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Quepem taluka

2026-05-05T14:19:31Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Quepem
|native_name = {{langx|kok|Kepe}}
|other_name = {{langx|pt|Quepém}}
|named_for = Kushavati river
|settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
|image_map = Quepem.png
|map_caption = Location of Quepem in [[Kushavati district]] in [[Goa]]
|coordinates = {{coord|15.212450|N|74.07323|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kushavati district]]
|seat_type = Headquarters
|seat = [[Quepem]]
|parts_type = Settlements (as of 2011)
|parts_style = para
|p1 = 2 Cities 1 Town 35 Villages
|leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
|leader_name = Rohit Kadam
|leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
|leader_name1 = na
|area_total_km2 =
|population_total = 81,193
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_urban = 55.37%
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
|demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
|blank_name_sec1 = Rain
|blank_info_sec1 = na
|website =
|footnotes =
|leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
|leader_name2 = na
|leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|leader_name3 = na
|demographics1_info1 = na
|demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
|demographics1_info2 = na
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-09
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 4037XX
}}

'''Quepem''' is a [[Tehsils of India|''taluka'']] of [[Kushavati district]] in the state of [[Goa]], India. It lies in close proximity to Margao Metropolitan area.

==Demographics==
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], Quepem had a population of 81,193 with sex ratio of 994 females to 1,000 males. Quepem taluka has an average literacy rate of 82.93%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 87.5% and female literacy is 78.35%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.15% and 31.15% of the population, respectively. 55.37% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – South Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/370/download/1128/DH_2011_3002_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
| title = Religion in Quepem Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = left
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|63.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|29.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|6.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
| caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of population of Quepem taluka. [[Christians]] form a significant minority. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]] 63.78% of the population of the taluka followed Hinduism, 29.45% Christianity, 6.53% Islam and 0.24% of the population followed other religions or did not state their religious affiliation.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

Konkani is the most commonly spoken language in Quepem taluka.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Quepem Taluka (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 75.63 |color1 = salmon
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 8.25 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.06 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 4.13 |color4 = darkslateblue
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 2.00 |color5 = green
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.93 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of 2011 Census of India, 75.63% of the population of Quepem taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 8.25% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 6.06% [[Hindi]], 4.13% [[Kannada]] and 2.00% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Settlements==
[[File:Bhattlem.png|thumb|‘''Bhattlem''’ (Coconut-palm grovet), a common sight throughout the ''taluka''|left]]
===Cities===
Quepem has 2 cities: [[Curchorem]], [[Quepem]]

===Towns===
Quepem has 1 town: [[Xeldem]]
===Villages===
Quepem has 35 villages: [[Adnem]], [[Ambaulim]], [[Assolda]], [[Avedem]], [[Bali, Quepem|Bali]], [[Barcem]], [[Bendordem]], [[Cavorem]], [[Cazur]], [[Chaifi]], [[Cordem]], [[Corla]], [[Cotombi]], [[Fatorpa]], [[Gocoldem]], [[Maina, Quepem|Maina]], [[Mangal, Quepem|Mangal]], [[Molcarnem]], [[Molcopona]], [[Morpila]], [[Nagvem]], [[Naquerim]], [[Odar, Quepem|Odar]], [[Padi, Quepem|Padi]], [[Pirla]], [[Quedem]], [[Quisconda]], [[Quitol]], [[Sirvoi]], [[Sulcorna]], [[Tiloi]], [[Undorna]], [[Xelvona]], [[Xic-Xelvona]], [[Zanodem]]

==See also==
*[[Goa]]
*[[Konkani people]]
*[[History of Goa]]
*[[Salcette]]
*[[Bardez]]

{{Geographic location|Centre=Quepem|North=[[Ponda taluk|Ponda Sub-Division]]|Northeast=[[Sanguem taluk|Sanguem Sub-Division]]|East=[[Sanguem taluk|Sanguem Sub-Division]]|Southeast=[[Canacona taluk|Canacona Sub-Division]] [[Sanguem taluk|Sanguem Sub-Division]]|South=[[Canacona taluk|Canacona Sub-Division]]|Southwest=[[Canacona taluk|Canacona Sub-Division]]|West=Arabian Sea|Northwest=[[Salcette taluk]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-617-Quepem.aspx Cities and villages in Quepem Taluk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025716/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-617-Quepem.aspx |date=13 July 2011 }}

{{Goa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quepem Taluk}}
[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]

{{goa-geo-stub}}

Abhijit Banerjee (composer)

2026-05-05T12:49:07Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: creating initial data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian music composer (1931–2022)}}
{{Distinguish|Abhijit Banerjee}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = Abhijit Banerjee
| image = Abhijit Banerjee composer.png
| native_name = অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = July 24, 1931
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
| origin = [[Kolkata]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|2|21|1931|7|24|mf=yes}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal
| occupation = [[Composer]]
}}
'''Abhijit Banerjee''' (July 24, 1931 – February 21, 2022; {{Langx|bn|অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|Abhijit Bandyopadhyay|italic=no|engvar=us}}){{Efn|{{IPA|bn|obʱid͡ʒit bndopadʱaj|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়.wav}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2021 |title=satyajit ray: গুপী-বাঘার নতুন ভুবন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/satyajit-ray-created-a-mystical-world-of-gupi-and-bagha-for-children/cid/1294527 |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> was an Indian [[composer]] and [[lyricist]], who primarily composed music for Bengali non-film songs ([[Single (music)|singles]]). He worked with musicians such as [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Pratima Bandopadhyay|Pratima Bandyopadhyay]], [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Abhijit Banerjee dies : বিশিষ্ট সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের প্রয়াণে শোকপ্রকাশ মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের |url=https://www.editorji.com/bengali/entertainment-news/mamata-banerjee-condoles-on-lyricist-avijit-banerjee-1645440143161 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Editorji |language=bn}}</ref> He was a close associate of [[Salil Chowdhury]] and a music teacher at Bani Chakra school.<ref name=":1" />

Some of his [[Album|albums]] containing songs composed are ''Surer Ek Nam Vivekananda'', ''Antar Mondire Jago'', ''Megher Somuddure'', ''Nirudessher Pothik'', etc. He excessively worked on composing songs written by Prabir Mazumdar, Anal Chatterjee and Pulak Banerjee.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |title=সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের চিরবিদায় |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article2018553.bdnews |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

Banerjee was born in [[Kolkata]] in 1931 and took interest in [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. He was brought into [[music]] by his friend Prabir Mazumdar and first played [[xylophone]] while in [[Eighth grade|class eight]]. He played near a [[railway station]] where meetings were held, and from there got to know Salil Chowdhury. His first composition was when his brother asked him to compose two [[poems]]. His second poem was [[Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)|acknowledged]] by Salil Chowdhury, who took the song to [[Saregama]]. It was sung by [[Shyamal Mitra]]. He inspired songs by Salil Chowdhury like "Dhitang Dhitang Bole" and "Ranar." Later, he worked with Pulak Bandyopadhyay and composed [[Film score|film songs]] with him like "O Pakhi Ure Aay" by Asha Bhosle and "Ekhono Sarengita Bajche" by [[Haimanti Sukla|Haimanti Shukla]]. He died in 2022 from [[Disease|health issues]] of old age. [[Mamata Banerjee]], Shukla and others responded to his death.

== Musical career ==
Abhijit Banerjee was born into a Brahmin family in Kolkata and was interested in music from childhood. He became aware of the writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and knew [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Sanjay |date=2022-02-21 |title=আরও এক নক্ষত্র পতন বাংলার সুরের জগত থেকে, জীবনাবসান অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের |url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/music-director-abhijit-banerjee-passes-away-after-long-illness-in-kolkata-155883.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=bengali.oneindia.com |language=bn}}</ref> As a student, he used to sing "Premer Samadhitire" by [[S. D. Burman]] and "Kotha Koyonako" by [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], and also Rabindra Sangeet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=সোম |first=স্বপন |date=February 27, 2022 |title=গণনাট্য থেকে রোম্যান্টিক, সব সুরেই তাঁর অবাধ বিচরণ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/remembering-famous-composer-abhijit-banerjee/cid/1331094 |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

He and his elder brother Arindam did many things together. They played [[kirtan]] at home trying to imitate the [[Nagar kirtan]] performed by [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], going to play or to listen to music. His friend Prabir Mazumdar helped him in his musical career. He once broke his neck when in [[Eighth grade|class eight]] and started playing [[xylophone]] in a dance group. Two years later, he returned to playing normal music under the motivation of Prabir Mazumdar. Mazumdar took his to the Gananatya Sangha.<ref name=":0" />

Banerjee used to play around near the grounds of [[Dhakuria railway station]]. Discussions were sometimes held there. One day while a discussion was being held in occasion of a railway strike, he saw a dark, slim man wearing a biscuit-colored coat, shirt and pajamas. He took off his coat and sang while playing a [[harmonium]]. Banerjee was stunned with his beautiful singing voice. He later came to know that the man was [[Salil Chowdhury]], an Indian [[lyricist]] and composer. He later met him in the Gananatya Sangha.<ref name=":0" />

One day, his brother Arindam Banerjee made Abhijit Banerjee compose the music for a song. He made a tune similar to Rabindra Sangeet.<ref name=":3" /> Afterwards, his brother Arindam suggested him to compose the poem "Chhipkhan Tindar" written by [[Satyendranath Dutta]].<ref name=":3" /> Banerjee was surprised with his own [[Melody|tune]]. He used [[Major and minor|major and minor tunes]] without knowing them.<ref name=":0" /> He left the composed song there. After a few days, his friend Prabir came and told him "Salilda{{Efn|Nickname of Salil Chowdhury}} said to take you." Banerjee took the song and went to Chowdhury's house in [[Kasba, Kolkata]]. Hearing Banerjee's tune, Salil Chowdhury endorsed him and took him to [[Saregama]], and gave the song to [[Shyamal Mitra]] to [[Sound recording and reproduction|record]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শুভজিৎ |date=February 21, 2022 |title=একটি অধ্যায়ের অবসান, প্রয়াত কিংবদন্তি সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় - Prohor |url=https://www.prohor.in/index.php/renowned-bengali-composer-abhijit-bandyopadhyay-passes-away |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Prohor.in |language=en}}</ref> From then, Banerjee became a [[Partnership|close associate]] of Salil Chowdhury.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শুভদীপ |date=2022-02-22 |title='সলিলের চ্যালা' অভিজিৎ, পুলকের সঙ্গে তাঁর জুটি ভরিয়েছিল সুপারহিট বাংলা গানের ডালি |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/music-artist-abhijit-banerjee-special-story/tid/66620 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref> This tune composed by him was used by Salil Chowdhury in his songs "Palki Chole", "Gayer Bodhu" and "Ranar." Banerjee's song was recorded by Salil Chowdhury. He also got a role in [[Saregama]] (His Master's Voice or HMV). Chowdhury played the organ in [[Shyamal Mitra]]'s song "Hongshopakha Diye,"<ref name=":3" /> which was taken nine times. During rehearsal, Mitra left by telling Banerjee of a [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] match.<ref name=":0" />

His first composed songs included "Ei Shaon Gogone" by Hiralal Sarkhel, written by Anal Chattopadhyay, "Kothay Shonar Dhan" by Gananatya Sangha. He was active in Gananatya Sangha, and later practiced Rabindra Sangeet and heard the songs of Tagore. A few days later, he learned (Indian) [[classical music]] from Ushaprasanna Bandopadhyay and [[piano]] from V. Balsara. He worked with Salilda on melodies and tunes. Salilda occasionally held discussions between Anal Chattopadhyay, Abhijit Banerjee and Prabir Mazumdar. Salilda once asked them to play a West Indian tune while he himself sang "Dhitang Dhitang Bole," which was later recorded by Hemanta Mukhopadhyay. He put music to "O Parul Parul" sung by Gayetri Basu and "Jiboner Balubelay" by Dwijen Mukhopadhyay.<ref name=":0" />

Abhijit Banerjee became successful by composing the song "Tomar Duchokhe Amar Swapna," written by Pulak Bandyopadhyay on the "Basic Record" [[Record label|music label]]. It was sung by [[Pratima Bandopadhyay]] in 1957.<ref name=":3" /> "Oi Akashe Klanti Nei" by Pratima Banerjee was composed by Abhijit, where he took a new approach to compose the song musically, and to arrange the way in which it was sung.<ref name=":0" /> In the pujas, Hemanta Mukherjee had agreed to sing Banerjee's composed song. But he later said to him that he would have to sing Mukul Dutt's song and would not be able to sing Abhijit Banerjee's song. He released "Amio Pother Moto" written by Mukul Dutt and composed by him;<ref name=":3" /> and "Onek Aranya" with lyrics and music by Banerjee during the puja. He named Banerjee to be the lyricist of both songs to give him more royalty. Also in the pujas, he wrote the songs "Sobai Chole Geche" and "Emon Ekta Jhor Uthuk"<ref name=":3" /> in ''Basanta Bondona''. A long time before, his song "Sonali Champa Aay" was sung by Hemanta.<ref name=":3" /> Afterwards, he went to Hemanta who remarked him and his songs successful. They had been working for ten years at the time.<ref name=":0" />

Dwijen Mukhopadhyay and Tarun Bandyopadhyay were close friends. Abhijit Banerjee composed many puja songs for them. "Hajar Mone Bheere" was composed by Banerjee and sung by Dwijen Mukherjee. Mukherjee's song "Kopale Sidur Sidur Tip Porecho" was composed by Banerjee.<ref name=":3" /> The song "Saatnari Har Debo" was written by Shyamal Mitra as a "modern song" and Banerjee composed it. The song was sung by Dwijen Mukhopadhyay.<ref name=":0" /> Miltoo Ghosh wrote and Abhijit Banerjee composed the two songs "Dol Dol Choturdolay"<ref name=":3" /> and "Tolpar Tolpar," which Tarun Banerjee sang while shaking his head.<ref name=":0" />

Banerjee worked many times with playback singer Subir Sen. They were both fans of foreign songs and talked about their song views. As a result of the conversations, Banerjee was inspired by foreign songs. He composed "Saradin Tomay Bhebe" from [[Jim Reeves]]' "[[Distant Drums (song)|I hear the sound of distant drums]]", "E Jeno Sei Chokh" from "Snow Flakes", "Monalisa" from [[Nat King Cole]]'s "[[Mona Lisa (Nat King Cole song)|Mona Lisa]]."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2022-02-22 |title=Music director, song writer Abhijit Bandyopadhyay passes away in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/music-director-song-writer-passes-away/articleshow/89735311.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He worked on composing the songs "Meghla Dine Neel Akashe Swopno Choray" written by Ananda Mukhopadhyay, "Tumi Meghla Diner" sung by Satinath Mukhopadhya, "Jodi Amake Dekho" by [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], "Ki Jeno Aaj" by Ilya Basu, "Dur Bonopothe" by Gayetri Basu and written by Pulak Bandyopadhyay, "Chondroduti Ratri" by [[Arundhati Holme Chowdhury]], etc.<ref name=":0" /> Abhijit Bandyopadhyay's composition work was less on [[Film score|film songs]], than on [[Single (music)|standalone singles]]. ''Jiban Rohoshyo'' film's [[Recording studio|recording]] was being done in the Bombay Laboratory in 1972.<ref name=":8" /> The song "Prithibi Takiye Dekho" was sung by Manna Dey. Manna Dey commented after he recorded, "This song was composed by Abhijit Banerjee thinking of Hemanta, how can it be done by me?"<ref name=":0" /> His reached [[Bombay]] on time for the recording of songs of ''Jiban Rohoshyo'', his first film''.'' [[Asha Bhosle]] was scheduled to record two songs for the film. But Bhosle later informed him that she would not be able to sing on the 3rd day, but on the 13th day. And again after a few days, she informed that she would only be able to sing one song by Abhijit Banerjee. On the same day, she sung for seven [[Music director|music directors]], including S. D. Burman. On the 12th day, Banerjee went to Bhosle to explain the songs, but she agreed to sing the second song after the she listened to the first.<ref name=":4" /> During this time, he had stubbed his toe on a door while in the studio and was bleeding, but he continued without changing the schedule.<ref name=":8" /> On the 13th day, she gave Banerjee the first recording of that day and sang the two songs. Asha Bhosle sung the songs "O Pakhi Ure Aay Ure Aay" and "Jodi Kane Kane Kichu Bodhua" composed by him.<ref name=":3" />

At some time, he worked with [[Haimanti Sukla|Haimanti Shukla]]. As expressed by Shukla, his composed song "Ekhono Sarengita Bajche" gave her popularity, and her audience wanted another song by Banerjee to be sung by her.<ref name=":9" /> In the film "Balak Saratchandra," Shukla sang the song "Shiv Thakurer Golay Dole Boichi Foler Malika." The film along with the song was released after seven days (in [[Theatre|theaters]]). Haimanti Shukla was first brought to Banerjee by Pulak Bandyopadhyay. At the time she had released only one song: "E To Kanna Noy Amar." [[One-hit wonder|This song introduced]] Shukla to Banerjee. Later she sang songs from [[Classical music|classical]] to [[Rapping|rap]] under the initiative of Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Abhijit Banerjee: ‘ছেড়ে যেতে হবে সব’... স্মৃতিপথে হেঁটে অভিজিৎ-বিদায়ে হৈমন্তী, সৈকত, রূপঙ্কর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/haimanti-shukla-saikat-mitra-rupankar-bagchi-share-their-memories-of-late-composer-abhijit-banerjee-dgtl/cid/1330118 |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> Abhijit Banerjee worked extensively with Pulak Bandyopadhyay. While he himself sometimes worked as a lyricist and wrote for film songs, most of the film songs he composed were written by Pulak Bandyopadhyay. His film songs "Tungtang Pianote Sarati Dupur" and "Jhonnon Tonnon" in the film ''Haraye Khuji'' were sung by [[Aarti Mukherjee]], with lyrics by Bandyopadhyay and "Phule Phule Bodhu" by Anup Ghoshal. In the hit film Tilottama directed by Dinesh Gupta, he composed "Rong Sudhu Diyei Gele" and "Amay Tomar Moto Pashan Kore Goro" were some of his [[Hit song|superhit songs]]. Pulak Bandyopadhyay wrote the song "Lomba Daari Chowkidar Bolche Heke Khobbodar" in ''Dushtu Mishti'' film, with music by Banerjee and the artist was Haimanti Shukla. Pulak Bandyopadhyay's last film he worked on was ''Rinmukhi'', in which he composed songs with Abhijit Bandyopadhyay, released after Pulak Banerjee's death. Aarti Mukherjee won the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA]] award [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Female Playback Award|for best female singer]] for singing the song "Tungtang Pianote Sarati Dupur."<ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
Banerjee suffered from [[Old age|old-age]]-related health issues. He was admitted to a hospital and discharged a few days before he died. Abhijit Banerjee died on February 21, 2022 (Monday), at the age of 90 in [[Kolkata]] at 11 p.m.<ref name=":7" /> He had two sons and a daughter at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Bengali music composer Abhijit Banerjee dies |url=https://observerbd.com/news/354277 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=observerbd.com |language=bn}}</ref> [[Lata Mangeshkar]], who Banerjee worked with, also died in February 2022, a few days before him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-21 |title=Noted composer Abhijit Bandyopadhyay passes away at 90 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/noted-composer-abhijit-bandyopadhyay-passes-away-at-90-469038 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2022 |title=‘এখনও সারেঙ্গিটা বাজছে’ গানের সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় প্রয়াত |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/legendary-music-director-abhijit-banerjee-passed-away/pid/663780/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]] wrote:
{{Blockquote|text=I express my deep sorrow at the passing away of eminent composer and lyricist Abhijit Banerjee. He breathed his last today in Kolkata. He was 90 years old.

He has composed songs for legendary artists like Hemant Mukherjee, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle. Notable albums under his musical direction include: Antar Mandir Jaago, Megher Samuddure, Niruddesh Pathik, Teesta Amar, Surya Ek Naam Vivekananda. Notable songs composed include: O Pakhi Ude Aay, Jad Kanne Kanne etc.

Abhijit Babu was a member of the West Bengal State Music Academy. His death is a loss to the music world.

I express my deepest condolences to the family and fans of Abhijit Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandit Abhijit Banerjee Passed Away: ফের সঙ্গীত জগতে ইন্দ্রপতন, চলে গেলেন অভিজিৎ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/veteran-bengali-music-composer-pandit-abhijit-banerjee-passed-away-rjk-346542-2022-02-21 |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=[[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak Bangla]]}}</ref>|author=[[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]}}[[Rupankar Bagchi]] posted on social media announcing about his death. He remarked that Banerjee had been suffering from health issues of old age for some time. He was admitted to a hospital sometimes. He stated that Banerjee had returned home after being in the hospital for a few days. He expressed getting the news of his death on Monday morning.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=দাশ |first=রক্তিম |date=February 21, 2022 |title=চলে গেলেন বিশিষ্ট সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/foreign/india/729577/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Pandit Abhijit Banerjee: 'এখনও সারেঙ্গিটা বাজছে'.... শুধু নেই সুরকার অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/veteran-composer-abhijit-bandyopadhyay-passed-away-dgtl/cid/1330064}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Huda |first=Shammi |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Pandit Abhijit Bandyopadhyay Passes Away: না ফেরার দেশে পণ্ডিত অভিজিৎ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, শিল্পী মহলে শোকের ছায়া |url=https://bangla.latestly.com/west-bengal/veteran-lyricist-composer-pandit-abhijit-bandyopadhyay-passes-away-110825.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=LatestLY বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

Arundhati Holme Chowdhury commented that "Our time seems to be running out quickly." She described that lyricists, [[Artist|artists]] and composers were passing away one by one. She remarked that Abhijit Banerjee was the [[Composer|music composer]] of many of her film songs. Banerjee's body was kept in Bani Chakra to pay last respects.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" /> His death occurred on [[Bengali language movement|Language Day]], Saikat Mitra expressed.<ref name=":6" />

== Legacy ==
The planning of the song "Cholche Tori" was made by Abhijit Banerjee's son Amit Bandyopadhyay (Banerjee), serving as a [[tribute]] to Abhijit Banerjee. The song was the musical version of "Durer Palla," written by Satyendranath Dutta. It was Banerjee's first song composition under the initiative of his brother Arindam Banerjee and later sung by Shyamal Mitra. Amit Banerjee presented the song in a [[Cover version|new way and version]]. The song featured Amit Banerjee and Soumya Dasgupta, the son of [[Sudhin Dasgupta]] and Sanjay Chowdhury, the son of Salil Chowdhury. A video was planned, which included Amit Banerjee's music group, [[Calcutta Youth Choir|Calcutta Choir]] and others. The song was sung by artists such as [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]], [[Lopamudra Mitra]], Saikat Mitra, Nandita, Debashis Basu, Rupankar (Bagchi), Raghab Chatterjee, [[Anweshaa]], [[Srikanta Acharya]], [[Antara Chowdhury]], Jayati Chakraborty, Gaurav Sarkar, Kazi Kamal Nasser and Parthasarathi Ekalavya. The [[Music video|video]] was directed and edited by Surojeet Chakraborty and Tanushree Chakraborty. Soumya Banerjee did the [[Graphic design|graphics designing]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-09 |title=A host of eminent singers collaborate for Abhijit Bandyopadhyay tribute song ‘cholche Tori’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/a-host-of-eminent-singers-collaborate-for-abhijit-bandyopadhyay-tribute-song-cholche-tori/articleshow/97762276.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-09 |title=New Music Video: সত্যেন্দ্রনাথের 'দূরের পাল্লা'র পুরনো গান এবার নতুন আঙ্গিকে |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/new-version-of-satyendranath-dutta-poem-based-song-durer-palla/wb20230209174729102102543 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Abhijit}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian composers of Western classical music]]

Nagin

2026-05-04T12:13:15Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new a data from scratch.

{{wikt|नागिन्|sa:नागिनी|hi:नागिन}}
'''Nagin''' may refer to:

*[[Nāginī]], in Hindu mythology, a female Nāga
**Nagini or [[Naiṇī Devī]], a Nagin worshipped as mother goddess in the Indian Central Himalaya
**[[Ichchadhari Naags]], shape-shifting Nāgas in Indian folklore

{{TOC right}}

==Entertainment==
*[[Nagin (1954 film)|''Nagin'' (1954 film)]], a Bollywood film directed by Nandlal Jaswantlal
*[[Nagin (1976 film)|''Nagin'' (1976 film)]], a Bollywood film directed by Rajkumar Kohli
*[[Nagin (2010 film)|''Nagin'' (2010 film)]] (''Hisss''), a Jennifer Lynch film
*[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|''Naaginn'' (2007 TV series)]], a 2007–2009 Indian television series
*[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'' (2015 TV series)]], an Indian supernatural drama television series that debuted in 2015
*[[Naagin (Pakistani TV series)|''Naagin'' (Pakistani TV series)]], a 2017–2019 Pakistani drama television series

==Sports==
*[[Bangladesh–Sri Lanka cricket rivalry|Naagin derby]], a term used for the cricket matches between Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

==People with the given name==
* [[Nagin Ravand]] (born 1999), Danish-Afghan football coach

==People with the surname==
*[[Daniel Nagin]] (born 1948), American criminologist
*[[Ray Nagin]] (born 1956), mayor of New Orleans

==See also==
*[[Nag (disambiguation)]]
*[[Naga (disambiguation)]]
*[[Nagini (disambiguation)]]
*[[Nagina (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|surname}}

Siddharth Jadhav

2026-05-01T09:54:59Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

{{short description|Indian actor, entertainer, and comedian (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth Jadhav
| image = Siddhartha Jadhav.jpg
| caption = Jadhav in 2017
| birth_name = Siddharth Ramchandra Jadhav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2020|title=Happy Birthday Siddharth Jadhav: 'Bakula Namdeo Ghotale'to 'De Dhakka'; FIVE must-watch comedy movies of actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-siddharth-jadhav-bakula-namdeo-ghotale-to-de-dhakka-five-must-watch-comedy-movies-of-actor/photostory/78815569.cms|access-date=18 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ratnagiri]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[comedian]]|[[entertainer]]}}
| education = Sewri Municipal School
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Trupti Akkalwar|2007}}
| children = 2
| website =
| awards = Yuva Balgandharva Puraskaar (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|title=जगदीश खेबुडकर यांना 'बालगंधर्व पुरस्कार'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/-/articleshow/2663246.cms|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref>
| years_active = 2000–present
}}

'''Siddharth Jadhav''' (born 23 October 1981) is an Indian actor, entertainer and comedian widely known for his work in several [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi Films|Marathi films]] and stage productions. He has received several awards including three [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], four [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?|Maharashtracha Favourite Kon Awards]], and a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]].

He is from [[Sewri]], [[Maharashtra]]. He has acted in television, [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He has acted in several [[Bollywood]] movies like ''[[Golmaal (2006 film)|Golmaal]]'' and ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' but he asserts that his first love is Marathi film, TV and stage. Jadhav also acted in a Bengali movie named ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]'' with [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as the lead. Referred to in the media as the "Comedy King of Marathi Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Birthday Siddharth Jadhav: FIVE Career-defining performances of the comedy king - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-siddharth-jadhav-five-career-defining-performances-of-the-comedy-king/articleshow/71716715.cms|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Trupti, they have two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naroji|first=Samruddhi|date=12 May 2020|title=Siddharth Jadhav Wishes Wife Trupri Jadhav In An Adorable Anniversary Post Celebrating 13 Years Of Togetherness|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/siddharth-jadhav-wishes-wife-trupri-jadhav-in-an-adorable-anniversary-post-celebrating-13-years-of-togetherness/5eba28bd0c7a3b3ddf573e67|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Spotboye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Atulkar|first=Preeti|date=13 January 2017|title=Siddharth Jadhav has become a daddy again - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-has-become-a-daddy-again/articleshow/47601680.cms|access-date=18 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2019|title=Siddharth Jadhav has an adorable birthday wish for wife Trupti Akkalwar along with this throwback picture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-has-an-adorable-birthday-wish-for-wife-trupti-akkalwar-along-with-this-throwback-picture/articleshow/70039077.cms?from=mdr|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his acting debut from [[DD Sahyadri]]'s ''Ek Shunya Baburao''. Then he was also seen in supporting roles in ''[[Hasa Chakat Fu]]'', ''Ghadlay Bighadlay'', ''Apan Yanna Pahilat Ka?'', etc. In 2004, he made his film debut from [[Kedar Shinde]]'s ''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''. Then he received offer of ''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]'' movie. He made his bollywood debut in 2006 in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s movie ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' as Sattu Supari. In the same year, he did a play named ''[[Lochya Zaala Re|Lochya Zala Re]]''. Later he has done many notable films including ''[[Bakula Namdeo Ghotale]]'', ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]'', ''[[De Dhakka]]'', ''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]'', many more. He won the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] award in [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] in 2008 for the movie ''[[De Dhakka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I have learnt to enjoy failure as much as success: Siddharth Jadhav|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-have-learnt-to-enjoy-failure-as-much-as-success-siddharth-jadhav/story-XFBvQzoNXHYLkjmy6GJjLM.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He also made his debut in Bengali movie ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]''. He was a contestant on [[Sony Television|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur]]'', ''[[Kahani Comedy Circus Ki]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]''. He also appeared in ''[[Johny Aala Re]]'', ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'', ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' and ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''. He also was a contestant of [[#Nach Baliye season 8|''Nach Baliye 8'']] with his wife. He also judge many reality shows including ''[[Maharashtracha Dancing Superstar]]'', ''[[Dance Maharashtra Dance]]''. In 2016, he did a play named ''Gela Udat''. He also part of ''[[Simmba]]'' as Ganesh Tawde. In 2021, he was seen in ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' as Ranjeet Mawani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav: Working with Prabhudeva is a dream come true - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-working-with-prabhudeva-is-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/82387182.cms|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Siddharth Jadhav film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''
| Siddhu
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2006
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]''
| Siddhu
|
|-
|''[[Outsourced (2006 film)|Outsourced]]''
| Gola Vendor
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|''Changbhal''
| Siddhu
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|-
|''Majha Navra Tujhi Bayko''
| Gangya
|
|-
|''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''
| Sattu Supari
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2007
|''Hyancha Kahi Nem Nahi''
| Siddhu
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Bakula Namdeo Ghotale]]''
| Namdev
|
|-
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
| Chota Dambis
|
|-
|''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''
| Baban
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2008
| ''[[De Dhakka]]''
| Dhanaji
|
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| Lucky's Assistant
| Hindi
|
|-
|''Uladhaal''
| Sikander
| rowspan="12" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]''
| Bus Conductor
|
|-
|''Baap Re Baap Dokyala Taap''
| Hawaldar Nimbalkar
|
|-
|''Galgale Nighale''
| Andya Banjo
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''[[Sumbaran]]''
| Uttam
|
|-
|''Saline Kela Ghotala''
| Dinya Gadbade
|
|-
|''Gaav Tasa Changala''
| Jangya
|
|-
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
| Usman Parkar
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2010
|''[[Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho]]''
| Ibrahim Bhai
|
|-
|''Huppa Huiyya''
| Hanmya
|
|-
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''
| Ganesh 'Ganya'
|
|-
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|Lalbaug Parel: Zali Mumbai Sonyachi]]''
| Speed Breaker
|
|-
|''[[Kshanbhar Vishranti]]''
| Vishnu Pant Jagdale
| rowspan="10" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Paradh]]''
| Yashwant
|
|-
|''[[Irada Pakka]]''
| Rohit
|
|-
|''Bhairu Pailvan Ki Jai''
| Bhairu Pehlwan
|
|-
|''Target''
| Sattar
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011
|''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana]]''
| West Indies
|
|-
|''Superstar''
| Ranga
|
|-
|''Mamachya Rashila Bhacha''
| Kishan
|
|-
|''Bhaucha Dhakka''
| Bhau
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|''Kutumb''
| Magic Mamu
|
|-
|''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]''
| Usman Mondal
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''Idiots''
| Qayyum
| rowspan="6" |Marathi
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013
|''[[Premacha Jhol Jhal]]''
| Popat Navre
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth Jadhav, Tejaswi Patil at the premiere of 'Premacha Jholjhal' in Pune|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/premacha-jholjhal-sidharth-jadhav-tejaswi-patil-manoj-kotian-premiere/articlephotos/24752029.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2013-10-26|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Premacha Jholjhaal|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/marathi/premacha-jholjhaal/articleshow/24590773.cms|access-date=2013-10-23|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kho-Kho (2013 film)|Kho-Kho]]''
| Adimanav
|
|-
|''Dham Dhoom''
|
|
|-
|''[[Time Please]]''
| Himmatrao Dhondepatil
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Priyatama (2014 film)|Priyatama]]''
| Parsha
|
|-
|''Powder''
| Raghu Silver
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyatama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/priyatama-siddharth-jadhav-girija-joshi-satish-motling-chaitanya-adkar/articleshow/30162264.cms|access-date=2014-02-10|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रियतमा|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/article-114189.html|access-date=2014-02-15|website=lokmat.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"|2015
|''Gour Hari Dastaan: The Freedom File''
| Tout
|
|-
|''[[Dholki (2015 film)|Dholki]]''
| Lala
| rowspan="12" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Razzakar (film)|Razzakar]]''
| Hari
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=अत्याचाराविरूद्धचा प्रखर लढा म्हणजे 'रझाकार'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/razakar-marathi-movie/articleshow/46299437.cms|access-date=2015-02-20|website=Maharashtratimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RAZZAKAR MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/razzakar/movie-review/46409072.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2016-04-21|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dream Mall''
| Mall Security
|
|-
|''[[Madhyamvarg: The Middle Class]]''
| Inspector Vijay Raut
|
|-
|''[[Shasan]]''
| Mahadeo
|
|-
|2016
|''Duniya Geli Tel Lavat''
| Raja
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Manus Ek Mati|Manus Ek Maati]]''
| Vijay
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav Essaying an Old Man in 'Manus Ek Maati'|url=https://themlive.com/siddharth-jadhav-essaying-old-man-manus-ek-maati/amp/|access-date=2017-01-27|website=themlive.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=माणूस एक माती !' विचार बदलायला लावणारा चित्रपट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/siddharth-jadhav-manus-ek-mati-maathi-movie-releasing-on-24-march-1424075/|access-date=2017-03-10|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Faster Fene]]''
| Ambadas
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=फास्टर फेणे नव्हे तर फास्टेस्ट फेणे|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/faster-fene/moviereview/61253452.cms|access-date=2017-10-27|website=Maharashtratimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faster Fene' Review: Watch it for the sheer adventure|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-faster-fene-review-watch-it-for-the-sheer-adventure-2555709|access-date=2017-10-27|website=dnaindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2018
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]''
| Sunny
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='ये रे ये रे पैसा'चित्रपटात सिद्धार्थ जाधव, उमेश कामत,तेजस्विनी पंडित|url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/yere-yere-paisa-new-movie-sanjay-jadhav-esakal-news-65539|access-date=2017-08-09|website=esakal.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YERE YERE PAISA|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/ye-re-ye-re-paisa-movie-review-sanjay-jadhavs-directorial-is-a-lost-cause/articleshow/62392016.cms|access-date=2018-01-06|website=punemirror.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Shikari''
| TK
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=चर्चेतील 'शिकारी' २० एप्रिलला दिसणार|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/adult-comedy-shikari-movie-1659261/|access-date=2018-04-08|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adult comedy Shikari will give out a social message too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adult-comedy-shikari-will-give-out-a-social-message-too/articleshow/63625170.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-04-05|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| Kadaknath
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditya Sarpotdar on 2 years of 'Mauli': Gave me the confidence to take a bigger leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aditya-sarpotdar-on-2-years-of-mauli-gave-me-the-confidence-to-take-a-bigger-leap/articleshow/79720560.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-14|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav shares a special birthday wish for his 'Mauli' co-star Riteish Deshmukh; calls the actor "Man with the golden heart"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-shares-a-special-birthday-wish-for-his-mauli-co-star-riteish-deshmukh-calls-the-actor-man-with-the-golden-heart/articleshow/79777709.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-17|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ghar Hota Menacha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Simmba]]''
| Sub-Inspector Santosh Tawade
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simmba actor Siddharth Jadav: I saw Ranveer's excitement about wedding while shooting|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/simmba-actor-siddharth-jadav-i-saw-ranveer-s-excitement-about-wedding-while-shooting-1389978-2018-11-16|access-date=2018-11-16|website=indiatoday.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Simmba: Siddharth Jadhav shares a picture from the trailer launch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/simmba-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-ranveer-singh-and-sara-ali-khan-film/simmba-siddharth-jadhav-shares-a-picture-from-the-trailer-launch/photostory/66955075.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-12-05|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''Khichik''
| Mithun
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khichik' trailer: Siddharth Jadhav and Prathamesh Parab starrer is worth waiting for|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/khichik-trailer-siddharth-jadhav-and-prathamesh-parab-starrer-is-worth-waiting-for/articleshow/70877461.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-08-28|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav and Prathamesh Parab Starrer New Marathi Film Khichik Releases Today|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/siddharth-jadhav-and-prathamesh-parab-starrer-new-marathi-film-khichik-releases-today/5d845c57129cf94c9107f28f|access-date=2019-09-20|website=spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet]]''
| Babya
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet' poster: Siddharth Jadhav starrer's quirky poster is sure to pique your curiosity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet-poster-siddharth-jadhav-starrers-quirky-poster-is-sure-to-pique-your-curiosity/articleshow/66654861.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-11-16|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet' trailer: Siddharth Jadhav and Sauraabh Gokhaale starrer romantic drama promises a laugh riot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet-trailer-siddharth-jadhav-and-sauraabh-gokhaale-starrer-romantic-drama-promises-a-laugh-riot/articleshow/67584558.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-01-18|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailer of Siddharth Jadhav starrer Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet out!|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/trailer-siddharth-jadhav-starrer-sarva-line-vyasta-aahet-out|access-date=2019-01-18|website=boxofficeindia.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Dhurala]]''
| Hanumantha Ubhe (Cement Sheth)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dhurala' Behind The Scenes: Ameya Wagh And Siddharth Jadhav Get Footloose In The Vanity Van|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/-dhurala-behind-the-scenes-ameya-wagh-and-siddharth-jadhav-get-footloose-in-the-vanity-van/5df79e32fc4a991fc387833a|access-date=2019-12-16|website=spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhurala' first song 'Naad Kara': The song featuring Prasad Oak, Siddharth Jadhav and Amey Wagh is a perfect party number|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/dhurala-first-song-naad-kara-the-song-featuring-prasad-oak-siddharth-jadhav-and-amey-wagh-is-a-perfect-party-number/articleshow/72915591.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-12-21|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
| Ranjeet Mawani
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav Ecstatic About Working With Prabhudeva In Salman Khan Starrer Radhe|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/siddharth-jadhav-ecstatic-about-working-with-prabhudeva-in-salman-khan-starrer-radhe/60912de125cb7a2565f9cbf5|access-date=2021-05-04|website=spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिनेता सिद्धार्थ जाधवचं 'ते' स्वप्न झालं अखेर पूर्ण|url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/actor-siddharth-jadhavs-dream-has-finally-come-true|access-date=2021-05-04|website=mumbaitak.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
| Sub-Inspector Santosh Tawade
| Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]''
|Special appearance in song 'Angat Alaya'
| rowspan="4" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]''
|Maanav
|
|-
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|Sutradhar
|
|-
|''[[De Dhakka 2]]''
|Dhanaji
|
|-
|''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
| Momo
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|Suresh
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Baalbhaarti]]''
|Rahul Desai
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav on resuming shoot amid Coronavirus lockdown: 'Everybody is more conscious of their health on the set'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-on-resuming-shoot-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-everybody-is-more-conscious-of-their-health-on-the-set/articleshow/77778496.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-08-27|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sphereorigins announces its Marathi film Baal Bhaarti!|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/12/06/sphereorigins-announces-its-marathi-film-baal-bhaarti/|access-date=2019-12-06|website=thelivenagpur.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Aflatoon (2023 film)|Aflatoon]]''
|Shree
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Saam |date=2023-06-27 |title=Upcoming Marathi Movie : सिद्धार्थ जाधव – जॉनी लिव्हरसह दमदार कास्ट असलेला 'अफलातून' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/siddharth-jadhav-vijay-patkar-johny-lever-comedy-movie-aflatoon-releasing-soon-psd94 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Saam TV {{!}} साम टीव्ही |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''Lagna Kallol''
|Maruti
|
|-
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|Yede-Patil
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2 {{!}} Navara Maza Navsacha 2 {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=20 July 2024 |date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singham Again]]''
|Senior Inspector Santhosh Tawade
| rowspan="1" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''Ek Daav Bhootacha''
|Madan
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |title=सिद्धार्थ जाधव, मकरंद अनासपुरे मांडणार'एक डाव भुताचा', लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/siddharth-jadhav-makarand-anaspure-new-marathi-movie-ek-dav-bhutacha-will-be-release-in-4th-october-2024-entertainment-news-marathi-1309436/amp#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17250034547728&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''[[Ata Thambaycha Naay!]]''
|Maruti Kadam
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=सिद्धार्थ-भरत जाधवची धमाल जोडी पुन्हा एकदा प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला; 'आता थांबायचं नाय' चित्रपट कधी प्रदर्शित होणार? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/ata-thambaycha-naay-marathi-movie-teaser-siddharth-jadhav-bharat-jadhav-starrer-movie-know-release-date-nsp-98-4902859/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3]]''
|Sunny
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yere Yere Paisa 3 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3 {{!}} येरे येरे पैसा ३ {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/yere-yere-paisa-3-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aatli Baatmi Futli]]''
|Sachin
|
|-
|''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''
| Usman Khillare
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
| ''[[Gandhi Talks]]''
| Mangu
| Sound
|
|-
|''[[Punha Ekda Sade Made Teen]]''
| Baban
|Marathi
|
|-
|[[Raja Shivaji (film)|''Raja Shivaji'']]
|Cameo in "Chatrapati" somg
|{{Plainlist|*Marathi
*Hindi}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Anthem Song: 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमाच्या पहिल्या गाण्यात दिसली सिद्धार्थ जाधव, रेमो डिसूझाची झलक, अजय अतुलची चालली जादू |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-chhatrapati-anthem-song-by-ajay-atul-out/articleshow/130282236.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Jaago Mohan Pyaare}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Jago Mohan Pyare' poster: Siddharth Jadhav and Aniket Vishwasrao to come together for Priyadarshan Jadhav's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jago-mohan-pyare-poster-siddharth-jadhav-and-aniket-vishwasrao-to-come-together-for-priyadarshan-jadhavs-next/articleshow/70461991.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-07-31|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First look: Jaago Mohan Pyare play, starring Siddharth Jadhav, to be adapted into a movie|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jul/31/21884/first-look-jaago-mohan-pyare-play-starring-siddharth-jadhav-to-be-adapted-into-a-movie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045603/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jul/31/21884/first-look-jaago-mohan-pyare-play-starring-siddharth-jadhav-to-be-adapted-into-a-movie|url-status=live|archive-date=13 April 2021|access-date=2019-07-31|website=cinestaan.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav, Aniket Vishwasrao And Deepti Devi Start Shooting Today For Upcoming Film 'Jago Mohan Pyare'|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/siddharth-jadhav-aniket-vishwasrao-and-deepti-devi-start-shooting-today-for-upcoming-film-jago-mohan-pyare/5d41c062a0c20052b1b84db1|access-date=2019-07-31|website=spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Stage===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Siddharth Jadhav stage credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
|2006
|''Lochya Zaala Re''
| Maanav
| rowspan="4" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|2010
|''Mi Shahrukh Manjarsumbhekar''
| Shahrukh Manjarsumbhekar
|
|-
|2012
|''Jaago Mohan Pyaare''
| Mohan
|
|-
|2016
|''Gela Udat''
| Maruti
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav's play 'Gela Udat' to stage 250th show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/siddharth-jadhavs-play-gela-udat-to-stage-250th-show/articleshow/63558933.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-03-31|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='गेला उडत'चे शतक|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/100-shows-of-marathi-natak-gela-udat-1389280/|access-date=2017-01-22|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Siddharth Jadhav television credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
|''Ek Shunya Baburao''
| rowspan="3" |Supporting role
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|''Hasa Chatak Fu''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|''Ghadlay Bighadlay''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2005
|''Apan Yanna Hasalat Ka?''
|
|
|
|-
|''Teen Tera Pimpalzad''
|
|
|
|-
|''Daar Ughada Na Gade''
|
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''[[Johny Aala Re]]''
|Various
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|Rajja
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''
|Thief
|[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur]]''
| rowspan="3" |Contestant
| rowspan="3" |[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Kahani Comedy Circus Ki]]''
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Matru Ki...' stars in Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Matru-Ki-stars-in-Comedy-Circus-Ke-Ajoobe/articleshow/17899418.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2013-01-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Maharashtracha Dancing Superstar''
|Judge
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urmila & Amruta excited about judging dance show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amruta-khanvilkar-urmila-kanetkarmaharashtracha-dancing-superstar-chote-masters-mad-mhanjech-assal-dancer/articleshow/23289224.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2013-09-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Siddharth anger Akshay with a racist joke?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/akshay-kumar-shoves-siddharth-jadhav/articleshow/52400367.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Nach Baliye#Season 8|Nach Baliye 8]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav and wife eliminated from Nach Baliye 8|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/siddharth-jadhav-out-of-nach-baliye/articleshow/58342240.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-08-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nach Baliye 8: Siddharth Jadhav and wife are back!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhav-back-on-nach-baliye/articleshow/58752620.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-05-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nach Baliye 8: The SECOND JODI ELIMINATED from the show is Siddharth Jadhav and wife, Trupti!|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-the-second-jodi-eliminated-from-the-show-is-siddharth-jadhav-and-wife-trupti-828620|access-date=2017-04-19|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nach Baliye 8: Siddharth Jadhav and Trupti get eliminated|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/376851/nach-baliye-8-siddharth-jadhav-and-trupti-get-eliminated|access-date=2017-04-20|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Dance Maharashtra Dance]]''
|Judge
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Jadhav to judge Zee Yuva's dance reality show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/zee-yuva/articleshow/62621500.cms|access-date=2018-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=तब्बल १० वर्षांनी सोनाली कुलकर्णी आणि सिद्धार्थ जाधव ही जोडी एकत्र|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-yuvas-dance-maharashtra-dance-wherein-sonali-kulkarni-is-the-celebrity-guest/429867|access-date=2018-05-15|website=Zee 24 Taas|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 3)|Bigg Boss Marathi 3]]''
|Assistant host
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[He Tar Kahich Nay]]''
|Special Guest
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]''
|Host
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Jadhav to host new game show 'Aata Houde Dhingana' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharth-jadhav-to-host-new-game-show-aata-houde-dhingana/articleshow/93782201.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==

* [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Dhurala]]''
* Sakal Premiere Awards 2019 ( Entertainer Of The Year' Award).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sakal Premiere Awards 2019: Siddharth Jadhav Is Awarded The 'Entertainer Of The Year' Award|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/sakal-premiere-awards-2019-siddharth-jadhav-is-awarded-the-entertainer-of-the-year-award/5e09a7abd996471ad814d909|access-date=2019-12-30|website=spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Loksatta Tarun Tejankit award 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सिद्धार्थ जाधवचे 'तेजांकित' क्षण, पुरस्कार सोहळ्यातील खास लूक|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2426243/marathi-famous-actor-sidharth-jadhav-get-loksatta-tarun-tejankit-award-share-photo-on-instagram-kpw-89/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Marathi Paaul Padate Pudhe Puraskaar: Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskaar – 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-31|title=Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar 2019: Naal, Nude, Ani...Dr Kashinath Ghanekar Win Big|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-chitra-gaurav-puraskar-2019-naal-nude-ani-dr-kashinath-ghanekar-win-big|access-date=2021-05-31|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]: [[MFK Award for Favourite Comedian|Favourite Comedian]] − 2013 Film − [[Kho-Kho (2013 film)|Kho Kho]]
* [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]: [[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actor|Favourite Supporting Actor]] − 2010 Film − ''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|Lalbaug Parel]]''
*Yuva Balgandharva Puraskaar 2007
*[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]: [[MFK Award for Favourite Villain|Favourite Villain]] − 2008 Film − ''Galgale Nighale''
*[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]: Favourite Comedian − 2008 Film − ''[[De Dhakka]]''
*[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]: [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] −2008-Film- ''[[De Dhakka]]''
*Akhil Bhartiya Natya Parishad- Natyasampada Sponsored Shankar Ghanekar Smriti Puraskkar – 2004{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Maharashtra Rajya Professional Natya Spardha " Best Actor Award-2004-05" Play- "Jago Mohan Pyaare"{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Maharashtra Rajya Professional Natya Spardha " Best Actor Award-2003-04" Play- "Lochya Zala Re"{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Ekata Cultural Academy :- V.Shantaram Memorial Acting Award – 2005–06{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Maharashtra Kala Niketan Acting Award 2005–06{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Maharashtra Kala Niketan Acting Award 2005–06{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*DD Metro Superstar :- IInd rank Acting Competition{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*MANY Awards in Youth Festival Organised by University Of Mumbai – Gold and Silver Medals In Acting / Mime/ Mimicry/ Monoacting{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Ravikiran Balnatya Spardha 1996– Best Actor IIRd Rank{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
*Maharashtra Kala Niketan Acting Award 2005–06 Indian National Theatre (INT) – Best Comedian Award – 2002–03 – One Act Play "Laxminarayanacha Joda" Writer- Director Devendra Pem{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

==See also==
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Bharat Jadhav]]
* [[Kedar Shinde]]
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2847166|name=Siddarth Jadhav}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|siddharth-jadhav}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|siddharth_jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]

Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal

2026-04-28T19:17:22Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created new entry

{{short description|1989 film by K. Balachander}}
{{For|the TV series|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandaswamy
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Raghu]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1989|10|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal''''' ({{translation|New Meanings}}){{sfn |Narwekar |1994 |p=25}} is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] (credited as Raghu) and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], with [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Janagaraj]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] (in her Tamil cinema debut) in supporting roles. It was released on 28 October 1989. The film won a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]], and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Manibharati is a successful playback singer who lives with his possessive wife Gowri. Tricked into marriage by his conniving mother-in-law, what really irks Bharati is his wife's inability to deal with his rabid female fans, having been one herself. Tensions escalate until Bharati leaves home after a fight. He meets Jyoti on the way, who’s also escaping her abusive husband that forced her into club dancing and prostitution. Bharati and Jyoti end up travelling to Goa together, where they find themselves with no money and decide to make themselves a living working as servers at a restaurant.

Bharati gets a call from his PA back home that Gowri is ill. Unbeknownst to him, his PA was forced to call Bharati and lie to bring him home; when he visits with Jyoti, Gowri calls her profanities and doesn’t let her in. Bharati gets so angry at this treatment of his friend that he leaves, claiming that he loves Jyoti. Gowri files for a divorce and informs news reporters about Jyoti, and starts dating Guru, a popular cricket player that had been in love with Gowri in the past. Guru accepts Gowri’s proposal and abandons his girlfriend Yamuna, who commits suicide at their wedding hall. Gowri’s mother and her PA feel that she is mentally unstable now from the trauma she’s suffered, and they beg Bharati to go and see her in the hospital. Bharati takes Jyoti with him to visit Gowri, and Jyoti sees that Bharati and Gowri belong with each other. As she leaves the hospital, she sees her husband tracked her down to apologise, and goes home with him. Bharati is shows to go to his next music recording, finally happy, and looking after his wife in the hospital.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Raghu]] as Manibharathi<ref name="thread">{{Cite news |last1=Surendran |first1=Anusha |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Janane |date=4 July 2017 |title=Tamil films are getting more modern, and more misogynistic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/tamil-films-are-getting-more-modern-and-more-misogynistic/article19209779.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227170207/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/tamil-films-are-getting-more-modern-and-more-misogynistic/article19209779.ece |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Gowri<ref name="thread" />
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Baby Fernandez
*[[Jayachitra]] as Kanchanamala<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal {{!}} Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/pudhu-pudhu-arthangal/20062083/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702051642/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/pudhu-pudhu-arthangal/20062083/credits/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
*[[Janagaraj]] as Jolly<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Jyothi<ref name="thread" />
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Krishnaveni
*[[Lalitha Kumari]] as Jolly's wife
*[[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as Guru<ref name="moviefone" />
* Shabana as Yamuna
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Ruby Fernandez
*[[Charle]] as Diwakar, Reporter
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Vittal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=17 April 2021 |title='Take diversion': 13 unforgettable comedy scenes from Vivek |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/take-diversion-13-unforgettable-comedy-scenes-vivek-147306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417181137/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/take-diversion-13-unforgettable-comedy-scenes-vivek-147306 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
}}
;Cameo appearances
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ilaiyaraaja]] as himself in the song "Kalayanamalai"<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
*[[Visu]]
*[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Disco Shanti|Disco Shanthi]]
*[[G. Venkateswaran]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Keyaar]]
}}

== Production ==
Malayalam actress Sithara was introduced in Tamil through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajith Kumar |first=P.K. |last2=Praveen |first2=S.R. |date=21 June 2015 |title=An eventful career |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/an-eventful-career/article7338444.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411053615/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/an-eventful-career/article7338444.ece |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It also marked the acting debut of [[Chi. Guru Dutt]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DdLAQAAIAAJ&q=Pudhu+Pudhu+Arthangal |title=Variety Cinema Directory: Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi Information on Cinema & Video Industry |publisher=Best Media Associates |year=1999 |location=India |pages=161 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411053615/https://books.google.com/books?id=1DdLAQAAIAAJ&q=Pudhu+Pudhu+Arthangal&dq=Pudhu+Pudhu+Arthangal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj208DqvrHaAhXEgI8KHbA6AL4Q6AEIPTAE |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Balachander chose [[Kala Master|Kala]] as the lead dance choreographer after being impressed with her work in his previous directorial venture ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cinema Rendezvous – Come lets date- Kala Master & All That Jazz |url=https://www.timeout.com/chennai/events/come-lets-date-kala-master-kochukochu-sandoshangal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411054841/https://www.timeout.com/chennai/events/come-lets-date-kala-master-kochukochu-sandoshangal |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]}}</ref> The dubbing voice for Rahman was provided by [[Nizhalgal Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. R. |date=11 May 2001 |title=They are in the fray too... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/11/stories/0911022e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227165122/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/11/stories/0911022e.htm |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
According to T. A. Narasimhan of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'', the film is said to be based on the stage play ''Kaaranam Kettu Vaadi'' by [[Chithralaya Gopu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=10 August 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 30: சிவாஜி கொடுத்த விரு(ந்)து! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/140581-30.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202025342/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/140581-30.html |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215072840/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000146 |archive-date=15 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pudhu-pudhu-arthangal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702052406/https://mossymart.com/product/pudhu-pudhu-arthangal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-4/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> This was the final collaboration between Ilaiyaraaja and Balachander.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niyappa |first=Plum |date=30 January 2018 |title=Ilaiyaraaja Is Dalit; There's No Need To Shy Away From Stating It |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/ilaiyaraaja-is-dalit-theres-no-need-to-shy-away-from-stating-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411181443/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/ilaiyaraaja-is-dalit-theres-no-need-to-shy-away-from-stating-it/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2014 |title=பாலச்சந்தர் - இளையராஜா வெற்றிக்கூட்டணி |trans-title=Balachander and Ilaiyaraaja's successful alliance |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/25383/special-report/Balachander.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403055335/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/25383/special-report/Balachander.htm |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> According to journalist Kamini Mathai, Ilaiyaraaja could not commit to composing the background score as there was a strike; Balachander decided to use scores from his older films to fill the unfinished portions, angering Ilaiyaraaja and leading to the end of his alliance with Balachander.{{sfn |Mathai |2009 |pp=65–66}} The song "Kalyana Maalai" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]],{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=135}} "Eduthu Naan Vidava" is set in [[Bageshri]],{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=127}} and "Guruvayurappa" is set in [[Abheri]].{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=131}} "Keladi Kanmani" was later adapted in [[Hindi]] as "Chandni Raat Hai", composed by [[Anand–Milind]] for ''[[Baaghi (1990 film)|Baaghi]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=What Tiger's Baaghi has in common with Salman's! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/what-tigers-baaghi-has-in-common-with-salmans/20160405.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223093331/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/what-tigers-baaghi-has-in-common-with-salmans/20160405.htm |archive-date=23 February 2018 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The song "Kalyaana Maalai" was used as a promotional song for ''[[Dinasari]]'' (2025), which also featured music by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OomxBbDHVs0|title=Kalyana Malai - Promo Song {{!}} Dinasari {{!}} Ilayaraja {{!}} Srikanth {{!}} Cynthia Lourde|date=13 February 2025|work=Divo Music|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eduthu Naan Vidava
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Ellorum Mavatta
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Guruvayurappa
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 2:12
| title4 = Kalyaana Maalai
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:57
| title5 = Kalyaana Maalai
| note5 = version 2
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Keladi Kanmani
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 4:35
| total_length = 26:43
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal'' was released on 28 October 1989, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=28 October 2022 |title='புதுப்புது அர்த்தங்கள்' சொன்ன 'இன்னிக்கி செத்தா நாளைக்கி பால்!' |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/pudhupudhu-arthangal-sonna-innikki-settha-naalaikki-paal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028222312/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/pudhupudhu-arthangal-sonna-innikki-settha-naalaikki-paal |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' opined that Balachander, despite having done so many films, did not have the courage to give a different result.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி.எஸ்.எஸ். |date=19 November 1989 |title=புதுப்புது அர்த்தங்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/nov/19-11-1989/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731050413/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/nov/19-11-1989/p49.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=20 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event !! Category !! Recipient !! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| [[K. Balachander]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 1990 |title=Double honour for Kamal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900614&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]
| ''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 1990 |title=State film awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|K. Balachander
|}

== Impact ==
Rahman considered ''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal'' to be "the biggest milestone in [his] career" in Tamil, saying, "It helped me set my two legs permanently in [Tamil cinema]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |date=6 October 2015 |title=Rahman ready to experiment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-rahman-signs-a-movie-by-21yearold-debutant-director/article7730560.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513065304/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-rahman-signs-a-movie-by-21yearold-debutant-director/article7730560.ece |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=11 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Keladi Kanmani" inspired the title of a [[Keladi Kannmanii|1990 film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=கணேஷ் |first=எஸ். |date=19 March 2016 |title=பாடகர் எஸ்.பி.பி. கதையின் நாயகனாக நடித்த முதல் படம்! |trans-title=The first film where singer SPB played the protagonist! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5029 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003193518/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/5029 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> A Hindi remake of ''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal'' entered production with [[Rahul Roy]] starring, but the film never had a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2019 |title=20 years of Ajith's Amarkkalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-ajiths-amarkkalam/photostory/70659513.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828141305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-ajiths-amarkkalam/photostory/70659513.cms |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A.R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ&q=pudhu+pudhu+arthangal |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |publisher=Flicks Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-948911-40-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Improve categories|date=December 2023}}

[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Songa Roshan Kumar

2026-04-23T08:52:50Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Put Up Basic Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Songa Roshan Kumar
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Vunnamatla Eliza]]
| constituency = [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Songa Roshan Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Papasani |first=Phanindra |date=2024-05-10 |title=Eluru: Know your candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/10/eluru-know-your-candidates |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaik |first=Noor |title=Govt focus on self-sufficiency of women: Collector Selvi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/govt-focus-on-self-sufficiency-of-women-collector-selvi-902241 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Chintalapudi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chintalapudi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916959.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumar was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency]] in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Chintalapudi, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Roshan Kumar Songa with 120126 defeats YSRCP's Kambham Vijaya Raju |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/chintalapudi-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548259-2024-06-04 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 27766 votes defeating Kambham Vijaya Raju of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0168.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216031153/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0168.htm |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Chintalapudi Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Songa, Roshan Kumar}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Mandakini Devi Moirangthem

2026-04-21T11:26:45Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new some bio added tags.

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Moirangthem Mandakini Devi}}
{{Meitei name|[[Moirangthem]]|Mandakini|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mandakini Devi
| fullname = Mandakini Devi Moirangthem
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Thoubal]], [[Manipur]], India
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2010–2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = ?
| nationalgoals1 = 7
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Mandakini Devi Moirangthem''' ({{langx|mni|Moirangthem Mandakini Devi}}, born 1 March 1991) is an Indian football coach and former [[Women's association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]] for the [[India women's national football team|India women's national team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.the-afc.com/player/55446|title=MOIRANGTHEM MANDAKINI DEVI|website=Asian Football Confederation|accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=AIFF>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57575?type=club|title=MOIRANGTHEM MANDAKINI DEVI|website=All India Football Federation|accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=GS>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/mandakini-devi/51337/|title=Mandakini Devi Moirangthem|website=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
She represented the [[Eastern Sporting Union]] in the national and state leagues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former champs overcome fund crunch in bid to add to IWL glory|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-champs-overcome-fund-crunch-in-bid-to-add-to-iwl-glory/articleshow/99780186.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, she was appointed the assistant coach of the [[Manipur women's football team]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AMFA appoints coaches for men's, women's football teams|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport14..100125.jan25|website=E-Pao|date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

==International goals==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=3| 29 January 2010 || rowspan=5| [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || rowspan=3| {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''1'''–? || rowspan=3 align=center| 8–1 || rowspan=5| [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010 South Asian Games]]
|-
| 2. || align=center|'''4'''–?
|-
| 3. || align=center|'''5'''–?
|-
| 4. || rowspan=2| 6 February 2010 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|'''?'''–? || rowspan=2 align=center| 7–0
|-
| 5. || align=center|'''?'''–?
|-
| 6. || 15 November 2014 || rowspan=2| [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]], [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]] || {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 5–1 || rowspan=2| [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 7. || 17 November 2014 || {{fbw|AFG|2013}} || align=center|'''12'''–0 || align=center| 12–0
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/11/10/indian-womens-squad-announced-for-saff-championship/ |title=Indian women's squad announced for SAFF Championship |website=India Footy |last=Shukla |first=Abhishek |accessdate=19 February 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010]]

'''Eastern Sporting Union'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57575?type=club Mandakini Devi Moirangthem] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandakini Devi, Moirangthem}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Pratap Chandra Pradhan

2026-04-20T08:41:23Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Chandra Pradhan
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Rajani Kant Singh]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Pratap Chandra Pradhan''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pratap Chandra Pradhan Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=525 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Angul Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Pratap Chandra Pradhan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/angul-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916978.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pratap Chandra Pradhan wins Angul Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/pratap-chandra-pradhan-wins-angul-assembly-constituency |website=Prameya News |publisher=Bureau |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |publisher=India News Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Pratap Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mantribugh Shopian

2026-04-19T20:36:56Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new some pg v1

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mantribugh
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jamia Masjid Mantribugh
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf
|title = District Census Handbook
|work = [[2011 Census of India]]
|publisher = [[Government of India]]
|access-date = 24 May 2016
}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec1 = 544 [[female|♀]] / 597 [[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 71.63%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|10.5|km|mi}} via Hajipora Rd
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Srinagar
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|50|km|mi}} via Nowgam - Pulwama Rd
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,141
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 |work=Rising Kashmir |date=23 September 2020 |url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = Disputed between 192303 and 192231
| website = {{URL|https://shopian.nic.in}}
| population_demonym = Manterbughek
| area_total_km2 = 1.263
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| area_rank =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.686|N|74.926|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| other_name = Matribagh
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Democracy]]
| governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| unit_pref =
| footnotes =
| registration_plate = JK22
| native_name =
}}

'''Mantribugh''' or '''Matri Bagh''' is a village panchayat located in [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Coverage of Habitations (with 100% population) on 01/04/2011|url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000002396&statename=JAMMU%20AND%20KASHMIR&districtname=SHOPIAN&flag=p11|website=indiawater.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224651/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000002396&statename=JAMMU%20AND%20KASHMIR&districtname=SHOPIAN&flag=p11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fuel shortage, power breakdown trigger water crisis in Shopian villages|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/fuel-shortage-power-breakdown-trigger-water-crisis-in-shopian-villages/302558.html}}</ref> It is situated {{cvt|12.5|km}} away from its main town [[Shopian]], the district headquarters of [[Shopian district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mantribugh, اردو डोगरी کٲشُر|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Mantribugh/247613/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=wikiedit.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=inmap.in|title=Mantribugh Shopian Shopian Jammu and Kashmir Information About All Villages Of India, Map Of Indian Villages inmap.in|url=https://inmap.in/Mantribugh/Shopian/Shopian/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir|access-date=2021-09-29|website=inmap.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mantribugh, Shopian Village information {{!}} Soki.In|url=https://soki.in/mantribugh-shopian-shopian|access-date=2021-09-29|website=soki.in}}</ref>

Currently, the village hosts more than five schools, including a government high school. The village is surrounded by lush green apple orchards. A sub-health centre (SHC) is also located in the village, which provides vaccination and medicines to the local populace.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid Vaccination at SHC Mantribugh (Shopian)|url=https://www.helpmecovid.com/center/jammu-and-kashmir/shopian/270870_shc-mantribugh|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.helpmecovid.com}}</ref>

==Population Statistics==
According to the 2011 census, Mantribugh has a total population of 1,141 peoples. There are about 181 houses in Mantribugh village. In 2011, the literacy rate of Mantribugh village was 71.63% . Thus Matri Bagh village has higher literacy rate compared to 62.49% of Shupiyan district. In Mantribugh, Male literacy stands at 81.66% while female literacy rate was 61.34%.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses || 181 || - || -
|-
| Population || 1,141 || 597 || 544
|-
| Literacy || 71.63% || 81.66% || 61.34%
|}
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Mantribugh village (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|100}}
{{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption= Languages of Mantribugh village (2011)
|label1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value1 = 100 |color1 = lightgreen
}}

== Economy ==
The local economy depends on agriculture. Majority of the population are apple fruit growers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Muhammad Younis|date=2020-11-09|title=Shopian's apples: Too much of a good thing?|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/11/10/shopians-apples-too-much-of-a-good-thing/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shopian]]
*[[Herman, Shopian]]
*[[Kaprin]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]
[[Category:Shopian district]]

Goa Women's League

2026-04-13T10:20:21Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo = GFA Vedanta Women's League official logo.png
| pixels = 250
| country = India
| organiser = [[Goa Football Association]] (Goa)
| founded = {{start date and age|2017|df=y}}
| teams = 6
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = 3
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]] (1st title)
| most_successful_club = [[Panjim Footballers]] (2 titles)
| season = 2024–25
| tv = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])
| website =
| current =
}}

The '''Goa Women's League''' (also known as the '''GFA [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta]] Women's League''' for sponsorship reasons) is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]].<ref name="gfa" >{{cite web |title=GFA Vedanta Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/gfa-vedanta-womens-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702162626/https://theawayend.co/gfa-vedanta-womens-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The League was first held in 2017 and is organised by the [[Goa Football Association]] (GFA), the official football governing body of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=GFA Vedanta Women's League to begin from 28th February in Goa |url=https://khelnow.com/football/gfa-vedanta-womens-football-league-2021-dates |website=Khel Now |date=19 February 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195448/https://khelnow.com/football/gfa-vedanta-womens-football-league-2021-dates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GFA now shifts attention to women's football |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/GFA-now-shifts-attention-to-women%E2%80%99s-football/171058 |website=Herald Goa |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195446/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/GFA-now-shifts-attention-to-women%E2%80%99s-football/171058 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Goa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/goa-football-league-structure-india-gfa/cyy13m81g1r01cvg8auhhwbif |website=Goal.com |last1=Noronha |first1=Anselm |date=29 June 2018 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106203108/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/goa-football-league-structure-india-gfa/cyy13m81g1r01cvg8auhhwbif |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Clubs==
===2024–25 season===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
|-
|1
|[[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]]
|-
|2
|Maina Sports Club
|-
|3
|Calangute Association
|-
|4
|Livval Sports Club
|-
|5
|Patrong Sports Club
|-
|6
|[[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel Sports Club]]
|}Five new teams will be competing this year while [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa FC]] remain the only non-debutant competitor in this league.<ref>{{cite web | title=Five of six teams new in Women's Football League | work=The Times of India | date=22 November 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/five-of-six-teams-new-in-womens-football-league/articleshow/115539782.cms }}</ref>

== Champions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Edition !! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up !! Ref
|-
| 1st || 2017 || [[Panjim Footballers]] || SCC Cavelossim SOWS || <ref>{{cite web |title=Panjim Dolphins crowned champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panjim-dolphins-crowned-champions/articleshow/62110658.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=29 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 2nd || 2018 || [[Panjim Footballers]] || [[FC Goa (women)|FC Goa]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Panjim Footballers win GFA Vedanta Women's League title |url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2018/11/21/panjim-footballers-win-gfa-vedanta-womens-league-title/ |website=India Footy |last=Majumder |first=Ajay |date=21 November 2018 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223143956/https://www.indiafooty.com/2018/11/21/panjim-footballers-win-gfa-vedanta-womens-league-title/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3rd || 2019 || Bidesh XI SC || Albert Developers SC || <ref>{{cite web |title=Goa Women's League 2019: Bidesh XI SC Seal IWL Qualification With a Match Left |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/goa-womens-league-2019-bidesh-xi-sc-seal-iwl-qualification-with-a-match-left-2415853.html |website=News18 |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195446/https://www.news18.com/news/football/goa-womens-league-2019-bidesh-xi-sc-seal-iwl-qualification-with-a-match-left-2415853.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4th || 2020–21 || Sirvodem SC || [[FC Goa (women)|FC Goa]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sirvodem SC crowned champions of Vedanta Women's Football League |url=https://khelnow.com/football/vedanta-womens-league-2021-final |website=Khel Now |date=31 March 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195446/https://khelnow.com/football/vedanta-womens-league-2021-final |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5th || 2021–22 || colspan=2|''Suspended due to COVID-19 epidemic in Goa'' || <ref>{{cite web |title=GFA brings state leagues to a halt over Covid fears, clubs surprised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gfa-brings-state-leagues-to-a-halt-over-covid-fears-clubs-surprised/articleshow/88697536.cms |website=The Times of India |last=Lopes |first=Flavio |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115193744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gfa-brings-state-leagues-to-a-halt-over-covid-fears-clubs-surprised/articleshow/88697536.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6th || 2022–23 || [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers Women]] || Compassion FC || <ref>{{cite web |title=CSR: Churchill Brothers FC champions at 6th Vedanta Women's League |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/csr-churchill-brothers-fc-champions-at-6th-vedanta-womens-league/ |website=The CSR Journal |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222063414/https://thecsrjournal.in/csr-churchill-brothers-fc-champions-at-6th-vedanta-womens-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7th || 2023–24 || FC Tuem || Vintage 73 SC || <ref>{{cite web |title=Title triumph for FC Tuem |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/18/sports/title-triumph-for-fc-tuem/ |website=The Navhind Times |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 8th || 2024–25 || [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]] || Maina SC || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sesa FA Triumphs with Dominant 5-2 Victory to Win 8th Goa Women's Football Trophy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/sesa-fa-are-the-champions/418738 |website=Herald Goa |date=29 January 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Women's football in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Goa}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Goa]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Goa]]

V. N. Kaul

2026-04-13T00:30:54Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Put Up A Info From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijayendra Nath Kaul
| office = 10th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India ]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2008
| president = [[APJ Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor = [[V. K. Shunglu]]
| successor = [[Vinod Rai]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|01|07}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]]
| awards = Padma Bhushan
| website = {{URL|http://vnkaul.in/}}
}}

'''Vijayendra Nath Kaul''' was the tenth [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) from 2002 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=V.N. Kaul takes over as CAG|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/16/stories/2002031601831300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204030707/http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/16/stories/2002031601831300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2014|date=16 March 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ET|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-13/news/27342138_1_comptroller-and-auditor-cag-shunglu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194106/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-13/news/27342138_1_comptroller-and-auditor-cag-shunglu|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title =Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs| url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |date=25 January 2014|access-date = 2014-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=B.S. - 2014 Padma awards|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-cag-v-n-kaul-gets-padma-bhushan-kilemsungla-padma-shri-114012500793_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SB — Padma|url=http://news.silobreaker.com/daypadmacag--former-cag-v-n-kaul-gets-padma-bhushan-kilemsungla-padma-shri-5_2267688899167911936|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140128104535/http://news.silobreaker.com/daypadmacag--former-cag-v-n-kaul-gets-padma-bhushan-kilemsungla-padma-shri-5_2267688899167911936|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-28}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Vijayendra Nath Kaul was born to Satindra Nath Kaul and his wife Padmavati (née Kak) in [[Jammu]] in a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family with a long history of public service. His great grandfather Rai Bahadur Radha Kishen Kaul was the Judicial Minister and later High Court Judge of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] up to 1913.<ref>{{cite web|last1=page 216|title=durbar delhi 1911|url=https://archive.org/stream/coronationdurbar030742mbp/coronationdurbar030742mbp_djvu.txt}}</ref> His grandfather Pandit Narendra Nath Kaul, an early Indian Cantabrigian, was the Revenue Minister of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=page 120|url=http://ikashmir.net/somnathsapru/docs/Cashmere%20-%20Kashir%20That%20Was%20Yaarbal.pdf}}</ref> Kaul is married to Veena (née Razdan) and has two sons.

