagbhid]]- [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 10 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 10
| Via [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] From [[Nadgaon]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Warud]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 11 (Maharashtra).jpg|40px]] MH MSH 11
| [[Gondia]] (Gondia District) - [[Kohmara]] - [[Arjuni Morgaon]] - [[Wadsa]] - [[Gadchiroli]] - [[Maharashtra]] state border.
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]],
|-
|}

==State highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_1_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 1]]
|[[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Sangvi]] - Khamkheda - Lasur - [[Amalner]]
|
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_2_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 2]]
| Via [[MH SH 1]] From [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Mhasavad - Islampur (Shahada Taluka) - Lakkadkot - Ranipur (Shahada Taluka) - Nagziri - [[Toranmal]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
|-
| MH SH 3
| Akkalkuva - Gangapur (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Khapran - Devgui (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Dab - Walamba Kh. - Bijaripati - Molgi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 4
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - Loni (Raver Taluka) - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Yawal]] - [[Chopda]] - Lasur - [[Shirpur]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Talode]] - [[Akkalkuwa]] - Nawapada (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 5
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Prakasha]] - [[Nandurbar]] - Khanbada - Visarwadi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 6
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border - [[Nandurbar]] - Ghotane - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Amalner]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 7
| [[Prakasha]] - Ghotane - [[Sakri]] - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Satana (India)|Satana]] - Devla (??) - [[Chandwad]] - [[Lasalgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - [[Shirdi]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 8
| [[Nandurbar]] - Raipur - [[Sakri]] - Dhmnar - [[Malegaon]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 9
| [[Dhanora]] - Khadbara - Umran - Sawrat - Raipur - Pratappur - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_10_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 10]]
| [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - Shevade - Mehergaon - Kusumbe - [[Malegaon]] - [[Manmad]] - [[Kopargaon]] - [[Rahata]] - [[Rahuri]] - [[Ahmednagar]] - [[Daund]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Tasgaon]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-
| MH SH 11
| Sawalde - [[Sindkheda]] - [[Chimthane]]- Shewad - Balsane - Raipur - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 12
| Kharadbari - Navpada - Nizjampur - Lamkani - Nandane - Sakhad
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 13
| [[Navapur]] - Raipur - Pratappur - Kudashi - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 14
| [[Mehergaon]] - [[Dhule]] - [[Amalner]] - Savkheda - [[Chopda]] - Vaijapur - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 15
| Arvi - Borkund - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 16
| [[SH-7 to Deshirwade]] - [[Degaon]] - [[Mahsdi]] - [[Ubhand]] - [[Hingane]] - [[Ajnale]] - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Chitod]] - [[Dhule]]
| 81.4
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 17
| [[Sakri]] - [[Nandurbar]] - [[Prakasha]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]] [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 18
| Ajande - Waghambe - Salher Wadi - Salwan - Karanjkhed - Pimpale Budruk - Mohbari - Kanashi
| 49
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 19
| [[Malegaon]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District) - [[Pachora]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 20
| Parshuramnagar - Ajande - Mulher - Taharabad - Jaikheda - Askheda - Nampur - Vaygaon - Talwade - Lakhmapur - Umbrane - Dongaon - Manmad
| 105
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 21
| [[Akole]] - Dhamangaon Pat - Bota
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 22
| [[Dhule]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 24
| [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 25
| [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - Tirpale - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon district) - [[Erandol]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 27|MH SH 27]]
| [[Pune]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_42_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 42]]
| From Junction of [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]] at Kapurbavdi (Thane district) - Uptill Junction of [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]] near Ghodbunder.
| 15
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
|MH SH 44
|[[Shahapur (Thane)|Shahapur]] - [[Kalsubai]] - [[Akole]] - [[Sangamner]] - [[Shrirampur]] - [[Nevasa]] - [[Gevrai]]
|
|[[Thane district|Thane]] - [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] - [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|MH SH 45
|[[Sinnar]] - [[Loni, Maharashtra|Loni]] - Kolhar
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 46
|Malshejghat - [[Sangamner]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 47
|[[Shrirampur]] - [[Sivral]]
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 48
|[[Amalner]] - [[Parola]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 49
|[[Rahuri]] - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 50
|[[Shrigonda]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Parner]] - Takli Dhokeshwar - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 51|MH SH 51]]
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Nighoj]] - [[Alkuti]] - [[Belha]]
| 55
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|
|-
|MH SH 54
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Bhimashankar]] - Karjat - [[Panvel]] - [[Uran]] - [[Mumbai]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Mumbai (city)|Mumbai]]
|-
|MH SH 55
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Shrigonda]] - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 57
|Bhukum - Urawade - Mutha - Kharwade - Kolawade - Lavarde - Temghar - Dasave - [[Lavasa]]
| 38
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 60
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Jeur - Ghodegaon - Handinimgaon - Newasa Fata
|
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 61
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - Nhavara - [[Morgaon]] - Nira - [[Lonand]] - Wathar - [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|-
|MH SH 64
|[[Pune]] - Saswad - [[Jejuri]]
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 65
|Nasrapur - Jambhali - Ambavane - Karanjawne - Margasani - Vinzar - [[Velhe_taluka|Velhe]] - Bhatti - Kolambi - Pasali - Kelad - Nigade - Kumble
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 67
|[[Daund]] - [[Siddhatek]] - Rashin - [[Karmala]] - Paranda - [[Barshi]] - [[Osmanabad]] - [[Ausa]]
|
| [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Solapur]], [[Osmanabad]], [[Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 68
|[[Shevgaon]] - [[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra state, India|Kada]] - Mirajgaon - Karjat - Rashin
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 70
|[[Pandharpur]] - Velapur - [[Malshiras]] - Natepute - Dharampuri - Barad - [[Phaltan]] - Lonand - [[Shirwal]] - [[Bhor]] - Warandh - [[Mahad]]
|
|[[Solapur]] [[Satara (city)|Satara]] [[Pune]] [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 72
|Satara- medha - kelghar-[[mrdha,_Maharashtra|medha]] - [[medha]] - [[Mahabaleshwar]] - Kapade - [[Poladpur]]
| 83
|[[Satara_district|Satara]], [[Raigad_district|Raigad]] Osmanabad, [[Latur]] - [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 78
|[[Guhagar]] - [[Chiplun]] - [[Koyana]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Karad]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Jath]] - [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|-
|MH SH 84
|[[Patur]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|MH SH 92
|[[Nagothana]] - [[Pali,_Raigad|Pali]] - Amnori - Parali - Durshet - [[Khopoli]]
|
|[[Raigad_district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 107
|[[Sangameshwar]] - [[Devrukh]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 110
|[[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] - [[Lanja]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 112
|[[Sawantwadi]] - [[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]] -
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 115
|[[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]] - [[Talere alias Tarala]] - [[Gaganbawada]] - Kale - [[Kolhapur]]
|144
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 116
|[[Kankavli]] - [[Phondaghat]] - [[Radhanagari]] - [[Kolhapur]]
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
| MH SH 123
| Sawantwadi Talavade Matond Shiroda Redi
|
|-
|MH SH 127
|Kale - Bajar Bhogaon - Karanjphen - Anuskura - Pachal - Rajapur
|90
|Kolhapur, Ratnagiri
|-
| MH SH 129
| Kagal - Sangav - Hupari - Shiradwad - Lat - HerwadRoad
|
|-
|[[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 134]]
|[[Sankeshwar]]-[[Gadhinglaj]]-[[Kadgaon]]-[[Ajra]]-[[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]]-[[Sawantvadi]]
|110
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|-
|MH SH 137
| miraj-arjunwad-shirol-kurundwad-maharashtrrastate border(borgao)
|
|-
|MH SH 141
|[[Solapur]] - Khandeshwar - Mirajgaon - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 142
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Kaddak - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 148
|[[Ahmednagar]] - [[Shevgaon tehsil|Amrapur]] - [[Shevgaon]] - [[Paithan]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 149
|[[Mohol]] - [[Sayyed Warvade]] - [[Kurul]] - [[Kamti]] - [[Kandhalgaon]] - [[Mandrup]] - Junction at [[NH-13]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_151_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 151]]
|[[Barshi]] - Virag - [[Solapur]] - [[Akkalkot]] - Aaland
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 157
|[[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra|Kada]] - [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]] - [[Jamkhed]] - [[Bhum]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 160
|[[Kalamb, Osmanabad|Kalamb]] - Tandulja - [[Latur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
| MH SH 162
|[[Ambejogai]] - Tandulja - Murud - Kanegaon - Ujni [[Akkalkot]]
|
|beed, [[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad, Solapur
|-
|MH SH 164
|Jawli - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 165
|[[Ausa]] - Jawali -[[Nilanga]] to Bhalki (KA)
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 166
|[[Latur]] - Netur - Helamb - [[Devni]] - Sawargaon
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 167
|[[Nalegaon]] - Netur - Lambota - [[Nilanga]] - Kasar Shilpi - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 168
|[[Renapur]] - Nalegaon - [[Udgir]] - [[Deglur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 169
|[[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]] - Ghatnadur - [[Renapur]]
|
|Beed, [[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 171
|[[Khamgaon]][[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] - Janephal - Deulgaon Sakarsha- [[Mehkar]] - [[Lonar]] - [[Mantha]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_173_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 173]]
|[[Shegaon]] - [[Yeualkhed]] - [[Manasgaon]] -[[Warwat]] - [[Bawanbir]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 194]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 176
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Buldhana]] - [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 178
|[[Kannad]] - [[Sillod]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]]
|
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 183
|[[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Sindkhed Raja]] - Sultanpur - [[Lonar]] - [[Risod]] - [[Washim]] -[[Pusad]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 184
|[[Jalgaon]] - Bawdal - [[Pachora]] - [[Sillod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], Auragabad
|-
|MH SH 186
|[[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - Neri - [[Jalgaon]] - Idgaon - Kingaon - Waghjira - Tinsamali to MP
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 187
|[[Bhusawal]] - [[Yawal]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 188
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - Parda - Thad - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] - Wakdi - [[Jamner]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 189
|[[Sawda]] - [[Pal, India|Pal]] to Bhikangaon (MP)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|[[State Highway 190 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 190]]
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Kurhe]] - [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 191
|[[Bodwad]] - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] -Tondapur-Bharudkheda- Kumbhari - [[Wakod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 193
|[[Buldhana]] - Dhad -
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_194_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 194]]
|Dolarkheda -Ichhapur - Khandvi - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 173]] - [[Hiwarkhed]] - [[Akot]] - [[Daryapur]] - Kholapur - Dhabhori - [[Valgaon]] - Revsa - [[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_195_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 195]]
|from [[Burhanpur]](MP) - [[Umapur]] - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Sangrampur, India|Sangrampur]] - [[Warwat]] - [[Telhara]] - [[Warula]] on MH SH 24
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_196_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 196]]
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - [[Nandura]] - [[Khandvi]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 197
|[[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]] - [[Digras]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]] - [[Mangrulpir]] - [[Mahaan, Maharashtra|Mahaan]] - [[Barshitakli]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dabki, India|Dabki]] - [[Gaigaon]] - [[Nimba, India|Nimba]] - [[Manasgaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 198
|[[Patur]] - [[Wadegaon]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]] - [[Shegaon]]
|
|
|-
|MH SH 199
|[[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kherda]] - [[Pinjar, India|Pinjar]] - [[Barshitakli]] - Kapsi - [[Wadegaon]] - Ambetakli - Undri - Warwand on MH SH 24
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 200
|[[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Lakhpuri]] - [[Durgwada]] - [[Shelubazar]] - [[Runmochan]] - [[Bhatkuli]] - [[Amravati]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 201
|[[Kinkhed]] - [[Dahihanda]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 203
|Dhulghat - Asalwada - [[Chikhaldara]] - [[Achalpur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 204
|[[Patur]] - [[Kapasi]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dewri]] - [[Warula]] - [[Akot]] - [[Jhira]] - [[Harisal]] on MH SH 6
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 205
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhi]] - Amdapur
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 206}}MH SH 206
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Mehkar]] - [[Risod]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 207}}MH SH 207
|[[Mehkar]] - [[Malegaon]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - Pimpalgaon - Yevti - Talegaon
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 209
|[[Washim]] - [[Dhanora]] - [[Mangrulpir]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH210}}MH SH 210
|[[Khapri]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Jawala]] - [[Mangrul]] - [[Ghatanji]] - [[Karegaon]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 211
|[[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Nainy]] - [[Khapri]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|MH SH 212
|[[Yavatmal]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Murtajapur]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Anjangaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH213}}MH SH 213
|[[Darwha]] - [[Digras]] - [[Pusad]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH215}}MH SH 215
|[[Pusad]] - [[Kalamnuri]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] - [[Hingoli]]
|-
|MH SH 217
|[[Gangakhed]] - Kingaon - Dhalegaon - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - Shirur Tajband - [[Udgir]] - Torgi to [[Bidar]] (KA)
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 219
|[[Gangakhed]] - [[Ujani]]
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 222
|[[Udgir]] - [[Kandhar]]
|
|[[Latur]], [[Nanded]]
|-
|MH SH 225
|[[Shiru Tajband]] - [[Mukhed]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 232
|[[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Kinwat]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]],Nanded
|-
|MH SH 233
|[[Chimur]] - [[Warora]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - Rajani - [[Kelapur]] - [[Parwa]]
|
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
|MH SH 234
|[[Parwa]] - [[Mangi, Yavatmal|Mangi]] - [[Kadori]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Mukutban]] - [[Purad]] - [[Mohada]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 236
|[[Sangvi]] on MH SH 212 - [[Ner]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]] - [[Ralegaon]] - [[Pimpalapur]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - [[Shivpur, Maharashtra|Shivpur]] - [[Mohada]] - [[Kurai, India|Kurai]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 237
|[[Ghatanji]] - [[Ramnagar, Maharashtra|Ramnagar]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Tiosa]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Dhamangaon]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 239
|[[Valgaon]] - Naya Aikheda - Jarwadi - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 240
|[[Chandurbazar]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Salburdi]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 241
|[[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]]([[Wardha]])
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 243
|(Continued from MSH 6) - [[Amravati]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Hinganghat]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]) - (continued to [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra|MH]] till [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border via MSH 264)
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]. [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|MH SH 244
|(From [[Yavatmal]] via MSH3) - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] - [[Talegaon, Wardha|Talegaon]] (on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH6]]) - [[Ashti, Wardha|Ashti]] - [[Warud]] to [[Multai]] ([[Madhya Pradesh|MP]])
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[MH SH 245]]
|[[Karanja, Wardha|Karanja]] - [[Bharsinngi]], [[Jalalkheda]]-[[Mowad]]-MP Border
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_246_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[Maharashtra State Highway 246|MH SH 246]]
|[[Sawargaon]] - [[Narkhed]] - [[Mowad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[MH SH 247]]
|[[Katol]] - [[Sonegaon]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_248_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 248]]
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Kalmeshwar]] [[Katol]] - [[Warud]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 249|MH SH 249]]
|[[Saoner]] - [[Parseoni]] - [[Ramtek]] - [[Tumsar]] - [[Gondia]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 250|MH SH 250]]
|[[Bazargaon]] - Kohali - Mohpa - Saoner - [[Kelwad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 253
|[[Mouda]] - [[Ramtek]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 255
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Hingna]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 257
|[[Ghatangi]] - [[Parwa]] -
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 258
|[[Wardha]]-[[Samudrapur]]-[[Umred]]
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 261
|[[Kuhi]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 262
|[[Butibori]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 264
|(From [[Nagpur]] via [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] - [[Warora]] - [[Chandrapur]] - [[Rajura]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border.
|112
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]],
|-
| [[File:State Highway 30 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 30
| Nashik-Niphad-Vinchur-Yeola-Vaijapur-Aurangabad-Jalna
|
| Nashik, [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 35
| After Kalshi Bridge, Thane - Bhiwandi - Umberpada - Vada - Pali - Kudan - Jhawhar
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 40
| Makunsar - Saphale - Virar - Raypada - Vasai - joins NH8 near Mandvi, Vasai
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 41
|
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 43
| [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] Phata - Riverwood Park - Katai Naka - Taloja Bypass - Badlapur - Karjat - Khopoli
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 52. Pune narayan gaon juuner
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 54
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 58
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 61 Belhe -pargaon-loni pabal-shikarapur-uruli kanchan - jejuri -shatara
|
|
| [[Pune satara district|Pune]] 204 km
|-
| MH SH 62
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 63
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 66
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 74
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 76
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 85
|
|
| [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
| MH SH 143
| [[Pathardi]] -
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 144
| [[Pathardi]]
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 145
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 146
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 149
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 153
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| [[File:State Highway 154 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 154
| [[Akkalkot]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 155
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 161
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 163
|
|
| [[Latur]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 170
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 174
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 174A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 175
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 176
| [[Solapur]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 177
| [[Sindkhed Raja]] -
|
| [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 179
|
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 181
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 183A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 185
|
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 202
| [[Dharni]] -
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| MH SH 208
|
|
| [[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
| MH SH 220
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 221
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 251
| Rampuri
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 252
| Aroli
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| MH SH 254
| [[Kuhi]]
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 263
| [[Bhiwapur]] -
|
| [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 265
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 266
| Tarsa
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 267
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 268
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 269
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 270
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 271
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 272
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 273
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]],
|-
| MH SH 275
| [[Gondia]], Kohamara, [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Juni Wadsa|Wadsa]]
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 276
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 277
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondiya district|Gondia]]
|-
| MH SH 280
|
|
| [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 281
|
|
| [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 354
| [[Arjuni Morgaon]] - [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| MH SH 366
| [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
|}

==References==
*[http://www.omms.nic.in/ASPNet/citizens/NAT/05NPFS/RoadwiseSummary.aspx?state=MH&district=1&package=0&fromyear=0 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna]
*[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/default.htm Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra]
{{Maharashtra}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of State Highways In Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Roads in Maharashtra|State Highways]]
[[Category:State Highways in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Maharashtra State Highways]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists|State Highways]]

List of state highways in Maharashtra

2022-03-25T01:50:42Z

Tata India: /* Introduction */

{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or highways of the neighbouring states.

==Introduction==
[[Maharashtra]] state has a good road network. There are 10088 [[List of National Highways in India#Maharashtra|national highways]] and many state highways with total length of 33,705 km. Major state highways are MH MSH 1, MH MSH 3, MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9, MH MSH 10, MH MSH 11, MH MSH 24.

==Major state highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-

| [[File:Major State Highway 1 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] [[MH MSH 1]]
| [[Songir]] - [[Chimthane]] - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Nimgul]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Dhadgaon - [[Kathi (Maharashtra)|Kathi]] - Molgi - Wadifali - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
| {{convert|181|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-

| MH MSH 71
| Via [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] From [[Indapur]] - [[Vadapuri]] - [[Bavda]] - [[Akluj]] - [[Velapur]] - [[Maloli]] - [[Falwani]] - [[Kolegaon]] - [[Mahud]] - [[Shivane]] - [[Sangole]] - [[Kadlas]] - [[Sonand]] Uptill - [[Jath]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-

| MH MSH 2
| From [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] - [[Murbad]] - Ale Phata Uptill [[Ahmednagar]] -[[Pathrdi]] - [[Beed]]
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Beed district|Beed]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 3 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] {{anchor|MSH3}}MH MSH 3
| Via [[National Highway 211 (India)|NH 211]] From [[Solapur]] - [[Tuljapur]] - [[Ausa]] - [[Latur]] - [[Chakur]] - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Umarkhed]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]]- [[Yavatmal]] - [[Wardha]] - Uptill [[Butibori]] - Via [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] Uptill [[Nagpur]]
|
| [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded District|Nanded]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| MH MSH 6
| [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] border - [[Paratwada]] - [[Amravati]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Amravati District|Amravati]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]]
|-
| MH MSH 8
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] - [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]] -
[[Fardapur, Maharashtra|Fardapur]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - [[Jamner]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Muktainagar]] -[[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 9 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 9
| [[Nagpur]] - [[Umred]] - [[Nagbhid]]- [[Chandrapur]]
|
| [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
| [[File:Major State Highway 10 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH MSH 10
| Via [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] From [[Nadgaon]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Warud]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| MH MSH 24
| Ajanta (Buldhana District) - [[Buldhana]] - Warwand - [[Khamgaon]] - [[Shegaon]] - Deori (Buldhana District) - [[Akot]] -[[Anjangaon]] - [[Paratwada]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]] [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]],
|-
|}

==State highways==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="15%" |State Highway No
! width="70%" |Route
! width="5%" |Length (in km)
! width="10%" |Passes through - District(s)
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_1_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 1]]
|[[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Sangvi]] - Khamkheda - Lasur - [[Amalner]]
|
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_2_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 2]]
| Via [[MH SH 1]] From [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - Mhasavad - Islampur (Shahada Taluka) - Lakkadkot - Ranipur (Shahada Taluka) - Nagziri - [[Toranmal]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
|-
| MH SH 3
| Akkalkuva - Gangapur (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Khapran - Devgui (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Dab - Walamba Kh. - Bijaripati - Molgi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 4
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - Loni (Raver Taluka) - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Yawal]] - [[Chopda]] - Lasur - [[Shirpur]] - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Talode]] - [[Akkalkuwa]] - Nawapada (Akkalkuva Taluka) - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| MH SH 5
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border - [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]] - [[Prakasha]] - [[Nandurbar]] - Khanbada - Visarwadi
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 6
| From [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border - [[Nandurbar]] - Ghotane - [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - [[Amalner]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 7
| [[Prakasha]] - Ghotane - [[Sakri]] - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Satana (India)|Satana]] - Devla (??) - [[Chandwad]] - [[Lasalgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - [[Shirdi]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 8
| [[Nandurbar]] - Raipur - [[Sakri]] - Dhmnar - [[Malegaon]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 9
| [[Dhanora]] - Khadbara - Umran - Sawrat - Raipur - Pratappur - Uptill [[Maharashtra]] - [[Gujarat]] state border.
|
| [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_10_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 10]]
| [[Dondaicha-Warwade|Dondaicha]] - Shevade - Mehergaon - Kusumbe - [[Malegaon]] - [[Manmad]] - [[Kopargaon]] - [[Rahata]] - [[Rahuri]] - [[Ahmednagar]] - [[Daund]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Tasgaon]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-
| MH SH 11
| Sawalde - [[Sindkheda]] - [[Chimthane]]- Shewad - Balsane - Raipur - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 12
| Kharadbari - Navpada - Nizjampur - Lamkani - Nandane - Sakhad
|
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 13
| [[Navapur]] - Raipur - Pratappur - Kudashi - Pimpalner (Sakri Taluka) - [[Sakri]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]],
|-
| MH SH 14
| [[Mehergaon]] - [[Dhule]] - [[Amalner]] - Savkheda - [[Chopda]] - Vaijapur - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] state border.
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 15
| Arvi - Borkund - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 16
| [[SH-7 to Deshirwade]] - [[Degaon]] - [[Mahsdi]] - [[Ubhand]] - [[Hingane]] - [[Ajnale]] - [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]] - [[Chitod]] - [[Dhule]]
| 81.4
| [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 17
| [[Sakri]] - [[Nandurbar]] - [[Prakasha]]
|
| [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]] [[Dhule District|Dhule]]
|-
| MH SH 18
| Ajande - Waghambe - Salher Wadi - Salwan - Karanjkhed - Pimpale Budruk - Mohbari - Kanashi
| 49
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 19
| [[Malegaon]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District) - [[Pachora]] - [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 20
| Parshuramnagar - Ajande - Mulher - Taharabad - Jaikheda - Askheda - Nampur - Vaygaon - Talwade - Lakhmapur - Umbrane - Dongaon - Manmad
| 105
| [[Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 21
| [[Akole]] - Dhamangaon Pat - Bota
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 22
| [[Dhule]] - [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]
|
| [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 24
| [[Chalisgaon]] - [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| MH SH 25
| [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] - Tirpale - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon district) - [[Erandol]]
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 27|MH SH 27]]
| [[Pune]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| [[File:State_Highway_42_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 42]]
| From Junction of [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]] at Kapurbavdi (Thane district) - Uptill Junction of [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]] near Ghodbunder.
| 15
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
|MH SH 44
|[[Shahapur (Thane)|Shahapur]] - [[Kalsubai]] - [[Akole]] - [[Sangamner]] - [[Shrirampur]] - [[Nevasa]] - [[Gevrai]]
|
|[[Thane district|Thane]] - [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] - [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|MH SH 45
|[[Sinnar]] - [[Loni, Maharashtra|Loni]] - Kolhar
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 46
|Malshejghat - [[Sangamner]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 47
|[[Shrirampur]] - [[Sivral]]
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 48
|[[Amalner]] - [[Parola]] - Bhadgaon (Jalgaon District)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
|MH SH 49
|[[Rahuri]] - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 50
|[[Shrigonda]] - [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Parner]] - Takli Dhokeshwar - Sakur
|
|Ahmednagar
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Highway 51|MH SH 51]]
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Nighoj]] - [[Alkuti]] - [[Belha]]
| 55
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|
|-
|MH SH 54
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Bhimashankar]] - Karjat - [[Panvel]] - [[Uran]] - [[Mumbai]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Mumbai (city)|Mumbai]]
|-
|MH SH 55
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - [[Shrigonda]] - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|Pune [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 57
|Bhukum - Urawade - Mutha - Kharwade - Kolawade - Lavarde - Temghar - Dasave - [[Lavasa]]
| 38
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 60
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Jeur - Ghodegaon - Handinimgaon - Newasa Fata
|
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 61
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] - Nhavara - [[Morgaon]] - Nira - [[Lonand]] - Wathar - [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|
|[[Pune]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|-
|MH SH 64
|[[Pune]] - Saswad - [[Jejuri]]
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
|MH SH 65
|Nasrapur - Jambhali - Ambavane - Karanjawne - Margasani - Vinzar - [[Velhe_taluka|Velhe]] - Bhatti - Kolambi - Pasali - Kelad - Nigade - Kumble
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 67
|[[Daund]] - [[Siddhatek]] - Rashin - [[Karmala]] - Paranda - [[Barshi]] - [[Osmanabad]] - [[Ausa]]
|
| [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Solapur]], [[Osmanabad]], [[Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 68
|[[Shevgaon]] - [[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra state, India|Kada]] - Mirajgaon - Karjat - Rashin
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 70
|[[Pandharpur]] - Velapur - [[Malshiras]] - Natepute - Dharampuri - Barad - [[Phaltan]] - Lonand - [[Shirwal]] - [[Bhor]] - Warandh - [[Mahad]]
|
|[[Solapur]] [[Satara (city)|Satara]] [[Pune]] [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 72
|Satara- medha - kelghar-[[mrdha,_Maharashtra|medha]] - [[medha]] - [[Mahabaleshwar]] - Kapade - [[Poladpur]]
| 83
|[[Satara_district|Satara]], [[Raigad_district|Raigad]] Osmanabad, [[Latur]] - [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 78
|[[Guhagar]] - [[Chiplun]] - [[Koyana]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Karad]] - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Jath]] - [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur(Karnataka)]]
|-
|MH SH 84
|[[Patur]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|MH SH 92
|[[Nagothana]] - [[Pali,_Raigad|Pali]] - Amnori - Parali - Durshet - [[Khopoli]]
|
|[[Raigad_district|Raigad]]
|-
|MH SH 107
|[[Sangameshwar]] - [[Devrukh]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 110
|[[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] - [[Lanja]] - [[Sakharpa]]
|
|[[Ratnagiri]]
|-
|MH SH 112
|[[Sawantwadi]] - [[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]] -
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 115
|[[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]] - [[Talere alias Tarala]] - [[Gaganbawada]] - Kale - [[Kolhapur]]
|144
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
|MH SH 116
|[[Kankavli]] - [[Phondaghat]] - [[Radhanagari]] - [[Kolhapur]]
|
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
| MH SH 123
| Sawantwadi Talavade Matond Shiroda Redi
|
|-
|MH SH 127
|Kale - Bajar Bhogaon - Karanjphen - Anuskura - Pachal - Rajapur
|90
|Kolhapur, Ratnagiri
|-
| MH SH 129
| Kagal - Sangav - Hupari - Shiradwad - Lat - HerwadRoad
|
|-
|[[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 134]]
|[[Sankeshwar]]-[[Gadhinglaj]]-[[Kadgaon]]-[[Ajra]]-[[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]]-[[Sawantvadi]]
|110
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|-
|MH SH 137
| miraj-arjunwad-shirol-kurundwad-maharashtrrastate border(borgao)
|
|-
|MH SH 141
|[[Solapur]] - Khandeshwar - Mirajgaon - [[Ahmednagar]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 142
|[[Ahmednagar]] - Kaddak - [[Jamkhed]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 148
|[[Ahmednagar]] - [[Shevgaon tehsil|Amrapur]] - [[Shevgaon]] - [[Paithan]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 149
|[[Mohol]] - [[Sayyed Warvade]] - [[Kurul]] - [[Kamti]] - [[Kandhalgaon]] - [[Mandrup]] - Junction at [[NH-13]]
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_151_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 151]]
|[[Barshi]] - Virag - [[Solapur]] - [[Akkalkot]] - Aaland
|
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
|MH SH 157
|[[Pathardi]] - [[Kada, Maharashtra|Kada]] - [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]] - [[Jamkhed]] - [[Bhum]]
|
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
|MH SH 160
|[[Kalamb, Osmanabad|Kalamb]] - Tandulja - [[Latur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
| MH SH 162
|[[Ambejogai]] - Tandulja - Murud - Kanegaon - Ujni [[Akkalkot]]
|
|beed, [[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad, Solapur
|-
|MH SH 164
|Jawli - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 165
|[[Ausa]] - Jawali -[[Nilanga]] to Bhalki (KA)
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 166
|[[Latur]] - Netur - Helamb - [[Devni]] - Sawargaon
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 167
|[[Nalegaon]] - Netur - Lambota - [[Nilanga]] - Kasar Shilpi - [[Umarga]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Osmanabad
|-
|MH SH 168
|[[Renapur]] - Nalegaon - [[Udgir]] - [[Deglur]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 169
|[[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]] - Ghatnadur - [[Renapur]]
|
|Beed, [[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
|MH SH 171
|[[Khamgaon]][[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] - Janephal - Deulgaon Sakarsha- [[Mehkar]] - [[Lonar]] - [[Mantha]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_173_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 173]]
|[[Shegaon]] - [[Yeualkhed]] - [[Manasgaon]] -[[Warwat]] - [[Bawanbir]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 194]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 176
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Buldhana]] - [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]],
|-
|MH SH 178
|[[Kannad]] - [[Sillod]] - [[Deulgaon Raja]]
|
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 183
|[[Deulgaon Raja]] - [[Sindkhed Raja]] - Sultanpur - [[Lonar]] - [[Risod]] - [[Washim]] -[[Pusad]] - [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]]
|
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 184
|[[Jalgaon]] - Bawdal - [[Pachora]] - [[Sillod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], Auragabad
|-
|MH SH 186
|[[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]] - Neri - [[Jalgaon]] - Idgaon - Kingaon - Waghjira - Tinsamali to MP
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 187
|[[Bhusawal]] - [[Yawal]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|MH SH 188
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - Parda - Thad - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] - Wakdi - [[Jamner]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 189
|[[Sawda]] - [[Pal, India|Pal]] to Bhikangaon (MP)
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
|[[State Highway 190 (Maharashtra)|MH SH 190]]
|[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] - [[Bodwad]] - [[Kurhe]] - [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 191
|[[Bodwad]] - [[Fatepur, Maharashtra|Fatepur]] -Tondapur-Bharudkheda- Kumbhari - [[Wakod]]
|
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]],
|-
|MH SH 193
|[[Buldhana]] - Dhad -
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_194_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 194]]
|Dolarkheda -Ichhapur - Khandvi - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Tunki]] on [[MH SH 173]] - [[Hiwarkhed]] - [[Akot]] - [[Daryapur]] - Kholapur - Dhabhori - [[Valgaon]] - Revsa - [[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_195_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 195]]
|from [[Burhanpur]](MP) - [[Umapur]] - [[Jalgaon Jamod]] - [[Sangrampur, India|Sangrampur]] - [[Warwat]] - [[Telhara]] - [[Warula]] on MH SH 24
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_196_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 196]]
|[[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] - [[Nandura]] - [[Khandvi]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 197
|[[Arni (Maharashtra)|Arni]] - [[Digras]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]] - [[Mangrulpir]] - [[Mahaan, Maharashtra|Mahaan]] - [[Barshitakli]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dabki, India|Dabki]] - [[Gaigaon]] - [[Nimba, India|Nimba]] - [[Manasgaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 198
|[[Patur]] - [[Wadegaon]] - [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]] - [[Shegaon]]
|
|
|-
|MH SH 199
|[[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kherda]] - [[Pinjar, India|Pinjar]] - [[Barshitakli]] - Kapsi - [[Wadegaon]] - Ambetakli - Undri - Warwand on MH SH 24
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|MH SH 200
|[[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Lakhpuri]] - [[Durgwada]] - [[Shelubazar]] - [[Runmochan]] - [[Bhatkuli]] - [[Amravati]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 201
|[[Kinkhed]] - [[Dahihanda]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 203
|Dhulghat - Asalwada - [[Chikhaldara]] - [[Achalpur]] - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 204
|[[Patur]] - [[Kapasi]] - [[Akola city|Akola]] - [[Dewri]] - [[Warula]] - [[Akot]] - [[Jhira]] - [[Harisal]] on MH SH 6
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 205
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhi]] - Amdapur
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 206}}MH SH 206
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]] - [[Mehkar]] - [[Risod]]
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
|{{anchor|MH SH 207}}MH SH 207
|[[Mehkar]] - [[Malegaon]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - Pimpalgaon - Yevti - Talegaon
|
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 209
|[[Washim]] - [[Dhanora]] - [[Mangrulpir]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH210}}MH SH 210
|[[Khapri]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Jawala]] - [[Mangrul]] - [[Ghatanji]] - [[Karegaon]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 211
|[[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Nainy]] - [[Khapri]] - [[Manora, Washim|Manora]]
|
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
|MH SH 212
|[[Yavatmal]] - [[Darwha]] - [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]] - [[Murtajapur]] - [[Daryapur]] - [[Anjangaon]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Washim district|Washim]], [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH213}}MH SH 213
|[[Darwha]] - [[Digras]] - [[Pusad]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|{{anchor|SH215}}MH SH 215
|[[Pusad]] - [[Kalamnuri]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] - [[Hingoli]]
|-
|MH SH 217
|[[Gangakhed]] - Kingaon - Dhalegaon - [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmadpur]] - Shirur Tajband - [[Udgir]] - Torgi to [[Bidar]] (KA)
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 219
|[[Gangakhed]] - [[Ujani]]
|
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], Latur
|-
|MH SH 222
|[[Udgir]] - [[Kandhar]]
|
|[[Latur]], [[Nanded]]
|-
|MH SH 225
|[[Shiru Tajband]] - [[Mukhed]]
|
|[[Latur district|Latur]], Nanded
|-
|MH SH 232
|[[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] - [[Kinwat]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]],Nanded
|-
|MH SH 233
|[[Chimur]] - [[Warora]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - Rajani - [[Kelapur]] - [[Parwa]]
|
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
|MH SH 234
|[[Parwa]] - [[Mangi, Yavatmal|Mangi]] - [[Kadori]] - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - [[Mukutban]] - [[Purad]] - [[Mohada]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 236
|[[Sangvi]] on MH SH 212 - [[Ner]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]] - [[Ralegaon]] - [[Pimpalapur]] - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] - [[Shivpur, Maharashtra|Shivpur]] - [[Mohada]] - [[Kurai, India|Kurai]]
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 237
|[[Ghatanji]] - [[Ramnagar, Maharashtra|Ramnagar]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Babhulgaon]] - [[Tiosa]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Dhamangaon]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 239
|[[Valgaon]] - Naya Aikheda - Jarwadi - [[Chandurbazar]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 240
|[[Chandurbazar]] - [[Morshi]] - [[Salburdi]]
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 241
|[[Nandgaon Khandeshwar|Nandgaon]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Kurha]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]]([[Wardha]])
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|MH SH 243
|(Continued from MSH 6) - [[Amravati]] - [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Hinganghat]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]) - (continued to [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra|MH]] till [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border via MSH 264)
|
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]. [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|MH SH 244
|(From [[Yavatmal]] via MSH3) - [[Pulgaon]] - [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] - [[Talegaon, Wardha|Talegaon]] (on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH6]]) - [[Ashti, Wardha|Ashti]] - [[Warud]] to [[Multai]] ([[Madhya Pradesh|MP]])
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[MH SH 245]]
|[[Karanja, Wardha|Karanja]] - [[Bharsinngi]], [[Jalalkheda]]-[[Mowad]]-MP Border
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_246_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[Maharashtra State Highway 246|MH SH 246]]
|[[Sawargaon]] - [[Narkhed]] - [[Mowad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
|[[MH SH 247]]
|[[Katol]] - [[Sonegaon]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
|[[File:State_Highway_248_(Maharashtra).svg|40px]] [[MH SH 248]]
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Kalmeshwar]] [[Katol]] - [[Warud]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 249|MH SH 249]]
|[[Saoner]] - [[Parseoni]] - [[Ramtek]] - [[Tumsar]] - [[Gondia]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Highway 250|MH SH 250]]
|[[Bazargaon]] - Kohali - Mohpa - Saoner - [[Kelwad]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 253
|[[Mouda]] - [[Ramtek]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 255
|[[Nagpur]] - [[Hingna]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 257
|[[Ghatangi]] - [[Parwa]] -
|
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
|MH SH 258
|[[Wardha]]-[[Samudrapur]]-[[Umred]]
|
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 261
|[[Kuhi]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 262
|[[Butibori]] - [[Umred]]
|
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
|MH SH 264
|(From [[Nagpur]] via [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] - [[Jamb, Wardha|Jamb]] - [[Warora]] - [[Chandrapur]] - [[Rajura]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Telangana]] border.
|112
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]],
|-
| [[File:State Highway 30 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 30
| Nashik-Niphad-Vinchur-Yeola-Vaijapur-Aurangabad-Jalna
|
| Nashik, [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 35
| After Kalshi Bridge, Thane - Bhiwandi - Umberpada - Vada - Pali - Kudan - Jhawhar
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 40
| Makunsar - Saphale - Virar - Raypada - Vasai - joins NH8 near Mandvi, Vasai
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 41
|
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 43
| [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] Phata - Riverwood Park - Katai Naka - Taloja Bypass - Badlapur - Karjat - Khopoli
|
| [[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
| MH SH 52. Pune narayan gaon juuner
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 54
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 58
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 61 Belhe -pargaon-loni pabal-shikarapur-uruli kanchan - jejuri -shatara
|
|
| [[Pune satara district|Pune]] 204 km
|-
| MH SH 62
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 63
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 66
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 74
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 76
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 85
|
|
| [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
| MH SH 143
| [[Pathardi]] -
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 144
| [[Pathardi]]
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 145
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 146
|
|
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|-
| MH SH 149
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 153
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| [[File:State Highway 154 (Maharashtra).png|40px]] MH SH 154
| [[Akkalkot]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 155
|
|
| [[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
| MH SH 161
|
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 163
|
|
| [[Latur]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 170
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 174
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 174A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 175
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 176
| [[Solapur]]
|
| [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
| MH SH 177
| [[Sindkhed Raja]] -
|
| [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 179
|
|
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|-
| MH SH 180A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 181
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 183A
|
|
| [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
| MH SH 185
|
|
| [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|-
| MH SH 202
| [[Dharni]] -
|
| [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
| MH SH 208
|
|
| [[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
| MH SH 220
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 221
|
|
| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
| MH SH 251
| Rampuri
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 252
| Aroli
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| MH SH 254
| [[Kuhi]]
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 263
| [[Bhiwapur]] -
|
| [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 265
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 266
| Tarsa
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]],
|-
| MH SH 267
|
|
| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 268
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 269
|
|
| [[Chandrapur district|Chnadrapur]],
|-
| MH SH 270
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 271
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 272
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]],
|-
| MH SH 273
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]],
|-
| MH SH 275
| [[Gondia]], Kohamara, [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Juni Wadsa|Wadsa]]
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 276
|
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 277
|
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondiya district|Gondia]]
|-
| MH SH 280
|
|
| [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 281
|
|
| [[Gadchiroli district|Ganchiroli]],
|-
| MH SH 354
| [[Arjuni Morgaon]] - [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|
| [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
| MH SH 366
| [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
| [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
|}

==References==
*[http://www.omms.nic.in/ASPNet/citizens/NAT/05NPFS/RoadwiseSummary.aspx?state=MH&district=1&package=0&fromyear=0 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna]
*[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/default.htm Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra]
{{Maharashtra}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of State Highways In Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Roads in Maharashtra|State Highways]]
[[Category:State Highways in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Maharashtra State Highways]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists|State Highways]]

Ram Nath Kovind

2022-03-21T15:54:58Z

Tata India:

{{short description|14th and current President of India (born 1945)}}
{{Update|part=List of international trips as president|talk=List of International Visits|reason=The list is missing some of the International Visits made during his Presidency|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Nath Kovind
| order = 14th
| office = President of India
| image = Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2017
| alt = Head shot of Kovind smiling. He is wearing a blue suit jacket.
| predecessor = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| vicepresident = {{Ubl|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]|[[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| order1 = 26th
| office1 = Governor of Bihar
| predecessor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| successor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1994
| term_end2 = 2 April 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| successor2 = [[Vinay Katiyar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|10|1|df=y}}<ref name="Profile of the President">{{cite web |title=The President of India |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile.htm |website=presidentofindia.gov.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=19 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = Paraunkh, [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kanpur Dehat district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Savita Kovind]]|1974}}
| residence = [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| children = 2
| signature =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]
| education = [[B.Com.]], [[LL.B.]]
| term_start = 25 July 2017<ref name="Profile of the President"/>
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 16 August 2015
| term_end1 = 20 June 2017
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Ram Nath Kovind''' (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current [[president of India]] since his inauguration in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-full-text-of-ram-nath-kovinds-speech-on-his-assumption-of-office-as-president-of-india-3853643.html|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath: In inaugural speech, president outlines vision for India as world leader|date=25 July 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=2 August 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214357/http://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-full-text-of-ram-nath-kovinds-speech-on-his-assumption-of-office-as-president-of-india-3853643.html|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> He is also the first person from [[Uttar Pradesh]] to serve as [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-kovind-to-visit-native-village-by-special-train/article34936997.ece |title=President revisits native village in Uttar Pradesh|archive-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref> Prior to his presidency, he served as the [[List of Governors of Bihar|26th]] [[governor of Bihar]] from 2015 to 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?2993 |title=Press Releases Detail – The President of India |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|title=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 June 2017|agency=The Hindu|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008160043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and as a [[member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from 1994 to 2006. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the [[Delhi High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]] until 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|access-date=23 July 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624084504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ram Nath Kovind was born to Maiku Lal and Kalawati on 1 October 1945, in [[Kanpur Dehat district|Paraunkh]] village in the [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], as the youngest of five brothers and two sisters.{{cn|date=September 2021}} His father ran a shop and was also a farmer and a local [[vaidya]]. His mother was a homemaker. Kovind was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|title=कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न, लोग गा रहे हैं- मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721050114/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's long journey to Raisina Hill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-from-a-low-profile-political-career-to-the-highest-office/article19318301.ece|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=21 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from mud house to Rashtrapati Bhavan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ram-nath-kovind-s-journey-from-mud-house-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-117072100079_1.html|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from a leaking mud-house to the palatial Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-elect-ram-nath-kovind-emotional-1025425-2017-07-20|access-date=11 September 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He was born into the [[Koli people|Koli]] family of Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Vidhi|date=2017-07-20|title=India’s new president rose from poverty to high office|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indias-new-president-rose-from-poverty-to-high-office/2017/07/20/90955ab8-6d39-11e7-8961-ec5f3e1e2a5c_story.html|access-date=2021-12-13|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Huizhong Wu|title=Man from India's lowest caste elected president|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/20/asia/kovind-india-dalit-president/index.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-24|title=Kovind to tour states to drum up support|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/618928/kovind-tour-states-drum-up.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2017-07-21|title=From UP village to Rashtrapati Bhavan: Prez-elect Kovind's journey|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/from-up-village-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-prez-elect-kovind-s-journey-117072001424_1.html|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kovind: A choice thrown up by Dalit Hindutva interface|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/21/kovind-a-choice-thrown-up-by-dalit-hindutva-interface-1619013.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=RamNath Kovind Biography (Jivani) (14th President of India) {{!}} रामनाथ कोविंद जीवनी|url=https://pmjandhanyojana.co.in/ram-nath-kovind-jivani-bjps-president-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a5-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=PM Jan Dhan Yojana|language=en-US}}</ref>

After his elementary school education, he had to walk each day to Kanpur village, {{Convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|title=NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8 km daily for school|last=Tiwari|first=Vaibhav|date=20 June 2017|work=India.com|access-date=25 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730004336/http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> He holds a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] degree in [[commerce]] and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College]] (affiliated with [[Kanpur University]]).<ref name=":et">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-a-crusader-for-the-rights-of-weaker-sections/articleshow/59218717.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind: A crusader for the rights of weaker sections|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-10-facts-about-ndas-presidential-nominee/articleshow/59216836.cms|title=Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind: 10 facts about NDA's Presidential nominee – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104500/http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early career ==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils plaques for railway bridges in Bihar.jpg|thumb|Governor Kovind at a function with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] opening a bridge in [[Bihar]], 2016.]]