Kaul started school at [[Presentation Convent]] in [[Srinagar]] but after a couple of months he was moved to Rev J.D.Tytler's school in Delhi. He completed Senior Cambridge in 1959 from [[St. Joseph's Academy, Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://vnkaul.in/|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193313/http://vnkaul.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He got his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] (Hons) and master's degrees from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[University of Delhi]] in 1964 and he joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1965. Kaul was allocated the Madhya Pradesh cadre of the IAS and began his civil service career as Assistant Collector, Bilaspur District in the then State of Madhya Pradesh. His other field postings in Madhya Pradesh were Collector and District Magistrate, Shahdol District, Collector and District Magistrate, Durg District and Commissioner, Indore Division.

==Civil service career==

Kaul has worked at senior levels in government and in the United Nations. He served in the Indian Administrative Service up to 2002 and retired as Secretary,<ref>{{cite web|title=Outlook|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?226987}}</ref> [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] on being appointed the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Prior to serving as Petroleum Secretary he was Secretary<ref>{{cite web|title=Bio|url=http://vnkaul.in/|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193313/http://vnkaul.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<ref>{{cite web|title=tribune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001102/nation.htm}}</ref> and the [[Ministry of Coal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Title unknown|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/06/02/stories/0202000k.htm}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Earlier, he was Finance Secretary, Secretary, Commerce and Industry and [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], Finance and Home Departments of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MP Treasury|url=http://www.mptreasury.org/mpt/public/circulars/vitt-99-4-166.pdf}}</ref>

He has been Chairman of public sector and joint sector companies in Madhya Pradesh and in the Government of India including Chairman, [[Petronet]] LNG.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biz Std|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gail-seeks-appointment-of-independent-chairman-to-petronet-108072800033_1.html}}</ref>
He has also served as a Director on the Boards of many private companies . He has been closely associated with international organisations. Besides working in the UN system he has been inter-alia on the Governing Boards of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, Vienna (INTOSAI) and the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) .<ref>{{cite web|title=R Cap|url=http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/cg_bod.html}}</ref>

==United Nations==

Kaul has had two stints in the United Nations. He was Regional Adviser, Trade Policy with [[United Nations]]-ESCAP at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] from 1991 to 1998.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=104805421&ticker=9438379&previousCapId=9663720&previousTitle=Dhanlaxmi%20Bank%20Ltd.| title=??}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/rjun2000/r01062000.html|title=Untitled Page }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/02/stories/0202000k.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205195018/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/02/stories/0202000k.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2014|title=New Chairman of FCI takes over | date=2 June 2000 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> He served for a second time in the United Nations from 2008 to 2011 as Vice-Chairman of the United Nations Independent Audit Advisory Committee, New York, a subsidiary body of UN General Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAAC|url=https://www.un.org/ga/iaac/members_kaul.shtml}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=BW Bloomberg|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=104805421&ticker=9438379&previousCapId=30325413&previousTitle=ISHAAN%20REAL%20ESTATE%20PLC}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Comptroller and Auditor General of India==

As C&AG, Kaul modernized and strengthened public audit in India. He introduced seminal reforms in audit practices by promulgating, for the first time clear guidelines on the extent and scope of audit and by developing an internationally benchmarked methodology for performance auditing. He believed that technology especially cognitive technology, robotic process automation and data analytics will play an increasing role in determining the effectiveness of public accounting and auditing activity in India. Two other major policy initiatives taken by him are still works in progress. The first was the need for department wise Audit Committees and for greater functional autonomy for Internal Audit. The second was to move the arcane pure cash based government accounting system in India to a modified accrual system in order to achieve greater government transparency, accountability and better financial management.The Finance Commission agreed with his views and the Government Accounting Standards Advisory Board (GASAB) was established.

Kaul was on the panel of external auditors of the United Nations from 2002 to 2007. He was elected<ref>{{cite web|title=IE|url=https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=817}}</ref> to audit the [[WHO]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HT — WHO audit|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/indians-abroad/doingindiaabroad/v-n-kaul/article1-5712.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312141613/http://www.hindustantimes.com/indians-abroad/doingindiaabroad/v-n-kaul/article1-5712.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> Kaul was also the External Auditor of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], Rome,<ref>{{cite web|title=IAAC|url=https://www.un.org/ga/iaac/members_kaul.shtml}}</ref> the [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO), London,<ref>{{cite web|title=IAAC|url=https://www.un.org/ga/iaac/members_kaul.shtml}}</ref> and, the [[World Tourism Organization]], Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAAC|url=https://www.un.org/ga/iaac/members_kaul.shtml}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2008 he was Secretary-General<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004120402690300.htm&date=2004/12/04/&prd=bl&}}</ref> of [[ASOSAI]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MEA|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/3554/India+elected+by+the+UN+General+Assembly+to+the+Independent+Audit+Advisory+Committee+and+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Administrative+and+Budgetary+Questions}}</ref> and the Chairman of the [[INTOSAI]]'s IT Audit Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=HBL INTOSAI|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/cag-elected-as-goal-liaison/article2172399.ece}}</ref>

He has been a member of the Eminent Persons Advisory Group<ref>{{cite web|title=Jagran|url=http://post.jagran.com/CCI-forms-advisory-group-for-inputs-on-market-competition-1336494148|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064111/http://post.jagran.com/CCI-forms-advisory-group-for-inputs-on-market-competition-1336494148|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> of the [[Competition Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=EIL|url=http://exposeindialive.com/eil/?p=26733}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EPAG of CCI|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=83295}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunday Indian|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/cci-forms-eight-member-advisory-group/3/34545/}}</ref>
Kaul was also a member of the Oversight Committee constituted in February 2013 for monetisation of immovable assets <ref>{{cite web|title=governance|date=17 September 2013|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/air-india-gain-rs-1500-crore-through-its-land-monetisation}}</ref> of Air India and to advise on the process of valuation and sale of saleable assets of the Airline.<ref>{{cite web|title=guidebook pdf|url=http://www.airindia.in/Images/pdf/Guidebook_on_Monitization.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, V. N.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]

Sarajevo-Romanija Corps

2026-03-23T19:12:13Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: New post

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Сарајевско-романијски корпус
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 22 May 1992 – 1996
| country = {{flagcountry|Republika Srpska}}
| allegiance = [[File:Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|20px]] [[Army of Republika Srpska]]
| branch = [[Ground Forces]]
| type = [[Mechanized infantry|Mechanized]] [[Mountain warfare|Mountain]] [[Armored warfare|Armoured]]
| role = The protection of the central parts of Republika Srpska
| size = 23,000
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale]]
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = 22 May
| equipment =
| equipment_label = Equipment
| battles = [[Bosnian War]]:
* [[Siege of Sarajevo]]
* [[Battle of Azići]]
* [[Operation Lukavac '93]]
* [[1995 Pale air strikes]]
* [[Operation Tekbir '95]]
* Other operations
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 = Tomislav Šipčić (1992) [[Stanislav Galić]] (1992–94) [[Dragomir Milošević]] (1994–1996)
| commander1_label = Commander
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}

'''Sarajevo-Romanija Corps''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''{{lang|sr|Сарајевско-романијски корпус}}'', ''{{lang|sr|Sarajevsko-romanijski korpus}}'') was one of the six corps of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Structure of the Army of the Republika Srpska ("VRS") |url=https://www.icty.org/x/cases/borovcanin/ind/en/bor-annexA020906.htm |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.icty.org}}</ref> established on 22 May 1992. Before implementation into the [[Army of Republika Srpska]], the corps was known as '''4th Sarajevo Corps''' of [[Yugoslav People's Army]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jodpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA265 |title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict |date=2002 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis |isbn=978-0-16-066472-4 |page=270 |language=en}}</ref> Commanders of the corps were
Tomislav Šipčić, [[Stanislav Galić]] and [[Dragomir Milošević]].<ref name=":1" /> The corps numbered 23,000 soldiers. During the [[Bosnian War|War in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] around 4,000 soldiers died.<ref>{{Cite web |last=za SRBIN. info |first=dopisnik |date=2017-05-12 |title=DVADEST PETI ROĐENDAN Vojske Republike Srbije |url=https://srbin.info/pocetna/aktuelno/dvadest-peti-rodjendan-vojske-republike-srbije/?lang=lat |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=SRBIN.info |language=sr-RS}}</ref>

== Organization ==
The headquarters of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps was in [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale]]. Responsibility zone of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps was determined by [[Nišići]], [[Ilijaš]], [[Hadžići]], [[Vogošća]], [[Istočno Sarajevo]], [[Ilidža]], [[Treskavica]] and [[Goražde]], over 150 km2 of front (1993). Sarajevo-Romanija Corps participated in operations Ilidža, [[Operation Lukavac '93|Lukavica]], Sedrenik, [[Operation Tekbir '95|Tekbir]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=osnovna |url=https://kokosar.com/RS_army-SRK.htm |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=kokosar.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanišić |first=Dušanka |title=Sarajevsko-romanijski korpus simbol hrabrosti i patriotizma |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/558054/republika-srpska-pale-secanje-borci |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Politika Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarajevsko-romanijski korpus - sami protiv svih (FOTO) {{!}} Katera |url=https://katera.news/lat/sarajevsko-romanijski-korpus-sami-protiv-svih-foto |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=katera.news |language=sr-Latn}}</ref>

== Sarajevo–Romanija Corps Units==

=== War-time organization ===

=== Brigades ===
* 1st Sarajevo Mechanized Brigade, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 2nd Sarajevo Light Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Vojkovići]]
* 3rd Sarajevo Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Vogošća]]
* 4th Sarajevo Light Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Pale, Republika Srpska|Pale]]
* 1st Romanija Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Han Pijesak]]
* 1st Ilijaš Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Ilijaš]]
* 1st Ilidža Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Ilidža]]
* 1st Igman Infantry Brigade, HQ [[Hadžići]]

=== Other Units ===
* 4th Reconnaissance-Sabotage Detachment “White Wolves”, HQ [[Pale, Republika Srpska|Pale]]
* 4th Military Police Battalion, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Communications Battalion, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Mixed Antitank Artillery Regiment, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Mixed Artillery Regiment, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Light Air Defence Artillery Regiment, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Engineer Battalion, HQ [[Pale, Republika Srpska|Pale]]
* 4th Auto-transport Battalion, HQ [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]]
* 4th Medical Battalion, HQ [[Pale, Republika Srpska|Pale]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Improve categories|date=February 2025}}

[[Category:Siege of Sarajevo]]
[[Category:Corps of the Army of Republika Srpska]]

Tarique Rahman

2026-03-23T17:03:51Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Bangladesh since 2026}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tarique Rahman
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]
| native_name = {{nobold|তারেক রহমান}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Prime Minister Tarique Rahman addressing 13th National Parliament, Dhaka, 2026-03-12 (cropped).jpg
| alt = Photograph of Rahman wearing a white shirt
| caption = Rahman in 2026
| order = 11th
| office = Prime Minister of Bangladesh
| president = [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor =  [[Sheikh Hasina]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] (as [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]])
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}
| 1blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 1namedata1 = * [[Cabinet Division]]
* [[Armed Forces Division]]
* [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)| Ministry of Defence]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026
| term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Yunus]] (as [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]])
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office2 = Leader of the House in Jatiya Sangsad
| order2 = 9th
| 2blankname2 = Deputy
| 2namedata2 = TBD
| predecessor2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| successor2 =
| term_start2 = 17 February 2026
| term_end2 =
| office3 = [[Chairperson of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Chairman of Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| 3blankname3 = [[General Secretary of Bangladesh Nationalist Party|General Secretary]]
| 3namedata3 = [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]]
| term_start3 = 9 January 2026{{efn|[[Acting (law)|Acting]]: 8 February 2018 – 9 January 2026}}
| predecessor3 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency4 = [[Dhaka-17]]
| term_start4 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor4 = [[Mohammad A. Arafat]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|11|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place =  [[Dacca]], East Pakistan, Pakistan
| residence = 196, [[Gulshan Avenue]], Dhaka
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| education = {{Unbulleted list|[[Dhaka Residential Model College]] ([[Secondary School Certificate (Bangladesh)|SSC]])|[[Adamjee Cantonment College]] ([[Higher Secondary Certificate#Bangladesh|HSC]])}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Zubaida Rahman|Zubaida Khan]]|1994}}
| relations = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arafat Rahman]] (brother)
* [[Mahbub Ali Khan]] (father-in-law)
* [[Irene Khan]] (cousin-in-law)
}}
| children = [[Zaima Rahman]]
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ziaur Rahman]]
* [[Khaleda Zia]]
}}
| signature = Tarique Rahman signature.svg
| relatives = [[Majumder–Zia family]]
| nickname = Pinu<ref>{{cite news |title=তারেক রহমানের জন্মদিন আজ, উৎসব নয়, নির্দেশনায় বিএনপি |url=https://www.atnnewstv.com/details/22890 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ATN News]] |date=20 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.tariquerahman.info}}
}}
{{Tarique Rahman sidebar}}
'''Tarique Rahman'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|তারেক রহমান|Tārēk Rôhômān}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈtaːɾek ˈɾɔɦoman|pron}}}} (born 20 November 1968), also known as '''Tarique Zia''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|তারেক জিয়া|Tārēk Jiẏā}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈtaːɾek ˈd͡ʒija|pron}}}} is a Bangladeshi politician who has served as the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] and [[Chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) since 2026. He is the eldest son of former [[President of Bangladesh|President]] [[Ziaur Rahman]] and former Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]].

Rahman rose to prominence in the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] during [[Premiership of Khaleda Zia|Khaleda Zia's premiership]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh holding 'sham' election: Exiled opposition leader Tarique Rahman|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/4/bangladesh-holding-sham-election-exiled-opposition-leader-tarique-rahman|date=4 January 2024|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en|access-date=13 July 2024|archive-date=5 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905025227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/4/bangladesh-holding-sham-election-exiled-opposition-leader-tarique-rahman|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Awami League]]'s victory in the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |last2=Manik |first2=Julfikar Ali |date=30 December 2008 |title=Secular Party Wins Landslide Victory in Bangladesh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/world/asia/31bangladesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509161437/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/world/asia/31bangladesh.html |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> he went into self-imposed exile in the [[United Kingdom]], citing concerns for his safety and claiming that he was being persecuted by the authorities.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=Tarique Rahman on Why the BNP Is Boycotting the Bangladesh Elections |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/tarique-rahman-on-why-the-bnp-is-boycotting-the-bangladesh-elections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919114602/https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/tarique-rahman-on-why-the-bnp-is-boycotting-the-bangladesh-elections/ |archive-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=What Tarique Rahman's 'return' from political exile could mean for Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-tarique-rahmans-return-from-political-exile-could-mean-for-bangladesh-2643597-2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203044042/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-tarique-rahmans-return-from-political-exile-could-mean-for-bangladesh-2643597-2024-12-02 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> He was convicted by the courts during [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s [[Premiership of Sheikh Hasina|premiership]] on multiple charges, including corruption, bribery, money laundering, illegal acquisition of wealth, and [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|grenade attacks]].<ref name="dw10Oct20182">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2018 |title=Hefty sentences for deadly 2004 attack in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808032623/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2016 |title=Bangladesh court jails opposition leader's son |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/bangladesh-tarique-rahman-jailed-for-money-laundering |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307080634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/bangladesh-tarique-rahman-jailed-for-money-laundering |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="i567">{{cite news |date=3 August 2025 |title=Tarique, Zubaida now cleared of all cases |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/266108/tarique-zubaida-now-cleared-of-all-cases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220101447/https://www.newagebd.net/post/Politics/266108/tarique-zubaida-now-cleared-of-all-cases |archive-date=20 December 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> A total of 84 cases were filed against him between 2007 to 2024.<ref name="i5672">{{cite news |date=3 August 2025|title=Tarique, Zubaida now cleared of all cases|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/266108/tarique-zubaida-now-cleared-of-all-cases|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220101447/https://www.newagebd.net/post/Politics/266108/tarique-zubaida-now-cleared-of-all-cases|archive-date=20 December 2025|access-date=3 August 2025|work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> BNP claimed that those were politically motivated false charges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2025 |title=How Prothom Alo, Daily Star waged smear campaign against Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/800491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209113853/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/800491 |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Hasina didn't mention Tarique in her testimony for 21 Aug attack case: BNP lawyers |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/hasina-didnt-mention-tarique-her-testimony-21-aug-attack-case-bnp-lawyers-1006941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231005020/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/hasina-didnt-mention-tarique-her-testimony-21-aug-attack-case-bnp-lawyers-1006941 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2024, following the [[July uprising]], the court acquitted him of all charges and quashed his sentence;<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Bangladesh court acquits Zia's son and 48 others convicted in 2004 deadly grenade attack |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-grenade-attack-hasina-khaleda-zia-tarique-1a7e519a9bc3358d528e8e377561906a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108231948/https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-grenade-attack-hasina-khaleda-zia-tarique-1a7e519a9bc3358d528e8e377561906a |archive-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2025 |title=SC acquits BNP's Tarique Rahman in money laundering case |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/politics/sc-acquits-bnps-tarique-rahman-in-money-laundering-case |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |language=en}}</ref> he subsequently returned to Bangladesh in late 2025 and won in the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 general election]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2025 |title=Bangladesh opposition leader Tarique Rahman returns after 17 years in exile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/25/bangladesh-opposition-leader-tarique-rahman-returns-after-17-years-in-exile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225065244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/25/bangladesh-opposition-leader-tarique-rahman-returns-after-17-years-in-exile |archive-date=25 December 2025 |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2025 |title=Prospect for Premier Returns to Bangladesh After 17 Years in Exile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/25/world/asia/bangladesh-tarique-rahman-return-exile.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Rahman has drawn controversy in national politics, facing accusations of corruption, bribery, money-laundering charges and being linked to the use of [[Hawa Bhaban]] as a parallel power centre.{{efn|Multiple sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full text of acquittal verdict of Tarique Rahman, Zubaida published |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/292244 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219042545/https://www.bssnews.net/news/292244 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2007 |title=Tarique Rahman – flawed heir apparent? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6430063.stm |access-date=21 January 2025 |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103141114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6430063.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2011 |title=Tarique laundered money |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-210437 |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826190320/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-210437 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarker |first=Probir Kumar |title=The Dark Prince and his Hawa Bhaban: Mountains of cash |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311932/the-dark-prince-and-his-hawa-bhaban-mountains-of |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=24 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017083428/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311932/the-dark-prince-and-his-hawa-bhaban-mountains-of |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==Early life and education==
Tarique Rahman was born on 20 November 1968 in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="par"/><ref>{{cite news |title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী তারেক রহমানের সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনী |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/national/2026/02/18/1218234 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |date=18 February 2026 |language=bn |trans-title=Brief biography of Prime Minister Tarique Rahman |archive-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218235828/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/national/2026/02/18/1218234 |url-status=live }}</ref> He mentioned the year 1965 on his personal website.<ref name="eddddddddd"/><ref name="Personal222">{{cite web |title=Tarique Rahman Biography|url=https://www.bnpbd.org/leader-details/chairman-tarique-rahman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809012910/https://www.bnpbd.org/leader-details/acting-chairman-tarique-rahman|archive-date=9 August 2024|access-date=22 August 2024|publisher=[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]|language=en}}</ref> However, his birth year is mentioned as 1968 on his national identity card in the election affidavit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique submits wealth declaration revealing nearly Tk 20mn in assets, complete acquittal in 77 cases|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/27e39eb85035|access-date=16 January 2026|work=[[bdnews24.com]]|date=31 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="par">{{cite web |title=Dhaka-17 Profile TARIQUE RAHMAN |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=constituency&page=1&search=dhaka-17 |website=parliament.gov.bd |publisher=[[Jatiya Sangsad]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> He belongs to a notable [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Mandal (surname)|Mandals]] hailing from Bagbari in [[Gabtali Upazila|Gabtali]], [[Bogura District]].<ref>{{citation|script-title=bn:শহীদ জিয়ার জন্ম বংশ পরিচয় ও শৈশব|language=bn|author=Shiqdar, Tamim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarique Rahman: A timeline of rise, exile and return|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399572/tarique-rahman-a-timeline-of-rise-exile-and|access-date=3 January 2026|website=Dhaka Tribune|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226131614/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399572/tarique-rahman-a-timeline-of-rise-exile-and|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, [[Ziaur Rahman]], was a [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani military]] officer who would later become a [[Bir Uttom]] recipient and the [[president of Bangladesh]], and his mother, [[Khaleda Zia]], was a homemaker from [[Fulgazi]], [[Feni District|Feni]] who would later become the [[prime minister of Bangladesh]].<ref name="eddddddddd">{{Cite web |title=Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.tariquerahman.info/tarique-rahman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116103937/http://www.tariquerahman.net/index.php/2012-04-10-18-56-53/personal-life |archive-date=16 January 2016|access-date=28 December 2025 |website=tariquerahman.net |language=en-GB|publisher=BNP}}</ref>

Tarique Rahman started his education at [[BAF Shaheen College Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=যেভাবে বিএনপির শীর্ষ নেতৃত্বে উঠে এলেন তারেক রহমান |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/ckg944n4r71o |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |date=24 December 2025 |language=bn |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231064539/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/ckg944n4r71o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eddddddddd"/> He studied for a short time at [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=তারেক রহমানের ৬১তম জন্মদিন আজ|url=https://www.amaderbarta.net/bn/news/tarique-rahmans-61st-birthday-is-today-350782 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=Amader Barta |date=20 November 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law minister labels Tarique 'ill-mannered' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/66425/law-minister-labels-tarique-%E2%80%98ill-mannered%E2%80%99 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=31 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Then he completed his secondary education from [[Dhaka Residential Model College]] and HSC from [[Adamjee Cantonment College]].<ref name="eddddddddd"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman: Symbol of struggle for democracy |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/344735 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |date=24 December 2025 |archive-date=24 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224070519/https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/344735 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1985–86 academic year, he was first admitted to the Department of Law at the [[University of Dhaka]] and then changed departments and enrolled in the Department of International Relations.<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Politics vs Pedagogy: Why Tarique Rahman's academic journey remained "incomplete" |url=https://english.thedailycampus.com/politics/1686 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=The Daily Campus |date=15 January 2026 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202113935/https://english.thedailycampus.com/politics/1686 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, during his second year of undergraduate studies, he dropped out and started a business in the textile industry and shipping sector.<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=BNP chief Tarique Rahman emerges as new face of Bangladesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bnp-chief-tarique-rahman-emerges-as-new-face-of-bangladesh/articleshow/128328991.cms |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2026}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Rahman started his political career as a primary member of the local [[upazila]] branch of the BNP in [[Gabtali Upazila|Gabtali]], [[Bogra District|Bogura]], in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP acting chairman Tarique turns 60 |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-turns-60-1732123263 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121002152/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-turns-60-1732123263 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PoliticalThought">"The Political Thought of Tarique Rahman"</ref>

Tarique Rahman was active in BNP campaign activities during the [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991 national election]] in constituencies where his mother, Khaleda Zia, was a candidate,<ref name="PoliticalThought" /> which took place during Bangladesh's transition from military rule to an elected government.

Following the BNP's victory in the 1991 national election, Rahman continued to be involved in party activities in Bogra. During the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996 national election]], he did not contest any parliamentary seat and instead participated in campaign coordination activities for constituencies in which his mother, Khaleda Zia, was a candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/RTV/1991/03/18/RTV180391005/?s=zia%20and%20bangladesh%20and%20parliament |title=Bangladesh, Khaleda Zia Head Of Bangladesh National Party, Appointed First Woman Prime Minister |work=[[ITN Source]] |date=18 March 1991 |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100054/http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/RTV/1991/03/18/RTV180391005/?s=zia%20and%20bangladesh%20and%20parliament |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1996 and 2001, during the tenure of the Awami League government, Rahman was involved in opposition political activities. In the 2001 national election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party won a two-thirds majority.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecs.gov.bd/Bangla/ShareVote.php?&electionid=8&electionName=Parliament%20Election%202001 |title=Share of Votes by Party |website=[[Bangladesh Election Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224165000/http://www.ecs.gov.bd/Bangla/ShareVote.php?&electionid=8&electionName=Parliament%20Election%202001 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref>

During the BNP-led government (2001–2006), the [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack]] took place at a public rally of the Awami League. The attack targeted senior party leaders, including the then opposition leader, Sheikh Hasina, killing 24 people, among them [[Ivy Rahman]], and injuring several hundred others. Rahman was later convicted in connection with the case and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |title=It was Hawa Bhavan Plot|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-111469|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 October 2009|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117122749/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-111469|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/19-sentenced-to-death-19-to-life-imprisonment-in-in-2004-grenade-attack-in-bangladesh/articleshow/66146547.cms|title=19 sentenced to death, 19 to life imprisonment in 2004 grenade attack in Bangladesh|date=10 October 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528024428/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/19-sentenced-to-death-19-to-life-imprisonment-in-in-2004-grenade-attack-in-bangladesh/articleshow/66146547.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, an appellate court overturned the verdict and acquitted him, citing procedural irregularities in the earlier trial.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2024|title=21 August grenade attack: HC acquits Tarique, Babar, all others|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/21-aug-grenade-attack-high-court-acquits-all-convicts-1006751|access-date=5 February 2025|work=[[The Business Standard]]|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605182238/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/21-aug-grenade-attack-high-court-acquits-all-convicts-1006751|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Exile to United Kingdom (2008–2025)==
[[File:Tarique in Council.jpg|thumb|Tarique giving speech at a BNP program, 2005.]]
Following the release of Khaleda Zia, Rahman was also released from prison on 11 September 2008 after around 18 months in detention under the military-backed [[Fakhruddin Ahmed ministry|1/11 caretaker government]]. He subsequently left for London to receive medical treatment at Wellington Hospital, an independent private hospital in [[St. John's Wood]], reportedly after negotiations with the authorities, and remained abroad while facing multiple corruption cases filed during the emergency period. The 1/11 caretaker government, confirmed that he had given a written promise not to indulge in any future politics and was thus allowed to go abroad instead being accused of multiple corruption cases.<ref>{{Cite news |title=তারেক রহমান: বিএনপি নেত্রী খালেদা জিয়া সেনা কর্মকর্তাদের সঙ্গে যে সমঝোতা করে বড় ছেলেকে লন্ডনে পাঠিয়েছিলেন |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-53427092 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-29 |title=তারেক রহমানের বাংলাদেশে ফিরতে বাধা কোথায়? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c1e4zxn81ywo |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: After 17 Years in Exile, Tarique Rahman Comes Home as BNP Eyes Power |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/bangladesh-after-17-years-in-exile-tarique-rahman-comes-home-as-bnp-eyes-power |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

===Senior Vice Chairman of the BNP===
On 8 December 2009, Rahman was elected Senior Vice Chairman of the BNP at its [[5th National Council of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party|5th National Council]] held in Dhaka; he was previously the party's Senior Joint Secretary General.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite news |date=8 December 2009 |title=Tarique made senior vice chair |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-made-senior-vice-chair |access-date=21 December 2013 |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207083134/https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-made-senior-vice-chair |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Liton |first1=Shakhawat |last2=Suman |first2=Rakib Hasnet |date=9 December 2009 |title=Tarique made powerful senior vice-chairman |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-116937 |access-date=7 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026114838/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-116937 |url-status=live}}</ref> A recorded speech by him was broadcast at the council, in which he referred to his arrest and treatment during detention under the military-backed caretaker government that assumed power in January 2007. In the speech, Rahman alleged that he had been subjected to torture and claimed that there had been a conspiracy to kill him under what he described as the guise of a judicial process. He also spoke about his physical condition, stating that he required additional time to complete medical treatment.<ref name="bdn8Dec2009">{{cite news |title=AL hopes BNP council will strengthen democracy |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/al-hopes-bnp-council-will-strengthen-democracy |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=8 December 2009 |access-date=3 August 2025 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228062231/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/al-hopes-bnp-council-will-strengthen-democracy |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2026}}

BNP chairperson Khaleda Zia later stated that her son would re-enter active politics following his return from abroad after completing medical treatment. While addressing several public meetings during a visit to Bogra, she alleged that the then government was attempting to harass him in order to prevent his return to Bangladesh. Referring to his detention and subsequent medical condition, she said that multiple cases had been filed against him as part of what she described as broader conspiracies, and that doctors had indicated his recovery would take additional time.<ref name="london">{{cite news |title=Tarique coming back to politics |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-114927 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126175743/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-114927 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 January 2014, in a video message posted on YouTube,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Esaq8jq2NOo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Esaq8jq2NOo |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Tarique Rahman's London Speech {{!}} 3 January 2014 |date=3 January 2014 |via=YouTube |access-date=4 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Rahman called for a boycott of the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|national election]] scheduled for the following day.<ref name="bdnews1">{{cite news |title=Tarique calls for poll boycott |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-calls-for-poll-boycott |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128231222/https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-calls-for-poll-boycott |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Rahman registered a private firm, White and Blue Consultants Limited, described as a public relations and communications company, in the United Kingdom. Incorporation documents filed with Companies House initially listed his nationality as British; however, the records were amended in 2016 to state his nationality as Bangladeshi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=Fazlur Rahman |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/144980/did-tarique-register-his-pr-firm-in-uk-as-a |title=Did Tarique register his PR firm in UK as a British citizen in 2015? |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108121315/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/144980/did-tarique-register-his-pr-firm-in-uk-as-a |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial listing was cited by several commentators and government officials, including [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Md. Shahriar Alam]], as evidence supporting claims that Rahman had acquired British citizenship.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/144040/tarique-rahman-issues-legal-notice-against-state |title=Tarique Rahman issues legal notice against State Minister Shahriar Alam |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108121313/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/144040/tarique-rahman-issues-legal-notice-against-state |archive-date=8 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.banglainsider.com/en/news_details/100282 |title=Tarique Zia got British Citizenship |website=Bangla Insider |access-date=13 July 2024 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713101505/https://www.banglainsider.com/en/news_details/100282 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rahman denied the allegation and issued a legal notice to Shahriar Alam, seeking an apology for remarks alleging that he held British citizenship.<ref name="auto" />

===Acting Chairman of the BNP ===
[[File:Tarique Rahman and Prof. Dr. Yunus meeting in London 2.jpg|thumb|Tarique Rahman and [[Muhammad Yunus]] meeting in London, 2025.]]
In November 2018, Rahman conducted the interview process through [[Skype]] for the nomination seekers of BNP at the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018 national election]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/js-polls-2018/bnp-nomination-interview-process-tarique-rahman-presence-via-skype-blocked-1663135 |title=Tarique joins nomination seekers' interview thru' Skype |date=20 November 2018 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111054426/https://www.thedailystar.net/js-polls-2018/bnp-nomination-interview-process-tarique-rahman-presence-via-skype-blocked-1663135 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/js-polls-2018/news/tarique-rahman-taking-bnp-nomination-seekers-interview-illegal-says-obaidul-quader-bangladesh-politics-1662928 |title=Tarique's taking BNP nomination seekers' interview illegal: Quader |date=19 November 2018 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

After the [[Students–People's uprising (Bangladesh)|fall of Sheikh Hasina]], he pledged to return to [[Bangladesh]] after the cases against him were lifted.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fakhrul: Tarique Rahman will return home after legal proceedings end |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/367906/bnp-secretary-general-tarique-rahman-will-return |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105034417/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/367906/bnp-secretary-general-tarique-rahman-will-return |url-status=live }}</ref> He also pledged to support the reform process of the [[Interim government system of Bangladesh|interim government]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique: BNP has no discord with interim govt over reforms |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/366232/tarique-bnp-has-no-discord-with-interim-govt-over |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 June 2025, a private meeting was held between Rahman and the [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|chief adviser]] of the [[Yunus ministry|interim government]], [[Muhammad Yunus]], who was on a visit to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Muhammad Yunus-Tarique Rahman meeting ends, media briefed |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ezvzen1xcb |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630134526/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ezvzen1xcb |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title='Historic' Yunus-Tarique meeting ends after nearly 1.5 hours of discussions on polls, other crucial issues |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/all-eyes-todays-yunus-tarique-historic-meeting-1164296 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716174816/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/all-eyes-todays-yunus-tarique-historic-meeting-1164296 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the meeting, the representatives of both sides issued a joint statement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Yunus-Tarique meeting a 'turning point': Mirza Fakhrul |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/n6wss5kcmm |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630155717/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/n6wss5kcmm |url-status=live}}</ref> The meeting was cited as a "turning point" by the BNP sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Turning Point in Bangladesh Politics: The Yunus-Rahman Dialogue |url=https://dailypeoplestime.com/details.php?id=2216 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=dailypeoplestime.com |archive-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712221736/https://dailypeoplestime.com/details.php?id=2216 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hossain |first=Sajjad |date=11 June 2025 |title=Yunus-Tarique meet: 'A potential turning point' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-tarique-meet-potential-turning-point-3913906 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722204121/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-tarique-meet-potential-turning-point-3913906 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Return to Bangladesh===
On 25 December 2025, Rahman, along with his wife [[Zubaida Rahman]] and daughter [[Zaima Rahman]], returned to Bangladesh, ending his exile since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarique Rahman shares feelings on his homecoming|url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/344991|access-date=25 December 2025|date=25 December 2025|website=BSS|archive-date=25 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225053503/https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/344991|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2025 |title=Tarique Rahman returns to Bangladesh after 17 years |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8lhxfu7b04 |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108092742/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8lhxfu7b04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2025 |title=BNP standing committee members welcome Tarique |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-standing-committee-members-welcome-tarique-4065856 |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225065256/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-standing-committee-members-welcome-tarique-4065856 |url-status=live }}</ref> Five days later, Rahman's mother, [[Khaleda Zia]], died after prolonged illness. Rahman chose to contest in both [[Bogra-6]] and [[Dhaka-17]] for the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman's nominations for Dhaka-17, Bogura-6 declared valid |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/tarique-rahmans-nominations-dhaka-17-bogura-6-declared-valid-1325101 |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=The Business Standard |date=3 January 2026 |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104224049/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/tarique-rahmans-nominations-dhaka-17-bogura-6-declared-valid-1325101 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 January 2026, Rahman became the chairman of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman made BNP chairperson |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/400672/tarique-rahman-becomes-bnp-chairperson |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |date=9 January 2026 |archive-date=9 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109202427/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/400672/tarique-rahman-becomes-bnp-chairperson |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman assumes office as BNP Chairman |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/politics/850774/tarique-rahman-assumes-office-as-bnp-chairman |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Daily Sun |date=9 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premiership (2026–present) ==
{{Main article|Premiership of Tarique Rahman}}
[[File:Tarique Rahman taking oath as the 11th Prime Minister of of Bangladesh (February 17, 2026).jpg|thumb|Rahman taking the oath of office as the 11th Prime Minister of Bangladesh on 17 February 2026, administered by [[President of Bangladesh|President]] [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]]]]
The BNP won a [[landslide victory]] in the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 general election]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh elections: BNP set for victory in landmark vote |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-elections-bnp-set-for-victory-in-landmark-vote/live-75922247 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=DW |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> with Rahman, as the party leader, being elected to the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] for his first term.
[[File:Tarique Rahman addressing the nation 2026-02-18.jpg|thumb|Rahman addressing the nation for the first time as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh on 18 February 2026]]
On 17 February 2026, Rahman was sworn in as the first Bangladeshi prime minister after the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarique Rahman sworn in as PM; 25 ministers, 24 state ministers also take oath |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/national-election-2026/news/tarique-rahman-sworn-pm-25-ministers-24-state-ministers-also-take-oath-4108321 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> His victory marked the end of a [[Battle of Begums|35-year-old tradition of female leadership]] in Bangladesh.

==Cases and controversies==
Rahman became the subject of a host of controversies during Zia's third term and the Awami League government of [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2007 |title=Tarique Rahman – flawed heir apparent? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6430063.stm |access-date=22 November 2025 |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103141114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6430063.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Cases against Tarique were part of political conspiracy: Mirza Fakhrul |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/cases-against-tarique-were-part-political-conspiracy-mirza-fakhrul-3765886 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504113442/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/cases-against-tarique-were-part-political-conspiracy-mirza-fakhrul-3765886 |url-status=live }}</ref> Described as "politically motivated" attacks by the BNP, the courts in Dhaka have cleared him of all charges after [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=HC clears Tarique of all charges |url=https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/12089/hc-clears-tarique-of-all-charges |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708140702/https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/12089/hc-clears-tarique-of-all-charges |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Power sector corruption allegation ===
During the 2001–2006 tenure of the [[20 Party Alliance|Four-Party Alliance]] government, Rahman was frequently accused by political opponents of involvement in large-scale corruption within the power sector.<ref>{{Cite news |work=bdnews24|title='Poles, with electricity of course' |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/poles-with-electricity-of-course |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The most prominent of these allegations became known as the "Khamba" (electric pole) controversy. Critics alleged that, Rahman and his business associates utilized the "[[Hawa Bhaban]]" office to influence the government contracts for the procurement of thousands of electric poles at inflated prices.

Reports from the period claimed that many of these poles were installed in rural areas without being connected to a functioning electrical grid. Detractors cited these "empty poles" as a symbol of systemic graft and mismanagement. In 2008, a United States Embassy cable later published by WikiLeaks characterized him as a “symbol of kleptocratic government”. In a January 2026 article'','' [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] noted that Rahman continues to be referred to by the derogatory nickname "Khamba Tarique" by his critics.<ref name="toi">{{Cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |date=28 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's Prodigal Son |url=https://time.com/7358216/bangladesh-elections-tarique-rahman-profile/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128161247/https://time.com/7358216/bangladesh-elections-tarique-rahman-profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahman denied the allegations, describing them as politically motivated attempts to undermine the leadership of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debunking the corruption myth: Tarique Rahman and the fabricated allegations |url=https://en.banglaoutlook.org/editors-pick/235501 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=Bangla Outlook English |language=bn |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421202959/https://en.banglaoutlook.org/editors-pick/235501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hawa Bhaban controversy ===
{{Main|Hawa Bhaban}}

The allegations consist of Rahman and his associates allegedly accepting bribes from various businessmen and political rivals through Hawa Bhaban, the office of the chairman of the BNP and an alleged parallel power centre during Zia's tenure, laundering the money abroad.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |title=Son of Bangladesh ex-PM jailed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/3/13/son-of-bangladesh-ex-pm-jailed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713074842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/3/13/son-of-bangladesh-ex-pm-jailed |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=FBI probe finds Khaleda, Tarique received kickbacks from Niko |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/162289/fbi-probe-finds-khaleda-tarique-received |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Based on these allegations, the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh]] (ACC) began an investigation in 2007, and he was also investigated by the Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI) in the [[United States]] and the courts in [[Singapore]]. They later stated that evidence of money laundering was found against Rahman.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Halder |first=Chaitanya Chandra |date=18 November 2013 |title=What FBI stated in deposition |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/what-fbi-stated-in-deposition-203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803165043/https://www.thedailystar.net/what-fbi-stated-in-deposition-203 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Mamun tells court he used Hawa Bhaban links for extortion |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/mamun-tells-court-he-used-hawa-bhaban-links-for-extortion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116123259/https://bdnews24.com/politics/mamun-tells-court-he-used-hawa-bhaban-links-for-extortion |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Dark Prince and his Hawa Bhaban: Mountains of cash |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311932/the-dark-prince-and-his-hawa-bhaban-mountains-of |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017083428/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311932/the-dark-prince-and-his-hawa-bhaban-mountains-of |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Dark Prince and his 'Hawa Bhaban' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311850/the-dark-prince-and-his-%E2%80%98hawa-bhaban%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320021419/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/311850/the-dark-prince-and-his-%E2%80%98hawa-bhaban%E2%80%99 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

In 2007, the Bangladeshi government launched an investigation against Rahman on charges of bribery and money laundering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarique, Babar and six others acquitted in Tk 21 crore bribery case |url=https://www.thefinancialpostbd.com/news/1137 |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=The Daily Financial Post |archive-date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818233956/https://www.thefinancialpostbd.com/news/1137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Niko money went to Khaleda, Tarique: FBI |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/20413/Niko-money-went-to-Khaleda-Tarique-FBI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128203259/https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/20413/Niko-money-went-to-Khaleda-Tarique-FBI |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=Bangla Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Halder |first1=Chaitanya Chandra |last2=Laskar |first2=Rizanuzzaman |date=17 November 2011 |title=Tarique laundered money |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-210437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826190320/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-210437 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The investigation led to allegations that he laundered about $20 million abroad.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Was FBI Bribery Attempt Also Aimed at Getting Charges Dropped Against Khaleda Zia's Son? |url=https://thewire.in/world/was-fbi-bribery-attempt-also-aimed-at-getting-charges-dropped-against-khaleda-zias-son |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221021127/https://thewire.in/world/was-fbi-bribery-attempt-also-aimed-at-getting-charges-dropped-against-khaleda-zias-son |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, a case was filed domestically based on the allegations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meri |first=Josef (Yousef) |year=2008 |title=Book Publishing in Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies: Technological Academic Solutions for Scholars and Academic Publishers |journal=Review of Middle East Studies |volume=42 |issue=1–2 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1017/s0026318400051579 |issn=2151-3481}}</ref> On 20 March 2025, the court acquitted him in this case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2025 |title=Tk 21cr bribery case: Tarique, seven others cleared |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/tk-21cr-bribery-case-tarique-seven-others-cleared-3853196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612165253/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/tk-21cr-bribery-case-tarique-seven-others-cleared-3853196 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=Tarique, Babar, 6 others acquitted from bribery case |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/tarique-rahman-babar-6-others-acquitted-bribery-charges-1097361 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

===Money laundering case===
{{Further|Corruption in Bangladesh}}
On 7 June 2007, a money laundering case was submitted against Rahman and his personal friend and business partner, [[Giasuddin Al Mamun]], by the [[Bangladesh Anti Corruption Commission]] at a court in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |date=14 March 2007 |title=Bangladesh Military Government Holds 40 in Graft Sweep |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/world/asia/14bangla.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713103731/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/world/asia/14bangla.html |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Bangladesh: Warrant Issued for Son of Former Premier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/asia/09briefs-bangladesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713103731/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/asia/09briefs-bangladesh.html |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In a verdict given on 18 November 2013 by the court, Rahman was acquitted in the case involving BDT 20.41 crore. After delivering the verdict, the trial court judge left the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=SC stays Tarique's 7-yr jail sentence in money laundering case |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/sc-stays-tariques-7-yr-jail-sentence-money-laundering-case-3772786 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504175050/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/sc-stays-tariques-7-yr-jail-sentence-money-laundering-case-3772786 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh Anti Corruption Commission member [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]] rejected the verdict, saying:<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Halder |first1=Chaitanya Chandra |last2=Bin Habib |first2=Wasim |last3=Adhikary |first3=Tuhin Shubhra |date=18 November 2013 |title=Tarique acquitted |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/tarique-acquitted |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726212104/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/tarique-acquitted |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="Tarique and Mamun had equal footing in the crime. So, legally there was no scope to differentiate."}}

BNP officials and leaders have claimed that this judgement is proof of his innocence, that he had no involvement with corruption, and that all the cases against Rahman were "politically motivated".<ref name="ds26Dec20132">{{cite news |date=18 November 2013 |title=Money Laundering Case: Tarique acquitted |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/tarique-acquitted |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726212104/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/tarique-acquitted |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2013 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

On 21 July 2016, Rahman was found guilty by the Bangladesh High Court, overturning a lower court verdict that acquitted him earlier. He was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment and fined Tk 20 crore by the Court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2024 |title=SC stays Tarique Rahman's 7-year sentence in money laundering case |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/sc-stays-tarique-rahmans-7-year-sentence-money-laundering-case-1015036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725040727/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/sc-stays-tarique-rahmans-7-year-sentence-money-laundering-case-1015036 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique handed 7 years jail-time, fined Tk20cr |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/1858/tarique-handed-7-years-jail-time-fined-tk20cr |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909081534/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/1858/tarique-handed-7-years-jail-time-fined-tk20cr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2024 |title=SC stays jail sentence of Tarique Rahman in money laundering case |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/781458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207030152/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/781458 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>

Mamun's wider business dealings, closely associated with Rahman's political influence, led to further legal scrutiny. For example, in 2022, the ACC filed a graft case against Mamun's company, One Spinning Mills Limited, and its directors, for alleged loan embezzlement from [[Sonali Bank]].<ref name="ACC-Jahangir-Mamun">{{cite news |date=21 June 2022 |title=ACC sues 21 including Giasuddin Al Mamun, ex-Sonali Bank MD for embezzling Tk32cr |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/acc-sues-21-including-giasuddin-al-mamun-ex-sonali-bank-md-embezzling-tk32cr-444266 |work=The Business Standard |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124105025/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/acc-sues-21-including-giasuddin-al-mamun-ex-sonali-bank-md-embezzling-tk32cr-444266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 December 2024, Rahman and Mamun were acquitted by the high court of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=HC acquits Tarique's friend Mamun in money laundering case |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hc-acquits-tariques-friend-mamun-money-laundering-case-3769096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205131425/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hc-acquits-tariques-friend-mamun-money-laundering-case-3769096 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=HC acquits Gias Al Mamun in money laundering case |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/501866 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)]] |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206014035/https://www.observerbd.com/news/501866 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Illegal wealth acquisition ===
The [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|ACC]] filed a case against Rahman, his wife Zubaida, and Zubaida's mother, Syeda Iqbal Banu, in 2007 during the military-backed caretaker government on allegations that Rahman and his wife had illegal assets worth more than 48 million taka beyond their declared income.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhaka court indicts Tarique Rahman, wife Zubaida in illicit wealth case |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tv6escaf3x |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518050841/https://bdnews24.com/politics/tv6escaf3x |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 March 2009, the investigating officer filed a chargesheet against the three in court. However, the trial against Zubaida's mother was later dismissed. The court recorded the statements of 42 witnesses for the prosecution, including the complainant in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2023 |title=Tarique-Zubaida graft case: 3 witnesses testify before court |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/tarique-zubaida-graft-case-3-witnesses-testify-court-640342 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231100132/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/tarique-zubaida-graft-case-3-witnesses-testify-court-640342 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique's mother-in-law on ACC charge sheet |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/118269/tarique-s-mother-in-law-on-acc-charge-sheet |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915011603/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/118269/tarique-s-mother-in-law-on-acc-charge-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref>

A Dhaka court sentenced Rahman to nine years in prison and a fine of Tk 30 million, and his wife, Zubaida, to three years in prison and a fine of Tk 3.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Halder |first1=Chaitanya Chandra |last2=Bappi |first2=Emrul Hasan |last3=Nandy |first3=Dipan |date=3 August 2023 |title=Illegal Wealth, Concealing Info: Tarique gets 9yrs, Zubaida 3yrs |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/illegal-wealth-concealing-info-tarique-gets-9yrs-zubaida-3yrs-3384886 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507230733/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/illegal-wealth-concealing-info-tarique-gets-9yrs-zubaida-3yrs-3384886 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, the court ordered the confiscation of Rahman's illegal assets worth about Tk 3.5 million in favour of the state.<ref name="l785">{{cite web |title=Criminal Appeal No.7225 of 2013 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/resources/documents/682838_CrlApp7225of2013.pdf |website=Supreme Court of Bangladesh |access-date=6 August 2025 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805132643/https://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/resources/documents/682838_CrlApp7225of2013.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, the interim government of [[Muhammad Yunus]] suspended the sentence of Rahman's wife for one year in a case filed on charges of acquiring wealth outside known sources of income, on the condition of surrender and appeal. On 28 May 2025, Rahman and his wife were acquitted of all charges after being found innocent in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique, Zubaida acquitted in illegal wealth case – |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/527725 |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-date=7 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807214201/https://www.observerbd.com/news/527725 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== The Zia Charitable Trust corruption controversy ===
{{Main|Zia Charitable Trust corruption case}}

The Zia Charitable Trust corruption case contains allegations filed against Rahman and his mother, among others.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=8 August 2011 |title=Bangladesh opposition leader Khaleda Zia in graft case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14443509 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006195309/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14443509 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) filed the case in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2016 |title=Zia charitable graft: HC clears way for Khaleda's trial |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/zia-charitable-graft-hc-clears-way-khaledas-trial-1205623 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824195534/http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/zia-charitable-graft-hc-clears-way-khaledas-trial-1205623 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was alleged that a foreign grant of about Tk 2.1 crore was given to the Zia Orphanage Trust in 2004, but it was used for personal purposes instead of being spent on the trust's work.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2012 |title=Khaleda faces graft charges |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-218694 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818021557/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-218694 |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to allegations of misuse of state resources.

The case named Rahman and his mother, former prime minister Khaleda Zia, accusing them of personally embezzling foreign grant money.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Md Sanaul Islam |last=Tipu |title=Court: Trial to continue in Khaleda's absence |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/156080/court-trial-to-continue-in-khaleda%E2%80%99s-absence |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Although Zia was directly accused in the case, Rahman's name was discussed in the case due to the political situation at the time and his political position.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HC to hear Khaleda's appeal in Zia Charitable graft case on April 30 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/175027/hc-to-hear-khaleda-s-appeal-in-zia-charitable |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103220454/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/175027/hc-to-hear-khaleda-s-appeal-in-zia-charitable |url-status=live }}</ref>

The trial of the case began in 2011. Following the investigation and judicial proceedings, on 8 February 2018, a special court in Dhaka sentenced Zia to 5 years in prison and Rahman and the other accused to 10 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liton |first1=Shakhawat |last2=Halder |first2=Chaitanya Chandra |date=30 October 2018 |title=Zia Charitable Trust Graft Case: Khaleda jailed for 7 years |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/zia-charitable-trust-case-supreme-court-bangladesh-directs-dhaka-court-deliver-verdict-bnp-chairperson-khaleda-zia-1653295 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014145041/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/zia-charitable-trust-case-supreme-court-bangladesh-directs-dhaka-court-deliver-verdict-bnp-chairperson-khaleda-zia-1653295 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2018 |title=Graft: Khaleda's appeal delayed for verdict copy |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/graft-khaledas-appeal-delayed-verdict-copy-1658287 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207140920/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/graft-khaledas-appeal-delayed-verdict-copy-1658287 |url-status=live}}</ref> The High Court later doubled Zia's jail term in that case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2025 |title=Zia Charitable Trust case: ACC, prosecution move Appellate Division challenging Khaleda's acquittal |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/zia-charitable-trust-case-acc-prosecution-move-appellate-division-challenging |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207201254/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/zia-charitable-trust-case-acc-prosecution-move-appellate-division-challenging |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zia Orphanage Trust case: SC stays Khaleda's 10-year jail sentence |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/364830/zia-orphanage-trust-case-sc-stays-khaleda-s |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316153223/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/364830/zia-orphanage-trust-case-sc-stays-khaleda-s |url-status=live}}</ref> Since Rahman was in self-imposed exile in the [[United Kingdom]], he did not appear in court, and the verdict was delivered in his absence. The verdict caused a large impact on domestic politics in Bangladesh. Zia appealed to the High Court to suspend her sentence and was released on bail for some time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zia Charitable graft case: Khaleda files bail petition with HC again |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/201709/zia-charitable-graft-case-khaleda-files-bail |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Rahman, however, was issued an international arrest warrant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2015 |title=Former Bangladesh PM Begum Khaleda Zia appears before court in graft cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/former-bangladesh-pm-begum-khaleda-zia-appears-before-court-in-graft-cases/articleshow/48191773.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822183824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/former-bangladesh-pm-begum-khaleda-zia-appears-before-court-in-graft-cases/articleshow/48191773.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=19 March 2014 |title=Bangladesh opposition's Khaleda Zia to stand trial over corruption charges |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/bangladesh-khaleda-zia-trial-corruption |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The BNP and its supporters have claimed that the case is politically motivated, while the Awami League has called it an important legal step.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2018 |title=PM expressed self-satisfaction after sending Khaleda to jail: Rizvi |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/prime-minister-expressed-self-satisfaction-after-sending-khaleda-jail-bnp-senior-joint-secretary-general-rizvi-ahmed-1532176 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221151707/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/prime-minister-expressed-self-satisfaction-after-sending-khaleda-jail-bnp-senior-joint-secretary-general-rizvi-ahmed-1532176 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Case against ex-PM Khaleda Zia lacks admissible evidence: Lord Alex Carlile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/case-against-ex-pm-khaleda-zia-lacks-admissible-evidence-lord-alex-carlile/articleshow/64066195.cms |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105163500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/case-against-ex-pm-khaleda-zia-lacks-admissible-evidence-lord-alex-carlile/articleshow/64066195.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The verdict in the case has been the subject of disagreement among various political analysts and legal experts.

On 15 January 2025, Zia and Rahman, along with all the accused, were acquitted in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Khaleda acquitted in Zia Charitable Trust graft case |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/khaleda-acquitted-zia-charitable-trust-graft-case-3762766 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504124955/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/khaleda-acquitted-zia-charitable-trust-graft-case-3762766 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2025 |title=Zia orphanage trust: Apex court clears Khaleda, Tarique |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/zia-orphanage-trust-apex-court-clears-khaleda-tarique-3799621 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612101327/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/zia-orphanage-trust-apex-court-clears-khaleda-tarique-3799621 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2004 Dhaka grenade attack case===
{{Main|2004 Dhaka grenade attack}}

On 21 August 2004, a grenade attack on an Awami League rally in Dhaka killed 24 people and injured about 300, including then-opposition leader Sheikh Hasina.<ref>{{Cite news |title=August 21 grenade attack: The day democracy almost died |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/292647/august-21-grenade-attack-the-day-democracy-almost |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425091801/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/292647/august-21-grenade-attack-the-day-democracy-almost |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="e501">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: Grenade attack on opposition party |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/asa130012005en.pdf |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007185721/https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/asa130012005en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2020 |title=The day Bangladesh's politics changed forever |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/august-21st/day-bangladeshs-politics-changed-forever-122215 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229014754/https://www.tbsnews.net/august-21st/day-bangladeshs-politics-changed-forever-122215 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 August, Motijheel Police Station Sub-Inspector (SI) Faruk Ahmed filed a case as the plaintiff.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last1=Liton |first1=Shakhawat |last2=Halder |first2=Chaitanya Chandra |last3=Habib |first3=Wasim Bin |last4=Adhikary |first4=Tuhin Shubhra |date=11 October 2018 |title='State-backed crime' punished |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-verdict-tarique-rahman-awarded-life-1645090 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012005216/https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-verdict-tarique-rahman-awarded-life-1645090 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rahman was initially not named as an accused in the case. The Awami League condemned the BNP government's handling of the investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2018 |title=From the archives: What happened on August 21 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-what-happened-on-that-day-1644268 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904070827/https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-what-happened-on-that-day-1644268 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hossain |first=Farid |date=23 August 2004 |title=Riots in Bangladesh over grenade attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/23/bangladesh |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Mohiuddin |date=21 August 2023 |title=21 August grenade attack has created a wall in politics |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/97ybbae1sd |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015004015/https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/97ybbae1sd |url-status=live }}</ref> The BNP denies any link to the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2018 |title='State-sponsored verdicts' in Aug-21 cases to ruin BNP: Rizvi |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/state-sponsored-verdict-in-21-august-grenade-attack-case-ruin-bnp-1645594 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150204/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/state-sponsored-verdict-in-21-august-grenade-attack-case-ruin-bnp-1645594 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hefty sentences for deadly 2004 attack in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=10 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808032623/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |url-status=live}}</ref>

When the reinvestigation of the case began during the caretaker government in 2007, the names of Mufti Abdul Hannan, leader of the banned organization Harkatul Jihad, and Abdus Salam Pintu, deputy minister of the then BNP government, came up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 21 case goes to trial|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60988 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='State-backed crime' punished|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-verdict-tarique-rahman-awarded-life-1645090 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>

When the Awami League came to power in 2009, a further investigation was carried out.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |last2=Halder |first2=Chaitanya Chandra |date=19 March 2012 |title=Tarique, Babar indicted |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-226847 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630085237/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-226847 |url-status=live}}</ref> The investigation revealed the names of Rahman and other high-ranking BNP leaders. In 2011, Rahman was named as the alleged main conspirator in the supplementary charge sheet and was formally charged in the case. He was accused of being the mastermind of the attack by Awami League General Secretary [[Obaidul Quader]]; however, the accusation was denied by BNP Secretary General [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2018 |title=Tarique mastermind of August 21 grenade attack: Quader |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/tarique-rahman-mastermind-august-21-grenade-attack-2004-1644787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110173637/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/tarique-rahman-mastermind-august-21-grenade-attack-2004-1644787 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |access-date=10 October 2018 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

The trial officially began in 2012. After a long hearing, the Dhaka Speedy Trial Tribunal announced its verdict in the 21 August grenade attack case on 10 October 2018.<ref name="auto2"/> The court identified Rahman as the main conspirator of the attack and sentenced him to [[life imprisonment]] in the verdict for the case.<ref name="dw10Oct2018">{{Cite news |title=Hefty sentences for deadly 2004 attack in Bangladesh |date=10 October 2018 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808032623/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladeshi-opposition-chief-gets-life-sentence-over-deadly-2004-attack/a-45821210 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/news/babar-17-others-get-death-tarique-awarded-life-1645090 |title=Babar, 17 others get death; Tarique awarded life |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=10 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> However, the verdict was given in his absence as he was abroad. He was shown as a 'fugitive' in the charge sheet.<ref name="v687">{{cite news |last=তানভী |first=জান্নাতুল |date=21 August 2024 |script-title=bn:২১শে অগাস্ট গ্রেনেড হামলা সহ তারেক রহমানের বিরুদ্ধে যত মামলা রয়েছে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cdjwx10wj3ko |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=BBC Bangla|language=bn |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916204822/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cdjwx10wj3ko |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 November 2024, the High Court concluded a hearing on the appeals and death references of the grenade attack cases.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC concludes hearing on appeals, death references |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/hc-concludes-hearing-on-appeals-death-references-1732208605 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122080438/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/hc-concludes-hearing-on-appeals-death-references-1732208605 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aug 21 grenade attack cases: HC to deliver verdict any day |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/aug-21-grenade-attack-cases-hc-deliver-verdict-any-day-3758966 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122030634/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/aug-21-grenade-attack-cases-hc-deliver-verdict-any-day-3758966 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 December 2024, Rahman, [[Lutfozzaman Babar]], and 47 others were acquitted by the court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique, Babar, others acquitted in Aug 21 grenade attack cases |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/tarique-babar-others-acquitted-aug-21-grenade-attack-cases-3765706 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=21 August grenade attack: HC annuls verdict, acquits all convicts including Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/21-aug-grenade-attack-high-court-acquits-all-convicts-1006751 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2025 |access-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605182238/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/21-aug-grenade-attack-high-court-acquits-all-convicts-1006751 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman, all other accused acquitted in Aug 21 grenade attack case |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/501318 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]] |date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201062006/https://www.observerbd.com/news/501318 |archive-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> The High Court has recommended that the Home Ministry take the necessary measures to conduct a new investigation into the 21 August grenade attack case through appropriate and expert agencies to ensure justice.<ref>{{Cite news |title=High Court orders reinvestigation of August 21 grenade attack |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/368593/high-court-orders-reinvestigation-of-21-august |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318201112/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/368593/high-court-orders-reinvestigation-of-21-august |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 10-truck arms and ammunition haul ===
{{Main|2004 arms and ammunition haul in Chittagong}}

The 10-truck arms case began on 28 April 2004, when a large quantity of arms and ammunition was seized in 10 trucks in Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=What is 10-truck arms haul case, Bangladesh's largest arms smuggling incident |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/what-10-truck-arms-haul-case-bangladeshs-largest-arms-smuggling-incident-1021611 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219120934/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/what-10-truck-arms-haul-case-bangladeshs-largest-arms-smuggling-incident-1021611 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chronology of Ctg arms haul cases |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/chronology-of-ctg-arms-haul-cases |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423121247/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/chronology-of-ctg-arms-haul-cases |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2023 |title=Tarique pulls strings for 10 truck arms haul: Maj Gen Gaganjit Singh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/682286 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815050613/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/682286 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rahman was accused of being involved in the arms, and it was claimed that the arms were collected for use in gunfights during the BNP government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique, associates had ties with ULFA chief Paresh Barua, ex-intel officer |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/305476/tarique-associates-had-ties-with-ulfa-chief |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khokon |first=Sahidul Hasan |date=23 February 2023 |title=Trucks of arms seized at Chittagong in 2004 meant for ULFA: India's ex-intel officer {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bangladesh-defense-intelligence-agency-india-bnp-awami-league-major-general-gaganjit-singh-arms-consignment-2338411-2023-02-23 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625220749/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bangladesh-defense-intelligence-agency-india-bnp-awami-league-major-general-gaganjit-singh-arms-consignment-2338411-2023-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was alleged that the arms were intended to be smuggled to banned armed groups in India. Rahman and other BNP leaders were investigated for their involvement in the case.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite magazine |title=Chittagong Arms Haul in Bangladesh Remains a Riddle |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/chittagong-arms-haul-in-bangladesh-remains-a-riddle/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516174753/https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/chittagong-arms-haul-in-bangladesh-remains-a-riddle/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was alleged that Tarique Rahman was involved in the arms smuggling scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:'১০ ট্রাক অস্ত্র' কেলেঙ্কারিতে বিএনপি ও তারেক জড়িত |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/633239/%E2%80%98%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128115458/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/633239/%E2%80%98%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:অস্ত্র মামলার তদন্ত নিয়ে বিতর্ক – DW – 5 February 2014 |url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95/a-17409203 |access-date=8 August 2025 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=bn |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812201639/https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95/a-17409203 |url-status=live}}</ref> The BNP later filed a complaint, considering the case to be politically motivated.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Govt plotting to pin 10-truck arms case on Tarique: BNP |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/govt-plotting-to-pin-10-truck-arms-case-on-tarique-bnp |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Financial Express |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231140750/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/govt-plotting-to-pin-10-truck-arms-case-on-tarique-bnp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2010 |title=BNP denies role in '04 arms haul case |url=https://assamtribune.com/bnp-denies-role-in-04-arms-haul-case |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Assam Tribune |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207201627/https://assamtribune.com/bnp-denies-role-in-04-arms-haul-case |url-status=live }}</ref> They claimed that the case was part of a political vendetta and Rahman was deliberately targeted.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |title='Khaleda Zia knew about Ctg arms haul' |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/khaleda-zia-knew-about-ctg-arms-haul |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref> On the other hand, the Awami League government presented the case as a strong step against political crimes.

On 18 December 2024, the High Court acquitted four people in the case, including former State Minister for Home Affairs Lutfuzzaman Babar and former Director General of NSI, retired Major General Rezzakul Haider Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2025 |title=Man Involved In The Largest Arms And Ammunition Haul Of Bangladesh Released |url=https://resonantnews.com/2025/01/20/man-involved-in-the-largest-arms-and-ammunition-haul-of-bangladesh-released/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=resonantnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120161303/https://resonantnews.com/2025/01/20/man-involved-in-the-largest-arms-and-ammunition-haul-of-bangladesh-released/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sedition and other cases===
In 2014, Rahman made a speech about [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] at an event in London during a discussion organized by the BNP. He referred to Mujib as a "[[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakar]]"<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |title=Arrest warrant for Tarique Rahman in a libel case |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/arrest-warrant-for-tarique-rahman-in-a-libel-case |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231114831/https://bdnews24.com/politics/arrest-warrant-for-tarique-rahman-in-a-libel-case |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Mohammad Al-Masum |last=Molla |title=Tarique now labels Bangabandhu a razakar |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/96776/tarique-now-labels-bangabandhu-a-razakar |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2014 |title=Bangabandhu traitor, pro-Pakistan killer: Tarique |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Bangabandhu-traitor-pro-Pakistan-killer-Tarique |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref> and "Pakbandhu" (friend of Pakistan), among other words.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2014 |title=Warrant against BNP leader for calling Mujib 'Pakbandhu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/warrant-against-bnp-leader-for-calling-mujib-pakbandhu/article6680149.ece |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Tarique Rahman's latest claim labels Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib a 'Razakar' |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tarique-rahman-s-latest-claim-labels-bangabandhu-sheikh-mujib-a-razakar |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader Tarique Rahman cleared of sedition |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/3749d26ed72d |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Following the speech, he was termed as "insolent" and "stupid" by his political rivals,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khaleda, Tarique speaking nonsense to hide truth: Inu |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/khaleda-tarique-speaking-nonsense-to-hide-truth-inu |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2014 |title=Tarique, you are an idiot: Tofail |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tarique-you-are-an-idiot-tofail |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231091748/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tarique-you-are-an-idiot-tofail |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2024 |title=BNP can't come to right track under Tarique's leadership: Quader |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-cant-come-right-track-under-tariques-leadership-quader-3582171 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504130652/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-cant-come-right-track-under-tariques-leadership-quader-3582171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique Rahman is curse of BNP: Quader |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/467430 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821151929/https://www.observerbd.com/news/467430 |url-status=live }}</ref> and multiple legal notices<ref>{{Cite news |first=Ahmed |last=Zayeef |title=Tarique served notice for calling Bangabandhu 'Razakar' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/89257/tarique-served-notice-for-calling-bangabandhu |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and sedition cases were filed throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique Rahman acquitted in Joypurhat sedition case |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/503566 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820013551/https://www.observerbd.com/news/503566 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tk 10bn libel against Tarique over Razakar comment |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/tk-10bn-libel-against-tarique-over-razakar-comment |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |date=21 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique jailed for 2yrs for dishonouring Bangabandhu |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/297594 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Daily Observer |date=5 February 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826234901/https://www.observerbd.com/news/297594 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 January 2014, the Awami League's Jessore district unit's then-organizing secretary, filed a lawsuit, claiming that Rahman had committed sedition by making the comments about Mujib.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=March 2025 |title=Tarique acquitted in sedition case filed in 2014 |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/795498 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917202830/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/795498 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 April 2017, the police handed in the charge sheet to the court. The court subsequently issued an arrest warrant in the case against Rahman.<ref name=":6" /> On 10 March 2025, the District and Sessions Judge's Court Jessore acquitted Rahman and dismissed a sedition case filed in 2014.<ref name=":6" /> In addiiton, on 28 February 2015, President of the Subornachar Upazila Awami League, filed a case against Rahman at the Noakhali Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Tarique Rahman acquitted in sedition case |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/355617/tarique-rahman-acquitted-in-sedition-case |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326090758/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/355617/tarique-rahman-acquitted-in-sedition-case |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 April 2017, the police filed the charge sheet to the court. The court subsequently issued an arrest warrant for Rahman in the matter. On 21 August 2024, the Noakhali Additional District and Sessions Judge Court acquitted him of sedition charges laid on 4 April 2017.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2024 |title=Tarique Rahman acquitted in sedition case |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/355617/tarique-rahman-acquitted-in-sedition-case |access-date=22 August 2024 |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326090758/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/355617/tarique-rahman-acquitted-in-sedition-case |url-status=live }}</ref>

In another controversy, on 5 January 2015, Rahman delivered a live statement on the [[Ekushey Television|Ekushey TV]] channel.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2025 |title=HC scraps sedition case against BNP acting chairman Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/249126/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-rahman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102035054/https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/249126/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-rahman |archive-date=2 November 2024 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> Tejgaon Police Station filed a case claiming that Rahman, in collusion with others, was allegedly involved in publishing false and fabricated information, posing a threat to the sovereignty of the country, and "spreading hatred" against the government.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=HC scraps sedition case against Tarique Rahman |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-tarique-rahman |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Financial Express |date=31 October 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104204019/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-tarique-rahman |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sedition case against Tarique Rahman dismissed |url=https://www.thesouthasiantimesbd.com/law-court/news/25626 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=The South Asian Times {{!}} সাউথ এশিয়ান টাইমস |language=en}}</ref> On 6 September 2017, police handed in a chargesheet against them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Full text of HC judgment quashing sedition case against Tarique released |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/372782/full-text-of-hc-judgment-quashing-sedition-case |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |agency=BSS |date=4 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104225939/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/372782/full-text-of-hc-judgment-quashing-sedition-case |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 October 2024, The High Court scrapped the case.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2025 |title=HC scraps sedition case against BNP acting chairman Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/249126/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-rahman |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=New Age |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102035054/https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/249126/hc-scraps-sedition-case-against-bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-rahman |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Tarique Rahman and his family members with Chief Adviser Professor Muhammad Yunus at the State Guest House Jamuna in Dhaka (Thursday, January 15, 2026).jpg|thumb|Tarique Rahman and his family members with meeting with the [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|chief adviser]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] at the [[State Guest House Jamuna]], January 2026. From left to right: [[Zaima Rahman]], [[Zubaida Rahman]], Tarique, Yunus, and Deena Yunus.]]
Rahman married [[Zubaida Rahman|Zubaida Khan]] on 3 February 1994,<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaleda, senior BNP leaders wish Tarique on his 60th birthday |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/365696/tarique-turns-60-amid-no-birthday-celebrations |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |agency=UNB |date=20 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316233312/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/365696/tarique-turns-60-amid-no-birthday-celebrations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2024 |title=BNP acting chairman Tarique turns 60 |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-turns-60-1732123263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121002152/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/politics-policies/bnp-acting-chairman-tarique-turns-60-1732123263 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> a physician and the youngest daughter of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan]], former [[Chief of the Naval Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of [[Bangladesh Navy]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |author= |title=Tarique's wife Zubaida fired from work |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tariques-wife-zubaida-fired-from-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101141348/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tariques-wife-zubaida-fired-from-work |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=1 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rashidul Hasan |date=20 August 2013 |title=Is Zubaida joining politics? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/is-zubaida-joining-politics |access-date=25 January 2020 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125103125/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/is-zubaida-joining-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first cousin of [[Irene Khan]], currently serving as the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] for freedom of expression and opinion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Irene Khan |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression/ms-irene-khan |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[OHCHR]] |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116062154/https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression/ms-irene-khan |url-status=live}}</ref> Zubaida became a government physician in 1995 after passing the [[Bangladesh Civil Service]] (BCS) exam and was later fired by the Awami League government, in September 2014, for being absent from work for six years.<ref name=":0" /> Their only daughter, [[Zaima Rahman]], is a [[barrister]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2019 |script-title=bn:ব্যারিস্টার হলেন তারেক কন্যা জাইমা |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/politics/461556/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |language=bn |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223160453/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/politics/461556/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A8-%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%2595-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026]]
| [[Bogra-6|Bogura-6]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman vacates Bogra-6 seat |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/amp/bangladesh/election/403511/tarique-vacates-bogura%E2%80%916-seat-sends-letter-to-ec |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=16 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour| Bangladesh Nationalist Party|rowspan=2}}
| 216,284
| 68.90
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Dhaka-17]]
| 72,699
| 51.56
| {{Won}}
|-
|colspan="7" |Source:[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|''The Daily Star'']]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarique Rahman Wins in Dhaka-17, Bogura-6 Constituencies |publisher= The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/national-election-2026/news/tarique-rahman-wins-dhaka-17-bogura-6-4105076 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=www.thedailystar.net |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
{{s-start}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khaleda Zia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]|years=2026–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=Khaleda Zia}}
{{s-ttl|title=Acting Chairperson of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]|years=2018–2025}}
{{s-aft|after=''Himself''}}
{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sheikh Hasina]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House (Bangladesh)|Leader of the House]]|years=2026–present}}
{{s-inc}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad A. Arafat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Dhaka-17]]|years=2026–present}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Yunus]]|as=chief adviser}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]|years=2026–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-end}}
{{Prime ministers of Bangladesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Current SAARC leaders}}
{{Commonwealth heads of government}}
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{{Current Socialist rulers}}
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{{Subject bar
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Tarique}}
[[Category:Tarique Rahman| ]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Adamjee Cantonment College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of St. Joseph Higher Secondary School]]
[[Category:BAF Shaheen College Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Muslims]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Chairpersons of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
[[Category:Children of presidents of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Dhaka Residential Model College alumni]]
[[Category:Khaleda Zia| ]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Majumder–Zia family]]
[[Category:People from Bogra District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]

Rail transport in India

2026-03-21T17:11:09Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail network
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Vande Bharat Express at maximum speed.jpg
| photo1b = Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg
| photo2a = WAP-7-LOCO.jpg
| photo2b = KCG - AK ICE (23262137244).jpg
| photo3a = Mumbai_Train.JPG
| photo3b = Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg
| spacing = 1
| size = 275
| position = center
| border = 0
| color = #000000
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top left''': [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]] trainset; [[Namo Bharat]] [[rapid rail]]; [[Express trains in India|Superfast express]] pulled by [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4D]] [[diesel locomotive]]; [[Urban rail transit in India|Metro train]]; [[suburban rail|Suburban train]]; [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] [[electric locomotive]]
}}
|nationalrailway = [[Indian Railways]]
|length = {{unbulleted list
|'''Regular/suburban:''' {{convert|68,584|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/> With {{cvt|29719|km}} of the lines having two or more tracks, total running track length was {{cvt|106493|km}}, while total trackage (including sidings) was {{cvt|132310|km}}.<ref name="IRYB"/>
|'''Metro:''' {{convert|895|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Metro"/>
}}
|doublelength = {{convert|38,415|km|abbr=on}} (2023)<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="Metro"/>
|ellength = {{cvt|64080|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="RE">{{Cite report |title=Status of Railway Electrification (as on 01.08.2024) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/RE/2024/Status%20of%20Railway%20Electrification%20(as%20on%2001_08_2024)%20pdf.pdf |access-date=8 August 2024 |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref><ref name="Metro"/>
|gauge1 = {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|gauge1length = {{convert|65,977|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="DM"/>
|gauge2 = {{Track gauge|1435mm|lk=on}} [[standard gauge]]
|gauge2length = {{convert|245|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Metro"/><ref name="DM"/>
|gauge3 = {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}
|gauge3length = {{convert|1,345|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/>
|gauge4 = {{Track gauge|762mm|lk=on}} and {{Track gauge|610mm|lk=on}}
|gauge4length = {{convert|1,262|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="IRYB"/>
|tunnellength =
|longesttunnel = [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]], {{convert|11.215|km|abbr=on}}
|nobridges = 156,417 (2023)<ref name="IRYB"/>
|longestbridge = [[Bogibeel Bridge]], {{convert|4.94|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=A bridge over Vembanad Lake|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/A-bridge-over-Vembanad-Lake/article16194216.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2010|access-date=11 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711025812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/A-bridge-over-Vembanad-Lake/article16194216.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|nostations = {{unbulleted list
|'''Total:''' 8016
|'''Regular/Suburban:''' 6268<ref name="IRYB"/>
|'''Metro:''' 748
}}
|highelevation = {{convert|2257|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|highelat = {{rws|Ghum}}
|lowelevation = {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|lowelat = {{rws|Burra Bazar}} and {{rws|Honnavar}}
|map =
|mapcaption =
|name = Railway Transport In India}}

'''Rail transport in India''' consists of primarily of [[passenger train|passenger]] and [[Rail freight transport|freight]] shipments along an integrated rail network. [[Indian Railways]] (IR), a [[statutory body]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]], operates India's national railway system. It is the primary owner and operator of [[Rail transport|rail operations]] throughout the country, including [[suburban rail|suburban]] rail in major metros. Economic studies indicate positive effects of the Indian railway network on the economy of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogart |first1=Dan |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Latika |last3=Herranz-Loncán |first3=Alfonso |date=2024 |title=The growth contribution of colonial Indian railways in comparative perspective |url=https://www.cbe.anu.edu.au/researchpapers/CEH/WP201503.pdf |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1509–1534 |doi=10.1111/ehr.13341 |issn=0013-0117}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Donaldson |first=Dave |date=2018 |title=Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20101199 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=108 |issue=4–5 |pages=899–934 |doi=10.1257/aer.20101199 |issn=0002-8282|hdl=1721.1/128506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The majority of the metro [[Urban rail transit in India|urban rail]] networks are operated by independent bodies constituted for the respective operations. Privately owned rails exist in few places, mostly used to connect freight to the integrated rail network. Inter-city rail services are operated primarily by Indian Railways, though efforts have been made to introduce privately operated trains as recently as 2022.

The national rail network comprised a total route length of {{convert|68584|km|adj=on|abbr=on}}, with more than {{convert|132310|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} of track and 8,000+ stations and is the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|fourth-largest in the world]]. {{As of|2023}}, it is one of the busiest networks in the world, transporting more than 11 billion passengers and 1.512 billion tonnes of freight annually. {{As of|2024|August|df=my}}, more than {{convert|64080|km|abbr=on}} of all the routes have been [[railway electrification|electrified]] with [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 KV AC]] [[railway electric traction|electric traction]]. The [[rolling stock]] consisted of 318,196 [[Freight rail transport|freight wagons]], 84,863 [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger coaches]], 14,781 [[locomotive]]s and other [[multiple unit]]s owned by Indian Railways apart from rail-sets operated by metro rail corporations.

==History==
=== 1832–1852: Industrial railways ===
In 1832, the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]] was made.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|title=Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency|last1=Smith|first1=John Thomas|year=1839|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1835, a [[railway track]] was constructed between [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and [[Chintadripet]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a [[Rotary engine|rotary steam engine]] imported from [[England]] and was used for ferrying [[granite]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[Madras Railway]] was established in 1845.<ref name="Hist"/> Temporary railway lines were built such as the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at [[Dowleswaram]] by [[Arthur Cotton]] to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the [[Godavari River]] in 1845 and the Solani aqueduct railway, built by [[Proby Cautley]] in [[Roorkee]] to transport construction materials for an [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] over the Solani river in 1851.<ref name="Hist"/> On 1 August 1849, the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] was incorporated with a guarantee system providing free land and guaranteeing five-percent rates of return to private English companies building railways.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1852, a [[steam locomotive]] imported from England was tried at [[Byculla]].<ref name="Locoh">{{cite report|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf|title=First running of a railway locomotive in India|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222555/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1853–1924: Passenger railways and expansion ===
[[File:Tanna Railway Viaduct.jpg|thumb|The railway viaduct near Thane in 1855]]
[[File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Railway map of India in 1871]]

In 1853, the first passenger train on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge ran for {{convert|34|km}} between [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bombay]] and [[Thane]] which had 14-carriages carrying 400 people, hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html|title=164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane|work=India Times|date=16 April 2017|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729114445/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established with its headquarters in [[England]] in 1853.<ref name="GSR">{{cite journal|journal=Herepath's Railway and Commercial Journal|page=3|title=Indian Tramway Limited|date=1 January 1870|volume=32|issue=1595}}</ref> The Thane viaducts, the first [[railway bridge]]s, were built over the [[Thane creek]] when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan]] in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran {{convert|24|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Howrah]], near [[Kolkata]], to [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]] on 15 August 1854.<ref name="Hist"/> The construction of {{convert|60|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} line in the South between [[Royapuram]] in Madras and [[Walajapet|Arcot]] started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|title=On Forgotten Road|date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> The first workshops were established by GIPR at Byculla in 1854 and Madras Railway at [[Perambur]] in 1856. The [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI)]] was incorporated in 1855 and the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,477|title=Western Railway, history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402033247/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,477|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/7859c7ff-af20-40df-9e88-8f4ab92a70d7|title=Records of the India Office relating to the Eastern Bengal Railway Company|publisher=Government of UK|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The Carnatic Railway was founded in 1869.<ref name="GSR"/> On 24 February 1873, a [[Horsecar|horse-drawn]] {{convert|3.8|km||abbr=on}} [[tram]] opened in [[Calcutta]] between [[Sealdah]] and Armenian Ghat street.<ref name="DBG"/> In 1875, a railway line was opened in between [[Mokama]] and [[Darbhanga]] by the local ruler of [[Raj Darbhanga]] through [[Tirhut Railway]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/bihar/palace-on-wheel-darbhangas-glorious-railway-history-lies-in-ruins/na20191026121137569|title=Darbhanga's once glorious railway history, now lies in ruins|date=26 October 2019|newspaper=[[ETV Baharat]]|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/150th-anniversary-calcutta-trams-8469537/|title=150th anniversary of Calcutta trams: A brief history of trams in India|date=28 February 2023|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between [[Colaba]] and [[Parel]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|title=The Evolution of Trams in Mumbai|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232644/http://dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/exhibits/show/mumbai_development/trams|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Great Southern of India Railway and the Carnatic Railway merged in 1874 to form the [[South Indian Railway Company|South Indian Railway]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency During the Year 1875-76|page=260|publisher=Government Press|year=1877}}</ref> In 1879, the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was established which built railway lines across the then [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaganath|first1=Santosh|title=The History of Nizam's Railways System|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-312-49647-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98|page=98}}</ref> In 1877, an [[Ajmer]] built [[Finnish Steam Locomotive Class F1|F-1/734 Steam Locomotive]] became the first indigenously built locomotive in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|title=Oldest locomotive: Built in Ajmer, pride of Delhi|date=3 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[East Coast State Railway]] was established in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261|title=History of East Coast Railway|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced with the Jodhpur Railway, the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1908, Madras Railway merged with [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] to form the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4sgbfdutMC&q=Madras+Railway+merger&pg=PA755|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=2|page=755|year =2005|publisher=Orient Longmans Private Limited|isbn=978-8-1250-2731-7}}</ref> [[Pamban Bridge|Pamban bridge]], the first sea bridge was opened on 24 February 1914.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|access-date=9 February 2023|work=The Telegraph|date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
In 1920, [[Railway signal|electric lighting of signals]] was introduced between [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] and [[Currey Road railway station|Currey Road]] in Bombay.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5107/dot_5107_DS1.pdf|title=Railway signals, signs and markers|publisher=US transportation library|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== 1925–1949: Electrification and further expansion ===
[[File:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|Railway map of India in 1909]]
The first [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] was presented in 1924.<ref name="Hist"/> The [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] was merged with the [[East Indian Railway Company]] (EIR) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/history-of-indian-railway-budget-5963201398_1.html|title=History of Indian Railway Budget|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095548/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/history-of-indian-railway-budget-5963201398_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 February 1925, the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Victoria Terminus]] (VT) and [[Kurla]], hauled by a [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works|SLM]] [[electric locomotive]] on [[1500 V DC]] traction.<ref name="EL">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Later, the VT–[[Bandra railway station|Bandra]] section was electrified and the first [[Electric Multiple Units]] (EMU) were introduced in with 1.5KV [[Direct current|DC]] units imported were from [[Cammell Laird]] and [[Duewag|Uerdingenwagonfabrik]].<ref name="EL1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Electrification history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 April 1929, [[Grand Trunk Express]] commenced operations between [[Peshawar]] in the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]] and [[Mangalore]] with two coaches detached and connected to Madras further.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I|author=Railway Department, Government of India|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|year=1930|location=Calcutta|page=38|chapter=Chapter IV-Transportation and Working}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Railway Magazine:Volume 64|year=1929|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=490}}</ref> The [[Golden Temple Mail|Frontier Mail]] made its inaugural run between Bombay and [[Peshawar]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|title=Golden Temple Mail completes 92 years|work=Tribune India|date=2 September 2020|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> Technical advancements led to automatic colour light signals that become operational between Bombay and Byculla in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|title=Signalling in India – Past and Present|work=Signalbox|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111351/https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the subsequent years, the route from Bombay to [[Pune|Poona]] was electrified and in June 1930, the first deluxe train, [[Deccan Queen]] began running, hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1 locomotive]]s with seven coaches along the route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|title=India's first deluxe train: Mumbai-Pune Deccan Queen completes 93 years of service|date=1 June 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|newspaper=Business Today}}</ref> The Grand Trunk express commenced operating as a dedicated daily train between Madras and Delhi from 1 September 1930.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1930-31:Volume I|year=1932|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=36|chapter=IV}}</ref> [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai suburban railway]] started operating in 1931 with a single [[Metre gauge railway|metre gauge]] line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]].<ref name="SR1">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|title=Chennai Division, SR|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1944, all the railway companies were taken over by the Government.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==== Indian Railway Classification ====
Beginning in 1926 and for statistical purposes, the Government of [[British Raj]] classified Indian railway systems according to three classes. It was a similar system to the [[Railroad classes]] in North America.<ref name="fibis">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification |title=Indian Railway Classification |publisher=fibis |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Directory of Railway Officials & Yearbook |year=1947| publisher=Tothill Press |language=English |pages=495}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''''Class I''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of over 5,000,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]]
|-
| '''''Class II''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of between 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 INR
|-
| '''''Class III''''' || Railways with gross annual earnings of under 1,000,000 INR
|}
[[Tram]]s, [[Industrial railway|industrial]] and port railways were recorded separately and independently of turnover.
In terms of net revenue, [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] was the largest company in 1927 with 86,881,000 rupees. Followed by the [[North Western State Railway]] with 57,343,000 rupees and the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] with 56,215,000 rupees.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Commerce Reports, Vol. 2, Nr. 25 |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |date=4 June 1929 |pages=792 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfzWpgNQNMsC&pg=PA792}}</ref> No further reclassification was carried out after 1942, but the rankings remained in use until the mid-1950s.<ref name="fibis" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Railways One Hundred Years |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |date=1953 |pages=162 |url=https://archive.org/details/ncd.indianrailwayson0000jnsa/page/162/}}</ref>

=== 1950–1983: Zonal re-organisation and further developments ===
The first locomotive manufacturing unit at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] was commissioned in 1950.<ref name="Chit">{{cite report|url=https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|title=Chittaranjan Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organising Indian Railways into six [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|regional zones]] with the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]] (14 April 1951), [[Central Railway zone|Central]] (5 November 1951), and [[Western Railway zone|Western]] (5 November 1951) zones being the first to be created.<ref name="NAIR">{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180850/https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 April 1952, the [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]], the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were created.<ref name="NAIR"/> In 1952, fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in passenger trains, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1953, the Indian Railways completed a hundred years of operation, which was commemorated by multiple events and a commemorative postage stamp.<ref>{{cite report|title=Railway Budget for 1953-54|date=18 February 1953|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1953-54.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=J.L.|title=Indian Railways' Centenary Celebrations|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/indian-railways-centenary-celebrations-rail-enthusiasts-society/EwXhN3mS0qZkIg?hl=en|work=Google Arts & Culture|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first [[diesel locomotive]] used in India was fabricated by [[North British Locomotive Company]] in 1954.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|title=Gandhidham shed details|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 1 August 1955 the [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South-Eastern Railway]] was split from the Eastern Railway, and, the following year, divisional systems of administration were set up for the various regional zones. The first rail coaches were manufactured in India from 1956 when the [[Integral Coach Factory]] was established at Madras.<ref name="ICF">{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1956, the first [[air-conditioned]] train plied between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227224211/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2015|title=160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool|date=2 April 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> In 1958, the North-Eastern Railway split to form a new [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref name="NAIR"/>

[[File:WAP1_^22076_Aastha_of_GZB_waiting_for_its_scheduled_departure_with_Agra_bound_ICE_at_LJN_-_Flickr_-_Dr._Santulan_Mahanta.jpg|thumb|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] [[electric locomotive]]s reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}} in 1980]]

In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV AC traction with the first trial runs operating with the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]] locomotives in 1959 and commercial services beginning in August 1960.<ref name="EL1"/> In 1960, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board of India]] commissioned a study to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160|kph}} with an intermediate stage of {{cvt|120|kph}}.<ref name="HT"/> [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO) started work on the same in 1962 with field trials commencing in 1967 with coaches manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at Madras and hauled by [[diesel locomotive]]s.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|title=Railways golden girl: 50 years of the Rajdhani story|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first [[shipping container|containerized]] [[freight rail transport]] began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1966, the electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras, and Calcutta were completed with the 25 kV AC system. In 1969, the [[Government of India]] announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] and the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah in March 1969.<ref name="Raj">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20-day [[1974 railway strike in India|strike]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/strike-of-indian-rail-workers-begins-tension-high-with-food.html|title=Strike of Indian Rail Workers Begins|date=8 May 1974|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/better-jail-than-rail-fernandes-slogan-that-led-to-asias-biggest-railway-strike/articleshow/67742843.cms|title=Better jail than rail: George Fernandes' slogan that led to Asia's biggest railway strike in 1974|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 January 2019|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> In 1979, the Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into the [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]] (CORE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302|title=About us, History|publisher=[[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1980, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] electric locomotives reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== 1984–present: Rapid transit and later developments ===
[[File:Red-icf-coach-indian-railways.jpg|thumb|left|A typical red-colored [[ICF coach]] used by the Indian Railways till the late 1990s]]
The first [[Rapid transit|metro rail]] was introduced in [[Calcutta Metro|Calcutta]] on 24 October 1984 with the line between [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and [[Netaji Bhavan metro station|Bhowanipore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-maps-evolution-of-its-ticketing-system/articleshow/98976615.cms|title=Kolkata Metro maps evolution of its ticketing system|date=24 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced by Indian Railways.<ref name="IT">{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> In 1988, the first [[Shatabdi Express]] was introduced between New Delhi and [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]].<ref name="Hist"/> Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in Delhi.<ref name="SF">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|title=Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date=16 April 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051814/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier and [[sleeping car|sleeper]] were introduced.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1995, [[Chennai MRTS]] became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR"/> In 1995, [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]], a [[joint venture]] between Government of India and [[Government of Delhi]] was established.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/25-years-of-dmrc-how-delhi-metro-has-become-a-lifeline-for-the-national-capital-from-1995-to-2019/1569685/|title=25 years of DMRC! How Delhi Metro has become a lifeline for the national capital|date=7 May 2019|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] in 1998 and the nationwide [[concierge]] system began operation on 18 April 1999.<ref name="Hist"/> In 1999, the [[South East Central Railway zone]] was established and on 6 July 2002, the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]], [[South Western Railway zone|South Western]], [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]], and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]] zones were created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/|title=North Central Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121180251/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NAIR"/>

The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000. [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (IRCTC) was incorporated in 1999, and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|first line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] was inaugurated on 24 December 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm|work=BBC News|date=24 December 2002|access-date=22 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422001958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm|archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref> In 2012, Western Railway switched completely to AC traction with Central Railway following it in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac.html|title=Mumbai switches from DC to AC|work=Railway Gazette International |access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711030114/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/end-of-an-era-mumbai-bids-goodbye-to-last-dc-local/|title=End of an era: Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local|date=11 April 2016|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114548/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/end-of-an-era-mumbai-bids-goodbye-to-last-dc-local/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 February 2014, [[Mumbai Monorail]] became the first operational [[monorail]] system in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/First-mono-runs-crowded-like-the-good-old-local/articleshow/29729191.cms|title=First mono runs crowded like the good old local|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=1 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In 2015, the first [[Compressed Natural Gas]] (CNG) powered trains were rolled out.<ref name="CNG">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|title=India's first CNG train for the Rewari-Rohtak section|date=15 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 5 April 2016, [[Gatimaan Express]], then India's fastest train with a maximum speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}, made its first run from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-within-targeted-100-minutes-316423-2016-04-05|title=Gatimaan Express reaches Agra within targeted 100 minutes|date=5 April 2016|magazine=India Today|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531224926/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-within-targeted-100-minutes-316423-2016-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|central government]] approved the [[Railway budget of India|merger of the Rail and General budgets]] from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/why-was-railway-budget-merged-with-the-union-budget-1183565.html|title=
Why was Railway Budget merged with the Union Budget?|date=22 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced a target of electrifying the entire rail network by 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|title=48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt|date=31 March 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718224354/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, Indian Railways announced a [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|nationwide shutdown]] of passenger service to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] with the freight operations continuing to transport essential goods.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/coronavirus-puts-over-1-billion-people-in-india-on-21-day-lockdown-to-combat-spread.html|title=Coronavirus puts over 1 billion people in India on 21-day lockdown to combat spread|author1=Adam Jeffery|author2=Hannah Miller|date=26 March 2020|work=CNBC|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/23/coronavirus-indian-railways-cancels-passenger-train-services/|title=Indian Railways cancels passenger train services|newspaper=Business Traveller|access-date=1 December 2023|date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-continuing-its-freight-operations-post-22-march-lockdown-11585314775866.html|title=How Indian Railways continuing its freight operations post lockdown|last=Nandi|first=Tamal|date=27 March 2020|work=Livemint|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> The railways resumed passenger services in a phased manner in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-railways-to-resume-select-passenger-train-services-from-may-12/article31551514.ece|title=Coronavirus lockdown: Railways to restart passenger services in phased manner|date=10 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] operating on a [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] built by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], is the fastest train in India]]
Starting in the 2010s, various infrastructure modernization projects have been undertaken including [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|date=10 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222712/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|title=India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2015|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802071232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-sign-deal-with-japan-to-get-first-bullet-train/article7961724.ece|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> redevelopment of 400 stations,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/NV9ujsKfuh92SnrxtiC86H/Railways-appoints-IRSDC-as-nodal-agency-for-station-redevelo.htm|title=Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment|date=23 December 2017|work=Livemint|access-date=5 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Double-track railway|doubling tracks]] to reduce congestion,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|title=Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge|date=12 April 2017|work=Rail Digest|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102927/http://railengdigest.com/project-news/asia/indian-railways-converts-broad-gauge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> refurbishing of coaches,<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114215143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/indian-railways-gets-first-model-rake-of-luxury-make-in-india-coaches/led-reading-lights/slideshow/50527595.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways unveils 'Make in India' train coaches with new look|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|access-date=13 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115052117/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/192582/indian-railways-unveils-make-in-india-train-coaches-with-new-look-check-irctc-co-in/2/|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|title=Just like your cabs, you can soon track trains in real time via GPS|date=30 November 2017|work=DNA India|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071947/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-just-like-your-cabs-you-can-soon-track-trains-in-real-time-via-gps-2563623|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and modernization of locomotives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 October 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031004858/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/locomotive-factories-in-bihar-in-cold-storage-for-years-two-railway-projects-to-start-soon/|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=9 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109183451/http://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-to-help-modernize-indias-rail-system-1447080903|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] capable of reaching speeds of over {{cvt|160|kph}} was rolled out from ICF and the [[Vande Bharat Express]] was launched in 2019.<ref name="VB">{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="VB1">{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Indian Railways announced plans to become a net-zero carbon emission railway by 2030 and has implemented [[Rainwater harvesting#India|rainwater harvesting]] at stations,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155020|title=Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway|date=7 December 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> [[reforestation]] along the tracks,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/india-plants-50-million-trees-uttar-pradesh-reforestation/|title=India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day|work=[[National Geographic]]|date=July 2016|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> introduction of solar-powered trains,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|title=India's first solar-powered DEMU train launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726225212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indias-first-solar-powered-demu-train-launched/article19281625.ece|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> installation of [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]] generation facilities,<ref>{{cite news|title=Northern Railways to Install 5 MW Rooftop Solar in Four of Its Stations|url=http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201130/http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Sustainable lighting|sustainable]] [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] lighting at all the stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/target-of-installing-led-lights-at-all-stations-achieved-says-railways-118033100391_1.html|title=Target of installing LED lights at all stations achieved, says Railways|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian railways removed all unstaffed level crossings by 2019 with staffed level crossings being replaced by bridges.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575836|title=All unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on Broad Gauge (BG) have been eliminated on 31st Jan 2019|date=12 May 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> Other safety projects include the extension of an automated [[fire alarm system]] to all air-conditioned coaches and GPS-enabled [[Inertial navigation system|Fog Pilot Assistance System]] [[railway signalling]] devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|access-date=5 September 2013|work=Bihar Prabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908145221/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-railways-develops-automatic-fire-and-smoke-detection-system/|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from [[Coimbatore]] in June 2022.<ref name="PT">{{cite news|date=3 July 2020|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|title=Private companies to run trains by April 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-run-trains-by-april-2023/articleshow/76758683.cms|access-date=3 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-private-train-in-india-flagged-off-from-coimbatore-check-details-here-1963877-2022-06-18|title=First private train in India flagged off from Coimbatore, check details here|date=18 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Freight trains ==
=== Rolling stock ===
{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=right
| image1=Goods (Wagon) Train.JPG
| image2=WAG-11.jpg
| footer=A [[covered wagon]] (left) and a [[Indian locomotive class WAG-11|WAG-11 electric locomotive]] used to haul freight
}}
Indian Railways hauls a variety of cargo to cater to various requirements and has specialized rolling stock corresponding to the cargo hauled. There are 243 types of [[rolling stock]] used for cargo operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/RailSAHAY/Home.jsp|title=Cargo wagons|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These include [[goods wagon|covered wagon]]s, [[boxcar]]s, [[flat wagon]]s, [[flat car|flatbed]]s, [[open wagon]]s, [[hopper car|hopper]]s, [[shipping container|container]]s, automobile carriers, defense vehicle carriers and [[Tank car|tanker]]s.<ref name="Cargo">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596631341023-Freight.pdf|title=Types of freight cars|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The freight cars can often carry loads from 10 to 80 tonnes per car depending on the configuration.<ref name="Cargo"/> A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003.<ref name="wagon">{{cite press release|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/freight/New_Wagon_Numb_Sys.pdf|title=New Wagon Numbering System|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|date=4 July 2003|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
The requirement of wagons was previously met by [[Bharat Wagon and Engineering|Bharat wagon and engineering]] with the procurement and manufacturing now done by both in the public and private sector.<ref name="IRYB">{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Year Book 2022-23 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2024/Year%20Book%202022-23%20English.pdf |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |publisher=Indian Railways Statistical Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The earliest goods trains in the 1800s were hauled by imported steam locomotives.<ref name="Hist"/> Locomotives are classified by various parameters including function (passenger/goods/mixed).<ref name="Class">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Locomotive classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Indian Railways uses dedicated electric locomotives such as [[Locomotives of India#Electric|WAG series]] ([[Broad gauge|Wide]] [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Rail freight transport|Goods]]), dedicated diesel locomotives such as [[Locomotives of India#Diesel|WDG series]] and diesel locomotives of mixed usage such as [[Locomotives of India#Diesel|WDM series]] to haul freight trains.<ref name="E1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_12_23.pdf|title=Electric locomotive holding|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="D1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/2023/Diesel%20loco%20availability%20targets%20for%20Dec_2023.pdf|title=Diesel locomotive holding|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
[[File:WAP-7 & WAG-5 pulling an Indian freight train at DDJ.webm|thumbtime=10|thumb|200px|alt=Two Indian locomotives, one WAP-7, generally used for passengers, and one WAG-5, used for freight, is seen pulling a generic freight train at a busy station.|A [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] & [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5 electric locomotive]] pulling a freight train at [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]. ]]

=== Network and infrastructure ===
Indian railways operates a {{convert|68,584|km|abbr=on}} {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge network which is equipped with [[Track (rail transport)#Continuous welded rail|long-welded]], high-tensile [[Rail weight|52kg/60kg 90 UTS]] rails with [[prestressed concrete|pre-stressed concrete (PSC)]] sleepers and elastic fastenings.<ref name="IRYB"/> These tracks are shared by both freight and passenger trains, with passenger trains often prioritized on the network. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCI) was established in 2006 to construct dedicated freight corridors to reduce congestion, increase speed and reliability and proposed upgradation of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build dedicated logistics terminals.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Services ===
[[File:Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg|thumb|A hybrid coach with provision to carry small cargo and mail, often attached to passenger trains]]
The first rail operational in Madras in 1837 was used for ferrying granite.<ref name="FR">{{cite news |date=16 April 2018 |title=Chennai: The track record |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html |access-date=9 August 2023 |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The first dedicated commercial freight rail was operated between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966.<ref name="Hist"/> Indian Railways ferries various commodities and cargo to cater to various industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments. Apart from dedicated freight trains, [[parcel (consignment)|parcel]]s, [[mail]] and small cargo are carried on specialized carriages attached to passenger trains.<ref name="Mint">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-launches-the-first-ever-high-capacity-lhb-parcel-van-can-run-at-130-kmph-11580472862846.html|title=Indian Railways launched the first ever high capacity parcel van|work=Mint|date=31 January 2020|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2022–23, Indian Railways operated 8,479 trains on average daily and transported 1418.1 million tonnes of freight.<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways has historically subsidized the passenger segment with income from the freight business, and hence, freight services were unable to compete with their modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share till the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|title=Indian Railways White Paper 2016|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032211/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2016-17/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/2.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> To counter this, Indian Railways aimed to increase speed and reliability through various means including operating time-tabled freight trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|title=Vision and Plans: Indian Railways|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118230400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20Presentation.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> End-to-end integrated transport solutions such as [[Konkan Railway Corporation#RORO|roll-on, roll-off]] (RORO) service, a [[Rolling highway|road-rail system]] pioneered by [[Konkan Railway Corporation|Konkan Railway]] in 1999 to carry trucks on [[flatbed truck|flatbed]] trailers has been extended to other routes.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|title=Road-Rail Synergy System|access-date=22 December 2008|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Freight loads<ref name="IRYB"/>
!Year
!1951
!1961
!1971
!1981
!1991
!2001
!2011
!2021
!2023
|-
|'''Freight loading (million tonnes)'''
|73.2
|119.8
|167.9
|195.9
|318.4
|473.5
|921.73
|1233
|1512
|}

== Express and passenger trains ==
=== Rolling stock ===
{{Main|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
{{Multiple images
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 11019_Konark_Express_-_Sleeper_Class_coach.jpg
| caption1 = [[ICF coach]]
| image2 = Shram Shakti Express LHBfied Sleeper Class Rakes.jpg
| caption2 = [[LHB coach]]
}}
The early rail coaches were based on a prototype by a [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Swiss company]] and were termed as [[ICF coach]]es after Integral Coach Factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="ICF"/>
These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer [[LHB coach]]es designed by [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] of [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select trains from LHB to new [[Tejas-Rajdhani Express|Tejas]] coaches with enhanced features.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2023|March|df=my}}, Indian Railways' had 84,863 passenger coaches.<ref name="IRYB"/> Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies [[BEML Limited|BEML]] and BHEL.<ref name="facility"/> The coaching stock has unique five or six-digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicated the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicated the class.<ref name="Class1">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.<ref name="Class3">{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Network and infrastructure ===
[[File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svg|thumb|Different gauges in use in India]]
;Track
{{See also|List of railway lines in India}}
{{As of|2023|March|31|df=dmy}}, the Indian railway network spanned {{convert|68584|km||abbr=on}} in route length.<ref name="IRYB"/> Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{convert|80|to|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}. Spanning {{convert|65,093|km||abbr=on}} {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge is the most used [[track gauge|gauge]] with {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} and {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]] and {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge|narrower gauge]] tracks limited to certain routes.<ref name="IRYB"/> Indian Railways uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements.<ref name="IRYB"/> It primarily uses [[railway signal#Color light signals|coloured signal lights]], which replaced the earlier [[railway signal#Mechanical signals|semaphores and disc-based signalling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Signalling System|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html|access-date=4 June 2007|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>

;Stations
{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}
{{As of|2023|March|df=my}}, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,308 stations.<ref name="IRYB"/> Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.<ref name="stac1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1–6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1–3).<ref name="Stn">{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="stac1"/> The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Stn"/>

;Route length and electrification
[[File:Growth of indian railways.svg|thumb|Growth of Indian railway network and its electrification since 1951]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Historical railway route length<ref name="IRYB"/><ref name="Metro">{{cite news|date=27 October 2023|title=One crore passengers riding metro systems per day in India: Hardeep Singh Puri|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-crore-passengers-riding-metro-systems-per-day-in-india-hardeep-singh-puri/articleshow/104763045.cms|access-date=3 November 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-these-metro-trains-overcame-mid-life-crisis/articleshow/100456181.cms|title=How these Delhi Metro trains overcame mid-life crisis|date=24 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Status of electrification|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/RE/2024/Status%20of%20Railway%20Electrification%20(as%20on%2001_08_2024)%20pdf.pdf |access-date=27 August 2024|work=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
! Year
! Route (km)
! {{tooltip|±%|Percent change}}
! Electrified route (km)
! % of route electrified
! {{tooltip|±%|Percent change}}
|-
| 1951
| 53,596
|style="text-align:center;" | —
| 388
| 0.72%
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|-
| 1961
| 56,247
| +4.94%
| 748
| 1.32%
| +92.78%
|-
| 1971
| 59,790
| +6.29%
| 3,706
| 6.19%
| +395.45%
|-
| 1981
| 61,240
| +2.42%
| 5,345
| 8.72%
| +44.22%
|-
| 1991
| 62,367
| +1.84%
| 9,968
| 15.98%
| +88.49%
|-
| 2001
| 63,028
| +1.05%
| 14,856
| 23.57%
| +49.03%
|-
| 2011
| 64,173
| +1.81%
| 19,607
| 30.55%
| +31.98%
|-
| 2021
| 68,103
| +6.12%
| 45,772
| 67.20%
| +133.44%
|-
| 2023
| 68,584
| +0.70%
| 58,074
| 84.67%
| +26.87%
|-
|2024*
|68,584
| -
|64,080
|96.59%
| +10.34%
|}

=== Services ===
;Travel classes
{{Further|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its [[passenger car (rail)|coaches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> For the purpose of identification in [[passenger train]]s, coaches in a train-set are assigned an [[alpha-numeric]] code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.<ref name="Class2">{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:<ref name="CC">{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Coach code (First digit)<ref name="Class2"/>
!Class
!Code
!Image
!Description
|-
|First AC
|H
|[[File:Rajdhani First AC1.jpg|100px]]
|It is the most luxurious and expensive class in most express trains.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|title=Rolling stock|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Coach"/> They have separate air-conditioned compartments with private lockable doors, [[bedding]], dedicated attendants and meals served at seat.<ref name="TM">{{cite web|url=https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|title=Indian railway classes|publisher=Trainman|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003100712/https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|First Class
|F
|
|First class is similar to first AC coaches with a combination of cabins and berths but are non air-conditioned and do not have all the facilities of first AC coaches.<ref name="TM"/> They were started to be phased out of normal express trains starting in the 2000s and the last coach being de-commissioned in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|title=First-class coaches now just the stuff of memories|date=14 February 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|title=End of road for the last of the non AC first class coaches|date=20 December 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The First class is still in use in [[Mountain railways of India|toy trains]] where the coaches consist of seats similar to chair cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|title=Holiday special trains in Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=23 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Anubhuti
|EA
|[[File:Mumbai Central Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express - Anubhuti coach - Interior.jpg|100px]]
|Executive Anubhuti is the premium class of air-conditioned [[chair car]] equipped with retractable, large cushioned seats in 2x2 configuration. The class is equipped with an entertainment system, large luggage compartments, passenger information system, dedicated reading lights, power sockets and call buttons, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|title=Anubhuti coaches with aircraft-like features to replace Shatabdi 1st-AC Executive chair cars; 20 amazing facts|date=9 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The class is available only in select trains.<ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|title=Soon experience flight like luxury in Shatabdi|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2017|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|AC Executive Class
|E
|[[File:The Interior of the Executive Class or 1A of an LHB Shatabdi Coach..jpg|100px]]
|AC Executive Class is often the top most class of air-conditioned chair car in express trains. It is equipped with large retractable seats in 2x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|title=Two extra coaches added to afternoon Shatabdi: Railways|date=14 May 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The class is equipped with dedicated reading lights and power sockets, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals are often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="TM"/> In [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains, the class is equipped with more features including [[rotating seat]]s, [[CCTV]]s, passenger information system, larger toilets, [[USB port]]s and [[automated door]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat express flagged off|date=27 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|title=Passengers from south T.N. to get a new travel experience on Vande Bharat Expres|date=23 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Vistadome
|EV
|[[File:VistadomeInterior.jpg|100px]]
|AC Tourist cars have [[vistadome]] coaches with glass roofs and extra wide windows. The interiors are similar to AC chair car coaches. Select trains operating mostly on tourist circuits are equipped with such coaches.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Status of Vistadome Trains|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1797573|date=9 July 2022|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian Railways plans to introduce these coaches in all [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2019|title=All mountain railways in India to have vistadome coaches: Piyush Goyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|access-date=9 July 2022|work=mint}}</ref>
|-
|Second AC or AC 2-tier
|A
|[[File:2956coach.JPG|100px]]
|Second AC or AC 2-tier is an air-conditioned [[sleeping car]] with wide sealed windows.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are four berths arranged in two-tiers facing each other in a single bay with two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> Individual berths are equipped with [[curtains]], simple bedding, reading lights and charging sockets.<ref name="Curt">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|title=Why you may not see curtains in AC coaches|date=15 October 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bed">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|title=Indian Railways to provide bedrolls|date=18 September 2022|work=Mint|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Third AC or AC 3-tier
|B
|[[File:Inside_AC_3_coach_passage_Indian_railway_002.jpg|100px]]
|Third AC or AC 3-tier is an air-conditioned sleeping car.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> There are common charging sockets and lights in each compartment with simple bedding provided.<ref name="Bed"/> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train with the same menu shared with AC 2-tier.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|AC 3-tier economy
|M or G
|
|AC 3-tier economy coaches are air-conditioned sleeping cars similar to AC 3-tier.<ref name="IRFCA"/> Compared to 3-tier coaches, they have an extra middle berth along the aisle.<ref name="TM"/> The coaches were first introduced in [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath]] trains and only a few trains operate with such coaches.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|title=Garib Rath trains to get new AC 3-tier economy class coaches; to have cheaper fare than AC 3-tier|date=27 August 2021|work=Times now|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Bedding is available for rent and the coaches have facilities like charging sockets and lights similar to AC 3-tier coaches.<ref name="TN"/>
|-
|AC Chair Car
|C
|[[File:Interiors of the 2nd Generation of the Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg|100px]]
|AC chair car are air-conditioned coaches equipped with retractable seats in 3x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/> The class has cushioned seats with [[tray table]]s and are equipped with LED reading lights, power sockets along the window side. Meals are provided as a part of the journey ticket in select trains.<ref name="TM"/> In Vande Bharat Express trains, the class is equipped with more features including passenger information system, CCTVs, larger toilets and automated doors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|title=New Vande Bharat Express features|date=9 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|title=Vande Bharat Express timing and ticket prices|date=29 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Sleeper
|S
|[[File:Inside an Indian Railways Train - Sleeper Coach.jpg|100px]]
|Sleeper class is the most common sleeping car coach in Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, [[ceiling fan|ceiling mounted fans]] and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Second sitting
|D
|[[File:Seats inside Indian train.jpg|100px]]
|Second sitting is the most common chair car coach and the cheapest in the Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> It is common in most day-time running trains with six seats arranged in 3x3 configuration. The seats may face each other or towards the same side.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, ceiling mounted fans and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Unreserved or General
|UR/GS
|[[File:Newly_Developed_Deen_Dayalu_Coach_being_dedicated_by_the_Union_Minister_for_Railways,_Shri_Suresh_Prabhakar_Prabhu_to_the_Nation,_at_New_Delhi_Railway_Station_on_July_19,_2016_(1).jpg|100px]]
|Unreserved or general coaches are second seating coaches which are not available for reservation and seats are taken on available basis.<ref name="IRFCA"/> One or more of these coaches are attached to express trains while dedicated passenger trains might also have all unreserved coaches. Tickets are valid on any train on a route only for within 24 hours of purchase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|title=Unreserved, General Railway train tickets valid for only three hours after purchase|date=1 March 2016|work=India.com|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|}
Saloon coaches are also available for [[Excursion train|chartering]] which are equipped with a bedroom and kitchen and can be attached to normal trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ready-to-shell-out-more-now-you-can-travel-in-railways-luxury-saloons/jammu-mail/slideshow/63554248.cms|title=Saloon attached to Jammu Mail|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

;Trains
{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=right
| header=Express trains of India
| caption_align=center
| image1=12302_Howrah_Rajdhani_Express_-_AC_First_Class.jpg
| caption1=[[Rajdhani Express]]
| image2=Mumbai_Central_Ahmedabad_Shatabdi_Express_-_Anubhuti_coach_-_K1.jpg
| caption2=[[Shatabdi Express]]
}}
{{Further|Express trains in India|Slow and fast passenger trains in India}}
Indian Railways operates various classes of passenger and express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by [[Train numbering in India|five digit numbers]] with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.<ref>{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.<ref name="Train">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2018–19, Indian Railways operated 13,523 passenger trains on average daily and carried 8.44 billion passengers.<ref name="IRYB1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annual-Reports-2019-2020/Year-Book-2019-20-English_Final_Web.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2019–20|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> India Railways operates various categories of express trains including [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Shatabdi Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Double Decker Express]], [[Tejas Express]], [[Gatimaan Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Yuva Express]], [[Uday Express]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], [[Sampark Kranti Express]], [[Vivek Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], [[Mahamana Express]], [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Jan Sadharan Express]], [[Suvidha Express]] and [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]].<ref name="Train"/>

==== Ticketing and fares ====
[[File:Railway ticket from Bangalore City junction to Pune junction.jpg|thumb|A standard printed Indian Railway ticket]]
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually.<ref name="IT"/> Self-printing ticket machines (SPTM) were introduced in 1988.<ref name="SF"/> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996.<ref name="Hist"/> The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC"/> Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s, [[SMS]], rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 120 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal train ticket]], where no refund is applicable on cancellation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches. India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007}}</ref> Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, [[senior citizen]]s (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>

== Higher-speed rail ==
{{main|High speed rail in India}}
[[File:Ghaziabad WAP 5.jpg|thumb|A [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] [[electric locomotive]] reached a speed of {{cvt|184|kph|abbr=on}} and is the fastest operational locomotive]]

=== Rolling stock ===
In 1980, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] electric locomotives reached a speed of {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] class locomotives, initially imported from [[Adtranz|ABB]] in 1995 and later manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in India, reached {{cvt|184|kph|abbr=on}} in trials. The locomotive later set an Indian speed record by hauling a train between Delhi and Agra at a speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}} in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=200 km in 90 mins: Delhi-Agra high speed train sets new speed record|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707064334/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 July 2014}}</ref> In 2018, a modified WAP-5A locomotive reached speeds of {{cvt|200|kph|mph|0|abbr=on}} in trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/make-in-india-speed-boost-for-indian-railways-gets-first-200-kmph-capable-aerodynamic-electric-locomotive/1374602/|title= 'Make in India' speed boost for Indian Railways! Gets first 200 kmph capable aerodynamic electric locomotive|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Financial Express|date=6 November 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, rolled out a [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed]] [[Electric Multiple Unit|EMU]] [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]], capable of reaching {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="VB"/><ref name="VB1"/> These trains have eight or sixteen coaches with driver cabins on both ends, which eliminates the time needed for turnaround at the terminal station with faster acceleration and deceleration, enabling the train to travel at a top speed for longer distance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|title=Ahead of Railway Budget 2018, Modi's Make in India gets boost with plans for 'world-class' Indian Railways trains|date=23 January 2018|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|title=Train 18: 2 new 'world class' trains to cut travel time by 20%|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> For high-speed rail, the Indian railways will construct bullet train assembly facilities on a [[Public–private partnerships in India|public-private participation]] (PPP) model with Japanese companies setting up manufacturing facilities in India to build the parts for bullet train sets.<ref name="HT MB">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/make-in-india-railways-to-pitch-for-building-bullet-train-coaches/story-cUnqHEk3sy0h2l7xgLXfsN.html|title=Make in India: Railways to pitch for building bullet train coaches locally|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Network and infrastructure ===
[[File:Map_of_India_high-speed_rail_corridors_according_to_National_Rail_Plan.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Proposed high speed rail network]]
In 2009, Indian Railways envisioned a plan to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160-200|kph|abbr=on}} on dedicated conventional tracks and improve the existing conventional lines on {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} Broad gauge to handle speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HSRC">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100308|title=Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC)|date=29 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> On 25 July 2013, Government of India established the [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|High Speed Rail Corporation]] under [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited|Rail Vikas Nigam]] (RVNL) for the implementation of high-speed rail corridor projects.<ref name="HSRC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news/36564456_1_high-speed-rail-high-speed-trains-first-bullet-train|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801140940/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/news/36564456_1_high-speed-rail-high-speed-trains-first-bullet-train|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|title=Indian Railways finally moving on its dream project – high-speed trains|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=27 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2014, the Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project was launched by Government of India and is envisioned to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|title=Focus on diamond quadrilateral|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|access-date=9 June 2014|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, India does not have any operational high-speed tracks with the {{cvt|174|km|abbr=on}} segment of track in the [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]{{ndash}} Agra Cantonment section supporting semi-high speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SH">{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/vande-bharat-express-trains-running-at-average-speed-of-83-kmph-against-permissible-limit-of-130-kmph-reveals-rti-reply-filed-in-mp|title=Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 kph against permissible limit of 130 kph, reveals RTI reply filed in MP|work=Free Press Journal|date=17 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> By 2026, Ministry of Railways envisaged to have top speeds of {{cvt|300–350|kph|abbr=on}} with trains running on elevated corridors to isolate high-speed train tracks to prevent trespassing.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 September 2020|title=Wow! Indian Railways eyes 7 more bullet train corridors; all will be open to PPP investments|work=The Financial Express|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/wow-indian-railways-eyes-7-more-bullet-train-corridors-all-will-be-open-to-ppp-investments/2086517/|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> Multiple feasibility studies have been done and probable routes have been identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalturk.com/en/india-japan-sign-mou-for-feasibility-study-of-high-speed-railway-system-in-india-43654/|title=India, Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India|date=9 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Nationalturk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-chinese-team-visits-cst/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train? Chinese team visits CST|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2017, a {{cvt|508|km|abbr=on}} standard gauge line between Mumbai and Ahmedabad was approved for construction and is expected to be operational by 2028.<ref name="NHSRC">{{cite report|url=https://nhsrcl.in/sites/default/files/2021-12/Journey.pdf|title=Journey of High speed rail|publisher=[[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite news|date=13 September 2017|title=Japan Is Selling Bullet Trains to India|work=Bloomberg News|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-13/japan-s-bullet-train-gives-164-year-old-indian-railway-a-jolt|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> [[RapidX]] system operating on {{Track gauge|1435mm|lk=on}} [[Standard-gauge railway|Standard gauge]] tracks with [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] train-sets capable of supporting speeds of up to {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}, became operational with the partial opening of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut line]] in 2023.<ref name="RX">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1969356|title=PM launches India's first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|date=20 October 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Services ===
[[File:Thiruvananthapuram_Kasaragod_Vande_Bharat_Express_(via_Alappuzha)_-_1st_Rake.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat train-set]] built by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]], is the fastest in operation]]
Rajdhani Express, introduced in 1969 with a maximum speed of {{cvt|120|kph|abbr=on}} was the fastest train service in the country in the 1970s.<ref name="Raj"/> [[Shatabdi Express]] introduced in 1988, were capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|130|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=1 December 2023|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> In April 2016, WAP-5 hauled [[Gatimaan Express]] became the fastest commercial train in India, with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|title=Train to be named Gatimaan Express|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> In 2019, the first [[Vande Bharat Express]] entered commercial service with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}. The actual operating speed was much lower due to track restrictions and congestion with top speeds restricted to {{cvt|130|kph|abbr=on}} for most trains.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> In October 2023, [[Namo Bharat]], built for [[RapidX]] by Alstom was launched and is capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|180|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 October 2023|title=PM Modi flags off 'RapidX', India's first regional rapid rail service; all you need to know|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-first-regional-rapid-train-service-402728-2023-10-20|access-date=23 October 2023|work=Business Today}}</ref> In December 2023, two modified WAP-5 locomotives were used to haul the [[Amrit Bharat Express]] in a push-pull configuration, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nigam|first=Saumya|date=27 December 2023|title=Amrit Bharat Express to launch with Push-Pull technology and other exciting features|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/amrit-bharat-express-to-launch-with-push-pull-technology-and-other-exciting-features-details-2023-12-27-909203|access-date=28 December 2023|work=India TV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Vande Sadharan train: All you need to know; How it is different from Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|access-date=30 December 2023|work=Business Today}}</ref>

== Mountain railways ==
{{main|Mountain Railways of India}}
{{multiple image
| total_width=400
| align=right
| header=[[Mountain Railways of India]]
| caption_align=center
| image1=DarjeelingTrainFruitshopCrop.JPG
| caption1=[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling]]
| image2=KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg
| caption2=[[Kalka-Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla]]
| image3=NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg
| caption3=[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri]]
}}
[[Mountain Railways of India]] refer to three rail lines operated by Indian Railways in [[hill|hilly terrain]]. [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Lesser Himalayas]] of [[West Bengal]] was opened in 1881.
<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=World Heritage List|publisher=[[World Heritage Committee]]|year=1999|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The mountain railways were designated as [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1999.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway in the [[Siwalik Hills]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] started operating in 1903. The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} [[rack railway]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] was opened in 1908 and is the only operational rack railway in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO"/> These railways operate with its own dedicated fleet of locomotives and coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Tourist trains ==
[[File:Maharaja Express.jpg|thumb|Maharajas' Express]]
Indian Railways operates tourist trains and coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. It operates luxury tourist trains such as [[Maharajas' Express]], [[Palace on Wheels]], [[Golden Chariot]] and [[Deccan Odyssey]], deluxe tourist trains such as [[Mahaparinirvan Express]].<ref name="IRYB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173012/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1066|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It also operates [[restored train|heritage]] and exhibition trains on special circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-flags-off-gujarats-first-heritage-train-which-will-bring-tourists-to-statue-of-unity/article67479662.ece|title=PM flags off Gujarat's first heritage train, which will bring tourists to Statue of Unity|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Cross-border services ==
{{Main|Cross-border railway lines in India}}
India shares land border with multiple countries and have rail-links with some of them. [[Bangladesh]] is connected to [[West Bengal]] with a construction of new rail link connecting [[Tripura]] with [[Akhaura]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2019|title=Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116063408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandhan-express-makes-its-first-run-between-kolkata-khulna-india-bangladesh-on-thursday-4939545/|archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 2014|title=Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081939/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/work-on-new-indiabangladesh-railway-link-from-2015/480099-61.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|work=IBNlive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Two rail links to [[Nepal]] exist {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, with a third under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepalese Railway and Economic Development: What Has Gone Wrong?|date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|work=India Review|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119174443/https://www.theindiareview.com/india-and-nepal/nepal-railways-and-economic-development-what-has-gone-wrong-110620-01/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is an existing railink with [[Pakistan]] through [[Attari]]–[[Wagah]] border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/business/do-you-know-this-indian-railway-station-requires-passengers-to-carry-a-pakistani-visa-8364073.html|title=Do You Know This Indian Railway Station Requires Passengers To Carry A Pakistani Visa?|date=18 July 2023|work=News18|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Private railways ==
The state-owned [[Indian Railways]] has an almost monopoly over rail operations. There are a few private railway lines used exclusively for transporting freight and to connect with the wider network. Private railways are operated by various ports such as [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai]], [[Kolkata Port Trust|Kolkata]], [[Chennai Port Trust|Chennai]], [[Visakhapatnam Port Trust|Visakhapatnam]], [[Port Pipavav|Pipavav]] and the [[Bhilai Steel Plant]]. The [[Tata Group]] operates a few [[funicular railway]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways other than IR in India|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html|access-date=18 June 2007|work=IRFCA|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|archive-date=24 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524083200/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Indian Railways allowed the operation of private passenger trains for the first time with the first train flagged off from Coimbatore in June 2022.<ref name="PT"/>

== Suburban ==
=== Rolling stock ===
In the 1960s, [[Electric multiple unit]]s (EMU) were developed for short-haul and suburban rail transit.<ref>{{cite report|date=15 October 1999|title=Electrical Multiple Units|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|work=Indian Rail Info|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|access-date=19 May 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> On short-distance routes, [[MEMU|Mainline electrical multiple unit (MEMU)]] and [[DEMU|Diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU)]] trains are also run. These train sets run in formation of 6, 9, 12 or 15 coaches and a three-car set is typified by a motor coaches and two passenger coaches.<ref name="EMU1">{{cite report|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65704/1/16_Public_Accounts_69.pdf|title=Operation of MUs|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574744335252-JE%20LDCE2.pdf|title=Three phase EMU|page=5|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> These train-sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|title=Loco hauled commuter trains to be replaced with DEMU/MEMU|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226042551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Loco-hauled-commuter-trains-to-be-replaced-with-DEMU/MEMU/articleshow/54680592.cms|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Network ===
Suburban lines were built starting with Bombay in 1853, followed by Calcutta and Madras in the later years. The first 1.5kV DC electrified tracks became operational in the late 1920s and early 1930s.<ref name="EMU1"/> In 1957, 25 kV AC traction was adopted for suburban lines.<ref name="EL1"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!System
!City
!State
!Image
!Lines
!Stations
!Length
!Opened
|-
| [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6|title=Mumbai Suburban railway|publisher=Western Railway|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Western-Railway-Medha-EMU.jpg|100x100px]]
| 7
| [[List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations|150]]
| {{cvt|427.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1853
|-
| [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata Suburban]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Survey on Kolkata Suburban Railway|url=http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf|date=22 December 2018|work=Indiansss.org|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222211115/http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[File:Local_train.png|100x100px]]
| 5
| [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|458]]
| {{cvt|1501|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1854
|-
| [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban]]<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:ChennaiEMUNew.JPG|100x100px]]
| 5
| [[Railway stations in Chennai|53]]
| {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1928<ref name="SR"/>
|-
| [[Delhi Suburban Railway|Delhi Suburban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html|title=Delhi's mega plan to link capital ring rail metro network|date=15 February 2018|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Delhi]]
| [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]
| [[File:Delhi_emu_01.JPG|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of railway stations in Delhi|46]]
| {{cvt|85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1975
|-
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]<ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:Chennai_local_14003.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|17]]
| {{cvt|19.715|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1995
|-
| [[Hyderabad MMTS]]<ref name="TW">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-flag-off-new-mmts-services-tomorrow-791634|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to flag off new MMTS services tomorrow|publisher=Hans India|date=7 April 2023|access-date=17 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AD">{{Cite news|date=9 August 2003|title=Traffic to be diverted for railway inaugation on Saturday|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/traffic-to-be-diverted-for-railway-inaugation-on-saturday/articleshow/122120.cms?from=mdr|access-date=9 April 2023|issn=0971-8257|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[File:Hyderabad MMTS at Hitech city.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[Hyderabad MMTS|44]]
| {{cvt|90|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2003
|-
| [[Pune Suburban Railway|Pune Suburban]]
| [[Pune|Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Siemens EMU on Pune-Lonavala route.jpg|100x200px]]
| 1
| [[Pune Suburban Railway|17]]
| {{cvt|63|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 1978
|-
|}

=== Services ===
The first suburban electric trains were introduced in Bombay in 1925.<ref name="EMU1"/> Chennai suburban started operating in 1931 and Kolkata in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 May 2012|title=Historical perspective – the first journey|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,354|access-date=18 June 2020|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=83 years of electric suburban rail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece|access-date = 18 Apr 2014}}</ref> Opened in November 1995, Chennai MRTS became the first operational elevated railway line in India.<ref name="SR1"/> Indian Railways operates suburban railway systems across the cities of Mumbai (suburban), Chennai (suburban and MRTS), Kolkata (suburban) and [[Secunderabad]] (MMTS) covering six railway zones.<ref name="EMU1"/> Suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>

== Metro ==
{{main|Urban rail transit in India}}
=== Rolling stock ===
Metro trains use electric multiple unit train-sets manufactured by various state-owned and private companies.<ref name="MC"/><ref name="EMC"/> The trains operate on 25 KV [[alternating current|AC]] through an overhead catenary system with a maximum speed of {{convert|120|km/h}}.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2010/9/alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-chennais-metro-for-1-billion-approx-inr-12000-crore/|title=Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for €1 billion (approx. INR 10000 crore)|publisher=Alstom|date=1 September 2010|access-date=6 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Network ===
The urban rail transit in India consists of systems such as [[Rapid transit|rapid transit (Metro)]], [[suburban rail]] (operated by [[Indian railways]]), [[Light rail|light rail (Metrolite)]], [[tram]], [[regional rail]] and [[monorail]]. {{As of|2023}}, India has the [[List of metro systems|fourth longest]] length of metro lines with {{Convert|895|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/at-810-km-india-overtakes-japan-in-length-of-metro-rail-projects-union-minister-puri-8182940/|title=India overtakes Japan in length of metrorail projects: Union minister|date=30 September 2022|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Urban rail transit]] systems in India mostly use [[standard gauge]] tracks except a single line of Kolkata Metro and three lines of Delhi Metro which use the same broad gauge tracks as main-line railways.<ref name="DM">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-begins-shift-to-standard-gauge-rails/articleshow/4320372.cms|title=Delhi Metro begins to shift to standard gauge|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> These systems are operated by rail corporations independent of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-railways-opts-for-standard-gauge-first-time-in-160-yrs-1843000|title=Railways opts for standard gauge first time in 160 yr|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=3 June 2013|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214031545/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-railways-opts-for-standard-gauge-first-time-in-160-yrs-1843000|url-status=live}}</ref> All metro routes are electrified with DC or 25 kV AC traction with many metro routes employing the [[third rail]] method for electric traction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/kochi-metro-coaches-arrive-at-muttom-yard/temporary-arrangement-made/slideshow/50541974.cms|title=Kochi Metro coaches arrive at Muttom Yard|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Services ===
Metro trains operate in [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata]], [[Delhi Metro|Delhi]], [[Bengaluru Metro|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai Metro|Chennai]], [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai]], [[Pune Metro|Pune]], [[Hyderabad Metro|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur Metro|Jaipur]], [[Kochi Metro|Kochi]], [[Nagpur Metro|Nagpur]], [[Ahmedabad Metro|Ahmedabad]] and [[Lucknow Metro|Lucknow]]. [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon]] has a Metro system operated by a private organisation. Metro tracks are being constructed or planned in all million-plus cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/metro-rail-projects-in-india/|title=Metro rail projects in India|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Metrorailguy}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!System
!City
!State
!Image
!Lines
!Stations
!Length
!Opened
|-
|[[Kolkata Metro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[File:Kolkata Metro at Ravindra Sadan station.jpg|frameless|98x98px]]
|6
|[[List of Kolkata Metro stations|55]]
|{{cvt|73.42|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|1984
|-
| [[Delhi Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/map|title=Delhi metro map|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Delhi]]
| [[National Capital Region]]
| [[File:DelhiMetroYellowLine.JPG|100x100px]]
| 9
| [[List of Delhi Metro stations|256]]
| {{cvt|348|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2002
|-
| [[Namma Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/#/metro-network|title=Project status of Namma Metro|publisher=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[File:Namma Metro Trains of Bangalore.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Namma Metro stations|83]]
| {{cvt|96.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2011
|-
| [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Rapid Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/static/media/Network-Map-English.e17d3ce0.pdf|title=Delhi metro complete network map|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Gurgaon]]
| [[Haryana]]
| [[File:Phase_2_Metro_Station.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Delhi Metro stations|11]]
| {{cvt|12.85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2013
|-
| [[Mumbai Monorail]]<ref name="MM"/>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Mumbai_Monorail_train_at_platform.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|27]]
| {{cvt|19.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2014
|-
| [[Mumbai Metro]]<ref name="MM">{{cite web|url=https://imetro.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Maha-Mumbai-Metro-Operation-Corporation-Limited-1.pdf|title=Mumbai metro network map|publisher=Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Mumbai_Metro_at_Gundavali_Station.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|43]]
| {{cvt|46.4|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2014
|-
| [[Chennai Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[File:Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Chennai Metro stations|41]]
| {{cvt|54.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Jaipur Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.info/jaipur-metro-rail-route-map|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324005200/http://www.jaipurmetrorail.info/jaipur-metro-rail-route-map|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 March 2016|title=Jaipur Metro map|publisher=Jaipur Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[File:Pinkline4.JPG|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Jaipur Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|12|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Kochi Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kochimetro.org/know-your-kochi-metro-map-with-routes-stops-and-journey-time/|title=Kochi Metro map with routes|publisher=Kochi Metro|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Kerala]]
| [[File:Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom,_Aug_2017.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Kochi Metro stations|22]]
| {{cvt|25.6|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Lucknow Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmrcl.com/passengerinfo/lucknow-metro-route-map/|title=Lucknow Metro map|publisher=Lucknow Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[File:Lucknow_Metro_under_operation.jpg|100x100px]]
| 1
| [[List of Lucknow Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|22.9|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Hyderabad Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/about-hmr/|title=About Hyderabad Metro Rail|publisher=Hyderabad Metrol Rail|access-date=30 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[File:Hyderabad_Metro.jpg|100x100px]]
| 3
| [[List of Hyderabad Metro stations|57]]
| {{cvt|69.2|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2017
|-
| [[Ahmedabad Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/route-map-2/|title=Route map of Ahmedabad metro|publisher=Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112185631/https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/route-map-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[File:Ahmedabad_Metro_Red_Line_28.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations|29]]
| {{cvt|38.6|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2019
|-
| [[Noida Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmrcnoida.com/PassengerInformation/RouteMap|title=Route map of Noida metro|publisher=Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Noida]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
| 1
| [[List of Noida Metro stations|21]]
| {{cvt|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2019
|-
| [[Kanpur Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imetro.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Route-Map-KANPUR.pdf|title=Kanpur Metro map|publisher=Kanpur Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Kanpur]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[File:Kanpur MetroTrain at a station.jpg|frameless|137x137px]]
| 1
| [[List of Kanpur Metro stations|14]]
| {{cvt|12|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2021
|-
| [[Pune Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/route-map.aspx|title=Pune Metro map|publisher=Pune Metro Rail|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Pune]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[File:Titagarh_Wagon_Pune_Metro.jpg|100x100px]]
| 2
| [[List of Pune Metro stations|27]]
| {{cvt|19.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Navi Mumbai Metro]]<ref name="MM"/>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|
| 1
| [[List of Mumbai Metro stations|11]]
| {{cvt|11|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| 2023
|}

== Others ==
Apart from standard passenger and freight services, the Indian Railways operates other specialized coaches with various functions.<ref name="Coach">{{cite report|url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|title=Types of passenger coaches|publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> These include accident relief medical vans,<ref name="ICF1">{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30216668.ece|title=ICF on a roll|date=25 April 2003|work=Frontline|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598271|title=Self Propelled Accident Relief Medical Vans to improve disaster response of Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> military cars,<ref name="ICF1"/> inspection carriages,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/rb/tender/1549969239106_TM-1903_1_Document_RIV_3.pdf|title=Specifications of Railway Inspection Car|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and parcel vans.<ref name="Mint"/> Various coaches such as [[pantry car]],<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> generator cars,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2013%20-%20LHB%20Power%20Car%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Power generator car|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and brake vans are attached to train-sets.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/tele_comm/downloads/TELE/TelephoneCNL/TC-11.pdf|title=Brake van specification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/photo-gallery-amazing-indian-railways-has-transformed-this-special-coach-how-you-benefit-check-photos-66845|title=Indian Railways has transformed this special coach|work=Zee news|date=11 October 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Manufacturing and maintenance ==
Indian Railways operates various manufacturing units. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="Chit"/> The first rail coache manufacturing unit, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) was established at Madras in 1956.<ref name="ICF"/> [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW), commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways.<ref name="Banaras">{{cite report|url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|title=Banaras Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204065814/https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Patiala Locomotive Works]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]] and [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]] also manufacture locomotives in India.<ref name="facility">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> Railway coaches are also manufactured at coach factories at [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala|Karputhala]], [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli|Raebareli]], [[Sonipat]] and [[Latur]].<ref name="facility"/> Indian Railways also operates two [[rail wheel]] manufacturing factories at [[Rail Wheel Factory|Bangalore]] and [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela|Chhpra]].<ref name="facility"/> The locomotives are operated and maintained by 44 locomotive sheds.<ref name="D1"/><ref name="E1"/> Indian Railways also maintains 37 sheds for the maintenance of multiple unit train-sets. The repair and maintenance of the fleet of other rolling stock is carried out at 212 carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops across various zones of IR.<ref name="IRYB"/> Metro coaches are manufactured by various companies including state-owned ICF, BEML and private companies like [[Alstom]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Hyundai Rotem]], [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], [[Siemens]], [[CRRC]], [[Titagarh Firema]] and [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] with the respective metro systems maintaining their own maintenance depots.<ref name="MC">{{cite news|url=https://cablecommunity.com/india-an-emerging-hub-for-metro-coach-industry/|title=India, an Emerging Hub for Metro Coach Industry|date=15 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Cable community}}</ref><ref name="EMC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/90-per-cent-of-delhi-metro-coaches-are-manufactured-in-india/articleshow/46719323.cms|title=India, an emerging hub for metro coach|date=27 March 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
{{main|List of railway accidents and incidents in India}}
According to the India's [[National Crime Records Bureau]], in 2021, more than 16,000 people were killed in almost 18,000 railway accidents across India. Almost 68 percent of the railway accidents were due to falls from trains and collisions between trains and people on the track. In the same year, almost 2000 people were killed in around 1500 [[Level crossing|rail-road crossing]] accidents across India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2021/adsi2021_Snapshots.pdf|title=Snapshot, 2021|publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Transport|Roads|Railways}}

; Rail transport
* [[List of railway lines in India]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[List of high-speed railway lines in India]]
* [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[List of countries by rail transport network size]]

; Other
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Air transport in India]]
* [[Bharatmala]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Water transport in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Aguiar, Marian. ''Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility'' (University of Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816665613/ excerpt and text search]
* [[Laura Bear|Bear, Linda]]. ''Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231140029/ excerpt and text search]
* Donaldson, Dave. "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure." ''American Economic Review'' 108.4–5 (2018): 899–934. [https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w16487/w16487.pdf online], econometric study
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Railways in Modern India'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195648285 excerpt and text search]
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India'' (2006)
* Kerr, Ian J. ''Building the Railways of the Raj, 1850–1900.'' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
* Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. ''Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself'' (2009)
* {{cite web|title=IRFCA : FAQ – Table of Contents|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/index.html|access-date=19 June 2005}}
* {{cite web|title=IRCTC|url=https://www.irctc.co.in|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=19 June 2005}}
* {{cite web|title=New IRCTC Ticket Booking Guidelines|url=https://www.ixigo.com/trains|publisher=ixigo|access-date=15 June 2020}}
* Pradhan, Rudra P., and Tapan P. Bagchi. "Effect of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in India: The VECM approach." ''Research in Transportation economics'' 38.1 (2013): 139–148.
* Singh, Sanjay K. "Review of urban transportation in India." ''Journal of public transportation'' 8.1 (2005): 5+. [https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context=jpt online]
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways] – official website
* [http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annualreport10-11/Glossary.pdf Glossary]



{{Indian Railways}}
{{Urban rail transit in India}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rail Transport In India}}
[[Category:Rail transport in India| ]]

Amitabh Bachchan

2026-03-19T10:22:41Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1942)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox actor
| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| constituency = [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| successor = [[V. P. Singh]]
| term_start = 31 December 1984
| term_end = 29 July 1987
|| party = [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]] (1984–1987)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/535211/unlike-amitabh-wont-quit-politics.html |title=Unlike Amitabh, I won't quit politics: Shatru |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913083855/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/535211/unlike-amitabh-wont-quit-politics.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/urmila-to-amitabh-celebs-who-joined-and-then-quit-politics-in-a-short-span-2304979.html| title=Urmila to Amitabh: Celebs Who Joined and Then Quit Politics in a Short Span |date=14 May 2023| access-date=14 May 2023| archive-date=1 December 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201015311/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/urmila-to-amitabh-celebs-who-joined-and-then-quit-politics-in-a-short-span-2304979.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| name = Amitabh Bachchan
| image = Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan.jpg
| caption = Bachchan in 2018
| birth_name = Amitabh Srivastava<ref name="N18Kbc">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-latest-episode-of-kbc-amitabh-bachchan-reveals-he-was-never-named-inquilab-2959868.html |title=In Latest Episode of KBC, Amitabh Bachchan Reveals He was Never Named Inquilab |work=News18 |access-date=26 July 2021 |date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726074040/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-latest-episode-of-kbc-amitabh-bachchan-reveals-he-was-never-named-inquilab-2959868.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1942|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Prayagraj|Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| other_names = {{hlist|''Angry Young Man''|''Shahenshah''|''Big B''}}
| alma_mater = [[Kirori Mal College]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Alumni meet at Kirori Mal College|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Alumni-meet-at-Kirori-Mal-College/articleshow/5615636.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2010|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710211112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Alumni-meet-at-Kirori-Mal-College/articleshow/5615636.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-university-kirori-mal-college-hostel-amitabh-bachchan-bsc-read-here-du-history/articleshow/92466073.cms | title=किरोड़ीमल कॉलेज हॉस्टल का कमरा नंबर-66, दीवार पर टंगी बिग बी की तस्वीर... डीयू का इतिहास |access-date=13 September 2022 | archive-date=13 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913073040/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-university-kirori-mal-college-hostel-amitabh-bachchan-bsc-read-here-du-history/articleshow/92466073.cms | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-bollywood-stars-who-passed-out-from-du-306417-2016-02-17%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj44Nm1nZH6AhXQR2wGHeFIDLk4ChAWegQIBRAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw2ArnWWIc3N2qbnMjlQUjGe | title=10 bollywood celebrities who graduated from DU | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=13 September 2022 | archive-date=13 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913073053/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-bollywood-stars-who-passed-out-from-du-306417-2016-02-17%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj44Nm1nZH6AhXQR2wGHeFIDLk4ChAWegQIBRAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw2ArnWWIc3N2qbnMjlQUjGe | url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|television presenter}}
| years_active = 1969–present
| known_for =
| works = [[Amitabh Bachchan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]]|1973}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Shweta Bachchan Nanda|Shweta]]|[[Abhishek Bachchan|Abhishek]]}}
| father = [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]
| mother = [[Teji Bachchan]]
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Aishwarya Rai]] (daughter-in-law)|[[Nikhil Nanda]] (son-in-law)}}
| family = [[Bachchan family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan|Full list]]
| honours = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (1984)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001)
* [[Legion of Honour]] (2007)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2015)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2018)
}}
| website = [http://srbachchan.tumblr.com/ Official blog]
| signature = Amitabhbachchanji signature.svg
}}

'''Amitabh Bachchan'''{{efn|{{IPA|hi|əmɪˈt̪ɑːbʱ ˈbətːʃən|pron|audio=Amitabh_Bachchan.ogg}}}} ({{né|'''Srivastava'''}};<ref name="N18Kbc" /> born 11 October 1942)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-amitabh-bachchan-on-70th-birthday/20121007.htm |title=Amitabh Bachchan: No resolutions for my birthday |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=7 October 2012 |website=Rediff |access-date=9 October 2019 |quote=On October 2, the superstar took time out to give interviews to the media, as celebrations for his 70th birthday on October 11[, 2012,] started picking up |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072531/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-amitabh-bachchan-on-70th-birthday/20121007.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi cinema]]. Widely considered one of the greatest, most accomplished and commercially successful actors in the [[Cinema of India|history of Indian Cinema]],<ref name="AB1">* {{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Meet the biggest movie star in the world |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amitabh-bachchan-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-10034826.html/ |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=9 February 2015 |date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210093650/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amitabh-bachchan-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-10034826.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Why Amitabh Bachchan is more than a superstar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=11 October 2012 |date=11 October 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013931/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |title=Egypt's Amitabh Bachchan mania |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-02/india/27839664_1_bachchan-fan-mania-indians |access-date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501071157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-02/india/27839664_1_bachchan-fan-mania-indians |archive-date=1 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Jatras |first=Todd |title=India's Celebrity Film Stars |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=22 November 2011 |date=9 March 2001 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220031815/http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Bachchan Receives Lifetime Achievement Award at DIFF |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/newsmakers/2009/November/newsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=24 November 2011 |date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602182846/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fnewsmakers%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fnewsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> he has starred in over [[Amitabh Bachchan filmography|200 films]]. Bachchan has been called as the [[King of Kings|Shahenshah]] of [[Bollywood]], Sadi ke Mahanayak (translated as superstar of the century in Hindi), Bollywood's Star of the Millennium, or simply Big B.<ref name="AB4">* {{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan at 73: An ode to the undisputed 'Shahenshah' of Bollywood |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-at-72-an-ode-to-the-undisputed-shahenshah-of-bollywood/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 October 2015 |date=11 October 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028155451/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-at-72-an-ode-to-the-undisputed-shahenshah-of-bollywood/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Rajinikanth reveres Amitabh Bachchan as the 'Emperor of Indian Cinema'! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-reveres-amitabh-bachchan-as-the-emperor-of-indian-cinema-hindi-news-144373.html/ |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=10 October 2015 |date=10 October 2015 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041550/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-reveres-amitabh-bachchan-as-the-emperor-of-indian-cinema-hindi-news-144373.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Delhi's date with Big B at Adda on Friday |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/delhis-date-with-big-b-at-adda-on-friday/ |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=27 September 2012 |date=27 September 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133104/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/delhis-date-with-big-b-at-adda-on-friday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> His dominance in the Indian film industry during the 1970s–80s led the French director [[François Truffaut]] to describe it as a "one-man industry".<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=1 November 2017 |title=Amitabh Bachchan: The Man and The Legend |url=https://diplomacybeyond.com/amitabh-bachchan-man-legend/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Diplomacy & Beyond |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024164542/https://diplomacybeyond.com/amitabh-bachchan-man-legend/ |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref> He is a recipient of several accolades including six [[National Film Awards]] and sixteen [[Filmfare Awards]] & one [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu|South Filmfare award]].