=== Advocate ===
After graduating in law from [[DAV College, Kanpur]], Kovind went to [[Delhi]] to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and thus started practicing law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|title=What you should know about BJP's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010346/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of [[Delhi]]. He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he also served as the personal assistant of [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Morarji Desai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and served as a standing counsel for the [[Central Government|central government]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 1980 to 1993. He practised in the [[Delhi High Court]] and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided [[pro-bono]] aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":et" />

=== Start of political career ===
He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> He was the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and the president of the All-India Koli Samaj.{{when|date=July 2017}} He also served as the national spokesperson of the party.{{When|date=July 2021}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|title=Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004221814/http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|archive-date=4 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} He donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name=":3" /> Soon after joining the BJP, he contested [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] assembly constituency, but lost and later contested [[Bhognipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhognipur]] in 2007 elections (both in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Times of India|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

In 1997, Kovind, being from Kori family, joined the protest against certain orders from the [[Government of India|central government]] that had adverse effects on the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] workers. Later, three amendments were made to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] that revoked the orders, by the [[Second Vajpayee ministry|NDA government]] headed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is BJP's choice for president: All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|publisher=Firstpost|date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724070933/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Rajya Sabha ===
He was elected and became a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in April 1994. He served a total of twelve years, two consecutive terms, until March 2006. As a member of parliament, he served on the [[Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes/Tribes]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} He also served as the [[chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee]]. During his career as a parliamentarian, under the [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme]], he focused on education in rural areas by helping in construction of school buildings in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. As a [[member of parliament]], he visited [[Thailand]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Singapore]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] on study tours.<ref name=":2" />{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Other appointments ===
He has served on the Board of management of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Dr. B.R Ambedkar University]], [[Lucknow]],{{when|date=July 2017}} and on the Board of Governors of [[IIM Calcutta]].{{when|date=July 2017}} He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ramnath-kovind-profile/1079259|title=Ramnath Kovind Profile|date=19 June 2017|work=Outlook|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Governor of Bihar (2015 - 2017)==
On 8 August 2015, President [[Mukherjee]] appointed Kovind as the [[governor of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-acharya-dev-vrat-appointed-as-bihar-and-himachal-pradesh-governors/articleshow/48402785.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors|last=PTI|date=8 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|title=36th Governor of Bihar|date=16 August 2015|work=indiatoday|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817124935/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|archive-date=17 August 2015|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Pranab Mukherjee at Patna.jpg|alt=H.E the Governor of Bihar Shri Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017|thumb|
Governor Ram Nath Kovind of Bihar welcoming President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at Patna on 17 April 2017
]]
Kovind's appointment was criticised by then [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] as it came months before [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 state Assembly elections]] and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/pm-praises-new-bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-31860.html|title=PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 August 2015|via=India TV News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> However, Kovind's term as the governor was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.<ref name=":3" /> In June 2017, when he was announced as [[2017 Indian presidential election#Candidates|candidate for presidential election]], Nitish Kumar backed his choice and praised him as being unbiased and working closely with the state government during his governorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|title=Presidential Election 2017: Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind, remains mum on party support|last=IANS|date=19 June 2017|via=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002117/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>

== Presidency (2017 - present) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind}}

=== 2017 presidential campaign ===
{{main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the [[governor of Bihar]], and the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2015|title=Resignation as Governor of Bihar|language=en-IN|work=firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223418/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He won election on 20 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720134017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Meira Kumar]], the presidential candidate of the [[United Progressive Alliance|Opposition]] who received 34.35%. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to [[Electoral College]] votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=With 65 percent votes, Kovind sweeps elections|work=[[Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721124957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> He became only the second [[Dalit]] representative to become president after [[K. R. Narayanan]], and also is the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate with RSS background to be elected to the post.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin|publisher=Times of India|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723104655/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second highest for a losing candidate, that of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in the 1969 presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by [[V. V. Giri]], the winner.[[File:CM Naveen Patnaik receiving President Kovind from Bhubaneswar Airport.jpg|thumb|President Kovind with [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] at [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]]]
Kovind took the oath as the 14th president of India on 25 July 2017.<ref name="it">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India's 14th President|url=http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728175405/http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=16 June 2021|website=indtoday.com}}</ref>
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind attending the ‘Vajramahothsava’ - Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly - Session Hall, in Bangalore, Karnataka (1).jpg|thumb|The President Ram Nath Kovind attending the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly in Bangalore, alongside the Governor of Karnataka.]]

[[File:The Chief Justice of India, Shri Justice J.S. Khehar administering the oath of the office of the President of India to Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|J. S. Khelar, Chief Justice of India, administering the oath of the office of the President-elect Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi at 2017.]]

[[File:Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Mishra.png|thumb|President Ram Nath Kovind with [[Dipak Misra]] after administering his oath as the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 28 August 2017]]

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressing the Nation on the eve of 75th Independence Day, in New Delhi on August 14, 2021.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressing the Nation on the eve of 75th Independence Day, in New Delhi on August 14, 2021.]]

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind meeting the President of Nepal, Ms. Bidya Devi Bhandari, in Tokyo, Japan on October 22, 2019.jpg|thumb|right|President Kovind meeting the [[President of Nepal|President of]] [[Nepal]], [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari|Bidya Devi Bhandari]], in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] on 22 October 2019]]

=== List of international trips as president ===
Kovind made trips to 19 different countries, each for state visit.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Country
!Areas Visited
!Date(s)
!References
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2017'''
|{{Flag|Djibouti}}
|[[Djibouti City]]
|3–4 October
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171363)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051717/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171363%29|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171389)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051541/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171389%29|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|5–6 October
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171396)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012028/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171396%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171415)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006011844/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171415%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171416)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006061939/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171416%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" |'''2018'''
|{{Flag|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|11–14 March
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/president%C2%A0kovind-meets-mauritius-counterpart-port-louis|title=President Kovind meets Mauritius counterpart in Port Louis {{!}} DD News|website=www.ddinews.gov.in|language=en|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177274|title=President of India reached Mauritius; Addresses students at Mahatma Gandhi Institute; says India's aspiration is for Mauritius to rise as a leading Economy and a voice for peace and stability in the entire Indian Ocean Region|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Madagascar}}
|[[Antananarivo]]
|14–15 March
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|[[Malabo]]
|7–9 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/JDOtV9NqeaQ3MUEjHNvj0H/President-Ram-Nath-Kovind-to-visit-Africa-in-bid-to-bolster.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Africa in bid to bolster ties|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=5 April 2018|work=Mint|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Eswatini}}
|[[Mbabane]]
|9–10 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-reach-swaziland-today/1126214/|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to reach Swaziland today|date=9 April 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=13 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|[[Lusaka]]
|10–12 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-embarks-on-third-official-foreign-trip/articleshow/63614812.cms|title=President Ram Nath Kovind embarks on third official foreign trip|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=5 April 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/president-kovind-arrives-in-lusaka-accorded-ceremonial-reception201804102223570002/|title=President Kovind arrives in Lusaka, accorded ceremonial reception|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|[[Athens]]
|16–19 June
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1535701|title=President Kovind in Greece; Addresses Indian Community in Greece; Urges Indian Community in Greece to Help Enhance Economic, Cultural and People-to-People Links between the two Countries|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-kovind-leaves-on-3-nation-visit-to-greece-suriname-cuba/articleshow/64614050.cms|title=President Kovind leaves on 3-nation visit to Greece, Suriname, Cuba - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Suriname}}
|[[Paramaribo]]
|19–21 June
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180113|title=Address by the Hon'ble President Of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind on the occasion of the International Day of Yoga celebrations in Suriname|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cuba}}
|[[Havana]]
|21–23 June
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180134|title=President of India in Cuba, pays tributes to National Heroes of Cuba to address students at University of Havana|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/12/president-ram-nath-kovind%E2%80%8B-to-visit-greece-suriname-cuba-1827202.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Greece, Suriname, Cuba|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cyprus}}
|[[Nicosia]]
|2–4 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |title=Ram Nath Kovind embarks on 3-nation tour |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/02/ram-nath-kovind-%E2%80%8Bembarks-on-3-nation-tour-1866599.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|[[Sofia]]
|4–6 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|[[Prague]]
|6–9 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|[[Dushanbe]]
|7–9 October
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-visit-tajikistan-from-october-7-9/articleshow/66099883.cms|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Tajikistan from October 7–9|date=6 October 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|[[Da Nang]], [[Hanoi]]
|18–21 November
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-pay-3-day-visit-to-vietnam-from-sunday-5448593/|title=President Kovind on six-day visit to Vietnam, Australia from November 18|date=17 November 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-visit-vietnam-from-18-to-21-november-will-address-national-assembly-5556451.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Vietnam from 18 to 21 November, will address National Assembly - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|[[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]]
|21–24 November
|<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-kovind-to-begin-four-day-australia-tour-1949841|title=President Kovind To Begin Four-Day Australia Tour From November 21|work=NDTV.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2019'''
|{{Flag|Croatia}}
|[[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]]
|25–27 March
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/president-of-india-on-state-visit-to-croatia/|title=President Kovind visiting the capital city of croatia|work=croatiaweek.com|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bolivia}}
|[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], [[Bolivia]]
|28–30 March
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Chile}}
|[[Santiago]], [[Chile]]
|30 March – 1 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31172/State_Visit_of_the_President_of_India_to_Croatia_Bolivia_and_Chile_March_25__April_2_2019|title= State Visit of the President of India to Croatia, Bolivia and Chile|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind opens the annual “Udyanotsav” of the Mughal Gardens of Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 05, 2018. The First Lady of India, Smt. Savita Kovind is also seen (2).jpg|thumb|President Kovind with his wife [[Savita Kovind|First Lady Savita Kovind]]]]
Kovind married [[Savita Kovind|Savita]] on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who was an air hostess for [[Air India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=President's Daughter Moved To Ground Duties at Air India For Security Reasons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-daughter-swati-gets-ground-role-at-air-india-for-security-reasons-1774490 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

== Issues ==
In 2010, he was reported to have said that "[[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are alien to the nation" as spokesperson of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is India's next president so unknown?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721060743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam, Christianity are alien to India|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210110/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> As reported by ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' and published by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he made this comment in response to the [[Ranganath Misra Commission]] which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam, Christianity alien, so cannot get quota: BJP|url=http://hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/islam-christianity-alien-so-cannot-get-quota-bjp/story-6uQb8s0QywnDq6ib60QceK.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said "Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)" as opposed to what was reported as 'nation'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind's 'Islam, Christianity' statement triggers nation vs notion row|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725140428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|title=ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार|date=20 June 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|work=Chhattisgarh Khabar}}</ref>

== State honours ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|--
! colspan=1 width="350px" | Decoration
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Date
! width="300px" | Note
! Ref.
|-
| [[File:MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cross_2nd_Class_BAR.png|centre|50px]] '''[[National Order of Madagascar]]'''
| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| {{nowrap|14 March 2018}}
| The highest civilian honour of Madagascar; in the category of ''Grand Cross 2nd Class'', the highest class that may be bestowed upon foreign dignitaries.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29637/press+release+on+state+visit+of+president+to+madagascar+march+1415+2018|title=Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14-15, 2018)|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ordine dell'Indipendenza (Guinea Equatoriale).png|centre|50px]] '''Order of Independence'''
| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| 8 April 2018
| Degree of Collar.
|<ref name="pres_equatorial_guinea">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?29807/IndiaEquatorial+Guinea+Joint+Statement+during+the+State+Visit+of+President+of+India+to+Equatorial+Guinea|title=India-Equatorial Guinea Joint Statement during the State Visit of President of India to Equatorial Guinea |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The Royal Order of King Sobhuza II. Sash.gif|centre|50px]] '''Order of the Lion'''
| {{Flag|Eswatini}}
| 9 April 2018
| The highest civilian honour in Eswatini
|<ref name="pres_eswatini">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29805/IndiaSwaziland_Joint_Statement_during_State_Visit_of_President_to_Swaziland_April_910_2018|title= India-Swaziland Joint Statement during State Visit of President to Swaziland (April 9-10, 2018)|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ribbon of an order of king Tomislav.png|centre|50px]] '''[[Grand Order of King Tomislav]]'''
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| 26 March 2019
| The highest civilian honour of Croatia
|<ref name="pres_croatia">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31177/press+statement+by+president+during+state+visit+to+croatia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Croatia|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Grand Cross BAR.png|centre|50px]] '''[[Order of the Condor of the Andes]]'''
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| 26 March 2019
| ''Grand Collar'', The highest civilian honour in Bolivia.
|<ref name="pres_bolivia">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_(Guinea).png|centre|50px]] '''[[National Order of Merit (Guinea)|National Order of Merit]]'''
| {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{nowrap|3 August 2019}}
| ''Grand Cross'' The highest civilian honour in Guinea.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-honoured-guinea-highest-award-1576959-2019-08-04|title=President Ram Nath Kovind honoured with Guinea's highest award|date=4 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
* [[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[President of India]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of India}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}{{Authority control}}{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kovind, Ram Nath}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of India]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
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[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Presidents of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Koli people]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]

President of India

2022-03-21T15:51:09Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Ceremonial head of state of India}}
{{For|a list of officeholders|List of presidents of India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = India
| native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat ke Rāṣṭrapati}}
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of India]] (Article 52)
| flag = Flag of India.svg 
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| termlength = Five years
| termlength_qualified = Renewable
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]] {{small|(Primary)}}
*[[Rashtrapati Nilayam]], [[Bolarum]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India {{small|(Winter)}}
*[[The Retreat Building]], [[Chharabra]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India {{small|(Summer)}}}}
| appointer = [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College of India]]
| style = {{unbulleted list|
* Rāṣṭrapati‍ Mahodaya {{small|(Within India (Hindi))}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=President Approves New Protocol Practice|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=88279|access-date=2021-11-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* Hon’ble President {{small|(Within India (English))}}<ref name=":0" />
*His Excellency {{small|(Outside India)}}<ref name=":0" />
*The Honourable {{small|(Within [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]])}}
}}
| image = Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg
| image_caption = Official portrait, 2017
| incumbent = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|2017|07|25|df=yes}}
| formation = {{Start date and age|1950|01|26|df=yes}}
| inaugural = [[Rajendra Prasad]] {{small|(1950–1962)}}
| deputy = [[Vice President of India]]
| salary = {{big|•}} {{INRConvert|500000}} {{small|(per month)}} 
{{big|•}} {{INRConvert|6000000}} {{small|(annually)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/arun-jaitley-budget-speech-2018-president-salary-vice-president-salary/194462|title=President, Vice President, Governors' salaries hiked to Rs 5 lakh, Rs 4 lakh, Rs 3.5 lakh respectively|publisher=Times Now News|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=1 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190054/http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/arun-jaitley-budget-speech-2018-president-salary-vice-president-salary/194462|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
| website = {{Official URL}}
| status = [[Head of state]]
| first = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| precursor = [[Emperor of India|King of India]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''president of India''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat ke Rāṣṭrapati}}), officially the '''president of the Republic of India''', is the [[figurehead|ceremonial]] [[head of state]] of [[India]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. [[Ram Nath Kovind]] is the 14th and current president.

The office of president was created when India became a republic on 26 January 1950, when [[Constitution of India|its constitution]] came into force. The president is [[indirect election|indirectly elected]] by an [[electoral College (India)|electoral college]] comprising both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] and the [[state Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assemblies]] of each of [[States and union territories of India|India's states and territories]], who themselves are all [[directly elected]].

Although [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 53 %7BExecutive power of the Union%7D|Article 53]] of the [[Constitution of India]] states that the president can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the executive powers vested in the president are, in practice, exercised by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] (a subordinate authority) with the help of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]].<ref name="[[The Constitution of India]]">{{cite book|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=Constitution of India|date=1 December 2007|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]|page=26|access-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The president is bound by the constitution to act on the [[advice (constitutional)|advice]] of the prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice does not violate the constitution.

== Origin ==
[[File:Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg|thumb|left|200px|[[Presidential Standard of India]] (1950–1971)]]
[[India]] achieved independence from the British on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]], initially as a [[dominion]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] with [[George VI]] as king, represented in the country by a [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/india/470815independence-day.html "India and Pakistan Become Nations; Clashes Continue" – New York Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401064557/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/india/470815independence-day.html|date=1 April 2013}} Retri2013.</ref> Still, following this, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], under the leadership of [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R.Ambedkar]], undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The [[Constitution of India]] was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,<ref name="SharmaB.k.2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|last=Sharma|first=Brij Kishore|publisher=PHI Learning|year=2007|isbn=978-81-203-3246-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231217/https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|26}} making India a republic.<ref name="Jai2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|publisher=Regency Publications|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611044617/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|9}} The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with [[Rajendra Prasad]] as its first incumbent.<ref name=Jai2003 />{{rp|1}}

The [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] accords to the president the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the Constitution of India and its rule of law.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|title=The Constitution of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after the president's assent. The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution (Article 60), who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in the actions of the executive or legislature. The role of the judiciary in upholding the Constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union.

== Powers and duties ==
{{Quote|Under the draft constitution the President occupies the same position as the King under the English Constitution. He is the head of the state but not of the Executive. He represents the Nation but does not rule the Nation. He is the symbol of the Nation. His place in the administration is that of a ceremonial device on a seal by which the nation's decisions are made known.|[[Bhimrao Ambedkar]]{{small|, chairperson of the drafting committee of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]}}<ref name=":Indian Political Thought">{{Cite book|title=Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Prasad|publisher=[[Pearson plc|Pearson India Education Services]]|year=2019|isbn=978-93-325-8733-5|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Himanshu|location=[[Noida]]|pages=354|chapter=Ambedkar: Constitutionalism and State Structure|editor-last2=Singh|editor-first2=Mahendra Prasad}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&lpg=PA236&ots=EGZT2Cyg38&dq=Under%20the%20draft%20constitution%20the%20President%20occupies%20the%20same%20position%20as%20the%20King%20under%20the%20English%20Constitution.%20He%20is%20the%20head%20of%20the%20state%20but%20not%20of%20the%20Executive.%20He%20represents%20the%20Nation%20but%20does%20not%20rule%20the%20Nation.%20He%20is%20the%20symbol%20of%20the%20Nation.%20His%20place%20in%20the%20administration%20is%20that%20of%20a%20ceremonial%20device%20on%20a%20seal%20by%20which%20the%20nation's%20decisions%20are%20made%20known&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Constitutional Government in India''], M.V.Pylee, S. Chand Publishing, 2004, page 236</ref>}}

===Limitations===

''Legislature'' – Any bill passed by parliament can either be signed, [[Pocket veto|withheld]] or returned to parliament by the president of India. If the president signs, it becomes a law. If the president returns or withholds the bill till expiry and the same bill is again introduced and passed in the parliament, it automatically becomes a law without the president's signature.

''Executive'' – Although the president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice of the prime minister, it is ultimately the president who gives the final order. Hence, declining the prime minister's advice or withholding it for long without being able to constitutionally challenge this decision is beyond the power of the president. Similarly, the prime minister can object to any decision taken alone by the President without consulting the cabinet.

''Judiciary'' – Only the judiciary has the power to convert a death sentence to life imprisonment.

=== Duty ===
The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his [[#Oath or affirmation|oath]] (Article 60 of Indian constitution).<ref name="const" /> The president is the common head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, [[Three Judges Cases|recommendations]] ([[Part One of the Constitution of India|Article 3]], Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers ([[Article 74 (Constitution of India)|Article 74(2)]], Article 78C, Article 108, Article 111, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/09spec.htm|title=How Kalam asserted presidential power|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|date=9 June 2006|work=Rediff India|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182146/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/09spec.htm|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There is no bar on the actions of the president to contest in the court of law.<ref name="india times">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616231317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2012|title=The President's role|last=Gupta|first=V. P.|date=26 August 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Legislative powers ===
Legislative power is constitutionally vested in the [[Parliament of India]] of which the president is the head, to facilitate the lawmaking process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The president summons both the houses ([[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]) of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] and prorogues them. He can [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve the Lok Sabha]].<ref name="SharmaB.k.2007" />{{rp|147}}

The president inaugurates parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1). The presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the [[Government of India|government]].<ref name="Chowdhury">{{Cite web|title=Article 87 - Advocatespedia|url=https://advocatespedia.com/Article_87|access-date=22 November 2020|website=advocatespedia.com}}</ref>{{rp|145}}

All [[Bill (proposed law)|bills]] passed by the parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the president per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 111]]. After a bill is presented to him, the president shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to parliament, if it is not a [[money bill]], for reconsideration. President may be of the view that a particular bill passed under the [[Lawmaking procedure in India|legislative powers]] of parliament is violating the constitution, he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the [[s:Constitution of India/Part XX|Article 368]] procedure. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the president, with or without amendments, the president cannot withhold his assent from it. The president can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it to parliament) thereby exercising a [[pocket veto]] on the advice of the prime minister or council of ministers per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 74]] if it is inconsistent with the constitution.<ref name="india times" /> Article 143 gives the president the power to consult the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] about the constitutional validity of an issue. The president shall assent to [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|constitutional amendment bills]] without power to withhold the bills per [[s:Constitution of India/Part XX|Article 368 (2)]].

When either of the two Houses of the [[Parliament of India]] is not in session, and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure, the president can promulgate ordinances that have the same force and effect as an act passed by parliament under its legislative powers. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier.<ref name="Association1956">{{cite journal|last=Bakshi|first=P.M.|date=June 1956|title=Comparative Law: Separation of Powers in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mvOn6ZnieIC&pg=PA554|url-status=live|journal=[[ABA Journal]]|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]|volume=42|page=554|issn=0747-0088|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517040623/https://books.google.com/books?id=1mvOn6ZnieIC&pg=PA554|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 123]], the president as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and he is confident that the government commands majority support in the parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible. The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of parliament when in force and it is the responsibility of the president to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for the promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable. Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and president, but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of the law are inadequate. Re-promulgation of an ordinance after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/|title=Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles|date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927134804/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The president should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which violates the constitution or requires an amendment to the constitution. The president should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or is not approved by the parliament or violates the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/re-promulgation-of-ordinances-fraud-on-constitution-sc-4456354/|title=Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution: SC|date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103133724/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/re-promulgation-of-ordinances-fraud-on-constitution-sc-4456354/|archive-date=3 January 2017|url-status=live|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Executive powers ===
{{Quote|The President of the Indian Union will be generally bound by the advice of his Ministers. ... He can do nothing contrary to their advice nor can do anything without their advice. The [[President of the United States]] can dismiss any Secretary at any time. The President of the Indian Union has no power to do so long as his Ministers command a majority in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]|[[Bhimrao Ambedkar]]{{small|, chairperson of the drafting committee of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]}}<ref name=":Indian Political Thought" />}}
As per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 53]], the [[Executive (government)|executive power]] of the country is vested in the president and is exercised by the president either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the constitution. When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 70]] which may be further delegated by the president to the [[Governors of states of India|governors of states]] per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI|Article 160]]. [[Union Council of Ministers|Union cabinet]] with [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] as its head, should aid and advise the president in performing his functions. Per [[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 74 (2)]], the council of ministers or prime minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the president but it is the sole responsibility of the president to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties. President or his subordinate officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by the union cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/494666/?formInput=article%2075%20%283%29%20%20doctypes%3A%20supremecourt|title=U.N. R. Rao vs Smt. Indira Gandhi on 17 March, 1971, SC verdict|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208182943/https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/494666/?formInput=article%2075%20%283%29%20%20doctypes%3A%20supremecourt|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

As per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 142]], it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.

=== Judicial powers ===
The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 60]]. The president appoints the [[Chief Justice of India]] and other judges on the advice of the chief justice. He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present.<ref name="Woods2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx0MbH0r8zQC&pg=PA185|title=Judicial Power and National Politics: Courts and Gender in the Religious-Secular Conflict in Israel|last=Woods|first=Patricia J.|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7914-7400-6|page=185|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427022339/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx0MbH0r8zQC&pg=PA185|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Govt of India|Indian government's]] chief legal adviser, [[Attorney General of India]], is appointed by the president of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the president. If the president considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can also ask for the [[advisory opinion#India|advisory opinion]] of the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 143 %7BPower of President to consult Supreme Court%7D|Article 143]]. Per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 88]], the president can ask the attorney general to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.<ref name="Supreme Court of India – constitution">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/constitution.htm|title=Supreme Court of India – constitution|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830234213/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/constitution.htm|archive-date=30 August 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Appointment powers ===
The president appoints as [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the [[Lok Sabha]] (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC|title=Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India|last=Kumar|first=Rajesh|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-93-5035-011-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610013332/https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|72}} The Council of Ministers remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president.

The president appoints 12 members of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. The president may nominate not more than two members of [[Anglo Indian]] community as [[Lok Sabha]] members per [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVI|Article 331]]

[[Governors of states of India|Governors]] of [[States and territories of India|states]] are also appointed by the president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI|Article 156]], the president is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts.

The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:<ref name=Kumar />{{rp|72}}
* The [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]] and other judges of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and state/union territory [[List of high courts in India|high courts]].
* The [[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (Article 239 AA 5 of the constitution).
* The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]].
* The [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] and other [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners]].
* The chairman and other members of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].
* The [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]].
*[[Ambassador]]s and [[High Commissioner]]s to other countries (only through the list of names given by the prime minister).<ref name="Darpan2007">{{cite journal|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=March 2007|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|url-status=live|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|issue=9|page=60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131527/http://books.google.com/books?id=5ugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60|archive-date=8 May 2013|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="BakshiM2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rA39_9XtbBkC|title=The Constitution of India|last=Bakshi|first=P. M.|publisher=Universal Law Publishing Company|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7534-840-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503184958/https://books.google.com/books?id=rA39_9XtbBkC|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|48}}
* Officers of the [[All India Services]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]]), and other [[Central Civil Services]] in Group 'A'.

=== Financial powers ===
* A money bill can be introduced in the parliament only with the president's recommendation.
* The president lays the Annual Financial Statement, i.e. the Union budget, before the parliament.
* The president can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses.
* The president constitutes a [[Finance Commission]] every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States. The [[Fifteenth Finance Commission|most recent]] was constituted in 2017.<ref name="Parliamentary System in India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcoemzvt97AC&pg=PA25|title=Parliamentary System in India|last=Deogaonkar|first=S.G.|publisher=Concept Publishing|year=1997|isbn=978-81-7022-651-2|page=25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516185543/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcoemzvt97AC&pg=PA25|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nk-singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-finance-commission/article9974029.ece|title=NK Singh appointed Chairman of 15th Finance Commission|date=27 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rWfJyCZBIkttQMKHXoZBHO/NK-Singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-Finance-Commission.html|title=N.K. Singh appointed chairman of 15th Finance Commission|date=27 November 2017|website=Livemint|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Diplomatic powers ===
All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the president.<ref name="Laxmikanth2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAunh90l44IC|title=Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations|last=Laxmikanth|first=M|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-015316-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071355/https://books.google.com/books?id=EAunh90l44IC|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|18}} However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with his Cabinet (especially the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The president may also send and receive diplomats, i.e. the officers from the [[Indian Foreign Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Power and functions of President - Advocatespedia|url=https://advocatespedia.com/Power_and_functions_of_President|access-date=22 November 2020|website=advocatespedia.com}}</ref>{{rp|143}} The president is the first citizen of the country.<ref name="Darpan2007" />

=== Military powers ===
The president is the Supreme Commander of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The president can declare war or conclude peace,<ref name="Darpan2007" /> on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. All important treaties and contracts are made in the president's name.<ref name="Pearson">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdgaWR_xsUC&pg=SA12-PA6|title=The Pearson Guide To Bank Probationary Officer Recruitment Examinations|last=Thorpe|first=Vandana|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1568-0|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425161321/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdgaWR_xsUC&pg=SA12-PA6|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pardoning powers ===
{{See also|Presidential pardon}}

As mentioned in [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 72 %7BPower of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases%7D|Article 72]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], the president is empowered with the powers to grant [[Presidential pardon|pardons]] in the following situations:<ref name="Darpan2007" />
* Punishment is for an offence against Union law.
* Punishment is by a [[Military justice|military court]].
* A sentence that is of death.<ref name="Pearson" />

The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the president exercises his executive powers on the advice of the prime minister and the [[Cabinet of India|cabinet]].<ref name=Kumar />{{rp|239}}<ref name="BarringtonBosia2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA267|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|last1=Barrington|first1=Lowell W.|last2=Bosia|first2=Michael J.|last3=Bruhn|first3=Kathleen|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=267|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA267|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Emergency powers ===
The president can declare three types of emergencies: national, state and financial, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123.<ref name="Laxmikanth2010" />{{rp|12}}

==== National emergency ====
{{See also|The Emergency (India)}}
A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 ([[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China war]]), 1971 ([[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistan war]]),<ref name="Omar2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&pg=PA129|title=Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan|last=Omar|first=Imtiaz|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-90-411-1775-5|page=129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603104218/https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&pg=PA129|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1975 to 1977 (declared by [[Indira Gandhi]]).[[The Emergency (India)|[see main]]]

Under [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 352]] of the India constitution, the president can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. Such a proclamation must be approved by the parliament with at least a two-thirds majority within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval-there is no maximum duration.<ref name="Laxmikanth2010" />{{page needed|date=May 2013}}

In such an emergency, [[Fundamental Rights in India|Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens]] can be suspended.<ref name="SharmaB.k.2007" />{{rp|33}} The six freedoms under [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Right to Freedom|Right to Freedom]] are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended ([[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part III#Article 21 %7BProtection of life and personal liberty%7D|Article 21]]).<ref name="Arora">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA20-PA6|title=Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination|last=Arora|first=N.D.|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-009094-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513055041/https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA20-PA6|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|20.6}}

The president can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws).<ref name="History & Civics">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmuSf3ZWtIC&pg=PA14|title=History & Civics|publisher=Rachna Sagar|isbn=978-81-8137-037-2|page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509151214/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmuSf3ZWtIC&pg=PA14|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, all money bills are referred to the president for approval.<ref name="bright pub">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIFvcCxua0C|title=The Constitution of India: For all Academic and Competitive Examinations|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-054-2|page=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729031538/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIFvcCxua0C|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live}}{{year needed|date=May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|88}} The term of the [[Lok Sabha]] can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency.<ref name=Kumar />{{rp|223}}

National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India to date. It was declared first in 1962 by President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], during the [[Sino-Indian War]]. This emergency lasted through the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and up to 1968. It was revoked in 1968. The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President [[V. V. Giri]] on the eve of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second emergency was in progress, another internal emergency was proclaimed by President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], with [[Indira Gandhi]] as prime minister in 1975. In 1977, the second and the third emergencies were together revoked.

==== State emergency ====
{{See also|Federalism in India}}
If the president is not fully satisfied, on the basis of the report of the governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the constitution, he can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state.<ref name="const" /> Such an emergency must be approved by the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] within a period of 2 months.

Under [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a [[Constitution of India|constitutional amendment]], as has happened in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

During such an emergency, the president can take over the entire work of the executive, and the governor administers the state in the name of the president. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jwLBRuWHnkC&pg=SL3-PA27|title=New ICSE History and Civics|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-587-6|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505140727/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jwLBRuWHnkC&pg=SL3-PA27|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}{{year needed|date=May 2013}}</ref> (see [[National Emergency in India|National emergency]] for explanation).

A State Emergency can be imposed via the following:
# By Article 356{{spaced ndash}}If that state failed to run constitutionally, i.e. constitutional machinery has failed. When a state emergency is imposed under this provision, the state is said to be under "[[President's rule]].<ref name="HardgraveKochanek2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation|last1=Hardgrave|first1=Robert L.|last2=Kochanek|first2=Stanley A.|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519181457/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|159}}
# By Article 365{{spaced ndash}}If that state is not working according to the direction of the Union government issued per the provisions of the constitution.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA17|title=Constitutional Crisis in the States in India|last=Srivastava|first=Meera|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1980|page=17|id=GGKEY:0BS5QYU7XF2|access-date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508123539/http://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA17|archive-date=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6-month period. However, after one year it can be extended only if

# A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or the particular state.
# The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state.

The [[Sarkaria Commission]] held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives, by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-5.htm|title=National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509030437/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-5.htm|archive-date=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> During 2005, President's rule was imposed in [[Bihar]] state, misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections.

There is no provision in the constitution to re-promulgate president's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration. During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh, president's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014. President's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible at the end of May 2014 after the general elections. It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159233.pdf|title=Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041027/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159233.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706013450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Financial emergency ====
Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purposes.<ref name="const" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/976795/|title=Supreme Court Judgement: Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322134716/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/976795/|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> [[s:Constitution of India/Part XII|Article 293]] gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government. However, the Union government can insist on compliance with its loan terms when a state has an outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata%5Chtml_en_files%5Cfincom14/others/42.pdf|title=Article 293 and its application|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518160231/http://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/fincom14/others/42.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2016|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

Under article 360 of the constitution, the president can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or any part of its territory is threatened.<ref name="const" /> However, until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the [[Finance Commission of India|finance commission]] or by the central government.

Such an emergency must be approved by the parliament within two months by a simple majority. It has never been declared.<ref name="sharma kanhaiya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14U2EOCvQHoC&pg=PA321|title=Reconstitution of Constitution of India|last=Sharma|first=Kanhaiyalal|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|year=2002|isbn=81-7629-405-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519122048/https://books.google.com/books?id=14U2EOCvQHoC&pg=PA321&dq=Finance+emergency+in+India&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rgmiUaONC8eXiQKSuoD4Bw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBg|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|604}} A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the president.<ref name=Kumar />{{rp|195}}

The president can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] and [[List of high courts in India|high courts]], in cases of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by state legislatures are submitted to the president for approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.<ref name="general studies Indian polity">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYMuFKCCLDEC&pg=PA106|title=general studies Indian polity|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|page=106|access-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508123832/http://books.google.com/books?id=lYMuFKCCLDEC&pg=PA106|archive-date=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Selection process ==

=== Eligibility ===
[[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 58 %7BQualifications for election as President%7D|Article 58]] of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] sets the principal qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the president. A president must be:
* a [[Indian nationality law|citizen of India]]
* of 35 years of age or above
* qualified to become a member of the [[Lok Sabha]]

A person shall not be eligible for election as president if he holds any [[office of profit]] under the Government of India or the Government of any State or any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.

Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates. These are:
* The current [[Vice President of India|vice-president]]
* The governor of any state
* A Minister of the Union or of any state (including [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] and [[Chief Minister (India)|chief ministers]])<ref name=Kumar />{{rp|72}}

In the event that the vice-president, a state governor or a minister is elected president, they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as president.

A member of parliament or a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the president but if he is elected as president, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President '''[Article 59(1)]'''.

'''Article 57''' provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as president shall, subject to the other provisions of this constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

Under the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,<ref name="The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/presandvicepreselection/Presidential%20and%20Vice-Presidential%20Elections%20Act,%201952.pdf|title=The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952|publisher=lawmin.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114639/http://lawmin.nic.in/presandvicepreselection/Presidential%20and%20Vice-Presidential%20Elections%20Act,%201952.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the [[ballot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/president.htm|title=The President and Vice-President Election rules, 1974|publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102004513/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/president.htm|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

== Time of election ==
Article 56(1) of the constitution provides that the president shall hold office
for a term of five years from the date on which he enters his office. According to Article 62, an election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration
of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of
his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible
after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 56, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. To meet the contingency of an election to the office of President not being completed in time due to unforeseen circumstances like countermanding of an election
due to death of a candidate or on account of the postponement of the poll for any valid
reason, Article 56(1)(c) provides that the president shall, notwithstanding the
expiration of his term, continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.