Bachchan was born in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (now Prayagraj), and he was educated at [[Sherwood College]], [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Kirori Mal College]], [[University of Delhi]]. His film career started in 1969 as a voice narrator in [[Mrinal Sen]]'s film ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]'', followed by work in early films such as ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' and ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]''. He achieved greater stardom in later years; beginning with ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'', ''[[Deewaar]]'', and ''[[Sholay]]'' that he embodied the "[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)|''angry young man'']]" in their [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]] of the 1970s-1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/kbc-13-big-b-shares-what-anand-did-him|title=On 'KBC 13', Big B shares what 'Anand' did for him|date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 June 2017}}</ref> He consistently starred in the highest grossings of the year, includes ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'', ''[[Hera Pheri (1976 film)|Hera Pheri]]'', ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'', ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'', ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'', ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'', ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'', ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)]]'', ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' and ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-must-watch-amitabh-bachchan-movies-44148.html|title=10 Must-Watch Amitabh Bachchan Movies|date=10 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-never-got-typecast-courtesy-hrishikesh-mukherjee-s-cinema-news-229025|title=Amitabh Bachchan Never Got Typecast, Courtesy Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Cinema|date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Bachchan was voted the "greatest star of stage or screen" in the [[BBC]] ''Your Millennium'' online users poll in 1999.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/381017.stm |title=ENTERTAINMENT | Bollywood star tops the poll |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 1999 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910010951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/381017.stm |archive-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2003, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine said he is the undisputed godfather of Bollywood.<ref name="Perry">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501031027/int_bachchan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031023004122/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501031027/int_bachchan.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2003 |magazine=Time |title=The Legend |date=27 October 2003 |first=Alex |last=Perry}}</ref>

After taking a break from acting in the 1990s, his resurgence was marked in 2000 with ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=712|title=Mohabbatein – Movie}}</ref> Since then he starred in several successful and acclaimed films like ''[[Baghban (2003 film) |Baghban]]'', ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'', [[Black (2005 film)|''Black'']], ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'', ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'', ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'', and ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/amitabh-bachchan-50-best-roles-114114366.html|title=50 Definitive Amitabh Bachchan Performances|date=11 October 2019}}</ref> For ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'', ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'', ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' and ''[[Piku]]''; he has won four [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], making him the only actor to do so. Bachchan also made an appearance in a Hollywood film, ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' (2013), in which he played a non-Indian Jewish character.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rapoza |first=Kenneth |date=24 April 2013 |title=Meet The Great Gatsby's New Indian Gangster |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/04/24/the-indian-actor-behind-the-great-gatsby/#77b5eb9d7aef|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822181418/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/04/24/the-indian-actor-behind-the-great-gatsby/#77b5eb9d7aef|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

Bachchan has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan|numerous accolades]] in his career, including record four [[National Film Awards]] in [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] category and many awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies. He has won sixteen [[Filmfare Awards]] and is the most nominated performer in any major acting category at [[Filmfare]] with 34 nominations in [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and 42 nominations overall. The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984, the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2001, the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2015, and India's highest award in the field of cinema, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 2018 for his contributions to [[the arts]]. The [[Government of France]] honoured him with its highest civilian honour, Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], in 2007 for his exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond.

In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a [[playback singer]], film producer, and television presenter. He has hosted several seasons of the game show ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', India's version of the game show franchise, ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''. He also entered politics for a time in the 1980s. Bachchan has also been involved in several [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian works]] and he is a [[Celebrity branding|brand endorser]] in India. Beyond the [[Indian subcontinent]], he acquired a large overseas following of the [[South Asian diaspora]], as well as others, in markets including Africa (South Africa, Eastern Africa, and [[Mauritius]]), the Middle East (especially [[Egypt]] and the [[UAE]]), the United Kingdom, Russia, Central Asia, the [[Caribbean]] ([[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]), Oceania ([[Fiji]], Australia, and New Zealand), Canada and the United States.<ref name="AB2">* {{cite book |last=Willis |first=Andrew |title=Film Stars: Hollywood and Beyond |date=2004 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7190-5645-1 |page=4 |url={{Google books|_2ZXBaDJ6DUC |pages=PA4 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}}}}
* {{cite news |title=As more satellite TV networks target Asia, the picture is one of confusion and uncertainty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930930-as-more-satellite-tv-networks-target-asia-the-picture-is-one-of-confusion-and-uncertainty-811618-1993-09-30 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 September 1993 |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222130920/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930930-as-more-satellite-tv-networks-target-asia-the-picture-is-one-of-confusion-and-uncertainty-811618-1993-09-30 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Sinanan |first1=Anil |title=The Bachchans in TNT: it's dynamite! |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/the-bachchans-in-tnt-its-dynamite-fpkjvxrkw8k |access-date=7 April 2020 |work=[[The Times]] |date=23 July 2008 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407030832/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-bachchans-in-tnt-its-dynamite-fpkjvxrkw8k |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=India's biggest superstar Amitabh Bachchan has no interest in celebrating his 77th birthday |url=https://www.pressreader.com/fiji/the-fiji-times/20191013/282522955227391 |access-date=7 April 2020 |via=PressReader |date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407030832/https://www.pressreader.com/fiji/the-fiji-times/20191013/282522955227391 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
{{further|Bachchan family}}
Bachchan was born on 11 October 1942 in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (now Prayagraj) to Hindi poet [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] and social activist [[Teji Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Masih |first=Archana |date=9 October 2012 |title=Take a tour of Amitabh's home in Allahabad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-take-a-tour-of-amitabhs-home-in-allahabad/20121009.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224222316/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-take-a-tour-of-amitabhs-home-in-allahabad/20121009.htm%20 |url-status=live}}</ref> Harivansh Rai Bachchan was an [[Awadhi people|Awadhi]] [[Hindu]] [[Kayastha]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sreemita |title=I am proud of my surname: Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 July 2011 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013050650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> who was fluent in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]],<ref name="sikh">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Z9_ysSgW8C |title=Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire |last=Mishra |first=Vijay |date=2002 |page=131 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-93014-7}}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="West-Pavlov">{{cite book |last=West-Pavlov |first=Russell |title=The Global South and Literature |date=2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-24631-6 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMdJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167}}</ref> Harivansh's ancestors came from a village called [[Babupatti]], in the Raniganj tehsil, in the [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]], in the present-day state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaya inaugurates library in memory of Harivansh Rai Bachchan |website=Oneindia |publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/05/jaya-inaugurates-library-in-memory-of-harivansh-rai-bachchan-1141626344.html |access-date=18 November 2015 |date=6 March 2006 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119051930/http://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/05/jaya-inaugurates-library-in-memory-of-harivansh-rai-bachchan-1141626344.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Teji Bachchan was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] [[Khatri]] from [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Faisalabad]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan).<ref name="sikh" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan remembers 'most beautiful woman' mother on her birthday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amitabh-bachchan-remembers-most-beautiful-woman-mother-on-her-birthday/articleshow/40115335.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429032403/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amitabh-bachchan-remembers-most-beautiful-woman-mother-on-her-birthday/articleshow/40115335.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachchan has a younger brother, Ajitabh, who is five years younger than him.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWquGT2c6DkC&pg=PA327 |page=327 |title=In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography |author=[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2001 |isbn=0-14-027663-7}}</ref>

Bachchan's parents were initially going to name him ''Inquilaab'' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] for "Revolution"), inspired by the phrase ''[[Inquilab Zindabad]]'' ("Long live the revolution") popularly used during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] struggle; the name ''Amitabh'' was suggested to his father by poet [[Sumitranandan Pant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Amitabh-was-initially-named-Inquilaab/articleshow/15889267.cms |title=Amitabh was initially named Inquilaab |work=The Times of India |date=28 August 2012 |access-date=19 May 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813134240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Amitabh-was-initially-named-Inquilaab/articleshow/15889267.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N18Kbc" /> Although his surname was [[Srivastava]], Amitabh's father, who opposed the [[Indian caste system|caste system]], had adopted the pen name Bachchan ("child-like" in colloquial Hindi), under which he published all of his works.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=26 July 2017 |title=I am proud of my surname Amitabh Bachchan |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830194021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-proud-of-my-surname-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9393354.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> When his father was looking to get him admitted to a school, he and Bachchan's mother decided the family's name should be Bachchan instead of Shrivastava.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-got-his-surname-bacause-of-caste-system-1.65525580 |title=Amitabh Bachchan got his surname bacause of caste system |website=gulfnews.com |date=30 July 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002091321/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-got-his-surname-bacause-of-caste-system-1.65525580 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films and used for all other practical purposes, Bachchan has become the surname for all of his immediate family.<ref>{{cite book |title=In The Afternoon Time |last=Bachchan |first=Harivansh Rai |publisher=Viking Pr |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-670-88158-1}}</ref> Bachchan's father died in 2003, and his mother in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teji Bachchan passes away |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=2078579f-853d-48ae-b826-eeee479169e2&ParentID=d5c75cbf-62a5-49eb-a016-0cf71383854b&&Headline=Big+B's+mother+Teji+Bachchan+is+no+more |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=2078579f-853d-48ae-b826-eeee479169e2&ParentID=d5c75cbf-62a5-49eb-a016-0cf71383854b&&Headline=Big+B%27s+mother+Teji+Bachchan+is+no+more |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2007 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Khan, Alifiya |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref>

Bachchan's secondary education was at [[Boys' High School & College (Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)|Boys' High School & College]] in Allahabad and [[Sherwood College]] in [[Nainital]]. He attended [[Kirori Mal College]] at the [[University of Delhi]] in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan's journey to the top|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/amitabh-bachchans-journey-to-the-top-58283-2009-10-09|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=10 October 2009|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115047/https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/amitabh-bachchans-journey-to-the-top-58283-2009-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bachchan@77 – 'Big B was a boxer when he was Chhota B' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bachchan-77-big-b-was-a-boxer-when-he-was-chhota-b/story-IhMWG9vPh7cq2DMZV6sR0N.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225021631/https://m.hindustantimes.com/cities/bachchan-77-big-b-was-a-boxer-when-he-was-chhota-b/story-IhMWG9vPh7cq2DMZV6sR0N_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Kirori Mal College in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |title=किरोड़ीमल कॉलेज हॉस्टल का कमरा नंबर-66, दीवार पर टंगी बिग बी की तस्वीर... डीयू का इतिहास |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-university-kirori-mal-college-hostel-amitabh-bachchan-bsc-read-here-du-history/articleshow/92466073.cms |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913073040/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-university-kirori-mal-college-hostel-amitabh-bachchan-bsc-read-here-du-history/articleshow/92466073.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=KBC 14: जब BSc लेकर पछताए थे अमिताभ बच्चन, नहीं याद रहते थे त्रिकोणमिति के फॉर्मूले, सुनाया मजेदार किस्सा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/amitabh-bachchan-took-bsc-difficult-to-learn-trigonometry-formula-kbc-14-komal-gupta-50-lakh-tmovk-1529627-2022-09-02 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912232412/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/amitabh-bachchan-took-bsc-difficult-to-learn-trigonometry-formula-kbc-14-komal-gupta-50-lakh-tmovk-1529627-2022-09-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=10 bollywood celebrities who graduated from DU |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-bollywood-stars-who-passed-out-from-du-306417-2016-02-17 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=India Today |date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913115932/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-bollywood-stars-who-passed-out-from-du-306417-2016-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> When Bachchan finished his studies, his father approached [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], the founder of [[Prithvi Theatre]] and patriarch of the [[Kapoor family|Kapoor acting family]], to see if there was an opening for him, but Kapoor offered no encouragement.<ref name= page412>{{cite book |page=312 |title=In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography |author=[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2001 |url={{GBurl|id=aWquGT2c6DkC|p=312}} |isbn=0-14-027663-7}}</ref> Bachchan was a friend of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Sanjay Gandhi]], before he became an actor. He used to spend time with them when he was a resident in New Delhi. Bachchan's family were very close to the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] of politicians. When [[Sonia Gandhi]] first came to India from Italy before her marriage, Bachchan had received her at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam International Airport]] on 13 January 1968. She spent 48 days at Bachchan's house with his parents before her wedding to Rajiv.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=11 October 2018 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Rajiv Gandhi and a tale of two families |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-rajiv-gandhi-and-a-tale-of-two-families-766548 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081231/https://news.abplive.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-rajiv-gandhi-and-a-tale-of-two-families-766548 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 1960s, Bachchan applied to be a newsreader for [[All India Radio]] in Delhi, but "failed the audition".<ref name="page412" /><ref>{{cite news |title=When Ameen Sayani refused audition to Amitabh Bachchan thrice, asked him to take appointment: 'I would have been on streets' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ameen-sayani-refused-audition-to-amitabh-bachchan-thrice-asked-him-to-take-appointment-9172743/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> He became a business executive for ''Bird & Company'' in [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta),<ref name="page412" /> {{When|date=September 2022}} and worked in [[Play (theatre)|theatre]] before starting his film career.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amitabh-Bachchan |encyclopedia=britannica.com |title=Amitabh Bachchan |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214212940/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amitabh-Bachchan |url-status=live}}</ref> It is thought that his mother might have had some influence on his choice of career, for she always insisted that he should "take centre stage".<ref>{{cite book |page=9 |title=My Life: Amitabh Bachchan |author= |publisher=General Press |url=https://www.amazon.de/dp/B07ZFMJ34R |date=22 October 2019 |isbn=978-9389440737 }}</ref>{{According to whom|date=September 2022}}

== Acting career ==
{{further|Amitabh Bachchan filmography}}

=== Early career (1969–1972) ===
Bachchan made his film debut in 1969, as a voice narrator in [[Mrinal Sen]]'s [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Award]]–winning film ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Suresh Kohli |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3428922.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205112700/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3428922.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=Arts / Cinema: Bhuvan Shome (1969) |work=The Hindu |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> His first acting role was as one of the seven protagonists in the film ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/852519/before-stardom-amitabh-bachchans-drudge-years-are-a-study-in-perseverance-and-persona-building |title=Before stardom: Amitabh Bachchan's drudge years are a study in perseverance and persona building |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |website=Scroll.in |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821085713/https://scroll.in/reel/852519/before-stardom-amitabh-bachchans-drudge-years-are-a-study-in-perseverance-and-persona-building |url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and featuring [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]] (brother of comedian [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]), [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and [[Jalal Agha]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Avijit Ghosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Big-Bs-debut-film-hit-the-screens-40-yrs-ago-today/articleshow/5206070.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615185810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-07/india/28085479_1_amitabh-bachchan-saat-hindustani-malayalam-actor |url-status=live |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Big B's debut film hit the screens 40 yrs ago, today |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="First national award">{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/09amitabh.htm |title=I felt I did a good job in Black |work=Rediff.com |date=9 August 2007 |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525045308/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/09amitabh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971) followed, in which Bachchan starred alongside [[Rajesh Khanna]]. His role as a doctor with a cynical view of life garnered Bachchan his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. He then played his first antagonist role as an infatuated lover-turned-murderer in ''[[Parwana (1971 film)|Parwana]]'' (1971). Following Parwana were several films, including [[Sunil Dutt]]'s ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' (1971) where he played a mute character. During this time, he made a guest appearance in the film ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' which starred his future wife [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]]. He narrated part of the film ''[[Bawarchi]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rammesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azlpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 |title=Human Cinema: The Films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64324-955-1}}</ref> In 1972, he made an appearance in the road action comedy ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' directed by [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] which was moderately successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012163932/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |archive-date=12 October 2012 |title=Box Office 1972 |publisher=Box Office India |date=12 October 2012 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Many of Bachchan's films during this early period did not do well.<ref name=iconic1>{{cite web |title=80 iconic performances 1/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=950 |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118035457/http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=950 |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> His only film with [[Mala Sinha]], ''[[Sanjog (1972 film)|Sanjog]]'' (1972) was also a box office failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |title=Sanjog (1972) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Sanjog-1972/article16926488.ece |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230427/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Sanjog-1972/article16926488.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (1973–1974) ===
Bachchan was struggling, seen as a "failed newcomer" who, by the age of 30, had only two successes (as a lead in ''Bombay to Goa'' and a supporting role in ''Anand'').<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajesh Khanna didn't charge a penny for Anand; earned 10 times his remuneration through distribution: Historian Dilip Thakur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajesh-khanna-didnt-charge-a-penny-for-anand-earned-10-times-his-remuneration-through-distribution-9544282/ |work=The Indian Express |date=1 September 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref> Bachchan was then discovered by screenwriter duo [[Salim–Javed]], consisting of [[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033352/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Salim Khan wrote the story, screenplay and script of ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), and conceived the "angry young man" persona of the lead role. Javed Akhtar came on board as co-writer,<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=Why Salim Khan was angry with Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Salim-Khan-was-angry-with-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/27245793.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102180945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Salim-Khan-was-angry-with-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/27245793.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Prakash Mehra]], who saw the script as potentially groundbreaking, as the film's director. However, they were struggling to find an actor for the lead "angry young man" role; it was turned down by several actors, owing to it going against the "romantic hero" image dominant in the industry at the time.<ref name="indianexpress2" /> Salim-Javed "saw his talent, which most makers didn't. He was exceptional, a genius actor who was in films that weren't good."<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 January 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030549/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Salim Khan, they "strongly felt that Amitabh was the ideal casting for ''Zanjeer''".<ref name="indianexpress2" /> Salim Khan introduced Bachchan to Prakash Mehra,<ref name="timesofindia" /> and Salim-Javed insisted that Bachchan be cast for the role.<ref name="indianexpress2" />

''Zanjeer'' was a [[crime film]] with violent action,<ref name="indianexpress2" /> in sharp contrast to the [[Romance film|romantically themed films]] that had generally preceded it, and it established Amitabh in a new persona—the "angry young man" of [[Bollywood]].<ref name=angryyoungman>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1945451.stm |title=Film legend promotes Bollywood |publisher=BBC News |date=23 April 2002 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1945451.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> He earned his first [[Filmfare Award]] nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], with ''[[Filmfare]]'' later considering this one of the most iconic performances in Bollywood history.<ref name=iconic1 /> The film was a blockbuster and one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1973|highest-grossing films of that year]], breaking Bachchan's dry spell at the box office and making him a star.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/zanjeer50-film-that-ushered-in-the-angry-young-man-532575/|title='Zanjeer'@50: Film that ushered in the angry young man|date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Top Actors">{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> It was the first of many collaborations between Salim-Javed and Amitabh; the duo wrote many of their subsequent scripts with Bachchan in mind for the lead role, and insisted on him being cast for their later films.<ref name="hindustantimes" /> Salim Khan also introduced Bachchan to director [[Manmohan Desai]] with whom he formed a long and successful association, alongside Prakash Mehra and [[Yash Chopra]].<ref name="timesofindia" />

Eventually, Bachchan became one of the most successful leading men of the film industry. His portrayal of the wronged hero fighting a crooked system and circumstances of deprivation in films like ''Zanjeer'', ''Deewaar'', [[Trishul (film)|''Trishul'']], ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' and ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' resonated with the masses of the time, especially the youth who harboured a simmering discontent owing to social ills such as poverty, [[hunger]], unemployment, corruption, [[social inequality]] and the brutal excesses of [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]]. This led to Bachchan being dubbed as the "angry young man", a journalistic catchphrase that became a metaphor for the dormant rage, frustration, restlessness, sense of [[rebellion]] and [[anti-establishment]] disposition of an entire generation, prevalent in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/10614647 |title=The 'Angry Young Man' of 'Zanjeer': From Osborne to Bachchan |first=Maanvi |last=Narcisa |website=Academia |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404051610/https://www.academia.edu/10614647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |title=Why Amitabh Bachchan is more than a superstar |date=11 October 2012 |access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925035704/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281116060 |title=Writing the Angry Young Man: Salim-Javed's screenplays for Amitabh Bachchan |first=Claus |last=Tieber |date=21 August 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |via=ResearchGate |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115044/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281116060_Writing_the_Angry_Young_Man_Salim-Javed%27s_screenplays_for_Amitabh_Bachchan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The year 1973 was also when he married Jaya, and around this time they appeared in several films together: not only ''Zanjeer'' but also subsequent films such as ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'', which was released around the same time after their wedding and was also successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=24 March 2023|title=Abhimaan: A Bollywood marital drama that's relevant even after 50 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64813501|newspaper=BBC News|date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Later, he played the role of Vikram, once again along with [[Rajesh Khanna]], in the film ''[[Namak Haraam]]'', a social drama directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and addressing themes of friendship.<ref name="The common man's film maker">{{Cite web |title=The common man's film maker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/the-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/The-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film proved to be a superhit and Bachchan won his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance.<ref name="The common man's film maker"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1974/101 |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1974: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 1974 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1974/101 |url-status=live}}</ref> The flow of successes continued for Bachchan in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/manoj-kumar-recalls-special-memories-of-life-with-amitabh-bachchan-in-roti-kapda-aur-makaan-715676|title=Manoj Kumar recalls 'special memories of life' with Amitabh Bachchan in 'Roti, Kapda Aur Makaan'|date=30 June 2021}}</ref> He began the year with a guest appearance in [[Dulal Guha]]'s blockbuster social drama film ''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind – Greatest Indian Film Sholay Is 43 Years Old |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4183|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> After this, he starred in Aravind Sen's drama film ''[[Kasauti]]'' and [[Narendra Bedi]]'s [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'', both of which ended up as moderate commercial successes. Bachchan's next release was [[Manoj Kumar]]'s fourth directional venture ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcLihj0Yzi0C&pg=PA12 |title=India of My Dreams |isbn=9788171886890 |access-date=25 January 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=Surendra |last2=Kapur |first2=Pradeep Kumar |year=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation}}</ref> The film opened to excellent response all over the country, eventually taking top spot at the box office that year and emerging an ''All Time Blockbuster'' as well as Bachchan's biggest up to that point of time.<ref name="SK"/> Before the end of year, he delivered a hit in [[Ravi Tandon]]'s crime thriller ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/majboor|title=Majboor (1974)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Written by Salim-Javed, it also had [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Parveen Babi]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/majboor-1974/article5071757.ece|title=Majboor (1974)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2013 }}</ref>

=== Peak years (1975–1988) ===

In 1975, Bachchan starred in a variety of film genres, from the comedy ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' and the crime drama ''[[Faraar (1975 film)|Faraar]]'' to the romantic drama ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrishikesh-mukherjee-chupke-chupke-subtle-antidote-to-angry-young-man-era-7915586/|title=Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Chupke Chupke was the subtle antidote to the 'angry young man' era; a balance we have forgotten today|date=14 May 2022}}</ref> This was also the year in which he starred in two films regarded as important in [[Hindi cinema]] history, both written by Salim-Javed, who again insisted on casting Bachchan.<ref name="hindustantimes" /> The first was ''Deewaar'', directed by Yash Chopra, where he worked with [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Parveen Babi]], and [[Neetu Singh]]. The film emerged a blockbuster at the box office and earned him another Filmfare nomination for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8751|title=Jigra v Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video: First Week Circuit Comparison|date=20 October 2024}}</ref> Indiatimes ranks ''Deewaar'' among the ''Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films''.<ref name="mustsee" /> The other, released on 15 August 1975, was ''[[Sholay]]'', which became the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film ever in India]] at the time,<ref name=boxoffice>{{cite web |title=Sholay |url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sholay |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630155123/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sholay |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2012 |publisher=International Business Overview Standard |access-date=6 December 2007}}</ref> in which Bachchan played the role of Jaidev. ''Deewaar'' and ''Sholay'' are often credited with exalting Bachchan to the heights of superstardom, two years after he became a star with ''Zanjeer'', and consolidating his domination of the industry throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/sholay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102025542/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/sholay.html |archive-date=2 January 2015 |title=Top Actor |date=2 January 2015 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191201/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Box Office 1983 |publisher=Box Office India |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> In 1999, [[BBC]] India declared ''Sholay'' the "Film of the Millennium" and, like ''Deewaar'', it has been cited by ''Indiatimes Movies'' as among the ''Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films''.<ref name="mustsee">{{cite news |author=Kanwar, Rachna |title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies |date=3 October 2005 |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-10.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015033756/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837%2Ccurpg-10.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |publisher=Indiatimes movies |access-date=6 December 2007}}</ref> In that same year, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards awarded it with the special distinction award called the Filmfare Best Film of 50 Years.

[[File:Amitabh Bachchan and Dharmendra in 2016.jpg|thumb| Bachchan and [[Dharmendra]] starrer ''Sholay'' (1975) recorded an estimated {{INR}}15-18 crore footfalls, making it the highest grossing Indian film in terms of audience attendance to date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Indicine |date=15 August 2015 |title=AskIndicine: Live QnA starts at 4:30PM |url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/askindicine-live-qna-starts-at-430pm/ |access-date=9 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
In 1976, he was cast by [[Yash Chopra]] in the [[Romantic film|romantic musical]] ''[[Kabhi Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yash Chopra King of Romance|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?keyword=bollywood&ID=282619&subcatg=&nid=282619|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129171228/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?keyword=bollywood&ID=282619&subcatg=&nid=282619|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|access-date=28 October 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Bachchan starred as a young poet, Amit Malhotra, who falls deeply in love with a beautiful young girl named Pooja ([[Rakhee Gulzar]]) who ends up marrying someone else ([[Shashi Kapoor]]). The film was notable for portraying Bachchan as a romantic hero, a far cry from his "angry young man" roles like ''Zanjeer'' and ''Deewaar''. Despite its heavy theme, ''Kabhi Kabhie'' went on to become a superhit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rewind - Sixty Years Of Dharmendra|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6104|work=Box Office India|language=en|date=24 November 2020|archive-date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712182139/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6104|url-status=live}}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] and lyrics written by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] dominated the year-end annual list of [[Binaca Geetmala]] and was one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5 | archive-date=5 February 2010 }}</ref> Bachchan was again nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his role in the film. That same year, he played a double role in another hit ''[[Adalat (1976 film)|Adalat]]'' as father and son. In 1977, he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Best Actor Award]] for his performance in ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', in which he played the third lead opposite [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Anthony Gonsalves. The film was the highest-grossing film of that year. His other major hits that year include ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'' and ''[[Khoon Pasina]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/flashback-1977-trade-informa-2531|title=Flashback 1977 - Trade Guide Classification|date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

He once again resumed double roles in films such as ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' (1978) as Amit and Shankar and ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978) playing the characters of [[Don (character)|Don]], a leader of an underworld gang and his look-alike Vijay. His performance won him his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. He also gave towering performances in Yash Chopra's [[Trishul (film)|'' Trishul'']] and Prakash Mehra's ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' both of which earned him further Filmfare Best Actor nominations. 1978 is arguably considered his most successful year at the box office since all of his six releases in the same year, namely ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'', ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'', ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'', ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'', ''[[Ganga Ki Saugandh]]'' and ''[[Besharam (1978 film)|Besharam]]'' were box office successes, with the former three being the consecutive highest-grossing films of the year, a rare feat in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012163917/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=BoxOfficeIndia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/11box.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Towering Inferno: Amitabh Bachchan |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041241/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/11box.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1979, Bachchan starred in ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' which was the highest-earning film of that year.<ref name="SK">{{citation|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3464|title=Shashi Kapoor Passes Away|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 December 2017}}</ref> In the same year, he also enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success with films like ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'', ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' and ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat=|title=Legendary Director Yash Chopra Passes Away|date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121054713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat= |archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> He was required to use his singing voice for the first time in a song from the film ''Mr. Natwarlal'' in which he starred with [[Rekha]]. Bachchan's performance in the film saw him nominated for both the Filmfare Award for Best Actor and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]. He also received a Best Actor nomination for ''Kaala Patthar'' and then went on to be nominated again in 1980 for the [[Raj Khosla]] directed superhit film ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Zeenat Aman]].<ref name="Diwali">{{cite news|url= https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4407 |title= The Biggest Diwali BLOCKBUSTERS Of All Time |publisher= boxofficeindia.com |date=7 November 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> His other releases of 1980, ''[[Do Aur Do Paanch]]'' and ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' underperformed with the latter ending its run with average numbers owing to huge costs, but [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]'s ''[[Ram Balram]]'' alongside Dharmendra was a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4467|title=2.0 - Among The Biggest Films Ever Made In India|date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-zeenat-aman-and-rekha-signed-their-only-collaboration-to-date-8597010.html|title=When Zeenat Aman And Rekha Signed Their Only Collaboration To Date|date=29 September 2023|website=News18}}</ref>
This changed in 1981 with back-to-back huge blockbusters in ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' and ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]'', both of which were among the top 5 [[List of Hindi films of 1981|highest-grossing films of 1981]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rewind - Forty Years Of Historic Blockbuster KRANTI |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6155 |access-date=13 February 2021 |publisher=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Bachchan also had two hits, ''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]'' and ''[[Kaalia]]'', and received praise for his performance in Yash Chopra's [[Romance film|romantic drama]] ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'', which attracted considerable attention from the media when it was in production due to its casting. Although the film did not do well commercially, it gained cult status in later years and is considered one of Chopra's best works ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5792|title=Akshay Kumar Has A Historic Year|date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema//article59817441.ece |title=Yash, he can! |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=3 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326091209/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema//article59817441.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sunday">{{Cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.22939/page/n495/mode/2up?q=Silsila&view=theater |title=The making of Silsila |date=16 August 1981 |magazine=Sunday |pages=44–45 |volume=9 |issue=9 |access-date=26 March 2022 }}</ref> The same year, he made his debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] with [[Shakti Samanta]]'s action thriller ''[[Anusandhan (1981 film)|Anusandhan]]''. Simultaneously shot in Hindi as ''Barsaat Ki Ek Raat'', the film was a ''blockbuster'' in [[West Bengal]], running for over 23 weeks.

In 1982, he played double roles in the musical ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' and action [[drama film|drama]]'' [[Desh Premee]]'' which succeeded at the box office along with highly successful ventures like action [[comedy film|comedy]] ''[[Namak Halaal]]'', action [[drama film|drama]] ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' and the critically acclaimed films ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' and ''[[Bemisal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5659|title=Top Comedy Nett Grossers - Housefull 4 Tops|date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=From the India Today archives (1984) - Bollywood's big budget survivors|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-1984-bollywood-s-big-budget-survivors-1994476-2022-08-30|date=30 August 2022}}</ref> On 26 July 1982, while filming a fight scene with co-actor [[Puneet Issar]] for ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'', Bachchan had a near-fatal intestinal injury.<ref name="Coolie fight scene">{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Bachchan injured whilst shooting scene |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm |access-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304103635/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bachchan was performing his stunts in the film and one scene required him to fall onto a table and then on the ground. However, as he jumped towards the table, the corner of the table struck his abdomen, resulting in a [[Splenic injury|splenic rupture]] from which he lost a significant amount of blood. He required an emergency [[splenectomy]] and remained critically ill in the hospital for many months, at times close to death. There were long queues of well-wishing fans outside the hospital where he was recuperating; the public response included prayers in places of worship and offers to sacrifice limbs to save him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Amitabh-Bachchan-no-longer-excited-about-birthdays/Article1-463669.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616100713/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Amitabh-Bachchan-no-longer-excited-about-birthdays/Article1-463669.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan no longer excited about birthdays |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2009 |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> Nevertheless, he resumed filming later that year after a long period of recuperation. The director, [[Manmohan Desai]], altered the ending of ''Coolie'': Bachchan's character was originally intended to have been killed off; but, after the change of script, the character lived in the end. Desai felt it would have been inappropriate for the man who had just fended off death in real life to be killed on screen. The footage of the fight scene is frozen at the critical moment, and a caption appears onscreen marking it as the instant of the actor's injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=250266&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=250266 |title=30 years after the Coolie accident: Big B's "second birthday" |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129170555/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=250266&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=250266 |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> The film was released in 1983, and partly due to the huge publicity of Bachchan's accident, it emerged an ''All Time Blockbuster'' and top-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3904|title=Infinity War Dominates – 102 Not Out Slow Start|date=4 May 2018}}</ref> He then played a triple role in [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]]'s action drama ''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]'', which proved to be a flop.<ref name="TG1983"/> Other releases that year, ''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'' and ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' were average fares, but ''[[Andhaa Kaanoon]]'' (in which he had a small role) was a blockbuster.<ref name="TG1983">{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1983-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1983)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |title=2018 Has High Number Of Blockbusters |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116170928/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |url-status=live}}</ref> During a stint in politics from 1984 to 1987, five of his completed films were released, out of which four emerged major successes, these were - Manmohan Desai's [[Action (fiction)|action]] film [[Mard (1985 film)|''Mard'']] (1985), which proved to be a massive blockbuster, followed by superhits, ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984) and ''[[Geraftaar]]'' (1985) and a hit film ''[[Aakhree Raasta]]'' (1986).<ref name="Diwali"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Information-1984-Classifica.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1984)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-Classifications-1986-1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1986)}}</ref> After his stint in politics ended, Bachchan returned to films in 1988, playing the title role in [[Tinnu Anand]]'s [[Vigilante film|vigilante action]] film ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'', which opened to bumper response all over the nation and emerged a huge hit as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 1988|second highest-grossing film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1988-Classifications-Page1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1988)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Simran |last=Bhargava |title=Amitabh Bachchan makes spectacular come-back with Shahenshah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880315-amitabh-bachchan-makes-spectacular-come-back-with-shahenshah-797041-1988-03-15 |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 March 1988}}</ref>

=== Health issues ===
He was later diagnosed with [[Myasthenia gravis]]. The illness weakened him both mentally and physically. At this time he became pessimistic, expressing concern with how a new film would be received, and stating before every release, "Yeh film to flop hogi!" ("This film will flop").<ref name="Myasthenia Gravis">{{cite web |publisher=mouthshut.com |title=Reviews on: To Be or Not To Be Amitabh Bachchan |author=Mohamed, Khalid |url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/To_Be_or_Not_To_Be_Amitabh_Bachchan_-_Khalid_Mohamed-72513-1.html |access-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901155545/http://www.mouthshut.com/review/To_Be_or_Not_To_Be_Amitabh_Bachchan_-_Khalid_Mohamed-72513-1.html |archive-date=1 September 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations, sabbatical, business ventures (1989–1999) ===
After the success of his comeback film however, Bachchan's star power began to wane as his subsequent releases like ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]'' (1988), ''[[Jaadugar (1989 film)|Jaadugar]]'', ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]'' and ''[[Main Azaad Hoon]]'' (all released in 1989) did not do well commercially.<ref>{{cite news |title='A simple man who narrated great stories' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-simple-man-who-narrated-great-stories/cid/625140 |access-date=26 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=19 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/7-biggest-flops-of-amitabh-bachchan|title=7 Biggest Flops Of Amitabh Bachchan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/143885-director-tinnu-anand-main-azaad-hoon-javed-akhtar-copied-hollywood-film-amitabh-bachchan.html|title=Tinnu Anand says Javed Akhtar lied & copied 2 Hollywood films as Amitabh's Main Azaad Hoon|date=7 September 2023}}</ref> He did gain success during this period with superhits in [[K.C. Bokadia]]'s [[Crime film|crime drama]] film ''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]'' (1990) and [[Mukul Anand]]'s [[Masala film|masala]] film ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' (1991), but this momentum was short-lived and his string of box office failures continued with ''[[Ajooba]]'', ''[[Indrajeet]]'' and ''[[Akayla]]''.<ref name="SRK"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1991-Classifications-P1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1991)}}</ref> Notably, despite a decline in number of hits, it was during this era that Bachchan won his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance as a Mafia don in the [[cult following|cult]] film ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990).<ref name="1991award">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38NFA.pdf |title=Award for the Best Actor |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=30 July 2011 |page=26|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326034004/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38NFA.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> After the release of Mukul Anand's moderately successful, but critically acclaimed 1992 epic film ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', Bachchan announced his semi retirement from the film industry. With the exception of the delayed release ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'' (1994), Bachchan did not act for five years.<ref name="SRK">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7570|title=Shahrukh Khan PASSES Where Amitabh Bachchan And Dilip Kumar Did Not|date=15 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When Amitabh Bachchan Quit Acting And Wasn't Sure About Returning To Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-amitabh-bachchan-quit-acting-and-wasnt-sure-about-returning-to-films-6439315.html |work=News18 |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> He set up the [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]], Ltd. (ABCL) in 1996. ABCL's strategy was to introduce products and services covering an entire cross-section of India's entertainment industry. ABCL's operations were mainstream commercial film production and distribution, audio cassettes and video discs, production and marketing of television software, and celebrity and event management.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bemoneyaware.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-from-bankruptcy-to-crorepati |title=Amitabh Bachchan – from bankruptcy to crorepati |date=10 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234411/https://www.bemoneyaware.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-from-bankruptcy-to-crorepati |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after the company was launched in 1996, the first film it produced was ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'', which was a box office hit<ref>{{cite web |title=Tere Mere Sapne – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2732 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> and launched the careers of actors like [[Arshad Warsi]] and southern film star [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT Business News: Businessman Bachchan braves a bad patch as ABCL falls sick |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715074014/https://www.rediff.com/business/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1997, Bachchan attempted to make his acting comeback with the film ''[[Mrityudata]]'', produced by ABCL. Though ''Mrityudaata'' attempted to reprise Bachchan's earlier success as an action hero, the film was a failure both financially and critically.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19970531-collapse-of-mrityudaata-diminishes-amitabh-bachchans-godlike-status-831427-1997-05-30 |title=Collapse of Mrityudaata diminishes Amitabh Bachchan's godlike status |website=India Today |date=31 May 1997 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903220429/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/collapse-of-mrityudaata-diminishes-amitabh-bachchans-godlike-status/1/275854.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3038|title=Tubelight Aftermath - The Director At Fault|date=29 June 2017}}</ref> ABCL was the main sponsor of the [[Miss World 1996|1996 Miss World Beauty Pageant]], which was held in [[Bangalore]], but lost millions. The fiasco and the consequent legal battles surrounding ABCL and various entities after the event, coupled with the fact that ABCL was reported to have overpaid most of its top-level managers, eventually led to its financial and operational collapse in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19990426-after-dream-venture-abcl-go-bankrupt-amitabh-bachchan-faces-legal-battle-with-creditors-780749-1999-04-25 |title=After dream venture ABCL go bankrupt, Amitabh Bachchan faces legal battle with creditors |website=India Today |date=26 April 1999 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229162326/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-dream-venture-abcl-go-bankrupt-amitabh-bachchan-faces-legal-battle-with-creditors/1/253830.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/money/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT Business News: Businessman Bachchan braves a bad patch as ABCL falls sick |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041151/http://m.rediff.com/money/1999/apr/26abcl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The company went into administration and was later declared a failed company by the Indian Industries board. The Bombay High Court, in April 1999, restrained Bachchan from selling off his Bombay [[bungalow]] 'Prateeksha' and two flats until the pending loan recovery cases of [[Canara Bank]] were disposed of. Bachchan had, however, pleaded that he had mortgaged his bungalow to raise funds for his company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main1.htm |title=Muqaddar Ka Sikandar |author=Patil, Vimla |date=4 March 2001 |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201142907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He appeared in ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (1998) and ''[[Major Saab]]'' (1998), and received positive reviews for ''[[Sooryavansham]]'' (1999). However, films such as ''[[Lal Baadshah]]'' (1999) and ''[[Kohram]]'' (1999) were box office failures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2556 |title=Major Saab – Movie |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827230924/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2556 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/may/22soo.htm |author=Taliculam, Sharmila |title=He's back! |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831141658/http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/may/22soo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: A look at the year gone by |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108083140/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kohram – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2387 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516021701/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2387 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Return to success (2000–present) ===
In 2000, when he was deeply in debt after a period of financial failure, Bachchan went to visit [[Yash Chopra]] (whom he had previously worked with on a number of films including ''Deewaar,'' ''Trishul,'' and ''Kaala Patthar'') and said, "Look, I don't have a job, nobody is giving me work anymore, my movies aren't working, and I've come to ask you to please give me a film to work in." Chopra immediately offered him a role in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s ''[[Mohabbatein]],'' a role which would reboot Bachchan's career,<ref name=reboot>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-bankrupt-amitabh-bachchan-went-to-yash-chopra-s-house-and-asked-for-a-job-101632737508284.html |title=When bankrupt Amitabh Bachchan went to Yash Chopra's house and asked for a job |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref> and lead to his third [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards (2001) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2001/101 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> It also marked his first appearance with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |date=18 October 1999 |title=Three decades of triumphs |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/DFB48B3C5A7071E765256940004E87EB?OpenDocument |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427191415/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/DFB48B3C5A7071E765256940004E87EB?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008}}</ref> Bachchan then went on to then work in a number of films including ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' (2001), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' (2003). As an actor, he continued to perform in a range of characters, receiving critical praise for his performances in ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' (2001), ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]'' (2002), ''[[Kaante]]'' (2002), ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2004), ''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]'' (2004) and ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004). His performance in ''Aks'' won him his first [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=filmfare.com}}</ref>

One project that did particularly well for Bachchan was [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005). The film starred Bachchan as an ageing teacher of a deaf-blind girl and followed their relationship. His performance was unanimously praised by critics and audiences and won him his second National Film Award for Best Actor, his fourth [[Filmfare]] Best Actor Award, and his second Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. Taking advantage of this resurgence, Amitabh began endorsing a variety of products and services, appearing in many television and billboard advertisements. In 2005 and 2006, he starred with his son Abhishek in the films ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005), the ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' adaptation ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005), and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006). All of them were successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=390|title=Bunty Aur Babli (2005)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sarkar – Movie |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=396 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="BOI gross">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=364|title = Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna – Movie – Box Office India}}</ref> His later releases in 2006 and early 2007 were ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]'' (2006),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Films fail at the BO |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818140640/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212 |archive-date=18 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[Ekalavya]]'' (2007) and ''[[Nishabd]]'' (2007), which failed to do well at the box office but his performances in each of them were praised by critics.<ref name="Bachchan's films fail at the box office">{{cite web |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Adarsh, Taran |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/326.html |title=Top 5: 'Nishabd', 'N.P.D.' are disasters |access-date=26 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114110548/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/326.html |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref>

In May 2007, two of his films, the romantic comedy ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' and the multi-starrer action drama ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'', were released. ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' did well at the box office and was declared a hit in India, while ''Cheeni Kum'' picked up after a slow start and was declared a semi-hit by the end of its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=225 |title=Shootout at Lokhandwala – Movie |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041157/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=225 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223235/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |archive-date=15 January 2013 |title=Box Office 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=347&cityid=1&area=domestic |title=Cheeni Kum – Movie – |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041152/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=347&cityid=1&area=domestic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="udxlrh">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214 |title=Box Office 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109040918/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214 |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> A remake of his biggest hit, ''Sholay'' (1975), entitled ''[[Aag (2007 film)|Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag]]'', released in August of that same year and proved to be a major commercial failure in addition to its poor critical reception.<ref name="udxlrh" /> The year also marked Bachchan's first appearance in an English-language film, [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[The Last Lear]]'', co-starring [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. The film premiered at the [[2007 Toronto International Film Festival]] on 9 September 2007. He received positive reviews from critics who hailed his performance as his best since ''Black''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/09/11/3020 |date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201132528/http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/09/11/3020 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |access-date=12 July 2020 |title=This is Amitabh's best performance after Black|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> Bachchan was slated to play a supporting role in his first international film, ''[[Shantaram (film)|Shantaram]]'', directed by [[Mira Nair]] and starring Hollywood actor [[Johnny Depp]] in the lead. The film was due to begin filming in February 2008 but due to the writer's strike, was pushed to September 2008.<ref name="Hollywood">{{cite web |publisher=ourbollywood.com |title=Amitabh Bachchan to star with Johnny Depp |url=http://www.ourbollywood.com/2007/02/amitabh_bachchan_will_star_opp.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070401195932/http://www.ourbollywood.com/2007/02/amitabh_bachchan_will_star_opp.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007}}</ref> The film is currently "shelved" indefinitely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-diary-shantaram-film--lumiere-festival-tom-atkinson-hans-holbein-harold-evans-1819450.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116192639/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-diary-shantaram-film--lumiere-festival-tom-atkinson-hans-holbein-harold-evans-1819450.html |archive-date=16 November 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Underworld tale won't see light of day |date=13 November 2009 |access-date=23 May 2010 |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Arifa |last=Akbar}}</ref>
[[File:Amitabh Bachchan and Yash Chopra in the premiere of Paa.jpg|left|thumb|Amitabh Bachchan and [[Yash Chopra]] in the premiere of [[Paa (film)|Paa]]. Bachchan received his third [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] at the [[57th National Film Awards]] for his performance and his fifth [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for Paa.]]
[[Vivek Sharma]]'s ''[[Bhoothnath]]'', in which he plays the title role as a ghost, was released on 9 May 2008. ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'', the sequel of the 2005 film ''Sarkar'', released in June 2008 and received a positive response at the box office. ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'', which was released at the end of 2009 was a highly anticipated project as it saw him playing his own son Abhishek's [[Progeria]]-affected 13-year-old son, and it opened to favourable reviews, particularly towards Bachchan's performance and was one of the top-grossing films of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2009&pageId=4 |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2009 – |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041224/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2009&pageId=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> It won him his third National Film Award for Best Actor and fifth Filmfare Best Actor Award. In 2010, he debuted in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] through ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'', directed by [[Major Ravi]] and co-starring [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/interview/2010/jun/08/south-major-ravi-on-kandahar.htm |title=Major Ravi gets ready to shoot Kandahar: Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924144120/http://movies.rediff.com/interview/2010/jun/08/south-major-ravi-on-kandahar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was based on the hijacking incident of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/56171.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416025433/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/56171.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2010 |title=Big B in 'Kandahaar' along with Sunil Shetty |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=14 April 2010}}</ref> Bachchan declined any remuneration for this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-to-forego-fee-for-sharing-screen-with-mohanlal/607690/0 |title=Amitabh to forego fee for sharing screen with Mohanlal |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423152543/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-to-forego-fee-for-sharing-screen-with-mohanlal/607690/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011 he played an aged retired former gangster in ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' who protects his son [[Sonu Sood]] who is an honest daring police officer from a notorious gangster [[Prakash Raj]] who unknowingly hired the latter to perform a contract killing not knowing that the police officer is the gangster's son.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rediff review|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bbuddah-hoga-tera-baap/20110701.htm|work=Rediff|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-date=4 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110156/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bbuddah-hoga-tera-baap/20110701.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite significant expectations, it had poor returns at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=53|title=Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> [[File:Bachan mohanlal.jpg|thumb|right|Bachchan with [[Mohanlal]]]]
In 2013, he made his Hollywood debut in ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' making a special appearance opposite [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Tobey Maguire]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]|url=http://thegreatgatsby.warnerbros.com/about-the-film|title=''The Great Gatsby'' – In Theaters May 10| access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> In 2014, he played the role of the friendly ghost in the sequel ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''. The next year, he played the role of a grumpy father experiencing chronic constipation in the critically acclaimed ''[[Piku]]'' which was also one of the biggest hits of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficehits.in/collection/piku-total-collection-lifetime-business-total-worldwide-collection.html |title=Piku Total Collection – Lifetime Business – Total Worldwide Collection – Box Office Hits |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011611/http://www.boxofficehits.in/collection/piku-total-collection-lifetime-business-total-worldwide-collection.html |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/71357/piku-box-office-collections-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-steady-at-rs-21-18-cr-by-day-2/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan boosts Piku box office collections to over Rs 100 cr, slowly, steadily |date=11 May 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095627/https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/71357/piku-box-office-collections-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-steady-at-rs-21-18-cr-by-day-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/piku-13-days-box-office-collection-deepika-amitabh-starrer-grosses-100-crore-worldwide-633076 |title='Piku' 13 Days Box Office Collection: Deepika-Amitabh Starrer Grosses ₹100 Crore Worldwide |first=Ankita |last=Mehta |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=21 July 2018 |date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070117/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/piku-13-days-box-office-collection-deepika-amitabh-starrer-grosses-100-crore-worldwide-633076 |url-status=live }}</ref> A review in ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' (DNA) summarised Bachchan's performance as "The heart and soul of Piku clearly belong to Amitabh Bachchan who is in his elements. His performance in Piku, without doubt, finds a place among the top 10 in his illustrious career."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-piku-review-must-watch-for-the-thundering-trio-of-amitabh-bachchan-deepika-padukone-and-irrfan-khan-2084192 |title='Piku' Review: Must-watch for the thundering trio of Amitabh Bachchan, Deepika Padukone, and Irrfan Khan |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101129/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-piku-review-must-watch-for-the-thundering-trio-of-amitabh-bachchan-deepika-padukone-and-irrfan-khan-2084192 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachel Saltz wrote for ''[[The New York Times]]'', "Piku", an offbeat Hindi comedy, would have you contemplate the intestines and mortality of one Bhashkor Banerji and the actor who plays him, Amitabh Bachchan. Bhashkor's life and conversation may revolve around his constipation and fussy hypochondria, but there's no mistaking the scene-stealing energy that Mr. Bachchan, India's erstwhile Angry Young Man, musters for his new role of Cranky Old Man."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/08/movies/review-in-piku-amitabh-bachchan-plays-a-dad-to-deepika-padukone.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/08/movies/review-in-piku-amitabh-bachchan-plays-a-dad-to-deepika-padukone.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |title=Review: In 'Piku,' Amitabh Bachchan Plays a Dad to Deepika Padukone |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018|last1=Saltz |first1=Rachel }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Well known Indian critic Rajeev Masand wrote on his website, "Bachchan is pretty terrific as Bhashkor, who reminds you of that oddball uncle that you nevertheless have a soft spot for. He bickers with the maids, harrows his hapless helper, and expects Piku to stay unmarried so she can attend to him. At one point, to ward off a possible suitor, he casually mentions that his daughter isn't a virgin; that she's financially independent and sexually independent too. Bachchan embraces the character's many [[Idiosyncrasy|idiosyncrasies]], never once slipping into caricature while all along delivering big laughs thanks to his spot-on comic timing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/poop-dreams/ |title=Poop dreams – Rajeev Masand – movies that matter: from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else |author=Rockstah Media |website=rajeevmasand.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722002821/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/poop-dreams/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' summed up, "Bachchan seizes upon his cranky character part, making Bashkor as garrulously funny in his theories on caste and marriage as his system is backed-up."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/18/piku-review-amitabh-bachchan-lets-it-all-out-in-constipation-comedy |title=Piku review: Amitabh Bachchan lets it all out in constipation comedy |first=Mike |last=McCahill |date=18 May 2015 |website=The Guardian |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041315/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/18/piku-review-amitabh-bachchan-lets-it-all-out-in-constipation-comedy |url-status=live }}</ref> The performance won Bachchan his fourth National Film Award for Best Actor and his third Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.

[[File:Vijay receiving award from amitabh 2011.jpg|thumb|Bachchan with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]|258x258px|left]]In 2016, he appeared in the women-centric courtroom drama film ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' which was highly praised by critics and with an increasingly good word of mouth, was a resounding success at the domestic and overseas box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/pink-review-amitabh-bachchan-is-still-the-only-boss-around/story-gSCikuuM2WFSvzomGiwB4H.html |title=Pink review: Amitabh Bachchan is still the only boss around |date=15 September 2016 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070130/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/pink-review-amitabh-bachchan-is-still-the-only-boss-around/story-gSCikuuM2WFSvzomGiwB4H.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/pink-review-by-anupama-chopra-a-tale-of-true-grit-grippingly-told/story-Iiug9rbLpnGDTdgwDzEPJJ.html |title=Pink review by Anupama Chopra: A tale of true grit, grippingly told |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/pink-review-by-anupama-chopra-a-tale-of-true-grit-grippingly-told/story-Iiug9rbLpnGDTdgwDzEPJJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/pink-movie-review-amitabh-bachchan-aniruddha-roy-chowdhury-taapsee-pannu-341162-2016-09-15 |title=Pink movie review: Amitabh Bachchan's POWERFUL message is unmissable |website=India Today |date=15 September 2016 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041209/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/pink-movie-review-amitabh-bachchan-aniruddha-roy-chowdhury-taapsee-pannu-341162-2016-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-pink/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Pink |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2016 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011411/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-pink/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachchan's performance in the film received acclaim. According to Raja Sen of Rediff.com, "Amitabh Bachchan, a retired lawyer with bipolar disorder, takes up cudgels on behalf of the girls, delivering courtroom blows with pugilistic grace. As we know from Prakash Mehra movies, in each life some Bachchan must fall. The girls hang on to him with incredulous desperation, and he bats for them with all he has. At one point Meenal hangs by Bachchan's elbow, words entirely unnecessary. Bachchan towers through Pink – the way he bellows "et cetera" is alone worth having the heavy-hitter at play—but there are softer moments like one where he appears to have dozed off in court, or where he lays his head by his convalescent wife's bedside and needs his hair ruffled and his conviction validated."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pink-a-film-that-must-be-championed/20160916.htm |title=Review: Pink, a film that must be championed |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011437/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pink-a-film-that-must-be-championed/20160916.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', noted film critic and author [[Anupama Chopra]] said of Bachchan's performance, "A special salute to Amitabh Bachchan, who imbues his character with a tragic majesty. Bachchan towers in every sense, but without a hint of showboating.<ref name="hindustantimes.com" /> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The performances are pitch-perfect with Bachchan leading the way.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pink/movie-review/54325066.cms|title=Pink Movie Review {4.5/5}: Critic Review of Pink by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Writing for [[NDTV]], Troy Ribeiro of [[Indo-Asian News Service]] (IANS) stated, "Amitabh Bachchan as Deepak Sehgall, the aged defence lawyer, shines as always, in a restrained, but powerful performance. His histrionics come primarily in the form of his well-modulated baritone, conveying his emotions and of course, from the well-written lines."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pink-movie-review-1317 |title=Pink Movie Review: Amitabh Bachchan Shines As Always – NDTV Movies |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095613/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/pink-movie-review-1317 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mike McCahill of [[The Guardian]] remarked, "Among an electric ensemble, Taapsee Pannu, Kirti Kulhari and Andrea Tariang give unwavering voice to the girls' struggles; Amitabh Bachchan brings his moral authority to bear as their sole legal ally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/15/pink-review-subtle-drama-that-grapples-with-indias-culture |title=Pink review – subtle drama that grapples with India's rape culture |first=Mike |last=McCahill |date=15 September 2016 |website=The Guardian |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041310/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/15/pink-review-subtle-drama-that-grapples-with-indias-culture |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, he appeared in the third instalment of the ''Sarkar'' film series: [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Sarkar 3]]''. That year, he started filming for the swashbuckling action-adventure film ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' with [[Aamir Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] which released in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2017/05/05/fatima-sana-shaikh-joins-yash-raj-films-thugs-of-hindostan-along-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-aamir-khan |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh Joins Yash Raj Films' Thugs of Hindostan Along with Amitabh Bachchan and Aamir Khan |website=yashrajfilms.com |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220400/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2017/05/05/fatima-sana-shaikh-joins-yash-raj-films-thugs-of-hindostan-along-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-aamir-khan |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He co-starred with Rishi Kapoor in ''[[102 Not Out]]'', a [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Umesh Shukla]] based on a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] play of the same name written by [[Saumya Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-teaming-up-with-rishi-kapoor-for-102-not-out-has-been-a-great-joy/articleshow/62848833.cms |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Teaming up with Rishi Kapoor for '102 Not Out' has been a great joy |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725212736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-teaming-up-with-rishi-kapoor-for-102-not-out-has-been-a-great-joy/articleshow/62848833.cms |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/sony-pictures-boards-indian-comedy-102-not-out-with-amitabh-bachchan-rishi-kapoor/5126374.article |title=Sony Pictures boards Indian comedy '102 Not Out' with Amitabh Bachchan, Rishi Kapoor |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220221/https://www.screendaily.com/news/sony-pictures-boards-indian-comedy-102-not-out-with-amitabh-bachchan-rishi-kapoor/5126374.article |url-status=live }}</ref> This film released in May 2018 and reunited him with Kapoor onscreen after a gap of 27 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/102-not-out-teaser-amitabh-bachchan-rishi-kapoor-seen-together-on-screen-after-27-years-4343217.html |title=102 Not Out teaser: Amitabh Bachchan, Rishi Kapoor seen together on-screen after 27 years |access-date=21 July 2018 |date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220619/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/102-not-out-teaser-amitabh-bachchan-rishi-kapoor-seen-together-on-screen-after-27-years-4343217.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, Bachchan appeared in [[Sujoy Ghosh]]'s [[Thriller film|mystery thriller]] ''[[Badla (2019 film)|Badla]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/badla|title=Badla|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> The film did a lifetime business of {{INRConvert|1.38|b|year=2019}} worldwide to emerge a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badla-3/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Badla Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 March 2019 }}</ref> The following year, he co-starred alongside [[Ayushmann Khurana]] in [[Shoojit Sircar]]'s [[Comedy film|comedy drama]] ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]'', which won him [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Winners of the 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-vimal-elachi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47314.html|publisher= Filmfare|date=28 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> He then collaborated with [[Emraan Hashmi]] for ''[[Chehre]]'' (2021), a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chehre Movie (2021)- Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6139 |website=Box Office India |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>

The next year, Bachchan had five releases, out of which [[Ayan Mukerji]]'s highly anticipated [[Fantasy film|fantasy action-adventure]] film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' proved to be a hit as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 2022|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022]] while ''[[Jhund]]'', ''[[Runway 34]]'' and ''[[Uunchai]]'' did not do well at ticket counters, but met with critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7329|title=Brahmastra Final Box Office Collections: India - Overseas - Worldwide|work=Box Office India|date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|date=3 March 2022|title=Jhund Review: Amitabh Bachchan Stars In Underdog Sports Movie That Is Way More Than That|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jhund-review-amitabh-bachchan-stars-in-underdog-sports-movie-that-is-way-more-than-that-2800983|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Runway 34 Movie Review : Ajay Devgn's aviation drama lands well within the runway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/runway-34/movie-review/91149917.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> In 2024, he played [[Ashwatthama]] in [[Nag Ashwin]]'s ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'', marking his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan will feature in a full length role in Prabhas and Deepika Padukone starrer film |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-will-feature-full-length-role-prabhas-deepika-padukone-starrer-film/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 November 2020 |access-date = 27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh in Kalki movie |date=2 July 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchans-ashwatthama-in-kalki-2898-ad-is-the-action-hero-we-need-today-101719825746385.html}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR|600 crore}}, it opened to positive reception with Bachchan receiving immense praise for his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 June 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD Movie Review: KALKI 2898 AD delivers a unique experience to audiences. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kalki-2898-ad/critic-review/kalki-2898-ad-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627083822/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kalki-2898-ad/critic-review/kalki-2898-ad-movie-review/ |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> At the box office, it grossed more than {{INR|1000 crore}} to emerge a superhit as well as the [[List of Indian films of 2024|second highest-grossing Indian film of 2024]].<ref name="moneycontrol-2024">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD box office collection: Prabhas' sci-fi drama BEATS Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan as it becomes the fourth highest grossing film in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-box-office-collection-prabhas-sci-fi-drama-beats-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-as-it-becomes-the-fourth-highest-grossing-film-in-india-article-12788999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145741/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-box-office-collection-prabhas-sci-fi-drama-beats-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-as-it-becomes-the-fourth-highest-grossing-film-in-india-article-12788999.html |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Other works ==
[[File:Amitabh Bachchan KBC5 Press.jpg|thumb|upright|Bachchan at KBC-5 Press Meet]]

=== Television appearances ===
In 2000, Bachchan hosted the first season of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' (''KBC''), the Indian adaptation of the British television game show, ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''. The show was well received.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saxena |first=Poonam |title=Five crore question: What makes KBC work? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Five-crore-question-What-makes-KBC-work/Article1-771297.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120104000/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Five-crore-question-What-makes-KBC-work/Article1-771297.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 November 2011 |date=19 November 2011}}</ref> A second season followed in 2005 but its run was cut short by [[Star Plus]] when Bachchan fell ill in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4648470.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=India scraps millionaire TV show |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=4 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204185226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4648470.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> He then returned to host the fourth season, and has hosted the show since.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/amitabh-bachchan-returns-with-kaun-banega-crorepati-15-101690806386382.html|title=Amitabh Bachchan returns with Kaun Banega Crorepati 15, starting Aug 14: 'New Beginning'|date=31 July 2023|access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>

In 2009, Bachchan hosted the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)|third season]] of the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan back on TV with 'Bigg Boss 3' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amitabh-Bachchan-back-on-TV-with-Bigg-Boss-3/articleshow/4973731.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526170413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amitabh-Bachchan-back-on-TV-with-Bigg-Boss-3/articleshow/4973731.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, Bachchan hosted the fourth season of ''KBC''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/kbc4-beats-bigg-boss4-131210.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714010039/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/kbc4-beats-bigg-boss4-131210.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode |publisher=One India |access-date=13 March 2011 |date=13 December 2010}}</ref> The fifth season started on 15 August 2011 and ended on 17 November 2011. The show became a massive hit with audiences and broke many TRP Records. CNN IBN awarded Indian of the Year- Entertainment to Team KBC and Bachchan. The show also grabbed all the major Awards for its category.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TugDAAAAMBAJ&q=kaun+banega+crorepati+tv+show+was+awarded&pg=PA711 |title=The Indian Telly Awards – 'Kaun Banega Crorepati' |date=1 September 2001 |last1=Darpan |first1=Pratiyogita}}</ref>

The sixth season was also hosted by Bachchan, commencing on 7 September 2012, broadcast on [[Sony Pictures Television|Sony TV]] and received the highest number of viewers thus far.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 2014, he debuted in the fictional [[Sony Entertainment Television]] TV series titled ''[[Yudh (TV series)|Yudh]]'' playing the lead role of a businessman battling in both his personal and professional lives.<ref name=ix>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/watch-amitabh-bachchan-battles-world-himself-in-tv-show-yudh/ |title=Watch: Amitabh Bachchan battles world, himself in TV show 'Yudh' |date=2 May 2014 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701063027/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/watch-amitabh-bachchan-battles-world-himself-in-tv-show-yudh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Voice acting ===
Bachchan is known for his deep, baritone voice. He has been a narrator, a playback singer, and a presenter for numerous programmes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-lends-his-voice-to-animated-mahabharat/922732 |title=Amitabh Bachchan lends his voice to animated 'Mahabharat' |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115048/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-lends-his-voice-to-animated-mahabharat/922732 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some prominent films featuring his narration are [[Satyajit Ray]]'s 1977 film ''[[The Chess Players (film)|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.in/news/specials/amitabh/trivia.htm |title=Specials: Amitabh Bachchan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825135241/http://www.hindustantimes.in/news/specials/amitabh/trivia.htm |archive-date=25 August 2007 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=usurped}}</ref> and [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]]'s 2001 film ''[[Lagaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashutosh had rejected Big B as Lagaan's narrator |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashutosh-had-rejected-Big-B-as-Lagaans-narrator/articleshow/8874233.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashutosh-had-rejected-Big-B-as-Lagaans-narrator/articleshow/8874233.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also has done voice-over work for the following movies:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-to-do-voiceover-for-jodhaa-akbar-1145747 |title=Amitabh to do voiceover for Jodhaa-Akbar |date=17 January 2008 |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306204313/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-to-do-voiceover-for-jodhaa-akbar-1145747 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sunny |title=Amitabh Bachchan |date=2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-1-84457-631-9 |page=171}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/amitabh-to-do-voiceover-for-jodha-akbar_418706.html |title=Amitabh to do voiceover for Jodhaa-Akbar |date=17 January 2008 |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202838/http://zeenews.india.com/home/amitabh-to-do-voiceover-for-jodha-akbar_418706.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* ''Bhuvan Shome'' (1969)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2013/02/bhuvan-shome/ |title=Bhuvan Shome 1969 |date=10 February 2013 |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306214435/https://www.arthousecinema.in/2013/02/bhuvan-shome/ |archive-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972)<ref name=htians />
* ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1975)<ref name=htians />
* ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' (1996)<ref name=htians />
* ''[[Hello Brother (1999 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1999){{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Fun2shh... Dudes in the 10th Century]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' (2005)<ref name=htians />
* ''[[March of the Penguins]]'' (2005), Indian version<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061012-1.html |title=Amitabh to get France's highest civilian honour: Bollywood News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=12 October 2006 |access-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310110450/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061012-1.html |archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Swami (2007 film)|Swami]]'' (2007)<ref name=htians>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Big-B-to-lend-voice-to-Jodhaa-Akbar/Article1-269934.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031192448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Big-B-to-lend-voice-to-Jodhaa-Akbar/Article1-269934.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2013 |title=Big B to lend voice to Jodhaa Akbar |author=Subhash K Jha |date=17 January 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=IANS}}</ref>
* ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kahaani]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nivas |first=Nandita |date=8 November 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan almost refused a role in Mahabharat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-almost-refused-a-role-in-mahabharat/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]] (Hindi Version)'' (2014)
* CBI documentary (2014) – sanctioned by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2014 |title=Amitabh Bachchan lends his voice to CBI documentary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-cbi-documentary-lends-voice-180443-2014-02-10 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=India Today |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206101616/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-cbi-documentary-lends-voice-180443-2014-02-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Ghazi Attack]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Firangi]]'' (2017)

=== Business investments ===
Around 1994, Bachchan started [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation|Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Ltd]] (ABCL), an event management, production and distribution company. But the company fell into debt with a fiasco and went into bankruptcy, subsequently Bachchan became nearly bankrupt. The reasons for this debacle were films that fared poorly at the box office such as ''[[Mrityudata]]'', ''[[Major Saab]]'' (produced by this organisation), and [[Miss World 1996]] which was organised-managed by ABCL. Due to this he began work for TV, and asked for work to [[Yash Chopra]]. Once he said that 'it was the darkest time for him'.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2021 |title=Backstory: When the Amitabh Bachchan magic faded briefly |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/backstory-when-the-amitabh-bachchan-magic-faded-briefly-11380222.htm |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=cnbctv18.com |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170320/https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/backstory-when-the-amitabh-bachchan-magic-faded-briefly-11380222.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2021 |first=Anindita |last=Mukherjee |title=Abhishek Bachchan reveals he dropped out of college to support dad Amitabh when he was broke |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/abhishek-bachchan-reveals-he-dropped-out-of-college-to-support-dad-amitabh-when-he-was-broke-1885460-2021-12-08 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171952/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/abhishek-bachchan-reveals-he-dropped-out-of-college-to-support-dad-amitabh-when-he-was-broke-1885460-2021-12-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has invested in many upcoming business ventures. In 2013, he bought a 10% stake in Just Dial from which he made a gain of 4600 per cent. He holds a 3.4% equity in Stampede Capital, a financial technology firm specialising in cloud computing for financial markets. The Bachchan family also bought shares worth $252,000 in Meridian Tech, a consulting company in the US. Recently they made their first overseas investment in Ziddu.com, a cloud-based content distribution platform.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/actors-turn-investors-bacchans-make-first-ever-overseas-investment-ziddu-com-2254124.html |title=Actors turn investors: Bachchans make first ever overseas investment with Ziddu.com |work=Firstpost |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224075741/http://www.firstpost.com/business/actors-turn-investors-bacchans-make-first-ever-overseas-investment-ziddu-com-2254124.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachchan was named in the [[Panama Papers]] and [[Paradise Papers]], [[Data breach|leaked]] confidential documents relating to [[offshore investment]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=The Indian superstars of tax haven leaks: Amitabh Bachchan and Vijay Mallya |url=https://qz.com/1121170/from-paradise-papers-to-the-panama-leaks-amitabh-bachchan-and-vijay-mallya-are-never-missing/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=[[Quartz India]] |date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107103322/https://qz.com/1121170/from-paradise-papers-to-the-panama-leaks-amitabh-bachchan-and-vijay-mallya-are-never-missing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Family May Be Summoned in Panama Papers Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amitabh-bachchans-family-may-be-summoned-in-panama-papers-case-1756057 |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=27 September 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094856/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amitabh-bachchans-family-may-be-summoned-in-panama-papers-case-1756057 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1984, Bachchan took a break from acting and briefly entered politics in support of a long-time family friend, [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. He contested the [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]'s (presently Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency) seat for the [[8th Lok Sabha]] against [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna|H. N. Bahuguna]], former [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]. With 68.2% of the votes in his favour, he won by one of the highest victory margins ever in [[Elections in India|Indian elections]].<ref name=election>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/amitabh/politics.htm |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Stint in Politics |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109123607/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/amitabh/politics.htm |archive-date=9 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1987, ''[[Indian Express]]'' said his brother Ajitabh Bachchan owned an apartment in Switzerland, giving rise to speculations about his involvement in the "[[Bofors scandal]]", revealed in the year before.<ref>{{cite news |last=Patil |first=Vimla |title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |date=1 March 2004 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212081854/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Bachchan resigned from his seat in July 1987.{{Why|date=September 2022}}<ref>{{cite news |author1=T. N. Ninan |author2=Brij Khindaria |title=Amitabh Bachchan resigns from Lok Sabha, Ajitabh lands in Swiss trouble |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870815-amitabh-bachchan-resigns-from-lok-sabha-ajitabh-lands-in-swiss-trouble-799845-1987-08-15 |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1987 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212080350/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870815-amitabh-bachchan-resigns-from-lok-sabha-ajitabh-lands-in-swiss-trouble-799845-1987-08-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ajitabh Bachchan sued Swedish newspaper ''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'' for linking him to Bofors payments in 1990 and won damages in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=De Sarkar |first1=Dipankar |title=Swedish newspaper apologises for naming Ajitabh Bachchan in Bofors case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19900815-swedish-newspaper-apologises-for-naming-ajitabh-bachchan-in-bofors-case-812887-1990-08-15 |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1990 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212080352/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19900815-swedish-newspaper-apologises-for-naming-ajitabh-bachchan-in-bofors-case-812887-1990-08-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sten Lindstrom, the Swedish police chief who had investigated the case, said in 2012 that "Indian investigators planted the Bachchan angle on" ''Dagens Nyheter''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Makkar |first=Sahil |title=CBI defends its role in investigation |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/LiZNvbjP7WpfnXBEYy0O2J/CBI-defends-its-role-in-investigation.html |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=mint |date=25 April 2012 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212080352/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/LiZNvbjP7WpfnXBEYy0O2J/CBI-defends-its-role-in-investigation.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Why|date=September 2022}}

Bachchan's old friend, [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]], helped him during the financial crisis caused by the failure of his company, [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation|ABCL]]. Thereafter Bachchan started supporting the [[Samajwadi Party]], the political party to which Amar Singh belonged. Jaya Bachchan joined the Samajwadi Party and is representing the party as an MP in the [[Rajya Sabha]] since 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235326/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021804271000.htm "Bachchan has no plans for the election."] ''The Hindu''.</ref> Bachchan appeared in advertisements and political campaigns for the party. His claim that he too was a farmer in the advertisements was questioned in court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iJuYOasTF-bsTo0AQjW96aD2Kr2w |title=Bollywood's Bachchan in trouble over crime claim |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=4 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116120716/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iJuYOasTF-bsTo0AQjW96aD2Kr2w |archive-date=16 January 2008}}</ref>

===Controversy===
{{Criticism section|date=August 2025}}
After the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] ended in 1977, many film magazines stopped covering Amitabh Bachchan because they believed he had helped censor the press by being too close to the government. Editors left out his name and photo from articles, sometimes replacing them with just a comma. In response, Bachchan refused interviews and kept the press away from his film sets for about fifteen years, and photographers often stopped taking his picture. This began to change in the late 1980s, after his serious accident on the set of Coolie and his brief spell in politics, when magazines started writing about him again.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Amitabh Bachchan was banned by magazines for 'blue‑penciling' their stories during 1975 Emergency: 'His name was replaced with a comma' |publisher=Indian Express |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=30 July 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-amitabh-bachchan-was-banned-by-magazines-blue-penciling-stories-1975-emergency-name-replaced-with-comma-9882599/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When media banned Amitabh Bachchan for 15 years, even refused to click his photo |publisher=Indian Express |date=13 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-banned-by-media-15-years-refused-to-click-him-8832700/}}</ref>

[[Kader Khan]], who wrote and acted alongside Bachchan in many hits, later said their friendship broke down because he refused to call him “Sir ji.” He always called him “Amit,” and when a South Indian producer told him to use the formal title, he did not adhere to it. As a result, he was left out of movies like ''Khuda Gawah'' (1992) and ''Ganga Jamuna Saraswati'' (1988), and they stopped working together.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Kader Khan said he refused to call Amitabh Bachchan 'sirji': 'Due to that I did not have connection with him later' |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=23 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-kader-khan-said-his-refusal-to-call-amitabh-bachchan-sirji-101658575618376.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: When Kader Khan revealed he lost films for not calling Amitabh Bachchan 'Sir Ji' |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=30 July 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-when-kader-khan-revealed-he-lost-films-for-not-calling-amitabh-bachchan-sir-ji/articleshow/67367966.cms}}</ref>

Bachchan has been accused of using the slogan "blood for blood" in the context of the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. Bachchan has denied the allegation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/us-federal-court-summons-amitabh-bachchan-in-an-alleged-human-rights-violation-connects-it-to-the-1984-anti-sikh-riots-969691.html |title=US federal court summons Amitabh Bachchan in an alleged human rights violation; connects it to the 1984 anti-Sikh riots |website=News18 |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234411/https://www.news18.com/news/world/us-federal-court-summons-amitabh-bachchan-in-an-alleged-human-rights-violation-connects-it-to-the-1984-anti-sikh-riots-969691.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2014, Bachchan was summoned by a court in Los Angeles for "allegedly instigating violence against the Sikh community".<ref>{{cite news |title=US court summons Amitabh Bachchan in connection with 1984 anti-Sikh riots |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150225/entertainment-bollywood/article/us-court-summons-amitabh-bachchan-served-his-hollywood-agent |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235830/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150225/entertainment-bollywood/article/us-court-summons-amitabh-bachchan-served-his-hollywood-agent |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachchan in an interview with journalist [[Arnab Goswami]] offered to fight the case in court and asked the accusers to file the same as also present proof.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frankly Speaking with Amitabh Bachchan – Exclusive – Full Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9nWqbZyAEo |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=YouTube | date=30 May 2015 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903182445/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9nWqbZyAEo |url-status=live}}</ref> He was also one of the trustees of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 1991 |title=Rajiv Gandhi Foundation established with Sonia Gandhi as chairperson |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19910715-rajiv-gandhi-foundation-established-with-sonia-gandhi-as-chairperson-814569-1991-07-15 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011722/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19910715-rajiv-gandhi-foundation-established-with-sonia-gandhi-as-chairperson-814569-1991-07-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our Board |url=http://rgfindia.org/our-board-rajiv-gandhi-foundation/ |website=Rajiv Gandhi Foundation |access-date=20 September 2020 |date=9 March 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820202638/http://rgfindia.org/our-board-rajiv-gandhi-foundation/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Humanitarian and social causes ==
Bachchan has been involved with many social causes. For example, he donated {{INR|1.1 million}} to clear the debts of nearly 40 beleaguered farmers in Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-Bs-secret-aspect-finally-revealed/articleshow/13107830.cms |title=Big B's secret aspect finally revealed |website=The Times of India |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-Bs-secret-aspect-finally-revealed/articleshow/13107830.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{INR|3 million}} to clear the debts of some 100 [[Vidarbha]] farmers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-amitabh-bachchan-way-or-the-highway/34825/ |title=The Amitabh Bachchan way or the highway – Aditi Prasad – The Sunday Indian |website=thesundayindian.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041218/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-amitabh-bachchan-way-or-the-highway/34825/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, he donated {{INR|1.1 million}} to [[Resul Pookutty]]'s foundation for a medical centre at Kochi,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-bachchan-announces-11-lakh-contribution-for-resul-pookutty-s-foundation-1344672 |title=Amitabh Bachchan announces 11 lakh contribution for Resul Pookutty's foundation |date=7 February 2010 |website=DNA India |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220115305/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-bachchan-announces-11-lakh-contribution-for-resul-pookutty-s-foundation-1344672 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-bachchan-supports-medical-centre-at-kochi-1344945 |title=Amitabh Bachchan supports medical centre at Kochi |work=dna |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209135319/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amitabh-bachchan-supports-medical-centre-at-kochi-1344945 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Saturday-Interview-mdash-Sound-Sense/article15534067.ece |title=The Saturday Interview – Sound Sense |first=Geeta |last=Padmanabhan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220115305/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Saturday-Interview-mdash-Sound-Sense/article15534067.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and he has given {{INR|250,000}} ({{US$|{{To USD|250000|IND|year=2012|round=yes}}|long=no}}) to the family of Delhi policeman Subhash Chand Tomar who died after succumbing to injuries during a protest against gang-rape after the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] case.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/amitabh-bachchan-donates-rs-2.5-lakh-to-delhi-constable-subhash-chand-tomars-family-125317-2012-12-26 |title=Delhi gangrape: Amitabh Bachchan donates Rs 2.5 lakh to Delhi Police constable Subhash Chand Tomar's family |date=26 December 2012 |work=India Today |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220115305/https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/amitabh-bachchan-donates-rs-2.5-lakh-to-delhi-constable-subhash-chand-tomars-family-125317-2012-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> He founded the Harivansh Rai Bachchan Memorial Trust, named after his father, in 2013. This trust, in association with Urja Foundation, will be powering 3,000 homes in India with electricity through solar energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-opens-memorial-trust-in-fathers-name/1163953/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan opens memorial trust in father's name – Indian Express |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192502/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-opens-memorial-trust-in-fathers-name/1163953/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewindians.com/2013/10/amitabh-bachan-plans-to-light-3000-homes-wit-solar-power.html |title=Amitabh Bachan plans to light 3000 homes with Solar Power |website=renewindians.com |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023315/http://www.renewindians.com/2013/10/amitabh-bachan-plans-to-light-3000-homes-wit-solar-power.html |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2019 he cleared debts of 2100 farmers from Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2019 |title=Amitabh Bachchan pays off loans of 2,100 Bihar farmers, promises to help kin of Pulwama victims |work=The Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amitabh-bachchan-pays-off-loan-of-2100-farmers-from-bihar/articleshow/69754632.cms |access-date=14 May 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amitabh-bachchan-pays-off-loan-of-2100-farmers-from-bihar/articleshow/69754632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Amitabh Bachchan - TeachAIDS Recording Session (19284544383).jpg|300px|thumb|[[TeachAids]] character of ''Bachchan'' (left); Bachchan in a 2013 TeachAids recording session (right)]]
Bachchan was made a [[List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors|UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] for the [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] eradication campaign in India in 2002 and an international ambassador in 2005 and a [[WHO Goodwill Ambassador]] for awareness of [[hepatitis]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_61032.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan launches new Polio Communication Campaign |date=16 December 2011 |work=UNICEF |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209134820/http://www.unicef.org/media/media_61032.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2011 |title=Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_57365.html |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bachchan appointed WHO ambassador for hepatitis |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bachchan-appointed-who-ambassador-for-hepatitis/article18441751.ece |access-date=18 May 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2013, he and his family donated {{INR|2.5 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|2500000|IND|year=2013|round=yes}}|long=no}}) to a charitable trust, Plan India, that works for the betterment of young girls in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/bachchan-s-charity-side/story-YJgC79hSNoGCJTQHbFb6AJ.html |title=Bachchan's charity side |date=10 February 2013 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220115305/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/bachchan-s-charity-side/story-YJgC79hSNoGCJTQHbFb6AJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He also donated {{INR|1.1 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|1100000|IND|year=2013|round=yes}}|long=no}}) to the Maharashtra Police Welfare Fund in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article530033.ece |title=Maharashtra police keep Big B 'waiting' |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209145912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article530033.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bachchan was the face of the 'Save Our Tigers' campaign that promoted the importance of tiger conservation in India.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/20-reasons-why-we-love-Amitabh-Bachchan/photostory/30948897.cms |title=20 reasons why we love Amitabh Bachchan |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/20-reasons-why-we-love-Amitabh-Bachchan/photostory/30948897.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He supported the campaign by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] in India to free Sunder, a 14-year-old elephant who was chained and tortured in a temple in Kolhapur, Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amitabh-bachchan-madhuri-dixit-back-free-sunder-campaign-543946 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Madhuri Dixit back 'Free Sunder' campaign |work=NDTV.com |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209192349/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amitabh-bachchan-madhuri-dixit-back-free-sunder-campaign-543946 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, it was announced that he had recorded his voice and lent his image to the Hindi- and English-language versions of the [[TeachAids]] software, an international [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention education tool developed at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/amitabh-bachchan-joins-s-f-bay-area-nonprofit-teachaids/article_7db6b21c-7cb3-11e4-acab-5b0e15f111e5.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan Joins S.F. Bay Area Nonprofit TeachAIDS |publisher=India West |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628014157/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/amitabh-bachchan-joins-s-f-bay-area-nonprofit-teachaids/article_7db6b21c-7cb3-11e4-acab-5b0e15f111e5.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been a vocal "brand ambassador" of the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] (SBM) and featured in a few advertisements to promote the campaign.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=Vidya Balan, Amitabh Bachchan and more: Bollywood bats for a clean India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidya-balan-amitabh-bachchan-and-more-bollywood-bats-for-a-clean-india/story-6esXsSLzIXFQnuxjnb0CgO.html |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109052424/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidya-balan-amitabh-bachchan-and-more-bollywood-bats-for-a-clean-india/story-6esXsSLzIXFQnuxjnb0CgO.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan as 'Coolie' – Swachh Bharat Mission – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFKrZxL0F3w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/LFKrZxL0F3w |archive-date=22 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=YouTube| date=15 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ad 43 Arash with Amitabh Bachchan as 'Jadugar' Swachh Bharat Mission – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAvm80eP_zI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/mAvm80eP_zI |archive-date=22 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=YouTube| date=20 October 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2020, Bachchan was helping the Government of India promote its public health message concerning [[COVID-19]] before he and some members of his family became infected. He was hospitalised with reported mild symptoms of the disease on 11 July.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan is recovering from Kovid, know-how Big B's time is passing in Quarantine? |work=abcFRY.com |url=https://abcfry.com/amitabh-bachchan-is-recovering-from-kovid-know-how-big-bs-time-is-passing-in-quarantine/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907063703/https://abcfry.com/amitabh-bachchan-is-recovering-from-kovid-know-how-big-bs-time-is-passing-in-quarantine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan tests positive |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-53375744 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714033212/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-53375744 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was discharged from hospital on 2 August.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-53628587 |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Bollywood star recovers from Covid-19 |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235910/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-53628587 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the pandemic he lent his support by donating [[oxygen concentrator]]s and 250 million rupees in various forms.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2021 |title=Amitabh Bachchan says his personal donation for Covid-19 relief often matches entire fundraisers: 'I didn't ask, I gave' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-says-his-personal-donation-for-covid-19-relief-often-matches-entire-fundraisers-i-didn-t-ask-i-gave-101621141209115.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172515/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-says-his-personal-donation-for-covid-19-relief-often-matches-entire-fundraisers-i-didn-t-ask-i-gave-101621141209115.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Bachchan family still6.jpg|thumb|right|From left to right – [[Jaya Bachchan]], Amitabh, [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]|285x285px]]
Bachchan has been married to veteran actress and politician [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]] since 3 June 1973, and together they have two children; [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda|Shweta]], an author, journalist and former model and [[Abhishek Bachchan|Abhishek]], an actor and producer. Abhishek married actress [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], and they have a daughter named Aaradhya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abhishek Bachchan reveals Aishwarya Rai teaches Aaradhya at home: 'She already has the world's best teacher' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-reveals-aishwarya-rai-teaches-aaradhya-at-home-she-already-has-the-world-s-best-teacher-101649910333332.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510132327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-reveals-aishwarya-rai-teaches-aaradhya-at-home-she-already-has-the-world-s-best-teacher-101649910333332.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shweta is married to businessman [[Nikhil Nanda]], a grandson of [[Raj Kapoor]] from the [[Kapoor family]] of actors. They have a daughter, Navya Naveli, and a son, Agastya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaikwad |first1=Pramod |title=Why Shweta Bachchan-Nanda lives with her parents, separately from in-laws, husband |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-shweta-bachchan-nanda-lives-her-parents-separately-laws-husband-811545 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=IB Times |date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430111101/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-shweta-bachchan-nanda-lives-her-parents-separately-laws-husband-811545 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Amitabh's family lives in [[Mumbai]] in Maharashtra.<ref name="BigBHouse">{{cite web |url=http://www.btownmasti.com/the-lovely-amitabh-bachchan-house |title=Amitabh Bachchan houses in Mumbai |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130231110/http://www.btownmasti.com/the-lovely-amitabh-bachchan-house/ |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchans-love-story/Jaya-Bachchan-Amitabh-Bachchan-Abhishek-Bachchan-Shweta-Bachchan-Jaya-Amitabh-marriage/photostory/33492082.cms |title=Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan's love story |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111061128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchans-love-story/Jaya-Bachchan-Amitabh-Bachchan-Abhishek-Bachchan-Shweta-Bachchan-Jaya-Amitabh-marriage/photostory/33492082.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His younger brother Ajitabh Bachchan is a businessman. He did business and lived in London for a brief period before returning to live in India. He and his family choose to stay away from the limelight. His wife Ramola is a fashion designer and was active in business. Ajitabh has one son, Bhim, and three daughters Naina, Namrata, and Nilima. Naina is married to actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOL-meet-amitabh-bachchan-brother-ajitabh-bachchan-family-news-hindi-5435781-PHO.html|title=चार बच्चों के पिता हैं अमिताभ के भाई, बेटी नैना ने की है कुणाल कपूर से शादी|date=10 October 2016|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=14 May 2023|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010065940/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOL-meet-amitabh-bachchan-brother-ajitabh-bachchan-family-news-hindi-5435781-PHO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Meet the mystery Bachchan|date= 11 December 2009|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-mystery-bachchan/story-EtzWImVQQjGlHKXXZhvQOI.html|access-date= 13 September 2022|archive-date= 13 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220913144730/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-mystery-bachchan/story-EtzWImVQQjGlHKXXZhvQOI.html|url-status= live}}</ref> and they have a son.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |date=31 January 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kunal-kapoor-naina-bachchan-welcome-baby-boy-celebs-say-congrats-1906822-2022-01-31 |title=Kunal Kapoor, Naina Bachchan welcome baby boy. Celebs say congrats |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419143426/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/kunal-kapoor-naina-bachchan-welcome-baby-boy-celebs-say-congrats-1906822-2022-01-31 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bachchan is famously rumoured to have had an [[extramarital affair]] with actress [[Rekha]] from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s after they first acted together in ''[[Do Anjaane]]'', and later in the successful films ''[[Khoon Pasina]]'', ''[[Ganga Ki Saugandh]]'', ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'', ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'', ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'', ''[[Ram Balram]]'' and ending in ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'', though they have both denied it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amitabh-rekha-untold-love-story-affair-1061436-2017-10-10|title=Amitabh-Rekha's untold love story: 10 lesser-known things about their relationship|date=10 October 2017|website=India Today |access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001211308/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amitabh-rekha-untold-love-story-affair-1061436-2017-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/happy-birthday-rekha-amitabh-bachchan-affair-controvesies-1061431-2017-10-10|title=Happy Birthday Rekha: Sindoor to rumoured affair with Amitabh Bachchan, 5 shocking controversies from her life|date=10 October 2017|website=India Today |access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025716/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/happy-birthday-rekha-amitabh-bachchan-affair-controvesies-1061431-2017-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rekha-s-biography-reveals-shocking-details-about-her-relationship-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchan-2252221|title=Rekha's biography reveals shocking details about her relationship with Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan!|date=5 September 2016|website=DNA India |access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810024959/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rekha-s-biography-reveals-shocking-details-about-her-relationship-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchan-2252221|url-status=live}}</ref>

Born to a Hindu father and a Sikh mother, Bachchan has stated that he does not adhere to any particular religion.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2019 |title=Amitabh Bachchan: I have no religion, I'm an Indian |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-i-have-no-religion-i-m-an-indian-1605519-2019-10-02 |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2019 |title=I have no religion, I am an Indian, says Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/i-have-no-religion-i-am-an-indian-says-amitabh-bachchan |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref>

In 2006, Bachchan stated that he is a [[teetotalism|teetotaler]] and a non-smoker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan sends apology letter to anti-tobacco group |url=http://movies.dcealumni.com/archives/amitabh-bachchan-sends-apology-letter-to-anti-tobacco-group/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103152455/http://movies.dcealumni.com/archives/amitabh-bachchan-sends-apology-letter-to-anti-tobacco-group/ |archive-date=3 November 2006 |website=movies.dcealumni.com |date=1 October 2006 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> During a 2022 KBC episode, in response to a contestant's question about his diet, he confirmed that he is a vegetarian.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan says he has given up on non-vegetarian food, sweets, rice: 'Jaya loves eating fish' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-has-given-up-on-non-vegetarian-food-sweets-rice-jaya-bachchan-loves-fish-8247032/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2022 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

In November 2023, Bachchan gifted his bungalow ''Prateeksha'', located in [[Juhu]], to his daughter Shweta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-gifts-prateeksha-to-daughter-shweta-report-4604524 |title=Amitabh Bachchan Gifts Juhu Bungalow Prateeksha To Daughter Shweta |date=25 November 2023 |work=NDTV India |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:BACHCHAN Amitabh 03-24x30-2009b.jpg|thumb|Bachchan in 2009]]
Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan: Meet the biggest movie star in the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amitabh-bachchan-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-10034826.html/|work=The independent|access-date=9 February 2015|date=9 February 2015|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210093650/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amitabh-bachchan-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-10034826.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Amitabh Bachchan is more than a superstar |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |publisher= BBC |access-date=11 October 2012 |date= 11 October 2012 |archive-date= 14 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013931/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19893525 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wajihuddin|first=Mohammed|title=Egypt's Amitabh Bachchan mania|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-02/india/27839664_1_bachchan-fan-mania-indians|access-date=22 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501071157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-02/india/27839664_1_bachchan-fan-mania-indians|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jatras|first=Todd|title=India's Celebrity Film Stars|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=22 November 2011|date=9 March 2001|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220031815/http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned respect among critics for his memorable performances and charismatic screen presence, and is considered one of the most respected public figures of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bachchan Receives Lifetime Achievement Award at DIFF |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/newsmakers/2009/November/newsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |work=Khaleej Times|access-date=24 November 2011 |date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602182846/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fnewsmakers%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fnewsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> He is referred to as the "[[Shahanshah|Shahenshah]] of Bollywood", "Star of the Millennium" or "Big B".<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan at 73: An ode to the undisputed 'Shahenshah' of Bollywood|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-at-72-an-ode-to-the-undisputed-shahenshah-of-bollywood/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 October 2015|date=11 October 2015|archive-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028155451/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-at-72-an-ode-to-the-undisputed-shahenshah-of-bollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth reveres Amitabh Bachchan as the 'Emperor of Indian Cinema'!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-reveres-amitabh-bachchan-as-the-emperor-of-indian-cinema-hindi-news-144373.html/|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=10 October 2015|date=10 October 2015|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041550/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinikanth-reveres-amitabh-bachchan-as-the-emperor-of-indian-cinema-hindi-news-144373.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/delhis-date-with-big-b-at-adda-on-friday/|title=Delhi's date with Big B at Adda on Friday|date=27 September 2012|work=The independent|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133104/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/delhis-date-with-big-b-at-adda-on-friday/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan's Big B'day bash: Bollywood came calling |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amitabh-bachchan-s-big-b-day-bash-bollywood-came-calling/story-kXEUI1OtpqOkB1AqTvlKoM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724082236/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amitabh-bachchan-s-big-b-day-bash-bollywood-came-calling/story-kXEUI1OtpqOkB1AqTvlKoM.html |url-status=live |archive-date=24 July 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 October 2012 |date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Bachchan has inspired generations in [[Indian cinema]] actors, including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |date=Nov 2, 2025 |title=How Shah Rukh Khan entering his action hero era at 60 mirrors his idol Amitabh Bachchan's transition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-shah-rukh-khan-entering-his-action-hero-era-at-60-mirrors-his-idol-amitabh-bachchans-transition-101762078821646.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=Mar 14, 2026}}</ref> [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Prabhas]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amitabh-is-my-inspiration-says-Rajini/article16133086.ece |title=Amitabh is my inspiration, says Rajini |date=15 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516093145/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amitabh-is-my-inspiration-says-Rajini/article16133086.ece |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> French director [[François Truffaut]] described Indian film industry as "one-man industry" because of his dominance.<ref>{{cite web| work= China Daily| title= Truffaut labeled Bachchan a one-man industry| url= http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/history/00-07-07/l03-film.html| access-date=1 February 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201030338/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/history/00-07-07/l03-film.html| archive-date=1 February 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/43032903_1_amitabh-bachchan-saat-hindustani-inquilab/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131023150403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/43032903_1_amitabh-bachchan-saat-hindustani-inquilab/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Indira Gandhi helped him get into films |date=10 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>

One of the most successful actors of the 1970s and 1980s, Bachchan appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list seventeen times from 1975 to 1991. He topped the list sixteen times (1976–1991).<ref name="Top Actors"/>

In 1999, Bachchan was voted the "greatest star of stage or screen" in a [[BBC]] ''Your Millennium'' online poll. The organisation noted that "Many people in the western world will not have heard of [him] ... [but it] is a reflection of the huge popularity of Indian films."<ref name="BBC News"/> In October 2003, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine dubbed Bachchan as "the Undisputed Godfather of [[Bollywood]]".<ref name="Perry"/> In April 2005, The [[Walter Reade Theater]] of [[Lincoln Center]] in New York honoured Bachchan with a special tribute, retrospective—titled "Amitabh Bachchan: The Biggest Film Star in the World".<ref name="Saltz">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/15/movies/15indi.html |title=A Star the World Over but Almost Unknown Here |work=The Indian Express |date=15 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2013 |first=Rachel |last=Saltz |archive-date=19 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419141138/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/15/movies/15indi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thedailybeast.com/newsweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2005/04/21/the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world.html |title=The Biggest Film Star in the World|publisher=thedailybeast.com|date=21 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

In the early 80s, Bachchan authorised the use of his likeness for the comic book character [[Supremo (comics)|Supremo]] in a series titled ''The Adventures of Amitabh Bachchan''.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 November 2009 |title=Remembering Amitabh, the Supremo superhero |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pammi-bakshi-on-supremo/20091110.htm |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408044256/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pammi-bakshi-on-supremo/20091110.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, [[La Trobe University]] in Australia named a Scholarship after Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news |title=La Trobe University of Australia names scholarship after Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/la-trobe-university-of-australia-names-scholarship-after-amitabh-bachchan/ |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502153915/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/la-trobe-university-of-australia-names-scholarship-after-amitabh-bachchan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2000, he became the first living Asian to have been modelled in wax at London's [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/art-of-cinema-is-a-small-contribution-amitabh-bachchan/441709/ |title=Art of cinema is a small contribution: Amitabh Bachchan |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604212708/http://www.screenindia.com/news/art-of-cinema-is-a-small-contribution-amitabh-bachchan/441709 |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref> Another statue was installed in New York in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|author=Amitabh's Wax Figure in New York |url=http://whatslatest.com/blog/?tag=amitabh-wax-figure-in-new-york |title=Amitabh Wax figure in New York |publisher=Whatslatest.com |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202033520/http://whatslatest.com/blog/?tag=amitabh-wax-figure-in-new-york |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Hong Kong in 2011,<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1570825.ece |title=Amitabh's wax statue unveiled at Hong Kong Tussauds |work= The Hindu |date= 25 March 2011 |access-date= 11 October 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date= 15 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110815155355/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1570825.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Bangkok in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/Bangkok/en/NewsAndEvents/AmitabhBachchanLaunch.aspx |title=Unveils wax figure of India's all-time superstar: Amitabh Bachchan |publisher=madametussauds.com|date=24 August 2011 |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114095003/http://www.madametussauds.com/Bangkok/en/NewsAndEvents/AmitabhBachchanLaunch.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Washington, DC in 2012<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-srk-aishwaryas-wax-figures-at-washington-tussauds/1040813/ |title= Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds |work=The Indian Express |date= 5 December 2012 |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-date= 20 January 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160120105117/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-srk-aishwaryas-wax-figures-at-washington-tussauds/1040813/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and Delhi in 2017.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-misunderstands-his-wax-statue-at-madam-tussauds-delhi-as-his-photo/articleshow/56517118.cms |title= Amitabh Bachchan misunderstands his wax statue at Madame Tussauds, Delhi as his photo |work= The Times of India |date= 13 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170113172851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-misunderstands-his-wax-statue-at-madam-tussauds-delhi-as-his-photo/articleshow/56517118.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2010, Bachchan was named on [[CNN]]'s list of the "top 25 Asian actors of all time".<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |title=Big B in CNN's top 25 Asian actors list |work=Hindustan Times|date=5 March 2010 |access-date=4 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101080219/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> He was named "Hottest Vegetarian male" by PETA India in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2013 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Vidya Balan named hottest vegetarians |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/amitabh-bachchan-vidya-balan-named-hottest-vegetarians/article1-984421.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217223322/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/amitabh-bachchan-vidya-balan-named-hottest-vegetarians/article1-984421.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> He also won the title of "Asia's Sexiest Vegetarian male" in a contest poll run by PETA Asia in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2008 |title=Faye Wong is Asia's sexiest vegetarian |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Faye-Wong-is-Asias-sexiest-vegetarian/articleshow/3142261.cms |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Faye-Wong-is-Asias-sexiest-vegetarian/articleshow/3142261.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Allahabad, the [[Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex]] and Amitabh Bachchan Road are named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex |url=http://allahabaddekho.com/Home/Sportcenters_of_allahabad |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019015806/http://allahabaddekho.com/Home/Sportcenters_of_allahabad |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title=Rename Clive Road as Amitabh Bachchan Marg |url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/44823-rename-clive-road-as-amitabh-bachchan-marg |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202707/http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/44823-rename-clive-road-as-amitabh-bachchan-marg |url-status=dead }}</ref> A government senior secondary school in [[Saifai]], [[Etawah]] is called Amitabh Bachchan Government Inter College.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2014 |title=Neighbours' Envy: Remarkable growth of Saifai has left other villages feeling left out |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/neighbours-envy-3/ |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095625/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/neighbours-envy-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An oasis in undeveloped Yadav belt |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 April 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/An-oasis-in-undeveloped-Yadav-belt/articleshow/34084463.cms |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821073108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/An-oasis-in-undeveloped-Yadav-belt/articleshow/34084463.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta: Nation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040905/asp/nation/story_3719293.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927053816/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040905/asp/nation/story_3719293.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2004 |access-date=21 July 2018 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota}}</ref> There is a waterfall in Sikkim known as [[Amitabh Bachchan Falls]].<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |author=Shriaya Dut |date=31 August 2019 |title=Been to Amitabh Bachchan waterfall in Sikkim, even Big B is shocked |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/been-to-amitabh-bachchan-waterfall-in-sikkim-even-big-b-is-shocked-825810 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720061334/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/been-to-amitabh-bachchan-waterfall-in-sikkim-even-big-b-is-shocked-825810 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, on the occasion of Bachchan's 80th birthday, a not-for-profit organisation [[Film Heritage Foundation]] announced a film festival as a part of his 11 films collection had been screened in 17 cities across the country shown in limited cinemas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/film-heritage-foundation-announces-amitabh-bachchan-film-festival-to-mark-cine-icons-80th-birthday-8182291/ | title=Film Heritage Foundation announces Amitabh Bachchan film festival to mark cine icon's 80th birthday | date=30 September 2022 | access-date=5 December 2022 | archive-date=5 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205134655/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/film-heritage-foundation-announces-amitabh-bachchan-film-festival-to-mark-cine-icons-80th-birthday-8182291/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-big-b-turns-80-special-film-fest-to-showcase-his-11-iconic-films/articleshow/94555450.cms | title=As Big B turns 80, special film fest to showcase his 11 iconic films | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 September 2022 }}</ref>

=== Biographies ===
[[File:Amitabh-Bachchan.jpg|thumb|Bachchan in 2011|left]]
Several books have been written about Bachchan. The following is the listing of books focused on his life career:

*''Amitabh Bachchan: the Legend'' was published in 1999,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan – The Legend by Bhawana Somaaya |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=3161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615152859/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=3161 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Indiaclub.com}}</ref>
*''To be or not to be: Amitabh Bachchan'' in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |author=halid Mohamed |title=To Be or Not to Be Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://www.shvoong.com/entertainment/movies/1843754-amitabh-bachchan/ |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Shvoong.com |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031438/http://www.shvoong.com/entertainment/movies/1843754-amitabh-bachchan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''AB: The Legend (A Photographer's Tribute)'' in 2006,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDF390 |title=AB: The Legend (A Photographer's Tribute) |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=20 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720123607/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDF390/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Amitabh Bachchan: Ek Jeevit Kimvadanti'' in 2006,<ref>{{cite book |author=Somaaya |url=http://www.autsun.com/amitabh-bachchan-ek-jeevit-kimvadanti/p/5070.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan: Ek Jeevit Kimvadanti |date=20 October 2009 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-1-4039-3160-3 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707191625/http://www.autsun.com/amitabh-bachchan-ek-jeevit-kimvadanti/p/5070.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Amitabh: The Making of a Superstar'' in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh: The Making of a Superstar by Susmita Dasgupta |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=19211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615172748/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=19211 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Indiaclub.com}}</ref>
*''Looking for the Big B: Bollywood, Bachchan and Me'' in 2007<ref>{{cite book |title=Looking for the Big B: Bollywood, Bachchan and Me|author= Jessica Hines|isbn=978-0747560418|year=2007|publisher= Bloomsbury}}</ref> and
*''Bachchanalia'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2009 |title=Bachchanalia: Big B as hero, lover, conman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/bachchanalia-big-b-as-hero-lover-conman/story-0drMSxKamf8Be1yZhTKOOJ.html |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009065832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/bachchanalia-big-b-as-hero-lover-conman/story-0drMSxKamf8Be1yZhTKOOJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan}}

[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Best Film Actor Award for the year 2005 to Shri Amitabh Bachchan.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Pratibha Patil|Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] presenting the Best Film Actor Award for the year 2005 to Shri Amitabh Bachchan]]
Apart from industry awards won for his performances throughout the years, Bachchan has received several honours for his achievements in the Indian film industry. In 1991, he became the first artist to receive the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]], which was established in the name of [[Raj Kapoor]]. Bachchan was crowned as [[Filmfare Special Award|Superstar of the Millennium]] in 2000 at the Filmfare Awards.

In 2001, he was honoured with the Actor of the Century award at the [[Alexandria International Film Festival]] in Egypt in recognition of his contribution to the world of cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010904/world.htm#8 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – World |work=The Tribune |date=4 September 2001 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010904/world.htm#8 |archive-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> Many other honours for his achievements were conferred upon him at several International Film Festivals, including the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 [[Asian Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2010/amitabh-asian-awards-250310.html |title=Actor Amitabh Bachchan | Film Paa – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524143103/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2010/amitabh-asian-awards-250310.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, he was conferred with the Honorary Citizenship of the French town of [[Deauville]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070400980100.htm |title='Shahenshah' of Bollywood |date=4 July 2003 |access-date=2 October 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014135148/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070400980100.htm |archive-date=14 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984, the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2001, the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2015 and [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 2019. The then-President of [[Afghanistan]] awarded him the Order of Afghanistan in 1991 following the shooting of ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.khaama.com/indian-film-star-amitabh-bachchan-cherish-afghanistan-memories-1810/ |title=Indian film star Amitabh Bachchan cherish Afghanistan memories |newspaper=The Khaama Press News Agency |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095505/https://www.khaama.com/indian-film-star-amitabh-bachchan-cherish-afghanistan-memories-1810/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government of Madhya Pradesh honoured him with Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman for 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh conferred Kishore Kumar award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-conferred-kishore-kumar-award/articleshow/26698419.cms |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2002 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603100008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-conferred-kishore-kumar-award/articleshow/26698419.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=रत्नप्रिया |title=क्या है 'किशोर अलंकरण', किन हस्तियों को मिल चुका है ये सम्मान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/education/kishore-kumar-samman-recipient-list-waheeda-rehman-to-be-awarded-this-year |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=6 October 2019 |language=hi |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210222443/https://www.amarujala.com/education/kishore-kumar-samman-recipient-list-waheeda-rehman-to-be-awarded-this-year |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Amitabh Bachchan with Olympic torch.jpg|thumb|Bachchan with the [[Olympic flame]] in London on 27 July 2012]]

France's highest civilian honour, the Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], was conferred upon him by the [[Government of France|French Government]] in 2007 for his "exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond".<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6306201.stm |title=South Asia | French honour for Bollywood star |publisher=BBC News |date=27 January 2007 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004140244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6306201.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 July 2012, at the age of 69, Bachchan carried the [[Olympic flame|Olympic torch]] during the last leg of its relay in London's Southwark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-carries-olympic-torch-355100 |title=Amitabh Bachchan Carries Olympic Torch |date=26 July 2012 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Nyay |last=Bhushan |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730004645/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-carries-olympic-torch-355100 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Soul Curry for You and Me – An Empowering Philosophy That Can Enrich Your Life''. (2002)<ref>{{cite web |title=73 things you must know about Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/amitabh-bachchan-turns-73-on-sunday/articleshow/49308365.cms |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313061431/http://www.businessinsider.in/Amitabh-Bachchan-turns-73-on-Sunday/articleshow/49308365.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)]]
*[[List of Bollywood actors]]
* [[Lists of Indian actors]]
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Film|Bollywood|Television}}

== References ==
===Notes===
<references group="lower-alpha" />

===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |title=Amitabh Bachchan: The Legend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSxlAAAAMAAJ |date=1 February 1999 |publisher=Macmillan India Limited |isbn=978-0-333-93355-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |title=Bachchanalia: The Films and Memorabilia of Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DlePgAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Osian's-Connoisseurs of Art |isbn=978-81-8174-027-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Bhawana Somaaya |title=Amitabh Lexicon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBetwAACAAJ |year=2011 |isbn=978-8122311891 |publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=no|Amitabh Bachchan|wikt=yes|b=yes|s=Amitabha Harivansh Rai Bachchan|v=yes|author=yes|d=Q9570}}
* {{Tumblr|srbachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

'''Angry Young Man'''
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/75th-independence-day/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan The Angry Young Man: Amitabh Bachchan] - [[The Hindustan Times]]
*[https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-cult-of-the-angry-young-man The Cult of the Angry Young Man] - [[Open (Indian magazine)]]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/why-audience-loved-the-angry-young-man/articleshow/92899275.cms Why audiences loved the angry young man] - [[Times of India]]
*[https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/50-years-of-deewaar 'Deewaar' Turns 50: Amitabh Bachchan, Salim-Javed, and the Birth of the New Bollywood Hero]-[[The Hollywood Reporter]] India

{{Salim-Javed}}
{{Don}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Amitabh Bachchan
| list =
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{{IFFI - Indian Film Personality of the year Award}}
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{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
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}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachchan, Amitabh}}
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Kalyan Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T10:39:47Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{onesource|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyan
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| reservation = None
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
[[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] Vidhan Sabha Seat no longer exists, after the redrawing of Assembly constituency borders in 2008. It was one of the 288 assembly seats in [[Maharashtra]] state in India. Since 2008, Kalyan has been split into three Assembly constituencies: [[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]], Kalyan West and Kalyan Rural.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Krishnarao Dhulap]]
|rowspan="3" style="background-color :{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|rowspan="3" |[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nakul Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Kapse]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jagannath Patil]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Harishchandra Patil]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Harishchandra Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 110,752 |percentage = 51.26% |change={{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alka Avalaskar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 92,491 |percentage = 42.80% |change={{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhari Ganesh Ramkrishna |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,704 |percentage = 2.18% |change={{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baban Ramnath Choubey |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,220 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,261 |percentage = 8.45% |change= {{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,142 |percentage = 38.06% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,080}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 567,938|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil|Jagannath Shivram Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 101,540 |percentage = 57.66% |change={{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. R. B. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,219 |percentage = 34.19% |change={{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Pralhad Dunda |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,872 |percentage = 5.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Sanjay Trimbak |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 2,428 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Vidyasagar Bhagwan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,321 |percentage = 23.46% |change= {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,573 |percentage = 37.20% |change= {{decrease}}19.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,115}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 485,388|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil|Jagannath Shivram Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 162,334 |percentage = 60.89% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Pralhad Dunda |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 76,247 |percentage = 28.60% |change={{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikas Digambar Patkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,656 |percentage = 2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dixit Avadhut Surendra |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,424 |percentage = 2.03% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asodekar Ravindra Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,162 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Ramjan Ahemed Abdul Majid |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,894 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajwade Ramesh Ramkrishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,158 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 86,087 |percentage = 32.29% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 271,216 |percentage = 57.05% |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 266,619}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 475,433|ref = |change= {{increase}}41.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil|Jagannath Shivram Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 106,145 |percentage = 59.99% |change={{increase}}16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoir Sudam Hari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,392 |percentage = 33.56% |change={{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivram Janu Gaikar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 9,078 |percentage = 5.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shakuntala Anant Paranjpe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,069 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,753 |percentage = 26.42% |change= {{increase}}20.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,820 |percentage = 53.36% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,950}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 335,103|ref = |change= {{increase}}56.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kapse|Ramchandra Ganesh Kapse]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,133 |percentage = 43.23% |change={{decrease}}12.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shakuntala Paranjpe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,400 |percentage = 37.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thosar Shashikant Govind |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,888 |percentage = 7.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Davanna Ismail Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,089 |percentage = 5.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikram Sawarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,115 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Shirsat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,055 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deoram Udhav Lihitkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 969 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,733 |percentage = 5.62% |change= {{decrease}}11.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,287 |percentage = 48.28% |change= {{increase}}7.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,081}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,939|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kapse|Ramchandra Ganesh Kapse]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,066 |percentage = 56.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pande Akhilesh Narayan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,071 |percentage = 38.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Kusum Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 3,107 |percentage = 4.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,995 |percentage = 17.20% |change= {{decrease}}20.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,495 |percentage = 40.42% |change= {{decrease}}27.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,728}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,415|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kapse|Ramchandra Ganesh Kapse]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 51,933 |percentage = 54.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,672 |percentage = 16.36% |change={{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabir Shaikh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,076 |percentage = 15.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aher Namdeo Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,029 |percentage = 8.38% |change={{decrease}}42.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sulochanabai Anantrao Nagrale |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,266 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,261 |percentage = 37.86% |change= {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,387 |percentage = 68.72% |change= {{increase}}7.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,782}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,719|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nakul Pundlik Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,048 |percentage = 51.34% |change={{increase}}21.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kapse|Ramchandra Ganesh Kapse]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 20,171 |percentage = 25.86% |change={{decrease}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,447 |percentage = 19.80% |change={{decrease}}18.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tryambak Raghunath Jadhav |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sushilabai H. Khobragade |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,877 |percentage = 25.48% |change= {{increase}}17.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,885 |percentage = 61.59% |change= {{decrease}}5.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,004}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,696|ref = |change= {{increase}}37.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}13.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,438 |percentage = 38.06% |change={{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. G. Kapse |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 18,553 |percentage = 30.12% |change={{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. K. Hande |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,095 |percentage = 29.38% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. N. Gurav |party=Independent politician |votes = 723 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amant Bhikaji Kulkarani |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 439 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,885 |percentage = 7.93% |change= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,424 |percentage = 69.24% |change= {{increase}}7.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,490|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 14,164 |percentage = 35.19% |change={{decrease}}37.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Krishnarao Hande |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,744 |percentage = 34.15% |change={{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukund Vishny Vaze |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 23.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Amrut Wavikar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,831 |percentage = 4.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amant Bhikaji Kulkarani |party=Independent politician |votes = 553 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Sakharam Kulkarni |party=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 323 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 420 |percentage = 1.04% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,657 |percentage = 60.82% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,134|ref = |change= {{increase}}46.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}37.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,680 |percentage = 72.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhulup Krishnarao Narayan |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,680 |percentage = 72.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohe Abidsaheb Abdulkadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,814 |percentage = 27.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohe Abidsaheb Abdulkadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,814 |percentage = 27.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,494 |percentage = 59.62% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,494}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,795|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.241|73.133|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]

1991 Uttarkashi earthquake

2026-03-15T21:20:20Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: revised

{{Short description|6.8 magnitude earthquake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake
| timestamp = 1991-10-19 21:23:14
| anss-url = usp0004y1r
| isc-event = 317038
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | India
|places =
{{Location map~|India|lat=31.55|long=74.34|label=Lahore|position=left|label_size=120|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=28.61|long=77.23|label=Delhi|position=left|label_size=120|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=27.7|long=85.33|label=Kathmandu|position=top|label_size=120|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=30.75|long=78.82|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = right
| caption =
| relief =yes}}
| local-date = 20 October 1991
| local-time = 02:53 [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+5:30]])
| duration = ~ 45 seconds<ref name=Kayal/>
| magnitude = 6.8 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| depth = {{convert|11.6|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| location = {{coord|30.75|78.82|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name="ISC-GEM"/>
| fault =
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Reverse]]<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>
| affected = [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[India]]
| damage = [[United States dollar|$]]60 million<ref name=NGDC/>
| intensity = {{MMI|9}}<ref name=Jain2/>
| pga = 0.31 ''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]''<ref name=Jain2/>
| tsunami =
| landslide =
| foreshocks =
| aftershocks =
| casualties = 768–2,000 dead<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> 1,383–1,800 injured<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>
}}

The '''1991 Uttarkashi earthquake''' (also known as the '''Garhwal earthquake''') occurred at 02:53:16 [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]) on 20 October with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''). This thrust event was instrumentally recorded and occurred along the Main Central Thrust in the [[Uttarkashi]] and Gharwal regions of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]] (then still part of [[Uttar Pradesh]]). High intensity shaking resulted in the deaths of at least 768 people and the destruction of thousands of homes.

==Tectonic setting==
{{See also|Geology of the Himalaya}}

The [[Garhwal division]] in northern India, flanked by the [[Tons River]] to the west and the [[Alaknanda River]] to the east, is located at the boundary of the [[Indian plate|Indian]] and [[Eurasian plate|Eurasian]] tectonic plates. In the region, the Indian plate is moving northeastward at a rate of {{convert|5|cm|sp=us}} per year. The Main Central Thrust is the primary northwest-striking structure and dips to the north at 30–40°. The fault plane solutions from the parametric catalogs for the 1991 and [[1999 Chamoli earthquake|1999]] events showed low-angle thrust faulting with varying amounts of strike-slip movement.<ref>{{citation|title=Himalayan hazard study on the basis of stress and strain state of 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake using Coulomb stress transfer model|first1=D. K.|last1=Gupta|first2=D.|last2=Bhowmick|first3=P. N. S.|last3=Roy|year=2015|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards, and Risk|volume=6|number=2|pages=133, 140|doi=10.1080/19475705.2013.820797|bibcode=2015GNHR....6..131G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Earthquake==
Six three-axis accelerometers that were within {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} captured the event, including two units that were close to the projection of the fault at the surface. Analysis of the data recorded by these devices revealed the distribution of slip, moment release over time, and the location of the maximum slip. The mechanism of the event was typical of the thrust system of the [[Himalayas]], with maximum slip ({{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}}) occurring to the west and southwest of the hypocenter. Energy release began slowly and built to a crescendo four seconds after the initiation of the rupture.<ref>{{citation|title=Rupture history and seismotectonics of the 1991 Uttarkashi, Himalaya earthquake|first1=F.|last1=Cotton|first2=M.|last2=Campillo|first3=A.|last3=Deschamps|first4=B. K.|last4=Rastogi|year=1991|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=258|issue=1–4|pages=35–51|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(95)00154-9|bibcode=1996Tectp.258...35C}}</ref>

[[File:USGS Shakemap - 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake.jpg|thumb|USGS ShakeMap for the event]]

===Damage===
Scientists from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK)]] conducted a survey of the affected areas between 27 October and 4 November. Their work revealed that more than 300,000 people in 1,294 villages were affected by the shock. Stone masonry homes (that usually supported heavy roofs) fared badly in areas where high intensity shaking occurred. The United States' [[National Geophysical Data Center]] indicates that 7,500 homes were damaged and another 7,500 were destroyed while the IITK report shows that up to 42,400 houses were damaged.<ref name=NGDC/><ref name=Jain>{{citation|title=Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991|url=http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Uttarkashi.pdf|first1=Sudhir. K.|last1=Jain|first2=Ramesh P.|last2=Singh|first3=Vinay K.|last3=Gupta|first4=Amit|last4=Nagar|year=1992|publisher=National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering|series=EERI Special Earthquake Report|volume=26|number=2|pages=1–3}}</ref>

The United States' [[National Geophysical Data Center]] and the Belgian [[Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters]]' EM-DAT database both list 1,500 fatalities for the event with EM-DAT also listing 1,383 injuries. The USGS's Preliminary Determination of Epicenters and the Utsu catalog both list 2,000 deaths and 1,800 injured.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>

===Intensity===
{{see also|Earthquake zones of India}}

{{harvnb|Jain|Singh|Gupta|Nagar|1992}} stated that the shock was generally moderate while further clarifying the intensities that were observed at specific locations. Ghansyali, Gongotri, and [[Tehri]] were listed as experiencing intensity VII (''Very strong'') shaking and Bhatwari, Budhakedar, Krishanpur, Mahinanda, Maneri, and [[Uttarkashi]] were listed as experiencing intensity VIII (''Severe'') shaking. In a report that documented the study of strong motion recordings of the event, {{harvnb|Jain|Das|1993}} clarified that while Bhatwari and Uttarkashi experienced intensity VIII shaking at distances of {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} respectively, there was a small 20 km square mile area that experienced a maximum intensity of IX (''Violent'').<ref name=Jain2>{{citation|title=Analysis of Strong Motion Records from Uttarkashi Earthquake for Assessment of Code Provisions for Different Seismic Zones|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/skj/Research_Papers/ANALYSIS%20OF%20STRONG%20MOTION%20RECORDS%20FROM%20UTTARKASHI_39.pdf|first1=Sudhir K.|last1=Jain|first2=Satrajit|last2=Das|date=1993|journal=Earthquake Spectra|volume=9|number=4|pages=739, 742|doi=10.1193/1.1585738|bibcode=1993EarSp...9..739J |s2cid=128901914}}</ref><ref name=Jain/>

==See also==
*[[List of earthquakes in 1991]]
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]
*[[1999 Chamoli earthquake]]
*[[Tehri Dam]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2016|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 3.0}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000601/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2006|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972|type = Data Set}}</ref>
<ref name="PAGER-CAT">{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/PAGER_CAT_v2.zip|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
<ref name=Kayal>{{citation|title= Precursor seismicity, foreshocks and aftershocks of the Uttarkashi earthquake of October 20, 1991 at Garhwal Himalaya|first=J. R.|last=Kayal|year=2015|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=263|issue=1–3|page=339|doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(97)81488-6|bibcode=1996Tectp.263..339K}}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
*{{citation|title=Seismotectonics of the 20 October 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake in Garhwal, Himalaya, North India|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4032621|first1=V. C.|last1=Thakur|first2=K.|last2=Sushil|year=1994|journal=Terra Nova|volume=6|number=1|pages=90–94|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00637.x|bibcode=1994TeNov...6...90T|url-access=subscription}}
*{{citation|title=The Uttarkashi earthquake of 20 October: Implications and lessons|last1=Valdiya|first1=K. S.|journal=Current Science|year=1991|volume=61|issue=12|pages=801–803|jstor=24095349}}

==External links==
*[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0004y1r#executive M 6.8 – Uttaranchal, India] – [[United States Geological Survey]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161111122940/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/5/the-great-himalayan-earthquakes/ The Great Himalayan Earthquakes] – ''[[Himalayan Journal]]''
*{{EQ-isc-link|317038}}

{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}
{{Earthquakes in 1991}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}

[[Category:1991 disasters in India|Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991]]
[[Category:1991 earthquakes|Uttarkashi]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]
[[Category:October 1991 in India]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:1990s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhalswa Lake

2026-03-13T11:17:40Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Bhalswa Horseshoe Lake
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Bhalswa Horseshoe Lake within Delhi
| location = [[Delhi, India]]
| coords = {{Coord|28.743|77.171|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}
| type = [[natural freshwater lake]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|4610|ft|m}}
| width = {{convert|1110|ft|m}}
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| cities =
}}

'''Bhalswa Horseshoe Lake''', or '''Bhalswa Jheel''', is a [[lake]] in northwest [[Delhi]], [[India]]. It was originally shaped like a horseshoe, until around half of it was used as a landfill site over the years. Now a low income housing colony, an extension of the nearby town of [[Bhalswa Jahangir Puri, Mukundpur,]] has been built on it, destroying the once excellent wetland ecosystem and wildlife habitat of the region which once played host to scores of local and migratory wildlife species, especially waterbirds, including waterfowl, storks and cranes. This horseshoe lake was originally formed when the nearby [[River Yamuna]] left behind one of its [[meander|meandering loops]] here when it changed course over the years and is now channelled through more defined and fortified [[Levee|embankments]] and [[Levee|dykes]] to defend modern Delhi from floods. Bhalswa lake but it's half area under Mukundpur colony

==Destruction of the lake==
On the west side of the lake on the landfill-reclaimed land stands a housing colony. On the east side is a plantation of a few acres of acacia, babool and keekar trees, offering some habitat to local remnant wildlife.

==Current status==
Though the lake and its surrounding fields were originally an excellent wetland ecosystem which supported a rich wildlife habitat, the Delhi government of late has converted the lake and started promoting it as a water games/sports facility.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/delhi.htm#6 World Tourism Day Dikshit flags off women’s expedition], 27 September 2011, Tribune News Service, The Tribune, Chandigarh, India</ref>

==Other horseshoe lakes in India==
There is another horseshoe-shaped lake, Ansupa Lake near Saranda hills, situated 100 km west of cuttack district in Orissa, having a length of 16 km.

==See also==
* [[Bhalswa Jahangir Pur]]<nowiki/>i colony / town, Delhi
* [[Sahibi river]]
* [[Najafgarh drain]], Delhi
* [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]], Delhi
* [[Najafgarh lake]], Delhi
* [[National Zoological Park Delhi]]
* [[Okhla Sanctuary]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[River Yamuna]]
* [[Sultanpur National Park]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Gurgaon District]], [[Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-green-was-my.city-ecotourism-on-wheels-shows-impact-of-pollution/398272/ How green was my city: eco-tourism on wheels shows impact of pollution], New Delhi, 14 December 2008, Express News Service, Indian Express Newspaper
* [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bhalaswa-once-there-was-a-lake/500404/ Bhalaswa: once there was a lake] by Neha Sinha : New Delhi, Tue 11 August 2009.
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/north-west-delhi/bhalswa-lake-cries-maintenance-38458 Bhalswa Lake cries for maintenance, DNA India, 25 June 2014]{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101228034507/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/23/stories/2010122363990400.htm Groundwater levels improve in the Capital] (Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20101228034507/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/23/stories/2010122363990400.htm the original] on 28 December 2010)
*[http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=217&mode=plugin Wateraid.org]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141011075356/http://www.sify.com/news/flowers-gardens-to-cover-delhi-s-sanitary-landfill-news-national-khvukedaadc.html Flowers, gardens to cover Delhi's sanitary landfill]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalswa horseshoe lake}}
[[Category:Lakes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]

Tahawar Ali

2026-03-09T07:01:26Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: correct citations as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tahawar Ali
| image =
| partner = Ghulam Mahmood Amaratun Nisan
| spouse = Fahimun Nisan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tijara]]
| death_date = 1271 AH / 1854 AD
| death_place = [[Tijara]]
}}

'''Tahawar Ali''' (died 1854) was a noble man in the court of [[Bhonsle Dynasty]] at [[Nagpur]].

==Biography==
Tahawar Ali (died on 13 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] 1271 AH / 1854 AD) lived his life with nobility. He was well off man from [[Nagpur]]. He was employed in the court of [[Bhonsle Dynasty]] at the [[princely state]] of [[Nagpur]] along with his maternal uncle Qazi Najibuddin.<ref>{{cite book | author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | author-link = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | year = 2008 | title = Hayat Karam Husain | chapter = Chapter: Tahawar Ali | edition = 2nd | pages = 212–215| publisher = [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] | location = Aligarh/India | isbn = 978-81-906070-5-6}}</ref> At that time, Maharaja Senasaheb Subha Chhatrapati Raghuji Bapusaheb Bhonsle III was the ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Nagpur]] (1818–1853).

==Last days of his life and death==
During his illness, he came to [[Rewari]] from [[Nagpur]] along with the Taboot ([[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]) of [[Bakshi Ghulam Haider]] ibn Mufti Noorul Haq. When his mother Amaratun Nisan from [[Tijara]] heard this news that he was coming in sick state from Nagpur to Rewari, she went to [[Rewari]] to receive him. She herself became ill while staying in [[Rewari]] and died on [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1244 AH/ 1828 AD. Tahawar Ali passed his last days of his life in [[Tijara]] and finally died on 13 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] 1271 AH / 1854 AD<ref>The Rajputana gazetteers, Rajputana, 1880</ref>

==Legacy and children==
Tahawar Ali was married to Fahimun Nisan, daughter of Abdul Qayyum ibn Ghulam Nabi (from Dotana, a village in Peepaloo Tahsil in [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] district in [[Rajasthan]]) and had four sons Abdur Razzak, Ibrahim Ali, Yusuf Ali and Yaqub Ali. Fahimun Nisan remained in [[Tijara]] after the death of Tahawar Ali even when all her sons left for [[Bhopal]]. She died on 10 [[Muharram]] 1301 AH / 1883 AD.
# Abdur Razzak (born 4 Rajab 1254 AH / 1838 AD) went to [[Bhopal]] at the age of 22 years on the invitation of his maternal cousin [[Munshi Hakimuddin]]. In 1276 AH / 1859 AD, he joined the services as Assistant Collector [[HM Customs and Excise|Customs and Excise]]. While staying in Bhopal, he then invited all his three brothers. Abdur Razzak was married to Qadeerun Nisan, daughter of Rahimuddin ibn Shamsuddin. Rahimuddin was [[Qadi|Qazi]] of Ginnor, District [[Rohtak]]. He had only one daughter Mahmooda Begum alias Masiti Begum (married to [[Hafiz Mazhar Husain]]. Abdur Razzak in 1305 AH / 1887 AD built a home "Dewan Khana" near Masjid Qaziwara at [[Tijara]].
# Ibrahim Ali (born 12 [[Rajab]] 1263 AH / 1846 AD) was married to Razzaqi Begum, daughter of Iradat Ali ibn Syed Rustam Ali of [[Pinangwan]]. He had five daughters Aulia Begum, Aala Begum, Kulsoom Begum, Asghari Begum and Fayyazi Begum and one son Abdul Baqi. Iradat Ali with his father-in-law got hanged during [[1857 revolt]]. Aulia Begum was married to Khan Bahadur Syed Misbahul Usman ibn Syed Afzal Ali and had three daughters Alia Begum, Tahira Begum and Saira Begum and three sons Dr Hasan Afzal, Akhtar Afzal and Mustahsin Afzal. Aala Begum was married to Syed Ali ibn Ummeed Ali ibn Syed Rustam Ali and had five daughters Ummatul Azeem, Akbari Begum, Soofia Khatoon, Zakia Khatoon, Zubaida Khatoon and one son Ahsan Ali. Kulsoom Begum was married to Syed Iqbal Hasan ibn Syed Afzal Ali and had only one son Aziz Ahsan. Asghari Begum was married to her cousin Jamil Ahmad (son of Uncle Yusuf Ali). Fayyazi Begum was married to her cousin Khalil Ahmad (son of Uncle Yusuf Ali). Abdul Baqi was married to his cousin Ummatul Habib aka Choti Bi, daughter of [[Hafiz Mazhar Husain]] and had one daughter Nafisa Begum.
# Yusuf Ali (born 2 [[Safar]] 1267 AH / 1850 AD) was first married to Sakina Begum (daughter of Mohammad Hidayatullah ibn Inayat Husain of Dotana [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] in 1282 AH / 1865 AD and had three sons Hamid Ali, Jamil Ahmad and Khalil Ahmad and one daughter Hajira Begum aka Banni. After the death of Sakina Begum on 10 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1298 AH / 1880 AD, Yusuf Ali remarried to Sakina Begum (same name as of first wife), daughter of Barkat Ali Haqqi ibn Khairat Ali of [[Palwal]]. Hamid Ali had no children. Jamil Ahmad had one son Hasan Ahmad who was an active member of [[Khaksars]] Tehrik during the British rule and died with other members of [[Khaksars]] during the police firing near [[Jamia Masjid]]. Khalil Ahmad had five daughters Anwari Begum, Sultan Begum, Hasib Fatima, Habib Fatima, Razia Khatoon and two sons Jalil Ahmad and Habib Ahmad
# Yaqub Ali (born 6 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] 1269 AH / 1852 AD) was married to Saeedun Nisan (21 [[Muharram]] 1272 AH / 1855 AD – 13 [[Rabi' al-thani]] 1335 AH / 1916), daughter of Qazi Ghulam Muhiuddin. Yaqub Ali was Thanedaar (Police Station Master) at the main [[Bhopal]] [[Police station|Thana]]. He was assassinated by a thief with [[Combat knife]] on 11 [[Rabi' al-thani]] 1309 AH / 1891 AD at the age of 40 years. His son Zahiruddin died at the age of 28 years on 18 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] 1329 AH / 10 November 1911 (Friday). His wife Saeedun Nisan performed [[Hajj]] in 1331 AH/ 1912 AD and died at the age of 63 years. After her husband's death, she received [[scholarship]] (wazifa) from the [[Bhopal state]].