=== Conditions for the presidency ===
{{Main|Electoral College (India)}}

Certain conditions, per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 59 %7BConditions of President's office%7D|Article 59]] of the Indian constitution, debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are:
* The president shall not be a member of either house of the parliament or a house of the legislature of any state, and if a member of either house of the parliament or a house of the legislature of any state is elected president, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that house on the date on which he enters upon his office as president.
* The president shall not hold any other office of profit.
* The president shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
* The emoluments and allowances of the president shall not be diminished during his term of office.<ref name="sharma kanhaiya" />{{rp|170}}

=== Election process ===
Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new president is chosen by an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of both houses of [[Parliament of India|parliament]] (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., [[Delhi|National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The election process of the president is a more extensive process than of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the [[Lok Sabha]] members only. Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and [[rule of law]] in a [[constitutional democracy]] with [[Ouster clause|constitutional supremacy]], is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] in a secret ballot procedure.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of {{INRConvert|15|k}} in the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Presidential_Elections-FAQ.pdf|title=Election to the president of India|publisher=Election commission of India|page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310171823/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Presidential_Elections-FAQ.pdf|archive-date=10 March 2014|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

The election is held in accordance with the system of [[proportional representation]] (PR) by means of the [[single transferable vote]] (STV) method. The voting takes place by a [[secret ballot]] system. The manner of election of President is provided by [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 55 %7BManner of election of President%7D|Article 55]] of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]].<ref name="LibraryLibrary">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQLff_T-uFAC&pg=PT167|title=Public Administration|author1=Great Britain. Ministry of Overseas Development. Library|author2=Great Britain. Overseas Development Administration. Library|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|pages=167–|access-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508121340/http://books.google.com/books?id=bQLff_T-uFAC&pg=PT167|archive-date=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators. Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, the number of legislators in state matters; if a state has few legislators, then each legislator has more votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes.

The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state's population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state. Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes, which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament.

Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070012825|title=Balance of power in presidential race|date=22 May 2007|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007104210/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070012825|archive-date=7 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Oath or affirmation ===
The president is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the [[Chief Justice of India]]—or in his absence, the senior-most judge of the supreme court—an oath or affirmation that he/she shall protect, preserve and defend the constitution as follows:<ref name="Pratiyogita Darpan 0 google books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=October 2007|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|page=67|access-date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508135406/http://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|archive-date=8 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Quotation|I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India.|[[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 60 %7BOath or affirmation by the President%7D|Article 60]], Constitution of India}}

== Emoluments ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;"

|+ '''Presidential pay'''
! Date updated !! Salary (per month)
|-
| 1 February 2018 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Sources:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/arun-jaitley-budget-speech-2018-president-salary-vice-president-salary/194462|title=President, Vice President, Governors' salaries hiked to Rs 5 lakh, Rs 4 lakh, Rs 3.5 lakh respectively|date=1 February 2018|work=TimesNow|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
|}
The president of India used to receive {{INRConvert|10|k|-2}} per month per the Second Schedule of the constitution. This amount was increased to {{INRConvert|50|k|lk=|year=1998|-2}} in 1998. On 11 September 2008, the [[Government of India]] increased the salary of the president to {{INRConvert|1.5|l|lk=on|year=2008}}. This amount was further increased to {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on|year=2018}} in the [[2018 Union budget of India]]. However, almost everything that the president does or wants to do is taken care of by an annual {{INRConvert|225|m|lk=on|year=2008}} budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep.<ref name="ibn 300">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/president-gets-richer-gets-300-pc-salary-hike/73365-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=President gets richer, gets 300 pc salary hike|date=11 September 2008|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=9 November 2008}}</ref> [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the president's official residence, is the largest [[Presidential palace]] in the world.<ref name="RandhawaMukhopadhyay1986">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC&pg=PA593|title=Floriculture in India|last1=Randhawa|first1=Gurcharan Singh|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Amitabha|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1986|isbn=978-81-7023-057-1|page=593|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221521/https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC&pg=PA593|archive-date=23 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RandhawaRandhawa1971">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTFJAAAAMAAJ|title=The Famous gardens of India|last1=Randhawa|first1=Mohindar Singh|last2=Randhawa|first2=Gurcharan Singh|last3=Chadha|first3=K. L.|last4=Singh|first4=Daljit|author5=Horticultural Society of India|publisher=Malhotra Publishing House|year=1971|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428041915/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTFJAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]] at [[Bolarum]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[The Retreat Building|Retreat Building]] at [[Chharabra]], [[Shimla]] are the official Retreat Residences of the president of India.<ref name="Publications2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgGCCP5Fxg0C&pg=PA39|title=India Foreign Policy and Government Guide|date=1 May 2001|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-8298-9|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430093010/https://books.google.com/books?id=bgGCCP5Fxg0C&pg=PA39|archive-date=30 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[State Car for President|official state car]] of the president is a custom-built heavily armoured [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|Mercedes Benz S600]] (W221) Pullman Guard.

The former presidents and widows and widowers of presidents are eligible for pension, furnished accommodation, security, various allowances, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-approves-salary-pension-hike-for-President-Vice-President-governors/articleshow/3841371.cms|title=Parliament approves salary pension hike for President, Vice-President and Governors|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527173113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-approves-salary-pension-hike-for-President-Vice-President-governors/articleshow/3841371.cms|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="100" perrow="3" caption="Presidential amenities">
File:PresidentPalaceDelhi.jpg|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the president, located in New Delhi
File:Residency House Bolarum.jpg|[[Rashtrapati Nilayam]] is the official retreat of the president located in Hyderabad.
File:Honour guard, India 20060302-9 d-0108-2-515h.jpg|The [[President's Bodyguard (India)|President's Bodyguards]] is an elite household cavalry regiment of the [[Indian Army]].
File:IAF Mi 8 for VIP Transport at Aero India 2013.JPG|A chopper of IAF's special VIP fleet meant for carrying the President of India
File:Air India One Chennai.png|VIP [[Boeing 777|B777]] with call sign [[Air India One]] (INDIA 1) is used for international travels by the President.
File:Air India One 737.jpg|[[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Boeing 777X|BBJ 737]] with call sign [[Air India One]] (INDIA 1) is used for domestic travels by the President.
</gallery>

== Impeachment ==
The Supreme Court shall inquire and decide regarding all ''doubts'' and ''disputes'' arising out of or in connection with the election of a president per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 71(1)]] of the constitution. The Supreme Court can remove the president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] under the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|title=Sections 7 & 8k, The representation of the people act,1951|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024716/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Subject to Article 71 (3), parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the supreme court for resolving the ''disputes'' only that arise during the election process of the president but not the ''doubts'' that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of the president which may violate the requisite election qualifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/102305/|title=Sections 13 to 20, The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202021935/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/102305/|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

The president may also be removed before the expiry of the term through [[impeachment]] for violating the [[Constitution of India]] by the [[Parliament]] of India. The process may start in either of the two houses of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least one-quarter of the total members of that house. The notice is sent up to the president and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.

A resolution to impeach the president has to be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the originating house. It is then sent to the other house. The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the president has the right to defend himself through an authorised [[counsel]]. If the second house also approves the charges made by the special majority again, the president stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed. No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used.<ref name="Bhardwaj">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBC05B0NnYIC&pg=SL1-PA238|title=Study Package For CLAT and LL.B Entrance Examinations|last=Bhardwaj|first=A.P.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India)|isbn=978-0-07-107468-1|pages=238–239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603232129/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBC05B0NnYIC&pg=SL1-PA238|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIX|Article 361]] of the constitution, though the president cannot be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds, the unconstitutional decisions taken by the president would be declared invalid by the courts. The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the Union government for the president's role. As clarified by the supreme court in the case ''Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs Union of India & Anr'' on 24 January 2006; though the president cannot be prosecuted and imprisoned during his term of office, he can be prosecuted after he/she steps down from the post for any guilt committed during the term of the presidency as declared earlier by the courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1885130/|title=Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016074238/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1885130/|archive-date=16 October 2010|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> No president has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his unconstitutional decisions by the courts till now. No criminal case at least on the grounds of [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971|disrespecting constitution]] is lodged till now against former presidents to punish them for their unconstitutional acts; though many decisions taken during the term of a president have been declared by the supreme court as unconstitutional, ''[[mala fides]]'', void, ''[[ultra vires]]'', etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.bih.nic.in/Acts_Rule/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf|title=The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Act of 1971|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912020948/http://home.bih.nic.in/Acts_Rule/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

== Succession ==
The Office of the president falls vacant in the following scenarios:
# On the expiry of their term.
# By reason of death.
# By reason of [[resignation]].
# Removal by the supreme court.
# Removal by impeachment.
[[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 65 %7BThe Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President%7D|Article 65]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] says that the [[Vice-President of India]] will have to discharge the duties, if the office falls vacant due to any reason other than the expiry of the term.<ref name="Arora" />{{rp|20.10}} The vice-president reverts to their office when a new president is elected and enters office. When the president is unable to act because of absence, illness or any other cause, the vice-president discharges the president's functions until the president resumes the duties.

A vice-president who acts as or discharges the functions of the president has all the powers and immunities of the president and is entitled to the same emoluments as the president. When a vice-president discharges the duties of the president, he/she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

The [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] has enacted the law—''The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969'' —<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/4000rs.pdf|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704004059/http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/4000rs.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2012|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref> for the discharge of the functions of the president when vacancies occur in the offices of the president and the vice-president simultaneously, owing to removal, death, resignation of the incumbent or otherwise. In such an eventuality, the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]]—or in his absence, the senior-most judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] available—discharges the functions of the president until a newly elected president enters upon his office or a newly elected vice-president begins to act as president under Article 65 of the constitution, whichever is the earlier.<ref name="BakshiM2010" />{{rp|96}} For example, in 1969, when President [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] died in Office, Vice-President [[V. V. Giri]] served as the acting president of India. However, later, V.V Giri resigned from both posts (Acting President of India and Vice-President of India) as he became a candidate in the 1969 presidential election in India. In this event, the then Chief Justice of India, Justice [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] served as the acting president of India until the next president was elected.

== President v Chief justice ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ President versus Chief Justice of India
|-
! President !! [[Chief Justice of India]] / judiciary
|-
| The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law || Similar to president to uphold the constitution and the laws (Third Schedule of the constitution)<ref name="const" />
|-
| The oath is taken in the presence of the chief justice ||The oath is taken in the presence of the president
|-
| Impeachment by parliament with a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each house of the parliament for violation of the constitution as per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 61]]. || Removal from office by each house of the parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that house present and voting on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity as per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 124(4)]]
|-
| President can be removed by the supreme court per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 71(1)]] for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president.|| President cannot remove judges once appointed by him without impeachment process per Article 124.
|-
| An individual heads the autonomous institution of President. || Judiciary/supreme court is also an autonomous institution represented by a team of supreme court judges with chief justice as its chief.
|-
| President being head of parliament, Executive and supreme commander of the armed forces, is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advice of the Attorney General and also chief justice in performing his judicial role. It is President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356. || Chief justice/[[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] is also empowered by the constitution to repeal the unconstitutional activities of parliament and executive only after a fair trial.
|-
| President's prime duty is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent for making them into applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures. The other duties of President are just ceremonial as head of the country which are attached to him for being protector, defender and preserver of the constitution. The institution of President becomes redundant if the president is confined to other ceremonial duties only. || Can intervene or nullify the unlawful actions of union/state governments and unconstitutional laws enacted by the parliament or a state legislative after presidential assent only.
|-
| President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, ''[[mala fides]]'' activities during their tenure but is liable for judicial action/punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of his presidency. However, per Article 361 (1), President is answerable to a court designated by either house of the parliament with a two-thirds majority for the investigation of a charge against him under article 61. || Chief justice/judges of the supreme court are also immune from punishment for not delivering correct judgements or for their incompetence and mala fides. However, Judges' verdict can be repealed by a higher level bench of other judges.
|-
| President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the president or removed by the supreme court. || Chief justice/judges of the supreme court also cannot be recalled by the people of India in case parliament is not impeaching the judges.
|}

== President versus Prime minister ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+President of India versus Prime Minister of India
|-
! President !! [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] / Union cabinet
|-
| The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law || Swears allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, swears to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and swears to do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will (Third Schedule of the constitution)<ref name="const" />
|-
| The oath is taken in the presence of the chief justice ||The oath is taken in the presence of the president
|-
|Elected in an extensive manner indirectly by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] || Elected indirectly by the Lok Sabha members and secret ballot is not mandatory.
|-
| Impeachment by parliament with a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each house of the parliament for violation of the constitution as per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 61]]|| Steps down upon losing majority support in Lok Sabha.
|-
| President can be removed by the supreme court per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 71(1)]] for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president|| Similar to the prime minister and ministers also.
|-
| An individual heads the autonomous institution of President || Union cabinet with Prime minister as its chief is collectively responsible.
|-
| President being head of parliament, Executive and supreme commander of the armed forces, is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advice of the Attorney General and also chief justice in performing his judicial role. It is the President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356 || Rest of the governance of the union and reporting to the president on all important matters. Being the leader of the majority/ ruling party in the parliament, the union cabinet takes lead in lawmaking by the parliament needed for policy finalisation on various aspects, annual budgets finalisation, planning and implementation, etc.
|-
| President's prime function is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent/government orders (GO) for making them into applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures. ||Prime minister/Union cabinet shall aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice as long as not unconstitutional. The prime minister shall communicate to the president all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and on President's desire submit related information. No minister shall decide on any matter without the council of ministers/ union cabinet approval per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 78]].
|-
| President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, [[mala fides]] activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action/punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency || The union cabinet has constitutional immunity from legal proceedings in any court for their mala fide and unconstitutional advice tendered by union ministers to the president per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 74 (2)]].
|-
| President cannot escape from his constitutional duty by citing constitutional amendment to Article 74 (para 2 of 1) which makes him abide by the Union cabinet's advice after sending for reconsideration. As clarified by the supreme court, the object of Article 74 (2) is only to make the question whether the president had followed the advice of the union cabinet or acted contrary thereto, non-justiciable. Refer page [[Article 74 (Constitution of India)#Court Cases|Article 74#Court cases]] for more clarity|| The union cabinet may escape from the punishment or responsibility for implementing unconstitutional laws citing Article 74 (2).
|-
| President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the president or removed by the supreme court or resigns on his own on moral grounds|| Prime minister/ union cabinet cannot be recalled by the people of India till the end of his term in case he is not losing majority support in Lok Shaba or resigns on his own on moral grounds.
|}

== Important presidential interventions in the past ==
The president's role as defender of the constitution and the powers as Head of State, especially in relation to those exercised by the prime minister as leader of the government, have changed over time. In particular, Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking, which have established and challenged some conventions concerning presidential intervention.

=== Proving majority in the parliament ===
{{Main|Vote of confidence}}

In 1979, Prime Minister [[Charan Singh]], did not enjoy a parliamentary majority. He responded to this by simply not advising the president to summon parliament.<ref name="Darpan2007" /> Since then, presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines (2 to 3 weeks). In the interim period, the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions.

=== Proof of Majority to form a Government ===
Since the 1990s, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority, until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a prime minister proves he has the support of the [[Lok Sabha]] (by a vote on the floor of the house) within weeks of being sworn into office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111003281400.htm|title=K.R. Narayanan – President who defied stereotype|last=Subrahmaniam|first=Vidya|date=10 November 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722044512/http://hindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111003281400.htm|archive-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="Manmohan PM">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/20/stories/2004052007550100.htm|title=President appoints Manmohan Prime Minister|date=20 May 2004|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603070838/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/20/stories/2004052007550100.htm|archive-date=3 June 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

=== Vetoing of a Bill ===
{{See also|Pocket veto|Zail Singh}}

Since the Indian constitution does not provide any time limit within which the president is to declare his assent or refusal, the president could exercise a "pocket veto" by not taking any action for an indefinite time. The veto was used in 1986 by President [[Zail Singh]] over the Postal Bill. The president did not give assent to the bill, arguing that its scope was too sweeping and would give the government [[arbitrary power]]s to intercept postal communications indiscriminately.<ref name="Bhardwaj" /><ref name="Presidential Years of Zail Singh">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202610|title=Presidential Years|last=Sundar Rajan|first=K.T.|date=4 December 1996|work=Outlook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603054921/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202610|archive-date=3 June 2012|url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Show of Dissent">{{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060612/nation5.html|title=Show of Dissent|last=Bhattacharjya|first=Satarupa|date=12 June 2006|work=[[India Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326055411/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060612/nation5.html|archive-date=26 March 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref>

=== Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués ===
In the late 1990s, President [[K. R. Narayanan]] introduced explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués), the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the president.<ref name="ram_int">[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/narayanankr.pdf Interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203201144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/narayanankr.pdf|date=3 February 2006}} with K. R. Narayanan on Independence day, 15 August 1998; by [[N. Ram]], editor, [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] ["K. R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram", ''The Hindu'', 10 November 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006].</ref>

=== Return of a Bill ===
{{See also|Office of profit}}

The constitution gives the president the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration. If the parliament sends back the bill with or without changes, the president is obliged to sign it. In mid-2006, President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of 'offices of profit', the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kalam-returns-office-of-profit-bill/11851-4.html|title=Kalam returns Office of Profit Bill|date=31 May 2006|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620221052/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kalam-returns-office-of-profit-bill/11851-4.html|archive-date=20 June 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> The combined opposition, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]], hailed the move. The UPA chose to send the bill back to the president without any changes and, after 17 days, Kalam gave his assent on 18 August 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|title=Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision:A P J Kalam|date=18 July 2010|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511055231/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=live|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-22/india/27743198_1_assent-comprehensive-criteria-office-of-profit-bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511070652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-22/india/27743198_1_assent-comprehensive-criteria-office-of-profit-bill|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|title=Kalam erred on Office of Profit bill|date=22 April 2008|access-date=2 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

=== Sacking state governors ===
{{See also|Governors of states of India}}
[[Arunachal Pradesh]] governor [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa]], who was earlier appointed by the ruling party at the centre, was sacked by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] after the Supreme Court struck down his unconstitutional acts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jyoti-prasad-rajkhowa-removed-as-arunachal-pradesh-governor-report-1457717|title=Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913155231/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jyoti-prasad-rajkhowa-removed-as-arunachal-pradesh-governor-report-1457717|archive-date=13 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Living former presidents ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Pratibha Patil 2012-02-27.jpg|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' (2007–2012) {{birth date and age|df=yes|1934|12|19}}
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[List of presidents of India]]
* [[Spouse of the President of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://presidentofindia.nic.in/|The President of India (official site)}}
* {{official|http://www.india.gov.in// |India portal (official site)}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Heads of State of India}}
{{Presidents of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Elections in India}}
{{Indian presidential elections}}
{{India topics}}
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}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presidents of India}}
[[Category:Presidents of India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Ceremonial heads of state|India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]

Prime Minister of India

2022-03-21T15:47:51Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|Head of the Government of India}}

{{Pp-move-indef|small=no}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = India
| native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat ke Pradhānamantri}}
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 75
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| insigniaalt =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image = Official portrait of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, November 2020 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Official Portrait, 2020
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Narendra Modi]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|df=y|2014|5|26}}
| department = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| style = {{bulleted list|[[The Honourable]] {{small|[[The Honourable#Usage|(Hon'ble)]]}}{{small|(formal)}}|[[Excellency|His Excellency]] {{small|(in diplomatic correspondence)}}|[[Mister|Mr. Prime Minister]] {{small|(informal)}}}}
| type = [[Head of government]]
| status =
| abbreviation = PM
| member_of = {{plainlist|[[Parliament of India]] [[Union Council of Ministers]]|[[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]}}
| reports_to = {{bulleted list|[[President of India]]|[[Vice President of India]]|[[Parliament of India]]}}
| residence = [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| seat = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|South Block, Central Secretariat]], [[Raisina Hill]], New Delhi, Delhi, India
| nominator = [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|members]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Convention (norm)#Government|convention]], based on appointee's ability to [[Parliamentary system|command confidence]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| termlength = [[At Her Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the President]]
| termlength_qualified = [[Lok Sabha]] term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner No term limits specified
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of India]]
| precursor = [[Interim Government of India|Vice President of the Executive Council]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=y|1947|08|15}}
| first = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| salary = {{bulleted list|{{INRConvert|280000}} {{small|(per month)}}<ref name=salary1/>|{{INRConvert|3360000}} {{small|(Annual)}}<ref name=salary1>as per Section 3 of {{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/MinisterAct1952_080714.pdf|title=The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act 1952 and the rules made thereunder|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]]|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|pmindia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
[[File:Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15,_1947.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Lord Mountbatten]] swears in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as the first prime minister of India on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]].]]
[[File:PM Modi addressing UNGA Sep 2020.jpg|thumb|PM Modi addressing [[United Nations General Assembly|UNGA]] meet in Sep 2020]]

The '''prime minister of India''' ({{IAST3|Bhārat ke Pradhānamantrī}}), officially the '''prime minister of the Republic of India''' is the [[head of government|head]] of the executive branch of the [[government of India]]. The prime minister is the presiding member of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]] of the central government and heads the federal cabinet. They can be a member of any of the two houses of the [[Parliament of India]]—the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) and the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of the States); but has to be a member of the political party or coalition, having a majority in the Lok Sabha.

The prime minister is the senior-most member of the cabinet in the executive branch of the federal government in the [[Westminster system|parliamentary system]]. The prime minister selects and can dismiss members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the government; and is the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet.

The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] headed by the prime minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the [[Lok Sabha]] as per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 75(3)]] of the [[Constitution of India]]. The prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of a majority in the Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the president.

The [[de facto]] [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], the prime minister is usually the most powerful person in India and one of so in the world. Because they are the [[Leader of the Lok Sabha]] by default and India is a [[parliamentary system]], the prime minister is the largest influencer over the legislature. Their advice to the President regarding top-level appointments carries the largest weightage.

[[Narendra Modi]] is the 14th and current prime minister of India, having [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|assumed office]] on 26 May, 2014.

==Origins and history==
India follows a [[parliamentary system]] in which the prime minister is the presiding [[head of the government]] and chief of the executive of the government. In such systems, the [[head of state]], or, the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or [[governor-general]]) usually holds a purely ceremonial position and acts—on most matters—only on the advice of the prime minister.

The prime minister—if they are not already—shall become a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] within six months of beginning his/her tenure. A prime minister is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the parliament.

=== History ===
{{Timeline prime minister of India}}

==== 1947–1984 ====
Since 1947, there have been 14 different prime ministers.{{efn|Not including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] who served, twice, as acting prime minister.|name=56o}} The first few decades after 1947 saw the [[Indian National Congress]]' (INC) almost complete domination over the political map of India. India's first prime minister—[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]—took oath on 15 August 1947. Nehru went on to serve as prime minister for 17 consecutive years, winning four [[Elections in India|general election]]s in the process. His tenure ended in May 1964, on his death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|title=A Man Who, with All His Mind and Heart, Loved India|date=5 June 1964|work=Life|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html|title=India Mourning Nehru, 74, Dead of a Heart Attack; World Leaders Honor Him|date=27 May 1964|website=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> After the death of Nehru, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]—a former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] and a leader of the Congress party—ascended to the position of Prime Minister. Shastri's tenure saw the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in [[Tashkent]], after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html|title=Was Mr Shastri murdered?|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=27 August 2009|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

After Shastri, [[Indira Gandhi]]—Nehru's daughter—was elected as the country's first woman prime minister. Indira's first term in office lasted 11 years, in which she took steps such as [[Banking in India#Nationalisation in the 1960s|nationalisation of banks]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=Working a democratic constitution: A history of the Indian experience|last=Granville|first=Austin|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0195656107|location=Delhi|pages=215|oclc=52992056}}</ref> end of [[Privy Purse in India|allowances]] and political posts, which were received by members of the royal families of the erstwhile [[princely state]]s of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's silent revolution: The rise of the lower castes in North India|last=Christophe|first=Jaffrelot|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1850653981|location=London|pages=131–142|oclc=54023168}}</ref> In addition, events such as the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia00kulk|url-access=limited|last1=Hermann|first1=Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0415329194|edition=4th|location=New York City|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia00kulk/page/n371 359]|oclc=57054139}}</ref> the establishment of a sovereign [[Bangladesh]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=One world divisible: a global history since 1945|last=David|first=Reynolds|publisher=[[W. W. Norton]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0393321081|location=New York City|pages=244–247|oclc=46977934}}</ref> accession of [[Sikkim]] to India, through a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] in 1975;<ref>{{Cite book|title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface|publisher=Mouton|year=1978|isbn=978-3110806496|editor-last=Fisher|editor-first=James F.|location=[[The Hague]]|pages=225|oclc=561996779}}</ref> and India's [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear test]] in [[Pokhran]] occurred during Indira's first term. In 1975, President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]—on Indira's advice—imposed a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], therefore, bestowing the government with the power to [[rule by decree]], the period is known for human right violations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unsettling memories: narratives of the emergency in Delhi|last=Emma|first=Tarlo|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0520231207|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|oclc=46421940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-tale-of-three-emergencies-real-reason-always-different/235992/0|title=A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different|last=Jaitley|first=Arun|author-link=Arun Jaitley|date=5 November 2007|website=[[The Indian Express]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

After widespread protests, the emergency was lifted in 1977, and a [[Elections in India|general election]] was to be held. All of the political parties of the opposition—after the conclusion of the emergency—fought together against the Congress, under the umbrella of the [[Janata Party]], in the [[1977 Indian general election|general election of 1977]], and were successful in defeating the Congress. Subsequently, [[Morarji Desai]]—a former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]]—became the first non-Congress prime minister of the country. The government of Prime Minister Desai was composed of groups with opposite ideologies, in which unity and co-ordination were difficult to maintain. Ultimately, after two and a half years as PM; on 28 July 1979, Morarji tendered his resignation to the president; and his government fell. Thereafter, [[Charan Singh]]—a deputy prime minister in Desai's cabinet—with outside, conditional support from Congress, proved a majority in [[Lok Sabha]] and took oath as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Predictioneer's game: Using the logic of brazen self-interest to see and shape the future|last=Bueno de Mesquita|first=Bruce|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8129-7977-0|edition=1st|location=New York City|pages=xxiii|oclc=290470064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi|last=Sanghvi|first=Vijay|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-8178353401|location=Delhi|pages=114–122|oclc=74972515}}</ref> However, Congress pulled its support shortly after, and Singh had to resign; he had a tenure of 5 months, the shortest in the history of the office.

In [[1980 Indian general election|1980]], after a three-year absence, the Congress returned to power with an absolute majority. Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister a second time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/indira-gandhi-becomes-indian-prime-minister|title=Indira Gandhi becomes Indian Prime Minister – Jan 19, 1966|work=[[History (U.S. TV network)|History]]|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=[[A&E Networks]]}}</ref> During her second tenure, [[Operation Blue Star]]—an [[Indian Army]] operation inside the [[Golden Temple]], the most sacred site in [[Sikhism]]—was conducted, resulting in reportedly thousands of deaths.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalizations and social movements: Culture, power, and the transnational public sphere|last1=Guidry|first1=John A.|last2=Kennedy|first2=Michael D.|last3=Zald|first3=Mayer N.|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0472067213|location=[[Ann Arbor]]|pages=319|oclc=593248991}}</ref> Subsequently, on 31 October 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]]—two of her bodyguards—in the garden of her residence at 1, [[Safdarjung Road]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html|title=India Hangs Two Sikhs Convicted in Assassination of Indira Gandhi|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=6 January 1989|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref>

==== 1984–1999 ====
After Indira, [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]]—her eldest son and 40 years old at the time—was sworn in on the evening of 31 October 1984, becoming the youngest person ever to hold the office of prime minister. Rajiv immediately called for a general election. In the subsequent [[1984 Indian general election|general election]], the Congress secured an [[absolute majority]], winning 401 of 552 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], the maximum number received by any party in the history of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_3314000/3314987.stm|title=1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19841231&id=sTdTAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,6835384&hl=en|title=Rajiv Gandhi takes oath as India's Prime Minister|date=31 December 1984|website=[[Deseret News]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0745-4724|access-date=5 April 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]—first [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]] and then later [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] in Gandhi's cabinet—uncovered irregularities, in what became known as the [[Bofors scandal]], during his stint at the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]; Singh was subsequently expelled from Congress and formed the [[Janata Dal]] and—with the help of several anti-Congress parties—also formed the [[National Front (India)|National Front]], a coalition of many political parties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/18/world/new-opposition-front-in-india-stages-lively-rally.html?scp=1&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22%20%22jan%20morcha%22&st=cse|title=New Opposition Front in India Stages Lively Rally|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=18 September 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref>

In the [[1989 Indian general election|general election of 1989]], the National Front—with outside support from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]—came to power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/02/world/indian-opposition-chooses-a-premier.html?scp=14&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse|title=Indian opposition chooses a premier|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=2 December 1989|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref> [[V. P. Singh]] was elected prime minister.<ref name=":1" /> During a tenure of less than a year, Singh and his government accepted the [[Mandal Commission]]'s recommendations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mandal-vs-mandir/|title=Mandal vs Mandir|last=Malhotra|first=Inder|date=23 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref> Singh's tenure came to an end after he ordered the arrest of BJP member [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/30/world/india-ready-to-bar-hindu-move-today.html|title=India ready to bar Hindu move today|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=30 October 1990|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref> as a result, BJP withdrew its outside support to the government, V. P. Singh lost the subsequent [[Motion of no confidence|vote-of-no-confidence]] 146–320 and had to resign.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/08/world/india-s-cabinet-falls-as-premier-loses-confidence-vote-by-142-346-and-quits.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=all|title=India's Cabinet Falls as Premier Loses Confidence Vote, by 142–346, and Quits|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=8 November 1990|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref> After V. P. Singh's resignation, [[Chandra Shekhar]] along with 64 [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] (MPs) floated the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/world/dissidents-split-indian-prime-minister-s-party.html?scp=16&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse|title=Dissidents Split Indian Prime Minister's Party|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=6 November 1990|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref> and proved a majority in the [[Lok Sabha]] with support from Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?scp=17&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse|title=Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=10 November 1990|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2018|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref> But Shekhar's premiership did not last long, Congress proceeded to withdraw its support; Shekhar's government fell as a result, and [[1991 Indian general election|new election]]s were announced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Chandra-Shekhar-critical/article14790254.ece|title=Chandra Shekhar critical|date=8 July 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref>

In the [[1991 Indian general election|general election of 1991]], Congress—under the leadership of [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]—formed a [[minority government]]; Rao became the first PM of [[South India]]n origin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4120429.stm|title=Narasimha Rao – a reforming PM|date=23 December 2004|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], India was on the brink of [[Sovereign bankruptcy|bankruptcy]], so, Rao took steps to [[liberalise]] the economy, and appointed [[Manmohan Singh]]—an economist and a former [[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]—as finance minister.<ref name=":3" /> Rao and Singh then took various steps to liberalise the economy,<ref name=":3" /> these resulted in an unprecedented economic growth in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeLong|first=J. Bradford|author-link=J. Bradford DeLong|date=July 2001|title=India Since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246458096|journal=In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth|access-date=5 April 2018|via=Research Gate}}</ref> His premiership, however, was also a witness to the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]], which resulted in the death of about 2,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11436552|title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis|date=6 December 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Rao, however, did complete five continuous years in office, becoming the first prime minister outside of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru—Gandhi family]] to do so.<ref name=":3" />

After the end of Rao's tenure in May 1996, the nation saw four prime ministers in a span of three years, ''{{Abbr|[[viz.]]|videlicet}}'', two tenures of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]; one tenure of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997; and one tenure of [[I. K. Gujral]] from 21 April 1997 to 19 March 1998. The government of Prime Minister Vajpayee—elected in [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]—took some concrete steps. In May 1998—after a month in power—the government announced the [[Pokhran-II|conduct of five underground nuclear explosions]] in [[Pokhran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|title=India releases pictures of nuclear tests|date=17 May 1998|website=[[Cable News Network]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> In response to these tests, many [[Western world|western countries]], including the United States, imposed [[economic sanctions]] on India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92797.stm|title=US imposes sanctions on India|date=13 May 1999|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> but, due to the support received from Russia, France, the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]] and some other nations, the sanctions—were largely—not considered successful.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morrow|first1=Daniel|last2=Carriere|first2=Michael|date=1 January 1999|title=The economic impacts of the 1998 sanctions on India and Pakistan|journal=The Nonproliferation Review|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1–16|doi=10.1080/10736709908436775|issn=1073-6700}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=India's nuclear diplomacy after Pokhran II|last=Rai|first=Ajai K.|publisher=[[Longman]]|others=Foreword by [[Ved Prakash Malik]]|year=2009|isbn=978-8131726686|location=Delhi|oclc=313061697}}</ref> A few months later in response to the Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan also [[Chagai-I|conducted nuclear tests]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eating grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb|last=Khan|first=Feroz Hassan|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0804784801|location=[[Stanford, California|Stanford]]|pages=281|oclc=816041307}}</ref> Given the deteriorating situation between the two countries, the governments tried to improve bilateral relations. In February 1999, the India and Pakistan signed the [[Lahore Declaration]], in which the two countries announced their intention to annul mutual enmity, increase trade and use their nuclear capabilities for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/21bus.htm|title=Vajpayee, Sharief sign Lahore Declaration|last=Iype|first=George|date=21 February 1999|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Lahore|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> In May 1999, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] withdrew from the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) coalition;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/318912.stm|title=Jayalalitha: Actress-turned-politician|date=14 April 1999|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Vajpayee's government, hence, became a [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] one after losing a motion-of-no-confidence 269–270, this coincided with the [[Kargil War]] with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-was-ready-to-cross-loc-use-nuclear-weapons-in-kargil-war-115120300518_1.html|title=India was ready to cross LoC, use nuclear weapons in Kargil war|date=3 December 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|others=BS Web Team|location=New Delhi|oclc=496280002}}</ref> In the subsequent [[1999 Indian general election|October 1999 general election]], the BJP-led NDA and its affiliated parties secured a comfortable majority in the Lok Sabha, winning 299 of 543 seats in the [[lower house]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/468258.stm|title=Indian election: What they said|date=8 October 1999|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

==== 2000–present ====
[[File:Narendra_Modi_meets_Dr._Manmohan_Singh.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (left) meets his predecessor, [[Manmohan Singh]] (right), c. 2014.]]
Vajpayee continued the process of economic liberalisation during his reign, resulting in economic growth.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayees-five-steps-that-changed-india-forever/articleshow/62240161.cms|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's five steps that changed India forever|date=27 December 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=6 April 2018|others=ET Online|location=New Delhi|oclc=61311680}}</ref> In addition to the development of infrastructure and basic facilities, the government took several steps to improve the infrastructure of the country, such as, the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP) and the ''[[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]]'' (PMGSY; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Pradhānamaṃtrī Grāma Saḍa़ka Yojanā}}; {{Literal translation}} Prime Minister Rural Road Scheme),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/A-leader-of-substance-Along-with-Narasimha-Rao-Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee-laid-the-foundation-of-new-India/articleshow/17747366.cms?referral=PM|title=A leader of substance: Along with Narasimha Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee laid the foundation of new India|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|date=25 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2018|oclc=23379369|author-link=Arvind Panagariya}}</ref> for the development of roads. But during his reign, the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 Gujarat communal riots]] in the state of Gujarat took place; resulting in about 2,000 deaths.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The ethics of terrorism: Innovative approaches from an international perspective (17 lectures)|last1=Yakov|first1=Gilinskiy|last2=Gilly|first2=Thomas Albert|last3=Sergevnin|first3=Vladimir|publisher=Charles C. Thomas Publishers|year=2009|isbn=978-0398079956|location=[[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]]|pages=28|oclc=731209878}}</ref> Vajpayee's tenure as prime minister came to an end in May 2004, making him the first non-Congress PM to complete a full five-year tenure.<ref name=":4" />

In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 election]], the Congress emerged as the largest party in a [[hung parliament]]; Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA)—with outside support from the Left Front, the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) among others—proved a majority in the Lok Sabha,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3736723.stm|title=India swears in its first Sikh PM|date=22 May 2004|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> and Manmohan Singh was elected prime minister; becoming the first Sikh prime minister of the nation.<ref name=":5" /> During his tenure, the country retained the economic momentum gained during Prime Minister Vajpayee's tenure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6294409.stm|title=Indian economy 'to overtake UK'|last=Grammaticas|first=Damian|date=24 January 2007|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 April 2018|location=Delhi}}</ref> Apart from this, the government succeeded in getting the ''[[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]]'', and the ''[[Right to Information Act, 2005]]'' passed in the parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/learning-from-nrega/article6342811.ece|title=Learning from NREGA|last=Drèze|first=Jean|date=23 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|author-link=Jean Drèze}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-assent-to-law-on-right-to-information/articleshow/1152297.cms|title=President gives assent to law on right to information|date=25 June 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi|oclc=23379369}}</ref> Further, the government strengthened India's relations with nations like [[Afghanistan]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/india-afghanistan-relations|title=India-Afghanistan Relations|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=22 July 2009|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7540204.stm|title=India announces more Afghan aid|date=4 August 2008|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Russia;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/%0D%0Anews/2005/dec/06pmrus2.htm|title=India, Russia sign agreements to strengthen ties|last=Roychowdhury|first=Amitabh|date=6 December 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Moscow|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]]; and the United States, culminating with the ratification of [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]] near the end of Singh's first term.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Finally-its-done-India-back-on-the-nuclear-train/articleshow/3551691.cms?referral=PM|title=Finally, it's done: India back on the nuclear train|last=Rajghatta|first=Chidanand|date=2 October 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2018|location=Washington D.C.|oclc=23379369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7650286.stm|title=A win-win situation for India|last=Sirohi|first=Seema|date=9 October 2008|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/01/us.india.nuclear/|title=Senate approves nuclear deal with India|date=1 October 2008|website=[[Cable News Network]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting Network]]|location=Washington D.C.|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> At the same time, the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks]] also happened during Singh's first term in office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/opinion/18friedman.html|title=No Way, No How, Not Here|last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|date=17 February 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=6 April 2018|location=New Delhi|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592|title=Mumbai Terror Suspects Charged a Year After Attacks|last=Schifrin|first=Nick|date=25 November 2009|publisher=[[ABC News]]|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> In the [[2009 Indian general election|general election of 2009]], the mandate of UPA increased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/more-congress-less-upa/358357/|title=More Congress, less UPA|date=17 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=6 April 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|others=B. S. Reporter|location=New Delhi|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/manmohan_gets_presidential_invite_to_form_govt.php|title=Manmohan gets presidential invite to form govt|date=21 May 2009|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Prime Minister Singh's second term, however, was surrounded by accusations of high-level scandals and corruption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15560793.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh directly responsible for coal scam: Arun Jaitley|date=19 August 2012|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[Indore]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-2g-scam-disappointed-over-manmohan-singh-s-refusal-to-appear-before-jpc-says-yashwant-sinha-1820446|title=2G scam: Disappointed over Manmohan Singh's refusal to appear before JPC, says Yashwant Sinha {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=9 April 2013|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Asian News International]]|oclc=801791672}}</ref> Singh resigned as prime minister on 17 May 2014, after Congress' defeat in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-resigns-after-10-years-in-office-562442|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Resigns After 10 Years in Office|date=17 May 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=6 April 2018|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/manmohan-singh-resigns-as-prime-minister-193309-2014-05-17|title=Manmohan Singh to continue as PM till Modi assumes office|date=17 May 2014|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0254-8399|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Manmohan-Singh-resigns-bringing-to-an-end-his-10-year-tenure/articleshow/35254774.cms|title=Manmohan Singh resigns bringing to an end his 10-year tenure|date=17 May 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi|oclc=23379369}}</ref>

[[File:Modi at the 69th UN general assembly.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the 69th [[United Nations General Assembly]], c. 2014.]]In the [[2014 Indian general election|general election of 2014]], the BJP-led NDA got an absolute majority, winning 336 out of 543 Lok Sabha seats; the BJP itself became the first party since 1984 to get a majority in the Lok Sabha. [[Narendra Modi]]—the [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]]—was elected prime minister, becoming the first prime minister to have been born in an independent India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-appointed-Prime-Minister-swearing-in-on-May-26/articleshow/35388297.cms?|title=Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26|date=20 May 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi|oclc=23379369}}</ref>

[[Narendra Modi]] was re-elected as prime minister in 2019 with a bigger mandate than that of 2014. The BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] winning 354 seats out of which [[BJP]] secured 303 seats.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48347081 |title = Landslide win for Narendra Modi in India elections|work = BBC News|date = 23 May 2019}}</ref>

== Constitutional framework and position of prime minister ==
The [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] envisions a scheme of affairs in which the [[president of India]] is the head of state; in terms of Article 53 with office of the prime minister being the head of [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]] to assist and advise the president in the discharge of his/her constitutional functions. To quote, Article 53, [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|74]] and 75 provide as under;
{{blockquote|The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the president and shall be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers, in accordance with the Constitution.| Article 53(1), Constitution of India}}
{{blockquote|There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.| [[Article 74 (Constitution of India)|Article 74(1)]], Constitution of India}}
{{blockquote|The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.| Article 75(1), Constitution of India}}
Like most [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracies]], the [[Head of state|president]]'s duties are mostly [[Titular ruler|ceremonial]] as long as the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] and the [[rule of law]] is obeyed by the cabinet and the legislature. The prime minister of India is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. The president's constitutional duty is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|article 60]]. In the constitution of India, the prime minister is mentioned in only four of its articles (articles 74, 75, 78 and 366), however he/she plays a crucial role in the [[government of India]] by enjoying majority in the [[Lok Sabha]].