==See also==
*[[Qazi Syed Inayatullah]]
*[[Munshi Hakimuddin]]
*[[Hafiz Mazhar Husain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tahawar Ali}}
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:People from Tijara]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal State]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Manushyamrugam

2026-03-03T20:50:21Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: enhanced references as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manushya Mrugam
| image = Manushyamrugam.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| alt =
| director = [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| producer = [[Vani Viswanath]]
| writer = Baburaj
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Kiran Rathod]] [[Oviya]] [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| music = Sayan Anwar
| cinematography = K. V. Suresh [[Dilshad. V. A.]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = VB Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|7|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Manushya Mrugam''''' (Trans. [[Anthropomorphism|Anthropomorphic Man]]) is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film]] written, directed and starring [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] in the lead role and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in Police office Role. It was produced by his wife [[Vani Viswanath]]; the film co-stars [[Kiran Rathod]], and [[Oviya]]. The story is about sexual exploitation of young girls. The film was released on 15 July 2011. It was dubbed and released in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as Police Rajyam (2017) and in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] as Police Raaj (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-manushya-mrugam/20110718.htm|title=Review: Manushya Mrugam is juvenile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7795/malayalam/manushya-mrugam/3216/review.htm|title = Manushya Mrugam Review | Manushya Mrugam Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen|date = 19 July 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
Johnny is a lorry driver with an insatiable sex drive. Married to Lissy, he has an eye for a young girl Sophie who has come to stay with them. He repeatedly tries to goad her to marry him, but she doesn't comply and Lissy gets angry on his behaviour and scolds him. In a fit of rage, he kills Lissy with a knife and rapes and kills Sophie and his eleven-year-old daughter Jeena. He is arrested and sent to the jail where he gets tortured by his jail mates.

Crime Branch Officer David J Mathew goes probing into the case and finds out that Johnny killed another person during the crime. When David and his men questions him, Johnny tells that the 4th person whom he killed was Kamal Pasha, a young man who hails from Bangalore. He reveals that he didn't kill his family and Pasha was the one who killed them. He reveals that Pasha was in love with Lissy but she didn't accept it and he was arrested for a false case made by her father Kochupaulose for loving her. Lissy didn't tell Johnny about Pasha as she didn't want Pasha to be killed by Johnny and she wants to live with him and Jeena. Johnny overhears the conversation between them. He also hears that Lissy was pregnant with Pasha's child and the child was Jeena. He tries to tell her that Jeena is his daughter but she says that Jeena is Johnny's daughter. Pasha wanted to take Lissy with him but she refuses. Angrily, Pasha goes to their house and kills Sophie and Jeena. When Lissy finds them dead, she slashes him on his hand with a knife and in a fit of rage, Pasha kills Lissy. In revenge, Johnny kills Pasha and throws his body to the river.

He tells the police that he killed his family as he considered it as a punishment of him planning to marry Sophie and for Lissy who planned a new life. He tells David to not tell the truth to anyone. David and his men report to the media that Johnny killed Pasha and his family when Lissy planned to marry Sophie to Pasha, to save her from Johnny and he couldn't tolerate it. He plans to reveal the truth once when they find Pasha's corpse.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Crime Branch [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] David J. Mathew [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Tipper Johnny
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Lissy, Johnny's wife
* [[Oviya]] as Sophie
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Inspector|CI]] K. Rajeev
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Fr. Isaac Chacko
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Charayam Mary
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Kamal Pasha
* Vijaya Rangaraju as Para Vasu
* [[Indrans]] as Sexton Jackson
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Prisoner Salim
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as (Song appearance)
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Jail [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Rasheed
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Advocate Shamsuddin Valiyaveettil
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Olikkal Kochupaulose, Lissy's father
* [[Spadikam George]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] George Jacob
* [[Mammukoya]] as Tea Shop man Anthony
* Majeed as Magistrate
* [[Chali Pala]] as Prosecution Advocate (voice dubbed)
* [[Kalashala Babu]] as Andrews, quarry Owner
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Paramada Janu, Vasu's wife
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Lissy's mother
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Thressiamma
* Baby Anusree as Jeena, Johnny's daughter
}}

==Production==
''Manushya Mrugam'' is the second directorial of actor Baburaj, scripted by himself and produced by his wife [[Vani Viswanath]]. The film is not related to the 1980 Malayalam film of [[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|the same name]]. The film features music composed by Sayan Anwar, while the lyrics were penned by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Manushya Mrugam (2011) - Malayalam Movie Manushya PkMrugam|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7795/malayalam/manushya-mrugam/index.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=30 May 2018|date=2011|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411024103/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7795/malayalam/manushya-mrugam/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
1. Ashwaroodanaya – [[Jassie Gift]]

2. Aalin Kombil – [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]

3. Nerinu Verulla – [[Benny Dayal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2278074}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery films]]

Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)

2026-03-03T20:35:21Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: improve section

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahamantri Timmarusu
| image = Mahamantri Timmarusu (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = Kamalakara Kameswara Rao
| story = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Pingali Nagendra Rao}}
}}
| producer = N. Ramabrahmam A. Pundarikakshayya
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Devika]] [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = Kandaswamy
| studio = Gowtami Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1962|7|26}}
| runtime = 170 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Mahamantri Timmarusu''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Devika]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=1 September 2016|title=Mahamantri Thimmarusu (1962)|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Mahamantri-Thimmarusu-1962/article14617760.ece1|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130545/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Mahamantri-Thimmarusu-1962/article14617760.ece1|archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> The film was produced by N. Ramabrahmam, A. Pundarikakshayya under the Gowtami Productions banner. The film won the President's silver medal for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] at the [[10th National Film Awards]].<ref name="10thaward" />

==Plot==
During the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the King [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] has 3 sons [[Viranarasimha Raya]], [[Krishnadevaraya]] & [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. Before his death, he crowns his eldest Viranarasimha Raya inept, who ruses to assassinate Krishnadevaraya via Chief Minister [[Timmarasu]] / Appaji. However, he detects that Krishnadevaraya is apt to succeed in establishing a mighty society. So, he covetously raises him under the light of love as a gallant, and the two share a tremendous adoration. Timmarasu does it all in favor of Krishnadevaraya by upholding the satraps and fixing his alliance with Srirangapatnam's heir [[Tirumala Devi]] to expand the kingdom. Before it, Krishnadevaraya pushes him into a dichotomy by knitting a dancer, Chinna Devi, but it resolves with her acceptance. Presently, the grand coronation of Sri Krishnadevaraya happens with the wedding to Tirumala Devi. At that moment, everyone is astonished since Timmarasu slaps the emperor to remind him about the kickbacks while sitting on the crown.

Besides, [[Prataparudra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Empire]] always scorns and denounces Krishnadevaraya with his son Veerabhadra. Hence, he annexes without knowledge of Timmarasu and triumphs [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]], [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]] and proceeds to [[Cuttack]]. Being conscious of it, Timmarasu walks to shield Raya with the forces. Additionally, he misleads Veerabhadra by conveying details of Krishnadevaraya's arrival, who ploys to seize him. It is opposed by his sibling Annapurna Devi noticing it, Krishnadevaraya falls for her. Anyhow, Timmarasu's counterstrike beats & imprisons Veerabhadra. It makes Prataparudra fearful when his vicious & sly sibling [[Hamvira Deva]] schemes and acquits Veerabhadra owing to the peace treaty. Nevertheless, they plot by surrounding Krishnadevaraya with their 16 vassals when Timmarasu’s wit creates enmity between them and sets Pratap Rudra to slaughter his vassals. Moreover, Pratapa Rudra offers Annapurna's hand to Krishnadevaraya in a political dialogue. Soon after, he wiles to kill him via Annapurna, which she cannot do and attempts self-sacrifice. Timmarasu bars and welcomes Annapurna as his daughter, discerning her clear heart. Hearing it, Pratapa Rudra lets down when Hamvira pledges to ruin Krishnadevaraya's clan silently and amicably sets foot at [[Hampi]].

Time passes, and Krishnadevaraya & Annapurna are blessed with Tirumala Raya, whom Timmarasu is training as a perfectionist. Periodically, Hamvira attempts to break the stick of Krishnadevaraya & Timmarasu and seeks to spoil Annapurna's brain. Although it sounds in Timmarasu's mind, he waits for a shot. Meanwhile, Krishnadevaraya announced warfare in the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] when Hamvira pesters him via Annapurna to crown Tirumala Raya before his move. Timmarasu denies it as it is not on time. Exploiting it, Hamvira slays Tirumala Raya by poisoning and incriminating Timmarasu. Now, he is declared guilty before the judiciary when the emperor edicts the plucking of his eyes. Here, Timmarasu feels proud of Krishnadevaraya’s unbiased ruling. Devastated, Krishnadevaraya rovers as an insane when Veerabhadra & Hamvira's ruse to butcher him and the truth comes to light. Krishnadevaraya rushes to secure Timmarasu, ceasing the baddies, but it's too late. At last, remorseful Krishnadevaraya begs for pardon and admits his sin in the court. Finally, the movie ends with the two continuing their deep reverence.

== Based on the novel ''Appaji'' by Sri Prasad ==
The screenplay and story by Pingali Nagendra Rao were inspired by a popular Telugu novel, ''Appaji'', by the best-selling writer of historical fiction, Prasad (Palaparthy Ramaprasad). It was serialized in the Telugu weekly ''Vijaya'', and subsequently published by Navajyoti Publishers.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Krishnadeva Raya|Sri Krishnadeva Raya]]
*[[Devika]] as Annapurna Devi
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Timmarusu]]
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Timmanna
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Prataparudra Deva]] [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]]
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Allasani Peddana]]
*[[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as [[Hamvira Deva]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Veerabhadra Gajapati
*[[Shobhan Babu]] as Govinda Rayalu
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Tirumala Devi]]
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as [[Krishnadevaraya#Chinna Devi|Chinna Devi]]
*[[Rajasree]] as Kandoli
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Krishnaveni

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahamantri Timmarusu
| type = film
| artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1962
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:37
| label =
| producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]. Music released on Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jaya Jaya Jaya"
|[[P. Leela]]
|3:45
|-
|2
|"Jayavani Charana Kamala"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], P. Leela
|5:01
|-
|3
|"Leela Krishna Nee Leelalu"
|[[S. Varalakshmi]]
|2:48
|-
|4
|"Mohana Raagamaha"
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:13
|-
|5
|"Tadhastu Swamula Kolavandi"
|Ghantasala, P. Leela
|2:20
|-
|6
|"Tirumala Tirupati Venkateswara"
|S. Varalakshmi, P. Susheela
|4:01
|-
|7
|"Jaya Anare Jaya Anare"
|P. Leela
|3:00
|-
|8
|"Andhra Deva"
|P. Leela
|3:29
|}

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[10th National Film Awards|1962]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|President's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0263687}}

{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahamantri Timmarusu (Film)}}
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:1960s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films set in the Vijayanagara Empire]]

Tholi Kodi Koosindi

2026-03-03T20:18:24Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: further updated details as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tholi Kodi Koosindi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of the Telugu version
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = [[Kanuri Ranjith Kumar]]
| starring = {{startplainlist}}
* [[Saritha]]
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
* [[Sarath Babu]]
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
{{endplainlist}}
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sri Ranjith Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|2|6}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}

'''''Tholi Kodi Koosindi''''' ({{Translation|The morning rooster crows}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Saritha]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], and [[Sarath Babu]] with [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as the antagonist. The film was simultaneously made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as '''''Enga Ooru Kannagi''''' ({{Translation|Kannagi, from our village}}).<ref name="kannagi">{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=1 March 1981 |title=எங்க ஊரு கண்ணகி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-03-01/page/n47/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125165503/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-03-01/page/n47/mode/2up |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=13 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=46–47 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Both versions were released on 6 February 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tholi Kodi Kusindi |url=https://indiancine.ma/WEO/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230325095757/https://indiancine.ma/WEO/info |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Ooru Kannagi (1981) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/enga-ooru-kannagi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119113954/https://screen4screen.com/movies/enga-ooru-kannagi |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version won three [[Nandi Awards]].

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
=== Telugu version ===
{{cast listing|
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Venkata Swamy, a police constable
* [[Saritha]]
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Devudamma
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Jabilli
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Rampandu Dora
* Prasanna
* Hanumanthu
* Shantaram
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]]
* Jayasri
* Satti Babu
* [[Prasad Babu]]
}}

=== Tamil version ===
The lead cast was retained for the Tamil version with a slightly altered supporting cast.
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]

== Production ==
The film was prominently shot at [[Veerabhadra Temple, Pattiseema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K.N. Murali |date=10 August 2015 |title=Pattisam temple, a draw for pilgrims, film units |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pattisam-temple-a-draw-for-pilgrims-film-units/article7523884.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913105343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pattisam-temple-a-draw-for-pilgrims-film-units/article7523884.ece |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The filming was also held at Godavari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 1979 |title=நட்சத்திர மாட்டுக்கு நாள்தோறும் ஸ்வீட் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_47/4.jp2/full/1000,1380/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527125916/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_47/4.jp2/full/1000,1380/0/default.jpg |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Acharya Aatreya]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1983 |title=Tholi Kodi Koosindi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tholi-kodi-koosindi/ljdAPqD6JAs_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913105346/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tholi-kodi-koosindi/ljdAPqD6JAs_ |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Andamaina Lokamani
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Eppudo Edo Chuchi
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kudirinda Rogam
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| length3 =
| title4 = Olammi Madivelammi
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Police Venakatasaami
| note5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 1980 |title=Enga Ooru Kannagi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/enga-ooru-kannagi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1451588335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913105247/https://music.apple.com/us/album/enga-ooru-kannagi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1451588335 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Oor Kannagi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/enga-oor-kannagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325100532/https://mossymart.com/product/enga-oor-kannagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pachaivayal
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ithaithaan
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
}}

==Reception==
Reviewing the Tamil version for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', Nalini Sastry was critical of the film and said Balachandar, who went three steps up, slipped two steps.<ref name=kannagi />

== Accolades ==
''Tholi Kodi Koosindi'' won three [[Nandi Awards]]: [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film – Silver]], [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]] (V. Sivaram) and [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Aatreya).<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:1981 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Adrustam

2026-03-03T17:59:34Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: cleaned up layout per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2002 Telugu film by Sekhar Suri}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Infobox film
| name = Adrustam
| image =
| director = [[Sekhar Suri]]
| writer = Sekhar Suri
| producer = Mansoor Ahmed Paras Jain Vakada Anjan Kumar [[R. B. Choudary]] {{small|(Presenter)}}
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Reema Sen]] [[Gajala]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = Thirupathi Reddy
| music = [[Dhina]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films|Super Good Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|06|06|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Adrustam''''' ({{translation|Luck}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by debutant [[Sekhar Suri]]. The film stars [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]], [[Gajala]], and [[Reema Sen]] with supporting roles played by [[Shiju AR|Shiju]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Flora Saini|Asha Saini]], and [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]. ''Adrustam'' was released to negative reviews and was a [[Box-office bomb|box office disaster]]. It was later dubbed into Tamil as ''Ivan Yaaro''.

==Plot==
Tarun is an orphan and a postgraduate, but he is unemployed. He faces constant pressure from his landlord, Valmiki, who demands overdue rent payments. In an attempt to make a living, Tarun takes a job as a bar manager, where he insults Magadha, a local goon, prompting Magadha to seek revenge.

While grappling with these troubles, Tarun comes across an advertisement for a "[[Svayamvara|Swayamvaram]]" event organized by the wealthy Dhanaraj family, where their daughter Keerthi Dhanaraj is to choose a suitor. Attending the event, which is broadcast live, Tarun becomes infatuated with Keerthi and impulsively kisses her on live television, shocking the viewers and infuriating Keerthi. This action leads to the wrath of Keerthi's cross-cousin, Pawan, who is deeply in love with her but despised by Keerthi. In retaliation for Tarun's bold act, Pawan embarks on a mission to find him. Mrs. Dhanaraj, Keerthi’s mother, announces a cash reward for anyone who captures Tarun.

Meanwhile, Asha is in a troubled relationship with Robin. On the day of their wedding, she has a change of heart and flees, becoming a runaway bride. During her escape, she crosses paths with Tarun, who is also on the run. As both are pursued by various individuals—including Pawan, Magadha, Valmiki, and the police—Tarun and Asha develop feelings for each other. The rest of the film unfolds as Tarun must decide whether to marry Asha or return to Keerthi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] as Tarun
* [[Gajala]] as Keerthi Dhanaraj (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Reema Sen]] as Asha
* [[Shiju]] as Robin
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Pawan
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Police Officer
* [[Asha Saini]] as Smita / Pinky
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Valmiki
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Tarun's friend
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Magadha
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Smita's husband
* [[Raghu Kunche]] as a groom in Keerthi's Swayamvaram
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Valmiki's henchman
* [[Jayachitra]] as Mrs. Dhanaraj, Keerthi's mother
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Dhanaraj, Keerthi's father
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Astrologer
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Adrustam'' marked the directorial debut of [[Sekhar Suri]], a Telugu native who had previously worked as a [[ghostwriter]] in [[Mumbai]]. The film was inspired by the classic ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' (1953), with Suri aiming to create a story in which an ordinary man falls in love with a princess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2008 |title=Interview with Shekkar Suri |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shekkarsuri.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The narrative was further influenced by a real-life incident in 1980 when actress [[Padmini Kolhapure]] kissed [[Charles III|Prince Charles]] during his visit to India, which sparked widespread media attention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhash K. Jha |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=9 September 2022 |title=When Padmini Kolhapure KISSED A Future King |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/when-padmini-kolhapure-kissed-a-future-king/20220909.htm |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Suri reimagined this event by crafting a storyline in which a common man kisses a princess, forming the basis of ''Adrustam''.<ref name=":0" />

The film was produced by Super Good Productions, with [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] playing a significant role in securing the production deal. Although Suri intended to keep the focus of the film on the narrative, avoiding the inclusion of songs, industry pressures led to the addition of several musical numbers, which deviated from his original vision. Reflecting on the experience, Suri later remarked, “My failure was due to the fact that I couldn’t do the film in my way. I was never wrong in the selection of the subject. I did not want songs in that film, but I had to succumb to a lot of pressures.”<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adrustam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Dhina]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:21
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Dhina]]
| prev_title = [[King (2002 film)|King]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Dhanush (film)|Dhanush]]
| next_year = 2003
}}
The music for ''Adrustam'' was composed by [[Dhina]] and was released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adrustam - Jukebox |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-adrustam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605144103/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-adrustam.html |archive-date=5 June 2002 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The song "Vayasa Vayasa" is based on Dhina's own tune "Uyire," which he originally composed for the Tamil telefilm ''[[Siragugal]]'' (1999).

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:21
| title1 = Sairo Sairo
| lyrics1 = Viswa
| extra1 = Kiran, [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]
| length1 = 5:09
| title2 = Manassa
| lyrics2 = Sahithi
| extra2 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Hollywood Handsome
| lyrics3 = Chirravuri Vijay Kumar
| extra3 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Run Run
| lyrics4 = Viswa
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 = 3:18
| title5 = Moraakko
| lyrics5 = Chirravuri Vijay Kumar
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Vayasa Vayasa
| lyrics6 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra6 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length6 = 5:42
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Making this film is a colossal misuse of producer's funds and watching this film is sheer waste of money. Watch this film at your own risk".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=6 June 2002 |title=Movie review - Adrustam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-adrustam.html |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Adrustam is another heartless love story from the teenage love story factory that cannot be sold even as seconds in a discount sale!"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adrustam-review-telugu-pclurDjbcifad.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128134759/http://www.sify.com/movies/adrustam-review-telugu-pclurDjbcifad.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 November 2016 | title=Adrustam | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> A critic for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "It is an intelligent, subtle and funny film about a young man's life, shadowed by a decision he hardly knows he has made".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-adrustam.html|title =Slick flick|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date= }}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "This movie may simply be an addition to Tarun's list of flops (''Uncle'', ''Chirujallu''). It can truly test the patience of the audience and throw a damper on their appreciation. The idea of 'Swayamvaram' in this times appears very old fashioned and speaks poorly of the taste of director and the story writer. The mega bucks spent on the movie appears to serve no purpose".<ref>{{cite web |title=Adrushtam |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/adrushtam.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621180052/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/adrushtam.htm |archive-date=21 June 2002 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1579719}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sekhar Suri]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]

Mappillai Manasu Poopola

2026-03-03T04:49:19Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new initial details first draft

{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mappillai Manasu Poopola
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam
| producer = S. Jayalakshmi
| writer = Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam
| starring = [[Pandiarajan]] [[Yuvarani]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Nithya
| editing = V. Rajagopal
| distributor =
| studio = Kuru Kalaikkoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|04|12}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mappillai Manasu Poopola''''' ({{translation|Son-in-law's heart is like a flower}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Yuvarani]], with [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], newcomer Rajaneesh Kumar, [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyashree]], [[Vichithra]], Pollachi Babu, Sriraj Guhan and [[S. N. Lakshmi]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 12 April 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maapillai Manasu Pooppole ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040901023758/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2001 |archive-date=1 September 2004 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==

Manikkam ([[Pandiarajan]]) and Raja (Rajaneesh Kumar) are best friends, they are folk singers and they study a [[doctorate|Ph.D.]] in [[Naattupurapaattu]] specialty in the city. The two friends are from the same village. Raja lives with his grandmother ([[S. N. Lakshmi]]) whereas Manikkam lives with his father ([[Thideer Kannaiah]]) and mother (Srimathi). Overnight, Raja starts to act like a lunatic and his behavior worsens with time. Worried about his mental health, his grandmother and Manikkam admit him in a mental hospital. Raja stays in the hospital for a week. The doctor says that his situation is improving and that Raja can be discharged from the hospital but he is not completely recovered.

Raja seems to be normal now but sooner or later he can react like a wild person. For his study, Raja has a last oral examination to earn a Ph.D. degree. Manikkam knows that Raja will not pass it with his mental health, so during the oral examination, Manikkam does many cheap tricks to help his friend Raja and Raja finally gets his doctorate diploma.

Manikkam has a maternal uncle Ulaganathan ([[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]) in his native village, as per the village custom, Manikkam must marry Ponni ([[Yuvarani]]). Aandhi Thevar ([[Malaysia Vasudevan]]) is a rich landlord and Ulaganathan's friend, he wants his daughter Vasanthi ([[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyashree]]) to marry Raja, who is from distant family.

Raja receives a letter from Aandhi Thevar, he wants him to come to his village to marry his daughter. Thereafter, Raja, his grandmother and Manikkam go to their native village. Soon, the perfectly normal Manikkam is mistaken to be a madman by the villagers whereas the mentally ill Raja is seen as a sane person. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Manikkam
*[[Yuvarani]] as Ponni
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Ulaganathan, as Ponni's father
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Aandhi Thevar
*Rajaneesh Kumar as Raja
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyashree]] as Vasanthi
*[[Vichithra]] as Ganga
*Pollachi Babu as Periya Minor
*Sriraj Guhan as Chinna Minor
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Raja's grandmother
*M. Varalakshmi as Aandhi Thevar's wife
*M. R. Sulakshana as Ponni's mother
*Srimathi as Manikkam's mother
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Manikkam's father
*Hercules Douglas as Thangavel
*[[Periyar Dasan]] as Dr. Kayalventhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilminutes.com/entertainment/actor-periyar-dasan-is-actor-and-writer-210446/|title=முதலில் பெரியார் சீடன்.. பின்னர் இஸ்லாம் மதத்திற்கு மாற்றம்.. வீரம் படத்தில் கவனம் ஈர்த்த நடிகரின் மறுபக்கம்..|work=Tamil Minutes|language=ta|first=Bala|last=Siva|date=1 January 2024|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mappillai Manasu Poo Pole |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mappillai-manasu-poo-pole-mw0002114906 |access-date=2016-11-17 |website=[[AllMusic]] |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100424/http://www.allmusic.com/album/mappillai-manasu-poo-pole-mw0002114906 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuppu Nila / Mappilai Manasu Poo Pole |url=https://avdigital.in/products/karuppu-nila-mappilai-manasu-poo-pole |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=AVDigital |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111055318/https://avdigital.in/products/karuppu-nila-mappilai-manasu-poo-pole |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Aathu Vandhal" || Krishnaraj, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 5:32
|-
| "Maduraiyile" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. P. B. Pallavi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/spb-daughter-pallavi-emotional-interview/|title=நான் மட்டும் அவர அங்க போக வேணாம்னு சொல்லி இருந்தா அவர் இறந்திருக்க மாட்டார் – கண்ணீர் வடித்த SPBயின் மகள்|work=Behind Talkies|language=ta|date=15 February 2024|first=Arun|last=Kumar|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> || 4:40
|-
| "Vada Naatil" || Rajagopal, B. S. Sasirekha || 5:00
|-
| "Anthi Nera" || Krishnaraj, Sindhu || 5:03
|-
| "Naan Puthanum" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 4:28
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 comedy films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Banda Paramasivam

2026-03-03T04:38:22Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: fixed citations further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Banda Paramasivam.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T. P. Gajendran]]
| writer = T. P. Gajendran G. K. Gopinath (dialogues)
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Abhinayashree]] [[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
| producer = [[P. T. Selvakumar]]
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| studio = Varshene Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|04|14}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Banda Paramasivam''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[T. P. Gajendran]] and produced by [[P. T. Selvakumar]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Abhinayashree]], and [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] while [[Manivannan]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[P. Vasu]], and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], among others, play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Sirpy]], and editing was done by Ganesh Kumar. The film was released on 14 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பந்தா பரமசிவம் / Banda Paramasivam (2003) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/banda-paramasivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119055707/https://screen4screen.com/movies/banda-paramasivam |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Rs 2 Cr Tamil film remade in Hindi makes Rs 100 Crore plus! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rs-2-cr-tamil-film-remade-in-hindi-makes-rs-100-crore-plus-news-tamil-me1kP4cacdhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315125148/http://www.sify.com/movies/rs-2-cr-tamil-film-remade-in-hindi-makes-rs-100-crore-plus-news-tamil-me1kP4cacdhsi.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pandiyan ([[Manivannan]]) and Cheran ([[Vinu Chakravarthy]]) are stepbrothers who are constantly at loggerheads, and their daughters Manju ([[Rambha (actress)|Ramba]]) and Anju ([[Abhinayasree]]) continue their enmity. They are always trying to prove to each other that one is better than the other and are always bickering. When Cheran sees his daughter's suitor Ravi ([[J. Livingston|Livingston]]), who comes to see her in hopes of finding a future bride, Cheran insults Ravi for not having as much money as he did and questioned his mother if she had other husbands. Hearing this, Ravi's father suffers a heart attack. In anger, Ravi, wanting to make Cheran lose his properties and come to the streets, arranges to have a petty thief named Paramu ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]) pose as a rich man and wriggle his way in as Pandiyan's son-in-law. Paramu and his friend Sivam ([[Kalabhavan Mani]]), who is also a thief, are always competing against each other to be better than the other and to become a millionaire before the other. This leads to a lot of comic rivalries, but Paramu mistakenly enters Pandiyan's house because the gate of Cheran's house had been recently been painted over. Manju begins falls for Paramu. Meanwhile, Sivam enters Cheran's house, posing as a cinema director. Madhavan ([[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]) helps them both since he is in love with a poor girl and is pretty sure that his father Chidambara Udayar ([[P. Vasu]]) will oppose his wedding. Paramu and Sivam make a deal with Madhavan that if he helps them become rich, then Paramu would adopt Shenbagam ([[Monica (actress)|Monica]]), the poor girl that Madhavan loves, so that they would be equal in prestige and stature. This way, Udayar would agree to their marriage. Paramu and Sivam pose as Udayar's sons. Things went worse when Paramu's father-in-law Pandiyan takes them to Madhavan's house.

The film revolves around how Paramu, Sivam, and Madavan deal with the situation and how everything comes to be known to both families and Madhavan's family forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Paramu
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Sivam
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Madhavan
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Manju
*[[Abhinayasree]] as Anju
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Shenbagam
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Cheran
*[[Manivannan]] as Pandiyan
*[[P. Vasu]] as Chidambara Udayar, Madhavan's father
*[[Manobala]] as Police inspector
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Ravi
*[[T. P. Gajendran]] as Vellaichamy
*[[Charle]] as Nokia
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Doctor
*Rajkrishna as Film hero
*T. K. Natarajan as Ravi's father
*Benjamin as Painter
*Adhavan as Guna, Shenbagam's brother
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Sornam, Pandiyan's wife
*Babitha as Pushpa, Cheran's wife
*Jaya Murali as Madhavan's mother
*Vijaya Singh as Ravi's mother
*Neetu as Viji
*Priyanka as Film heroine
*[[P. T. Selvakumar]] as Shop owner
*Lekhasri in a special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]] and lyrics were written by Ra. Ravishankar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banda Paramasivam (2002) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Banda-Paramasivam-songs-T0000857 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630173428/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/banda-paramasivam-songs-T0000857 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Panchumala
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| title2 = Tajmahal
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Sujatha
| title3 = Mappillai
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Krishnaraj
| title4 = Lelakkadi
| extra4 = Krishnaraj, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title5 = Aleka Aleka
| extra5 = Mano, Krishnaraj
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "An assortment of characters brought together, leading to confusion and mix-ups, impersonations and one-upmanship. Some of the situations are enjoyable, a few tolerably funny, while others plainly sickening. All meant for a targetted audience, who've enjoyed the earlier so-called comedies of the Prabhu-Gajendran teaming".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 April 2003 |title=Banda Paramasivam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov262.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408211444/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov262.asp |archive-date=8 April 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "It is sad that filmmakers assume that just about anything in the name of comedy would sell. Let alone laughter, most of the time it is not even possible to manage a sardonic grin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 April 2003 |title=Banda Paramasivam |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041800950201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030912080538/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041800950201.htm |archive-date=12 September 2003 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Varshene Films Banda Paramasivam is another laugh riot from the Prabhu-T.P.Gajendran team. It is sad that most of the filmmakers feel that anything in the name of comedy can sell these days and they remake films from other languages. Banda Paramasivam is also a remake from a Malayalam comedy Mattupatti Machan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13015883|title=Banda Paramasivam|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=4 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117141944/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13015883|archive-date=17 November 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Gajendran for creating hilarious scenes and takes forward the scenes inevitably while praising the acting of Prabhu. Mani and Vasu and Sirpy's music and concluded saying such films made in lakhs with the aim of making people forget their worries and laugh are much more than junk films made in crores of money.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=11 May 2003 |title=பந்தா பரமசிவம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-05-11/page/16/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230123054049/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-05-11/page/16/mode/2up |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{T. P. Gajendran}}

[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. P. Gajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Welcome to Kashmir

2026-03-02T04:43:43Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Put Up The Details Nd Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Welcome to Kashmir.jpeg
| director = Tariq Bhat
| writer = Tariq Bhat and Ashpak Mujawar
| producer = Niharika Tariq and Filmstock Creations
| starring = Mateena Rajput, Ahmad Shahab
| music = Ishfaq Kawa and Javed Ali
| studio = Filmstock Creations
| distributor = Filmstock Creations
| released = {{Film date|2023|05|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Welcome To Kashmir''''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] thriller film directed by [[Tariq Bhat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=GK Web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Video {{!}} Tariq Bhat's directorial debut 'Welcome to Kashmir' to present 'real image' of Kashmir, its people |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/videos/video-tariq-bhats-directorial-debut-welcome-to-kashmir-to-present-real-image-of-kashmir-its-people |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Greater Kashmir }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2023 |title=Welcome to Kashmir |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/-Welcome-to-Kashmir--movie-by-Tariq-Bhat-all-set-to-hit-big-screen--177382 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.knskashmir.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelani |first=Syed Rizwan |date=2023-05-02 |title=Breaking stereotypes, one frame at a time |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/breaking-stereotypes-one-frame-at-a-time |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Greater Kashmir }}</ref> and produced by Filmstock Creations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Welcome To KashmirUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/welcome-to-kashmir/movieshow/100267721.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=कश्मीरी निर्मित फिल्म 'वेलकम टू कश्मीर' को श्रीनगर में मिला शानदार रिस्पांस |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/india-news/kashmiri-made-film-welcome-to-kashmir-gets-great-response-in-srinagar-31348.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=रिलीज को तैयार 'वेलकम टू कश्मीर', महिला सशक्तिकरण का संदेश देने की कोशिश |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/videos/entertainment/welcome-to-kashmir-ready-for-release-trying-to-give-message-of-women-empowerment-121022.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=भाषा |date=2023-05-25 |title=कश्मीर के लोग बड़े पर्दे पर फिल्म देखना चाहते हैं : थियेटर मालिक विकास धर |url=https://hindi.theprint.in/india/people-of-kashmir-want-to-watch-film-on-big-screen-theater-owner-vikas-dhar/542566/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ThePrint Hindi }}</ref> It stars local actors, Mateena Rajput, Ahmad Shahab, Simran Ahuja, Niharika Tariq and Rehan Tariq.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sahu |first=Bharti |date=2023-05-03 |title="वेलकम टू कश्मीर" फिल्म सिनेमाघरों में रिलीज होने के लिए तैयार है |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/jammu-and-kashmir/welcome-to-kashmir-movie-set-to-release-in-theatres-2293917 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi |archive-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531164854/https://jantaserishta.com/local/jammu-and-kashmir/welcome-to-kashmir-movie-set-to-release-in-theatres-2293917 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was released on 26 May 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Kashmir Trailer Released In Srinagar, Film Set For Release On May 26 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/welcome-to-kashmir-trailer-released-in-srinagar-film-set-for-release-on-may-26-2603884.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Zee News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Welcome to Kashmir': First day, first show on May 26 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/may/24/welcome-to-kashmir-1st-day-1st-show-on-may-26-2578079.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=excelsiornews |date=2023-05-26 |title=Srinagar: Movie On Kashmiri People "Welcome to Kashmir" Released |url=https://excelsiornews.com/srinagar-movie-on-kashmiri-people-welcome-to-kashmir-released/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Excelsior News }}</ref> It is known to be first [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] film which stars actors from [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-05-02 |title="Welcome to Kashmir" movie set to release in theatres |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/welcome-to-kashmir-movie-set-to-release-in-theatres/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-05-27 |title=Kashmiri-produced Bollywood film 'Welcome to Kashmir' receives rousing response in Srinagar |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/life-style/kashmiri-produced-bollywood-film-welcome-to-kashmir-receives-rousing-response-in-srinagar |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Greater Kashmir }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2023-05-29 |title=कश्मीर में रिलीज हुई पहली लोकल फिल्म Welcome To Kashmir, जानें कैसी है कहानी |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/bollywood-movie-welcome-to-kashmir-release-first-film-promoting-state-international-level-1890231.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood's first-ever film made by locals, "Welcome to Kashmir" is all set for release |url=http://risingkashmir.com/bollywoods-first-ever-film-made-by-locals-welcome-to-kashmir-is-all-set-for-release |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=risingkashmir.com|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=आसिफ कुरैशी, एबीपी |title=कश्मीर में 2022 में 200 से ज्यादा फिल्मों की हुई शूटिंग, सचिव पर्यटन ने बताया इस साल क्या... |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-to-promote-film-tourism-in-state-secretary-tourism-told-what-is-the-government-focus-ann-2401281 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ABP News |date=6 May 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Mateena Rajput as Naina<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Kashmir Trailer ड्रग्स बेस्ड वेलकम टू कश्मीर का ट्रेलर रिलीज जानें कब रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/entertainment/movie/drug-based-film-welcome-to-kashmir-trailer-released-in-srinagar/na20230507184953402402650 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=7 May 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-05-02 |title=Tariq Bhat, Director of movie 'Welcome to Kashmir', along with actress Mateena Rajput, Singer Ishfaq Kawa during a press conference in Srinagar on Tuesday. -Excelsior/Shakeel |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/tariq-bhat-director-of-movie-welcome-to-kashmir-along-with-actress-mateena-rajput-singer-ishfaq-kawa-during-a-press-conference-in-srinagar-on-tuesday-excelsior-shakeel/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K }}</ref>
* Ahmad Shahab as Zulfi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shailendra Kumar |date=2023-05-30 |title=लोगों के सिर चढ़कर बोल रहा कश्मीरी निर्मित फिल्म 'वेलकम टू कश्मीर' का जादू |url=https://hindi.bharatexpress.com/india/kashmiri-film-welcome-to-kashmir-released-in-theatres-99369 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Bharat Express Hindi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiris are returning to cinemas theatre owner Vikas Dhar ahead of 'Welcome to Kashmir' release |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/05/25/ent8-kashmir-film-release.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Week }}</ref>
* Rehan Tariq as Young Zulfi
* Simran Ahuja as Simran
* Hussein Khan as Baba
* Mohini Agarwal as Haya
* Aijaz Dar Sagar as Mir

== Release ==
The film was released on 26 May 2023. It got a great response in Srinagar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Kashmiri-produced Bollywood film Welcome to Kashmir receives rousing response in Srinagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kashmiri-produced-bollywood-film-welcome-to-kashmir-receives-rousing-response-in-srinagar-8634521/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb episode|25236878}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aravalli Range

2026-03-01T21:15:05Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: revised

{{short description|Mountain range in western India}}
{{about|the mountain range| An Rajasthan heritage | Marwar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Aravalli Range
| other_name =
| photo = Aravalli.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| etymology =
| photo_size = 300
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = The Aravali Range in Rajasthan
| map_image = India Geographic Map.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Topographic map of India showing the range
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| location =
| label =
| label_position =
| elevation =
| elevation_m = 1722
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ft =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation =
| isolation_km =
| isolation_mi =
| isolation_ref =
| highest = [[Guru Shikhar]], [[Mount Abu]]
| parent_peak =
| listing =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation = {{IPA|hi| əɾaːʋ(ə)li}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24|35|33|N|74|42|30|E|type:mountain_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| range_coordinates = {{coord|25|N|73.5|E|type:mountain_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| length_km = 670
| length_orientation =
| width_km =
| width_orientation =
| area_km2 =
| topo_map =
| mountain_type =
| age = [[Precambrian]] 
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| normal_route =
| access =
| child =
| embedded =
| country = India
| subdivision1_type = States
| subdivision1 = {{hlist|[[Rajasthan]]|[[Haryana]]|[[Delhi]]|[[Gujarat]]}}
| subdivision2_type = Regions
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[North India]]|[[Western India]]}}
| settlement_type = Settlements
| settlement = {{hlist|Delhi|[[Gurgaon]]|[[Mount Abu]]}}
| subdivision4_type = Rivers
| subdivision4 = {{hlist|[[Banas River|Banas]]|[[Luni River|Luni]]|Sakhi|[[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]]}}
| geology = [[Fold mountains]] from [[plate tectonics]]
* [[Igneous rock]] [[granite]] and [[gneiss]]
| orogeny = [[Aravalli-Delhi Orogen]] 
}}

The '''Aravalli Range''' (also spelled ''Aravali'') is a mountain range in [[Northwest India|north-western]] [[India]]. running approximately {{convert|670|km|abbr=on}} in a south-west direction, starting near [[Delhi]], passing through southern [[Haryana]]<ref name=ara8>{{cite web|url=http://aravalibiodiversitypark.in/?q=node/1 |title=Aravalli Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528194722/http://aravalibiodiversitypark.in/?q=node%2F1 |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> and [[Rajasthan]], and ending in Ahmedabad, [[Gujarat]].<ref name=ara3>{{citation|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA29|year=2004|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1|pages=29–}}</ref><ref name=ara4>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&q=Aravali&pg=PA92 |chapter=Aravali Range |title=Students' Britannica India |author1=Dale Hoiberg |author2=Indu Ramchandani |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |pages=92–93}}</ref> The highest peak is [[Guru Shikhar]] in [[Mount Abu]], Rajasthan at {{convert|1722|m|abbr=on}}. The Aravalli Range is the oldest [[Fold mountains|fold-mountain]] belt in India, dating back to the [[Paleoproterozoic]] era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=P. K. |last2=Greiling |first2=R. O. |date=1995-12-01 |title=Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India): an inverted Proterozoic rift basin? |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240560 |journal=Geologische Rundschau |language=en |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=683–696 |bibcode=1995GeoRu..84..683V |doi=10.1007/BF00240560 |issn=1432-1149 |s2cid=129382615 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=A.B. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Evolution of the Precambrian Crust of the Aravalli Mountain Range |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166263508701737 |url-status=live |journal=Developments in Precambrian Geology |language=en |volume=8 |pages=327–347 |doi=10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70173-7 |isbn=9780444883100 |issn=0166-2635 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628223223/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166263508701737 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Aravalli, a composite [[Sanskrit]] word from the roots ''"ara"'' and ''"vali"'', literally means the ''"line of peaks"''.<ref name=ara2>{{cite book |title=The Geography of British India, Political & Physical |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybritis01smitgoog |author=George Smith |publisher=J. Murray |year=1882 |page=[https://archive.org/details/geographybritis01smitgoog/page/n58 23]}}</ref><ref name=ara5>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32222/Aravali-Range |title=Aravali Range |date=13 August 2024 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref>

== Natural history ==


=== Geology ===
{{main|Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains}} {{see also | Geology of India}}
[[File:Indiahills.png|thumb|upright=1.36|Map of prominent mountain ranges in India, showing Aravalli in north-west India]]
The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient mountains, is believed to be the oldest range of [[fold mountains]] in India.<ref name=ara6>Roy, A. B. (1990). Evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Aravalli Range. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 8, 327–347.</ref> The [[natural history]] of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the [[Indian Plate]] was separated from the [[Eurasian Plate]] by an ocean. The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi [[orogenic belt]] in northwest India is similar to the younger Himalayan-type orogenic belts of the [[Mesozoic]]-[[Cenozoic]] era (of the [[Phanerozoic]]) in terms of component parts and appears to have passed through a near-orderly [[Supercontinent cycle#Description|Wilson supercontinental cycle of events]]. The range rose in a [[Precambrian]] event called the [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Aravalli Orogeny|Aravalli]]-[[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Delhi Orogeny|Delhi Orogen]]. The Aravalli Range is a northeast–southwest trending orogenic belt located in the northwestern part of Indian Peninsula. It is part of the [[Indian Shield]] that formed from a series of [[craton]]ic collisions.<ref name=":0">Mishra, D.C.; Kumar, M. Ravi. Proterozoic orogenic belts and rifting of Indian cratons: Geophysical constraints. Geoscience Frontiers. 2013 March. 5: 25–41.</ref> In ancient times, Aravalli were extremely high but since have worn down almost completely from millions of years of [[weathering]], whereas the [[Himalayas]], young fold mountains, are still continuously rising. Aravalli have stopped growing higher due to the cessation of upward thrust caused by the [[tectonic plates]] in the [[Earth's crust]] below them. The Aravalli Range joins two of the ancient Earth's crust segments that make up the greater Indian [[craton]], the [[Aravalli Craton]] which is the [[Marwar]] segment of Earth's crust to the northwest of the Aravalli Range, and the [[Bundelkand Craton]] segment of the Earth's crust to the southeast of the Aravalli Range. Cratons, generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, are old and stable parts of the continental [[lithosphere]] that have remained relatively undeformed during the cycles of merging and rifting of continents.

[[File:Subduction-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Volcanic arc and geological process of undersea subduction during tectonic collusion]]
[[File:ConMarRJS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Global [[convergent boundary]] of [[Plate tectonics#Types of plate boundaries|plate margins]]]]
It consists of two main [[Sequence (geology)|sequences]] formed in the [[Proterozoic]] [[Eon (geology)|eon]], [[metasedimentary rock]] (sedimentary rocks [[metamorphism|metamorphosed]] under pressure and heat without melting) and [[metavolcanic rock]] (metamorphosed volcanic rocks) sequences of the [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Aravalli Supergroup|Aravalli Supergroup]] and [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Delhi Supergroup|Delhi Supergroup]]. These two [[Belt Supergroup|supergroups]] rest over the [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement|Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement]], which is a [[gneiss]]ic (high-grade metamorphism of sedimentary or igneous rocks) [[Basement (geology)|basement]] formed during the [[archean]] [[eon (geology)|eon]] 4 [[Billion years|Ga]] ago. It started as an [[Inversion (geology)|inverted basin]], that [[rift|rifted and pulled]] apart into [[granite|granitoid]] [[Basement (geology)|basement]], initially during Aravalli [[Volcanic passive margin#Passive rifting|passive rifting]] around 2.5 to 2.0 Ga years ago and then during Delhi [[Volcanic passive margin#Active rifting|active rifting]] around 1.9 to 1.6 Ga years ago. It started with rifting of a rigid Archaean continent [[Peninsular Gneiss|banded gneissic complex]] around 2.2 Ga with the coexisting formation of the Bhilwara [[aulacogen]] in its eastern part and eventual rupturing and separation of the continent along a line parallel to the Rakhabdev (Rishabhdev) lineament to the west, simultaneous development of a [[Passive margin|passive continental margin]] with the undersea shelf rise sediments of the Aravalli-Jharol belts depositing on the attenuated crust on the eastern flank of the separated continent, subsequent destruction of the continental margin by [[Accretion (geology)|accretion]] of the Delhi [[island arc]] (a type of archipelago composed of an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes closely situated parallel to a [[convergent boundary]] between two converging tectonic plates) from the west around 1.5 Ga. This tectonic plates collision event involved early thrusting with partial [[obduction]] (overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary) of the [[oceanic crust]] along the Rakhabdev lineament, flattening and eventual [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|wrenching]] (also called strike-slip plate fault, sideways horizontal movement of colliding plates with no vertical motion) parallel to the collision zone. Associated [[Mafic|mafic igneous rocks]] show both continental and oceanic [[Tholeiitic magma series#Geochemical characterization|tholeiitic geochemistry]] (magnesium and iron-rich igneous rocks) from the [[Phanerozoic]] eon (541–0 million) with rift-related [[magma]]tic rock formations.<ref name=linkz>{{citation|doi=10.1007/BF00240560|title=Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India): An inverted Proterozoic rift basin?|journal=Geologische Rundschau|volume=84|issue=4|pages=683|year=1995|last1=Verma|first1=P.K.|last2=Greiling|first2=R.O.|bibcode=1995GeoRu..84..683V|s2cid=129382615}}</ref>

The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen is an [[orogen]] event that led to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle, such as Aravalli and Himalayas fold mountains) due to the interaction between tectonic plates when a continental plate is crumpled and is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called [[orogenesis]].<ref name=Waltham>{{cite book |title=Foundations of Engineering Geology |author=Tony Waltham |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGtIHJTXaI4C&pg=PA20 |isbn=978-0-415-46959-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=2009 |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name=Vine>{{cite book |title=Global Tectonics |author=Philip Kearey |author2=Keith A. Klepeis |author3=Frederick J. Vine |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYqZntfg25UC&pg=PA287 |page=287 |chapter=Chapter 10: Orogenic belts |isbn=978-1-4051-0777-8 |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |edition=3rd}}</ref>

=== Minerals ===
The [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#Evolution of the Archean Basement|archean basement]] had served as a [[Indenter tectonics|rigid indentor]] which controlled the overall [[Mantle wedge|wedge shaped geometry]] of the orogen. [[Lithology]] of area shows that the base rocks of Aravalli are of Mewar Gneiss formed by high-grade regional [[Metamorphism|metamorphic]] processes from preexisting formations that were originally [[sedimentary rock]] with earliest life form that were formed during the [[archean]] eon, these contain fossils of [[unicellular organism]] such as [[green algae]] and [[cyanobacteria]] in [[stromatolite|stromatolitic]] carbonate ocean reefs formed during the [[paleoproterozoic]] [[Era (geology)|era]]. [[Sedimentary exhalative deposits]] of [[base metal]] [[sulfide]] ores formed extensively along several, long, linear zones in the Bhilwara aulacogen or produced local concentration in the rifted Aravalli continental margin, where rich stromatolitic [[phosphorite]]s also formed. [[Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains]] shows Mewar Gneiss rocks are overlain by Delhi Supergroup type of rocks that also have post-Aravalli intrusions. Metal sulfide ores were formed in two different epochs, lead and zinc sulfide ores were formed in the sedimentary rocks around 1.8 Ga years ago during [[Paleoproterozoic]] phase. The [[tectonic setting]] of zinc-lead-copper sulfides mineralisation in the Delhi supergroup rocks in Haryana-Delhi were formed by [[mantle plume]] volcanic action around one billion years ago covering Haryana and Rajasthan during the [[mesoproterozoic]]. In the southern part of the Aravalli supergroup arc base metal sulfides were generated near the subduction zone on the western fringe and in zones of back-arc extension to the south-east. Continued subduction produced [[tungsten]]-[[tin]] mineralisation in S-type (sedimentary unmetamorphosed rock), [[felsic]] (volcanic rock), and [[pluton]]s (crystallised solidified magma). This includes commercially viable quantities of minerals, such as [[Phosphorite|rock phosphate]], [[lead]]-[[zinc]]-[[silver]] mineral deposits at [[Zawar]], Rikahbdev [[serpentinite]], [[talc]], [[pyrophyllite]], [[asbestos]], [[apatite]], [[kyanite]] and [[beryl]].<ref name=deb1>M. Deb and Wayne David Goodfellow, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H64sxguvlpMC&dq=stromatolites+tosham+aravalli&pg=PA260 "Sediment Hosted Lead-Zinc Sulphide Deposits"], [http://www.narosa.com Narosa Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729032529/http://www.narosa.com/? |date=29 July 2017 }}, pp 260.</ref><ref name=irs1>Naveed Qamar, [http://www.naveedqamar.ga/2017/01/indian-shield-rocks.html "Indian shield rocks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720205058/http://www.naveedqamar.ga/2017/01/indian-shield-rocks.html |date=20 July 2017 }}.</ref>

=== Mining ===
Mining of copper and other metals in the Aravalli Range dates back to at least the 5th century BCE, based on [[carbon dating]].<ref name=ara9>SM Gandhi (2000) Chapter 2 – Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in Rajasthan, Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny in the Northwestern Indian Shield: A Festschrift for Asoke Mookherjee, {{ISBN|978-1842650011}}</ref><ref>Shrivastva, R. (1999). Mining of copper in ancient India. Indian Journal of History of Science, 34, 173–180</ref> Recent research indicates that copper was already mined here during the [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]-[[Siswal]] period going back to {{Circa|4000 BCE}}. Ancient [[Kalibangan]] and [[Kunal, Haryana]] settlements obtained copper here.<ref name=ara10>Jane McIntosh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA77 ''The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives.''] Understanding ancient civilizations. ABC-CLIO, 2008 {{ISBN|1576079074}} p77</ref>

=== Geographical features ===

{{See also|Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains#General formation}}
[[File:Arbuda Mountains.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|The Aravalli Range, seen from the range's highest point at [[Guru Shikhar]], in Rajasthan.]]

The [[Geography of India#Cratons|Indian Craton]] includes [[List of shields and cratons#Indian Subcontinent|five major cratons]]. Cratons are part of [[continental crust]] made up of upper layer called [[Platform (geology)|platforms]] and older bottom layer called [[Basement (geology)|basement rocks]]. [[Shield (geology)|shield]]s are part of a craton where basement rock [[Outcrop|crops out]] at the surface and it is the relatively oldest and most stable part that are undeformed by the [[plate tectonics]]. The [[Aravalli Craton]] (Marwar-Mewar Craton or Western Indian Craton) covers [[Rajasthan]] as well as [[Tosham Hill range|western]] and [[South Haryana|southern]] [[Haryana]]. It includes the Mewar Craton in the east and Marwar Craton in the west. It is limited by the Great Boundary Fault in the east, the [[Thar Desert]] in the west, Indo-gangetic alluvium in the north, and the [[Son River]]-[[Narmada River]]-[[Tapti River]] basins in the south. It mainly has [[quartzite]], [[marble]], [[pelite]], [[greywacke]] and extinct volcanos exposed in the [[Aravalli-Delhi Orogen]]. [[Jodhpur Group – Malani Igneous Suite Contact|Malani Igneous Suite]] is the largest in India and third largest [[Igneous rock|igneous]] suit in the world.<ref name=cratonm2>[https://www.slideshare.net/pramodgpramod/cratons-of-india Cratons of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912162139/https://www.slideshare.net/pramodgpramod/cratons-of-india |date=12 September 2021 }}.</ref><ref name=cratonm1>[http://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/43/1/151 Cratons of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100217/http://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/43/1/151 |date=16 January 2019 }}, lyellcollection.org.</ref> The uniqueness of the geological feature of Malani Igneous Suite at Jodhpur prompted the [[Geological Survey of India]] to declare the site as a [[National Geological Monument]].<ref name= GSI>{{cite book|title=National Geological Monuments|access-date=23 March 2009|chapter=Jodhpur Group-Malani Igneous Suite Contact|pages=65–67|publisher=Geological Survey of India|location=27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata,700016|year=2001|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|archive-date=30 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330120907/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution ====
Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Aravalli Range:<ref name=cratonm2/>
* [[Neoproterozoic]]: ''Marwar Group''
* 500–550 Ma: ''[[Jodhpur Group – Malani Igneous Suite Contact|Malani Igneous Suite]]''
* 720–750 Ma: ''[[Sindhrath]]/[[Punagarh]] Group''
* 800–850 Ma: ''[[Sirohi]] Group''
* 900 Ma: [[Erinpura]] granite
* [[Mesoproterozoic]]: ''Delhi Supergroup''
* 1100–900 Ma: ''South [[Delhi]] [[Fold mountains|fold belt]]''
* 1600–1450 Ma: ''North Delhi fold belt''
* [[Paleoproterozoic]]: ''[[Hindoli]] Group''
* 1800–1700 Ma: ''[[Rajsamand|Sandmata]] Complex''
* 2200–1800 Ma: ''Aravalli Supergroup'' and mineralised basin at ''[[Rajpura Dariba Mine VRM disaster|Rajpura-Dariba]]''
* [[Neoarchean]] (2900–2600 Ma): ''Mangalwar Complex'' with ''Bhilwara Group''
* [[Mesoarchean]] (3300–3000 Ma): ''Mewar gneiss'' with ''Jagat Supergroup''

==== Stratigraphic classification ====
The stratigraphic classification of the Aravalli Range can be divided into the following parts (north to south direction):

* The Archean basement is a banded gneissic complex with [[schists]] (medium grade metamorphic rock), [[gneiss]]es (high grade regional metamorphic rock), [[Peninsular Gneiss|composite gneiss]] and [[quartzite]]s. It forms the basement rock for both the Delhi Supergroup and the Aravalli Supergroup.
* Aravalli Supergroup: The Aravalli supergroup passes through [[Rajasthan]] state, dividing it into two halves, with three-fifths of Rajasthan on the western side towards the [[Thar Desert]] and two-thirds on the eastern side consisting of the catchment area of [[Banas River|Banas]] and [[Chambal River|Chambal]] rivers bordering the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{Clarify |date=September 2020 |reason=Three-fifths and two-thirds add up to more than one.}} [[Guru Shikhar]], the highest peak in the Aravalli Range at {{convert|5650|ft}} in [[Mount Abu]] of Rajasthan, lies near the south-western extremity of the Central Aravalli range, close to the border with [[Gujarat]] state. The southern ''Aravalli Supergroup'' enters the northeast of [[Gujarat]] near [[Modasa]] where it lends its name to the [[Aravalli district]], and ends at the centre of the state at [[Palanpur]] near [[Ahmedabad]].
** Champaner Group is a rectangular outcrop composed of [[greywacke|subgreywacke]], [[Siliceous rocks|siliceous]] [[phyllite]], [[pelite|pelitic]] [[schist]], [[quartzite]] and pertomict [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]].
** Lunavada Group is a polygon area in the south of the Aravali Orogen composed of greywacke-phyllite
** Jharol Group is spread over 200 km2 area with average width of 40 km carbonate-free phyllite and [[arenite]] with [[turbidite]] facies and argillaceous rocks.
** Udaipur Group is a thick accumulation of greywacke-phyllite basement overlain by [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]].
** Debari Group consists of [[Carbonate]]s, [[Quartzite]], and [https://www.britannica.com/science/pelitic-rock Pelitic] rocks which are overlain by the Delwara group.
** Delwara Group is spread over a 500 km2 area with average thickness of 500 m and includes basement orthoquartzite overlain by volcanic conglomerate.
** Unconformities
*** Mangalwar/Sandmata Complex and Mewar Gneiss with enclaves of the Jagat group
* Delhi Supergroup
** Alwar Group with [[Arenite|arenaceous]] and [[mafic]] volcanic rocks
*** [[Delhi Ridge]], in the north
*** Haryana Aravalli ranges, in the west
**** [[Tosham Hill range]] basement rocks include quartzite with [[chiastolite]], the upper layers of [[quartz porphyry]] [[Ring dike|ring dyke]], [[felsite]], [[welded tuff]] and [[muscovite]] [[biotite]] [[granite]] rocks which have commercially nonviable tin, tungsten and copper. The [[Tosham Hill range]], west of Bhiwani in Haryana, is the northernmost end of the Aravalli range. A northeastern extension of the Aravalli extends to the national capital of India also. Locally known as a ridge it diagonally traverses to the [[South Delhi]] (hills of [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]), where at the hills of Bandhwari, it meets the [[Haryana]]Aravalli range consisting of various isolated hills and rocky ridges passing along the southern border of [[Haryana]].<ref name=ara7>{{cite journal |last1=Bhuiyan |first1=C. |last2=Singh |first2=R. P. |last3=Kogan |first3=F. N. |year=2006 |title=Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=289–302 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2006.03.002 |bibcode=2006IJAEO...8..289B }}</ref>
**** [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Madhogarh hill]]
**** Satnali hill
**** Nuh-Ferozepur Jhirka hill range, runs along Haryana-Rajasthan border from [[Nuh district|Nuh]] to the south of [[Ferozepur Jhirka]].
*** Rajasthan Alwar range, in the east
** Ajabgarh Group – Kumbhalgarh Group with [[carbonate]], mafic volcanic and [[Argillaceous rocks|argillaceous]] rocks
** Raialo Group with mafic volcanic and calcareous rocks

==Human history==

===Tosham Hills - Indus Civilisation mines===
The [[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilisation mines and smelters|Tosham hills]] have several [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range.<ref name=law3>{{cite journal |first1=N. |last1=Kochhar |first2=R. |last2=Kochhar |first3=D. K. |last3=Chakrabarti |year=1999 |title=A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilisation |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1999.9628571 }}</ref><ref name=law4>{{cite book |first=D. K. |last=Chakrabarti |year=2014 |chapter=Distribution and Features of the Harappan Settlements |title=History of India II : Protohistoric Foundation |publisher=[[Vivekananda International Foundation]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7305-481-5 |pages=97–143 }}</ref>

Investigation of IVC network of mineral ore needs for metallurgical work and trade, shows that the most common type of grinding stone at Harappa is of Delhi quartzite type found only in the westernmost outliers of the Aravalli Range in southern Haryana near Kaliana and Makanwas villages of Bhiwani district. The quartzite is red-pink to pinkish grey in colour and is crisscrossed with thin [[haematite]] and quartz filled fractures with sugary size grain texture.<ref name=law5>{{cite book |first=Randall |last=Law |year=2006 |chapter=Moving Mountains: The Trade and Transport of Rocks and Minerals within the Greater Indus Valley Region |title=Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology |editor-first=E. C. |editor-last=Robertson |editor2-first=R. D. |editor2-last=Seibert |editor3-first=D. C. |editor3-last=Fernandez |editor4-first=M. V. |editor4-last=Zender |display-editors=1 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |location=Alberta, Canada |isbn=0-8263-4022-9 }}</ref><ref name=law6>{{cite thesis |first=Randall |last=Law |year=2008 |type=PhD thesis |title=Inter-regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley: A Geologic Provenance Study of Harappa's Rock and Mineral Assemblage |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |pages=209–210 |oclc=302421826 }}</ref>

Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of [[Banaras Hindu University]] carried out [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]-financed excavations of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] site on the grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|early to mature Harappan phase IVC]] materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of [[lapis lazuli]], [[carnelian]] and others. They also found evidence of metallurgical activities, such as [[crucible]]s (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. [[Ceramic petrography]], [[metallography]], [[scanning electron microscope]] (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), [[energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy]] (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and [[transmission electron microscopy]] (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of the material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined [[polymetal]]lic [[tin]], and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with [[copper]] and [[bronze]]. The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi-Siswal culture]] (6600 BP) tentatively.<ref name=sciexp1>{{citation|doi=10.1134/S1063774516060183|title=Electron microscopy methods in studies of cultural heritage sites|journal=Crystallography Reports|volume=61|issue=6|pages=873–885|year=2016|last1=Vasiliev|first1=A. L.|last2=Kovalchuk|first2=M. V.|last3=Yatsishina|first3=E. B.|bibcode=2016CryRp..61..873V|s2cid=99544227}}</ref>

=== Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex ===
The Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex (GSCC) is a collection of third millennium BCE settlements in the area of the Aravalli Hill Range. Among them, there are similarities in material culture, and in the production of copper tools. They are located near the copper mines.

<blockquote>
"The GSCC is east of the Harappan culture, to the north-east of [[Ahar–Banas culture|Ahar–Banas Complex]], north/north west to the Kayatha Culture and at a later date, west of the OCP-Copper Hoard sites ([[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]–[[Copper Hoard culture]]). Located within the regions of the Aravalli Hill Range, primarily along the Kantli, Sabi, Sota, Dohan and Bondi rivers, the GJCC is the largest copper producing community in third millennium BCE South Asia, with 385 sites documented. Archaeological indicators of the GSCC were documented primarily in Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, India ..."<ref name=ara11>Uzma Z. Rizvi (2010) [http://www.networkedheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Indices-of-interactions-Rizvi-2010.pdf Indices of Interaction: Comparisons between the Ahar–Banas and Ganeshwar Jodhpura Cultural Complex] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152542/http://www.networkedheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Indices-of-interactions-Rizvi-2010.pdf |date=9 May 2016 }}, in EASAA 2007: Special Session on Gilund Excavations, edited by T. Raczek and V. Shinde, pp. 51–61. British Archaeological Reports: ArchaeoPress</ref>
</blockquote>

Pottery found in the area include incised ware, and reserved slipware.

There are two main [[type site]]s, [[Ganeshwar]], and [[Sunari]], in Tehsil Kot Putli, [[Jaipur district]] (Geo coordinates: N 27° 35' 51", 76° 06' 85" E).

=== 2025 Supreme Court orders ===

On 20th November 2025 [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] issued an order stating that landforms rising over 100 meters with respect to surrounding terrain would be considered as Aravalli Hills and 2 such hills within 500 meters of each other with land between them are considered an Aravalli range. Hills under 100 m can be used for mining, making buildings and for other works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=Aravalli: Why India's ancient hills are at the centre of growing protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5ln4wee7wo |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, on 29th December the Supreme Court stayed its order following protests by residents, farmers, environmentalists, lawyers and political parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=Supreme Court stays own order limiting definition of Aravalli range amid row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-stays-order-limiting-definition-of-aravalli-range-amid-row-101766992154207.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Environment ==


[[File:Water body within the Sariska Reserve, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|A lake nested within Aravali Hills.]]
[[File:Pushkar, India, Hills, Nature.jpg|thumb|Aravali Hills near Pushkar.]]

=== Climate ===
The Northern Aravalli Range in Delhi and Haryana has [[humid subtropical climate]] and [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid]] [[continental climate]] with very hot summers and relatively cool winters.<ref name="ppu">{{cite web|url=http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |title=Climate of Hisar |publisher=PPU |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505132444/http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness, temperature extremes, and low rainfall.<ref name="climate of hisar">{{cite web|url=http://hisar.nic.in/climate.aspx|title=Climate of Hisar|publisher=District Administration, Hisar|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327140623/http://hisar.nic.in/climate.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The maximum daytime temperature during the summer varies between {{Convert|40|and|46|C|F}}. During winter, its ranges between 1.5 and 4 °C.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/more-snowfall-in-himachal-pradesh/article5549454.ece|title=More snowfall in Himachal|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 March 2016|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529214422/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/more-snowfall-in-himachal-pradesh/article5549454.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Central Aravalli Range in [[Rajasthan]] has an arid and dry climate.


The Southern Aravalli Range in [[Gujarat]] has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]]

=== Rivers ===
Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of [[Yamuna]], as well as Luni River which flows into the [[Rann of Kutch]].

* North-to-south flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan, pass through the southeastern portion of the [[Thar Desert]], and end into Gujarat.
** [[Luni River]], originates in the [[Pushkar]] valley near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands of [[Rann of Kutch]]. It used to be one of the channel of the [[Saraswati River]], as a result its banks have several [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites including [[Lothal]].
** [[Sakhi River]], ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
** [[Sabarmati River]], originates on the western slopes of Aravalli Range of the [[Udaipur district]], end into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of the [[Arabian Sea]].
* West to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical [[Shekhawati]] region and drain into southern Haryana. Several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] sites, also identified as late Harappan phase of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] culture,<ref name=IVCOCP>{{Citation | editor-last = Gupta | editor-first = S.P. | title = The 'Lost' Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation | place = Jodhpur | publisher = Kusumanjali Prakashan | year = 1995}}</ref> have been found along the banks of these rivers.
** [[Sahibi River]], originates near [[Manoharpur]] in [[Sikar district]] flows through Haryana and meets its confluence with the Yamuna in Delhi where it is called [[Najafgarh drain]], along with its following tributaries:<ref name=culture1>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0391023586 Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981]. {{ISBN|0391023586}}</ref><ref name="Sahibi1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |title=Sahibi river |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201926/http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=AKjain>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&dq=sahibi+river&pg=PA41 Google Books: Page 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 (b) Sahibi Nadi (River), River Pollution, By A.k.jain]</ref><ref name=Dariba>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812460049X Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence], Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. {{ISBN|812460049X}}.</ref> [[Masani barrage]], is an important wildlife area.
*** [[Dohan River]], tributary of the Sahibi River, originates near [[Neem Ka Thana]] in Sikar district).
*** [[Sota River, India|Sota River]], tributary of the Sahibi River with which it merges at [[Behror]] in Alwar district.
*** [[Krishnavati river]], former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near [[Dariba, Rajasthan|Dariba]] copper mines in [[Rajsamand district]] of Rajasthan, flows through [[Patan, Rajasthan|Patan]] in [[Dausa district]] and Mothooka in [[Alwar district]], then disappears in [[Mahendragarh district]] in [[Haryana]] much before reaching Sahibi River. It previously was a tributary to the Sahibi and part of its present canalised channel is called the ''Outfall Drain No. 8''. Many important wetlands lie in its paleochannel, including [[Matanhail]], [[Chhuchhakwas|Chhuchhakwas-Godhari]], [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sarbashirpur]], [[Sultanpur National Park]], [[Basai]] and The Lost Lake (Gurugram).
* West to north-east flowing rivers, originating from the eastern slopes of Aravalli Range in Rajasthan, flow northwards to [[Yamuna]].
** [[Chambal River]], a southern-side tributary of Yamuna River.
*** [[Banas River]], a northern-side tributary of Chambal River.
**** [[Berach River]], a southern-side tributary of Banas River, originates in the hills of [[Udaipur district]].
***** [[Ahar River]], a right-side (or eastern side) tributary of the Berach river, originates in the hills of Udaipur district, flows through [[Udaipur]] city and into [[Lake Pichola]].
***** [[Wagli River]], a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
***** [[Wagon River]], a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
***** [[Gambhiri River]], a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
***** [[Orai River]], a right-side tributary of the Berach River.