==Appointment, tenure and removal==
===Eligibility===
According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India, which sets the principle qualification for member of Parliament, and Article 75 of the Constitution of India, which sets the qualifications for the minister in the Union Council of Ministers, and the argument that the position of prime minister has been described as ''[[primus inter pares]]'' (the first among equals),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|last1=Basu|first1=Durga Das|last2=Manohar|first2=V. R.|last3=Banerjee|first3=Bhagabati Prosad|last4=Khan|first4=Shakeel Ahmad|publisher=Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9|edition=20th|location=New Delhi|pages=199|oclc=289009455}}</ref> A prime minister must:

* be a [[Indian nationality law|citizen of India]].
* be a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] or the [[Rajya Sabha]]. If the person chosen as the prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection, they must become a member of either of the houses within six months.
* be above 25 years of age if they are a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of the Lok Sabha]], or, above 30 years of age if they are a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]].
* not hold any office of profit under the government of India or the government of any state or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said governments.

If however a candidate is elected as the prime minister they must vacate their post from any private or government company and may take up the post only on completion of their term.

===Oaths of office and secrecy===
[[File:Shri_Narendra_Modi_sworn_in_as_Prime_Minister.jpg|thumb|[[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi]], 2014.]]
The prime minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the [[President of India]] before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.

Oath of office:
{{Quotation|I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as Prime Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|[[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part I|title=|source=}}

Oath of secrecy:
{{Quotation|I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.|Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part II}}

===Tenure and removal from office===
The prime minister serves on 'the pleasure of the president', hence, a prime minister may remain in office indefinitely, so long as the president has confidence in him/her. However, a prime minister must have the confidence of Lok Sabha, the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].

However, the term of a prime minister can end before the end of a Lok Sabha's term, if a [[Majority|simple majority]] of its members no longer have confidence in him/her, this is called a [[Motion of no confidence|vote-of-no-confidence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15|title=Under the Constitution, does the President have the right to remove the Prime Minister?|last1=Gupta|first1=Surajeet Das|last2=Badhwar|first2=Inderjit|date=15 May 1987|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Three prime ministers, [[I. K. Gujral]],<ref name=":9" /> [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] have been voted out from office this way. In addition, a prime minister can also resign from office; [[Morarji Desai]] was the first prime minister to resign while in office.

Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to the ''[[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|title=Sections 7 & 8k, The representation of the people act,1951|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024716/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Role and power of the prime minister==

=== Executive powers ===
[[File:PM_India_org.png|Agencies under the prime minister.|550x550px|thumb]]
The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. The president of India—subject to eligibility—invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the [[government of India]]—also known as the central government or Union government—at the national level and exercise its powers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their [[Union Council of Ministers|council of ministers]] to the president.<ref name="cabinet">{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/team.htm|title=Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers|publisher=pmindia.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420093318/http://pmindia.nic.in/team.htm|archive-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=5 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/mos_ind.htm|title=Ministers of State (Independent Charge)|publisher=pmindia.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420093303/http://pmindia.nic.in/mos_ind.htm|archive-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=5 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/mos.htm|title=Ministers of State (without Independent Charge)|publisher=pmindia.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420093900/http://pmindia.nic.in/mos.htm|archive-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=5 June 2008}}</ref> They also work upon to decide a core group of ministers (known as the cabinet),<ref name = "cabinet"/> as in charge of the important functions and ministries of the [[government of India]].

The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the ''Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cabsec.nic.in/abr/welcome.html |title=(Allocation of Business) Rules 1961 |publisher=cabsec.nic.in |access-date=5 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430161837/http://cabsec.nic.in/abr/welcome.html  |archive-date = 30 April 2008}}</ref> The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cabsec.gov.in/ |title=Cabinet Secretariat, Govt.of India |publisher=cabsec.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2008 }}</ref> While the work of the government is generally divided into various Ministries, the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi celebrating Diwali with the jawans of Indian Army and BSF, in the Gurez Valley, near the Line of Control, in Jammu and Kashmir, on October 19, 2017 (2).jpg|thumb|229x229px|Prime Minister exercises [[Commander-in-chief|supreme authority]] over the [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] on behalf of the President.]]
The prime minister—in consultation with the cabinet—schedules and attends the sessions of the houses of parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as prime minister of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/parl.htm |title=PM's answers to Parliamentary Questions |publisher=pmindia.nic.in |access-date=5 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420091356/http://pmindia.nic.in/parl.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 }}</ref>

Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister themself. The prime minister is usually always in charge/head of:
* [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] (as [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]])
* [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
* [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
*[[Cabinet Committee on Security]]
*[[Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs]]
* [[NITI Aayog]]
* [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
* [[Department of Space]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Nuclear Command Authority]]

The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/visits.htm |title=Recent Visit of the Prime Minister |publisher=pmindia.nic.in |access-date=5 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420093915/http://pmindia.nic.in/visits.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 }}</ref> and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/message.htm |title=Recent National Messages of the PM |publisher=pmindia.nic.in |access-date=5 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420085705/http://pmindia.nic.in/message.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 }}</ref>

Per [[wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 78]] of the constitution, the official communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the union cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet.

==== Administrative and appointment powers ====
The prime minister recommends to the president—among others—names for the appointment of:

* [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] (CEC) and other [[Election Commissioners of India]] (ECs)
* [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (C&AG)
* Chairperson and members of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC)
* [[Chief Information Commissioner of India]] (CIC) and [[Information Commissioner of India|Information Commissioners of India]]
* Chairperson and members of the [[finance commission]] (FC)
* [[Attorney General of India]] (AG) and [[Solicitor General of India]] (SG)

As the chairperson of [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), the prime minister—on the non-binding advice of the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] led-Senior Selection Board (SSB)—decides the postings of top civil servants, such as, [[Secretary to Government of India|secretaries]], [[Additional secretary to Government of India|additional secretaries]] and [[Joint secretary to Government of India|joint secretaries]] in the government of India.<ref name="Governance in India2">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|edition=2nd|location=[[Noida]]|publication-date=25 August 2014|pages=3.16–3.17}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31spec.htm|title=What does the Cabinet Secretary do?|last=Iype|first=George|date=31 May 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/committeereports/current-system|title=The Current System|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Further, in the same capacity, the PM decides the assignments of top military personnel such as the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] and commanders of operational and training commands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170102-indian-army-chief-bipin-rawat-praveen-bakshi-modi-government-infantry-officer-830076-2016-12-22|title=New chief on the block|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=22 December 2016|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> In addition, the ACC also decides the posting of [[Indian Police Service]] officers—the [[All India Services|All India Service]] for policing, which staffs most of the higher level law enforcement positions at federal and state level—in the [[government of India]].

Also, as the [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], the PM also exercises control over the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS),<ref name="Governance in India">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|edition=2nd|location=[[Noida]]|publication-date=25 August 2014|pages=7.6}}</ref> the country's premier civil service,<ref name="Profile IAS">{{Cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/ais1/Docs/ServiceProfile.pdf|title=Service Profile for the Indian Administrative Service|publisher=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=Public Administration in India|last=Tummala|first=Krishna Kumar|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-8170235903|location=[[Mumbai]]|pages=154–159|oclc=313439426}}</ref> which staffs most of the senior civil service positions;<ref name="Profile IAS" /><ref name=":19" /> the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB);<ref name="Governance in India23">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|edition=2nd|location=[[Noida]]|publication-date=25 August 2014|pages=7.37}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/about-us/functions/organisation-under-mop-list|title=Organisation Under DOPT|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI),<ref name="Governance in India23" /><ref name=":6" /> except for the selection of its director, who is chosen by a committee of: (a) the prime minister, as chairperson; (b) the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in Lok Sabha; and (c) the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-director-appointment-cji-kehar-narendra-modi-mallikarjun-kharge-ptm-955305-2017-01-16|title=All about CBI director's appointment as PM Modi, CJI Kehar, Kharge meet to vet names|date=16 January 2017|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0254-8399|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

Unlike most other countries, the prime minister does not have much influence over the selection of judges, that is done by a collegium of judges consisting of the [[Chief Justice of India]], four senior most [[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India|judges]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the [[List of current Indian chief justices|chief justice]]—or the senior-most judge—of the concerned [[List of high courts in India|state high court]].<ref name="Where Angles Fear to Tread">{{cite book|title=Supreme but not infallible: Essays in honour of the Supreme Court of India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-567226-8|editor=Kirpal|editor-first=Bhupinder N.|edition=6th impr.|location=New Delhi|pages=97–106|oclc=882928525}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/07/stories/05072524.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074107/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/07/stories/05072524.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2016|title=Higher judicial appointments - II|last=Iyer|first=V. R. Krishna|author-link=V. R. Krishna Iyer|date=7 August 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> The executive as a whole, however, has the right to send back a recommended name to the collegium for reconsideration,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/in-defence-of-the-collegium/|title=In defence of the collegium|last=Thomas|first=K.T.|date=13 August 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=8 April 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|oclc=70274541|author-link=K. T. Thomas (Justice)}}</ref> this, however, is not a full Veto power, and the collegium can still put forward rejected name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mop-on-appointments-sc-puts-its-foot-down-rejects-govt-plan-to-veto-postings-on-national-security-grounds-collegium-4582978/|title=MoP on appointments: SC puts its foot down, rejects Govt plan to veto postings on national security grounds|last=Chhibber|first=Maneesh|date=24 March 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 April 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|location=New Delhi|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-rejects-governments-veto-power-on-judges-appointment-wants-reasons-in-writing-1673816|title=Supreme Court Rejects Government's Veto Power on Judges Appointment, Wants Reasons in Writing|date=27 March 2017|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=10 April 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

=== Legislative powers ===
The prime minister acts as the leader of the house of the chamber of parliament—generally the [[Lok Sabha]]—he/she belongs to. In this role, the prime minister is tasked with representing the executive in the legislature, he/she is also expected to announce important legislation, and is further expected to respond to the [[Official Opposition (India)|opposition's]] concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/oppo.asp#LE|title=Rajya Sabha – Role of The Leader of The House, Leader of the Opposition and Whips Brief History|website=[[Rajya Sabha]]|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> Article 85 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] confers the president with the power to convene and end extraordinary sessions of the parliament, this power, however, is exercised only on the advise of the prime minister and his/her council, so, in practice, the prime minister does exercise some control over affairs of the parliament.

==Compensation and benefits==
Article 75 of the Constitution of India confers the parliament with the power to decide the remuneration and other benefits of the prime minister and other ministers are to be decided by the Parliament.<ref>The Constitution of India, Article 75-6</ref> and is renewed from time to time. The original remuneration for the prime minister and other ministers were specified in the Part B of the second schedule of the constitution, which was later removed by an amendment.

In 2010, the prime minister's office reported that he/she does not receive a formal salary, but was only entitled to monthly allowances.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Raise for Prime Minister Manmohan Singh? |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=14 August 2012 |date=23 July 2010 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/07/23/a-raise-for-prime-minister-mamohan-singh/}}</ref> That same year ''[[The Economist]]'' reported that, on a [[purchasing power parity]] basis, the prime minister received an equivalent of $4106 per year. As a percentage of the country's per-capita GDP (gross domestic product), this is the lowest of all countries ''The Economist'' surveyed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaders of the fee world: How much a country's leader is paid compared to GDP per person |work=The Economist |access-date=14 August 2012 |date=5 July 2010 |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16525240}}</ref><ref name="salary">{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/pmsalary_jul2012.pdf|title=Pay & Allowances of the Prime Minister|publisher=pmindia.nic.in/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718011828/http://pmindia.nic.in/pmsalary_jul2012.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2013|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;"
! colspan="3" |Primeministerial pay and allowances
|-
! Date and year
established
! Salary
!US$
|-
| October 2009 || style="text-align:right;" |₹100,000
|$1,400
|-
|October 2010
|₹135,000
|$1,900
|-
|July, 2012
|₹160,000
|$2,200
|-
! colspan="3" |Sources:<ref name="salary" />
|}

=== Residence ===
[[File:Teen_murti_bhawan_22.jpg|thumb|The [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] was the residence of India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].]]
The [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]]—previously called the 7, Race Course Road—in New Delhi, currently serves as the official place of residence for the prime minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM chairing meeting on CWG|url=https://www.sify.com/news/pm-chairing-meeting-on-cwg-news-national-kiosEdgbdhd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811162041/http://www.sify.com/news/pm-chairing-meeting-on-cwg-news-national-kiosEdgbdhd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=20 April 2021|website=[[sify.com]]}}</ref>

The first residence of the Indian prime minister was [[Teen Murti Bhavan]]. His successor [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] chose [[10, Janpath]] as an official residence. [[Indira Gandhi]] resided at [[Safdarjung Road|1, Safdarjung Road]]. [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became the first prime minister to use 7, Race Course Road as his residence, which was used by his successors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: Janardan Thakur recalls a conversation with the late Kamalapati Tripathi|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/10jana.htm|access-date=20 April 2021|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Travel ===
[[File:Air_India_Boeing_747-400_takes_off_from_Toronto.jpg|thumb|[[Air India One]] takes off from Toronto.|left|212x212px]]
For ground travel, the prime minister uses a highly modified, armoured version of a [[Range Rover]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-ditches-bmw-opts-for-a-range-rover/article19498141.ece|title=Modi ditches BMW, opts for a Range Rover|date=15 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|others=Special Correspondent|location=New Delhi|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> The prime minister's motorcade comprises a fleet of vehicles, the core of which consists of at least three armoured [[BMW 7 Series]] sedans, two armoured [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rovers]], at least 8-10 [[BMW X5]]s, six [[Toyota Fortuner]]s/[[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruisers]] and at least two [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulances.

For air travel, [[Boeing 777-300ER]]s—designated by the call sign [[Air India One]] (AI-1 or AIC001), and maintained by the [[Indian Air Force]]—are used.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vvip-planes-replacements-for-aged-air-india-one-to-arrive-this-month/articleshow/62417728.cms|title=New VVIP planes: Replacements for aged Air India One to arrive this month|last=Sinha|first=Saurabh|date=8 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 April 2018|location=New Delhi|oclc=23379369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/air-india-one-seat-no-59g/687970/1|title=Air India One, Seat No 59G – Indian Express|last=Nayyar|first=Dhiraj|date=26 September 2010|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Apart from aircraft, there are several helicopters used such as [[Mi-8]] for carrying the prime minister for travelling a short distance. These aircraft and helicopters are operated by the [[Indian Air Force]].

=== Protection ===
The [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG) is charged with protecting the sitting prime minister and his/her family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/independence-day-security-cover-narendra-modi-pm-spg-204259-2014-08-16|title=The men who protect PM Narendra Modi|date=16 August 2014|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0254-8399|access-date=10 April 2018|agency=Mail Today Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/spg-takes-over-security-arrangements-for-modi/article22828615.ece|title=SPG takes over security arrangements for Modi|last=Prasad|first=S.|date=22 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2018|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> The security is aided by the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) and the [[Delhi Police]] to provide three-rung security for the estate.

=== Office ===
{{Main|Prime Minister's Office (India)}}
The [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|prime minister's Office]] (PMO) acts as the principal workplace of the prime minister. The office is located at [[South Block]], and is a 20-room complex, and has the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] adjacent to it. The office is headed by the [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], generally a former civil servant, mostly from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and rarely from the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS).

== Family ==
{{Main|Spouse of the Prime Minister of India|Children of Prime Ministers of India}}
The prime minister's spouse sometimes accompany him/her on foreign visits. The prime minister's family is also assigned protection by the [[Special Protection Group]], though it was removed after [[Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 2019|Special Protection Group Act]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|date=26 August 2019|title=What is the Special Protection Group and why Manmohan Singh's security cover was removed|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-is-the-special-protection-group-and-why-manmohan-singhs-security-cover-was-removed/282179/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The most prominent of the family of prime-minister is [[Nehru–Gandhi family]], which has given 3 prime minister, [[J. L. Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=PA45|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|date=10 February 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-54020-9|pages=45|language=en|author-link=Ramachandra Guha}}</ref> Many of the family members of the former prime ministers are politicians.

== Post-premiership ==

Former prime ministers are entitled to a bungalow,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040607-former-presidents-prime-ministers-enjoy-benefits-at-taxpayers-expense-789819-2004-06-07|title=Former presidents, Prime Ministers enjoy benefits at taxpayers expense|last=Sahgal|first=Priya|date=7 June 2004|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/perks-for-life/article3371380.ece|title=Perks for life|date=1 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> former prime ministers are also entitled the same facilities as those given to a serving cabinet minister,<ref name=":7" /> this includes a fourteen-member secretarial staff, for a period of five years; reimbursement of office expenses; six domestic [[Business class|executive-class]] air tickets each year; and security cover from the [[Special Protection Group]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

In addition, former prime ministers rank seventh on the [[Indian order of precedence]], equivalent to [[Chief Minister (India)|chief ministers]] of states (within their respective states) and cabinet ministers.<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|title=Table of Precedence|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428030937/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/top|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> As a former [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of the parliament]], the prime minister also receives pension after they leave office. In 2015, a former MP receives a minimum pension of {{INRConvert|20000|lk=on}} per month, plus—if he/she served as an MP for more than five years—{{INRConvert|1500|lk=on}} for every year served.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matthew |first1=Liz |title=Government moves to double MPs' salary to Rs 2.8 lakh a month, hike pensions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/govt-moves-to-double-mps-salary-to-rs-2-8-lakh-a-month/ |access-date=11 August 2020 |agency=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 December 2015}}</ref>{{update inline|date=August 2020}}

Some prime ministers have had significant careers after their tenure, including [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], who remained a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of the Lok Sabha]] until 2019, and [[Manmohan Singh]] continues to be a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of the Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha election results 2019: Former Prime Minister Deve Gowda loses to BJP's GS Basavaraju in Tumkur|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/lok-sabha-elections-former-pm-deve-gowda-trailing-in-tumkur-prajwal-revanna-leads-in-hasan-3434651.htm|access-date=20 April 2021|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=15 May 2019|title=Congress to move Manmohan Singh from Assam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-to-move-manmohan-singh-from-assam/article27141531.ece|access-date=20 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{{Lifespan prime minister of India}}

=== Party wise ===
{{See also|List of prime ministers of India}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!{{Abbr|No|Total number of Prime Minister}}
!{{Abbr|Years in PMO|Total years these parties held PMO}}
!Name(s)
![[Political alliance|Alliance]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align: center;" |6{{Efn|name=56o}}
|54 years
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and [[Manmohan Singh]].
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};"|
|[[Janata Dal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |3
|2 years
|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]].
| -
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
| style="text-align: center;" |2
|'''13 years'''
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}};"|
|[[Janata Party]]
| style="text-align: center;" |1
|2 years
|[[Morarji Desai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}};"|
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |1
|>1 years
|[[Charan Singh]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}; |
| nowrap="" |[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |1
|>1 years
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]
| -
|}

=== Death ===
[[File:A_view_of_the_funeral_procession_of_the_former_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_17,_2018.JPG|thumb|A view of the funeral procession of former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in New Delhi on 17 August 2018.]]
Prime ministers are accorded a [[state funeral]]. It is customary for states and union territories to declare a [[National day of mourning|day of mourning]] on the occasion of death of any former prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/atal-bihari-vajpayees-demise-several-states-declare-public-holiday/articleshow/65428798.cms|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee death: Several states declare public holiday |date=17 August 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Commemoration ===
{{Further|List of things named after prime ministers of India}}
Several institutions are named after prime ministers of India. The birth date of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is celebrated as [[Children's Day (India)|children's day]] in India. Prime ministers are also commemorated on postage stamps of several countries.

== Living former prime ministers ==
As of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there are two living former prime ministers of India:

<gallery class="center" caption="Living former prime ministers">
File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (1996–1997) {{birth date and age|1933|5|18|df=y}}
Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg|[[Manmohan Singh]] (2004–2014) {{birth date and age|1932|9|26|df=y}}
</gallery>

== Prime ministerial funds ==
The prime minister presides over various funds.

=== National Defence Fund ===
{{Main|National Defence Fund}}
The [[National Defence Fund]] (NDF) was set up the Indian government in 1962, in the aftermath of [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]]. The prime minister acts as chairperson of the fund's executive committee, while, the ministers of defence, finance and home act as the members of the executive committee, the finance minister also acts as the treasurer of the committee. The secretary of the fund's executive committee is a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|joint secretary]] in the prime minister's office, dealing with the subject of NDF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/national-defence-fund/|title=National Defence Fund|website=Prime Minister of India, [[Government of India]]|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> The fund—according to its website—is "entirely dependent on voluntary contributions from the public and does not get any budgetary support.". Donations to the fund are 100% tax-deductible under section 80G of the ''[[Income Tax Act, 1961]]''.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/news-heres-how-you-can-avail-tax-deduction-under-section-80g-34774|title=Here's how you can avail tax deduction under Section 80G|date=10 January 2018|work=[[Zee Business]]|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/whatsapp-asking-for-funds-for-the-army-is-not-a-hoax-but-is-is-also-not-entirely-true-indian-army-clarification|title=The Army Welfare Fund That You Might Think is a Hoax, But Isn't|last=Malhotra|first=Hansa|date=12 June 2018|work=[[The Quint]]|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister's National Relief Fund ===
The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) was set up by the first prime minister of India—[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]—in 1948, to assist displaced people from Pakistan. The fund, now, is primarily used to assist the families of those who are killed during natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones and flood and secondarily to reimburse medical expenses of people with chronic and deadly diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/pms-funds/|title=PM National Relief Fund|website=Prime Minister of India, [[Government of India]]|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Donations to the PMNRF are 100% tax-deductible under section 80G of the ''Income Tax Act, 1961''.<ref name=":10" />

== Deputy Prime Minister ==
[[File:Sardar Patel (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]] was the first [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]].]]
{{Main|Deputy Prime Minister of India}}
The post of [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] is not technically a constitutional post, nor is there any mention of it in an Act of the parliament.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution|last=Rajendran|first=S.|date=13 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|location=[[Bangalore]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> But historically, on various occasions, different governments have assigned one of their senior ministers as the deputy prime minister. There is neither constitutional requirement for filling the post of deputy PM, nor does the post provide any kind of special powers.<ref name=":2" /> Typically, senior cabinet ministers like the [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]] or the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] are appointed as Deputy Prime Minister. The post is considered to be the senior-most in the cabinet after the prime minister and represents the government in his/her absence. Generally, deputy prime ministers have been appointed to strengthen the coalition governments. The first holder of this post was [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], who was also the home minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet.

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]
*[[President of India]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Air transports of heads of state and government#India|Air transports of heads of state and government]]
* [[Official state car#India|Official state car]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist |
refs =

| 30em
}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Politics
}}
* {{Official website|http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/}} {{In lang|en}}
* {{URL|http://pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/|Former Prime minister}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{IndianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Prime Minister}}
{{Military of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prime Ministers of India| ]]
[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Premierships]]

Nana Patole

2022-03-21T15:42:13Z

Tata India:

{{short description|President of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nana Falgunrao Patole
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| image = Nana_bhau_patole_2014-07-02_04-22.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|06|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bhandara]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Formal Sixteenth Lok Sabha Member Profile|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4895}}</ref>
| residence = Sukli, Taluka- Sakoli, District- [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =

| office = [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 5 February 2021
| term_end =
| 1blankname = National President [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1namedata = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| predecessor = [[Balasaheb Thorat]]

| office1 = 18th [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 02 December 2019
| term_end1 = 04 February 2021
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| governor1 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 2blankname1 = Deputy Speaker
| 2namedata1 = [[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]
| 3blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 3namedata1 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| predecessor1 = [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| successor1 = (Acting) [[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]

| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 21 October 2019
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Sakoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sakoli]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rajesh Lahanu Kashiwar]]
| successor2 =
| term_start3 = 27 November 2009
| term_end3 = 19 October 2014
| predecessor3 = Sevakbhau Nirdhanji Waghaye (Patil)
| successor3 = [[Rajesh Lahanu Kashiwar]]
| constituency3 = [[Sakoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sakoli]]
| term_start4 = 24 November 1999
| term_end4 = 19 December 2009
| predecessor4 = Kapgate Dayaram Maroti
| successor4 = Rajesh Kashiwar
| constituency4 = Lakhandur Assembly Constituency
| office5 = [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 19 May 2014
| term_end5 = 31 May 2018
| constituency5 = [[Bhandara–Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| predecessor5 = [[Praful Patel]]
| successor5 = [[Madhukar Kukde]]

| profession = Politician
| occupation = Maharashtra Politician
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]](11 January 2018–present)
(Till 2008)
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2009–2018) [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2008–2009)
| spouse = Mangla
| children = 2 Daughters & a Son
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''Nana Falgunrao Patole''' (born 5 June 1963) is an Indian politician who is the current President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 5 February 2021. He was the [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].

A former Member of the Parliament of India<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/briefbioprofiles.aspx?mpsno=4895 ]{{dead link|date=April 2019}}</ref> (the [[16th Lok Sabha]]), he represented the [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/bjp-in-parliament/lok-sabha-members |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013030556/http://www.bjp.org/bjp-in-parliament/lok-sabha-members |archive-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He represented the [[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]] in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile on MyNeta Site |url= http://myneta.info/mah2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=150}}</ref> In 2017, he resigned from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and the [[Lok Sabha]]. On 11 January 2018 he joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/INCIndia/status/951383908716658688|title=Congress President Rahul Gandhi warmly welcomes Mr Nana Patole, Ex-MP from BJP, to the Congress family.pic.twitter.com/LZpHtlBS6Q|last=Congress|date=11 January 2018|publisher=}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2019}}

== Political career ==
In the 2014 Lok sabha elections, he contested the constituency as the BJP/NDA candidate and won. He defeated then Union minister [[Praful Patel]] by 149,254 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatchannels.com/abpmajha-marathi-news-videos-watchonline/2014-lok-sabha-election-results-bhandara-nana-patole-speaking-to-media-after-winning-the-poll-video_89ab551e1.html|title=bharatchannels.com|website=www.bharatchannels.com}}</ref> He was also Member of the Legislative Assembly for [[Sakoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sakoli]] from 2009 to 2014. He fights for OBC and was the leader of the opposition in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/know-your-candidate/candidate/shri-nana-patole |title=Profile on BJP Web page}}</ref> Patole has resigned from his Loksabha Membership by submitting his resignation letter to Loksabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajen. After then he joins indian national congress. Due to his strong attachment with farmers issues Congress party selected him as a national chairman of All India Kisan Congress.<ref>https://www.inc.in/en/aicc-depts-cells/kisan-khet-mazdoor-congress</ref>

=== Positions held ===
* 1990 : [[Bhandara Zilla Parishad]] Member from Sangadi Zilla Parishad Constituency, [[Bhandara district]]
* 1999 – May 2014 : Member, State Legislative Assembly, Maharashtra (3 Terms)
* May 2014 : Elected to [[16th Lok Sabha]]
* September 2018 : Chairman, All India Kisan Congress<ref>https://www.inc.in/en/aicc-depts-cells/kisan-khet-mazdoor-congress</ref>
* 1 September 2014 onwards : Member, Standing Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests
* October, 2019 : Contested election from Sakoli Maharashtra state Assembly elections from Indian National Congress party candidate and secured victory.
* 2019 : INC- NCP- Shiv Sena post election alliance as Mahavikas Aghadhi formed and he was elected as Speaker of State assembly without any contest.
* Feb, 2021 : Nana Patole appointed [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nana Patole appointed Maharashtra Congress president|work=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nana-patole-appointed-maharashtra-congress-president/articleshow/80706700.cms|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

== Participation in Cultural and Social activities ==

Interest in Social Service (Social Worker) in [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] and [[Gondia district|Gondia]] Districts and other place of Maharashtra StateSocial Service (Social Worker)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/nanabhau-falgunrao-patole|title=Nanabhau Falgunrao Patole - National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education Qualifications ==

Post Graduate Educated from Manohar Bhai Patel College, Sakoli, Bhandara district.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Praful Patel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bhandara–Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara–Gondiya]] |years=2014–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Madhukar Kukde]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patole, Nanabhau}}
[[Category:People from Bhandara]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:16th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]

Algebra

2022-03-21T15:40:23Z

Tata India:

'''Algebra''' (from [[Arabic Language|Arabic]]: الجبر‎, transliterated "al-jabr", meaning "reunion of broken parts") is a part of [[mathematics]] (often called '''math''' in the United States and '''maths''' or numeracy in the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Math or Maths|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Mathematics.html|publisher=Wolfram.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> ). It uses [[variable]]s to represent a value that is not yet known. When an equals sign (=) is used, this is called an [[equation]]. A very simple equation using a variable is: <tt>2 + 3 = x.</tt> In this example, <tt>x = 5</tt>, or it could also be said that "<code>x</code> equals five". This is called ''solving for <code>x</code>''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Algebra Introduction|url=http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/introduction.html|publisher=Math Is Fun|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref>

Besides equations, there are [[inequality|inequalities]] (''less than'' and ''greater than''). A special type of equation is called the function. This is often used in making [[graph]]s because it always turns one input into one output.

Algebra can be used to solve real problems because the rules of algebra work in real life and numbers can be used to represent the values of real things. [[Physics]], [[engineering]] and [[computer programming]] are areas that use algebra all the time. It is also useful to know in [[surveying]], [[construction]] and [[business]], especially [[accounting]].

People who do algebra use the rules of [[number]]s and mathematic [[operation (mathematics)|operations]] used on numbers. The simplest are [[addition|adding]], [[subtraction|subtracting]], [[multiplication|multiplying]], and [[division (mathematics)|dividing]]. More advanced operations involve [[exponent]]s, starting with [[square (algebra)|squares]] and [[square root]]s.

Algebra was first used to solve [[algebraic equation|equations]] and inequalities. Two examples are [[linear equation]]s (the equation of a straight line, <tt>y=mx+b</tt> <big>or</big> <code>y=mx+c</code>) and [[quadratic equation]]s, which has variables that are [[Square (algebra)|squared]] (multiplied by itself, for example: <tt>2*2, 3*3, or x*x</tt>).

== History ==
Early forms of algebra were developed by the [[Babylonian]]s and the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] geometers such as [[Hero of Alexandria]]. However the word "algebra" is a [[Latin language|Latin]] form of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''Al-Jabr'' ("casting") and comes from a mathematics book ''Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah'', ("Essay on the Computation of Casting and Equation") written in the [[9th century]] by a [[Iran|Persian]] mathematician, [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]], who was a [[Islam|Muslim]] born in [[Khwarizm]] in [[Uzbekistan]]. He flourished under Al-Ma'moun in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] through 813-833 AD, and died around 840 AD. The book was brought into [[Europe]] and [[translation|translated]] into Latin in the [[12th century]]. The book was then given the name 'Algebra'. (The ending of the mathematician's name, al-Khwarizmi, was changed into a word easier to say in Latin, and became the English word ''[[algorithm]]'').<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Algebra|url=http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~sxw8045/history.htm|publisher=UCS Louisiana|accessdate=11 April 2013|archive-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009100628/http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~sxw8045/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Examples==

Here is a simple example of an algebra problem:

:Sue has 12 candies, and Ann has 24 candies. They decide to share so that they have the same number of candies. How many candies will each have?

These are the steps you can use to solve the problem:

# To have the same number of candies, Ann has to give some to Sue. Let ''x'' represent the number of candies Ann gives to Sue.
# Sue's candies, plus ''x'', must be the same as Ann's candies minus ''x''. This is written as: <tt>12 + x = 24 - x</tt>
# Subtract 12 from both sides of the equation. This gives: <tt>x = 12 - x</tt>. (What happens on one side of the equals sign must happen on the other side too, for the equation to still be true. So in this case when 12 was subtracted from both sides, there was a middle step of <tt>12 + x - 12 = 24 - x - 12</tt>. After a person is comfortable with this, the middle step is not written down.)
# Add ''x'' to both sides of the equation. This gives: <tt>2x = 12</tt>
# Divide both sides of the equation by 2. This gives <tt>x = 6</tt>. The answer is six. If Ann gives Sue 6 candies, they will have the same number of candies.
# To check this, put 6 back into the original equation wherever ''x'' was: <tt>12 + 6 = 24 - 6</tt>
# This gives <tt>18=18</tt>, which is true. They each now have 18 candies.

With practice, algebra can be used when faced with a problem that is too hard to solve any other way. Problems such as building a freeway, designing a cell phone, or finding the cure for a disease all require algebra.

== Writing algebra ==
As in most parts of mathematics, adding ''z'' to ''y'' (or ''y'' plus ''z'') is written as <tt>''y'' + ''z''</tt>.

Subtracting ''z'' from ''y'' (or ''y'' minus ''z'') is written as <tt>''y'' − ''z''</tt>.

Dividing ''y'' by ''z'' (or ''y'' over ''z'': <math>y \over z</math>) is written as <tt>''y'' ÷ ''z''</tt> or <tt>y/z</tt>. <tt>''y''/''z''</tt> is more commonly used.

In algebra, multiplying ''y'' by ''z'' (or ''y'' times ''z'') can be written in 4 ways: <tt>''y × z''</tt>, <tt>''y * z''</tt>, <tt>''y·z''</tt>, or just <tt>''yz''</tt>. The multiplication symbol "×" is usually not used, because it looks too much like the letter x, which is often used as a variable. Also, when multiplying a larger expression, parentheses can be used: <tt>''y'' (''z+1'')</tt>.

When we multiply a number and a letter in algebra, we write the number in front of the letter: <tt>5 × ''y'' = 5''y''</tt>. When the number is 1, then the 1 is not written because 1 times any number is that number (1 × ''y'' = ''y'') and so it is not needed.

As a side note, you do not have to use the letters ''x'' or ''y'' in algebra. Variables are just symbols that mean some unknown number or value, so you can use any variable. ''x'' and ''y'' are the most common, though.

== Functions and Graphs ==
[[File:Linear equation for y=3x+1.png|thumb|Linear equation for y=3x+1]]
An important part of algebra is the study of [[Function (mathematics)|functions]], since functions often appear in equations that we are trying to solve. A function is like a machine you can put a number (or numbers) into and get a certain number (or numbers) out. When using functions, [[graph]]s can be powerful tools in helping us to study the solutions to equations.

A graph is a picture that shows all the values of the variables that make the equation or inequality true. Usually this is easy to make when there are only one or two variables. The graph is often a line, and if the line does not bend or go straight up-and-down it can be described by the basic formula <tt>y = mx + b</tt>. The variable ''b'' is the [[y-intercept]] of the graph (where the line crosses the vertical axis) and ''m'' is the [[mathematics|slope]] or steepness of the line. This formula applies to the [[Cartesian coordinate system|coordinates]] of a graph, where each point on the line is written <tt>(x, y)</tt>.

In some math problems like the equation for a line, there can be more than one variable (''x'' and ''y'' in this case). To find points on the line, one variable is changed. The variable that is changed is called the "independent" variable. Then the math is done to make a number. The number that is made is called the "dependent" variable. Most of the time the independent variable is written as ''x'' and the dependent variable is written as ''y'', for example, in <tt>y = 3x + 1</tt>. This is often put on a graph, using an ''x'' axis (going left and right) and a ''y'' axis (going up and down). It can also be written in function form: <tt>f(x) = 3x + 1</tt>. So in this example, we could put in 5 for ''x'' and get <tt>y = 16</tt>. Put in 2 for ''x'' would get <tt>y=7</tt>. And 0 for ''x'' would get <tt>y=1</tt>. So there would be a line going thru the points (5,16), (2,7), and (0,1) as seen in the graph to the right.

If x has a power of 1, it is a straight line. If it is squared or some other power, it will be curved. If it uses an inequality (''<'' or ''>''), then usually part of the graph is shaded, either above or below the line.

== Rules ==
In algebra, there are a few rules that can be used for further understanding of equations. These are called the rules of algebra. While these rules may seem senseless or obvious, it is wise to understand that these properties do not hold throughout all branches of mathematics. Therefore, it will be useful to know how these axiomatic rules are declared, before taking them for granted. Before going on to the rules, reflect on two definitions that will be given.
# Opposite - the opposite of <math>a</math> is <math>-a</math>.
# Reciprocal - the reciprocal of <math>a</math> is <math>\frac{1}{a}</math>.

=== Commutative property of addition ===
'Commutative' means that a function has the same result if the numbers are swapped around. In other words, the order of the terms in an equation do not matter. When the operator of two terms is an addition, the 'commutative property of addition' is applicable. In algebraic terms, this gives <math>a + b = b + a</math>.

Note that this does not apply for subtraction! (i.e. <math>a - b \ne b - a</math>)

=== Commutative property of multiplication ===
When the operator of two terms is an multiplication, the 'commutative property of multiplication' is applicable. In algebraic terms, this gives <math>a \cdot b = b \cdot a</math>.

Note that this does not apply for division! (i.e. <math>\frac{a}{b} \ne \frac{b}{a}</math>, when <math>a \neq b </math>)

=== Associative property of addition ===
'Associative' refers to the grouping of numbers. The associative property of addition implies that, when adding three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives <math>a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c</math>. Note that this does not hold for subtraction, e.g. <math>1 = 0 - (0 - 1) \neq (0 - 0) - 1 = -1</math> (see the distributive property).

=== Associative property of multiplication ===
The associative property of multiplication implies that, when multiplying three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives <math>a \cdot (b \cdot c) = (a \cdot b) \cdot c</math>. Note that this does not hold for division, e.g. <math>2 = 1/(1/2) \neq (1/1)/2 = 1/2</math>.

=== Distributive property ===
The distributive property states that the multiplication of a number by another term can be distributed. For instance: <math>a \cdot (b + c) = ab + ac</math>. (Do ''not ''confuse this with the associative properties! For instance, <math>a \cdot (b + c) \ne (a \cdot b) + c</math>.)

=== Additive identity property ===
'Identity' refers to the property of a number that it is equal to itself. In other words, there exists an operation of two numbers so that it equals the variable of the sum. The additive identity property states that the sum of any number and 0 is that number: <math>a + 0 = a</math>. This also holds for subtraction: <math>a - 0 = a</math>.

=== Multiplicative identity property ===
The multiplicative identity property states that the product of any number and 1 is that number: <math>a \cdot 1 = a</math>. This also holds for division: <math>\frac{a}{1} = a</math>.

=== Additive inverse property ===
The additive inverse property is somewhat like the opposite of the additive identity property. When an operation is the sum of a number and its opposite, and it equals 0, that operation is a valid algebraic operation. Algebraically, it states the following: <math>a - a = 0</math>. Additive inverse of 1 is (-1).

=== Multiplicative inverse property ===
The multiplicative inverse property entails that when an operation is the product of a number and its reciprocal, and it equals 1, that operation is a valid algebraic operation. Algebraically, it states the following: <math>\frac{a}{a} = 1</math>. Multiplicative inverse of 2 is 1/2.

==Advanced Algebra==
In addition to "[[elementary algebra]]", or basic algebra, there are advanced forms of algebra, taught in colleges and universities, such as [[abstract algebra]], [[linear algebra]], and [[universal algebra]].
This includes how to use a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] to solve many linear equations at once. ''[[Abstract algebra]]'' is the study of things that are found in equations, going beyond numbers to the more abstract with groups of numbers.

Many math problems are about physics and engineering. In many of these physics problems time is a variable. Time uses the letter ''t''. Using the basic ideas in algebra can help reduce a math problem to its simplest form making it easier to solve difficult problems. Energy is ''e'', force is ''f'', mass is ''m'', acceleration is ''a'' and speed of light is sometimes ''c''. This is used in some famous equations, like <tt>f = ma</tt> and <tt>e=mc^2</tt> (although more complex math beyond algebra was needed to come up with that last equation).

==Related pages==
* [[List of mathematics topics]]
* [[Order of Operations]]
* [[Parabola]]
* [[Computer Algebra System]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==

{{Wiktionary|algebra}}
{{Wikibooks|Algebra}}
* [http://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra Khan Academy: Algebra theory and practice]
* [http://algebrarules.com Algebrarules.com: A free place to learn the basics of Algebra]
* [https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/introduction-to-algebra/overview_hist_alg/v/origins-of-algebra Khan Academy: Origins of Algebra, free online micro lectures]

[[Category:Algebra| ]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Mathematics

2022-03-21T15:39:20Z

Tata India:

{{more sources|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|A page from al-Khwārizmī's ''Algebra'']]
Mathematics is the study of [[number]]s, [[shape]]s and [[pattern]]s. The word comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "μάθημα" (máthema), meaning "[[science]], [[knowledge]], or [[learning]]", and is sometimes shortened to '''maths''' (in [[England]], [[Australia]], [[Ireland]], and [[New Zealand]]) or '''math''' (in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/12/08/math_versus_maths_how_americans_and_brits_deploy_the_collective_noun.html|title=Why Do Brits Say Maths and Americans Say Math?|last=Waldman|first=Katy|date=2014-12-08|work=Slate|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> The short words are often used for [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]] or simple [[algebra]] by [[student]]s and their [[schools]].

Mathematics includes the [[Education|study]] of:

* Numbers: how things can be [[Counting|counted]].
*[[Structure]]: how things are [[organisation|organized]]. This subfield is usually called [[algebra]].
* Place: where things are and their arrangement. This subfield is usually called [[geometry]].
* Change: how things become different. This subfield is usually called [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]].

Mathematics is useful for solving [[problem]]s that occur in the real world, so many people besides [[mathematician]]s study and use mathematics. Today, some mathematics is needed in many jobs. People working in [[business]], [[science]], [[engineering]], and [[construction]] need some knowledge of mathematics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siam.org/Students-Education/Programs-Initiatives/Thinking-of-a-Career-in-Applied-Mathematics|title=Thinking of a Career in Applied Mathematics? {{!}} SIAM|website=www.siam.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wigner|first=Eugene|date=February 1960|title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html|journal=Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics|volume=13|pages=1–14|via=}}</ref>

== Problem-solving in mathematics ==
Mathematics solves problems by using [[logic]]. One of the main tools of logic used by mathematicians is [[Deductive reasoning|deduction]]. Deduction is a special way of thinking to discover and prove new truths using old truths. To a mathematician, the reason something is true (called a [[Proof (mathematics)|proof]]) is just as important as the fact that it is true, and this reason is often found using deduction. Using deduction is what makes mathematics thinking different from other kinds of scientific thinking, which might rely on [[experiment]]s or on [[interview]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/mathematics|title=The science checklist applied: Mathematics|website=undsci.berkeley.edu|access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>

Logic and reasoning are used by mathematicians to create general [[rule]]s, which are an important part of mathematics. These rules leave out [[information]] that is not important so that a single rule can cover many situations. By finding general rules, mathematics [[solution|solves]] many [[problem]]s at the same time as these rules can be used on other problems.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.ams.org/mathgradblog/2016/08/21/role-generalization-advanced-mathematical-thinking/|title=The Role of Generalization in the Advanced Mathematical Thinking|date=2016-08-21|work=AMS Grad Blog|access-date=2018-08-07|language=en-US}}</ref> These rules can be called [[theorem]]s (if they have been proved) or [[conjecture]]s (if it is not known if they are true yet).<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Think Like a Mathematician|last=Houston|first=Kevin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|page=99|isbn=978-0-521-71978-0}}</ref> Most mathematicians use non-logical and creative reasoning in order to find a logical proof.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thurston|first=William|date=April 1994|title=On proof and progress in mathematics|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/9404236.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|volume=30|pages=161–177|arxiv=math/9404236|via=arXiv}}</ref>

Sometimes, mathematics finds and studies rules or ideas that we don't understand yet. Often in mathematics, ideas and rules are [[choice|chosen]] because they are considered simple or neat. On the other hand, sometimes these ideas and rules are found in the real world after they are studied in mathematics; this has happened many times in the past. In general, studying the rules and ideas of mathematics can help us [[knowledge|understand]] the world better. Some examples of math problems are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculus, fractions and decimals. [[Algebra]] problems are solved by evaluating certain [[variable]]s. A [[calculator]] answers every math problem in the four basic [[arithmetic]] operations.

== Areas of study in mathematics ==

=== Number ===
:Mathematics includes the study of numbers and quantities.It is a branch of science that deals with logic of shape,quantity and arrangement. Most of the areas listed below are studied in many different fields of mathematics, including [[set theory]] and [[mathematical logic]]. The study of [[number theory]] usually focuses more on the structure and behavior of the integers rather than on the actual foundations of numbers themselves, and so is not listed in this given subsection.

:{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"
| <math>0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots</math> || <math> \ldots, -1, 0, 1, \ldots</math> || <math>\frac{1}{2}, \frac{2}{3}, 0.125,\ldots</math> || <math>\pi, e, \sqrt{2},\ldots</math> || <math> 1+i, 2e^{i\pi/3},\ldots </math>
|-
| [[Natural number]]s || [[Integer]]s || [[Rational number]]s || [[Real number]]s || [[Complex number]]s
|-
|| <math>0, 1, \ldots, \omega, \omega + 1, \ldots, 2\omega, \ldots</math> || <math>\aleph_0, \aleph_1, \ldots</math> || <math>+,-,\times,\div</math> || <math> >,\ge, =, \le, < </math> || <math>f(x) = \sqrt x</math>
|-
|| [[Ordinal number]]s || [[Cardinal number]]s || [[Arithmetic|Arithmetic operations]] || [[Arithmetic|Arithmetic relations]] || [[Function (mathematics)|Functions]], see also [[special functions]]
|}

=== Structure ===
:Many areas of mathematics study the structure that an object has. Most of these areas are part of the study of [[algebra]].

:{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="30"
| [[File:Elliptic curve simple.svg|96px]] || [[File:Free module.png|96px]] || [[File:Eigenvectoren.pdf|96px]] ||[[File:Lattice of the divisibility of 60.svg|96px]] || [[File:6n-graf.svg|128px]]
|-
| [[Number theory]] || [[Abstract algebra]] || [[Linear algebra]] || [[Order theory]] || [[Graph theory]]
|}

=== Shape ===
:Some areas of mathematics study the shapes of things. Most of these areas are part of the study of [[geometry]].

:{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"
| [[File:Torus.jpg|128px]] || [[File:Pythagorean.svg|128px]] || [[File:Sin.svg|160px]] || [[File:Osculating circle.svg|128px]] || [[File:Koch curve.svg|128px]]
|-
| [[Topology]] || [[Geometry]] || [[Trigonometry]] || [[Differential geometry]] || [[Fractal geometry]]
|}

=== Change ===
:Some areas of mathematics study the way things change. Most of these areas are part of the study of [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]].
:{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="40"
| [[File:Integral as region under curve.svg|128px]] || [[File:Vector field.svg|128px]] || [[File:LimSup.png|128px]]
|-
| [[Calculus]] || [[Vector calculus]] || [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]]
|-
|| [[File:Damping 1.svg|128px]] || [[File:Limitcycle.svg|128px]] || [[File:LorenzAttractor.png|128px]]
|-
|| [[Differential equation]]s || [[Dynamical systems theory|Dynamical systems]] || [[Chaos theory]]
|}

=== Applied mathematics ===
:[[Applied mathematics|Applied]] mathematics uses mathematics to solve problems of other areas such as [[engineering]], [[physics]], and [[computing]].

:[[Numerical analysis]] – [[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization]] – [[Probability theory]] – [[Statistics]] – [[Mathematical finance]] – [[Game theory]] – [[Mathematical physics]] – [[Fluid dynamics]] - [[computational algorithms]]

== Famous theorems ==
These theorems have interested mathematicians and people who are not mathematicians.

:[[Pythagorean theorem]] – [[Fermat's last theorem]] – [[Goldbach's conjecture]] – [[Twin Prime Conjecture]] – [[Gödel's incompleteness theorems]] – [[Poincaré conjecture]] – [[Cantor's diagonal argument]] – [[Four color theorem]] – Zorn's lemma – [[Euler's Identity]] – [[Church-Turing thesis]]

These are theorems and [[conjecture]]s that have greatly changed mathematics.

:[[Riemann hypothesis]] – [[Continuum hypothesis]] – [[P versus NP|P Versus NP]] – [[Pythagorean theorem]] – [[Central limit theorem]] – [[Fundamental theorem of calculus]] – [[Fundamental theorem of algebra]] – [[Fundamental theorem of arithmetic]] – [[Fundamental theorem of projective geometry]] – [[classification theorems of surfaces]] – [[Gauss-Bonnet theorem]] – [[Fermat's last theorem]] - [[Kantorovich theorem]]

== Foundations and methods ==
Progress in understanding the nature of mathematics also influences the way mathematicians study their subject.

:[[Philosophy of mathematics|Philosophy of Mathematics]] – [[Mathematical intuitionism]] – [[Mathematical constructivism]] – [[Foundations of mathematics|Foundations of]] mathematics – [[Set theory]] – [[Symbolic logic]] – [[Model theory]] – [[Category theory]] – [[Logic]] – [[Reverse Mathematics]] – [[Table of mathematical symbols]]

=== History and the world of mathematicians ===
Mathematics in history, and the history of mathematics.

:[[History of mathematics]] – [[Timeline of mathematics]] – [[Mathematician]]s – [[Fields Medal|Fields medal]] – [[Abel Prize]] – [[Millennium Prize Problems|Millennium Prize Problems (Clay Math Prize)]] – [[International Mathematical Union]] – [[Mathematics Competitions|Mathematics competitions]] – [[Lateral thinking]] – [[Mathematics and gender]]

== Awards in mathematics ==
There is no [[Nobel prize]] in mathematics. Mathematicians can receive the [[Abel Prize|Abel prize]] and the [[Fields Medal]] for important works.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/11029161/The-Fields-Medal-is-the-greatest-prize-in-maths.html|title=The Fields Medal is the greatest prize in maths|last=Ronan|first=Mark|date=2014-08-13|access-date=2018-08-07|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/2018/mar/20/abel-prize-2018-robert-langlands-wins-for-unified-theory-of-maths|title=Abel Prize 2018: Robert Langlands wins for 'unified theory of maths'|last=Bellos|first=Alex|date=2018-03-20|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>

The [[Clay Mathematics Institute]] has said it will give one million dollars to anyone who solves one of the [[Millennium Prize Problems]].

== Mathematical tools ==
There are many tools that are used to do mathematics or to find answers to mathematics problems.

;Older tools

* [[Abacus]]
* [[Napier's bones]], [[slide rule]]
* [[Ruler]] and [[Compass (drafting)|Compass]]
* [[Mental calculation]]

;Newer tools

* [[Calculator]]s and [[computer]]s
* [[Programming language]]s
* [[Computer algebra system]]s ([[List of abstract algebra topics#computer algebra|listing]])
* [[Internet]] shorthand notation
* [[statistics]] [[software]] (for example [[SPSS]])
* [[SAS programming language]]
* [[R (programming language)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Related pages==
* [[Timeline of women in mathematics]]
* [[American Mathematical Society]]
* [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]
** [[EASIAM]]
* [[International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]
* [[International Congress of Mathematicians]]
* [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]]
* [[Mathematics Subject Classification]]

== Other websites ==

{{Wiktionary|mathematics}}
{{commonscat|Mathematics}}
* [[citizendium:Mathematics|Mathematics]] Citizendium
* {{DMOZ|/Science/Math/}}

[[Category:Mathematics| ]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Language

2022-03-21T15:38:16Z

Tata India:

'''Language''' is the normal way [[human]]s [[communication|communicate]].<ref name="Oxford">''Concise Oxford dictionary''. p764</ref> Only [[human]]s use language, though other animals communicate through other means.

Human language has [[syntax]], a set of [[rule]]s for connecting [[word]]s together to make [[Proposition|statements]] and [[question]]s. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have pre-set functions.

Language may be done by [[speech]] or by [[writing]] or by moving the hands to make [[Sign language|signs]]. It follows that language is ''not'' just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see [[non-verbal communication]]. Humans also use language for [[thought|thinking]].

When people use the word ''language'', they can also mean:
# the language of a [[community]] or [[country]]
# the ability of [[speech]]
# [[formal language]] in [[mathematics]], [[logic]] and [[computing]]
# [[sign language]] for deaf people (people who cannot hear)
# a type of [[school]] subject

[[UNESCO]] says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming [[extinction|extinct]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml | title=BBC Languages | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref>

== Universals of language ==
All languages share certain things which separate them from all other kinds of communication.<ref>Scalise, Sergio; Magni, Elisabetta; Bisetto, Antonietta (eds) 2009. ''Universals of language today''. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol 76. Springer Verlag.</ref><ref name="Chao">Yuan Ren Chao 1968. ''Language and symbolic systems''. Cambridge.</ref>
# A language has rules which are shared by a community.
# All human languages are based on [[sound]] and [[hearing]], or in the case of [[sign language]], [[Sight|vision]]. All the basic sound units, or [[phoneme]]s, have this in common: they can be spoken by the human [[voice]], and heard by the human [[ear]].
# The sounds come out in a [[sequence]], not all at once. This is mimicked in writing, where the marks are put on the paper or screen in the same sequence.
# The stream of sounds have little gaps between them, and come in bigger packages. We call the bigger packets [[sentence]]s or [[question]]s or replies or comments.
# In most languages, [[English language|English]] being one, the [[syntax]] or order of the words can change the meaning: "the cat sat on the man" is different from "the man sat on the cat".
# [[Word]]s (which may be made up of more than one phoneme) divide up into two classes: content and non-content. Content words have [[semantics|meaning]]: nouns, verbs, adjectives, [[Et cetera|etc.]]. Non-content words are there to make the language work: ''and'', ''not'', ''in'', ''out'', ''what'', etc. [[Grammar]] consists of studying how words fit together to mean something.
# All languages have:
## sentences with two types of expression: [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s: ''Jill is'' here.
## [[adjective]]s to modify nouns: ''good'' food.
## ways of linking: sink ''or'' swim.
## dummy elements: Jill likes to swim, ''so'' do I.
## devices to order or ask questions: Get up! Are you ill?
# Most of the languages have a [[writing system|written form]]. Before the invention of audio recording, the writing system was the only way to keep track of spoken information.
# All languages constantly evolve. New words appear, new forms of saying things, new accents.
There are many more things in common between languages.<ref>Greenberg J.H. (ed) 1966. ''Universals of language''. 2nd ed, MIT Press.</ref>

=== Inheritance ===
The capacity to learn and use language is [[Heredity|inherited]]. Normally, all humans are born with this capability. ''Which'' language is learned by a child depends on which language is spoken by the child's community. The ''capacity'' is inherited, but the particular language is learned.

Children have a special period, from about 18 months to about four years, which is critical for learning the language. If this is seriously disrupted, then their language skills will be damaged. Older people learn differently, so they seldom learn a [[second language]] as well as they learn their native language.

== Types of language ==
[[Mathematics]] and [[computer science]] use created languages called [[formal language]]s (like computer [[programming language]]s), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is seen as a language by many. Some people consider [[musical notation]] to be a way of writing the musical language.

[[Chinese language|Chinese]] is the language with the most native speakers in the world, but Chinese is not really a language. It is a close family of [[dialect]]s, some of which are as different as [[Romance languages]] are from one another.

English is often called "the international language", or [[lingua franca]]. It is the main second language of the world and the international language of [[science]], [[travel]], [[technology]], [[business]], [[diplomacy]], and [[entertainment]]. [[French language|French]] had a similar status until the 20th century, and other languages had it at other times.
:* '''English''' as a first language: 380 million.<ref>Crystal, David 1995. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language''. Cambridge.</ref>p108
:* English as an official second language: up to 300 million.
:* English taught as a second language, but with no official status: anyone's guess, up to 1000 million/1 billion.
:* '''Chinese''' (Mandarin): 390 million native speakers.<ref name="Chao"/>p96<ref>850 million claimed by English Wikipedia ([[Chinese language]]) but without specific reference.</ref>
Some languages are made up so that a lot of people around the world can learn them, without the new languages being tied to any specific country or place. These are called [[constructed language]]s. One of the most popular of these languages is [[Esperanto]], which is sometimes called "La Internacia Lingvo," or "The International Language." Another of these languages is called [[Volapük]], which was popular about a hundred years ago but is much less popular now. It has mostly been replaced by languages like [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Ido]].

Part of the reason that [[Volapük]] became unpopular is that some sounds are hard to say for people who speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or English, two of the most widely spoken languages in the world.

== Related pages ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commonscat}}
* [[Alphabet]]
* [[Basic English]]
* [[English as a foreign language]]
* [[English language]]
* [[Historical linguistics]]
* [[Language education]]
* [[Language families and languages]]
* [[Linguistics]]
* [[List of languages]]
* [[Orthography]]
* [[Phonology]]
* [[Second language]]
* [[Semantics]]
* [[Speech therapy]]

== Sources ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Language_(general) Language (general)] -Citizendium

{{Languages of Countries}}

[[Category:Language| ]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Marathi language

2022-03-21T15:36:06Z

Tata India:

{{Infobox language
|name=Marathi
|nativename={{lang|mr|मराठी}} ''{{unicode|Marāṭhī}}''
|imagecaption=Marathi written in [[Devanāgarī]] and [[Modi script|Modi]]
|image=Devanāgarī and Modi scripts.svg
|imagesize=200px
|imageheader=Script
|states=India
|region=[[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] parts of [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], and [[Daman and Diu]]
|speakers = 73 million
|date = 2007
|ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Indo-Aryan]]
|dia1=[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]] , Maalavi, Khaandeshi, Ahirani,
|script=[[Devanagari]] [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] (historical)
|nation={{IND}}: [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman and Diu]]<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004], pp. para 11.3</ref> and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<ref name="dadra">Marathi is an official language of Dadra and Nagar Haveli [http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf Administration's profile].</ref>
|agency=[[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] & various other institutions
|iso1=mr
|iso2=mar
|lc1=mar|ld1=Modern Marathi
|lc2=omr|ld2=Old Marathi
|linglist=omr
|lingname=Old Marathi
|notice=Indic
}}
'''Marathi''' (''{{lang|mr|मराठी भाषा}}'') is the [[language]] spoken in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is also Maharashtra's [[official language]]. The written script is [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]].

[[Image:India Maharashtra locator map.svg|thumb|right|[[Maharashtra]], the state in India where the majority of Marathi speakers live.]]

People living in [[Maharashtra]] and parts of neighboring states of [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Chattisgarh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], union-territories of [[Daman and Diu|Daman-diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra Nagar Haveli]] speak Marathi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{InterWiki|code=mr}}
* [http://www.sumanasa.com/marathi-news/ Marathi News]
* [http://www.marathimati.net MarathiMati.net] - Marathi Language Web Portal

{{Asia-stub}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests

2022-03-20T18:25:40Z

Tata India:

*[[Gaurav Arya]] Indian retired army officer
*[[Arjuni Morgaon(city)]]
*[[Himanshu Jaykar (artist)]]
*[[Pranay Ranjan]]
*[[Himanshu Mahawar]]
*[[Ariyan Mehedi]]
*[[Aditya Belnekar]]
*[[Pratik Thete]]
*[[Rahul Khan]]
*[[Harshal Khawse (Engineer)]]
*[[Pavan Acharya Actor]]
==Import==
''Please list articles to be imported from Wikipedia''
===Simple Wikipedia===
* [[Raaj Vishwakarma]]
* [[Kronus]]
* [[Tutankhamen]]
* [[The Coils of Pakhangba: A Cultural History of Meeteis]]
* [[Kongu Vellalar]]

==New request==
Please import the following from simple English Wikipedia:
*[[Akashsolankiofficial (footballer)]]
* [[CinemaBlind]]
* [[Aheibam]]
* [[Akham]]
* [[Akoijam]]
* [[Amakcham]]
* [[Himanshu Jaykar (artist)]]
* [[Harjot Singh Dhaliwal (Actor)]]
*[[Loitongbam]]
*[[Loktongbam]]
*[[Longjam]]
*[[Lourembam]]
*[[Lousigam]]
*[[Lukram]]
* [[Maharabam]]
* [[Maibam]]
*[[Maibram]]
*[[Maikam]]
*[[Maimom]]
* [[Mainam]]
* [[Mairembam]]
*[[Maitham]]
* [[Mandingbam]]
*[[Mayangbam]]
*[[Mayanglambam]]
*[[Mayengbam]]
*[[Meinam]]
*[[Meitram]]
*[[Moirangmayum]]
*[[Moirangthem]]
*[[Mudum]]
*[[Murtum]]
*[[Mutum]]
* [[Nahakpam]]
* [[Nameirakpam]]
* [[Nandeibam]]
* [[Naorem]]
* [[Naoroibam]]
* [[Nepram]]
* [[Ngairangbam]]
* [[Ngangbam]]
*[[Ngangom]]
*[[Ngasekpam]]
*[[Ngasepam]]
*[[Ningthoujam]]
*[[Ningthoukhongjam]]
*[[Nongmaithem]]
*[[Nongmeikapam]]
*[[Nongthombam]]
*[[Okram]]
*[[Pangambam]]
*[[Pangshatabam]]
*[[Paonam]]
*[[Pebam]]
*[[Phamdom]]
*[[Phanjoubam]]
*[[Pharembam]]
*[[Pheiroijam]]
*[[Phijam]]
*[[Phirem]]
*[[Phurem]]
*[[Phuritsabam]]
*[[Pichimayum]]
*[[Potshangbam]]
*[[Pukhrambam]]
R
*[[Raaj Vishwakarma]]
S
*[[Sadokpam]]
*[[Sagolsem]]
*[[Salam (surname)]]
*[[Samjetsabam]]
*[[Samom]]
*[[Sanasam]]
*[[Sandam]]
*[[Sandham]]
*[[Sapam]]
*[[Sarangthem]]
*[[Sarungbam]]
*[[Senjam]]
*[[Seram]]
*[[Shaikhom]]
*[[Shairem]]
*[[Sinam]]
*[[Soibam]]
*[[Soraisam]]
*[[Soram]]
*[[Sorokhaibam]]
*[[Soubam]]
*[[Sougaijam]]
*[[Sougrakpam]]
*[[Syed Amjad Hussain]]
* [[Soyam]]
* [[Sukham]]
* [[Takenjam]]
* [[Takhellambam]]
* [[Takhelmayum]]
* [[Taorem]]
* [[Thangjam]]
* [[Thaoroijam]]
* [[Thingnam]]
* [[Thingom]]
* [[Thingujam]]
* [[Thiyam]]
* [[Thoidingjam]]
* [[TayyabFayyaz]]
* [[Al aman kollam]]
* [[Draft:Farhan Rana Rajpoot]]
* [[Darshan Sankhala]]

===English Wikipedia===
*[[Himanshu Jaykar]]
*[[Sunil Butolia]]
*[[Bablu Baghel]]
*[[Aditya Belnekar]]
*[[Hetvi Karia]]
*[[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]]
*[[Pankaj kumar (Actor)]]
*[[Pavan Acharya Actor ]]

National Highway 753 (India)

2022-03-20T18:20:33Z

Tata India:

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 753
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=8|frame-lat=21.27|frame-long=79.56|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55624753|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 753}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 248
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Savner]]
| terminus_b = [[Arjuni Morgaon]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 53
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 53 
| next_route = 47 
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations = [[Savner]], [[Ramtek]], [[Tumsar]], [[Gondia]], [[Navegaon National Park]], [[Arjuni Morgaon]]
}}

'''National Highway 753''', commonly referred to as '''[[National Highway (India)|NH]]-[[753]]''' is a Major Highway in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
It connected with Major Cities as [[Savner]], [[Tumsar]], [[Gondia]], [[Arjuni Morgaon]] and Others Villages [[Goregaon, Gondia]], [[Sadak Arjuni]] and one of Important National Park [[Navegaon National Park]] which is Famous Tourists Attractions for Peoples in [[India]].

== Route ==
[[National highways in India|NH]]-[[753]] connects [[Arjuni Morgaon]], [[Navegaon National Park]], [[Kohmara]], [[Goregaon, Gondia]], [[Gondia]], [[Tirora]] , [[Tumsar]], [[Ramtek]] and [[Saoner]] in the state of Maharashtra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New highways notification dated January, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=8 Oct 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==

: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near [[Mansar, India|Mansar]].
: {{jct|NH|47|country=IND}} near [[Savner]].
: {{jct|NH|53|country=IND}} near [[Kohmara]].
: {{jct|NH|247|country=IND}} near [[Ramtek]].
: {{jct|NH|543|country=IND}} near [[Gondia]].

== See also ==

* [[List of National Highways in India]]
* [[List of National Highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3893424 NH 753 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH53 sr}}

[[Category:National highways in India]]
[[Category:National Highways in Maharashtra]]

Maharashtra

2022-03-20T18:18:01Z

Tata India:

{{Short description|State in Western India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maharashtra
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Mahabaleshwar Pratapgad 023.jpg
| photo1b = Mumbai Train Station.jpg
| photo2a = Ajanta Padmapani.jpg
| photo2b = 1 view from rocky hill from which Kailasha temple is carved, Ellora Caves India.jpg
| photo3a = Gateway of India at night.jpg
| photo3b = Shiva Trimurti @ Elephanta Caves.jpg
| photo4a = Entrance to Shaniwar wada.jpg
| photo4b = Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 250
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' [[Pratapgad]] Fort (near [[Mahabaleshwar]]) located in the [[Western Ghats]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], Painting of [[Padmapani]] at [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasa Temple]] at [[Ellora Caves]], [[The Gateway of India]], [[Trimurti]] sculpture of [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Shaniwar Wada]] Fort and [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]}}
| image_caption =
| seal_alt = Seal of Maharashtra
| motto =
| image_map = IN-MH.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Maharashtra in India
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.97|72.820|region:IN-MH_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Mumbai
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| established_title = Formation
| established_date = 1 May 1960{{ref|cap|^}} {{nowrap|([[Maharashtra Day]])}}
| seat_type = Capitals
| seat = [[Mumbai]] [[Nagpur]] (Winter)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Mumbai]]
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|36]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = {{nowrap|[[Government of Maharashtra]]}}
| leader_title = [[Governors of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| leader_name1 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]] ([[Shiv Sena|SS]])
| leader_title2 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ajit Pawar]] ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 307713
| area_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by area|3rd]]
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 112,374,333
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="GOI_2011">{{cite web |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_maha.html |title = Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for Maharashtra and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: Maharashtra |publisher = Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date = 26 January 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_maha.html |archive-date = 7 January 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|2nd]]
| population_demonym = Maharashtrian
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| demographics_type1 = GSDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{Cite web|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/ESM_2019_20_Eng_Book.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2019-20, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert|28.78|t|lk=r}}
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]
| demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|207727|lk=r}}
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH—Maharashtra|MH]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Official languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/maharashtra/1965/1965MH5.pdf|title=The Maharashtra Official Languages Act, 1964; Amendment Act, 2015|website=lawsofindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115104204/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/maharashtra/1965/1965MH5.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 34–35 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2017)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.696<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2018
|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{color|#fc0|medium}}) · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|15th]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}}
| blank1_info_sec2 = 82.34%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}}
| blank2_info_sec2 = 929 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" />
| website = [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/ Maharashtra.gov.in]
| footnotes = {{ref|cap|†}}The [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]] was split into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the ''Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U_VAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 May 2015|last1=Ministry of Law, Government of India|year=1960|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Bombay_Reorganisation_Act_1960_11_of.html?id=3U_VAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{ref|cap|††}} Common high court
| module = {{Infobox place symbols
| embedded = yes
| region = Maharashtra
| country = India
| flag = [[File:Indian state flag of Maharashtra (proposed).png|40px|left]] [[Flag of Maharashtra]]
| emblem = [[File:Seal of Maharashtra.png|40px|left]] [[Emblem of Maharashtra]]
| language = [[File:Marathi written in Devanagari script.svg|40px|left]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| song = "[[Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza]]" by [[Raja Badhe]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai |author= Jerry Pinto, Naresh Fernandes |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |page= 237 |isbn= 9780143029663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm1uAAAAMAAJ&q=garja+maharashtra}}</ref>
| mammal = [[File:Ratufa indica (Bhadra, 2006).jpg|40px|left]] [[Indian giant squirrel]]
| bird = [[File:Yellow-footed green pigeon (Treron phoenicoptera) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|40px|left]] [[Yellow-footed green pigeon]]
| insect = [[File:Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002.jpg|40px|left]] [[Papilio polymnestor|Blue Mormon]]
| flower = [[File:Jarul.jpg|40px|left]] [[Lagerstroemia speciosa|Jarul]]
| tree = [[File:Mangifera indica 2z .jpg|40px|left]] [[Mangifera indica|Mango Tree]]
}}
| type = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| leader_title3 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bicameral]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] ([[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288 seats]])
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Council]] (78 seats)
| leader_title4 = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name4 = * [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|19 seats]])
* [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Maharashtra|48 seats]])
| official_name =
| image_flag = [[File:Indian state flag of Maharashtra (proposed).png|100px|Flag of Maharashtra]]
| flag_type =
| flag_size = 100px
| image_blank_emblem = [[File:Seal of Maharashtra.png|100px|Emblem of Maharashtra]]
| blank_emblem_type = Emblem
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
}}

'''Maharashtra''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɑː|h|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|ʃ|t|r|ə}}; {{IPA-mr|məharaːʂʈɽə|lang|Maharashtra.ogg}}, abbr. '''MH''') is a [[states and union territories of India|state]] in the western peninsular region of [[India]] occupying a substantial portion of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Maharashtra is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|second-most populous state]] in India as well as the [[List of country subdivisions by population|second-most populous country subdivision]] in the world. It was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual [[Bombay State]], which had existed since 1956, into majority [[Marathi people|Marathi-speaking]] Maharashtra and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati-speaking]] Gujarat. The state capital is [[Mumbai]], the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|most populous urban area]] in India. The [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] are the two major rivers in the state. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.

Spread over {{convert|307713|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|third-largest state by area]] in India. Maharashtra is bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, the Indian states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]] to the south, [[Telangana]] to the southeast and [[Chhattisgarh]] to the east, [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the north, and the Indian union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the northwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/maharashtra/about-us |title=Maharashtra Tourism |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212123/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/maharashtra/about-us |archive-date=18 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nagpur]] hosts the [[Winter Session of the Maharashtra Legislature|winter session]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|state legislature]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/Amravati/5540/MAH-VID-AMR-first-time-in-mumbai-to-nagpur-air-conditioner-bus-started-new-s-4834760-NOR.html|title=उपराजधानी ते राजधानी 'शिवनेरी'ची सवारी|trans-title=Uparājdhānī tē Rājdhānī' śivanērī'cī Savārī|language=mr|last=Bhushan Kale|work=Divya Marathi|date=10 December 2014|access-date=23 May 2015|location=Nagpur, Maharashtra, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623020105/http://m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/Amravati/5540/MAH-VID-AMR-first-time-in-mumbai-to-nagpur-air-conditioner-bus-started-new-s-4834760-NOR.html|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> The state has three international airports, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (Mumbai), [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] (Nagpur), and [[Pune Airport]] (Lohegaon, Pune). The state is home to three railways headquarters viz. [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]), [[Konkan Railway]] ([[CBD Belapur railway station|CBD Belapur]]) and [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] (Churchgate). The High Court of the state viz. Bombay High Court is located in Mumbai.

Prior to [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], Maharashtra was chronologically ruled by the [[Satavahana dynasty]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]], [[Deccan sultanates]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and the [[British Raj|British]]. Ruins, monuments, tombs, forts, and places of worship left by these rulers are dotted around the state. The state is home to four [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]: [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] and [[Elephanta Caves|Elehpanta]] caves and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus). [[Pune]] is known as the '[[Oxford]] of the East' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'Oxford of the East' goes West|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464/|access-date=24 January 2017|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012924/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Truly the Oxford of the East|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html|access-date=24 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nashik]] is known as the 'Wine Capital of India' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country.

Maharashtra is the most industrialised state in India and the state's capital, Mumbai is India's [[Financial centre|financial]] and commercial hub.<ref name="Maharashtra_PC">—{{cite book |author=Planning Commission of the Government of India |title=Maharashtra, Development Report |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |page=407 |isbn=978-8-171-88540-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohvu8D3LbgC&q=Maharashtra+richest+states}} —{{cite book |author=Bhandari Laveesh |title=Indian States at a Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Maharashtra |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009 |page=176 |isbn=978-8-131-72343-2}}</ref> The state has played a significant role in the country's [[Culture of India|social]] and [[Politics of India|political life]] and widely considered a leader in terms of [[Agricultural productivity|agricultural]] and [[industrial production]], trade and transport, and education.<ref name=Maharashtra_info>—{{cite book |last=Pletcher |first= Kenneth |date=1 April 2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places Understanding India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&q=Delhi+is+a+commercial+hub+of+india |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |page=280 |isbn=978-1-615-30202-4 |access-date=11 July 2020}} —{{citation |last1=Mookerjee |first1=Sitanshu|last2=Wanmali |first2=Sudhir Vyankatesh|title=Maharashtra |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maharashtra |access-date=4 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |quote=Maharashtra is one of India’s biggest commercial and industrial centres, and it has played a significant role in the country’s social and political life. Maharashtra is a leader among Indian states in terms of agricultural and industrial production, trade and transport, and education.}} —{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=K.R. Shyam |date=2009 |title=Current State and Evolution of Industrial Relations in Maharashtra |url=https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=intl |publisher= [[Cornell University]] |journal= [[International Labour Organization]] |pages=8–70 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> Maharashtra is one of the most developed and prosperous Indian states and continues to be the single largest contributor to the [[Economy of India|national economy]] with a share of 15% in the country's [[gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref name=Maharashtra_data>—{{citation | last1 = Prabhu | first1 = K. Seeta |last2 = Sarker | first2 = P.C. | date = 5 September 1992 | title = Identification of Levels of Development: Case of Maharashtra | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 26 | issue = 36 | pages = 1927–1937 | jstor = 4398849 |issn= 0012-9976 }} —{{cite book |last=Pletcher |first= Kenneth |date=1 April 2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places Understanding India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&q=Delhi+is+a+commercial+hub+of+india |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |page=283 |isbn=978-1-615-30202-4 |access-date=11 July 2020}} —{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=K.R. Shyam |date=2009 |title=Current State and Evolution of Industrial Relations in Maharashtra |url=https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=intl |publisher= [[Cornell University]] |journal= [[International Labour Organization]] |pages=8–30 |access-date=8 July 2020}} —{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/maharashtras-2025-agenda-why-states-1-trillion-gdp-target-could-make-it-indias-growth-engine/1218608/|title=Maharashtra's 2025 agenda: Why state's $1 trillion GDP target could make it India's growth engine|work=Financial Express|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624235107/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/maharashtras-2025-agenda-why-states-1-trillion-gdp-target-could-make-it-indias-growth-engine/1218608/|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[economy of Maharashtra]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|largest]] in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|28.78|t|lk=r}} and has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|13th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|207.727|k}}.<ref name="MOSPI" /> Maharashtra is the [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifteenth-highest ranking]] among Indian states in [[human development index]].<ref name="GlobalDataLab" />

== Etymology ==
The modern [[Marathi language]] developed from the [[Maharashtri Prakrit]],<ref name="The Linguist List">{{cite web|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh |title=The Linguist List |publisher=The Linguist List |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003616/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh |archive-date=25 December 2009 }}</ref> and the word ''[[Marhatta (region)|Marhatta]]'' (later used for the [[Maratha]]s) is found in the [[Jain]] Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi, and Maratha may have derived from the same root. However, their exact etymology is uncertain.<ref name="Gazetteer1967">{{cite book | title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: General Series | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZBTAAAAYAAJ | access-date=30 March 2013 | year=1967 | publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications | page=208 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527221715/http://books.google.com/books?id=KZBTAAAAYAAJ | archive-date=27 May 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of ''Maha'' ({{lang-mr|महा}}) and ''rashtrika'' ({{lang-mr|राष्ट्रिका}}),<ref name="Gazetteer1967" /><ref>{{cite report |author=H. H. Risley |date= 1908|title=Census of India, 1901, Volume I, Ethnographic Appendices|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901EthnographicAppendices.pdf | page=93|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201106225316/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901EthnographicAppendices.pdf|archive-date= 6 November 2020}}</ref> the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.<ref name="KBala1965">{{cite book | author=K. Balasubramanyam | title=the mysore | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&pg=PA174 | access-date=30 March 2013 | year=1965 | publisher=Mittal Publications | page=174 | id=GGKEY:HRFC6GWCY6D | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527221642/http://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&pg=PA174 | archive-date=27 May 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Another theory is that the term is derived from ''Maha'' ("great") and ''[[ratha]]'' / ''rathi'' ([[chariot]] / charioteer), which refers to a skilful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area.<ref name="KBala1965" /><ref>{{cite report |author=H. H. Risley |date= 1908|title=Census of India, 1901, Volume I, Ethnographic Appendices|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901EthnographicAppendices.pdf | page=93|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201106225316/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901EthnographicAppendices.pdf|archive-date= 6 November 2020}}</ref>

An alternative theory states that the term derives from the word ''Maha'' ("great") and ''Rashtra'' ("nation/dominion").<ref>{{cite book|title=Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions|url=https://archive.org/stream/personalgeograph00sharuoft#page/208/mode/2up|page=209|author=Tej Ram Sharma|year=1978|publisher=Concept Publishing Co., Delhi|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217151404/https://archive.org/stream/personalgeograph00sharuoft#page/208/mode/2up|archive-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this theory is somewhat controversial among modern scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers.<ref name="Gazetteer1967" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of Maharashtra|Maratha Empire}}
{{See also|Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra}}
[[Chalcolithic]] sites belonging to the [[Jorwe culture]] (''circa'' 1300–700 BCE) have been discovered throughout the state.<ref>Upinder Singh (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220004242/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |date=20 December 2016 }}, p.232</ref><ref>P. K. Basant (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC''The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328025211/https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC |date=28 March 2018 }}, pp.92–96</ref>

Maharashtra was ruled by the [[Maurya Empire]] in the fourth and third centuries BCE. Around 230 BCE, Maharashtra came under the rule of the [[Satavahana]] dynasty for 400 years.<ref name="autogenerated440">India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: p.440</ref> The greatest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. In 90 CE, Vedishri,<ref>An inscription at [[Naneghat]] describes Vedishri as a very brave king and the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]] (Deccan). Mirashi, ''Studies in Indology'', vol. I, p. 76 f.</ref> son of the Satavahana king [[Satakarni]], the "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty", made [[Junnar]], 30 miles north of [[Pune]], the capital of his kingdom. The state was also ruled by [[Western Satraps]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara]], [[Vakataka]], [[Kadambas]], [[Chalukya Empire]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]], and [[Western Chalukya]] before finally, the [[Yadava dynasty|Yadava]] rule. The [[Buddhist]] [[Ajanta Caves]] in present-day [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] display influences from the Satavahana and Vakataka style. The caves were possibly excavated during this period.<ref name="Javid2008">{{cite book|author=Ali Javid|title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&pg=PA101|date=January 2008|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-484-6|page=101|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&pg=PA101|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Ellora cave16 001.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasanatha temple]], remarkably carved out of one single rock was built by Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna I]] (r. 756–773 CE){{sfn|Lisa Owen|2012|p=135}} | alt1 =
| image2 = Ellora Cave 16 si0300.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = The ''[[Ramayana]]'' panel at [[Ellora Caves]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site
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The Chalukya dynasty ruled from the sixth to the eighth centuries CE, and the two prominent rulers were [[Pulakeshin II]], who defeated the north Indian Emperor [[Harsha]], and [[Vikramaditya II]], who defeated the [[Arab]] invaders in the eighth century. The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the eighth to the tenth century.<ref name="Indian History – page B-57">Indian History – page B-57</ref> The Arab traveller [[Sulaiman al Mahri]] described the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty [[Amoghavarsha]] as "one of the four great kings of the world".<ref name="autogenerated203">A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set): p.203</ref> Shilahara dynasty began as vassals of the Rashtrakuta dynasty which ruled the Deccan plateau between the eighth and tenth centuries. From the early 11th century to the 12th century, the Deccan Plateau, which includes a significant part of Maharashtra, was dominated by the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and the [[Chola dynasty]].<ref name="autogenerated365">The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 by [[Romila Thapar]]: p.365-366</ref> Several battles were fought between the Western Chalukya empire and the Chola dynasty in the Deccan Plateau during the reigns of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], [[Rajendra Chola I]], [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], [[Someshvara I]], and [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen: p.383-384</ref>

In the early 14th century, the [[Yadava Dynasty]], which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Ala-ud-din Khalji]]. Later, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] conquered parts of the Deccan, and temporarily shifted his capital from Delhi to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in Maharashtra. After the collapse of the Tughluqs in 1347, the local [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Gulbarga took over, governing the region for the next 150 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Bahamani Sultanate|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBahamanis.htm|publisher=The History Files, United Kingdom|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080014/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBahamanis.htm|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the break-up of the [[Bahamani]] sultanate in 1518, Maharashtra split into five [[Deccan Sultanates]]: [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshah]] of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Adilshah]] of [[Bijapur]], [[Qutubshah]] of [[Golkonda]], [[Bidarshah]] of [[Bidar]] and [[Imadshah]] of Elichpur. These kingdoms often fought with each other. United, they decisively defeated the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of the south in 1565.<ref name="Saletore1934">{{cite book|author=Bhasker Anand Saletore|title=Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530021|year=1934|publisher=B.G. Paul|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> The present area of [[Mumbai]] was ruled by the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] before its capture by [[Portugal]] in 1535 and the [[Faruqi dynasty]] ruled the [[Khandesh]] region between 1382 and 1601 before finally getting annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Malik Ambar]], the regent of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshahi dynasty]] of [[Ahmednagar]] from 1607 to 1626,<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India|url=https://archive.org/details/asketchdynastie00sewegoog|year=1883|publisher=E. Keys|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asketchdynastie00sewegoog/page/n35 26]–28|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> increased the strength and power of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] and raised a large army. Malik Ambar is said to have been a proponent of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in Delhi against his stepmother, [[Nur Jahan]], who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malik Ambar (1548–1626): the rise and fall of military slavery|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho0000303s1u00112000.html|publisher=British Library|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912165017/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho0000303s1u00112000.html|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the early 17th century, [[Shahaji Bhosale]], an ambitious local general who had served [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], the Mughals and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shah of Bijapur]] at different periods during his career, attempted to establish his independent rule.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bijapur (Adil Shah Dynasty)|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBijapur.htm|publisher=The History Files, United Kingdom|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023234150/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBijapur.htm|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> His son [[Shivaji]] succeeded in establishing the [[Maratha Empire]] which was further expanded during the 18th century by the Bhat family ''[[Peshwas]]'' based in Pune, [[Bhonsle]] of Nagpur, [[Gaekwad]] of Baroda, [[Holkar]] of [[Indore]], [[Scindia]] of Gwalior.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bijapur (Vijapura), the historic city|url=http://www.bijapur.nic.in/history.html|publisher=Bijapur district administration|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722105710/http://bijapur.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=22 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> At its peak, the empire covered much of the subcontinent, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km2. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Pearson, M. N. (February 1976). "Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire". The Journal of Asian Studies 35 (2): 221–235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=9781932705546|title = Delhi, the Capital of India|date = 1 January 2005|isbn = 978-1-932705-54-6|last1 = Mehta|first1 = Jaswant Lal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&q=Peshwa+Balaji+Vishwanath+1714&pg=PA1941-IA82|title = An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen p.Introduction-14. The author says: "The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court"|isbn = 978-0-230-32885-3|last1 = Sen|first1 = Sailendra Nath|year = 2010}}</ref> The Marathas defeated the Mughals and conquered large territories in northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent. After their defeat at the hand of [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]'s Afghan forces in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, the Maratha suffered a setback. However, the Marathas soon regained lost influence and ruled central and north India including New Delhi until the end of the eighteenth century. The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and [[East India Company]] ruled the country in 1819.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromp01metcgoog/selectionsfromp01metcgoog_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada"|website=archive.org|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326232147/https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromp01metcgoog/selectionsfromp01metcgoog_djvu.txt|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rathod1994">{{cite book|author=N. G. Rathod|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA180|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9|page=180|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA180|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Marathas also developed a potent ''[[Maratha Navy|Navy]]'' circa 1660s, which at its peak, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from [[Mumbai]] to [[Savantwadi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=K|title=Sea: Our Saviour|publisher=New Age International (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-224-1245-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&q=kanhoji+angre&pg=PA43|year=2000}}</ref> It would engage in attacking the [[Company Rule in India|British]], [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], [[Dutch India|Dutch]], and [[Siddi]] Naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The [[Maratha Navy]] dominated till around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Yogesh|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9|pages=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&q=maratha+dhulap+navy&pg=PA66|year=2010}}</ref>

{{quote|India contains no more than two great powers, British and Maratha, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.| Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor-General, wrote in 1806}}

The British [[East India Company]] controlled [[Mumbai]] beginning in the 17th century, and used it as one of their main trading posts. The Company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. Their conquest of Maharashtra was completed in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa [[Bajirao II]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>Omvedt, G.in 1973. Development of the Maharashtrian Class Structure, 1818 to 1931. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.1417-1432.</ref>

The [[United Kingdom|British]] governed western Maharashtra as part of the [[Bombay Presidency]], which spanned an area from [[Karachi]] in Pakistan to northern Deccan. A number of the [[Maratha]] states persisted as [[princely state]]s, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging British [[suzerainty]]. The largest princely states in the territory were [[Nagpur]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Kolhapur]]; Satara was annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become [[Nagpur Province]], later part of the [[Central Provinces]]. [[Berar Province|Berar]], which had been part of the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad's]] kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903.<ref name="Russell1997">{{cite book|author=R. V. Russell|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT8|year=1997|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-8294-2|page=8|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT8|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a large part called [[Marathwada]] remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period.