==Ecology==


===Wildlife corridors===
====The Great Green Wall of India====
{{anchor| Green wall | Great wall of Aravalli | Great wall | Wall }}
{{See also|Inland_Customs_Line#Great_Hedge|l1=The Great Hedge of India}}

'''"The Great Green Wall of Aravalli"''' is a proposed 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi, it will be connected to [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] hill range and 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees will be planted over 10 years to rehabilitate the forest cover in this area. To be implemented on a concept similar to the [[Great Green Wall (Africa)|Great Green Wall]] of [[Sahara]] in Africa, it will act as a buffer against pollution, 51% of which is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 8% by [[Stubble burning#Stubble burning in India|crop burning]] and 5% by [[Diwali|diwali fireworks]].<ref name=wall1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224165431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ |date=24 December 2019 }}, Indian Express, 24 December 2019.</ref> It was proposed several times form the 1990s, but as of 2024 the project is still in the planning stage.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g59CelQPX74 |title=Can India's Great Green Wall stop desertification? |date=2023-10-13 |last=DW Planet A |access-date=2024-08-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On the [[World Environment Day]] 5 June 2025, Prime Minister Modi kickstarted the phase-I of re-greening of this green wall as extension of the ''"Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam"'' (one tree [by each person], for the mother [nature]" campaign which will last till 2027, entailing setting up 1000 permanent nurseries of the native plants for the ongoing regreening of Aravalli by replacing the foreign species. The effort also entails development of the trails, eco parks, wildlife safaris, and people's involvement in 29 districts across 4 states and 700 km mountain range.<ref>[https://theprint.in/environment/modi-to-kickstart-aravalli-green-wall-campaign-to-reforest-worlds-oldest-mountain-range/2646181 Modi to kickstart ‘Aravalli Green Wall’ campaign to reforest world’s oldest mountain range], The Print, 3 June 2025.</ref>

The 10,000-acre [[Haryana_Forest_Department#Safari|Gurgram Safari Park]] is being developed under the Aravalli Green Wall Project to reforest and restore the mountain range.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sc-pauses-aravalli-jungle-safari-eco-tourism-project-delhi-10297491/ SC pauses Aravalli jungle safari: What is the eco-tourism project at Delhi’s doorstep, and why are critics opposed to it?], Indian Express, 9 Oct 2025.</ref>

==== Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor ====
{{see also|Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards|l1=Leopards of Haryana}}
[[File:Charging Leopard-001.JPG|thumb|upright|Indian leopard.]]
{{anchor|Northern Aravalli wildlife corridor|Sariska-Delhi wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Sariska-Delhi leopard wildlife corridor}}

The Sariska–Delhi leopard wildlife corridor or the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor is a 200 km long important [[biodiversity]] and [[wildlife corridor]] which runs from the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge.<ref name=protect1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-government-moots-buffer-zone-to-save-asola-sanctuary/articleshow/67752163.cms Haryana Government moots buffer zone to save Asola sanctuary], ''Times of India'', 30 January 2019.</ref>

This corridor is an important habitat for the Indian [[leopard]]s and [[jackal]]s of Aravalli. In January 2019, the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] announced that they will undertake the survey of leopard and wildlife, using pugmarks and trap cameras, subsequently, leopards and jackals will be tracked via the [[Wildlife radio telemetry|radio collars]]. Urban development, especially the highways and railways bisecting the Aravalli Range and wildlife corridor in several places pose a great risk. Large parts of Aravalli are legally and physically unprotected, with no wildlife passages and little or no wildlife conservation work resulting in deaths of over 10 leopards in 4 years between January 2015 to January 2019.<ref name=hitunp1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/death-proof-of-leopardlife-in-asola-sanctuary/story-XFkBEhQ05I2vew9M1KDSFI.html Death, proof of leopard life in Asola sanctuary], Hindustan Times, 31 January 2019.</ref><ref name=today1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-month-old-leopard-dead-haryana-gurugram-faridabad-expressway-1442898-2019-01-30 10-month-old leopard found dead on Gurugram-Faridabad Expressway], ''India Today'', 31 January 2019.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/leopard-killed-in-accident-on-gurugram-faridabad-road/articleshow/67755160.cms Leopard killed in accident on Gurugram-Faridabad road], ''Times of India'', 30 January 2019.</ref>

The Haryana side of the Gurugram-Faridabad Aravalli hill forests lack availability of water due to which wild animals are seldom seen there. The Government of Haryana used drones for aerial surveys and dug 22 [[ephemeral]] pits in 2018 to store the rainwater which became dry during the summer months. In January 2019, the government announced the plan to make the pit [[Perennial stream|perennial]] by connecting those with pipelines from the nearby villages.<ref name=scar1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/leopards-keep-away-from-haryana-side-of-asola-due-to-scarcity-of-water/articleshow/67777130.cms Leopards keep away from Haryana side of Asola due to scarcity], ''Times of India'', 1 February 2019.</ref>

Human activity, such as unplanned urbanization and polluting industrial plants, also pose a great threat. There is often reluctance and denial on part of the government officials of the presence of wildlife such as leopard so that the forest land can be exploited and opened up for the intrusive human development.<ref name=risk1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/only-30-from-5-villages-show-up-for-impact-study-on-bandhwari/articleshow/63405359.cms Only 30 villagers turn up for impact study], ''Times of India'', 2018.</ref><ref name=risk3>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ngt-asks-cpcb-to-test-groundwater-sample-near-bandhwari-plant-1008325-2017-08-01 NGT asks CPCB to test groundwater sample near Bandhwari plant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116202653/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ngt-asks-cpcb-to-test-groundwater-sample-near-bandhwari-plant-1008325-2017-08-01 |date=16 January 2019 }}, ''India Today'', 1 August 2017.</ref><ref name=scar1/>

This habitat is under serious threat from the wrong actions of the [[Government of Haryana]] which in 2019 passed [[Forests Department, Haryana#Flora and forests of Haryana|the amendment]] to the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]] (PLPA). Governor has given his assent for the act, but it has not yet been notified by the Haryana government, hence it is in limbo and has not officially become a law. This amendment will reduce the Haryana's Natural Conservation Zones (NCZs) by 47% or 60,000 acres from 122,113.30 hectares to only 64,384.66 hectares. This is in violation of multiple guidelines of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as "[[National Capital Region (India)|NCR Planning Board]]" (NCRPB) notification which states the original 122,113.30 hectares ecologically sensitive forest of [[South Haryana]] is a forest, ''"The major natural features, identified as environmentally sensitive areas, are the extension of Aravalli ridge in Rajasthan, Haryana and NCT-Delhi; forest areas; rivers and tributaries... major lakes and water bodies such as [[Badkhal Lake|Badkhal lake]], [[Surajkund|Suraj Kund]] and [[Damdama Lake|Damdama]] in Haryana sub-region"''.<ref name=pollute1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/law-changes-bring-aravalli-conservation-to-the-fore/story-0PKgcgblRjSoVkuJIZuu0O.html Law changes bring Aravalli conservation to the fore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224152836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/law-changes-bring-aravalli-conservation-to-the-fore/story-0PKgcgblRjSoVkuJIZuu0O.html |date=24 December 2019 }}, Hindustan Times, 22 December 2019.</ref> This area as part of [[#Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor]] is an important habitat for the [[Forests Department, Haryana#leopard|leopards in Haryana]].

==== Southern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor ====
This corridor runs from Sariska and Ranthmbor to [[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary|Rann of Kutch National Park]] and [[Gir National Park]] in Gujarat.

===Nature reserves===
[[File:Asokan Pillar.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Ashoka pillar]] at Delhi Ridge, brought to Delhi from [[Topra Kalan]] by [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1356]]

The following national parks, wildlife reserves, and forests lie in the Aravalli Range.

* [[Delhi Ridge]]
** [[Northern Ridge biodiversity park]], 87 hectares approximately near [[Delhi University]]
** [[Yamuna biodiversity park]]
** [[Neela Hauz biodiversity park]], next to [[Sanjay Van]]
** [[Sanjay Van]]
** [[Sanjay Lake]]
** [[Aravalli Biodiversity Park]]
** [[Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park|Tilpath valley biodiversity park]], 70 hectares approximately near [[Sainik Farm]]
** [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Haryana

** [[Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon]]
** [[Madhogarh Biodiversity Park]] forest
** [[Nuh Aravalli Biodiversity Park]] forest
** [[Satnali Biodiversity Park]] forest
** [[Tosham Hill range]] biodiversity park
** [[Masani barrage]] wildlife area.
** [[Matanhail]] wildlife area
** [[Chhuchhakwas|Chhuchhakwas-Godhari]] wetland
** [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Sarbashirpur]]
** [[Sultanpur National Park]]
** [[Basai]]
** [[Bandhwari]] forest
** [[Mangar Bani forest]]
** [[The Lost Lake]] (Gurugram)
* Rajasthan
** [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]
** [[Ranthambore National Park]]
** [[National Chambal Sanctuary]]
** [[Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Todgarh-Raoli Sanctuary]]
** [[Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Dhebar Lake#Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary|Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Gujarat

** [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary]]
** [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]]

===Flora===
The Aravalli Range has several forests with a diversity of environment. The Aravalli Range is characterized by dry [[deciduous forests]]. They are dominated by plant species such as dhok, acacia, and neem. These forests also support a variety of flowering plants, including roses, [[bougainvillea]], and hibiscus. The Great Green Wall of India, the Northern Aravalli Leopard and Wildlife Corridor, and the Southern Aravalli Leopard Wildlife Corridor are some of the Wildlife Corridors in this Range.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Aravalli Range – Overview of Flora & Fauna |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/social-science/aravalli-range-overview-flora-fauna/
|website=GeeksforGeeks
|publisher=GeeksforGeeks
|access-date=26 December 2025
|date=23 July 2025
}}</ref>

===Fauna===
[[File:Ranthambore National Park.JPG|thumb|upright=1.09|Ranthambore National Park, in Rajasthan]]
The Aravalli Range is rich in wildlife. The first-ever 2017 wildlife survey of a 200 square kilometre area crossing five districts (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Mewat, Rewari and Mahendergarh) of [[Haryana]] by the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) found 14 species, including [[Indian leopard|leopards]], [[striped hyena]] (7 sightings), [[golden jackal]] (9 sightings, with 92% occupancy across the survey area), [[nilgai]] (55 sightings), [[palm civet]]{{which|date=January 2023}} (7 sightings), [[Pig|wild pig]] (14 sightings), [[rhesus macaque]] (55 sightings), [[peafowl]] (57 sightings) and [[Indian crested porcupine]] (12 sightings). Encouraged by the first survey, the wildlife department has prepared a plan for a comprehensive study and census of wildlife across the whole Aravalli Range, including radio collar tracking of the wild animals.<ref name="ara1">''{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}''</ref> Well known leopard and hyena habitat is along the Ferozpure Jhirka-Nuh Aravali range as well as [[Delhi Ridge|Delhi South Ridge]] (Faridabad-Gurugram) to [[Farrukhnagar]] area on the Delhi–Haryana border, with reports of sightings in Saidpur, Lokri and Jhund Sarai Viran villages near the KMP expressway; Bhukarka 7 km from Pataudi; Pathkori, Bhond, Mandawar in Ferozepur Jirka region.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/traps-set-up-in-four-villages-of-farrukhnagar-after-leopard-s-presence-confirmed-by-pug-marks/story-v3yBOHdCz1ywYsQNvRFGeL.html Traps set up in four villages of Farrukhnagar after leopard's presence confirmed by pug marks], Hindustan Times, 18 January 2019.</ref>

== Concerns ==

In May 1992, some parts of the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and Haryana were protected from mining through the Ecologically Sensitive Areas clauses of Indian laws. In 2003, the central government of India prohibited mining operations in these areas. In 2004, India's Supreme Court banned mining in the notified areas of Aravalli Range. In May 2009, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] extended the ban on mining in an area of 448 km2 across the [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Mewat]] districts in [[Haryana]], covering the Aravalli Range.<ref name=ara12>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023205119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-09/india/28155585_1_aravali-hills-minor-minerals-reclamation-and-rehabilitation SC bans all mining activity in Aravali hills area of Haryana], 9 May 2009.</ref><ref name=ara13>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=88ca3745-4632-46ec-b790-a32bfae63f22&Headline=Mission+Green%3a+SC+bans+mining+in+Aravali+hills Mission Green: SC bans mining in Aravali hills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608191757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=88ca3745-4632-46ec-b790-a32bfae63f22&Headline=Mission+Green%3A+SC+bans+mining+in+Aravali+hills |date=8 June 2009 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 9 May 2009.</ref> Between 2018-25, 40,175 instances of illegal mining, both major and minor have been reported in the Aravalli districts and 4,181 FIRs have been filed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Hamza |date=2025-12-26 |title=Over 7,000 illegal mining FIRs in Rajasthan in 7 years; 4,000-plus in Aravalli districts alone |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-7000-illegal-mining-firs-in-rajasthan-7-years-aravalli-districts-10439539/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Hills have been completely vanished due to mining like the Bakrija hill in Haryana which was completely flattened in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-24 |title=How was hill status taken away from 90% of Aravalli?: What does the landform cover now; will northern India see more desertification? |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/savearavalli-hills-aravalli-new-definition-supreme-court-verdict-bjp-governments-vs-congress-136760379.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bidisha SahaAakash |date=2025-12-23 |title=The Aravalli you’ve never seen: 3D maps reveal a vanishing mountain range |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-aravalli-hills-youve-never-seen-3d-maps-reveal-a-vanishing-mountain-range-2840616-2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A 2013 report used high-resolution Cartosat-1 and LISS-IV satellite imaging to determine the existence and condition of mines in the Aravalli Range. In the Guru Gram district, the Aravalli hills occupy an area of 11,256 hectares, of which 491 (4.36%) hectares had mines, of which 16 hectares (0.14%) were abandoned flooded mines. In the Faridabad and Mewat districts, about 3610 hectares were part of mining industry, out of a total of 49,300 hectares. These mines were primarily granite and marble quarries for India's residential and real estate construction applications.<ref name=ara14>Rai and Kumar, Mapping of Mining Areas in Aravalli Hills in Gurgaon, Faridabad & Mewat Districts of Haryana Using Geo-Informatics Technology, International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience, Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2013</ref> In the Central Rajasthan region, Sharma states that the presence of some mining has had both positive and negative effects on neighboring agriculture and the ecosystem. The rain-induced erosion brings nutrients as well as potential contaminants.<ref name=ara15>Sharma, K. C. (2003). Perplexities and Ecoremediation of Central Aravallis of Rajasthan. Environmental Scenario for 21st Century, {{ISBN|978-8176484183}}, Chapter 20</ref>

[[environmental damage|Damage to the environment]] and ecology from the unorganized [[urbanization]], [[overexploitation]] of the natural resources including water and minerals, [[environmental effects of mining|mining]], untreated human waste and disposal, pollution, loss of forest cover and [[habitat loss|wildlife habitat]], unprotected status of most of the Aravalli and the lack of an integrated Aravalli management agency are the major causes of concern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/why-illegal-mining-in-the-aravalli-hills-should-scare-delhi-and-its-neighbours/|title=Why Illegal Mining in the Aravalli Hills Should Scare Delhi and Its Neighbours|work=The Wire|author=Hridayesh Joshi|date=22 September 2020|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304032142/https://science.thewire.in/environment/why-illegal-mining-in-the-aravalli-hills-should-scare-delhi-and-its-neighbours/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-disappearance-of-indias-aravali-hills/a-49617993|title=The disappearance of India's Aravali Hills|work=[[DW News]]|date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Aravali range inside Ranthambhore, Rajasthan.jpg|The Aravali Range inside [[Ranthambore National Park]], in [[Rajasthan]].
File:Aravali hills Udaipur Rajasthan India 2014.jpg|Aravalli Range near [[Udaipur]] [[Rajasthan]]
File:Mt. Abu.jpg|alt=Mount Abu is the tallest mountain in this range with GURU SHIKHAR as its peak.|Sunset from the sunset point of [[Mount Abu]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Mountains|Environment|Ecology}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{annotated link|Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary}}, Delhi
* {{annotated link|Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon|Aravali Biodiversity Park}}
* {{annotated link|Arid Forest Research Institute}}
* {{annotated link|Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}
* {{annotated link|Pinangwan}}
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Watershed Management in Aravali Foothills'', by Gurmel Singh, S. S. Grewal, R. C. Kaushal. Published by Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, 1990.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aravalli Range}}
{{Wikivoyage|Western India}}
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/116 Aravali Range Homepage] India Environment Portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214005447/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/1rainfall.htm Rainfall]

{{Geography of India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aravalli Range| ]]
[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Landforms of Delhi]]
[[Category:Landforms of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Landforms of Haryana]]
[[Category:Landforms of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]

Half Pants Full Pants

2026-02-22T01:21:36Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: done

{{Short description|Indian reality documentary series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = Comedy, Drama
| writer = Anand Suspi
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| presenter =
| starring = [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]] [[Sonali Kulkarni]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] Kartik Vijayan
| music = [[Ratheesh Vega]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| producer = Rachita Arya
| cinematography = R. Ganesh
| editor = [[Suresh Urs]]
| runtime = 25-30 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}}
| network = [[Prime Video]]
}}

'''''Half Pants Full Pants''''' is a [[Hindi]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] show that made its debut on [[Amazon Prime]] on 16 December 2022. The show is based on Anand Suspi's memoir with the same title, and it was adapted and created by Mani Prasad. Suspi, Prasad, and Gaurav Mishra collaborated on the writing, while [[V. K. Prakash]] directed it. The show is produced by OML Studios and features [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Half Pants Full Pants Trailer: Heartwarming Tale of A School Boy And His Ambitions; Watch Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/half-pants-full-pants-trailer-heartwarming-tale-of-a-school-boy-and-his-ambitions-watch-video-6617059.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and Kartik Vijan in the lead roles.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=2022-12-19 |title=Half Pants Full Pants Review: In The Urge To Keep It Light, The Quest Never Goes Deeper |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/half-pants-full-pants-review-in-the-urge-to-keep-it-light-the-quest-never-goes-deeper/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Half Pants Full Pants OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch This Heartwarming Web Series |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/half-pants-full-pants-ott-release-date-prime-video-when-and-where-to-watch-this-heartwarming-web-series-10057708 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
''Half Pants Full Pants'' is a series that originated from Anand Suspi's autobiographical novel of the same name. The adaptation was done by Mani Prasad, with Suspi, Prasad, and Gaurav Mishra contributing to the writing. VK Prakash directed the series. The series plays out in Tweeland, also known as Malgudi, a small town in [[Karnataka]] before the age of the internet and mobile phones. The story revolves around the ambitious seven-year-old boy, Anand, also known as Dabba, who lives in this town. Along with his friend, Giddi, they embark on adventures that make audiences nostalgic for the good old days of mischief and innocence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=New on Amazon Prime Video: 'Modern Love Amsterdam', 'Half Pants Full Pants', and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-video-modern-love-amsterdam-half-pants-full-pants-and-more/article66270081.ece |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]] as Anand Subbarao aka Dabba
*[[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Padma Subbarao
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Subbarao
*Kartik Vijan as Sriram Subbarao
*Vansh P Keserkar as Giddi

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
The movie stars some actors including [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] who portrays the role of Dabba's father and [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as her mother. The character of Dabba is played by [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Half Pants Full Pants Release Date And Other Details Here |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/half-pants-full-pants-release-date/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Release ===
[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] announced the premiere of ''Half Pants Full Pants'' on 16 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Half Pants Full Pants promises a nostalgic ode to childhood |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2022/dec/15/trailer-of-half-pants-full-pants-promises-nostalgic-ode-to-childhood-37763.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The series trailer features a little boy named Anand, aka Dabba, who is different from other kids in his town and has many dreams and interests. Despite facing challenges, he sets out to achieve his dreams. Anand is fascinated by trains and journeys, and his father being a rail driver, gets to enjoy it to the fullest.<ref name=":22"/>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana in her review for ''[[The Times of India]],'' describes "Given the abundance of fast-paced content offered by various OTT platforms, ''Half Pants Full Pants'' emerges as a calming and blissful trip down memory lane to your bachpan that is unquestionably worthwhile."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Half Pants Full Pants Season 1 Review : A nostalgic trip down memory lane to your 'bachpan' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/half-pants-full-pants/season-1/seasonreview/96198564.cms |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The series was given a rating of 2.5 stars out of 5 by Subham Kulkarni from ''Koimoi''. In his review, he mentioned that "It sets out to be a heart-warming watch but losses its way in the middle. Could have been a show we rejoiced about, but ended up being a surface-level adaptation."<ref name=":12"/>

In her article for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Nandini Ramnath described the charming demeanor of Ashwanth Kumar, the group of kind-hearted children, and the heartfelt portrayals of the adult characters played by Ashish Vidyarthi and Sonali Kulkarni, who portrayed Anand's parents. These factors helped to maintain the fabricated paradise depicted in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Half Pants Full Pants' review: Low in ambition and energy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1039867/half-pants-full-pants-review-low-in-ambition-and-energy |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#016640 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Magnet King
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = Dabba is approached by a pair of boys from the nearby convent school to convert their 10-paise coins into magnets. He sees this as an opportunity to become the Magnet King of their small town and begins to dream of the possibilities.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = B D Special
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = At the station, a buzz spreads about the arrival of a new train, the B D Special. Rumors suggest that the train is packed with imported chocolates, causing excitement among the crowd. Dabba, eager to grab his portion, becomes entangled in a plot to steal from the train.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Best Of Md. Rafi
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary =Dabba's father decides to transfer him from the railway school to the convent school. As a result, he meets new acquaintances. Wanting to make amends for his past misbehavior, Dabba does everything he can to save money and purchase a Md. Rafi cassette for his mother's birthday.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Oh God!
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = Dabba gazes into the toilet and spots some blood. He firmly believes that he is being punished by God for consuming non-vegetarian food and taking money from the temple. Dabba puts all his efforts into pleading for forgiveness from God.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dabba Lee
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = After viewing the film ''Enter The Dragon'', Dabba becomes fixated on Bruce Lee and implores his father to allow him to study karate. However, Subbarao declines, prompting Dabba to take matters into his own hands.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Mystery Five
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = There has been a surge of burglaries in the locality. Subbarao's bicycle and Ashwini's pet dog Timmy have been stolen. In response, Dabba and his companions establish a private investigation firm to track down the group of thieves.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Detective Drummer
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = Dabba develops an intense passion for drumming and decides to run away from home to join the Sampath Orchestra. Despite his loved ones' frantic search for him, he eventually uncovers the harsh reality behind the troupe. Dabba finds himself stuck with a group of thieves and experiences immense fear for his safety.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Mr. Prime Minister
|DirectedBy = VK Prakash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary = Dabba feels ashamed when he discovers that his name has been published in the newspaper for being lost. He resolves to do something remarkable to regain his honor. He composes a letter to the Prime Minister. Simultaneously, Subbarao has a chance encounter with a renowned movie director and recognizes that they were childhood pals.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
}}

==Awards & Recognition==

''Half Pants Full Pants'' has been shortlisted in two categories at the 2023 [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]. Additionally, at the Indian Television Academy Awards,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jury Top 5 |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/jury-top-5/#jurytopweb |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The Indian Television Academy |language=en-US}}</ref> it has made the Jury's Top 5 in seven categories:
* Best Series - Comedy (OTT)
* Best Director - Comedy (OTT)
* Best Actor - Comedy (OTT)
* Best Actress - Comedy (OTT)
* Best Story (OTT)
* Best DoP (OTT)
* Best Art Director (OTT)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=20916800}}
* ''[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Half-Pants-Full-Pants/0OF7YEV01XSOIO7XJYFFVF1DG9 Half Pants Full Pants]'' on [[Amazon Prime]]

[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 web series endings]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

U. K. Senthil Kumar

2026-02-19T19:03:25Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Put Up A Bio First Draft

{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = U. K. Senthil Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1972<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/the-hand-behind-modis-magic/article5951545.ece|title = The hand behind Modi's magic|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 April 2014|last1 = Kolappan|first1 = B.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612222302/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/the-hand-behind-modis-magic/article5951545.ece|archive-date=12 June 2014|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]], [[Film Producer]]
| website =
}}

'''U. K. Senthil Kumar''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]], who has worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and Malayalam film industries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://silverscreen.in/uk-senthil-kumar-cinematographer/ |title=Cinematographer UK Senthil Kumar (Cinematographer) - News, Photos & Videos |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617193109/http://silverscreen.in/uk-senthil-kumar-cinematographer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
A native of Coimbatore, Senthil Kumar belongs to the 1989-92 batch of the Government Film Institute, Chennai, and has worked in about 50 films.<ref name="hindu"/> After making his debut in 1993 with [[Manobala]]'s ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]'' (1993), Senthil Kumar worked exclusively for director [[Sundar C]] in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before being displaced in Sundar's teams by [[Prasad Murella]]. He continued working in quickly shot, low budget films and established a reputation as a talented cameraman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/guru-en-aalu-tamil-movie-review-10307|title=Guru en Aalu review. Guru en Aalu Tamil movie review, story, rating}}</ref> He also acted in [[Kusthi]] film in 2006. He then returned to work with Sundar C in the well received comedy films ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012) and then ''[[Aranmanai]]'' (2014). He has also helped politicians with their promotion campaigns, helping create hologram-like videos for [[Narendra Modi]]'s 2014 campaign<ref name="hindu"/> and was established as nations one of the best camera man. He also worked for Telangana chief minister Chandrasekar Rao for his elections. Other than these work he also waved his flag in [[Tamil serials]]. [[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']] is a [[supernatural]] [[television show]] which was also a successful work in his career.

==Selected filmography==
===As cinematographer===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Amaithipadai]]'' (1994) '''(Camera Operator Only)'''
* ''[[Murai Maman]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Mettukudi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Janakiraman]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Unnai Thedi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Azhagarsamy]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indru]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Nenjil Jil Jil]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Manikanda]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Uppukandam Brothers Back in Action]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vizha]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Aranmanai]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Vilasam]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Katham Katham]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Angali Pangali]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021)
* ''[[My Dear Bootham (film)|My Dear Bootham]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Lucky The Superstar]]'' (2026)

===As Producer===
* ''[[Amaidhipadai]]'' (1994)

{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|360501}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senthil Kumar, U. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]

P. B. Sharma

2026-02-09T05:01:15Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created new bio

{{Multiple issues|
{{resume-like|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. B. Sharma
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1948|4}}
| birth_place = Vidisha, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| alma mater = [[Samrat Ashok Technological Institute]], [[University of Birmingham]]
}}

'''Pritam Babu Sharma''' (born April 1948) is an Indian academic and Vice Chancellor of [[Amity University, Gurgaon]] and ex Vice Chancellor of [[Delhi Technological University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=In Conversation With the VC|url=http://dcetimes.org/sixth/interviewpbsharma.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219203044/http://dcetimes.org/sixth/interviewpbsharma.html|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edu-leaders.com/content/taking-leap|title=Taking the Leap }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://amity.edu/events/eventdetails.asp?id=1443|title=India's Biggest three day International High School Model UN|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220000819/http://amity.edu/events/eventdetails.asp?id=1443|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently he is heading the Association of Indian Universities as the President.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/prof-p-b-sharma-takes-president-association-indian-universities/|title=President}}</ref> Sharma has a career spanning 44 years of experience in teaching and research, which includes 12 years at [[IIT Delhi]], where he was a Professor of [[mechanical engineering]] before taking over as Principal of [[Delhi College of Engineering]] (now [[Delhi Technological University]]) in 1990. He led [[Delhi College of Engineering]] till 2009, and was then appointed the founder Vice Chancellor of [[Delhi Technological University]] (DTU),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/Specials/DTU/firstvc.php|title=Founder Vice Chancellor|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729175353/http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/Specials/DTU/firstvc.php|archive-date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/About/Vice-Chancellor.php|title=DTU Website|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707093256/http://dce.edu/web/Sections/About/Vice-Chancellor.php|archive-date=7 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> when [[Delhi College of Engineering]] was upgraded to [[Delhi Technological University]] through Delhi Act 6 of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/Standalone/RTI/act.pdf|title=Delhi Act 6 of 2009|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027095259/http://dce.edu/web/Sections/Standalone/RTI/act.pdf|archive-date=27 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/About/history.php|title=DTU History|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505030005/http://www.dce.edu/web/Sections/About/history.php|archivedate=2011-05-05}}</ref> He is also the founding Vice Chancellor of [[Rajiv Gandhi Technical University]], [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Early life and education==
Born in April 1948 at [[Vidisha]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]], into a Sanadhya Brahmin Family. Sharma graduated in Mechanical Engineering from [[Samrat Ashok Technological Institute]] with a Gold Medal of the Faculty of Technology of [[Vikram University]] in 1969.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} He was selected as a National Scholar by Govt. of India, and sent to Birmingham, UK for higher studies. Sharma obtained his postgraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering from [[University of Birmingham]] (UK) in 1974. He later received his Doctorate Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Birmingham (UK) in 1978. In 2013, Sharma was awarded Honorary Doctorate of Engineering (Honoris Causa) by [[University of Birmingham]], U.K for his distinguished contributions to the advancement of frontiers of knowledge in the areas of Green Energy Technologies and Knowledge and Innovation Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2013/06/28-Jun-University-of-Birmingham-Honorary-Graduands-for-July-2013.aspx|title=University of Birmingham Honorary Graduands for July 2013 }}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma has published over 230 research papers. He has provided industrial consultancy to organizations including [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] of the UK and the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] in Bangalore. He has addressed professional gatherings across the world. As vice chancellor of Delhi Technological University, he has brought about a significant rise in the growth of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtu.co.in/?page_id=23|title=Our History|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219192122/http://dtu.co.in/?page_id=23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dce.edu DCE-DTU official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, P. B.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Vidisha]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Charles Carnegy

2025-12-29T03:24:27Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: slightly rework section for consistency further and updated info per standard format

{{Notability|date=May 2024}}{{short description|English cricketer and British Army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Charles Gilbert Carnegy
| birth_date = 29 June 1864
| birth_place = Kurrackel, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1928|4|23|1864|6|29}}
| death_place = [[Stutton, Suffolk|Stutton]], [[Suffolk]], England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| nickname =
| family =
| batting = Unknown
| bowling = Unknown
| role =
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year1 = 1892/93–1902/03
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 7
| runs1 = 72
| bat avg1 = 8.00
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 15
| deliveries1 = 20
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–
| date = 22 November
| year = 2022
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/charles-carnegy-27710 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Charles Gilbert Carnegy''' {{postnominal|MVO}} (29 June 1864 – 23 April 1928) was an [[English people|English]] first-class [[cricket]]er and [[British Army]] officer.

The son of Major-General [[Alexander Carnegy]] {{postnominal|CB}}, he was born in [[British India]] in June 1864. Carnegy was educated in England at [[Clifton College]], before attending the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book |title=Clifton College Register, 1862 to 1912|last1=Borwick|first1=F.|last2=King|first2=J. E.|publisher=[[J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd]]|location=Bristol|year=1912|page=107|url=https://archive.org/details/b28994553|language=en}}</ref> He graduated from there into the [[Worcestershire Regiment]] as a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in August 1884.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25389|date=22 August 1884|page=3830}}</ref> Soon after he was transferred to the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25437|date=30 January 1885|page=430}}</ref> followed by a further transfer to the [[Bombay Staff Corps]] in March 1886.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25734|date=30 August 1887|page=4697}}</ref> He [[Burmese resistance movement 1885–1895|fought against the Burmese resistance movement]] from 1886 to 1888,<ref name="BOOK"/> in addition to being appointed [[aide-de-camp]] to his father in India in June 1887.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25727|date=5 August 1887|page=4243}}</ref> He was later promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in August 1895.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26672|date=18 October 1895|page=5694}}</ref>

While in India, he played [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Europeans cricket team]] on seven occasions in the [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Presidency Match]] between 1892 and 1902.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/13/13125/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by Charles Carnegy|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Carnegy scored 75 runs in these seven matches, at an [[batting average (cricket)|average]] of exactly 8 and a high score of 15.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/13/13125/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Charles Carnegy|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Having been previously promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]], he was later promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] in February 1909, while serving as commandant with the [[107th Pioneers]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28259|date=11 June 1909|page=4483}}</ref> Carnegy was made a member of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], 4th Class in December 1911.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|date=8 December 1911|page=9364}}</ref> He later served during the [[First World War]], being assigned to the [[East Surrey Regiment]] in November 1914,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette|issue=28988|date=27 November 1914|page=10113|supp=y}}</ref> with him being placed in command of a battalion in September 1916.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He was made a [[Brevet (military)#United Kingdom|brevet]] [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] in January 1917,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29916|date=23 January 1917|page=925|supp=y}}</ref> and commanded the 52nd Graduated Battalion, [[Rifle Brigade]] in the latter stages of the war.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31260|date=28 March 1919|page=4175|supp=y}}</ref> Carnegy died suddenly on 23 April 1928 at [[Stutton, Suffolk]]. He was a member of the wider [[Earl of Northesk|Northesk family]].<ref>Death of distinguished soldier. ''[[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)|Dundee Evening Telegraph]]''. 25 April 1928. p. 1</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=27710}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carnegy, Charles}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Worcestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:East Yorkshire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:East Surrey Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Rifle Brigade officers]]
[[Category:Bombay Staff Corps officers]]

Hawala

2025-12-29T01:07:34Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: quick cleaned up references as per guidelines further and added references

{{Short description|Informal currency transfer system}}
{{For|illegal use of hawala|hawala and crime}}
{{For |the community in the Persian Gulf states|Huwala}}
{{Financial market participants}}

'''Hawala''' or '''hewala''' ({{langx|ar|حِوالة}} {{lang|ar-Latn|ḥawāla}}, meaning ''transfer'' or sometimes ''trust''), originating in India as '''havala''' ({{langx|hi|हवाला}}), also known as '''{{lang|fa-Latn|havaleh}}''' in [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Iranians are avoiding sanctions|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6ca69788-0a48-11dd-b5b1-0000779fd2ac|url-status=live | access-date=2018-07-31| archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031418/https://www.ft.com/content/6ca69788-0a48-11dd-b5b1-0000779fd2ac}}</ref> and '''{{lang|so|xawala}}''' or '''{{lang|so|xawilaad}}'''<ref name=HMGov>{{Cite web | author1=Edwina Thompson |title=Safer corridors rapid assessment - Somalia and UK banking |date=September 2013 |publisher=HM Government |page=5 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283826/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010082903/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283826/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Somali language|Somali]], is a popular and [[informal value transfer system]] based on the performance and honour of a huge network of money brokers (known as ''hawaladars'').

They operate outside of, or parallel to, traditional banking, financial channels and [[remittance]] systems. The system requires a minimum of two hawaladars that take care of the "transaction" without the movement of cash or [[telegraphic transfer]]. While hawaladars are spread throughout the world, they are primarily located in the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Hawala follows [[Islam]]ic traditions, but its use is not limited to [[Muslims]].<ref name="Vaknin">{{Cite web |last1=Vaknin |first1=Sam |title=Hawala, or the Bank that Never Was |url=http://samvak.tripod.com/nm104.html |website=samvak.tripod.com |access-date=5 September 2017 |date=June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920054104/http://samvak.tripod.com/nm104.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Origins ==
The hawala system originated in India.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Hawala Alternative Remittance System and its Role in Money Laundering| url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf| publisher=| access-date=2016-10-16| archive-date=2016-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041941/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 Hawala as a legal concept was documented, finding evidence of Hawala reaching back to 1327, in a publication by Matthias Schramm and Markus Taube, with the title "Evolution and institutional foundation of the hawala financial system".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schramm |first1=Matthias |last2=Taube |first2=Markus |title=Evolution and institutional foundation of the hawala financial system |journal=[[International Review of Financial Analysis]] |date=1 January 2003 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=405–420 |doi=10.1016/S1057-5219(03)00032-2 |issn=1057-5219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Andy |title=The Centuries-Old Financial System Better Than DeFi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-06-20/defi-can-t-hold-a-candle-to-the-centuries-old-trust-based-system-called-hawala |access-date=21 June 2022 | publisher=Bloomberg News |date=20 June 2022 }}</ref>

It has been speculated that "Hawala" itself influenced the development of the [[Agency (law)|agency]] in [[common law]] and in [[civil law (private law)|civil laws]], such as the ''aval'' in [[Law of France|French law]], the [[:pt:aval|aval]] in [[Portuguese law]], and the ''avallo'' in Italian law. Some legal historians have suggested possible parallels between medieval European practices such as the ''aval'' and Islamic legal institutions like ''ḥawāla''. Badr notes, however, that similarities and historical trade contacts do not in themselves demonstrate legal borrowing, and that such claims remain unproven.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badr |first=Gamal Moursi |title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems |journal=[[American Journal of Comparative Law]] |volume=26 |issue=2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977] |date=Spring 1978 |pages=187–98 |doi=10.2307/839667 |jstor=839667}}</ref> The transfer of [[debt]] was "not permissible under [[Roman law]] but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in [[commercial transaction]]s", potentially borrowing from hawala. [[Agent (law)|Agency]] was also "an institution unknown to Roman law" as no "individual could conclude a binding contract on behalf of another as his agent". On the other hand, Islamic law and the later common law "had no difficulty in accepting agency as one of its institutions in the field of contracts and of obligations in general".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first= Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal= The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26| issue=2 |date=Spring 1978|pages=187–98 [196–8]|doi=10.2307/839667 |jstor=839667}}</ref> The claims about the Islamic origins of hawala have later been challenged by Cinar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Çınar |first=Ali Ekber |date=2022-04-15 |title=Situating an Informal Funds Transfer System in Islamic Legal Theory: The Origin of Hawala Revisited |url=https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/ilahiyatjournal/article/situating-an-informal-funds-transfer-system-in-islamic-legal-theory-the-origin-of-hawala-revisited |journal=Darulfunun Ilahiyat |doi=10.26650/di.2022.33.1.1052681|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Regulation==
Following the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, international organizations responsible for [[counterterrorism]] and enforcing laws against [[money laundering]] have directed their efforts on identifying problems within the hawala, as well as other [[remittance]] systems. The First International Conference on Hawala in May 2002 published the ''Regulatory Frameworks for Hawala and Other Remittance Systems''. The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) contributed a chapter, in which [[informal value transfer system]]s were considered. According to the IMF, countries with limited [[financial services]] experience [[macroeconomic]] consequences because residents rely heavily on informal fund transfer systems. Informal value transfer systems share common characteristics, including [[anonymity]] and lack of [[regulation]] or official [[scrutiny]]. Therefore informal value transfer systems may be susceptible to use by criminal organizations for money laundering and [[terrorist financing]].<ref>{{Cite book| title= International White Collar Crime, Cases and Materials | author1=Bruce Zagaris |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn= 9781139484275| pages=444}}</ref>

== Procedure ==
In the most basic variant of the hawala system, money is transferred via a network of hawala brokers, or ''hawaladars'', without actually moving money. According to the author [[Sam Vaknin]], there are large hawaladar operators with networks of middlemen in cities across many countries, but most hawaladars are small businesses who work at hawala as a sideline or [[Side job|moonlighting]] operation.<ref name="Vaknin" />

Hawala generally works as follows:

# A customer approaches a hawala broker in one city and gives a sum of money that is to be transferred to a recipient in another, usually foreign, city. Along with the money, he usually specifies something like a password that will lead to the money being paid out.
# The hawala broker calls another hawala broker in the recipient's city, and informs that broker about the agreed password, or gives other disposition of the funds.
# The intended recipient, who also has been informed by the sender about the password, now approaches the broker in their city and tells him the agreed password. If the password is correct, then the broker releases the transferred sum to the receiving customer, usually minus a small commission.
# The first broker now owes the second broker the money that has been paid out to the receiving customer; thus the second broker has to trust the first broker's promise to settle the debt at a later date.

The unique feature of the system is that no [[promissory note|promissory instruments]] are exchanged between the hawala brokers: the transaction takes place entirely on the [[honour system]]. As the system does not depend on the legal enforceability of claims, it can operate even in the absence of a legal and juridical environment. Trust and extensive use of connections are the components that distinguish it from other remittance systems. Hawaladar networks are often based on membership in the same family, village, clan or ethnic group, and cheating is punished by effective excommunication and the loss of honour, which lead to severe economic hardship.<ref name="Vaknin" />

Informal records are produced of individual transactions, and a running tally of the amount owed by one broker to another is kept. Settlements of debts between hawala brokers can take a variety of forms (e.g., goods, services, properties, transfers of employees, etc.), and need not take the form of direct cash transactions.

In addition to commissions, hawala brokers often earn their profits through bypassing official [[exchange rate]]s. Generally, the funds enter the system in the source country's currency and leave the system in the recipient country's currency. As settlements often take place without any foreign exchange transactions, they can be made at other than official exchange rates.

Hawala is attractive to customers because it provides a fast and convenient transfer of funds, usually with a far lower commission than that charged by banks. Its advantages are most pronounced when the receiving country applies unprofitable exchange rate regulations or when the banking system in the receiving country is less complex (e.g., due to differences in the legal environment in places such as Afghanistan, Yemen, and Somalia). Moreover, in some parts of the world, it is the only option for legitimate fund transfers. It has been used even by aid organizations in areas in which it is the best-functioning institution.<ref name="Passas, Nikos 2006 pp. 46–62">{{Cite journal |last=Passas |first=Nikos |year=2006|title=Demystifying Hawala: A Look into its Social Organization and Mechanics|journal=Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention |volume=7 |issue=suppl 1 |pages=46–62 |doi=10.1080/14043850601029083|s2cid=145753289 }}</ref>

== Regional variants ==
[[Dubai]] has been prominent for decades as a welcoming hub for hawala transactions worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf |title=Hawala| website=www.treasury.gov| publisher=Financial Crimes Enforcement Network with Interpol/FOPAC| access-date=October 16, 2016|archive-date=December 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041941/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== South Asia ===

==== Hundis ====
{{Main|hundi}}
[[File:1951 Bombay Province Rs 2500 Hundi.jpg|thumbnail|right|A 1951 hundi of Bombay Province for Rs 2500 with a pre-printed [[revenue stamp]]]]
The ''hundi'' is a financial instrument that developed on the Indian sub-continent for use in trade and credit transactions. Hundis are used as a form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place, as a form of credit instrument or IOU to borrow money and as a [[bill of exchange]] in trade transactions. The [[Reserve Bank of India]] describes the Hundi as "an unconditional order in writing made by a person directing another to pay a certain sum of money to a person named in the order".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_hundies.aspx|access-date=2022-11-20|website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

=== Horn of Africa ===
According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], with the dissolution of Somalia's formal banking system, many informal money transfer operators arose to fill the void. It estimates that such ''hawaladars'', ''xawilaad'' or ''xawala'' brokers<ref name="HMGov" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Monbiot|author-link=George Monbiot|first1=George|title=How did we get into this mess?|date=2016|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-78478-362-4|pages=237–238|edition=First}}</ref> are now responsible for the transfer of up to $1.6 billion per year in remittances to the country,<ref name="CIAhaw">{{Citation |title=The World factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US |contribution-url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#so |contribution=Somalia |access-date=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200259/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |url-status=dead }}.</ref> most coming from working Somalis outside Somalia.<ref name="CBShaw">{{Citation |url=http://www.somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |publisher=Somal banca |newspaper=CBS |title=Economy & Finance: Hawaladars |access-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |archive-date=2009-01-24 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Such funds have in turn had a stimulating effect on local business activity.<ref name="CIAhaw" /><ref name="CBShaw" />

=== West Africa ===
The [[Tuareg rebellion (2012)|2012 Tuareg rebellion]] left Northern Mali without an official money transfer service for months. The coping mechanisms that appeared were patterned on the hawala system.<ref name=04385FSIHSD3>{{Cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mail-western-union-black-market/1497859.html |title=Malians Shelter to Black Market to Transfer Cash |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901215342/http://www.voanews.com/content/mail-western-union-black-market/1497859.html |archive-date=September 1, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Economics}}
* [[FATF blacklist]]
* [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]] (FATF)
* [[Hawala and crime]]
* [[Hawala scandal]]
* [[Informal value transfer system]]
* [[Remittance|Global ranking of remittance by nations]]
* [[Remittances to India]]
* [[Terrorism financing]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic studies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Informal value transfer systems]]
[[Category:Remittances]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Islamic financial contracts]]

Jadunath Sarkar

2025-12-18T05:18:38Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: fixed content to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] [[Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]
| name = Jadunath Sarkar
| image = Jadunath Sarkar 1927.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sarkar, 1927{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2015|p=ii}}
| birth_date = 10 December 1870
| birth_place = [[Singra Upazila|Karachmaria]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = 19 May 1958 (aged 87)
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Historian
| spouse = Lady Kadambini Sarkar
}}

'''Sir Jadunath Sarkar''', {{Post-nominals|list=[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]}} (10 December 1870 – 19 May 1958) was a prominent Indian historian and a specialist on the [[Mughal dynasty]].

Sarkar was educated in English literature and worked as a teacher for some time but later shifted his focus to history research writing.
He had vast knowledge of the [[Persian language]], and he wrote all his books in English. He was vice-chancellor (VC) of the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1926 to 1928 and a member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] between 1929 and 1932. In 1929 the British knighted him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jadunath-Sarkar |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=11 May 2024 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606194703/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jadunath-Sarkar |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sarkar was born on 10 December 1870 in the village of Karachmaria in [[Singra Upazila|Chhatardighi, Singra]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi district]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Natore District]], [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bellenoit |first1=Hayden J. |title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760-1860 |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-49429-3 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jadunath+Sarkar+kayastha&pg=PA14 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715165354/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jadunath+Sarkar+kayastha&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=Jadunath%20Sarkar%20kayastha&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr R. K. Bhatt & Mr Manish |title=Development of Social Sciences: A Librarians Companion |date=10 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGJCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jadunath+Sarkar+kayastha&pg=PA152 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715165351/https://books.google.com/books?id=YGJCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jadunath+Sarkar+kayastha&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=Jadunath%20Sarkar%20kayastha&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Rajkumar Sarkar, was a local [[zamindar]] and owned a large library. His mother, Harisundari Devi, had seven sons and three daughters, with Jadunath being the fifth child and third son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2015 |title=Sarkar, Jadunath |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Jadunath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608164517/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Jadunath |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref> In 1891, he graduated in English from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1892, he topped the [[Master of Arts|Master of Arts examination]] in English at [[Calcutta University]], and in 1897, he received the [[Premchand Roychand|Premchand-Roychand Scholarship]].<ref name=":0" />

== Academic career ==
[[File:Jadunath Sircar.jpg|thumb|c. 1926]]
In 1893, he was inducted as a faculty member of English literature at Ripon College, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (later renamed [[Surendranath College]]).<ref name=":0" /> In 1898, he was appointed to [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], after getting selected in the Provincial Education Services.<ref name=":0" /> In between, from 1917 to 1919, he taught modern Indian history at [[Benaras Hindu University]], and from 1919 to 1923, both English and history at [[Ravenshaw College]], Cuttack.<ref name=":0" /> In 1923, he became an honorary member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]] of London. In August 1926, he was appointed as the vice-chancellor of [[Calcutta University]]. In 1928, he joined as Sir W. Meyer Lecturer in [[Madras University]].

== Historiography ==

=== Reception ===
He has been called the "greatest Indian historian of his time" and one of the greatest in the world, whose erudite works "have established a tradition of honest and scholarly historiography" by E. Sreedharan.<ref name="Historiography 2000, p. 448">A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000, E. Sreedharan, p. 448</ref> He has also been compared with [[Theodor Mommsen]] and [[Leopold von Ranke]].<ref name="Historiography 2000, p. 448" /> [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]] calls him "the greatest Indian historian of his generation."<ref>Basham, A. L. "Sir Jadunath Sarkar, C.I.E." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 3/4, 1958, pp. 222–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25202199 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417121317/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25202199 |date=17 April 2022 }}. Retrieved 17 Feb. 2024.</ref> He has also been described as "a star historian of modern India on medieval Indian history, who brilliantly caught the spirit of the age and devoted himself to the neglected field of Indian historiography."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Ajay Kumar |year=2004 |title=Profile of a Historian: Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1870-1958) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=65 |pages=880–890 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44144800}}</ref> He has also been appreciated as "unquestionably the greatest Indian historian of his time and one of the greatest in the world".<ref>{{cite book |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar |author=Moumita Datta |page=11 [https://www.elearning.panchakotmv.ac.in/files/EA15973715968162540.pdf] |quote="Sir Jadunath was unquestionably the greatest Indian historian of his time and one of the greatest in the world, Naturally, therefore, his powerful personality and erudite works could not fail to exert great influence on contemporary scholars and historians. There was hardly any sensitive an honest worker in the field of medieval Indian history who could remain immune from this healthy influence in some way or other, directly or indirectly."}}</ref>

Sarkar's historiography was inclined towards [[Nationalism|nationalist]] elements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Modern_Bengal.html?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |pages=52 |language=en |quote=Nationalist historian Jadunath Sarkar blames Murshid Quli Khan for the demise of nawabi rule.}}</ref> His works faded out of public memory with the increasing advent of [[Marxist historiography|Marxist]] and [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] schools of historiography.<ref name="Roy2004">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PR10 |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |author=Kaushik Roy |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8 |pages=10}}</ref>

Academically, [[Jos J. L. Gommans]] compares Sarkar's work with those of the [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh historians]], noting that while the historians from the Aligarh worked mainly on the [[mansabdar]]i system and [[gunpowder]] technology in the [[Mughal Empire]], Sarkar concentrated on [[military tactics]] and [[siege]]s.<ref name="Gommans2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA3YVOt9QZUC&pg=PA1|title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700|author=Jos J. L. Gommans|author-link=Jos Gommans|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-23989-9|pages=1}}</ref> In a letter dated 25 November 1945 to historian Dr. Raghubir Sinh of [[Sitamau]], Sarkar says, "Aurangzib is my life's work; Shivaji is only an incidental off-shoot of it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiQdAAAAMAAJ |title=Making of a Princely Historian: Letters of Sir J. N. Sarkar to Dr. Raghubir Sinh of Sitamau |publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Archives and Archaeology |year=1975 |pages=203}}</ref>
[[File:Jadunath sarkar.jpg|thumb|Jadunath Sarkar]]

== Honours ==

In 1904, Sarkar was given the Griffith Prize by the [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Kolkata, Bengal]]). He was elected as a member of the Indian Historical Records Commission in 1919. In 1923, he was made an Honorary Member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] (Hon. MRAS) and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (Hon. FRASB).<ref name="JBM">[https://jbmrc.cssscal.org/about/jadunath-sarkar/ About Jadunath Sarkar] - website of the Jadunath Bhavan Museum of the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|CSSSC]]</ref>

Sarkar was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1926 New Year Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33119 |date=29 December 1925 |pages=1–12 |supp=y }}</ref> and [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1929 Birthday Honours]] by King [[George V]], then also [[Emperor of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33501 |date=31 May 1929 |pages=3665–3682 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref> On 22 August 1929, he was invested with his knighthood at Simla by the acting Viceroy of India, [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33539|date=1 October 1929 |page=6245 |supp=}}</ref>

In 1935, he became a corresponding member of the [[Royal Historical Society]] (London, England) and an honorary member of the [[American Historical Association]] (Washington, D.C., US). In 1936 he received an honorary [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] degree from the [[University of Dhaka]] and in 1944 from the [[University of Patna]]. When he reached his eightieth year, he was honoured in 1949 and 1950 by the literary associations [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishat]] and the Bangiya Itihas Parishad (both in [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]) for his lifetime achievements.<ref name="JBM" />

== Legacy ==
The [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]], an autonomous research center, has been established in his house, which was donated to the state government by Sarkar's wife. CSSC also houses the Jadunath Bhavan Museum and Resource Centre, a museum-cum-archive of primary sources.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/in-the-memory-of-jadunath-sarkar/cid/1610057 |title=In the memory of Jadunath Sarkar |work=The Telegraph |language=en |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093352/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/in-the-memory-of-jadunath-sarkar/cid/1610057 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of works ==
Published works by Sarkar include:
* ''Economics of British India'' (1900)
* ''The India of Aurangzib'' (1901)
* ''Anecdotes of Aurangzib'' (1912)
* ''[[History of Aurangzib]]'' (in 5 volumes), (1912–24)
* ''Chaitanya's pilgrimages and teachings, from his contemporary Bengali biography, the Chaitanya-charit-amrita: Madhya-lila'' (translation from the Bengali original by [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]], 1913)
* ''Shivāji and his times'' (1919)
* ''Studies in Mughal India'' (1919)<ref name="Moreland1921">{{cite journal |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |date=July 1921 |title=Studies in Mughal India by Jadunath Sarkar; Mughal Administration by Jadunath Sarkar |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=438–439 |jstor=25209765}}</ref>
* ''Mughal Administration'' (1920)<ref name="Moreland1921"/>
* ''Nadir Shah in India'' (1922)
* ''Later Mughals'' by [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] (in 2 volumes), (edited by Jadunath Sarkar, 1922)
* ''India through the ages'' (1928)
* ''A Short History of Aurangzib'' (1930)
* ''The Fall of the Mughal Empire'' (in 4 volumes), (1932–38)
* ''Studies in Aurangzib's reign'' (1933)
* ''The House of Shivaji'' (1940)
* ''The History of Bengal'' (in 2 volumes), (1943–1948)
* ''Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri: a history of the emperor Aurangzib-ʻl̀amgir'' (translation from the Persian original by Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd Khān, 1947)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=C. Collin |date=April 1949 |title=Maāsir-i-'Ālamgīrī of Sāqī Must'ad Khān by Jadunath Sarkar |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=104–106 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00102692 |jstor=25222314}}</ref>
* ''Military History of India'' (1960)
* ''A History of Jaipur, c. 1503–1938'' (1984)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=John D. |author-link=John D. Smith |year=1985 |title=Jadunath Sarkar: A History of Jaipur, c. 1503-1938 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=48 |issue=3 |page=620 |jstor=618587 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00039343 |s2cid=161804789}}</ref>
* ''A History Of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|last=Chakrabarty|first=Dipesh|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10044-9|location=Chicago and London|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo8607679.html}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLE5AQAAIAAJ|title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volume.|publisher=Department of History, Panjab University|year=1957|editor-last=Gupta|editor-first=Hari Ram|editor-link=Hari Ram Gupta|volume=I|location=Hoshiarpur|oclc=251228572}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr85AQAAIAAJ|title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volume.|date=1958|publisher=Department of History, Panjab University|editor1-last=Gupta|editor1-first=Hari Ram|editor-mask=8|volume=II|location=Hoshiarpur|oclc=470654377|editor2-last=Kaushal|editor2-first=Paras Ram|editor3-last=Talwar|editor3-first=Shanti Swarup}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar: A Profile in Historiography |last=Pawar |first=Kiram |year=1985 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Books & Books}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jadunath Sarkar}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |year=2012 |chapter=Sarkar, Jadunath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Jadunath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524365/Sir-Jadunath-Sarkar Sir Sarkar at Britannica Encyclopedia]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39200| name=Jadunath Sarkar}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jadunath Sarkar}}

{{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Jadunath}}
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Natore District]]
[[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Historians from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

List of Tulu films of 2018

2025-12-07T08:22:18Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: add layout further and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
The list of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] films that were scheduled to be released in 2018.

== Releases ==

=== January – June ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:9%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Source
|-
|16 February
| ''Bale Pudar Deeka E Preethig''|| JV Manoranjan || Anvitha Sagar ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/bale-pudar-deeka-e-preethig-to-released/|title=: Bale Pudar Deeka E Preethig|date=2018-01-30|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| 23 March
| ''[[Appe Teacher]]''|| Kishore Moodbidri || Sunil, Niharika Shetty ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/appe-teacher/|title=: Appe Teacher |date=2018-01-30|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thottil''|| Prajwal Kumar Attavar || Vijeth Suvarna, Sureka Bhat ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/appe-teacher/|title=: Appe Teacher |date=2018-01-30|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|11 May
| ''Namma Kusalda Javanyer''|| Ganesh Dass Kharvi|| Amith Karkada, Shobita Amin ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-namma-kusalda-javanyer-released/|title=“Namma Kusalda Javanyer” Released.|date=2017-03-08|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|18 May
| ''Pettkammi''|| Manjunath Keerthi || Anvitha Sagar, Prathik Shetty, Radhesh ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/pettkammi-titled-tulu-film-makers-kannada-film-plan/|title=“Pettkammi” titled for Tulu film from the makers of Plan.|date=2017-03-08|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|22 June
| ''[[Ammer Polisa]]''|| K Sooraj Shetty || Roopesh Shetty, Puja ||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/ammer-polisa/|title=Ammer Polisa: Tulu Cinema Ammer Polisa.|date=2017-01-06|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== July – December ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:9%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Source
|-
|13 July
| ''[[Paddayi]]''|| Abhaya Simha || Mohan Sheni, Bindu Rakshidhi, Chandrahas Ullal ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/national-awarded-film-paddayi-to-release-in-july/|title=“Paddayi Release” .|date=2017-03-08|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|20 July
| ''Dagal Bajilu''|| Prashanth Acharya || Vignesh, Priya Hegde, Naveen D Padil ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/dagalbajilu-movie-review-mid-year-surprise/|title=“Dagalbajilu Movie Review” .|date=2017-03-08|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|10 August
| ''Pattis Gang''|| Sooraj Bolar || Mohan Sheni, Vismaya Vinayak, Ajay Raj, Navyatha Rai ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/pattis-gang/|title=“Pattis Gang” .|date=2017-03-08|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|24 August
| ''Pammanne The Great''|| Ismael Moodsheddy || Pruthvi Ambar, Shilpa Suvarna, Aravind Bolar ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/pammanne-the-great/|title=“Pammanne The Great” Tulu film.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| 21 September
| ''My Name is Annappa''|| Mayur R Shetty || Manju Rai Moolooru, Shubha Shetty ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-my-name-is-annappa-completes-first-schedule/|title=“My Name is Annappa” completes first schedule.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Yera Ullerge''|| Devdas Kapikad|| Arjun Kapikad, Rashmitha Chengappa, Devdas Kapikad ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/yera-ullerge-movie-review-seriously-comedy/|title=“Yera Ullerge” movie review.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|26 October
| ''Kori Rotti''|| Rajanish Devadiga|| Rajanish Devadiga, Anushree ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-kori-rotti-to-release-this-weekend/|title=“Kori Rotti” to release this weekend.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|16 November
| ''Karne''|| Sakshath Malpe|| Arjun Kapikad, [[Chirashree Anchan]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/100th-tulu-film-karne-to-release-this-week/|title=“Karne” to release this week.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|7 December
|''[[Umil]]''|| Ranjith Suvarna||[[Umesh Mijar]], Puja, Navya Poojari ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/101th-tulu-film-umil-release/|title=“Umil” to release this week.|date=2017-09-14|work=TuluCinema.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Tulu films of 2020]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2019]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2017]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2016]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2015]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2014]]
*[[List of Released Tulu films]]
*[[Tulu cinema]]
*[[:Category:Actors in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actors]]
*[[:Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actresses]]
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film]]
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}'''News Related Tulu Film:'''

==External links==
* [http://www.tulucinema.com/coastalwood-and-k-sooraj-shetty-verses-mayur-r-shetty/ Mangaluru: Coastalwood and K Sooraj Shetty verses Mayur R Shetty]
* [http://www.tulucinema.com/kishore-moodbidris-directional-debut-appe-teacher/ Mangaluru: Appe Teacher]

{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}
{{2018 films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2018 films by language|Tulu]]
[[Category:Lists of Tulu films by year]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian cinema|Tulu]]

2011 South Asian Winter Games

2025-12-03T13:46:56Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: creating a data first draft

{{Short description|International multi-sport event}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox games
| name = I South Asian Winter Games
| logo =
| host_city = [[Dehradun]] and [[Auli, India|Auli]], [[India]]
| nations = 7
| athletes = 150
| events = 19 events in 4 [[sports]]
| opening = 10 January 2011
| closing = 16 January 2011
| opened_by = [[Pratibha Patil]] ([[President of India]])
| stadium = [[Dehradun]] (RSC Arena), [[Auli, India|Auli]] (GMVNL Ski Resort)
| SpreviousS = [[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka]]
| SnextS = [[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati-Shillong]]
}}

The '''2011 South Asian Winter Games''', officially the '''1st South Asian Winter Games''', were held in [[Dehradun]] and [[Auli, India|Auli]], in the Himalayan state of [[Uttarakhand]], India in January 2011. The games were conducted by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and the Winter Games Federation of India.<ref>http://www.wgfi.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116131710/http://wgfi.in/ |date=16 November 2015 }} date=August 2011</ref> A grand opening and closing ceremony took place on 10 January 2011 and 16 January 2011, in Dehradun and Auli, respectively.

The Ice skating and Ice hockey events were conducted from 10 to 12 January 2011 in Dehradun while the Skiing and Snowboarding events were held from 14 to 16 January 2011 at Auli.

==Infrastructure (Games Related)==

At [[Dehradun]] a facility has been created at Raipur Sports College. The Ice skating and Ice hockey arena has a seating capacity of 2,000 and the ice skating rink area is 60M by 30M, in which about 100 to 150 persons can skate every hour. It also has an Olympic size (50 by 25 Meters) fully air conditioned swimming pool, basketball courts and a cafeteria inside the complex. The central government had sanctioned ₹1.5 Billion for constructing this facility.


[[Auli, India|Auli]] is a destination for skiing and snowboarding. The skiing facility at Auli has ski slopes, artificial snow making system, water storage for artificial snow making system, chair lift system for ski sport and a residential accommodation complex. For the event, most of the works, including the ice making facility were put in place and there were 230 guest rooms that were built for the athletes and officials. The season at Auli has now been extended by creating artificial ice from a captive snow plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auliholidays.com/ |title=Auli Travel Guide - Auli Skiing - Hotels Tour Packages to Auli - SAF Winter Games Auli 2010 |publisher=Auliholidays.com |accessdate=2011-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826063239/http://www.auliholidays.com/ |archive-date=26 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Infrastructure (General)==

The new Passenger Terminal Building at the [[Jolly Grant Airport]] at [[Dehradun]] is now fully operational. The installation of Night Landing System (NLS) and Instrument landing System (ILS) was completed and the lights, too, were installed on the runway to facilitate night landing. The main runway was extended by The [[Airports Authority of India]], to 7000 ft to facilitate the landing of bigger aircraft such as the [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 727]].<ref>Airports Authority of India. http://www.aai.aero.jsp{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Feb 2007 |title=Expansion causes flight suspension at Dehradun airport |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VFuk30XNZPkVa1k1YekxGL/Expansion-causes-flight-suspension-at-Dehradun-airport.html |work=Live Mint |department=Business News > Politics > News |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}} Reproduced from: {{Cite news |date=26 February 2007 |title=D'dun airport expansion:flights to remain suspended for 8monts |work=The Press Trust of India Limited |publisher=Asia Pulse Pty Limited |id=[[Factiva]] [https://global.factiva.com/redir/default.aspx?p=sa&NS=16&an=PRTRIN0020070227e32q0000l&drn=drn:archive.newsarticle.PRTRIN0020070227e32q0000l&cat=a&ep=asi PRTRIN0020070227e32q0000l]}}</ref>
The [[helipad]] at Auli was reconstructed to ensure regular chopper services from Jolly Grant Airport. These services were used to ferry athletes and officials during the event.

== Mascot==
The official mascot for the first South Asian Winter Games was the [[Bharal]], the Himalayan Blue-Sheep or Big-Horn (Ovis Ammon) Wild Sheep is the native of Central Asia and the Himalayas. The Bharal was chosen as the ideal mascot for these games keeping in view its agility, strength, sure-footed nature and adaptability for survival in the snow-covered high altitude areas. The male has massive wrinkled horns up to 70 inches in length which forms a spiral, while the horns of the female are much smaller. It weighs around a quintal and stands about 42 inches at the shoulder. [[Nanda Devi National Park]] in Uttarakhand is the famous abode of this brownish grey Himalayan Big-Horn called Bharal.

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = IND
| flag_template = flagIOC2
| event = 2011 South Asian Winter Games
| team =
| gold_IND = 11 | silver_IND = 10 | bronze_IND = 12 | host_IND = yes
| gold_PAK = 1 | silver_PAK = 3 | bronze_PAK = 1
| gold_SRI = 1 | silver_SRI = 0 | bronze_SRI = 0
}}
<ref name="deccanherald1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/128339/india-win-all-medals-500.html |title=India win all medals in 500 mt speed skating |work=Deccan Herald |date=2011-01-10 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>

==The Games==
===Participating nations===
Afghanistan did not participate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news679044.html |title=Pak team arrives for winter SAF games |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=2011-01-07 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
[[File:South Asian Games participating countries.PNG|thumb|right|Participating nations.]]
*{{flagIOC2|BAN|2011 South Asian Winter Games|2}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Hafez Ahmed @ thefinancialexpress-bd.com|url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=122462&date=2011-01-10|title=Bangladesh takes part in South Asian Winter Games in India|publisher=Thefinancialexpress-bd.com|date=2011-01-10|accessdate=2011-08-24|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064235/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=122462&date=2011-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagIOC2|BHU|2011 South Asian Winter Games|10}}<ref name="dailypioneer1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/311283/Spectacular-ceremony-marks-closure-of-SAF-Winter-Games-in-Auli.html |title=The Pioneer :: Home : >> Spectacular ceremony marks closure of SAF Winter Games in Auli |work=The Pioneer|location=India |date=2011-01-17 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>
*{{flagIOC2|IND|2011 South Asian Winter Games|95}}
*{{flagIOC2|MDV|2011 South Asian Winter Games|7}}<ref name="dailypioneer1"/>
*{{flagIOC2|NEP|2011 South Asian Winter Games|8}}<ref name="dailypioneer1"/>
*{{flagIOC2|PAK|2011 South Asian Winter Games|22}}<ref name="dailypioneer1"/>
*{{flagIOC2|SRI|2011 South Asian Winter Games|1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/309607/Safe-SAF-Winter-Games-begin-today.html |title=The Pioneer :: Home : >> Safe SAF Winter Games begin today |work=The Pioneer|location=India |date=2011-01-10 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>

===Sports===
Four winter sports events were included in the 2011 South Asian Winter Games. [[Alpine skiing]] consisted of [[Slalom skiing|slalom]], [[giant slalom]] and [[Super G]] with both men's and women's events. [[Cross-country skiing (sport)|Cross-country skiing]] consisted of three events for men – 10 km, 15 km and a 4x10km relay, while the women's event consisted of a 3 km, 5 km and a 10 km. [[Snowboarding]] had a slalom and giant slalom with events for both men and women. Skating events included [[short track speed skating]] for men and women.<ref name="2011SAWG EVENTS">{{cite web|url=http://www.wgfi.in/events |title=Events |publisher=Winter Games Federation of India |accessdate=2010-11-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314123730/http://www.wgfi.in/events |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref><ref name="FIRSTWINTERGAMES">{{cite web | url = http://www.wgfi.in/uttarakhand_2010_-_1st_s_a_winter_games | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222732/http://www.wgfi.in/uttarakhand_2010_-_1st_s_a_winter_games | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 March 2022 | title = Uttarakhand 2011 First South Asian Winter Games | publisher = Winter Games Federation of India | accessdate = 2010-11-11 }}</ref>

Skiing and Snowboarding events were held at the Auli GMVNL Ski Resort, [[Auli, India|Auli]] while the Skating and Ice Hockey events were held at Dehradun RSC Arena, [[Dehradun]].<ref name="2011SAWG EVENTS"/>

The figure in brackets indicates the number of events

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[File:Alpine skiing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Alpine skiing]] (4) ({{detailslink|Alpine skiing at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}})
*[[File:Cross country skiing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cross-country skiing (sport)|Cross-country skiing]] (5) ({{detailslink|Cross-country skiing at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}})
*[[File:Snowboarding pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Snowboarding]] (4) ({{detailslink|Snowboarding at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}})
*[[File:Short track speed skating pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Short track speed skating]] (5) ({{detailslink|Short track speed skating at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}})
{{div col end}}

;Demonstration event
*[[File:Ice hockey pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Ice hockey]] (1) ({{detailslink|Ice hockey at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}})
*[[File:Figure skating pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Figure skating]] (4) ({{detailslink|Figure skating at the 2011 South Asian Winter Games}}) *Was scheduled to be a medal event, but only India had entered the competition, so it became a demonstration event.

==See also==
*[[South Asian Games]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151116131710/http://wgfi.in/ Winter Games Federation of India]

{{South Asian Games}}

[[Category:2011 South Asian Winter Games| ]]
[[Category:2011 in multi-sport events|South Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India|South Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2011 in Asian sport]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Winter multi-sport events]]
[[Category:January 2011 sports events in India]]
[[Category:International winter sports competitions]]

St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore

2025-11-29T08:30:08Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: refined article further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{coord|12|19|16.1|N|76|39|29.8|E|region:IN|display=title}}
{{Infobox church
| fullname =
| other name = Cathedral of St. Joseph and St. Philomena
| image = India - St. Philomena's Church 02.jpg
| status = Cathedral
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo Gothic]]
| caption = St. Philomena's Church
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui iuris church = [[Latin Church]]
| spire quantity = 2
| spire height = {{convert|175|ft|m|0}}}}

'''St. Philomena's Cathedral''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3714.htm|title=St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore, Karnataka, India|website=www.gcatholic.org|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEAqCgAAQBAJ&q=St.+Philomena%27s+Cathedral%2C+Mysore&pg=PT10|title=St. Philomena: Powerful with God|last=Mohr|first=Sr Marie Helen|date=1953-06-02|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=9781618904881|language=en}}</ref> officially the '''Cathedral of St. Joseph and St. Philomena''', also known as '''St. Joseph's Cathedral''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=St.Philomena's Church Mysore, Karnataka, a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Mysore |url=http://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/pilgrimcenters/churches/stphilomenaschurch/index.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathedral of St Joseph & St Philomena – Picture of St. Philomena's Church, Mysuru (Mysore) – Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g304553-d2721980-i176702501-St_Philomena_s_Church-Mysuru_Mysore_Karnataka.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Pixelated Memories: Church of St. Joseph and St. Philomena, Mysore, Karnataka |url=http://pixels-memories.blogspot.in/2015/09/church-of-st-joseph-and-st-philomena.html}}</ref> is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] and the cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]], [[India]]. [[Neo Gothic]] in style, it was constructed in 1936 during the reign of Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]]. Its architecture was inspired by the [[Cologne Cathedral]] in Germany.<ref name="church">

A history of St. Philomena's church is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.philomena.us/main.asp|title=Saint Philomena's Church Mysore, India (Note: After opening the page associated with this link, click on the link Cathedral of Saint Philomena at the bottom of that page to see the description of the church)|work=Online webpage of Santuario Santa Filomena|access-date=2007-05-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009185619/http://www.philomena.us/main.asp|archive-date=9 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The cathedral is one of the tallest churches in Asia.

==Patron saint==
[[St. Philomena]] is a [[Latin Catholic]] [[saint]] and [[martyr]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. She was a young Greek princess martyred in the 4th century. The remains of a teenage girl no older than 14 were discovered on 24 May 1802 in the [[Catacombs of Rome|Catacombs]] of [[Saint Priscilla]] at the [[Via Salaria]] in [[Rome]]. Accompanying these remains were a set of tiles bearing a fragmented inscription containing the words ''LUMENA PAXTE CUM FI'', words of no known meaning in that order. The letters were rearranged to read ''PAX TECUM FILUMENA'', which in [[Latin]] translates to ''Peace with you, Filumena.''<ref name="relic">A biography of [[St. Philomena]] is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.saintphilomena.com/aboutst.htm|title=The Story of St. Philomena|work=Online webpage of The Saint Philomena Foundation|access-date=2007-05-22}}</ref> In addition, some symbols of her martyrdom and a vessel, containing dry blood, were also found in the tomb. From these discoveries, it was concluded that a [[Christian name]]d Filumena (Philomena) was buried in the tomb and the vessel containing blood was thought to be her [[relic]], an evidence of a martyr's death.