The British ruled for more than a century and brought huge changes in every aspect of life for the people of the Maharashtra region. However, at the turn of the 20th century, the struggle for independence took shape, led by Pune-based radical nationalist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and the [[moderate]]s like Justice [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]].[[Jyotirao Phule]] was the pioneer of social reform in Maharashtra region in second half of the 19th century. His work for social justice was continued by [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu, Raja of Kolhapur]], at turn of the century and later by [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]. After the partial [[autonomy]] given to the states by the [[Government of India Act 1935]], [[B. G. Kher]] became the first Chief Minister of the Congress party-led Government of tri-lingual Bombay Presidency.<ref>{{cite web|title=B.G. Kher – Profile and biography City|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/b._g._kher-profile-3997-19.htm|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806101942/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/b._g._kher-profile-3997-19.htm|archive-date=6 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The ultimatum to the British during the [[Quit India Movement]] was given in Mumbai, and culminated in the transfer of power and independence in 1947.

After Indian independence, princely states and Jagirs of the [[Deccan States Agency]], were merged into [[Bombay State]], which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kolhapur City|url=http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|publisher=Kolhapur Corporation|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912164315/http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of [[Marathwada]] ([[Aurangabad Division]]) from erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Vidarbha]] region from the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to [[Karnataka|Mysore]]. In the 1950s, Marathi people strongly protested against bilingual [[Bombay state]] under the banner of [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Radheshyam Jadhav|title=Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=30 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113064222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=Diligent Media Corporation|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar Group|date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073631/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The notable leaders of the samiti included [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[S.M. Joshi]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]] and [[Gopalrao Khedkar]]. The key demand of the samiti called for a Marathi speaking state
with Mumbai as its capital.<ref>Lele, J., 1995. Saffronisation of the Shiv Sena. Economic and Political Weekly, 24.[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4741800/a0250006.tif.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSaffronisation_of_Shiv_Sena.pdf&Expires=1601588017&Signature=ADVWeVz3FeMMjW9pNV6r-eT5Zp4Ghs6PJtQzBkEz81Q0XANGEn~hRIYQ1oEZHwGRGK4g3gJqvEaQ4uHagJ-bLa7~ZiLdJGo0woj5n~ThaqEhN2DTAoQKnQun4um1vRkmIShs8nZgyuevmwLudOmVdxFdDDmbMgGN3kYDz2Mg4Mavxr6pJiRBwVREnul5ntZK~yElCWp0LJhVyRRas4uJ9cu5Gijn1yzZ-Dgaq60PH9sRAnZcHZ1NjjCRk6uoPsNYp81R52bNVvzG5UPEsSyRa~W0hkzBcJFe1Qu7sGCL~HR8ToQ1sX4G5061V9GdId~-QUNyob0zH3Dfu2oPPHX6Tw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the Gujarati speaking areas of the state, a similar the [[Mahagujarat Movement]] demanded a separate [[Gujarat]] state for majority Gujarati areas. After many years of protests, which also saw 106 deaths amongst the protestors, and electoral success of the samiti in 1957 elections, the government of Nehru yielded to public pressure to create on 1 May 1960, a separate Marathi-speaking state by dividing earlier Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhagwat|first1=Ramu|title=Linguistic states|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/People-dont-want-Vidarbha-to-be-treated-as-colony-of-Maharashtra/articleshow/21564818.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113062718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/People-dont-want-Vidarbha-to-be-treated-as-colony-of-Maharashtra/articleshow/21564818.cms|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The state continues to have a dispute with [[Karnataka]] regarding the region of [[Belgaum]] and [[Karwar]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=S|title=The Saffron Wave: The Eleventh General Elections in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1997|volume=32|issue=40|pages=2551–2560|jstor=4405925}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sirsikar|first1=V.M.|title=Politics in Maharashtra, Problems and Prospects|date=1966|publisher=University of Poona|location=Poona|page=8|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAD260.pdf|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129073441/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAD260.pdf|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Belgaum border dispute|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140730/nation-current-affairs/article/belgaum-border-dispute-karnataka-govt-warns-against-taking-law|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|agency=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited|date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912170941/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140730/nation-current-affairs/article/belgaum-border-dispute-karnataka-govt-warns-against-taking-law|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
{{Main|Geography of Maharashtra}}
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| caption3 = Dried up [[Godavari]] at [[Puntamba]], Ahmadnagar district after a poor Monsoon
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Maharashtra occupies the [[West India|western]] and central part of the country and has a long coastline stretching 720 kilometres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iasri.res.in/agridata/02data%5Cchapter%204%5Cdb2002tb4_5.htm|title=AgriData|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414161217/http://www.iasri.res.in/agridata/02data/chapter%204/DB2002TB4_5.HTM|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> along the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=outline>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Geography|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/geography.html|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615015912/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/geography.html |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the more prominent physical features of Maharashtra is the Deccan plateau, which is separated from the Konkan coastline by 'Ghats'.<ref name="western ghat" /> The Ghats are a succession of steep hills, periodically bisected by narrow roads. Most of the famous hill stations of the state are at the Ghats. The [[Western Ghats]] (or the Sahyadri Mountain range) provide a physical backbone to the state on the west, while the [[Satpura Hills]] along the north and Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the east serve as its natural borders.<ref name=farmer>{{cite web|title=State Farmer Guide|url=http://farmech.gov.in/FarmerGuide/MH/index1.html|website=Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204000430/http://farmech.gov.in/FarmerGuide/MH/index1.html|archive-date=4 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is surrounded by Gujarat to the north west, [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the north, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the east, [[Telangana]] to the south east, Karnataka to the south and [[Goa]] to the south west.<ref name=outline2>{{cite web|title=Outline of Maharashtra|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/outlinemaps/maharashtra.htm|publisher=Indian Maps|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123003905/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/outlinemaps/maharashtra.htm|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maharashtra is the [[List of states and territories of India by area|third largest state by area]] in India. Maharashtra has 36 districts, 355 talukas, 535 cities, 63,663 villages, 6 administrative divisions.<ref name=area>{{cite news|title=Most urbanised state|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Census-2011-Tamil-Nadu-3rd-most-urbanised-state/articleshow/9292380.cms?referral=PM|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303054338/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Census-2011-Tamil-Nadu-3rd-most-urbanised-state/articleshow/9292380.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ghats better known as Sahyadri, are a hilly range running parallel to the coast, at an average elevation of 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).<ref name="western ghat">{{cite news|title=Western Ghats as world heritage site|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/UN-designates-Western-Ghats-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/14595602.cms?referral=PM|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052832/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/UN-designates-Western-Ghats-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/14595602.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kalsubai]], a peak in the Sahyadris, near [[Nashik]] city is the highest elevated point in Maharashtra.<ref name=ghats>{{cite web|title=The Western Ghats|url=http://westernghat.org/|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120194809/http://westernghat.org/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> To the west of these hills lie the [[Konkan]] coastal plains, 50–80 kilometres in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. Forests comprise 17% of the total area of the state.<ref name=outline /> A majority of the forests are in the eastern and Sahyadri regions of the state. The main rivers of the state are [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Bhima River|Bhima]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Tapi River, India|Tapi]]-[[Purna River (tributary of Tapi)|Purna]] and [[Wardha River|Wardha]]-[[Wainganga River|Wainganga]].<ref name=outline /><ref name=rivers>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Rivers|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/rivers.html|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209135938/http://maharashtratourism.net/rivers.html|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the central parts of the state receives low rainfall, most of the rivers in the region have multiple dams. Maharashtra has around 1821 notable large [[dam]]s.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf Statewise dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

Maharashtra is divided into five geographic regions. Konkan is the western coastal region, between the Western Ghats and the sea.<ref name="state divisions">{{cite web|title=Geographical set up|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2496/9/09_chapter%202.pdf|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092824/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2496/9/09_chapter%202.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kandesh]] is the north-western region lying in the valley of the Tapti River.<ref name=rivers /> [[Nashik]], Jalgaon, [[Dhule]] and [[Bhusawal]] are the major cities of this region.<ref name=cities>{{cite web|title=Cities of Maharashtra|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209055257/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]] is in the centre of the state.<ref name="Desh region">{{cite web|title=Regions in Maharashtra |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/about-maharashtra/regions-in-maharashtra.htm |publisher=Discover India Portal |access-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155550/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/about-maharashtra/regions-in-maharashtra.htm |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> [[Marathwada]], which was a part of the princely [[state of Hyderabad]] until 1956, is located in the southeastern part of the state.<ref name=outline /><ref name=marathwada>{{cite web|title=United Nations Development Programme|url=http://www.in.undp.org/india/en/home.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=129&Itemid=217|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214050/http://www.in.undp.org/india/en/home.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=129&Itemid=217|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|publisher=[[United Nation]]|access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> Aurangabad and [[Nanded]] are the main cities of the region.<ref name=city>{{cite web|title=A Deccan Odyssey destination|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../Maharashtratourism/CitiestoVisits/Aurangabad.html|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233812/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtratourism%2FCitiestoVisits%2FAurangabad.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vidarbha]] is the easternmost region of the state, formerly part of the Central Provinces and Berar. Nagpur, where the winter session of the state assembly is held, [[Akola]], [[Amravati]] and [[Chandrapur]] are the main cities in the region.<ref name=outline /> Sahyadri range, with an elevation of 1,000 meters, is known for its crowning plateaus.<ref name="Thorpe2009">{{cite book|author=Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&pg=PA511|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2133-9|page=511|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&pg=PA511|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Lying between the Arabian Sea and the Sahyadri Range, Konkan is narrow coastal lowland, just 50 km wide and with an elevation below 200 meters.<ref name="Islam">{{cite book|author1=R. P. Singh|author2=Zubairul Islam|title=Environmental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaQptMlw3X8C&pg=PA172|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-774-6|pages=172–173|year=2012|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaQptMlw3X8C&pg=PA172|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The third important region is the Satpura hills along the northern border, and the Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the eastern border, which form physical barriers preventing easy movement.<ref name=outline /> These ranges also serve as natural limits to the state.<ref name=outline /><ref name=bori>{{cite web|title=Geographical plateaus of India |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/bori.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222061843/http://projecttiger.nic.in/bori.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2004 |publisher=Project Tiger reserve in India |access-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Maharashtra has a tropical climate, with three distinct seasons: summer (March–May), monsoon (June–September), and winter (October–February). However, dew and hail also occur sometimes, depending on seasonal weather. The winter between October to February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book |last1=Swain |display-authors=etal |first1=S |title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) |s2cid=26920225 |chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India |journal=IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) |volume=2017 |pages=5505–5507 |doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250 |date=July 2017 |isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6 }}</ref> Summers (March, April and May) are extremely hot, temperatures rising from 22 °C to as high as 43 °C. Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August also gets substantial rain. The rainy season starts its retreat with the coming of September to the state. Rainfall in Maharashtra differs from region to region. Thane, [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]] districts, receive heavy rains of an average of 200 centimetres annually. But the districts of [[Nashik district|Nashik]], [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]] and parts of [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]] less than 50 centimetres. Rainfall is particularly high in areas adjacent to the Sahyadri mountains such as coastal Konkan on the west and foothills of the mountain range on the eastern side. Central Maharashtra receives less rainfall. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbha receives good rainfall in July, August and September.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Climate of Maharashtra|url=http://164.100.47.134/plibrary/ebooks/Climate_of_Maharashtra/Climate_of_Maharashtra.pdf|publisher=Public Library|access-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219082608/http://164.100.47.134/plibrary/ebooks/Climate_of_Maharashtra/Climate_of_Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> In winter, a cool dry spell occurs, with clear skies, gentle air breeze, and pleasant weather prevails from October to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature rise from 12 °C to 34 °C during this season.

== Biodiversity ==

{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%;"
|+ '''State symbols of Maharashtra'''<ref>{{cite web|title=State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower|url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|publisher=Panna Tiger Reserve|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Animal'''
| [[Indian giant squirrel]]|| [[File:Malabar giant sqirrel.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Bird'''
| [[Yellow-footed green pigeon]] || [[File:Pair Angel Birds got place on Holly Tree.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Tree'''
| [[Mango]] Tree || [[File:Mangues.JPG|50px]]
|-
| '''Flower'''
| [[Lagerstroemia speciosa|Jarul]] || [[File:Jarul.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Butterfly'''
| [[Blue mormon]] || [[File:Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002.jpg|50px]]
|}
Flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. In 2012 the recorded thick forest area in the state was {{convert|61939|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} which was about 20.13% of the state's geographical area. These<ref name="forest percentile">{{cite web|title=The State's forest cover|url=http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?id=23|website=Wildlife Conservation Trust, Mumbai|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314005839/http://mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?id=23|archive-date=14 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are three main Public Forestry Institutions (PFIs) in the Maharashtra state: the [[Maharashtra Forest Department]] (MFD), the Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra (FDCM) and the Directorate of Social Forestry (SFD).<ref name=Forestry>{{cite web|title=Forest department|url=http://mahaforest.nic.in/index.php|website=Forest Management system|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313214004/http://mahaforest.nic.in/index.php|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board, constituted by the Government of Maharashtra in January 2012 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, is the nodal body for conservation of biodiversity within and outside forest areas in the State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/fckimagefile/Notification__.pdf|title=Formation of the Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board|website=Maharashtra Forest Department|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819042126/http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/fckimagefile/Notification__.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maharashtrabiodiversityboard.gov.in/about-us/|title=About Us {{!}} Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board|website=Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214182309/http://maharashtrabiodiversityboard.gov.in/about-us/|archive-date=14 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the [[Harry George Champion|Champion and Seth classification]], Maharashtra has five types of forests:<ref>{{cite web|title=Forest Types|url=http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?lang_eng_mar=Eng&id=29|website=Maharashtra Forest|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010424/http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?lang_eng_mar=Eng&id=29|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Southern Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests:These are found in the western ghats at height of 400–1000 meters. Some of the species of trees found in this type of forests are [[Memecylon umbellatum|Anjani]], [[Terminalia chebula|Hirda]], [[Terminalia paniculata|Kinjal]], and [[Mango]].
# Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:Two main sub-types occur under this group. i) Moist [[Teak]] bearing Forests:These forests are found in [[Melghat]],<ref name=wildlife>{{cite web|title=The Melghat Forests|url=http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/sociology/2306693-melghat-forests-dhakna-kolkaz-wildlife/|publisher=Dhakna –Kolkaz wildlife sanctuary|access-date=7 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307165038/http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/sociology/2306693-melghat-forests-dhakna-kolkaz-wildlife/|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> other districts in Vidarbha and [[Thane district]]. Commercially important Teak, [[Dalbergia sissoo|Shishum]] and bamboo are found here. ii) Moist Mixed deciduous Forests:In addition to evergreen Teak, some of the other tree species found in this type of forests include [[Jambul]], [[Ain]], and [[Dalbergia latifolia|Shisam]].
# Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests. Forests of this type occupy a major part of the state. Two types of occur under this group. i) Dry Teak Bearing Forests and ii) Moist Mixed deciduous Forests
# Southern Tropical Thorn Forests:These are found in the low rainfall regions of [[Marathwada]], [[Vidarbha]], [[Khandesh]] and Western Maharashtra. At present, these forests are heavily degraded. [[Babul (tree)|Babul]], [[Ziziphus mauritiana|Bor]], and [[Butea monosperma|Palas]] are some of the tree species found here.
# Littoral and Swamp Forests: These are mainly found in the Creeks of [[Sindhudurg]] and Thane districts of the coastal Konkan region. These forests are important for the protection of the coastal environment

In addition to the above forest types, Maharashtra harbours significant mangrove, coastal and marine biodiversity, with {{cvt|304|km2}} of area under mangrove cover as per the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) of the Forest survey India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fsi.nic.in/isfr2017/isfr-mangrove-cover-2017.pdf|title=Indian State of Forest Report – Mangrove Cover in India (2017)|website=fsi.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203213/http://fsi.nic.in/isfr2017/isfr-mangrove-cover-2017.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2018|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> Some of the forest areas have been converted into wildlife reserves, thus preserving their biodiversity.<ref name="reserves">{{cite web | url=http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/ | title=Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) | publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] | access-date=30 May 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128184438/http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/ | archive-date=28 January 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Western ghats of Maharashtra are included in the 34 global [[Biodiversity hotspot]]s owing to its
extraordinarily rich biodiversity. The biodiversity includes more than five hundred species of birds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Prachi|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Jayant|title=IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT AREAS FOR BIRD CONSERVATION IN THE WESTERN GHATS REGION OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|date=2012|volume=109|issue=1 &2|pages=123–134|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280565245}}</ref>
Similarly a study in the Amravati region found 171 species of birds. Both regions include resident as well as migrant species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kasambe|first1=Raju|last2=Wadatkar|first2=Jayant|s2cid=131644268|title=. Birds of Pohara-Malkhed Reserve Forest, Amravati, Maharashtra-an updated annotated checklist|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|date=2007|volume=22|issue=7|pages=2768–2770|doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1464a.2768-70|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2d3c25578c7c5dbd7e4a2dd268d1b338163a2e47}}</ref>
The state has three game reserves, as well as several national parks and bird sanctuaries.<ref name=biodiversity /> The [[Tiger reserves of Maharashtra|six tiger reserves]] located in the state cover a total area of {{cvt|9133|km2}}. Wildlife sanctuaries in the state include [[Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bor Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Chandoli National Park]], [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], [[Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]], part of [[Pench National Park]], [[Navegaon National Park]] and [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=sanctuaries>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra wildlife|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/sanctuaries/|website=Maharashtra Tourism|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192211/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/sanctuaries/|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
The most common animal species present in the state are [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[gaur]], [[sloth bear]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[blackbuck|four-horned antelope]], [[blue bull]], [[chital]], [[barking deer]], [[mouse deer]], [[small Indian civet]], [[golden jackal]], [[jungle cat]], [[striped hyena]], and [[hare]].<ref name=fauna>{{cite web|title=Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Sanctuaries/Sanctuaries.aspx?strpage=NagziraSanctuaries.html |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019125010/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Sanctuaries/Sanctuaries.aspx?strpage=NagziraSanctuaries.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> Other animals in the state include reptiles such as [[lizard]]s, [[cobra]]s and [[Bungarus|kraits]].<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|title=Flora And Fauna of Maharashtra|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/land-of-rocks/flora-and-fauna-of-maharashtra.htm|publisher=Discovered India|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307161252/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/land-of-rocks/flora-and-fauna-of-maharashtra.htm|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The national parks of Maharashtra possess a variety of plant species that include [[jamun]], [[palash]], [[Dalbergia latifolia|shisam]], [[neem]], [[teak]], [[Anogeissus latifolia|dhawa]], kalam, [[Terminalia elliptica|ain]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium|bija]], [[Chankiri Tree|shirish]], [[mango]], [[acacia]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|awala]], [[Kadamba tree|kadamba]], [[Moha (tree)|moha]], hedu and [[ficus]].<ref name="wildlife" />

== Regions, divisions and districts ==
[[File:Maharashtra Divisions Eng.svg|thumb|left|alt=refer caption|Divisions of Maharashtra, along with their respective districts (With Palghar district formed in 2014 from the northern part of Thane district)]]
{{Main|List of districts of Maharashtra}}{{See also|Talukas of Maharashtra|List of cities in Maharashtra by population}}
Maharashtra consists of six administrative divisions:<ref>[https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/1128/Districts "Districts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912151910/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/1128/Districts |date=12 September 2015 }}, maha.gov.in</ref>

# [[Amravati Division|Amravati]]
# [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
# [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
# [[Nagpur Division|Nagpur]]
# [[Nashik Division|Nashik]]
# [[Pune Division|Pune]]

The state's six divisions are further divided into 36 [[List of districts of Maharashtra|districts]], 109 sub-divisions and 358 [[Talukas of Maharashtra|talukas]].<ref name=talukas>{{cite web|title=Talukas of Maharashtra |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/mahInfo/state.php |website=District department |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=13 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064744/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/mahInfo/state.php |archive-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> Maharashtra's top five districts by population, as ranked by the 2011 Census, are listed in the following table.

Each district is governed by a [[district collector]] or district magistrate, appointed either by the [[Indian Administrative Service]] or the Maharashtra Civil Service.<ref name=civil>{{cite web|title=District level governance|url=http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|publisher=The Government of Maharashtra|access-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513154547/http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Districts are subdivided into ''sub-divisions'' ([[Taluka]]) governed by sub-divisional magistrates, and again into ''blocks''.<ref name=Panchayat /> A block consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.<ref name="panchayati raj">{{cite web|title=Panchayati raj in state|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/ABCDCR_03122013_1.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313214043/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/ABCDCR_03122013_1.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=panchayats>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra regional and town planning|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/ABCDCR_03122013_1.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313214043/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/ABCDCR_03122013_1.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Talukas are intermediate level panchayat between the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] (district councils) at the district level and [[gram panchayat]] (village councils) at the lower level.<ref name=Panchayat>{{cite web|title=Department of Panchayati Raj|url=http://www.mahapanchayat.gov.in/|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409071241/http://www.mahapanchayat.gov.in/|archive-date=9 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=zilla>{{cite web|title=Short title and extent|url=http://www.mahasec.com/PDF/The%20Maharashtra%20Municipal%20Councils%20Nagar%20Panchayats%20and%20Industrial%20%20Township%20Act,%201965.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128130833/http://www.mahasec.com/PDF/The%20Maharashtra%20Municipal%20Councils%20Nagar%20Panchayats%20and%20Industrial%20%20Township%20Act,%201965.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| name = Largest Cities of Maharashtra
| class = nav
| country = Maharashtra
| stat_ref = As of the [[List of cities in Maharashtra|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Maharashtra
| div_name = District
| div_link = List of districts of Maharashtra{{!}}District

| city_1 = Mumbai
| div_1 = Mumbai City district{{!}}Mumbai City district
| pop_1 = 18,414,288
| img_1 = Mumbai Downtown.jpg

| city_2 = Pune
| div_2 = Pune district{{!}}Pune
| pop_2 = 5,049,968
| img_2 = FergussonCollegeMainBuilding.jpg

| city_3 = Nagpur
| div_3 = Nagpur district{{!}}Nagpur
| pop_3 = 2,497,777
| img_3 = Night at Sitabuldi Nagpur.jpg

| city_4 = Nashik
| div_4 = Nashik district{{!}}Nashik
| pop_4 = 1,562,769
| img_4 = NashikViewfromPandavLeni.jpg

| city_5 = Aurangabad, Maharashtra{{!}}Aurangabad
| div_5 = Aurangabad_district,_Maharashtra{{!}}Aurangabad
| pop_5 = 1,189,376
| img_5 = Kranti Chowk 01.jpg

| city_6 = Solapur
| div_6 = Solapur district{{!}}Solapur
| pop_6 = 951,118

| city_7 = Jalgaon
| div_7 = Jalgaon district{{!}}Jalgaon
| pop_7 = 737,411

| city_8 = Amravati
| div_8 = Amravati district{{!}}Amravati
| pop_8 = 646,801

| city_9 = Kolhapur
| div_9 = Kolhapur district{{!}}Kolhapur
| pop_9 = 561,841

| city_10 = Nanded
| div_10 = Nanded district{{!}}Nanded
| pop_10 = 550,564

}}

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Religion in Maharashtra|Languages of India|Marathi people}}
[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple in Mumbai]], Hinduism is the dominant religion in Maharashtra|alt=|left]]
{{IndiaCensusPop
| title= Population growth
| 1961= 39554000
| 1971= 50412000
| 1981= 62784000
| 1991= 78937000
| 2001= 96752000
| 2011=112373000
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|1901=19392000|1911=21475000|1921=20850000|1931=23959000|1941=26833000|1951=32003000}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Maharashtra (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 79.83
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 11.54
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 5.81
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|value4 = 1.25
|color4 = Brown
|label5 = [[Christianity]]
|value5 = 0.96
|color5 = DodgerBlue
|label6 = [[Sikhism]]
|value6 = 0.2
|color6 = DarkKhaki
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 0.16
|color7 = Chartreuse
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.25
|color8 = Black
}}
According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Maharashtra is the richest state in India and [[List of states and union territories of India by population|second most populous]] state in India with a population of 112,374,333 (9.28% of India's population) of which male and female are 58,243,056 and 54,131,277, respectively. The total population growth in 2011 was 15.99 percent while in the previous decade it was 22.57 percent.<ref name=statics>{{cite web|title=Population of Maharashtra 2011 census|url=http://www.populationindia.com/2012/03/population-of-maharashtra-2011-census.html|publisher=Press Population|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183158/http://www.populationindia.com/2012/03/population-of-maharashtra-2011-census.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=proportion>{{cite web|title=Population proportion in Maharashtra |url=http://www.unicef.org/india/Population_Demographics.pdf |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228164711/http://www.unicef.org/india/Population_Demographics.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 }}</ref> Since independence, the decadal growth rate of population has remained higher (except in the year 1971) than the national average. For the first time, in the year 2011, it was found to be lower than the national average.<ref name=proportion /> The 2011 census for the state found 55% of the population to be rural with 45% being urban based.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census India Info|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND027_Maharashtra.pdf|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102120/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND027_Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="diaspora">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/up-migrant-lynched-in-mumbai_479435.html | title=Population statics of state | work=[[Zee News]] | access-date=19 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816164149/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/up-migrant-lynched-in-mumbai_479435.html | archive-date=16 August 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Bihari people|Bihari]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Parsi]]s, [[Marwari people|Marwari]], [[Kannada people|Kannada]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] minorities are scattered throughout the state.{{cn|date=January 2021}} There are also a substantial number of migrants from the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=53% of Mumbai's migrants from within Maharashtra - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/53-of-citys-migrants-from-within-the-state/amp_articleshow/70322261.cms |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The 2011 census found [[scheduled castes]] and [[scheduled tribes]] to account for 11.8 and 8.9% of the population, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011, PCA Maharashtra|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2013_PR798.PDF|publisher=Director of Census Operations Maharashtra|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616020253/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2013_PR798.PDF|archive-date=16 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheduled tribes include ''[[adivasi]]s'' such as [[Thakar tribe|Thakar]], Warli, [[Katkari people|Konkana]] and [[Halba people|Halba]].<ref name="tribes">{{cite web | url=http://centralclusteruupgs.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/tribals-of-maharashtra/ | title=Tribals of Maharashtra | publisher=Central Cluster UUPGS | access-date=19 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221183250/http://centralclusteruupgs.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/tribals-of-maharashtra/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] was the principal religion in the state at 79.8% of the total population, while [[Islam in India|Muslims]] constituted 11.5% of the total population. [[Buddhism]] accounted for 5.8% in Maharashtra's total population, with 6,531,200 followers, which is 77.36% of all [[Buddhism in India|Buddhists in India]]. [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] constituted 0.2%, 1.0%, 1.2% of the population, respectively.<ref name="census2011" />

The state contributes 9.28% to India's population.<ref name=contribution>{{cite web|title=Provisional population totals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_maha.html|publisher=[[Census of India]]|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614013034/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_maha.html|archive-date=14 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The sex ratio in Maharashtra was 929 females per 1000 males, which was below the national average of 943.<ref name="pc-census2011" /> The density of Maharashtra was 365 inhabitants per km2 which was lower than national average 382 per km2. Since 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg shrank by −4.96% and −2.30%, respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%. The literacy rate rose to 83.2%.<ref name=elite>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra in elite group with 83% literacy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-in-elite-group-with-83-literacy/articleshow/9278068.cms?referral=PM|access-date=14 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-in-elite-group-with-83-literacy/articleshow/9278068.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%.

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart| thumb = right| caption = Languages in Maharashtra (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=8 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|label1=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value1=68.84|color1=red
|label2=[[Hindi]]|value2=9.70|color2=orange
|label3=[[Urdu]]|value3=6.71|color3=green
|label4=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|value4=2.06|color4=gold
|label5=[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]|value5=1.44|color5=limegreen
|label6=[[Lambadi]]|value6=1.36|color6=khaki
|label7=[[Bhili language|Bhili]]|value7=1.08|color7=darkgreen
|label8=Others|value8= 8.81|color8=Gray
}}

The official language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="Marathi">{{cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1965.05.PDF|website=[[Bombay High Court]]|title=The Maharashtra Official Languages Act, 1964|access-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225839/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1965.05.PDF|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> although different regions have their own dialects.<ref name=speakers>{{cite news|title=Most spoken language in Maharashtra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-has-38-languages-other-than-Marathi-finds-survey/articleshow/21063263.cms|access-date=27 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927044931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-has-38-languages-other-than-Marathi-finds-survey/articleshow/21063263.cms|archive-date=27 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It is native to the Maharashtra state, and is its main language.

Over 83.1 million people speak Marathi, making it the third-most spoken language in India, and 10th [[List of languages by number of native speakers|most-spoken native language]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-mother-tongue-of-44-in-india-bangla-second-most-spoken/articleshow/64755458.cms|title=Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most spoken {{!}} India News – Times of India|last1=28 Jun|first1=Bharti Jain {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=19 October 2019|last3=Ist|first3=16:17}}</ref>

English is also spoken in Maharashtra, mostly in urban areas. Spoken Marathi language varies by district, area or locality in its tone and a few words. [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are also spoken in some areas. Other major dialects include [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]] spoken in the Vidarbha region and Dangi spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border. The sound {{IPAslink|l}} is abundantly used in many verbs and nouns in Marathi. It is replaced by the sound {{IPAc-en|j|}} in the Varhadi dialect, which makes it quite distinct.<ref name="Navalkar1894">{{cite book|author=Ganpatráo R. Navalkar|title=The Student's Marathi Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJoQtIBhitEC&pg=PA1|year=1894|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1561-8|pages=6–15|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=OJoQtIBhitEC&pg=PA1|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the economic survey of Maharashtra (2008–09), the percentage of the state's population that names Marathi as its mother tongue has declined to 68.8% from 76.5% over the past three decades, while there has been a sharp rise in the [[Hindi]]-speaking population (11% from 5%) in the same period.<ref name="hindi">{{cite news|title=Marathi population in state falls to 69%|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-marathi-population-in-state-falls-to-69-in-30-yrs-1261812|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=4 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205534/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-marathi-population-in-state-falls-to-69-in-30-yrs-1261812|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Governance and Administration ==
{{Main|Government of Maharashtra}}

=== State government ===
[[File:Mantralaya.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralaya]] or administrative headquarters of Maharashtra state government in [[South Mumbai]] ]]
Maharashtra has a [[Westminster system|parliamentary system]] of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) consists of 288 members who are elected for five-year terms.<ref name="mla's">{{cite web|title=Legislative assembly Maharashtra|url=http://maharashtracongress.com/English/members-of-legislative-assembly-mla/|website=Congress|publisher=Maharashtra Congress|access-date=19 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174303/http://maharashtracongress.com/English/members-of-legislative-assembly-mla/|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanent body of 78 members with a third of members replaced every two years. The [[government of Maharashtra]] is headed by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], who is chosen by the party or coalition holding the majority in the Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.<ref name="chief minister">{{cite web|title=CM Selection|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cap6/cap6_1.htm|website=Election Commission|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202224555/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cap6/cap6_1.htm|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor, who is appointed for a five-year term by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Union government]].<ref name=Governor>{{cite web|title=The Council of Ministers|url=http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/The%20Governor/powerofgovernor.htm|website=Government of J & K|publisher=J & K Raj Bhavan|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929021149/http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/The%20Governor/powerofgovernor.htm|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
{{See also|Politics of Maharashtra|List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}
The politics of the state in the first decades after its formation in 1960 were dominated by the [[Indian National Congress]] party or its offshoots such as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], but since the 1990s Hindu parties have dominated. In the early years, politics of Maharashtra was dominated by Congress party figures such as [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], [[Vasantdada Patil]], [[Vasantrao Naik]] and [[Shankarrao Chavan]]. [[Sharad Pawar]], who started his political career in the Congress party, has been a towering personality in the state and national politics for over forty years. During his career, he has split the Congress twice with significant consequences for the state politics.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Steven|s2cid=154957863|title=Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback|journal=Journal of Democracy|date=January 2005|volume=16|issue=1|pages=153–167|doi=10.1353/jod.2005.0018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=AR|title=Politico-economic developments in Maharashtra: a review of the post-independence period, – JSTOR|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=October 1980|volume=15|issue=40|pages=1669–1678|jstor=4369147}}</ref> The Congress party enjoyed a near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the [[Shiv Sena]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) secured an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition government.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Palshikar |first1=S|last2=Birmal|first2=N|title=Maharashtra: Towards a New Party System|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=18 December 2004|volume=39|issue=51|pages=5467–5472|jstor=4415934}}</ref> After his second parting from the Congress party in 1999, [[Sharad Pawar]] founded the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] but then formed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-Shiv Sena combine out of the Maharashtra state government for fifteen years until September 2014. [[Prithviraj Chavan]] of the Congress party was the last [[Chief Minister]] of Maharashtra under the Congress / NCP alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/clean-yet-invisible-prithviraj-chavan-quits-as-maharashtra-cm-did-anyone-notice-1732223.html|title=Clean yet invisible: Prithviraj Chavan quits as CM, did anyone notice?|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=27 September 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930005937/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/clean-yet-invisible-prithviraj-chavan-quits-as-maharashtra-cm-did-anyone-notice-1732223.html|archive-date=30 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prithviraj-chavan-rivals-narayan-rane-maharashtra-assembly-polls/1/377333.html|title=Maharashtra CM Prithviraj Chavan's rivals get key posts for Assembly polls|work=[[India Today]]|date=16 August 2014|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103024/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prithviraj-chavan-rivals-narayan-rane-maharashtra-assembly-polls/1/377333.html|archive-date=27 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ne280412Coverstory.asp|title=Right man in the wrong polity|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=28 April 2012|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113537/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ne280412Coverstory.asp|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
For the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly polls]], the two alliances between NCP and Congress and that between BJP and Shiv Sena respectively broke down over seat allocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed a minority government under [[Devendra Fadnavis]]. The Shiv sena entered the Government after two months, and provided a comfortable majority for the alliance in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra Vidhansabha]] for the duration of the assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP, Shiv Sena announce alliance in Maharashtra|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-shiv-sena-alliance-in-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-uddhav-thackeray/1/405098.html|publisher=IndiaToday.in Mumbai|date=4 December 2014|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509012027/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-shiv-sena-alliance-in-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-uddhav-thackeray/1/405098.html|archive-date=9 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok sabha elections]], the BJP-Shiv Sena alliance secured 41 seat out 48 from the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esakal.com/loksabha-2019/result |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608010227/https://www.esakal.com/loksabha-2019/result |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in 2019, the BJP and Shiv Sena alliance fought the assembly elections together but the alliance broke down after the election over the post of chief minister. [[Uddhav Thackeray]] of Shiv Sena then formed an alternative governing coalition under his leadership with his erstwhile opponents from NCP, INC, and a number of independent members of legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political drama has gripped the home state of Bollywood |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/11/29/political-drama-has-gripped-the-home-state-of-bollywood |access-date=30 November 2019 |issue=30 November 2019 |publisher=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: With 169 votes, Uddhav-led govt sails through Assembly floor test, BJP stages walkout |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-assembly-floor-test-uddhav-thackeray-fadnavis-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congressmaharashtra-uddhav-led-mahavikasaghadi-govt-wins-trust-vote-bjp-stages-walkout-6144236/ |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=Indian Express |issue=30 November 2019 |publisher=Indian Express newspapers}}</ref> On 28 November 2019, Thackeray took oath as 19th [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]] after being elected as the president of the newly formed coalition named [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-government-formation-news-live-uddhav-thackeray-swearing-in-as-cm/liveblog/72270170.cms|title=Udhav Thackeray swearing in as CM|website=Times of India|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="IE28Nov">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra swearing-in HIGHLIGHTS: Farmers first; Uddhav sets priority after first cabinet meet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-live-updates-uddhav-thackeray-swearing-in-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-bjp-6140471/ |access-date=29 November 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="FP29Nov">{{cite news |title=Uddhav Thackeray sworn in as 19th CM of Maharashtra: First of family to hold this office, 59-yr-old gets kudos from Modi, Sonia Gandhi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/uddhav-thackeray-sworn-in-as-19th-cm-of-maharashtra-first-of-family-to-hold-this-office-59-yr-old-gets-kudos-from-modi-sonia-gandhi-7714171.html |access-date=29 November 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

=== State representation in Indian Parliament ===
The people of Maharashtra also elect 48 members to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the [[2014 Indian general elections|2014 general elections]], the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the [[Shiv Sena]], and [[Swabhimani Paksha]], won 23, 18, and 1 seats, respectively.<ref name=members>{{cite web|title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha members|url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Maharashtra|website=Parliament of India|publisher=Lok Sabha|access-date=19 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145545/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Maharashtra|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The NDA retained its dominance in the state by winning 41 out of the 48 seats in the 2019 [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha]] elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13 |website=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526095222/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 19 members to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref name=list>{{cite web|title=Members of Rajya Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=Parliament of India|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205185402/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Local government ===
[[File:Gram panchayat office, Abdul Lat.jpg|thumb|right|A Gram panchayat office in a Abdul Lat village, Kolhapur district]]
The state has a long tradition of highly powerful planning bodies at district and local levels. Local self governance institutions in rural areas include 34 [[District Councils of India|zilla parishads]] (district councils), 355 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Taluka Panchayat samitis]] (district Sub-division councils) and 27,993 [[Gram panchayat]]s (village councils). Urban areas in the state are governed by 27
[[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporations]], 222 [[Municipal governance in India|Municipal Councils]], four [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)|Nagar Panchayats]] and seven [[Cantonment Board]]s.<ref name=proportion /><ref name="divisions">{{cite web|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/mahInfo/state.php |title=State body info |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064744/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/mahInfo/state.php |archive-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref>
Although Maharashtra had Gram panchayat with elected members since 1961, the 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution of 1993 put in place a statutory requirement of 33% of seats on the panchayats reserved for women. In addition, 33% of the sarpanch (panchayat chief) positions were also reserved for women.<ref>Can the Female Sarpanch Deliver? Evidence from Maharashtra DHANMANJIRI SATHE, STEPHAN KLASEN, JAN PRIEBE and MITHILA BINIWALE Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 48, No. 11 (16 March 2013), pp. 50-57 Published by: Economic and Political Weekly https://www.jstor.org/stable/23391421</ref>
Although the amendment boosted the number of women leaders at the village level, there have been cases of harassment by male members of the panchayat towards the female members of the organisations.<ref>Ahlawat, S., 2013. Impact of the 73rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution on Women Empowerment: An Analytical Study. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development, 1(3), p.4.[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb75/a393a60dc17946515689d578e01ee813c682.pdf]</ref>
The administration in each district is headed by a [[District Collector]], who belongs to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Maharashtra state services.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Deputy Commissioner|url=http://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=284&lang=en|publisher=Ministry of Rural Development|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217151959/http://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=284&lang=en|archive-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the [[Maharashtra Police]] Service, maintains law and order in addition to other related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]], manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Maharashtra Forest Service and Maharashtra Forest Subordinate Service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of Chief Conservator of Forests & Deputy Director General, Social Forestry |url=http://aurangabad.nic.in/htmldocs/Website_tender_revised_v2.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217145922/http://aurangabad.nic.in/htmldocs/Website_tender_revised_v2.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department, such as Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sectoral Skill Development Committees |url=http://www.nsdcindia.org/pdf/maha-executive-summary.pdf |publisher=National Skill Development Corporation |access-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402190502/http://nsdcindia.org/pdf/maha-executive-summary.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Structure, Growth and Convergence of Income in Maharashtra |url=http://www.hss.iitb.ac.in/ties07/paper/ts2/psE/2.pdf |publisher=Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai |access-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217144446/http://www.hss.iitb.ac.in/ties07/paper/ts2/psE/2.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>

=== Judiciary ===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|alt=Maharashtra High Court|The [[Bombay High Court]], one of the most distinguished high courts in India]]
The judiciary in the state consists of the Maharashtra High Court ([[Bombay High Court|The High Court of Bombay]]), district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluka level.<ref name="judiciary">{{cite web | url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php# | title=Introduction | publisher=The Bombay High Court | access-date=19 January 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020125511/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php | archive-date=20 October 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The High Court has regional branches at [[Nagpur]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra and [[Panaji]] which is the capital of Goa.<ref name="bombayhighcourt">{{cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|title=History of High Court of Bombay|publisher=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020125511/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> The state cabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution favouring the setting up of one more bench of the Bombay high court in [[Kolhapur]], covering the region.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/State-cabinet-nod-to-HC-circuit-bench-in-Kolhapur/articleshow/47257438.cms|title=State cabinet nod to HC circuit bench in Kolhapur – The Times of India|publisher=m.timesofindia.com|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010050430/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/State-cabinet-nod-to-HC-circuit-bench-in-Kolhapur/articleshow/47257438.cms|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Maharashtra judiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=The High Court of Bombay|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|publisher=High Court of Bombay|access-date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020125511/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php|archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the high court of the judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice.<ref name=jdistrict /> Subordinate Judicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|title=State supports all-India judicial service proposal|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/state-supports-allindia-judicial-service-proposal-cm/1102252/|access-date=20 September 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=[[Indian Express Group]]|date=14 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527022940/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/state-supports-allindia-judicial-service-proposal-cm/1102252/|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The subordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorised into two divisions: the Maharashtra civil judicial services and higher judicial service.<ref name=Introduction>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Maharashtra Judiciary |url=http://court.mah.nic.in/courtweb/static_pages/page1.php |publisher=Maharashtra Judicial Academy |access-date=5 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806015534/http://court.mah.nic.in/courtweb/static_pages/page1.php |archive-date=6 August 2014 }}</ref> While the Maharashtra civil judicial services comprises the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.<ref name=activities>{{cite web|title=District Courts, Maharashtra |url=http://court.mah.nic.in/courtweb/static_pages/middle1.php |publisher=Maharashtra Judiciary |access-date=5 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816185545/http://court.mah.nic.in/courtweb/static_pages/middle1.php |archive-date=16 August 2014 }}</ref> The Subordinate judicial service of the judiciary is controlled by the District Judge.<ref name=jdistrict>{{cite web|title=Governing Council|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/mja/left/govern.html|publisher=High Court of Bombay|access-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122070903/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/mja/left/govern.html|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Judicial Academy|url=http://www.csi-sigegov.org/egovernance_pdf/20_168-172.pdf|website=csi-sigegov.org/|publisher=Computer Society of India|access-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054311/http://www.csi-sigegov.org/egovernance_pdf/20_168-172.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Maharashtra}}
{{Further|List of conglomerates in Maharashtra}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)<ref name=rbinsdpstat>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=13592
|title=Net state domestic product at factor cost—state-wise (at current prices)
|date=15 September 2011
|access-date=7 February 2012
|website=Handbook of statistics on Indian economy
|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309001542/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=13592
|archive-date= 9 March 2012
}}</ref>'''

figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s
|-
! Year || Net State Domestic Product
|-
| 2004–2005 || {{INRConvert|3.683|t}}
|-
| 2005–2006 || {{INRConvert|4.335|t}}
|-
| 2006–2007 || {{INRConvert|5.241|t}}
|-
| 2007–2008|| {{INRConvert|6.140|t}}
|-
| 2008–2009 || {{INRConvert|6.996|t}}
|-
| 2009–2010 || {{INRConvert|8.178|t}}
|-
| 2013–2014 || {{INRConvert|15.101|t}}
|-
| 2014–2015 || {{INRConvert|16.866|t}}
|}
The economy of Maharashtra is driven by manufacturing, international trade, [[Mass Media]] (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.<ref name="India2007">{{cite book|author=Planning Commission of the Government of India|title=Maharashtra, Development Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohvu8D3LbgC&pg=PA55|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-540-4|pages=55–56|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohvu8D3LbgC&pg=PA55|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra is the most industrialised state and has maintained the leading position in the industrial sector in India.<ref name=strategies>{{cite web|title=Assessing climate change vulnerability and adaptation strategies for Maharashtra State|url=http://www.ccmaharashtra.org/|website=Department of Environment|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=1 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301221352/http://www.ccmaharashtra.org/|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> The State is pioneer in small scale industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of MSSIDC|url=http://www.mssidc.org/about-mssidc.aspx|publisher=The Maharashtra Small Scale Industries Development Corporation Ltd.|access-date=7 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140907102212/http://www.mssidc.org/about-mssidc.aspx|archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Mumbai, the capital of state and the [[financial capital]] of India, houses the headquarters of most of the major corporate and financial institutions. India's main [[Bombay Stock Exchange|stock exchanges]] and capital market and commodity exchanges are located in Mumbai. The State continues to attract industrial investments from domestic as well as foreign institutions. Maharashtra has the largest proportion of [[taxpayers]] in India and its share markets transact almost 70 per cent of the country's stocks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pachouly|first1=Manish|title=Taxpayers in Maharashtra|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/more-than-12-77-lakh-taxpayers-filed-e-returns-in-maharashtra/article1-731073.aspx|access-date=7 September 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=[[HT Media Ltd]]|date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907192947/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/more-than-12-77-lakh-taxpayers-filed-e-returns-in-maharashtra/article1-731073.aspx|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai Skyline at Night.jpg|thumb|Mumbai is major contributor to the economy of Maharashtra]]
The [[Service sector]] dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for 61.4% of the value addition and 69.3% of the value of output in the state.<ref name=service>{{cite web|title=Service sector synopsis on Maharashtra|url=http://www.dipp.gov.in/English/Publications/SIA_NewsLetter/AnnualReport2011/Chapter6.3.i.pdf|website=RBI's Regional Office – Mumbai|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201044/http://www.dipp.gov.in/English/Publications/SIA_NewsLetter/AnnualReport2011/Chapter6.3.i.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The state's per-capita income is 40% higher than the all-India average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Survey|url=http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903032111/http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The gross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices for 2011–12 is estimated at 11,995.48 billion and contributes about 14.4% of the GDP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Profile of Maharashtra|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/finres/fr/maharashtra.pdf|publisher=Planning commission|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093959/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/finres/fr/maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income.<ref name=agriculture>{{cite web|title=Agricultural Growth|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statics|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903032111/http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm_2012-13_eng.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Agriculture growth|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_maha/ch-3-14-02-05.pdf|publisher=Planning Commission|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410172024/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_maha/ch-3-14-02-05.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Net State Domestic Product (State Income), as per the first revised estimates was 10,827.51 billion and Per Capita State Income was 95,339 during 2011–12. The percentage of fiscal deficit to GSDP was 1.7 per cent and debt stock to GSDP was 18.4 per cent during 2012–13, well within Consolidated Fiscal Reform Path stipulated by the Thirteenth Finance Commission. In 2012, Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of {{INR}}1524.9 million (US$24 million), with a total revenue of {{INR}}1,367,117 million (US$22 billion) and a spending of {{INR}}1,365,592.1 million (US$22 billion).<ref name=service /> Maharashtra ranks first in FDI equity and percentage share of total FDI inflows is 32.27%.<ref name=agriculture /> Total FDI inflows into Maharashtra are US$53.48 billion.<ref name=service /> Top countries that invested FDI equity in Maharashtra (from January 2000 to December 2011) were [[Mauritius]] (39%), [[Singapore]] (10%), [[United Kingdom]] (10%), [[United States]] (7%) and [[Netherlands]] (5%).<ref name=service />

[[File:Organic sugar cane.JPG|thumb|alt=refer caption|Freshly grown [[sugarcane]], agriculture is the second leading occupation in Maharashtra]]

Maharashtra contributes 25% of the country's industrial output<ref name="wealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-25-states-with-highest-gdp/20120223.htm|title=India's top 25 states with highest GDP|work=Rediff.com|access-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212053319/http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-25-states-with-highest-gdp/20120223.htm|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the most indebted state in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16305|title=Statement 19: Total Outstanding Liabilities of State Governments (As at end-March)|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=12 May 2015|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125091130/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16305|archive-date=25 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maharashtra-most-indebted-tamil-nadu-gathering-debt-fastest/story-Rr60ryvjugtCD0kfLgraPJ.html|title=Maharashtra most indebted, Tamil Nadu gathering debt fastest|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 November 2015|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125091122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maharashtra-most-indebted-tamil-nadu-gathering-debt-fastest/story-Rr60ryvjugtCD0kfLgraPJ.html|archive-date=25 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial activity in state is concentrated in five districts: [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]], [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Pune district|Pune]], and [[Nashik district|Nashik]].<ref name=investment /> Mumbai has the largest share in GSDP (21.5 per cent), both Thane and Pune districts contribute about same in the Industry sector, Pune district contributes more in the agriculture and allied activities sector, whereas Thane district contributes more in the Services sector.<ref name=investment /> Nashik district shares highest in the agricultural and allied activities sector, but is far behind in the Industry and Services sectors as compared to Thane and Pune districts.<ref name=investment>{{cite web|title=Industrial investments in Maharashtra|url=http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/industrial-investments-in-maharashtra.php|publisher=Delhi Mumbai industrial corridor portal|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222220533/http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/industrial-investments-in-maharashtra.php|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Industries in Maharashtra include chemical and chemical products (17.6%), food and food products (16.1%), refined petroleum products (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), basic metals (5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%).<ref name="Service sector">{{cite web|title=Maharashtra service sector|url=http://www.maharashtra.ws/business_subsectors.php?sc=SVC&cid=15&sid=259|publisher=Maharashtra Business and Service Directory|access-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130733/http://www.maharashtra.ws/business_subsectors.php?sc=SVC&cid=15&sid=259|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Maharashtra is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation]], [[Tata Group|Tata Petrodyne]] and [[Oil India Ltd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Sector Undertakings|url=http://www.maharashtrastat.com/industries/18/publicsectorundertakings/235/stats.aspx|publisher=Planning Commission|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102063107/http://www.maharashtrastat.com/industries/18/publicsectorundertakings/235/stats.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maharashtra has an above average [[knowledge industry]] in India with the [[Pune]] Metropolitan area being the leading IT hub in the state. Approximately 25% of the top 500 companies in the IT sector are situated in Maharashtra.<ref name=IT>{{cite web|title=Report on IT Sector in Maharashtra. Amol Lakhamle was Director of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), an apex organization for curricular reforms in India|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/PDF/itpolicy.pdf|publisher=Industry Department|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611070933/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/PDF/itpolicy.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The state accounts for 28% of the software exports of India.<ref name=IT /> The state houses important financial institutions such as the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the Bombay Stock Exchange, the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]]. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|NPCL]], [[Indian Rare Earths Limited|IREL]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]], [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board|AERB]], [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|AECI]], and the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]].<ref name=investment />

The banking sector comprises [[Scheduled banks|scheduled]] and non-scheduled banks.<ref name=IT /> Scheduled banks are of two types, commercial and co-operative. Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are classified into five types: [[State Bank of India]] and its associates, nationalised banks, [[Private-sector banks in India|private sector banks]], [[Regional Rural Bank]]s and others (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 banking offices in the state, of which about 26 percent were in rural and 54 percent were in urban areas. Maharashtra has a [[microfinance]] system, which refers to small scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It covers a variety of financial instruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microfinance, Self-Help Groups and Empowerment in Maharashtra|url=http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/shg-maharashtra.pdf|publisher=National Commission for Women, New Delhi|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629050237/http://ncw.nic.in/pdfReports/SHG-Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three largest urban [[cooperative banking|cooperative banks]] in India are all based in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/top-urban-co-op-banks-set-to-expand-area-of-operations/article20253050.ece1 | title=Top urban co-op banks set to expand area of operations}}</ref>

With more than half the population being rural, agriculture and allied industries play an important role in the states's economy. The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income. Staples such as [[rice]] and [[millet]] are the main [[monsoon]] crops. Important [[cash crop]]s include [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], oilseeds, tobacco, fruit, vegetables and spices such as [[turmeric]].<ref name=farmer /> Animal husbandry is an important agriculture related activity. The State's share in the livestock and poultry population in India is about 7% and 10% respectively. Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of [[Agricultural Cooperative]] Societies after independence. In fact, it was an integral part of the then Governing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's vision of ‘rural development with local initiative’. A ‘special’ status was accorded to the [[sugar]] cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor and regulator,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lalvani|first1=Mala|s2cid=154425894|title=Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|date=2008|volume= 44|issue=10|doi=10.1080/00220380802265108|pages=1474–1505|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/04f3990ab2dd9015b33859caed3cc29ca3427119}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Patil |first=Anil |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |title=Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra |publisher=Rediff India |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828234602/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="helsinki">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf|date=18 July 2006|publisher=XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, Session 72|title=Problems and Prospects of the Cooperative Movement in India Under the Globalization Regime|author1=Banishree Das|author2=Nirod Kumar Palai|author3=Kumar Das|name-list-style=amp|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051908/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from sugar, Cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahanand Dairy|url=http://www.mahanand.in/Index.aspx?mid=1|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124105202/http://mahanand.in/Index.aspx?mid=1|archive-date=24 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> cotton, and fertiliser industries.

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Maharashtra}}
{{See also|List of airports in Maharashtra}}
{{Multiple image|align = right|direction = vertical|width = 220|header = |footer = |header_align = left/right/center|footer_align = left/right/center|header_background = |footer_background = |image1 = Mumbai 03-2016 114 Airport international terminal interior.jpg|width1 = |alt1 = |caption1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport(Mumbai)]] |image4 = Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|width4 = |alt4 = |caption4 = A container ship at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]] |image2 = ICE to Bombay Indian Railways.jpg|width2 = |alt2 = |caption2 = [[Mumbai-Pune Intercity Express]] train|image3 =
}}
The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest road network in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Multimodal transportation system in state|url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/multimodal-corridor-from-virar-to-alibaug|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151114/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/multimodal-corridor-from-virar-to-alibaug|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the total length of surface road in Maharashtra was 267,452 km;<ref name=Highwaylength>{{cite web|title=Public Private Partnerships in India|url=http://pppinindia.com/infrastructure-maharashtra.php|website=pppinindia.com/|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]|access-date=29 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113346/http://www.pppinindia.com/infrastructure-maharashtra.php|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> national highways comprised 4,176 km<ref>{{cite web|title=List of State-wise National Highways in India|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/general_info.php?id=15|website=knowindia.gov.in/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=29 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021156/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/general_info.php?id=15|archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> and state highways 3,700 km.<ref name=Highwaylength /> The [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) provides economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the public sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation |url=http://www.msrtc.gov.in/msrtc/history.html |website=msrtc.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903042657/http://www.msrtc.gov.in/msrtc/history.html |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of the populace. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and [[auto rickshaws]], which often ply specific routes in cities. Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads. Almost 98% of villages are connected via the highways and modern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50 and 60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h).<ref>{{cite web|title=Village speed limit in maharashtra|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/speed/20070329.htm|website=rediff.com/|publisher=Rediff News|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114901/http://www.rediff.com/money/report/speed/20070329.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raghunathan, V. |author2=Prasad, V. | title = Beyond the Call of Duty | chapter = The Birth of the East India Railway | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzQsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|isbn=9789351772651 |date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>
Rail transportation is run by [[Central Railway Zone (India)|Central Railway]], [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]], [[South Central Railway Zone|South Central Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] zones of the [[Indian Railways]] with the first two zones being headquartered in [[Mumbai]], at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) and [[Churchgate]] respectively and [[Konkan Railway]] which is headquartered in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name=western>{{cite web|title=Western Railway in its present form|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|website=Indian Railways|publisher=[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213185804/http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|archive-date=13 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=central>{{cite web|title=Central Railway's Head Quarter|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287|publisher=[[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222234920/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]], the fastest [[Rajdhani Express|rajdhani]] train, connects the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]] to [[Mumbai]].<ref name=rajdhani>{{cite news|title=Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-turns-40/articleshow/13308876.cms?referral=PM|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303054341/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-turns-40/articleshow/13308876.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thane railway station|Thane]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT]] are the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-is-busiest-railway-station-in-Mumbai/articleshow/20129363.cms|title=Thane is busiest railway station in Mumbai – Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031152836/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-is-busiest-railway-station-in-Mumbai/articleshow/20129363.cms|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the latter serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

The two principal sea ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which is also in the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ports in Maharashtra|url=http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|website=Regional Port Offices|publisher=Maharashtra Maritime Board|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004608/http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea ports of Maharashtra|url=http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|publisher=Geo cities organisation|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132738/http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these handle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable and so river transport does not exist in the state.

Almost all the major cities of Maharashtra have airports. [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|CSIA]] (formerly Bombay International Airport) and [[Juhu Airport]] are the two airports in Mumbai. The two other international airports are [[Pune International Airport]], and [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] at [[Nagpur]]. [[Aurangabad Airport]] is a domestic airport operated by [[Airports Authority of India]]. Flights are operated by both private and government airline companies.

Most of the State's airfields are operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) while [[Reliance Infrastructure#Reliance Airport Project|Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL)]], currently operate five non-metro airports at [[Latur Airport|Latur]], [[Nanded Airport|Nanded]], [[Baramati Airport|Baramati]], [[Osmanabad Airport|Osmanabad]] and [[Yavatmal airport|Yavatmal]] on a 95-year lease.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |date=6 August 2009 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130212553/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) was set up in 2002 to take up development of airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur]] (MIHAN) project.<ref name="MADC">{{cite web|url=http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |title=MIDC projects |publisher=[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] |access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> Additional smaller airports include [[Akola Airport|Akola]], [[Amravati Airport|Amravati]], [[Chandrapur Airport|Chandrapur]], [[Dhule Airport|Dhule]], [[Gondia Airport|Gondia]], [[Jalgaon Airport|Jalgaon]], [[Karad Airport|Karad]], [[Kolhapur Airport|Kolhapur]], [[Gandhinagar Airport|Nashik Road]], [[Ratnagiri Airport|Ratnagiri]], and [[Solapur Airport|Solapur]].<ref name=smaller>{{cite web|title=Statewise airfield list|url=http://cad.gujarat.gov.in/maharashtra-airfiled.htm|website=cad.gujarat.gov.in/|publisher=Director Civil Aviation, Government of Gujarat|access-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208124543/http://cad.gujarat.gov.in/maharashtra-airfiled.htm|archive-date=8 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education and social development ==
{{See also|List of higher education institutions in Maharashtra}}
Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-8 Educational Level By Age And Sex For Population Age 7 And Above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531202452/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== History ===
Scottish missionary [[John Wilson (missionary)|John Wilson]], Indian nationalists such as [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], social reformers such as [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Bhaurao Patil]] all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak |url=http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |website=ncte-india.org/ |publisher=NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705182851/http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher|url=http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|website=sikhinstitute.org/|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218044634/http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|archive-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|website=countercurrents.org/|publisher=Counter Currents news portal|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113049/http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Smith2012">{{cite book|author=George Smith|title=Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|date=7 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-05045-6|page=50|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The forerunner of [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] was established in 1821. The [[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]], the oldest women's liberal arts college in south Asia, started its journey in 1916. [[College of Engineering Pune]], established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School|url=http://www.coep.org.in/|publisher=College of Engineering, Pune|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929220235/http://www.coep.org.in/|archive-date=29 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government Polytechnic Nagpur]], established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnic in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|title=Government Polytechnic, Nagpur Training Brochure|year=2018|pages=http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614050333/http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Primary and secondary level ===
[[File:Students of a Maharashtra Primary School (9601442866).jpg|right|thumb|Students at a state-run primary school in [[Raigad district]].]]
Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though [[Urdu]] is also used. Physical education is mandatory.<ref name="BromberKrawietz2013">{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-88438-9|page=139}}</ref> The secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]], the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]] or the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

=== Tertiary level ===
[[File:AFMC Main Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=AFMC Pune|[[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]], was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement]]
Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.<ref name="educational institute">{{cite web|title=State University|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422051850/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=universities>{{cite web|title=Universities of Maharashtra|url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|publisher=Education information of India|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915133355/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. The [[University of Mumbai]], is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web|title=Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509004327/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |archive-date=9 May 2014 }}</ref>
According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.<ref name="top colleges">{{cite news|title=10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Best Universities for 2013|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518020839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top colleges in state|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomous institutes as [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]], [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]], [[Walchand College of Engineering]], [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]] (VNIT) and [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), [[Sardar Patel College of Engineering]] (SPCE).<ref name="autonomous colleges">{{cite web|title=List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102205937/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The [[University of Pune]] (now [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]), the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] and [[National Chemical Laboratory]] were established in Pune soon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]], has [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] and Nagpur has [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] and [[AIIMS]].

Some of the notable institutes in the state are: [[Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur]] (MNLUN), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]] (MNLUM), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad]] (MNLUA), [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] (GLC), [[ILS Law College]], and [[Symbiosis Law School]] (SLS).

Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of the private colleges were set up in the last thirty years after the State Government of [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|access-date=6 October 2014|date=10 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 February 1995), pp.|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>
There are also local [[community colleges]] with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2016}}.
[[File:PDKV Akola - Agricultural University.png|thumb|right|Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural university) at Akola]]
The state also has four agricultural universities namely [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]], [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]], [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] and [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]],<ref name="mcaer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcaer.org/|title=Welcome to MCAER official website|publisher=mcaer.org|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929163851/http://www.mcaer.org/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> besides these, there are other regional universities like [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], [[North Maharashtra University]], [[Shivaji University]], [[Solapur University]], [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] and [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]], all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of [[Deemed university|deemed universities]] in Maharashtra, including [[Symbiosis International University]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], and [[Tilak Maharashtra University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Deemed Universities|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|website=aicte-india.org|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220504/http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vocational training ===
The state has many post-secondary school [[industrial training institute]]s (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that offer vocational training in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=James (editor)|last2=Melsens|first2=S|last3=Mangaonkar – Vaiude|first3=P|last4=Bertels|first4=Inge (Authors)|title=Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference|date=2017|publisher=The Construction History Society|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-9928751-3-8|pages=27–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93kkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Industrial+training+institute%22++pune&pg=PA27|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Healthcare ===
[[File:प्राथमिक आरोग्य केंद्र,अंबोली.jpg|thumb|right|A Primary Healthcare center in the village of Amboli in Pune district]]
In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consisted of 363 rural government hospitals,<ref name="Hospital Services">{{cite web|title=List of hospitals in state|url=http://www.maha-arogya.gov.in/services/hospital/rural/default.htm|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=26 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140527185934/http://www.maha-arogya.gov.in/services/hospital/rural/default.htm|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> 23 district hospitals (with 7,561 beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mostly under the Maharashtra [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], and 380 private medical establishments; these establishments provide the state with more than 30,000 hospital beds.<ref name=women /> It is the first state in India to have nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds.<ref name=women>{{cite web|title=List of Women Hospital |url=http://www.maha-arogya.gov.in/services/hospital/district/default.htm#DH |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227132756/http://www.maha-arogya.gov.in/services/hospital/district/default.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> The state also has significant number of medical practitioners who hold the [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] qualifications. These practitioners primarily use the traditional Indian therapy of [[Ayurveda]] but can use modern western medicine as well.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dabhade|first1=Sangeeta|title=Comparative evaluation of prescriptions of MBBS and BAMS doctors using WHO prescribing indicators|journal= Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University|date=2013|volume=6|issue=4|page=411|doi=10.4103/0975-2870.118294|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Maharashtra as well as in rest of India, Primary Health Centre (PHC) are part of the government-funded public health system and are the most basic units of the healthcare system. They are essentially single-physician clinics usually with facilities for minor surgeries, too.<ref name="PublicHealthStandards">[https://archive.org/details/GuidelinesPHC2012 ''Guidelines for Primary Health Centres'' Revised (2012) issued under Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. (PDF)]</ref> The government of India in 2018 launched the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] scheme. The Maharashtra declined to join because the state had its own state healthcare programme.<ref name="Porecha 2019">{{cite web |last1=Porecha |first1=Maitri |title=A year on, Ayushman Bharat faces multiple challenges ahead |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/a-year-on-ayushman-bharat-faces-multiple-challenges-ahead/article29497106.ece# |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |date=24 September 2019}}</ref> That program called [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana]] was already functioning well. The state later joined Ayushman Bharat Yojana with special exceptions to make it part of its existing infrastructure.<ref name="Porecha 2019"/> the initiative has two components- the National Health Protection Scheme and the Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs). Under the scheme, PHC have been converted to HWC and presently there are 248 in the state.<ref>Bajpai, N. and Wadhwa, M., 2019. Health and Wellness Centres: Expanding Access to Comprehensive Primary Health Care in India.[https://csd.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/docs/ICT%20India/Papers/ICT_India_Working_Paper_13.pdf]</ref>

Maharashtra has a life expectancy at birth of 67.2 years in 2011, ranking it third among 29 [[States and territories of India|Indian states]].<ref name=health>{{cite web|title=Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index for India's states|url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1.pdf|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034958/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] of the state is 1.9.<ref name=Fertility>{{cite web|title=Health Indicators of Maharashtra|url=http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/maharashtra.html|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518044732/http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/maharashtra.html|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> The [[Infant mortality]] rate is 28 and the [[Maternal death|maternal mortality]] ratio is 104 (2012–2013), which are lower than the national averages.<ref name=mortality>{{cite news|title=Impressive drop in maternal, infant mortality rates|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/impressive-drop-in-maternal-infant-mortality-rates/article2208208.ece|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518043017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/impressive-drop-in-maternal-infant-mortality-rates/article2208208.ece|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Infant mortality">{{cite web|title=Infant Mortality Rate|url=http://www.maharashtrastat.com/health/16/vitalstatistics/291/infantmortalityrate/17794/stats.aspx|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518034909/http://www.maharashtrastat.com/health/16/vitalstatistics/291/infantmortalityrate/17794/stats.aspx|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Public health system in India|Public health services]] are governed by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] (MoHFW), through various departments. The Ministry is divided into two departments: the Public Health Department, which includes family welfare and medical relief, and the Department of Medical Education and Drugs.<ref name=public>{{cite web|title=1 1 Medical Education & Drugs Department|url=http://egovreach.in/uploads/demo/casestudy/HMIS.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119013746/http://egovreach.in/uploads/demo/casestudy/HMIS.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Public health">{{cite web|title=Public health department |url=http://arogya.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Home/Home.aspx |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304213920/http://arogya.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Home/home.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2014 }}</ref>

In Maharashtra, health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchased insurance, [[social insurance]] or a [[Social welfare provision|social welfare program]] funded by the government.<ref name=Statistics /> In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that provides protection against the costs of medical services.<ref name=diagnostic /> This usage includes private insurance and social insurance programs such as National Health Mission, which pools resources and spreads the financial risk associated with major medical expenses across the entire population to protect everyone, as well as social welfare programs such as [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM) and the Health Insurance Program, which provide assistance to people who cannot afford health coverage.<ref name=Statistics>{{cite web|title=Health Intelligence & Vital Statistics|url=http://www.cehat.org/publications/PDf%20files/r53.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518024430/http://www.cehat.org/publications/PDf%20files/r53.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=diagnostic>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra tie up for diagnostic facilities|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ge-maharashtra-tie-up-for-diagnostic-facilities-at-22-hospitals/article4724176.ece|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109004243/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ge-maharashtra-tie-up-for-diagnostic-facilities-at-22-hospitals/article4724176.ece|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=status>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra State Health Status|url=http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2012/05/initiatives-in-nrhm-maharashtra/|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518002046/http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2012/05/initiatives-in-nrhm-maharashtra/|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
[[File:Current functioning units of CSTPS.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Current functioning units of Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station|[[Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station]], the state's power production source]]
Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,<ref name=consumes>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra used up 1193 MW more power in winter|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-used-up-1193-MW-more-power-in-winter/articleshow/11983942.cms|access-date=13 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=The Times Group|date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115123353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-used-up-1193-MW-more-power-in-winter/articleshow/11983942.cms|archive-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Thermal>{{cite web|title=Indian Power Sector|url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/about/|website=indianpowersector.com/|publisher=Ministry of Power|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822222704/http://indianpowersector.com/home/about/|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centres and strong environmental movements have kept its per capita energy use to one of the smallest of any Indian state.<ref name=Regulatory>{{cite web|title=Electricity Governance Initiative|url=http://electricitygovernance.wri.org/files/egi/Maharashtra%20Case%20Study.pdf|website=electricitygovernance.wri.org/|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903064333/http://electricitygovernance.wri.org/files/egi/Maharashtra%20Case%20Study.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The high electricity demand of the state constitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, which is mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity tariff in Maharashtra|url=http://www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/LT_Booklet.pdf|website=mercindia.org.in/|publisher=[[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412133658/http://www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/LT_Booklet.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mahavitaran]] is responsible for distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from Mahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards and private sector power generation companies.<ref name=Regulatory />

As of 2012, Maharashtra was the largest power generating state in India, with installed electricity generation capacity of 26,838 MW.<ref name=Thermal /> The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, which now comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.<ref name=consumes /> Maharashtra Power Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) operates [[Thermal power station|thermal power plants]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra State Power Generation Company -A Power Generating Utility|url=http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us|website=mahagenco.in/|publisher=[[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921080018/http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us|archive-date=21 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there are privately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company, which is responsible for transmission of electricity in the state.<ref name="power supply">{{cite web|title=Power demand-supply position of the state of Maharashtra|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/11/27/power-supply-position-of-the-state-of-maharashtra/|publisher=Green guide|access-date=17 May 2014|date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331205356/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/11/27/power-supply-position-of-the-state-of-maharashtra/|archive-date=31 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Plastics ===
The Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban became effective as law on 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plastic ban in Maharashtra: What is allowed, what is banned |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/plastic-ban-in-maharashtra-mumbai-from-june-23-what-is-allowed-what-is-banned-all-you-need-to-know-5228307/ |access-date=29 December 2018 |publisher=TheIndianExpress |date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030227/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/plastic-ban-in-maharashtra-mumbai-from-june-23-what-is-allowed-what-is-banned-all-you-need-to-know-5228307/ |archive-date=30 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Plastic Waste Management in Maharashtra|url=http://mpcb.gov.in/plastic/plastic.php|publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|access-date=29 December 2018|date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821144803/http://www.mpcb.gov.in/plastic/plastic.php|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Maharashtra|List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra}}
{{Further|Cultural activities of Maharashtra}}

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Maharashtrian cuisine}}
[[File:Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg|thumb|right|A typical simple Maharashtrian meal with bhaaji, bhakari, raw onion and pickle]]
[[File:Special Kolhapuri Misal Pav.jpg|alt=|thumb|Misal Paav, a popular dish from Maharashtra]]
Maharashtra cuisine covers a range from mild to very spicy dishes. Wheat, rice, ''[[jowar]]'', ''[[bajri]]'', vegetables, lentils and fruit form [[staple food]] of the Maharashtrian diet. Some of the popular traditional dishes include ''[[puran poli]]'', ''ukdiche [[modak]]'', ''[[Thalipeeth]]''<ref name="Khatau2004">{{cite book|author=Asha Khatau|title=Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16mU1bzJx3AC&pg=PA15|date=February 2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-119-8|pages=12, 63}}</ref> and ''[[batata wada]]''. ''[[Misal Pav]]'', ''[[Pav Bhaji]]'' and'' [[Vada pav]]'' are dishes that became very popular in the last fifty years.<ref name=cuisine>{{cite web|title=Cuisine of Maharashtra|url=http://www.marathiheritage.com/cuisine.html|website=marathiheritage.com|publisher=Maharashtra Heritage news portal|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008180629/http://www.marathiheritage.com/cuisine.html|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Meals (mainly lunch and dinner) are served on a plate called [[thali]]. Each food item served on the ''thali'' has a specific place. In some households, meals begin with a thanksgiving offering of food (Naivedya) to the household Gods. Maharashtrian cuisine has many regional varieties including [[Malvani Konkani|Malvani]] (Konkani),Kolhapuri and Varhadhi.<ref name=Annathali>{{cite web|title=Maharashtrian food|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=MaharashtraCuisine.html|website=maharashtratourism.gov.in/|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913102952/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=MaharashtraCuisine.html|archive-date=13 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Though quite different, both use a lot of seafood and coconut.<ref name=Maharashtrian>{{cite web|title=Maharashtrian Cuisine|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/cuisines/index.html|website=maharashtratourism.net/|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924132820/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/cuisines/index.html|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The staple foods of the Konkani people are rice and fish

The ''bhaaji''s are vegetable dishes made with a particular vegetable or a combination. They require the use of ''goda (sweet) [[spice mix|masala]]'', essentially consisting of some combination of coconut, onion, garlic, ginger, red chilli powder, green chillies and mustard.<ref name=cuisine /> Depending on the caste or specific religious tradition of a family, onion and garlic may not be used in cooking.<ref name=Annathali /> A particular variant of ''bhaaji'' is the ''rassa'' or [[curry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Recipes|url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipes/indian-recipes|website=food.ndtv.com|publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225091730/http://food.ndtv.com/recipes/indian-recipes|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Vegetarians prepare ''rassa'' or ''curry'' of potatoes and or cauliflower with tomatoes or fresh coconut kernel and plenty of water to produce a soup-like preparation rather than ''bhaaji''. ''Varan'' is nothing but plain [[dal]], a common Indian lentil stew. ''Aamti'' is variant of the curry, typically consisting of a lentil (''tur'') stock, flavoured with goda masala, tamarind or amshul, and [[jaggery]] (''gul'').<ref name=cuisine />

Among seafood, the most popular fish is [[Bombay duck|bombil]] or the Bombay duck.<ref name=Maharashtrian /> All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten with boiled rice, chapatis or with [[bhakri]]s, made of jowar, bajra or rice flours. Special rice puris called [[Vada (food)|vada]] and amboli, which is a pancake made of fermented rice, [[Vigna mungo|urad dal]], and [[semolina]], are also eaten as a part of the main meal.<ref name=Annathali />

=== Attire ===
Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the [[sari]], often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.<ref name=Costumes /> Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or [[shalwar kameez]] with the traditionally ''[[Kasta sari#Nauvari|nauvari]]'' or nine-yard [[Kasta sari|lugade]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghurye|first1=Govind Sadashiv|title=Indian Costume|orig-year=1966|year=1995|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-403-5|page=186|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC&q=ghurye+costume&pg=PR5|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.{{sfn|Kher|2003|p=}} Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari, especially the [[Paithani]], is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kher |first1=Swati |title=Bid farewell to her |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Indian Express, Mumbai Newsline |date=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122101/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578 |archive-date=1 March 2010 }}</ref> Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the [[dhoti]], and [[Pheta (turban)|pheta]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghurye|first1=Govind Sadashiv|title=Indian Costume|orig-year=1966|year=1995|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-403-5|page=177|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC&q=ghurye+costume&pg=PR5|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> on cultural occasions. The [[Gandhi cap]] is the popular headgear among older men in rural Maharashtra.<ref name=Costumes /><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhanu|first=B.V|title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|pages=1033, 1037, 1039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=%22gandhi+cap%22+maharashtra+men+headgear&pg=PA1033}}</ref><ref name=tradition /> The [[Kurta]] (a long shirt) is worn by men on special occasions.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=September 2018}} Women wear traditional jewelries derived from Maratha and Peshwa dynasties. [[Kolhapuri saaj]], a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.<ref name=Costumes>{{cite web|title=Costumes of Maharashtra|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/costumes/|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723041108/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/costumes/ |archive-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.<ref name=tradition>{{cite web|title=Traditional costumes of Maharashtra|url=http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html|publisher=Marathi Heritage Organisation|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028002852/http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Performing arts ===
[[File:Tamasha,Konkani Vishwakosh.png|right|thumb|Lavani performance]]
Maharashtrian artists have made major contributions to [[Indian Classical music]]. Its vibrant folk form includes [[Powada]], Bharuds and Gondhals.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zelliot|first1=Eleanor|last2=Berntsen|first2=Maxine (editors)|title=The Experience of Hinduism : essays on religion in Maharashtra|date=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88706-662-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell/page/174 174]|url=https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell|url-access=registration|quote=gondhali maharashtra.|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> Cities like Kolhapur and Pune have been playing a major role in preservation of music like [[Bhavageet]] and [[Natya Sangeet]], which are inherited from Indian classical music. The songs from Hindi films and Marathi films are popular in urban areas.
[[File:Maharani Chimnabai of Baroda with her daughter Indira Devi.jpg|thumb|Girl and Women dressed in traditional Maharashtrian Nauvari (nine yard sari)]]
Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. [[Lavani]] is popular form of dance in the state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and [[Abhang]]as of the [[Varkari]] sect (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=edited by Raj|title=Essays on Indian music|date=2003|publisher=Discovery Pub. House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7141-719-3|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwwX6DWfn3gC&q=shastriya+sangeet+maharashtra&pg=PP9|access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mandpe|first1=Dr Asha|title=Vibrant colours of Maharashtra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Vibrant-colours-of-Maharashtras-folk-dances/articleshow/7674251.cms|access-date=1 September 2014|work=[[Times of India]]|agency=[[The Times Group]]|date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031005217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Vibrant-colours-of-Maharashtras-folk-dances/articleshow/7674251.cms|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Koli dance (as called ''''Koligeete'''') is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the name suggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called [[Koli people|Kolis]]. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, their dances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli dance performances.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dances of Maharashtra|url=http://www.marathiheritage.com/dance.html|website=marathiheritage.com/|publisher=Maharashtra Heritage news portal|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714073004/http://www.marathiheritage.com/dance.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=ed|first1=Alison Arnold|title=The Garland encyclopedia of world music|date=2000|publisher=Garland|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=726–730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&q=%22classical+music%22+maharashtra&pg=PA457|access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
[[File:Suresh Joshi with P L Deshpandey.jpg|right|thumb|P L Deshpande (in centre), one of the most popular authors in Marathi language]]
Maharashtra's regional literature is about lives and circumstances of [[Marathi people]] in specific parts of the state. The [[Marathi language]], which boasts a rich literary heritage, is written in the [[Devanagari]] script.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra's Regional Literature|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/culture-in-maharashtra/literature.htm|website=discoveredindia.com/|publisher=[[Discovery Channel]]|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061426/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/culture-in-maharashtra/literature.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The earliest instances of Marathi literature is by Sant [[Dnyaneshwar]] with his ''[[Bhawarthadeepika]]'' (popularly known as ''Dnyaneshwari''). The compositions, written in the 13th century, are spiritually inclined. Other compositions are by [[Bhakti]] saints such as [[Tukaram]], [[Eknath]], [[Namdev]], [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]], and [[Gora Kumbhar]].<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=Singh|title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=RA1-PA120|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1753-0|page=120|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=RA1-PA120|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Their compositions are mostly in poetic form, which are called [[Abhang]]. Maharashtra has a long tradition in spiritual literature, evidenced by the ''[[Amrutanubhav]]'', ''[[Bhavarth Deepika]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Eknathi Bhagwat]]'' and ''[[Bhavarth Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA244|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|pages=B–244|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA244|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

19th century [[Marathi literature]] includes the works of authors such as [[Balshastri Jambhekar]], [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]], [[Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar]], [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]], [[Tryambak Bapuji Thombre]], [[Hari Narayan Apte]], [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]] and [[Keshavsuta]]. 20th century notable writers include [[Mahadevshastri Joshi]], [[Kusumagraj]], [[Pu La Deshpande]], [[Vasant Purushottam Kale|Va Pu Kale]], [[Vyankatesh Digambar Madgulkar]], [[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar]], [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]], [[B. S. Mardhekar]], [[Sane Guruji]], [[Vinoba Bhave]], [[Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar]], [[Bahinabai Chaudhari]] and [[Laxmanshastri Joshi]].
[[Vishwas Patil]], [[Ranjit Desai]], [[Shivaji Sawant]], [[Narayan Surve]], [[Vinda Karandikar]], [[Shanta Shelke]], [[Durga Bhagwat]], [[Suresh Bhat]], [[Ratnakar Matkari]], [[Varjesh Solanki]], [[Manya Joshi]], [[Hemant Divate]], [[Mangesh Narayanrao Kale]], [[Avinash Dharmadhikari]], [[Bhalchandra Nemade]], [[Narendra Jadhav]] and [[Saleel Wagh]] are some of the more recent authors. Regional languages spoken in Maharashtra are [[Kokani]], [[Koli language (disambiguation)|Koli]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]], [[Varhadi]] and [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]].