==History==
[[File:Mural Philomenas Church Mysore Palace Dec23 A7C 08266.jpg|thumb|250px|Mural of the church in the [[Mysore Palace]]]]

A church at the same location was built in the year 1843 during the reign of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] and the [[Mysore Commission|Commission Rule]]. An inscription which was there at the time of laying the foundation of the present church in 1933 states: "In the name of that only God – the universal Lord who creates, protects, and reigns over the universe of Light, the mundane world and the assemblage of all created lives – this church is built 1843 years after the incarnation of Jesus Christ, the Enlightenment of the World, as man". In 1926, T. Thumboo Chetty, private secretary to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]], obtained a relic of the saint from Peter Pisani, the [[apostolic delegate]] of the [[East Indies]].<ref name="church" /> This relic was handed over to Father Cochet, who approached the maharaja in assisting him construct a church in honour of [[St. Philomena]].<ref name="heri">A brief description of St. Philomena's church is provided by {{cite web|title=A hymn in stone, Speaks of a secular vision| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/heritage.htm|work=Online webpage of The Tribune, dated 2002-02-03|author=Usha Bande, 2006|access-date=2007-05-22}}</ref> The Maharaja laid the foundation stone of the church on 28 October 1933. In his speech on the day of the inauguration, he said: "The new church will be strongly and securely built upon a double foundation — Divine compassion and the eager gratitude of men."<ref name="heri" /> The construction of the church was completed under Bishop Rene Feuga's supervision. The relic of Saint Philomena is preserved in a [[catacomb]] below the main [[altar]].<ref name="church" /> This church is a good example of a blend of local culture. Some of the female statues are in [[saree]]s, a traditional Indian attire.

==Architecture==
The church was designed by a Frenchman named Daly.<ref name="church" /> It was designed to be built in the [[Neo Gothic]] style with inspiration drawn from the [[Cologne Cathedral]]. The [[floor plan]] of the cathedral resembles a cross. The long part of the cross is congregation hall called the ''[[nave]]''. The two arms of the cross are the ''[[transept]]s''. The part containing the altar and the choir is the ''[[Crossing (architecture)|crossing]]''. The cathedral has a crypt that houses a statue of St. Philomena. The twin spires of the church are {{convert|175|ft|m|0}} in height and they resemble the spires of the [[Cologne Cathedral]] and also the spires of the [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick's Church]] in [[New York City]]. The main hall (''nave'') can seat up to 800 people and contains [[stained glass]] windows depicting scenes from the birth of [[Christ]], the [[Last Supper]], the [[Crucifixion]], the [[Resurrection]] and the [[Ascension of Christ]]. It is considered to be Asia's second largest church.

== Gallery ==
<gallery perrow="5">
File:St Philomena Cathedral 1.jpg|Side view of the cathedral
File:St.PHILOMENA'S STATUE AT CATHEDRAL- 2.jpg|St. Philomena's Statue
File:St. JOSEPH'S STATUE AT CATHEDRAL.jpg|St. Joseph's Statue
File:St Philomenas Church Foundation Stone and information for visitors.jpg|Visitor's information sign
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Mandi Mohalla]]
* [[Dufferin Clock Tower]]
* [[Hanumanthanagar, Mysuru|Hanumanthanagar]]
* [[Mysore North]], [[Naidu Nagar]]
* [[St. Philomena's College, Mysore]]
* [[List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/upwBKVXrF78 St Philomena's Church Mysore]
{{Commons category|position=left}}
{{Mysore topics}}

*[https://techbeyondinfinity.com/guides/st-philomenas-cathedral/ St. Philomena’s Cathedral | Church Timings and history]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Philomena's Church, Mysore}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore North]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1936]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Churches in Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Cyclone Laila

2025-11-27T04:56:14Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Severe cyclonic storm hitting the Andhra Pradesh in 2010}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Cyclonic Storm Laila
| image = Laila.A2010139.0810.1km.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Laila on May 19
| formed = May 17, 2010
| dissipated = May 21, 2010
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 55
| pressure = 986
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure = 974
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2010
| fatalities = 65 total
| damage = 117490000 
| areas = [[Sri Lanka]], India
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Cyclonic Storm Laila''' was the first cyclonic storm to affect southeastern India in May since the [[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]. The first [[tropical cyclone]] of the [[2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|annual season]], Laila developed on May 17, 2010 in the [[Bay of Bengal]] from a persistent area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]]. Strengthening as it tracked northwestward, it became a [[tropical cyclone scale|severe cyclonic storm]] on May 19. The next day, Laila made [[landfall]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and it later dissipated over land. It caused flooding and damage along its path. Laila is an [[Urdu]]/[[Arabic]] name, meaning [[Night]]. It was the worst storm to hit Andhra Pradesh in the last 14 years.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Laila 2010 track.png}}
In the middle of May 2010, an area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]], or thunderstorms, persisted about 865&nbsp;miles (1400&nbsp;km) south of the Indian city of [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta) in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It was initially disorganized, although satellite imagery indicated a mid-level [[atmospheric circulation|circulation]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-15 |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Indian Ocean |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10_201005151800.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522072800/https://www.webcitation.org/5pnTwNn4K?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10_201005151800.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> After a few days, the convection began consolidating around a developing low-level circulation, and [[rainbands]] became evident. With low amounts of [[wind shear]] in the region, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) assessed its chances of [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]] as fair.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-17 |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Indian Ocean |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808121248/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |archivedate=August 8, 2010 }}</ref> The official warning agency in the basin &ndash; the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) &ndash; classified the system as Depression BOB&nbsp;001 at 0900&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on May&nbsp;17.<ref>{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Department |date=2010-05-17 |title=Depression BOB 01 Advisory 01 |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201005170941.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522072716/https://www.webcitation.org/5pnTcut1u?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201005170941.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> About three hours after the depression was first classified, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression, indicating sustained winds of at least {{convert|34|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="imd517">{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Department |date=2010-05-17 |title=Deep Depression BOB 01 Advisory 02 |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510150556/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archivedate=May 10, 2010 }}</ref>

Late on May&nbsp;17, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 01B, based on further organization. By that time, it was located about 485&nbsp;miles (780&nbsp;km) east-southeast of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and was moving westward due to its position southwest of the [[subtropical ridge]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-17 |title=Tropical Cyclone 01B Warning NR 001 |accessdate=2010-05-17 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807232013/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedate=August 7, 2010 }}</ref> The IMD upgraded the deep depression to Cyclonic Storm Laila early on May&nbsp;18.<ref>{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Organization |date=2010-05-18 |title=Cyclonic Storm Laila Advisory 04 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archivedate=October 25, 2008 }}</ref> With further consolidation of the convection throughout the day, the JTWC noted that the storm "[appeared] to be [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensifying]]", which is a term referring to a quick drop in [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] that usually coincides with a sharp increase in winds. By late on May&nbsp;18, an [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] became evident on satellite imagery,<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-18 |title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Laila) Warning NR 005 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807232013/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedate=August 7, 2010 }}</ref> and at 0000&nbsp;UTC on May&nbsp;19, the JTWC assessed Laila as producing peak winds of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, the equivalent of a minimal hurricane.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-19 |title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Laila) Warning NR 06 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807232013/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedate=August 7, 2010 }}</ref> A few hours later, the IMD upgraded Laila to a severe cyclonic storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Organization |date=2010-05-19 |title=Severe Cyclonic Storm Laila Advisory 12 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527214641/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archivedate=May 27, 2010 }}</ref>

After reaching peak intensity, Laila briefly decelerated as it moved around tan increasing, and the cyclone began weakening as it remained just off the coast.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2010-05-19 |title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Laila) Warning NR 09 |accessdate=2010-05-18 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807232013/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedate=August 7, 2010 }}</ref> Between 1100 and 1200&nbsp;UTC on May&nbsp;20, Laila made [[landfall]] near [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Organization |date=2010-05-20 |title=Severe Cyclonic Storm Laila Advisory 21 |accessdate=2010-05-20 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527214641/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archivedate=May 27, 2010 }}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan = 3 | Death toll
|-
! '''Region''' !! Total deaths !!! class="unsortable"|Source(s)
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]] || 20 || <ref name="ColomboPage-May20_1274373140CH">{{cite news|url = http://www.colombopage.com/archive_10A/May20_1274373140CH.php|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130119123926/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_10A/May20_1274373140CH.php|url-status = usurped|archive-date = January 19, 2013|title = Sri Lanka: Over 500,000 people affected by floods in Sri Lanka, death toll rises to 20|date = 20 May 2010|work = ColomboPage|accessdate = 22 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 36 || <ref name="Indiatimes-5960419">{{cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cyclone-Laila-weakens-into-depression-toll-36/articleshow/5960419.cms|title = Cyclone Laila weakens into depression, toll 36 – India – The Times of India|date = 22 May 2010|work = [[Indiatimes]]|accessdate = 22 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 9 || <ref name="DNAIndia-1385673">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_tamil-nadu-heaves-sigh-of-relief-as-laila-moved-over_1385673|title=Tamil Nadu heaves sigh of relief as Laila moved over – dnaindia.com|date=May 21, 2010  |work=DNAIndia.com|accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom"
! Totals: || {{nts|65}} ||
|}

===Sri Lanka===
Cyclone Laila displaced nearly 280,000 people, triggering floods, delaying flights and submerging many areas of capital Colombo. The indirect impact of the cyclone was compounded as heavy pre-monsoonal showers set in over parts of the country as the storm developed over the Bay of Bengal. The Sri Lanka air force helicopters and navy vessels were pressed into service to ferry stranded passengers from Colombo to the international airport after parts of the connecting roads were washed away. All international and domestic flights were either delayed or cancelled because of heavy rain. Colombo experienced 350&nbsp;mm of rain over the last five days ending May 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15338&Itemid=44|title = Department of Government Information Sri Lanka}}</ref>

Thousands of passengers were also stranded after railway tracks were flooded across the country. Several train stations had to suspend operations. The Lankan Parliament, located in a Colombo suburb, was adjourned after an adjoining lake threatened to overflow and flood the premises. The weather conditions experienced were caused after Sri Lanka was hit by 'feeder bands' (clouds on the outer spirals of a cyclone but connected to its centre) of the cyclone as it moved up the Indian east coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Laila-s-touch-brings-destruction-in-Lanka/H1-Article1-545787.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525101755/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Laila-s-touch-brings-destruction-in-Lanka/H1-Article1-545787.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 25, 2010 |title=Cylone Laila's touch brings destruction in Lanka |work=Hindustan Times|date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref>

===India===

====Andhra Pradesh====
Early in the duration of the cyclone, the IMD noted the potential for heavy rainfall and gusty winds along the coast of Andhra Pradesh. The agency advised fishermen to avoid being in open seas. Additionally, the agency contacted state governments in the region to warn of the storm's threat.<ref name="imd517"/> The weather office has stated that the cyclone will not have an effect on the [[monsoon]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Govt-evacuates-people-as-cyclone-Laila-strengthens/articleshow/5948490.cms |title=Govt evacuates people as cyclone Laila strengthens-Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref>

Cyclone Laila battered Ongole town; it received heavy rain of 320&nbsp;mm on May 20 and 142&nbsp;mm on May 21, and has made rivulets like [[Gundlakamma]], [[Addavagu]] and [[Pothurajukalva]] swollen. Addanki received the highest rainfall of 522&nbsp;mm, followed by Maddipadu with 510&nbsp;mm and Kothapatnam {{Nowrap|258 mm}} in 24 hours on May 21.<ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article435415.ece |title=The Hindu : States / Tamil Nadu : Ongole: rivulets swollen, villagers marooned |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Beta.thehindu.com |date=2010-05-21 |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref>

The cyclone caused heavy destruction in Prakasam, Krishna and Guntur districts and preliminary reports prepared by the State government put the loss at over Rs 500 crore.<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon |first=Nalini |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/loss-due-laila-state-put-rs-500-cr-099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524104443/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/loss-due-laila-state-put-rs-500-cr-099 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |title=Loss due to Laila in state put at Rs 500 cr |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2010-05-23 |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> According to a [[BBC]] report, Cyclone Laila was the worst storm to hit Andhra Pradesh in 14 years.<ref name="BBC8696211">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8696211.stm|title=BBC News – Cyclone Laila 'kills 23' in southern India|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=22 May 2010 | date=2010-05-21}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====
Nine people were killed in rain related incidents in Tamil Nadu, as the cyclonic storm "Laila" battered the Coastal areas in Northern parts of Tamil Nadu, Chennai city and its suburbs.<ref name="DNAIndia-1385673"/>

==References==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|India|Sri Lanka}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=2010-03-01 }}

{{2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Laila]]
[[Category:2010 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Severe cyclonic storms|Laila]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2010|Laila]]

Pradhan Mantri (TV series)

2025-11-25T07:06:48Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name = Pradhan Mantri Time Bomb
| genre = Political Thriller
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Ketan Mehta]]
| starring = See below
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Pradhan Mantri
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language =
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 13
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = Multi-cam
| runtime = 40 minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2001|04|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2001|06|29|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Pradhan Mantri''''' (translation: Prime Minister) is an hour long weekly TV program broadcast on [[Zee TV]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/01/stories/13010696.htm| title=Who cares for ethics?| date=1 April 2001 | first=Sevanti | last=Ninan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| accessdate=21 January 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The show was conceptualized by well known editor-journalist [[M. J. Akbar|M.J. Akbar]] and directed by [[Ketan Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/spotlight/Pradhan1.htm|title=On the sets of Zee TV's 'Pradhan Mantriji'|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/20010423-zee-tv-sony-rejig-program-in-bid-to-win-back-viewers-they-lost-to-rival-star-tv-775237-2001-04-22|title=Zee TV, Sony rejig program in bid to win back viewers they lost to rival Star TV|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=23 April 2001 |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> and [[Shrivallabh Vyas]].

== Cast ==
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as [[Prime Minister of India|The Prime Minister of India]] Anirudh Prakash
* [[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as [[Member of parliament]] Mr. Gupt
* as Savita Ganpati, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I&B Minister]]
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Ramji Yadav, one of the [[Member of parliament|MP]] and [[HRD Ministry|HRD Minister]]
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as [[President of India|The President of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0W4ULygIMsUg2liIr5ztEPQe7CsS8KW6 Watch Pradhan Mantri] (Zee) on YouTube

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Political drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Children's literature in Gujarati language

2025-11-20T17:27:15Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Adding a details with sources

The [[Children's literature]] in [[Gujarati language]] of India has its roots in traditional folk literature, [[Purana|Puranic]] literature, epics and fables from [[Sanskrit literature]]. Following 1830s, the large number of stories and fables adapted and translated from various traditional and western sources started to appear in Gujarati. Led by [[Gijubhai Badheka]] and [[Nanabhai Bhatt (Lokbharti)|Nanabhai Bhatt]], the children's literature expanded rapidly in form of stories, poems, rhymes and riddles. Several authors and poets wrote for children intermittently and exclusively. Large number of magazines catering to children were published by middle of twentieth century. Later adventure novels, science fiction, young-adult fiction were also published. [[Ramanlal Soni]] and [[Jivram Joshi]] contributed for five decades creating stories, fictional characters and novels. Few children's plays were published while the biographies of historical characters appeared frequently.

==Children's stories==
There are several stories popular in Gujarati folk literature which relate to children. There is a long tradition of [[Purana]] stories in [[Indian literature]] which deals with topics, particularly myths, legends and other traditional lore. The stories derived from ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Panchtantra]]'', ''[[Hitopadesha]]'' and anecdotes of ''[[Akbar]]-[[Birbal]]'', ''Bhoja-Kalidas'', ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]'', ''[[Baital Pachisi]]'', ''[[Śukasaptati]]'' are told to children for generations.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}

The current form of children's literature started after the education in Gujarati was aligned to western pattern in 1826 during [[British Raj]]. The Native Schools and Books Society established in [[Bombay]] in 1820 had published books for new schools. They were for co-curriculum reading. Initial works in Gujarati children's literature were translations and adaptations. In 1826, Bapulal Shastri Pandya translated ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' in Gujarati as ''Aesop Nitikathao''. In next few years more translations of Aesop's Fables published. The ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' translated as ''Gulliverni Musafari''. In 1831, the two parts of ''Balamitra'' was published starting an era of current form of children's literature. It had poems, stories, anecdotes and jokes.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} [[Ranchhodbhai Dave]] published ''Isapnitini Vato'' adapted from ''Aesop's Fables'' in 1859.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=29}} The Bombay Education Society published four books in 1840; ''Shishusadbodhmala'', ''Balamitra'', ''Balasathi'' and ''Panch Pakhaon'' (''Panchapakhyana''); having poems, stories, anecdotes, biographies for children. Amichandra wrote ''Batrish Pultini Varta'' based on ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]''.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}

Initially there were translations of stories from classic Indian literature. ''Tunki Kahanio'' (1881) published by Anubhai Neelkanth had 118 translated stories.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=29}} [[Hargovinddas Kantawala]] published adapted short stories ''Tachukadi So Vaat'' in six volumes. He also wrote novel regarding misrule of the foolish king in 1887. He also published ''Kanyavanchanamala'', the first book exclusively for girls.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} [[Ichchharam Desai]] translated ''[[Evenings at Home]]'' as ''Balako No Anand'' (1895). He also wrote ''Ghashiram Kotwal'' (1903) based on Ghashiram from Maratha history.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} Jaysukhlal Joshipura adapted ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' as ''Alka no Adbhut Pravas''. Narayan Hemchandra wrote ''Mahabharat Ni Vartao'' (1904) based on events from the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Manchharam Ghelaram edited a collection of tales, ''Murakho'', the fool, which was a theme on which several others had written. Sharda Mehta published ''Puranvarta Sangraha'' (1906) based on mythological tales from [[Purana]].{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} Kalyanrag Joshi published ''Deshdeshni Vato'' (1914) and ''Vigyan ni Vato'' (1914) about worldview and science respectively.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=30}}

The original children's literature rapidly expanded due to efforts of [[Gijubhai Badheka]] who was actively involved in reforms in children's education. He started the musical literature for children and is considered the father of children's literature in Gujarati. He published five books in 1922 and later cofounded a school, Dakshinamoorti, in [[Bhavnagar]] which published large number of books for children. He was joined by [[Jugatram Dave]], Taraben Modak, [[Mulshankar Bhatt]], Vishnu Trivedi, Harbhai Trivedi, Ramnarayan Pathak, and several others. [[Nanabhai Bhatt (Lokbharti)|Nanabhai Bhatt]] published stories based on characters from ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''Mahabharata'' as well as ''Hindu Dharma ni Akhyayikao'' for [[young adult fiction|young adults]]. [[Mulshankar Bhatt]] translated [[science fiction]]al [[adventure novel]]s by [[Jules Verne]] in Gujarati. He wrote ''Sahsikoni Shrusti'', a simplified version of Jules Verne's ''[[The Mysterious Island]]'', and ''Khajanani Shodhma'', a simplified version of [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson]]'s ''[[Treasure Island]]''. Dakshinamoorti published more than 150 children's books.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=30}}{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}<ref name="Dave1985">{{cite journal|last=Dave|first=Arvind|title=Children's Literature in India|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248394|journal=[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly]]|year=1985|volume=10|issue=3|pages=110–112|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0397 |via=[[Project MUSE]]|url-access=subscription}} {{closed access}}</ref>

Natvarlal Malvi and Ishwarlal Vimavala established ''Gandiv'' in [[Surat]] which published works for young-adults. They published illustrated 30 stories of popular anthropomorphic animal character ''[[Bakor Patel]]'' created by [[Hariprasad Vyas]]. Other major authors were Kaushiram Pandya, Chhaganlal Pandya, Chimanlal Bhatt, Dhirajlal Shah, [[Manubhai Jodhani]], [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu]], Tarachandra Adalja, Bhimbhai Desai, Subhadra Gandhi, Bhikhabhai Vyas, [[Jaybhikhkhu]], Himmatlal Shah, Niranjan Varma and Prasannavadan Dixit. Bholashankar Vyas wrote humorous stories for children. Ratilal Nanabhai Tanna, Vasant Nayak and Mahesh 'Mast Fakir' also wrote several stories. ''Foram Lahario'' by Sharda Prasad Varma and ''Vanarsena ni Vato'' by Keshav Prasad Desai were also published. Ramanlal N. Shah, Sumati Patel and Nagardas Patel published some stories under title of ''Baljeevan'' and ''Balvinod''. [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] also wrote some patriotic stories for children. [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta]] wrote ''Balvartavali'', ''Arun Nu Adbhut Swapna'', ''Baval Na Parakramo''. Chandrashankar Bhatt published ''Balmitra'' which published stories which were later collected as ''Balmitra Ni Vato'', ''Sindbad Sheth'', ''Kumar Veersen''.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=30-31}}

Two major authors who published extensively in children's literature were [[Ramanlal Soni]] and [[Jivram Joshi]] who contributed for more than five decades. Ramanlal Joshi created ''Galbo Shiyal'' and associated animal stories. For example, his ''Mangalu'' was popular among children. Jivram Joshi created several popular characters including [[Miya Fuski]], Chhel-Chhabo, Chhako-Mako, Adukiyo-Dadukiyo.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=31}} Other popular character based stories were ''Bogho'' of Harshad Patel, ''Vinu'' of Navalkant Bhavsar, ''Venakaka'' of Juga Pandya, ''Fatubha Fankda Na Parakramo'' by Manubhai Shah, ''Shekhchalli'' of Jaymalla Parmar, ''Akkad ane Fakkad'' of Narad, ''Budhiyo'' of Madhusudan Parekh, ''Soti and Pothi'' of Dhananjay Shah, ''Miyalabbe'' of Chandrkant Amin and ''Muchhala Menamasi'' of Dhiraj Brahmabhatt.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=33}}

In the field of [[science fiction]], Shrikant Trivedi, Harish Nayak, Yashwant Mehta, Dhirajlal Gajjar, Ratilal Nayak, Kanaiyalal Ramanuj, Girish Ganatra, Rajni Vyas, Suresh Jethna, [[Nagendra Vijay]], Yashwant Kadikar, Kishor Pandya, Nagin Modi, Bipin Patel, Ishwar Parmar, Sakalchand Saheb contributed. The stories based on ''Panchtantra'', ''Hitopadesha'', ''[[Akbar]]-[[Birbal]]'' folk tales, Mulla Nasiruddin, [[Tenali Rama]] are frequently translated and written by various authors over the years. Popular works from world literature such as ''[[Tarzan]]'', ''[[Hercules]]'', ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' are frequently adapted in Gujarati by various authors.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=33}}

In [[animal fable]]s, [[Ramanlal Soni]], [[Vijaygupta Maurya]], Manubhai Jodhani, Nanubhai Surati, Kanaiyalal Ramanuj, Harjivan Somaiya, Vasantlal Parmar contributed. ''Sarkas Doctor Na Romanchak Sahaso'' by [[Vijaygupta Maurya]] is noteworthy among them. Mukul Kalarthi, [[Kumarpal Desai]], Mahendra Trivedi, Upendra Bhatt wrote large number of [[fable]]s.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=33}}

Several artist wrote or illustrated stories including [[comics]] and [[graphic novel|graphic stories]]. [[Ravishankar Raval]], [[Somalal Shah]], Rajni Vyas, Chakor, [[Abid Surti]], Natu Mistry, Ramesh Kothari, V. Ramanuj, Lalit Lad, Nirmal Sarteja, Deepak Thakor are notable among them.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=34}}

Some novels or novellas were also written for children. ''Gulabi Aarass Ni Laggi'' by [[Harikrishna Pathak]], ''Tilli'' by Mahendra Trivedi, ''Navjivan Shala'' by Madhav Desai, ''Durga No Deepak'' by Shraddha Trivedi, ''Varun Nu Soneri Swapna'' by Madhusudan Parekh, ''Prakash Na Parevada'' by Kanaiyalal Joshi, ''Khovayeli Duniyani Safare'' by Yashwant Mehta are some novels. Some women in the children's literature are Jagruti Ramanuj, Sulbha Depurkar, [[Usha Upadhyay]], Aruna Mistry, Lata Hirani, Bepsy Engineer, Kalindi Parikh, Neha Kansara, Pushpa Antani, [[Neeta Ramaiya]] and Tarlika Mehta.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=32-35}}

In recent times, the large number of classic adventure novels from the world literature are translated and published in Gujarati.

==Children's poetry==
;Very young children's poetry
The poetry for very young children include [[lullaby]], [[rhyme]]s, [[riddle]]s. ''Halarda'' (1928) is a collection of lullabies by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]]. Keshavlal Parikh published collection of riddles, ''Koyada Sangrah'' (1870). ''Kavtuka Samgraha'' (1885) and ''Padshah are Leva'' (1886) are published by [[Parsi]] writer Marzban. The first deals with general knowledge in light manner while the second present it in puzzle format.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} Gijubhai Badheka published a collection of rhymes, ''Jodakna'' (1937) selected from folk literature. Deshalji Parmar was a major contributor of original rhymes. His rhyme collection ''Galgoato'' (1930) is notable. Kanji Kalidas Joshi had edited ''Bal Ukhana'' (1929) which is the book of riddles published before the [[independence of India]].{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=36}}

Other books for very young include ''Mitro Na Jodakna'' (1993) by [[Dhiruben Patel]], ''Pappa No Thappo'' (1992) by Badal, ''Jodakna Ni Maja'' (1993), ''Sarvariya'' (1980) and ''Zagmagiya'' (1983) by Amritlal Parekh, ''Tari Mari Doreli'' (1988) and ''Pandade Podhya Patangiya'' (1998) by Dhansukhlal Parekh.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=36-37}}

;Children's poetry
Gujarati children's poetry started as an educational instrument. In 1848, [[Dalpatram]] wrote humorous children's poetry from inspiration from earlier fables. When new education department was formed by the British authorities, he had edited series of new Gujarati textbooks under leadership of [[Theodore Hope]]. His was perhaps the first original writing for children in Gujarati which also included first children's poem.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} His ''Andheri Nagari Ne Gandu Raja'', ''Dayali Ma'', ''Sharanaivalo'' and ''Unt Na Adhar Ang Vanka'' are notable among them. These poems has simple story; simple tune, words and rhymes; message with humour.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}}{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}}{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} In 1866, [[Navalram Pandya]] had written [[garba (dance)|garba]] songs for children which were published in ''Shalapatra'' and later as ''Bal Garbavali''.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} One song of it ''Janavarni Jan'' became very popular.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=37-38}}{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} [[Nhanalal]] also wrote poetry for children.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} His ''Ganya Ganay Nahi, Vinya Vinay Nahi'' is popular among children. ''Balakavya'' (1915) by Krishnaprasad Bhatt had poems with natural rhymes.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} ''Ajab Jevi Vaat Chhe'' by Upendracharyaji was very popular. Himmatlal Anjariya published a poetry collection ''Madhubindu'' (1915).{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} Tribhuvan Vyas wrote ''Nava Geeto'' (1929){{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} and ''Gunjarava'' (1941) focused on natural elements such as river, hills, rain and sea.{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] published poetry collections; ''Veni Na Phool'' (1931) and ''Killol'' (1932). His ''Kaludi Kutari'' was popular. His poems ''Charankanya'' and ''Shivaji Nu Halardu'' are also notable. His poems were simple and effective.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} [[Tribhuvandas Luhar]] 'Sundaram' published poetry collection ''Rang Rang Vadaliya'' (1939),{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=37-38}} ''Chak Chak Chakla'', ''Aa Avya Patangiya'' and ''Gato Gato Jay Kanaiyo''. These all are collections are published in a single volume ''Samagra Balkavita'' (2005).{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}}

Educationists [[Gijubhai Badheka]] and [[Nanabhai Bhatt (Lokbharati)|Nanabhai Bhatt]] established the children's literature in its true understanding and as the foundation of the education and moral development. Their scientific methods in education and children's literature were appreciated. Harbhai Trivedi, Taraben and Monghiben continued their tradition.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}}

[[Chandravadan Mehta]] wrote ''Chandapoli'' and ''Dudhna Dana''. Somabhai Bhavsar wrote a collection of rhymes ''Kharek Topara'' and three other collections; ''Gunjan'' (1939), ''Bham'' (1951) and ''Chagdol'' (1961). In 1960, he also edited three anthologies of singable children's poems.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}} ''Balako Na Geeto'', ''Magodi No Pipudivalo'', ''Pagala'', ''Madh No Ladvo'', ''Kashi No Pandit'' are the collections by [[Ramanlal Soni]]. They were published in 1979.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=37-40}} [[Snehrashmi]] wrote popular prayer ''Namie Tujne Varamvar''. He also experimented with ''[[Haiku]]'' format. ''Tarapo'' (1980) and ''Ujani'' (1980) are his poetry collections. His experiences as a teacher and a poet are visible in his poems. His poems has tunes and rhymes which can be easily captured by children as well as they are singable; filled with imagination, inspiration and entertainment.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=370}} After 1950, [[Rajendra Shah (author)|Rajendra Shah]] (''Morpichchh'', ''Ambe Avyo Mor'' and ''Roomzoom''), [[Balmukund Dave]] (''Allak Dallak'', ''Sonchampo''), ''Makarand Dave'' (''Zabuk Vijali Zabuk'') also wrote children's poetry. [[Suresh Dalal]] published more than dozen poetry collections including ''Ittakitta'' and ''Tingatoli'' (1976) in his three decade long career. According to [[Harikrishna Pathak]], Dalal brought children's poetry from its rural background to urban setup.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}}

[[Ramesh Parekh]] is prolific children's poet of modern era. His command on tune, novelty, amazement, imagination, teasing writing style are visible in his poetry. ''Hauk'' (1978), ''Chin'' (1980), ''Itta, Kitta Ane Buchcha'', ''Dariyo Zullam Zulla'', ''Hasie Khullam Khulla'' are his collections. [[Chandrakant Sheth]]'s ''Chandaliyani Gadi'' (1980) depicts different styles of songs and different mentalities of children. [[Harikrishna Pathak]] also captures amazement in his collection ''Koinu Kaink Khovay Chhe'' (1981). ''Tofan'' (1979) by [[Yoseph Macwan]] includes songs with catchy tunes.{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}}

The poet Pinakin Trivedi, studied at [[Santiniketan]], brought melody and rhymes of children's poetry by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=696}} Other children's poetry collections are ''Balshikshan Ni Garbavali'' by Gopalji Delwadakar, ''Kanya Garbavali'' and ''Balgeeto'' by Manishankar Dave, ''Bal Kavitao'' by Dhirajlal Bhatt, ''Gauri Na Geeto'' by Deshalji Parmar, ''Chalo Gaeye'' by Madhukant G. Mehta, ''Chandapoli'' by Vasant Nayak, ''Kilkilat'' by Jamubhai Dani, ''Naginavadi'' by Ramnik Aralvala, ''Chhbchhabiya'' by [[Avinash Vyas]], ''Balkavya Mala'' by Viththalrai Avasthi, ''Balgeetavali'' by Keshav Sheth, ''Zulto Hathi'' by Pranshankar Upadhyay, ''Dada Ni Muchh'' by Shantikumar Pandya, ''Chanibor'' by [[Jugatram Dave]].{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=38}}{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}}

Several other poets also contributed including [[Umashankar Joshi]],{{sfn | ''અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ'' | 2010|page=371}} Bhanuprasad Pandya, Suresh Majmudar, Pujalal Dalwadi, Rashid Munshi, Ravindra Thakor, Phillip Clerk, Raksha Dave, Kanti Kadia, Natwar Patel, Sushilaben Zaveri. Kirit Purohit experimented with [[ghazal]] while Harikrishna Pathak with [[sonnet]]. ''Ilakavyo'' by [[Chandravadan Mehta]]; ''Janani Ni Jod Sakhi'' by [[Damodar Botadkar]]; ''Bharat No Zando'' and ''Gunvanti Gujarat'' by [[Ardeshar Khabardar]] and ''Lucy Grey'' by Viththalrai Avasthi are notable poems.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=37-40}} [[Udayan Thakker]] has also published books on children's poetry.

==Children's plays==
Gijubhai Badheka published two volumes of children's plays through Dakshinamurti. Jugatram Dave wrote ''Andhala Nu Gadu'' and ''Galli Mari Ghrrr Jay''. Gandiv published several plays under ''Chalo Bhajavie'' series during the same period. Other notable plays are ''Rangtoran'' and ''Rangdwar'' etc. by [[Jayanti Dalal]];{{sfn | ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' | 1987|page=838}} ''Ishwar Nu Mandir'' by Kismat Qureshi, ''Balko no Bandhav'' by Gaurishankar Chaturvedi, ''Antar Na Ajwala'' by Jethalal Chaudhri, ''Eklavya ane Biji Natikao'' by Pragji Dosa, ''Aa Rotli Kon Khashe?'' by Shanta Gandhi and ''Asman Ni Chilli'' by Leena Mangaldas.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=41}}

==Biographies==
The children's literature in Gujarati is rich with biographies. Pranlal Mathurdas and Anandrav Champaji translated Robertson as ''Columbus No Vrutant'' in 1839 which was the first translated biography but is not targeted for children. Gijubhai Badheka published ''Kathanatya Granthmala'' which included biographies of ''Shivaji Maharaj'', ''Buddhacharitra'', ''Harishchandra'', ''Gopichand'' etc. Jugatram Dave published ''Balko Na Gandhiji'' focused on [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Dhirajlal Bhatt published several biographies under ''Adarsh Charitavali''. ''Sayaji Balgyanmala'' is a series written by several authors focused on historical figures and patriots. The historical characters such as Mahatma Gandhi, [[Vinoba Bhave]], [[Shivaji]], [[Vivekanand]], [[Ramakrishna]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] are also appear as biographical stories frequently.{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=41}}

==Publications==
The children's magazine played important role for spread and popularity of children's literature. ''Satyoday'' (1862) was the first children's magazine in Gujarati. Other magazines were ''Baloday'' (1877), ''Balmitra'' (1879), ''Balgyanvardhak'' (1882), ''Balshikshak'' (1911), ''Balako No Bandhu'' (1912), ''Balak'' (1923), ''Gandiv'' (1925), ''Balwadi'' (1927), ''Balodhyan'' (1931), ''Kishor'' (1935), ''Balsakha'' (1937), ''Baljagat'' (1939), ''Vidyarthi'' (1941), ''Ramakadu'' (1949), ''Zagmag'' (1952), ''Balsandesh'' (1952), ''Balkanaiyo'' (1954), ''[[Chandamama]]'' (1954), ''Rasranjan'' (1958), ''Sabras'' (1962), ''Rasvinod'' (1965), ''Baldakshina'' (1966), ''Fulwadi'' (1967), ''Pagalee'' (1968), ''Chandapoli'' (1968), ''Suman Sanskar'' (1977), ''Bulbul'' (1977), ''Balmasti'' (1979), ''Nayak'' (1979), ''Vandarful'' (1981), ''Safai'' (1981), ''Balako Nu Chhapu'' (1983), ''Chamak'' (1984), ''Chi'' (1984), ''Flower Pot'' (1984), ''Chitrakatha'' (1986), ''Tintin'' (1987), ''Mini Chocolate'' (1987), ''Rasvinod'' (1990), ''[[Champak]]'' (1991), ''[[Tinkle]]'' (1991), ''Tamtam'' (1991), ''Varta Re Varta'' (1991).{{sfn | ''બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા'' | 2014 |page=35}}

All major [[Media in Gujarati language|Gujarati newspapers]] publishes supplements dedicated to children every week including ''Zagmag'' by ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', ''Balsandesh'' by ''[[Sandesh (newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', ''Bal Bhaskar'' by ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]''.

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|3}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA838|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=696, 838| ref={{sfnref | Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature | 1987}}}}
*{{cite book |last= Patel |first=Aartiben G. |title=બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા |trans-title=Authors of Children's Literature: Jivram Joshi and Yashwant Mehta |language=gu |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Parshwa Publication |isbn=978-93-5108-173-9 |year=2014 |pages=28–41 |ref={{sfnref | બાળસાહિત્યના સર્જકો : જીવરામ જોશી અને યશવંત મહેતા | 2014}}}}
*{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=370–382|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era|ref={{sfnref | અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ | 2010}}}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Ekvismi Sadinu Balsahitya (21st-century Children Literature) |editor=Desai, Kumarpal |editor-link=Kumarpal Desai |year=2000 |publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]] |location=Gandhinagar |isbn=81-7227-074-7}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Gujarati language}}

[[Category:Indian children's literature]]
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]

Kagna River

2025-11-03T23:27:09Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: stub!

{{Short description|Tributary of the Bhima River in India}}
'''Kagina River''' is a tributary of the [[Bhima River]], the main tributary of the [[Krishna River]]. It rises in the [[Ananthagiri hills]] near [[Vikarabad]] in the state of [[Telangana]]. Unlike other rivers of the [[Deccan]] that flow east or south east, the Kagna flows in a westernly direction through the states of Telangana and [[Karnataka]] before joining the Bhima near [[Wadi, Karnataka|Wadi]] in [[Kalaburagi district]].<ref>Venkateswarlu, V. Ecological studies on the rivers of Andhra Pradesh with special reference to water quality and pollution. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 96, 495–508 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053544</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.0447|76.9062|format=dms|display=title|region:IN_type:river}}

[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Chandrashekhar Prasad

2025-10-30T08:55:20Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: brief update formatting and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician (1964–1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrashekhar Prasad
| image = File:Chandrashekhar_Prasad_Student_Leader.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1964|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[Siwan, Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|3|31|1964|9|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Siwan, Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
| education = [[Sainik School, Tilaiya]] [[Patna University]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| occupation = [[Activist]] Student
| organization = [[All India Students Association]] (AISA)
| title = President of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
| term = 1993-1995
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| mother = Kaushalya Devi
}}

'''Chandrashekar Prasad''' (20 September 1964 – 31 March 1997),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/gun-killed-jnus-chandrashekhar-secular|title=The Gun That Killed JNU's Chandrashekhar 20 Years Ago Was 'Secular'|last=Kant|first=Krishna|date=1 April 2017|website=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504102628/https://thewire.in/politics/gun-killed-jnus-chandrashekhar-secular|url-status=live}}</ref> popularly known as '''Chandu'''<ref name=":3" /> and '''Comrade Chandrashekhar'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/817220/shahabuddin-and-bihars-feudal-lords-joined-hands-to-check-the-cpi-ml-s-growth-in-the-state|title=Interview: 'Shahabuddin is not alone when it comes to impunity enjoyed by the powerful'|website=Scroll.in|accessdate=12 June 2023|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135802/http://scroll.in/article/817220/shahabuddin-and-bihars-feudal-lords-joined-hands-to-check-the-cpi-ml-s-growth-in-the-state|url-status=live}}</ref> was a [[student leader]] and later an activist affiliated to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/jnu-sedition-row/2016/02/18/before-kanhaiya-came-chandu-a-jnu-president-killed-19-years-ago|title=Before Kanhaiya Came 'Chandu': A JNU President Killed 19 Years Ago|publisher=The Quint|access-date=2 September 2016|date=2016-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911093025/https://www.thequint.com/jnu-sedition-row/2016/02/18/before-kanhaiya-came-chandu-a-jnu-president-killed-19-years-ago|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], and served as the president of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] for two terms.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Prasad played a key role in the development of [[All India Students Association]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-elections-shahabuddin-bail-rjd-mp-protests-340378-2016-09-10|title=After elections, JNU students to raise voice against RJD MP Shahabuddin's bail|last=Purkayastha|first=Parbina|date=10 September 2016|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071934/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-elections-shahabuddin-bail-rjd-mp-protests-340378-2016-09-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 March 1997, he was assassinated by sharpshooters allegedly in the employ of [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]] of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], while addressing street corner meetings in the district town of [[Siwan, Bihar]] in support of a strike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-sentenced-to-life-in-chandrasekhar-murder-case/article3220897.ece|title=Three sentenced to life in Chandrasekhar murder case|date=2012-03-25|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-03-10|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227080204/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-sentenced-to-life-in-chandrasekhar-murder-case/article3220897.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His assassination led to remarkable student protests across India.<ref name=":0" /> In 2012, four people were convicted of his murder and [[Life Sentence|life sentences]] were awarded to each of them; all the convicted were former members of the [[Janata Dal]] (later split into [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-hc-upholds-life-imprisonment-of-four-in-former-jnusu-president-chandrashekhar-murder-case/articleshow/69268553.cms|title=Chandrashekhar murder case: Patna: HC upholds life imprisonment of four in former JNUSU president Chandrashekhar murder case {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Karmakar|first=Debashish|date=10 May 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-hc-upholds-life-imprisonment-of-four-in-former-jnusu-president-chandrashekhar-murder-case/articleshow/69268553.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jnu-vandalised-22375|title=JNU vandalised|date=7 January 2020|website=[[Tribune India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107095306/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jnu-vandalised-22375|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chandrashekhar Prasad was born on 20 September 1964 in [[Siwan, Bihar]] in a [[Kushwaha]] or [[Koeri]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2019/02/remembering-chandu-friend-and-comrade|website= CPI-ML|title= Biography of Chandrashekhar Prasad|access-date= 12 June 2023|archive-date= 24 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220724020800/http://cpiml.net/liberation/2019/02/remembering-chandu-friend-and-comrade|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|title=JNU: Travails of A Dalit Comrade President|website=forward Press|accessdate=12 June 2023|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129120804/https://www.forwardpress.in/2013/01/jnu-travails-of-a-dalit-comrade-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a sergeant in the [[Indian Air Force]] who died of a heart attack when he was 8 years old. His mother, Kaushalya Devi states that she only got {{INRConvert|150||lk=on|year=1973}} as compensation for her husband's service to the forces but made sure her son was educated well.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne020607Betrayed_by.asp|title=Betrayed by Revolution: ''The CPI (ML) hails Chandrashekhar as a martyr. But his aged mother feels her son's sacrifice was in vain''|date=2 September 2016|publisher=[[Tehelka]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310142820/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne020607Betrayed_by.asp|archive-date=10 March 2016|access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Chandrashekhar completed his [[intermediate education]] at [[Sainik School, Tilaiya|Sainik School]] in [[Jhumri Telaiya|Jhumri Tilaiya]]. Following his schooling, he was selected for [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] training in [[Pune]]. He joined the program but left it after 2 years, stating dissatisfaction.<ref name=":1" /> He subsequently enrolled in [[Patna University]] and became an active member of the [[All India Students Federation]] but became disillusioned with the federation some time afterwards. In 1990, he joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] for a [[MPhil]] degree in [[English literature]]. He later started working on a PhD on Bihar's popular folk theater form ''Bidesia'' but was assassinated before he could complete it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/red-island-erupts/203394|title=Red Island Erupts|last=Joshi|first=Rajesh|date=16 April 1997|website=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022819/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/red-island-erupts/203394|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political activism ==
Chandrashekhar Prasad became associated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] during the formation of the [[All India Students Association]].<ref name=":3" /> In an [[Aligarh]] town hall, he expressed his desire to bring a "revolution" for clean politics in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2016/feb/18/kanhaiya-should-not-meet-slain-jnu-student-leader-chandrashekhar-prasads-fate/5244279a83113d990e77197300fd9af3|title=Kanhaiya should not meet slain JNU student leader Chandrashekhar Prasad's fate|last=Rahmani|first=Hussain|date=18 February 2016|website=[[Rediff]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071936/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2016/feb/18/kanhaiya-should-not-meet-slain-jnu-student-leader-chandrashekhar-prasads-fate/5244279a83113d990e77197300fd9af3|url-status=live}}</ref> He is credited with almost single-handedly building up the [[All India Students Association]] during his stay in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. He was elected to the body of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] as the vice president for one term and president for two terms. He is said to have played a key role in creating the foundations of [[Workers rights|labourers]], [[Student rights in higher education|students]], [[Women's rights|women's]] and [[dalit]]s rights movements among the students community. After completing his M.Phil., he moved back to his hometown of Siwan to start a movement there.<ref name=":1" />

Prasad was deputed as a youth leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation in Siwan. He began campaigning against corruption and alleged criminal leaders of the region. He is described to have made considerable inroads as a mass leader and posed a threat to the [[Janata Dal]] (later split into [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]), the ruling party in Bihar. After his death, [[Brij Bihari Pandey]] stated that [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]], the Member of Parliament from the [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan constituency]] was threatened by the activism of Chandrashekhar who was considered as a candidate from the constituency in the upcoming elections.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==Assassination==
Prasad was addressing a corner meeting on J.P Road in [[Siwan, Bihar]] on 31 March 1997 for organising a ''[[bandh]]'' (general strike) in Bihar to protest against the mass murders and scandals that were rampant in the state. During the meeting, he was killed in a [[mass shooting]] along with another activist, Shyam Narayan Yadav and a hawker Bhutele Miyan.<ref name=":1" /> [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]], who was a member of parliament and known as a strongman in the district,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dreaded-bahubali-mohammad-shahabuddin-116091500255_1.html|title=All you need to know about the dreaded 'Bahubali' Mohammad Shahabuddin|date=2016-09-15|work=[[Business Standard India]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105074620/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dreaded-bahubali-mohammad-shahabuddin-116091500255_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was the prime accused for the shooting along with 5 other members of the [[Janata Dal]] (later split into [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]).<ref name=":2" />

=== Student protests ===
Following the Chandrashekhar's assassination, there were "unprecedented protests" by students across India.<ref name=":0" /> In [[Delhi]], students from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] marched to the Bihar Niwas demanding a dialogue with the then [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. In response, [[Sadhu Yadav]], a leader of the Rashtriya Janata Dal had allegedly ordered a mass shooting on the student protesters by the police.<ref name=":1" /> The protests occurred in various university campuses across major institutions such as [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Jadavpur University]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], Jawaharlal Nehru University and [[University of Lucknow]] among others; led by Kaushalya Devi, the mother of Chandrashekhar. Devi had been offered monetary compensation by the [[Government of Bihar]] which she had refused. The [[All India Students Association]] also demanded the arrest of Sadhu Yadav and [[capital punishment]] for Mohammad Shahabuddin. The student protests were able to pressurise Lalu Prasad Yadav into allowing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to investigate the case. The term ''goonda raj'' to refer to the criminalisation of politics in Bihar was coined during these protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19970515-laloo-prasad-yadav-finds-himself-under-fire-from-students-831412-1997-05-15|title=Laloo Prasad Yadav finds himself under fire from students|last=Jha|first=Sanjay Kumar|date=15 May 1997|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514222723/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19970515-laloo-prasad-yadav-finds-himself-under-fire-from-students-831412-1997-05-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Investigation and trial ===
On 26 February 2012, following the investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], a [[special court]]<ref name=":5" /> convicted 3 of the accused, sentenced them to [[life imprisonment]] and fined each of them a sum of {{INRConvert|40000||lk=on|year=2012}}. The general secretary [[Dipankar Bhattacharya]] however expressed dissatisfaction with the verdict and stated that the verdict was "disappointing inadequate" and that the courts had skirted the "political character of the murder" by ignoring the charges on [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-sentenced-to-life-in-chandrasekhar-murder-case/article3220897.ece|title=Three sentenced to life in Chandrasekhar murder case|date=2012-03-25|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402111424/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-sentenced-to-life-in-chandrasekhar-murder-case/article3220897.ece|archive-date=2020-04-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the prime accused in the case. On 23 March 2012, a fourth accused was sentenced for life whose trial had run separately and a fifth accused had died during the course of the trials, therefore, no convictions were brought against him.<ref name=":2" /> Following the trials, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] states that the CBI treated the crime like a case of random shooting instead of a political assassination. The party maintains the position that no justice was granted with the verdict where a young activist was killed by a sitting member of Parliament and only his [[hitmen]] were sentenced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2012/may_2012/commentary_4.html|title=Who Is the Real Killer of Comrade Chandrashekhar?|website=Liberation - CPIML Archives|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225155421/http://www.archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2012/may_2012/commentary_4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2010, filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]] initiated a project to create a biopic of Chandrashekhar Prasad titled ''Chandu''. The announcement invoked controversy against any perceived sense of distortions of facts on the contemporary figure. The project however stated that the film will not indulge in any distortion of facts for commercial gains and will be produced as a documentary film. The documentary film maker Ajay Kanchan was employed as director. The actor [[Imran Zahid]] was cast to play the role of Chandrashekhar "Chandu" Prasad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandu-wont-distort-facts-for-commercial-gain-director/628378/|title=Chandu won't distort facts for commercial gain: director - Indian Express|date=2 June 2010|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071938/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandu-wont-distort-facts-for-commercial-gain-director/628378/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the project was scrapped due to opposition to its production and concerns of potential legal hurdles as a result of the cases related to the assassination being [[sub judice]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/metro/film-on-jnu-leader-scrapped-director-302749.html|title=Film on JNU leader scrapped: Director|date=2013-02-12|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071938/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/film-on-jnu-leader-scrapped-director-302749.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The project was revived in 2016 and is currently under production as a non-commercial documentary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/biopic-on-slain-jnu-leader-chandrashekhar-prasad-to-be-revived-116022000435_1.html|title=Biopic on slain JNU leader Chandrashekhar Prasad to be revived|date=2016-02-20|work=[[Business Standard India]]|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513071649/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/biopic-on-slain-jnu-leader-chandrashekhar-prasad-to-be-revived-116022000435_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, a memorial statue of Chandrashekhar Prasad was installed in Gopalganj More Chowk (which has been renamed Chandrashekhar Chowk) in [[Siwan, Bihar]]. Kaushalya Devi, the mother of Chandrashekhar, has also donated a piece of land near the memorial to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]] for the construction of a school and a library in her son's memory.<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
*[[List of unsolved murders (1980–1999)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Chandrashekhar}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:1997 murders in India]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in India]]

Siddheshwar temple

2025-10-25T13:40:35Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

'''Siddheshwar temple''' may refer to various [[Shiva]] Hindu temples in India:

* [[Siddhesvara Temple]], Haveri, Karnataka
* [[Siddheshwar Mandir, Palari]], Chhattisgarh
* [[Siddheshwar Temple, Solapur]], Maharashtra
* [[Siddheshwar Temple, Toka]], Maharashtra
* Siddheshwar Temple, Hemadpanti, an 11th-century temple in Hottal, [[Nanded]], Maharashtra
* [[Siddhesvara Siva Temple]], Odisha
* [[Siddheswara Swamy Temple]], Talakona, Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Siddheshwar & Ratneshwar Temple]], near Latur in Maharashtra

==See also==
* [[Siddheshwar (disambiguation)]]
** [[Siddheshwar]], 12th-century Indian mystic and Kannada poet

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]

Laxminagar, Dum Dum

2025-10-10T05:56:50Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Lakshminagar
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Laxminagar High School.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Lakshminagar High School
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.61|N|88.40|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700074
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Lakshminagar''' or '''Laxminagar''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6246|88.4046}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Lakshminagar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6246|88.4046}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===
Newly established Nagerbazar police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Laxminagar areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Post office ===

[[Dum Dum Road]] has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Jawpore and Motijheel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/dumdum-road-kolkata-74/|title=Dum Dum Road Post Office|publisher=|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] is situated nearby.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] is situated nearby.

=== Bus ===
Several buses ply on [[Dum Dum Road]].

==Markets==
Markets near Laxminagar area are:
* Dum Dum Road Market
* Nagerbazar Market
* Dum Dum New Market

== References ==
<references />
{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

M. V. V. S. Murthi

2025-10-07T10:23:19Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: small improve layout to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Mathukumilli Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Murthi'''<ref name="adn">{{cite news|last1=Hollander|first1=Zaz|date=3 October 2018|title=Former member of India parliament among dead in Parks Highway crash|work=Anchorage Daily News|url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2018/10/03/former-member-of-india-parliament-among-dead-in-parks-highway-crash/|access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> (3 July 1938 – 2 October 2018) was an Indian politician, businessperson and teacher. He was the founder of [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]].

== Early life and death ==
Murthi was born on 3 July 1938, in Moolapalem, [[Sanapallilanka|Sanapalli Lanka]]. He earned a doctorate in economics from [[Andhra University]]. He died on 1 October 2018, near [[Cantwell, Alaska]] in a traffic collision while travelling on the [[George Parks Highway]].<ref name="adn" /> A state funeral was held on 7 October 2018, beside GITAM Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 October 2018|title=GITAM founder MVVS Murthi to be cremated with state honours tomorrow|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/oct/06/gitam-founder-mvvs-murthi-to-be-cremated-with-state-honours-tomorrow-1881725.html|access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
He owned a soft drink bottling company and established the [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]] in 1980. In 1983, he joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]], and from 1987 to 1989 led the Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority. Murthi left the position to contest the Lok Sabha elections, but lost. He was seated to the parliament from the constituency of [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] in 1991, stepping down at the end of his term in 1996. Murthi returned to the Lok Sabha in 1999, serving until 2004. In 2014, Murthi was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh MLC M V V S Murthy dies in car accident in US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-mlc-m-v-v-s-murthy-dies-in-car-accident-in-us-5384313/ |access-date=6 October 2018 |work=Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aluri |first1=Srikanth |title=GITAM institutions founder MVVS Murthy among four dead in car crash in USA |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66048102.cms |access-date=6 October 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita |title=Vizag mourns the sudden demise of educationist MVVS Murthi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66067305.cms |access-date=6 October 2018 |work=Times of India |date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

He was believed to be close to [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandrababu Naidu]] and his family members. His grandson, [[Sribharat Mathukumilli]], is married to Nandamuri Tejaswini, the younger daughter of [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gitam-founder-and-ex-mp-mvvs-murthi-killed-us-road-accident-89368|title=GITAM founder and ex-MP MVVS Murthi killed in US road accident|date=2 October 2018|publisher=The News Minute|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthi, M. V. V. S.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in Alaska]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Educators from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Politicians from East Godavari district]]

Jaipur Bus Rapid Transit System

2025-09-24T19:08:33Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: enhanced formatting for consistency and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{update|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = [[Jaipur]] BRTS
| image =
| caption =
| locale = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Bus rapid transit]]
| began_operation =
| system_length = {{convert|7.1|km|mi}}
| lines = 1
| terminals =
| vehicles =
| stations = 10
| ridership =
| track_gauge =
| operator =
| website =
| start = {{Start date and age|2010|00|00}}
| end = {{Start date and age|2024|01|20}}
}}
'''Jaipur BRTS''' is a [[bus rapid transit system]], proposed to solve the traffic problem in the city of [[Jaipur]].
In recent Rajasthan State elections, INC came into power and announced to remove Jaipur BRTS Corridors because of the accidents happening due to BRTS Corridor. Instead of BRTS, the Jaipur Development Authority had planned to build a MetroNeo on the existing BRTS corridor.

== Overview ==
[[File:571.jpg|thumb|A bus stop of Jaipur BRTS]]
[[File:Jaipur BRTS.jpg|thumb|Jaipur BRTS]]
In August 2006, the Jaipur [[BRTS|Bus Rapid Transit Service]] was approved by the Indian government for implementation.<ref name="brts">[http://jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 BRTS – JDA Website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326031300/http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 |date=2011-03-26 }}</ref> The responsibility for managing Jaipur BRTS has been given to JCSTL, a Special Purpose Vehicle formed by [[Jaipur Development Authority]] and [[Jaipur Nagar Nigam]] in a joint venture.<ref name="brts" /> The BRTS is expected to cater to city's growing traffic for next 15–20 years. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed.<ref name="brts" />
* Sikar Road to Tonk Road – North-South Corridor
* Ajmer Road to Delhi Road – East-West Corridor

A section of ''North-South Corridor'' from C-Zone Bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in July 2010.<ref name="brts" /><ref name="inauguration">[http://www.zeenews.com/news644852.html Jaipal Reddy inaugurates Jaipur BRTS]</ref>
The work on other section of ''North-South Corridor'' and ''East-West Corridor'' has commenced.<ref name="brts" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat}}
{{Bus rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Bus rapid transit in India|Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Khunti

2025-09-17T23:02:33Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: small expand details for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description | Autonomous plastics engineering institute in Ranchi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology
| native_name = केंद्रीय प्लास्टिक अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान
| image = Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Khunti Logo.jpg
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2017}}
| head_label = Director-General
| head= Shishir Sinha
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| city = [[Ranchi]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|23.3809201|85.285165|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| students = 800<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/state-to-roll-out-plastic-policy-soon-3-cipets-to-be-opened/articleshow/58695709.cms|title=State to roll out plastic policy soon; 3 CIPETs to be opened – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705005046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/state-to-roll-out-plastic-policy-soon-3-cipets-to-be-opened/articleshow/58695709.cms|archivedate=2017-07-05}}</ref>
| type = [[Public]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[All India Council for Technical Education]]
| website = [http://www.cipet.gov.in/ www.cipet.gov.in]
}}

'''The Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Khunti''' ('''CIPET Khunti''')<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.cipet.gov.in/centres/olc-cipet-ranchi/contact-us.php| title= Contact Us | CIPET : CSTS - Ranchi | CIPET : Centre for Skilling and Technical Support (CSTS) - Ranchi | Centres | CIPET | Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology}}</ref> is an autonomous public learning and research institution located at Hehal, Ranchi the capital city of Jharkhand, India. It functions under department of chemicals and [[petrochemicals]], [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]] which was established in the year of 2017 and is one of 15 Institute under [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (India)]]. The Institute offers Doctoral Programme in Polymer Science, Material Science and Plastics Engineering, Masters, Under Graduate Programs in affiliation with [[Ranchi University]], [[Ranchi]] accredited by [[All India Council of Technical Education]].

== History ==
CIPET was established at [[Ranchi]] in June 2017 with [[UNDP]] assistance. It receives funding support from the administration ministry, [[OPEC]], [[UNIDO]] and the [[World Bank]]. It was with the initiative of the Government of India plans to establish 11 CIPET centers across the nation. It aims to develop skills of the youths and generate employment. CIPET Khunti was approved by Scientific and Industrial Investigation Department. This was an achievement for the youth of Jharkhand who work in the field of plastic engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palpalindia.com/2016/06/23/CIPET-peg-this-year-begin-construction-said-CM-consent-news-in-hindi-146935.html|title=खूंटी में इसी साल शुरू हो जाएगा CIPET निर्माण का काम, सीएम ने दी सहमति news in hindi|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175641/http://palpalindia.com/2016/06/23/CIPET-peg-this-year-begin-construction-said-CM-consent-news-in-hindi-146935.html|archivedate=15 August 2017|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/jharkhand-epaper-jharkhan/khunti+me+isi+sal+shuru+ho+jaega+cipet+nirman+ka+kam+siem+ne+di+sahamati-newsid-54748895|title=खूंटी में इसी साल शुरू हो जाएगा CIPET निर्माण का काम, सीएम ने दी सहमति - Jharkhand – DailyHunt|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175138/http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/jharkhand-epaper-jharkhan/khunti+me+isi+sal+shuru+ho+jaega+cipet+nirman+ka+kam+siem+ne+di+sahamati-newsid-54748895|archivedate=2017-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cipet.gov.in/gallery/laying-of-foundation-stone-cipet-ranchi.php#ad-image-0|title=FOUNDATION STONE LAYING CEREMONY OF CIPET, RANCHI ON 15-05-2017 – Inauguration – Event Gallery – CIPET – Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology|first=S|last=Ramesh|website=www.cipet.gov.in|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815180154/https://www.cipet.gov.in/gallery/laying-of-foundation-stone-cipet-ranchi.php#ad-image-0|archivedate=2017-08-15}}</ref> With the effort of [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] a centres of the [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology]] (CIPET) was set up in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/fertiliser-ministry-seeks-funds-for-setting-up-11-new-cipet-centres/articleshow/55749240.cms |title=Fertiliser Ministry seeks funds for setting up 11 new CIPET centres |accessdate=2017-07-19 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135649/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/fertiliser-ministry-seeks-funds-for-setting-up-11-new-cipet-centres/articleshow/55749240.cms |archivedate=2017-08-15 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2016-12-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55749240.cms|title=Fertiliser Ministry seeks funds for setting up 11 new CIPET centres|date=2 December 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135749/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55749240.cms|archivedate=15 August 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The temporary campus of CIPET Ranchi is located at Hehal on itki Road.
It lies near to educational institute of Women ITI and DAV Public School. The permanent campus is being built over 15 acres of land at knowledge city in khunti near Ranchi.

== Academic programs ==

=== Skill development programs ===

=== Diploma programs ===
*Diploma in plastic mould technology (DPMT)
*Diploma in plastic technology (DPT)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cipet.gov.in/centres/olc-cipet-ranchi/introduction.php|title= About CIPET : CSTS - Ranchi | CIPET : Centre for Skilling and Technical Support (CSTS) - Ranchi | Centres | CIPET | Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology}}</ref>

=== Postgraduate programs ===
*Post-graduate diploma in plastic processing and testing (PGT in PPT)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-approves-setting-cipet-ranchi/94856/|title=CM approves setting up CIPET in Ranchi|date=23 June 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601163327/http://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-approves-setting-cipet-ranchi/94856/|archivedate=1 June 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur]]
*[[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Murthal]]
*[[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneswar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://cipet.gov.in/ official website of cipet]
*[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/CIPET/@23.3808929,85.2861649,18z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f4e09670ea2fc3:0xab7a6da5369a143d!8m2!3d23.3809201!4d85.2873543=Location CIPET Khunti in Google Map]

{{Ranchi University}}
{{Education in India}}{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Khunti}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Ranchi University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Plastics industry in India]]
[[Category:Plastics industry organizations]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]

Konaraopeta mandal

2025-09-03T19:21:51Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konaraopeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Rajanna Sircilla
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Konaraopeta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 188.51
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 40857
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Konaraopeta''' is a [[Subdivisions of India|mandal]] in [[Karimnagar district|Rajanna Sircilla district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in India with a population of 40,857. The mandal has 19 inhabited villages with the largest being Konaraopeta.

== Demographics ==

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages (2011)
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 92.6 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Lambadi]] |value2 = 4.1 |color2 = peachpuff
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.7 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Yerukala people|Yerukala]] |value4 = 0.3 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.2 |color5 = grey
}}

There are 37,836(92.6%) Telugu speakers, 1,683(4.1%) Lambadi speakers, 120(0.3%) Yerukala speakers, 1,121(2.7%) Urdu speakers and, 97(0.2%) speaking other languages according to the 2011 census of India

=== Religion ===
{{pie chart
|caption = Religion in Konaraopet(2011)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 94.5 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Islam]] |value2 = 2.9 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu Christians|Christianity]] |value3 = 2.5 |color3 = dodgerblue
|label4 = Other |value4 = 0.1 |color4 = chartreuse
}}According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism|Hindus]] form 94.5% of the Mandal's population. Muslims form 2.9% and [[Christians]] form 2.5%

== Villages==
List of Villages in The [[Mandal]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village!! Population (2011)
|-
| Konaraopeta || 4,491
|-
| Marrimadla || 1,587
|-
| Vattimalla|| 2,901
|-
| Nimmapalle|| 3,985
|-
| Kondapuram (PR)|| 1,193
|-
| Bausaipeta|| 2,462
|-
| Mamidipalle|| 2,508
|-
| Venkatraopeta|| 1,169
|-
| Sivangalapalle|| 798
|-
| Nizamabad Village|| 3,454
|-
| Kanagarthi|| 2,300
|-
| Pallimaktha|| 1,238
|-
| Suddala|| 2,896
|-
| Ramannapet|| 858
|-
| Dharmaram|| 2,399
|-
| Marthanpet|| 1,247
|-
| Kolanur || 2,509
|-
| Malkapet|| 1,788
|-
| Nagaram|| 1,074

|}

<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Karimnagar district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/karimnagar.pdf |website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219005745/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Karimnagar.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2014}}</ref><ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables</ref>
<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18|28|35|N|78|44|08|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

{{Karimnagar-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Mandals in Rajanna Sircilla district]]

Bandra Kurla Complex Ground

2025-09-03T03:28:26Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: slightly updated article to improve readability and added references per sources

{{short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Bandra Kurla Complex Ground
| nickname = BKC
| country = India
| location = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| establishment = 2006
| owner = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = [[Mumbai Cricket Association]]
| tenants = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| international = true
| firstwodidate = 1 March
| firstwodiyear = 2010
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = England
| lastwodidate = 8 February
| lastwodiyear = 2013
| lastwodihome = New Zealand
| lastwodiaway = Sri Lanka
| firstwt20idate = 4 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2010
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = England
| lastwt20idate = 8 March
| lastwt20iyear = 2010
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = England
| date = 8 December
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/379598.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Bandra Kurla Complex Ground''' is a cricket ground in [[Bandra]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/379598.html|title=Bandra Kurla Complex - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crichq.com/grounds/24311/pitches|title=CricHQ - Making cricket even better|website=CricHQ|language=en|access-date=2017-11-28}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ground normally hosts charity matches and some local matches. It also is home to the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]].

==Overview==
In 2007, Mumbai Cricket Association installed a recreation centre at the ground which forms part of their Indoor Cricket Academy. The Club House has top class sporting facilities ranging from a badminton hall with two courts - billiards and snookers hall, equipped with two imported billiards tables. Three pitches are for spin, three others for seam bowling while the seventh is a normal wicket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/bkc-new/index.asp|title=MCA|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701133155/http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/bkc-new/index.asp|archive-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, [[India Under-19 cricket team|India under-19s]] for [[2010 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2010 World Cup]] in [[New Zealand]] also did practice with [[Mike Young (cricket)|Mike Young]], Australian fielding coach.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The ground has also hosted women's ODI and T20I including two match of [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|World Cup 2013]]. The Bandra Kurla Complex Ground has also hosted some matches which were part of the [[2017 Blind T20 World Cup]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cricket in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Tindwari Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:43:03Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Put Up New Post Nd Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tindwari
| map_image = 232-Tindwari.svg
| mla = [[Ramakesh Nishad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,18,385
| constituency_no = 232
}}
'''Tindwari''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tindwari in the [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Tindwari is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 232 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=TindwariElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tindwari.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagannath Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shiv Pratap Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1981^
|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Arjun Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Chandrabhan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad|Vishambhar Nishad]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Mahendra Pal Nishad
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad|Vishambhar Nishad]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Daljeet Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Brajesh Kumar Prajapati|Brajesh Prajapati]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ramakesh Nishad]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Ramkesh Nishad won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Brajesh Kumar Prajapati by a margin of 28,684 votes
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindwari<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkesh Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:86812}}
|percentage = 44.24
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar Prajapati
|votes = {{formatnum:58387}}
|percentage = 29.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jayram Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:39450}}
|percentage = 20.1
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramchandra
|votes = {{formatnum:2868}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adishakti
|votes = {{formatnum:2586}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change = -21.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2267}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28425}}
|percentage = 14.48
|change = -5.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196221}}
|percentage = 61.63
|change = +1.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Brajesh Kumar Prajapati won in 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating [[Samajwadi Party|BSP]] candidate by a margin of 34k+ votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="election2012">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |accessdate=20 April 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2007">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |accessdate=20 April 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Tindwar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar Prajapati
|votes = {{formatnum:82197}}
|percentage = 44.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Prasad Prajapati
|votes = {{formatnum:44790}}
|percentage = 24.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Daljeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:42089}}
|percentage = 22.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Ramkaran Singh Bachchan
|votes = {{formatnum:4688}}
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shyam Babu
|votes = {{formatnum:3304}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2875}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37407}}
|percentage = 20.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184823}}
|percentage = 59.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.62|80.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Banda district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Pooja Singh

2025-08-06T05:04:57Z

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Created a bio

{{for|another person|Pooja Singh (athlete)}}
{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pooja Singh
| image =
| occupation = Actress, athlete
| years_active = 2011–2025
| spouse = {{marriage|Kapil Chattani|2017|2021|reason=divorce}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-pooja-singh-breaks-news-of-her-divorce-from-kapil-chattani/5299576.html|title=Diya Aur Baati Hum actress Pooja Singh breaks news of her divorce from Kapil Chattani|date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
{{marriage|[[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]]|2024}}
}}

'''Pooja Singh''' is an [[List of Hindi television actresses|Indian television actress]] best known for her portrayal of Emily Rathi in ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' which rank among the [[List of longest-running Indian television series#Hindi|Indian longest running television shows]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/interviews/I-would-definitely-do-Bigg-Boss-Pooja-Singh/articleshow/22361423.cms|title=I would definitely do 'Bigg Boss': Pooja Singh|publisher=Times of India|first=Saloni|last=Tandon|date=6 September 2013|access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Pooja-Singh-Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum/articleshow/22023716.cms|title=Bhabho's terror in real life too?|publisher=Times of India|first=Saloni|last=Tandon|date=24 August 2013|access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was earlier married to her Canada based boyfriend Kapil Chattani from 2017 to 2021. She is dating actor ''[[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]]'' of ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]'' fame and going to tie the knot with him on 30 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/pooja-singh-and-karan-sharma-to-tie-knots-soon-hot-news-1672296|title=Pooja Singh and Karan Sharma to tie knots soon|date=15 March 2024 |publisher=ABP News|access-date= 18 March 2024}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur]]''
| Contestant
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''[[Aasman Se Aage]]''
| Poonam Sharma
|-
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Miloni Gaekwad
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Aaj Ki Housewife Hai... Sab Jaanti Hai]]''
| Julie Chaturvedi
|-
| 2013–2016
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| Emily D'Souza Rathi
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Friends: Conditions Apply]]''
| Isha Chawla
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2017
| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Forum Bhanushali
|-
| [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']]
| Sangita Das
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie]]''
| Lajmeen "Laajo" Singh
|-
| 2018–2021
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|{{no wrap | Shakti Astitva Ke}} Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Raavi Singh
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
| Divya Kothari
|-
|2022
|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
| Alpana
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
| Malini
|-
|[[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]
|[[Durgawati Devi|Durga Bhabhi]]
|-
|2025
|''Pocket Mein Aasman''
|Pinky
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5872063}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]