=== Films ===
{{Main|Bollywood|Marathi cinema}}
Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Media and Entertainment Industry -Brief Introduction|url=http://www.ibef.org/industry/media-entertainment-india.aspx|website=ibef.org/|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF)|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920204535/http://www.ibef.org/industry/media-entertainment-india.aspx|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Mainstream [[Hindi films]] are popular in Maharashtra, especially in urban areas. Mumbai is the largest centre for film and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar [[Bollywood]] productions, with the most expensive costing up to {{INRConvert|1.5|b}}, are filmed there.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100|title=Hooray for Bollywood!|author=Richard Corliss|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=16 September 1996|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026154551/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|author-link=Richard Corliss}}</ref> The [[Marathi film]] industry, previously located in Kolhapur, has spread throughout Mumbai. Well known for its [[art films]], the early Marathi film industry included acclaimed directors such as [[Dadasaheb Phalke]], and [[V. Shantaram]]. [[Dada Kondke]] is the most prominent name in Marathi film. The [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] is India's highest award in cinema, given annually by the [[Government of India]] for lifetime contribution to [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="dadasahebdff">{{cite web|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526044918/http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|archive-date=26 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
{{Main|Marathi theatre}}
[[File:Vijay Tendulkar .jpeg|right|thumb|Playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]]]]
Modern Theatre in Maharashtra can trace its origins to the British colonial era in the middle of the 19th century. It is modelled mainly after the western tradition but also includes forms like [[Sangeet Natak]] (musical drama). In recent decades, Marathi [[Tamasha]] has been also been incorporated in some experimental plays.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dharwadker|first1=Aparna Bhargava|title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947|date=2009|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-1-58729-642-0|pages=314 and 368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA378|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Today, theatre continues to have a marked presence in [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] with an educated loyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had a tough time facing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from humorous social plays, [[farce]]s, historical plays, musical, to experimental plays and serious drama. Marathi Playwrights such as [[Vijay Tendulkar]], [[P. L. Deshpande]], [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] and [[Satish Alekar]] have influenced theatre throughout India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modern Marathi theatre had milestones, limitations.. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Modern-Marathi-theatre-had-milestones-limitations-Expert/articleshow/8753808.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180458/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Modern-Marathi-theatre-had-milestones-limitations-Expert/articleshow/8753808.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides Marathi theatre, Maharashtra and particularly, Mumbai, has had a long tradition of theatre in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi and English.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sengupta|first1=Ashis|title=Mapping South Asia Through Contemporary Theatre|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|location=Basingstoke, Uk and New York, USA|isbn=978-1-137-37513-1|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDZvBAAAQBAJ&q=parsi+theatre+mumbai+prithvi&pg=PA64|access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref>

== Media ==
[[File:Times of India, Mumbai.jpg|right|thumb|Times of India building in Mumbai]]
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in this state and the book-publishing industry employs about 250,000 people. [[Sakal]] published from Pune and other major Maharashtrian cities, has the largest circulation for Marathi Newspaper in Maharashtra as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf|title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918051424/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other major Marathi newspapers are ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Nava Kal]]'', ''[[Pudhari]]'' and ''[[Lokmat]]''. [[Tarun Bharat]] and [[Kesari (newspaper)|Kesari]], two newspapers that once were quite influential during the colonial and the post-independence era have stopped the print edition and are now published only digitally. Popular Marathi language magazines are ''Saptahik Sakal'', ''Grihashobhika'', ''Lokrajya'', ''Lokprabha'' and ''Chitralekha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |title=IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light |publisher=Exchange4media.com |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are ''[[Daily News & Analysis]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', ''[[Asian Age]]'', ''[[MiD-DAY]]'' and ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''. Some prominent financial dailies like ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'' and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' are widely circulated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prominent financial dailies|url=http://www.indiapress.org/gen/browse_state.php/maharashtra|publisher=India Press|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917160827/http://www.indiapress.org/gen/browse_state.php/maharashtra|archive-date=17 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Kannada, Gujarati, Tamil and Urdu are also read by a select readership.

The television industry developed in Maharashtra and is a significant employer in the state's economy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile display|url=http://www.karmayog.org/ngo/NFTIC/profile.htm|website=karmayog.org/|publisher=National Film & Television Industry Committee-Maharashtra|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140907103126/http://www.karmayog.org/ngo/NFTIC/profile.htm|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and international television channels can be watched in Maharashtra through one of the [[pay-tv|Pay TV]] companies or the local cable television provider. The four major India [[broadcast network]]s are all headquartered in Maharashtra: [[The Times Group|The Times]], [[STAR India]], [[CNN-IBN]] and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|ZEEL]]. [[Doordarshan]] is the state-owned television broadcaster and provides two free terrestrial channels. [[Multi system operator]]s provide a mix of Marathi, Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via [[Cable television|cable]]. The wide range of cable channels available includes sports channels like [[ESPN]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], National entertainment channels like [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]], [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]], [[Zee TV]] and [[Star Plus]], Business news channels like [[CNBC Awaaz]], [[Zee Business]], [[ET Now]] and [[Bloomberg UTV]]. [[Marathi-language television|Marathi 24-hour television news channels]] include [[ABP Majha]], [[News18 Lokmat]], [[Zee 24 Taas]], [[Saam]], [[TV9 Marathi]] and [[Jai Maharashtra]]. Also, Marathi Entertainment Channels includes [[Zee Marathi]], Zee Yuva, [[Colors Marathi]], [[Star Pravah]], [[Sony Marathi]] and [[Fakt Marathi]].

All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available in all major cities. [[Vodafone Essar|Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Aircel]], [[MTS India]], [[Tata Indicom]], [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Tata DoCoMo]] are available [[cell phone|cellular]] phone operators. Maharashtra has the highest share of the internet market at 18.8% of total households internet users in India.<ref name=internet>{{cite web|title=State wise Internet users in India Census 2011|url=http://updateox.com/india/state-wise-internet-users-in-india-census-2011/|publisher=[[Census of India]]|access-date=23 May 2014|date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626104641/http://updateox.com/india/state-wise-internet-users-in-india-census-2011/|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Broadband internet is available in all towns, villages and cities, provided by the state-run [[MTNL]] and [[BSNL]] and by other private companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citizen Charter of BSNL – Maharashtra Telecom Circle|url=http://www.maharashtra.bsnl.co.in/citizencharter.pdf|publisher=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]|access-date=7 September 2014}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dial-up access]] is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Maharashtra}}The most popular sports in Maharashtra are [[Kabaddi]] and [[Cricket]].
[[File:A Game of Cricket in Mumbai (2133149871).jpg|thumb|left|Children playing cricket in Mumbai]]
[[File:Panoramic view of VCA stadium,nagpur.jpg|thumb|right|A Cricket match at [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] in Nagpur]]
[[File:Malkhamb team of the Bombay Sappers.jpg|thumb|A mallakhamba team of the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Bombay Sappers]] performs on the pole.]]
As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Maharashtra and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the state. Maharashtra has various domestic level franchise-based leagues for [[field hockey]], [[chess]], [[tennis]] and [[badminton]]. The state is home to top national football clubs such as [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.]], [[Kenkre F.C.]], [[Bengal Mumbai FC]] and [[Air India FC]].<ref name=clubs>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Football Clubs List with Names & Foundation|url=http://www.fifaworldcuphub.com/maharashtra-football-clubs-list-names-foundation/|publisher=FIFA World Cup 2014, Brazil|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821095933/http://www.fifaworldcuphub.com/maharashtra-football-clubs-list-names-foundation/|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adventure sports such as [[paragliding]], [[water sports]], [[rock climbing]], [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], [[mountaineering]] and [[scuba diving]] are also popular in the state.<ref name=adventure>{{cite web|title=Adventure activities in Maharashtra|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/attractions/adventure-in-maharashtra/|website=discoveredindia.com/|publisher=Discovery India|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725010652/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/attractions/adventure-in-maharashtra/|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other notable sports played in the state include [[Kho kho]], [[fencing]], [[archery]] and [[shooting]].

Maharashtra has an [[Indian Premier League]] franchise known as the [[Mumbai Indians]] and also had the now defunct [[Rising Pune Supergiants|Rising Pune Supergiant]] and [[Pune Warriors India]]; The state has three cricket associations viz. [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] which is the governing body for cricket in [[Mumbai]], [[Greater Mumbai]] and [[Thane]] districts,<ref>https://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/about-us.php</ref> [[Vidarbha Cricket Association]] which is the governing body for cricket in [[Vidarbha|Vidarbha Region]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vca.co.in/abouttheassociation.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205140421/http://vca.co.in/abouttheassociation.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] (MCA) which is the governing body for cricket for rest of Maharashtra. Maharashtra has three domestic cricket teams: the [[Mumbai cricket team]], [[Maharashtra cricket team]] and [[Vidarbha cricket team]]. [[Wankhede Stadium]] which has a capacity of around 33,000 hosted the final match of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]].<ref name=capacity>{{cite web|title=Wankhede stadium capacity|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58324.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529062654/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58324.html|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wankhede>{{cite web|title=Wankhede Stadium- MCA|url=http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/wankhede_stadium.asp|publisher=Mumbai cricket association|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105312/http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/wankhede_stadium.asp|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is home to the Mumbai Indians and [[Mumbai cricket team]]<ref name=wankhede /> while the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA Stadium]] in Pune is home to the [[Maharashtra cricket team]] and [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Nagpur]] is home to the [[Vidarbha cricket team]].

[[Maharashtra football team]] represents the state in competition for the [[Santosh Trophy]]. [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]] and [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai FC]] were the football clubs from the state that played in [[I-League]]. Maharashtra has two teams in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), [[FC Pune City]] and [[Mumbai City FC]] representing the two cities respectively.

The state has two club franchises playing in American football's [[Elite Football League of India]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |title=Gridiron league launched in India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 August 2011 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mumbai Gladiators]] and [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eflifans.com/teams/gladiators/ |title=Mumbai Gladiators |publisher=[[Elite Football League of India]] |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024130822/http://www.eflifans.com/teams/gladiators/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> are teams based in Mumbai and Pune respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efli.com/video-profiles/pune-marathas-profile |title=Pune Marathas Video Profile – The Elite Football League of India |publisher=[[Elite Football League of India]] |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021103748/http://www.efli.com/video-profiles/pune-marathas-profile |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mumbai and Pune hold [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]] and [[Pune Race Course]] respectively.<ref name=race>{{cite web|title=The Mahalaxmi Race Course|url=http://www.rwitc.com/comeracing/mumbairacecourse.php|publisher=Royal Western India Turf Club|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625050537/http://rwitc.com/comeracing/mumbairacecourse.php|archive-date=25 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=racecourse>{{cite web|title=The Pune Race Course|url=http://www.rwitc.com/comeracing/puneracecourse.php|publisher=Royal Western India Turf Club|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235106/http://rwitc.com/comeracing/puneracecourse.php|archive-date=7 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The wrestling championships [[Hind Kesari]] and [[Maharashtra Kesari]] are widely popular in the rural regions and are affiliated with the All India Amateur Wrestling Federation (AIAWF).<ref name=kushti>{{cite news|title=Hind Kesari Kushti |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hind-kesari-kushti-kicks-off/704681/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914114906/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hind-kesari-kushti-kicks-off/704681/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=30 May 2014 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2010 }}</ref> [[Maharashtra Chess Association]] is the apex body for the game of chess in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091201/5663488367708795421.htm|work=[[Sakal]]|date=December 2009|access-date=20 May 2015|location=[[New Delhi]], India|title=भारतात आता बुद्धिबळात समांतर संघटना|trans-title=Bhāratāt Âtā Bud'dhibaḷāt Samāntar Saṅghaṭanā|language=mr|last=[[United News of India]] Agency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031503/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091201/5663488367708795421.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Maharashtra Tennis League is India's first league format in tennis.<ref name=league>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra tennis league|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/maharashtra-tennis-league-from-jan-14/article4274875.ece|access-date=20 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[The Hindu Group]]|publisher=Kasturi and Sons Limited|date=5 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605040205/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/maharashtra-tennis-league-from-jan-14/article4274875.ece|archive-date=5 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tennis>{{cite web|title=Tennis League in Maharashtra|url=http://maharashtratennisleague.in/beta/|publisher=Maharashtra Tennis League|access-date=20 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522030320/http://maharashtratennisleague.in/beta/|archive-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>

Notable athletes from Maharashtra include India's first individual Olympic Medalist- wrestler [[Khashaba Jadhav]], retired cricket legends and former captains of the [[Indian national cricket team]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Dilip Vengsarkar]];,<ref name="cricket god">{{cite web|title=Sachin Tendulkar|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35320.html|website=espncricinfo.com/|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131426/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35320.html|archive-date=14 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sunny">{{cite web|title=Sunil Manohar Gavaskar|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28794.html|website=espncricinfo.com/|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816052943/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28794.html|archive-date=16 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/3832/dilip-vengsarkar|title=Dilip Vengsarkar Profile – ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|website=Cricbuzz|language=en|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> Indian national cricket team player [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Kedar Jadhav]], [[Commonwealth Games]] gold medalists – shooters [[Anjali Bhagwat]], [[Rahi Sarnobat]] and [[Tejaswini Sawant]], Asian Games silver medalist [[Hiranna M. Nimal]], chess player [[Rohini Khadilkar]], tennis player [[Gaurav Natekar]], former hockey players [[Dhanraj Pillay]], [[Viren Rasquinha]] and badminton players [[Nikhil Kanetkar]] and [[Aparna Popat]].<ref name=athlete>{{cite news|title=Greatest Indian athletes since Independence |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130814/sports-other-sports/gallery/greatest-indian-athletes-independence |access-date=15 August 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |agency=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited |publisher=DC Online/ Agencies |date=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085416/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130814/sports-other-sports/gallery/greatest-indian-athletes-independence |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}</ref>

=== Indigenous sports ===
A number of Indian sports either originated in Maharashtra or were formalised here. These include [[Badminton]] (previously known as Poona game), [[Kabaddi]], [[Kho kho]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-88438-9|page=135}}</ref> and [[Mallakhamba]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-11431-2|page=129}}</ref> In rural areas of Maharashtra, [[Pehlwani|Kusti]] (Indian mud wrestling) and bullock cart competitions are regular fixtures during the annual ''jatra'' (carnival). The government of Maharashtra has in the past supported Kusti by building two permanent akhara (Indian training centers) in the [[Kolhapur]] area.<ref name="Alter1992">{{cite book|author=Joseph S. Alter|title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|date=3 August 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07697-6|page=82}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{See also|Tourism in Maharashtra}}
According to a survey, most tourists visiting places in Maharashtra are from the state. Two other states, [[Gujarat]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] send the largest number of domestic visitors to Maharashtra. Foreign visitors to Maharashtra account for just 2% of the tourist. Visitors from the [[US]], [[UK]], [[Germany]], and [[UAE]] each form a significant percentage of foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Maharashtra_0.pdf |title=Tourism Survey for State of Maharashtra |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071824/http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Maharashtra_0.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai, the biggest and the most cosmopolitan city in India attracts tourists from all over the world for its many attractions including colonial architecture, beaches, movie industry, shopping, and an active nightlife. Pune, called the cultural capital of Maharashtra, also attracts many visitors during the annual [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav festival]].

The area around Aurangabad has many ancient and medieval sites including the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] caves, the [[Daulatabad Fort]], and the [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] in Aurangabad.

The mountainous districts of Western Maharashtra are dotted with the ruins of hundreds of mountain forts from the Deccan Sultanate and the Maratha empire eras respectively. These forts and the surrounding hills are popular with people interested in trekking, hiking and [[Heritage tourism]] related to [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=M. S.|title=Mountains of India : tourism, adventure and pilgrimage|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publ. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871351|pages=263–266|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mountains+of+India%3A+Tourism%2C+Adventure+and+Pilgrimage+By+M.S.+Kohli+isbn}}</ref>

The British built many hill-stations during the colonial era for government officials to escape from the heat of Indian summers. These places have been magnets for tourism for a long time. The important hill stations in Western Maharashtra are [[Mahabaleshwar]], and [[Matheran]]. In Vidarbha region, [[Chikhaldara]] is the hill station popular with visitors.

Places of worship that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include the Sikh Gurudwara of [[Hazur Sahib Nanded|Hazur Sahib]] at [[Nanded]], [[Khandoba]] temple at [[Jejuri]] in Pune district where worshipers shower each other with Bhandar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K|last2=Bhanu|first2=B.V (Editor)|title=People of India|date=2004|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India [u.a.]|location=Mumbai|isbn=9788179911013|page=LIX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Khandoba+god&pg=PR59|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107124906/https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PR59&dq=Khandoba+god#v=snippet&q=Khandoba%20&f=false|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the shrine of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Saibaba]] at [[Shirdi]]. The places associated with the [[Varkari|Warkari]] sect such as [[Pandharpur]], [[Dehu]] and [[Alandi]] attract pilgrims from all over Maharashtra throughout the year but particularly during religious observations at these places.<ref>Patange, P., Srinithivihahshini, N.D. and Mahajan, D.M., 2013. Pilgrimage and the environment: Challenges in a pilgrimage centre in Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(6), pp.2269–2277.</ref>

The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has numerous nature reserve parks. These include, [[Melghat Tiger Reserve]] in Amravati district, [[Tadoba]]-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Chandrapur district,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mhatre|first1=Shridhar|title=Amazing Maharashtra: TADOBA NATIONAL PARK|url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/tadoba-national-park.html|website=Amazing Maharashtra|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180146/http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/tadoba-national-park.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary in Nagpur district, the [[Nagzira]] wild life sanctuary and [[Navegaon National Park]] (bird sanctuary) of Gondia District.

The state government has established [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) for systematic development and promotion of tourism in the state. MTDC has, since its inception, been involved in the development and maintenance of the various tourist locations of Maharashtra. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at all key tourist centers and having more resorts is on the plan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/about|title=About MTDC|website=www.maharashtratourism.gov.in|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623032828/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/about|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mumbai Downtown.jpg|Night-time skyline of Downtown Mumbai at [[Nariman Point]]
File:Dagdushet Halwai Ganpati 2005.jpg|[[Ganeshotsav]] festival in Pune
File:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg|[[Khandoba]] at [[Jejuri]].
File:Venna Lake, Mahabaleshwar.jpg|Venna Lake at [[Mahabaleshwar]]
File:TigresswithCubs.jpg|[[Indian Tigers]] at [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project|Tadoba Tiger reserve]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Deccan]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Marathi people]]
* [[List of people from Maharashtra]]
* [[List of synagogues in Maharashtra]]
* [[Make in Maharashtra]]
* [[Religion in Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Maharashtra}}

=== Government ===
* [https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/ Official Site of the Government of Maharashtra]
* [https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/ Official Tourism Site of Maharashtra, India]

=== General information ===
* {{Britannica|357937}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra|Maharashtra}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1950884}}

{{Maharashtra|logo=yes}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rashtra]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Nagar panchayat

2022-03-20T18:16:49Z

Tata India:

{{short description|Form of urban political unit in India, comparable to a municipality}}
{{distinguish|Gram Panchayat|Panchayat Samiti|Nagar parishad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{Politics of India}}

A '''Nagar Panchayat''' ('''town panchayat'''; {{trans|'town council'}}) or '''Notified Area Council''' (NAC) in [[India]] is a settlement in transition from rural to urban<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm |department=India Code Legislative Department |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a [[Nagar Palika|municipality]]. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a '''Nagar Panchayat'''.

Such councils are formed under the [[Panchayati raj (India)|panchayati raj]] administrative system.<ref name="DMA-KA">{{Cite web|title=About Us: Urbanization in Karnataka, ULB Organization Chart, DMA Organization Chart|date=2 February 2013|publisher=Directorate of Municipal Administration, Government of Karnataka|url=http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/abt-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211065145/http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/abt-us|archive-date=11 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census Data 2001 / Metadata: 24. Abbreviations Used|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]] was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and [[Urban Local Bodies|urban local bodies]] (ULB).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us: Town Panchayats Administration: Introduction|publisher=Directorate of Town Panchayats, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122073525/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|archive-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.

==Management==
Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The NAC members of the Nagar are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. One third of the seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat. The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.

Each [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] has its own management directorate for panchayat towns.
* [[Karnataka]]: <ref name="DMA-KA" />
* [[Kerala]]: Local Self Government Department<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Self Government Department|publisher=Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala|url=http://www.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/LSGDDept_en.php}}</ref>
* [[Tamil Nadu]]: Directorate of Town Panchayats<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Town Panchayats|publisher=Directorate of Town Panchayats, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra]]

==See also==
* [[Municipal governance in India]]
* [[List of municipal corporations of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Local government in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagar Parishad, Nagar Palika}}
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

State highways in India

2022-03-20T18:15:27Z

Tata India:

{{short description|Type of road in India, maintained by a state government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Gujarat state highway 41.jpg|thumb|A stretch of Gujarat SH 41]]

In [[India]], this is the network of roads maintained by the [[State governments of India|state governments]]. These roads are constructed and managed by the states' [[Public Works Department]]. The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with National Highways or state highways of neighbouring states.

As of 31 March 2016, the total length of state highways was 176,166 km. As of 31 March 2016, Maharashtra had the largest share in the total length of SH roads (22.14%), followed by Karnataka (11.11%), Gujarat (9.76%), Rajasthan (8.62%) and Tamil Nadu (6.67%).

Independent of the [[National Highways Development Project#:~:text=The National Highways Development Project,India to a higher standard.&text=The NHDP represents 49,260 km,economic development of the country.|NHDP]] program, state governments have been implementing a number of state highway projects since 2000. By 2010, state highway projects worth $1.7 billion had been completed, and an additional $11.4 billion worth of projects were under implementation.<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-4-SERVICE%20SECTOR/CH-21-ROADS/Table-21.2.xls|title=NH and SHs|publisher=MOSPI}}</ref>

[[Bharatmala]], a centrally-sponsored and funded road and highways project of the [[Government of India]]<ref name="Ecotimes">{{citation|title=Bharat Mala: PM Narendra Modi's planned Rs 14,000 crore road from Gujarat to Mizoram|date=29 April 2015|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-29/news/61652753_1_crore-road-road-connectivity-road-network|work=[[The Economic Times]]|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> with a target of constructing {{cvt|83677|km|mi}}<ref name="new1">{{citation|title=Ministry proposes construction of 20,000 km of roads under Bharat Mala project|date=9 January 2016|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-09/news/69634613_1_draft-cabinet-note-finance-ministry-roads-ministry|work=[[The Economic Times]]|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> of new highways, has been started in 2018. Phase I of the Bharatmala project involves the construction of 34,800 km of highways (including the remaining projects under NHDP) at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|5.35|lc|lk=lc}} by 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/bharatmala-pariyojana-stepping-stone-towards-new-india|title=Bharatmala Pariyojana - A Stepping Stone towards New India {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+State Highways in India, by state and union territories
!scope="col" | State/Union Territory
!scope="col" | Single lane (km)
!scope="col" | Intermediate lane (km)
!scope="col" | Double lane (km)
!scope="col" | Multi-lane (km)
!scope="col" | Total (km)
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name="aproads">{{cite web |url=http://www.aproads.com/html/road-netwrk.htm |title=State road network |publisher=AP Roads and Buildings Department |access-date=2012-03-27}}</ref>
|align="right"| 2,092
|align="right"| 1,001
|align="right"| 6,902
|align="right"| 236
|align="right"| 10,518
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 0
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Assam|Assam]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 3,134
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Bihar|Bihar]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 3,766
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 3,419
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Goa|Goa]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 279
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 19,761
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Haryana|Haryana]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 2,523
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,824
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 67
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,886
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Karnataka|Karnataka]]<ref name="karoadlength">{{cite web|title=State Highways, District wise: Surface Feature and Carriageway Width|url=http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#DWSH|publisher=[[Public Works Department, Karnataka]]|access-date=2012-03-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160233/http://kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#DWSH|archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 20,738
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Kerala|Kerala]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 4,341
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 8,728
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 33,705
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Manipur|Manipur]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,137
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,134
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 259
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 404
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Orissa|Odisha]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 3,806
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Punjab|Punjab]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,393
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Puducherry|Puducherry]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 637
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 11,716
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 179
|-
!scope="row" | [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="sdfgbmqwe">{{cite web |url= http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PB_highways_3.pdf |title= Table 4: Lanewise Details of Government Roads in Tamilnadu |work= Performance Budget (2013–14) |author= Highways and Minor Ports Department |year= 2013 |publisher= Government of Tamilnadu |page= 3 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref>
|align="right"| 1,743
|align="right"| 6,586
|align="right"| 15,267
|align="right"| 3,389
|align="right"| 26,985
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Telangana|Telangana]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 3,260
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Tripura|Tripura]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 689
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 8,432
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 1,576
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of state highways in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="right"| 2,991
|}

==See also==
* [[Roads in India]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425145038/http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/Compendium_State_Highways.pdf 2010 list of state highways under implementation - Published by the Government of India]

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:State highways in India| ]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]

Gondia district

2022-03-20T18:14:21Z

Tata India:

{{short description|District of Maharashtra in India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Gondia}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gondia district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Southern tropical dry deciduous forest.jpg
| image_caption = Forest in [[Nagzira]]
| image_map = Gondia in Maharashtra (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Gondia district in Maharashtra
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Gondia
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagpur Division|Nagpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gondia]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. '''[[Gondia]]''', 2. [[Goregaon]] 3. '''[[Tirora]]''', 4. '''[[Arjuni Morgaon]]''', 5. '''[[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]''', 6. '''[[Amgaon]]''', 7. [[Salekasa]], 8. [[Sadak Arjuni]]
| area_total_km2 = 5234
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,322,507
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 11.95%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 999
| leader_title = District Guardian Minister
| leader_name = [[Anil Deshmukh]]
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]] shared with [[Bhandara district]], 2. [[Gadchiroli-Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli-Chimur]] (shared with [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] districts)
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = 1 '''[[Gondia]]''', 2 '''[[Arjuni Morgaon]]''', 3 '''[[Tirora]]''', 4 [[Amgaon]].
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway (India)|NH]] [[National Highway 53 (India)|53]], NH 543, NH 753, [[State highways in India|SH]] 249, SH 266, SH 275, SH 354, SH 366
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1197 mm
| website = {{URL|http://gondia.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Gondia district''' (also known as '''Gondiya,''' Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɡon̪d̪iaː]]]) is an administrative district in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India. The district headquarter is located at [[Gondia]]. The district occupies an area of {{convert|5234|km2|abbr=on}} and has a population of 1,322,507 of which 11.95% were urban ({{as of|2011|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qeg4fOlH?url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> The district is part of [[Nagpur Division]]. There are 8 [[Talukas]] in [[Gondia District]]. [[Gondia Airport]] is second airport in Vidharbha region and serves city of [[Gondia]].

==History==
{{expert needed|India|section|reason=incomprehensible and unsourced, may need a complete rewrite|date=March 2018}}
In the 7th century, the modern-day district was part of the territories of the [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]] Rajput kings of Chhattisgarh whose kingdom was known as Maha Kosala. Gondia or Gondiya was a part of Bhandara which retains some recollection of Hindu kings who ruled from Nagardhan.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The 12th century saw the rule of Panwars (Rajput) who were subsequently ousted by [[Gondi people|Gond]] chiefs who asserted their independence of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratanpur dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

This was followed by [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Vidarbha who established himself as the king of Vidarbha in 1743. In 1755, Janoji was declared as the sovereign of the territory, after the death of his father Raghoji Bhonsle. The two brothers Mudhoji and Rupaji of Raghoji Bhonsle of Hingani-Beradi were contemporaries of Shahaji, the father of Chhatrapati Shivaji and one of the ancestors of the Bhonsles of Nagpur who rehabilitated the village of Beradi was probably the contemporary of Maloji, the grandfather of Chhatrapati Shivaji. After the death of Sambhaji, during the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], Parasoji rendered invaluable help to [[Rajaram I]] who had succeeded to the throne of Chhatrapati. The territories of Vidarbha and Berar from which he had exacted tribute were given to his charge under a grant made in 1699 A.D.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb when Shahu was released by Muhammad Azam, Parasoji Bhonsle was the first of the Maratha nobles to join him in west [[Khandesh]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The 17th century saw the invasion of the [[Peshwa]]s who were instrumental in making the district a part of Berar. The Peshwas were succeeded by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]] during the 1850s; the Nizam ceded Berar to the [[British East India Company]]. In 1903 the Nizam leased Berar to the British Government of India. It was transferred to the Central Provinces. In 1956, with the re-organization of states, Bhandara was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Bombay Province and in 1960 with the formation of Maharashtra; it became a district of the state and was carved out of [[Bhandara district]] in 1999.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Divisions==
The district is divided into four sub-divisions, each of which is further divided into ''[[taluka]]s''. These are:
* [[Gondia]] sub-division: [[Gondia]].
* [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]: [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]], [[Amgaon]], and [[Salekasa]] ''talukas''
* [[Tirora]] sub-division: [[Tirora]] and [[Goregaon, Gondia|Goregaon]] ''talukas''
* [[Arjuni Morgaon]] sub-division: [[Arjuni Morgaon]] and [[Sadak Arjuni]] ''talukas''
The district also includes of 556 ''[[gram panchayat]]s'' (village councils), 8 ''[[panchayat samiti (block)|panchayat samitis]]'' and 954 [[revenue village]]. The Eight municipalities in this district are Gondia, Tirora, Arjuni Morgaon, Deori, Amgaon, Goregaon, Sadak Arjuni, Salekasa.

The district has four [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies: [[Arjuni Morgaon]] (Scheduled castes), [[Gondiya]], [[Tirora]] and [[Amgaon]] (Scheduled tribes). While the first three are part of Bhandara-Gondiya [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, the last one is part of Gadchiroli-Chimur (ST) Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=Districtwise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Gondia district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,322,507,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web|year=2011|title=District Census 2011 - Gondiya|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2711_PART_A_DCHB_GONDIYA.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of Mauritius<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Mauritius 1,303,717 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 369th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert| 253 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] during 2001–2011 was 10.13%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Gondiya has a [[sex ratio]] of 996 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 85.41%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.31% and 16.20% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Gondiya district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hindus]]|darkorange|87.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhists]]|mediumblue|9.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|#008000|1.98}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.30}}
}}
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Gondiya District<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
|label1 = Marathi
|value1 = 73.31
|color1 = orange
|label2 = Hindi
|value2 = 10.06
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Powari language|Powari]]
|value3 = 4.70
|color3 = red
|label4 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
|value4 = 3.46
|color4 = gold
|label5 = Lodhi
|value5 = 2.61
|color5 = chocolate
|label6 = Chhatisgarhi
|value6 = 1.79
|color6 = chartreuse
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 4.5
|color7 = gray
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 73.31% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 10.06% [[Hindi]], 4.70% [[Powari language|Powari]], 3.46% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 2.61% Lodhi and 1.79% [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] as their first language.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,13,952|13=1911|14=3,66,186|15=1921|16=3,83,135|17=1931|18=4,40,170|19=1941|20=5,14,165|21=1951|22=5,72,142|23=1961|24=6,78,740|25=1971|26=8,54,527|27=1981|28=9,87,089|29=1991|30=10,86,221|31=2001|32=12,00,707|33=2011|34=13,22,507|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>|align=middle}}

== Climate ==
[[File:Average Temprature Gondia Till AUG2012.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Gondia average temperature]]Gondia experiences extreme variations in temperature with very hot summers and very cold winters and has an average relative humidity of 62 percent. Average recorded rainfall is more than {{convert|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in each rainy season (June to September).

The hottest month is May when daytime high temperatures will generally average {{convert|42|C}}. During the same month, nightly minimum temperatures average around {{convert|28|C}}. In recent times the highest-recorded temperature in May has been {{convert|48|C}}, and the lowest May temperature has been {{convert|20|C}}.

The coolest months are December and January when temperatures will reach highs of around {{convert|29|C}} and lows of {{convert|13|C}}. The highest-recorded temperature in January was {{convert|38|C}} and the lowest was {{convert|0|C}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Gondia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 27.6
|Feb high C = 31.1
|Mar high C = 35.2
|Apr high C = 43.0
|May high C = 47.0
|Jun high C = 45.0
|Jul high C = 30.5
|Aug high C = 29.9
|Sep high C = 30.8
|Oct high C = 31.0
|Nov high C = 29.3
|Dec high C = 27.9
|Jan low C = 13.3
|Feb low C = 15.4
|Mar low C = 19.6
|Apr low C = 24.6
|May low C = 28.9
|Jun low C = 27.4
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.1
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 21.2
|Nov low C = 15.2
|Dec low C = 9
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 30.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 16.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 16.0
|May precipitation mm = 13.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 219.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 503.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 443.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 222.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 22.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.8
|source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BHANDARA/gen_climate.html Government of Maharashtra]
|date = June 2012
}}

==Economy==
Gondia is also known as "rice City", as it is a rice-producing district and has about 250 rice mills in its vicinity. It is also a major trading place. The Mumbai–Nagpur–Kolkata Road is the only national highway passing through the district, covering a total distance of {{convert|99.37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. Gondia has bus connectivity to [[Jabalpur]], Nagpur, [[Raipur]] and [[Hyderabad]].

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Gondia one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://gondia.gov.in/ Gondia district website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090622101632/http://gondiainfo.hpage.com/ www.gondiainfo.com]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gondia district
|North = [[Balaghat district]], Madhya Pradesh
|Northeast =
|East = [[Rajnandgaon district]], Chhattisgarh
|Southeast =
|South = [[Gadchiroli district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bhandara district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{coord|21|27|41|N|80|11|29|E|region:IN-MH_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Gondia district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur division]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]

Sadak Arjuni

2022-03-20T18:11:21Z

Tata India:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sadak Arjuni
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.10|N|80.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat]]
| governing_body = Sadak Arjuni Nagar panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 4th in Gondia district
| area_total_km2 = 9.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 256
| population_total = 14,575
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank = 5th in Gondia District
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sadak Arjuni''' is a [[town]], a [[Nagar panchayat]] & tehesil in [[Gondia district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
It is connected to National Highway [[National Highway 753 (India)|NH-6]].

== Geography ==
Sadak Arjuni is located at {{coord|21.10|N|80.15|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Arjuni.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Arjuni, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 256 metres (843 feet).

It is located in Kohmara-Gondia National Highway753.

This is the newly created tehsil in Gondia district. This the small but very important town in that part of the state and one of the major trade centre for paddy and "tendupatta".

It was among noted educational centre with a high school and college in this part of maharashtra even during India's pre independence days. Contributed wholeheartedly in the nation's independence struggle and is house to many freedom fighters.
Sadak/arjuni is 2 km from kohmara which is located on national highway753.

The place is surrounded by the noted national parks of Navegaon bandh and Nagzira. Because of the dense forests, the region gets lot of rainfall during the monsoons. Paddy is the primary crop cultivated here supported by Pigeon Peas and other crops. The best quality rice is grown in this part of the state. In addition to the same it is a major centre for "tendupatta" a leaf used in making "bidi". This is among the major cattle markets in the district.

==Transport==
Sadak Arjuni connected to Gondia via State transport and other sources. Sondad is the nearest railways station. It connected by [[National Highway (India)|(India) National Highway 753]]

==Administration==
It's a new Taluka in the newly formed Gondia District of Maharashtra. Although the market is well devised and lot of scope, due to its proximity to tribal region which comes under Morgaon Arjuni constituency and Bhandara Legislation, Sadak Arjuni have not been able to develop.

==Population==
Farmers dominates the Taluka, prominently by the Jhade Kunbi sub-caste of Kunbi or Maratha Kunbi society.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gondia district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]