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September 21 (film)

2026-05-07T11:35:44Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding a stub initial version.

{{Proposed deletion/dated
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{{notability|1=Films|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = September 21
| image =
| caption = Official theatrical poster
| director = Karen Kshiti Suvarna
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Srinivasa C. V.
* Vijay Chaudhary
* Ramesh Bhandari
}}
| writer = Raj Shekhar
| story = Raj Shekhar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Priyanka Upendra]]
* Pravin Singh Sisodia
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Amit Behl]]
* Ajit Shidhaye
* Sachin Patekar
}}
| music = Vinayy Chandraa
| cinematography = Anil Kumar K.
| editing = Nikhil Kadam
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Visica Films
* Humara Movie
* Films Max
}}
| released = {{Film date|2025|11||IFFI|2026|2|20|India}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''September 21''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written by Raj Shekhar and directed by Karen Kshiti Suvarna in her directorial debut.<ref name="CBFC">{{cite web |title=September 21 (Hindi) |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjIyMDEyMDI2MDAwMjQ= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> The film stars [[Priyanka Upendra]], Pravin Singh Sisodia, [[Zarina Wahab]], and [[Amit Behl]].<ref name="TOI_Global">{{cite news |last=Staff |title=Karen Kshiti Suvarna’s September 21 set to touch hearts worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/karen-kshiti-suvarnas-september-21-set-to-touch-hearts-worldwide/articleshow/125595383.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> It explores the lives of [[Alzheimer's disease]] patients and the psychological toll on their caregivers.<ref name="NIE_Caregiver">{{cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |title=Priyanka Upendra transforms into a caregiver in September 21 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/13/kannadanews2025nov12priyanka-upendra-transforms-into-a-caregiver-in-september-21 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The narrative centers on Kamala ([[Priyanka Upendra]]), a caregiver for an elderly man suffering from Alzheimer's (Pravin Singh Sisodia). The film highlights the dignity in endurance and the invisible labor of caregivers, set against the backdrop of World Alzheimer's Day.<ref name="CinemaExpress">{{cite news |title=Priyanka Upendra transforms into a caregiver in September 21 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Nov/12/priyanka-upendra-transforms-into-a-caregiver-in-september-21 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] as Kamala
* Pravin Singh Sisodia as the Alzheimer's patient
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Amit Behl]]
* Ajit Shidhaye
* Sachin Patekar
* Ricky Rudra
* Vinnie

==Production==
The film was produced by Srinivasa C. V. (Visica Films), Vijay Chaudhary, and Ramesh Bhandari, with Preety Ali, Vinay Mishra, [[Payal Rohatgi]], and Raghavan Bharadwaj serving as co-producers.<ref name="NIE_Caregiver" /> It marks the feature debut of Mangaluru-born filmmaker Karen Kshiti Suvarna. The technical crew includes cinematographer Anil Kumar K., editor Nikhil Kadam, and colorist Ajay Sharma. The film's post-production was handled at Q Labs, FMD, and Chamundeshwari Studio.<ref name="CBFC" />

===Music===
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Vinayy Chandraa, with lyrics by Shashwath Sanil. The film features a song performed by [[Kailash Kher]].<ref name="CBFC" />

==Release==
''September 21'' was showcased in the Viewing Room at the NFDC Film Bazaar during the 56th [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in Goa.<ref name="FirstIndia">{{cite news |title=Karen Kshiti Suvarna's September 21 set to touch hearts worldwide |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/karen-kshiti-suvarnas-september-21-set-to-touch-hearts-worldwide |work=First India |date=22 November 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> The film received a UA certificate from the CBFC in February 2026.<ref name="CBFC" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]

Platyceps vittacaudatus

2026-05-04T16:46:39Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding Basic Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Mohapatra, P. |date=2021 |title=''Argyrogena vittacaudata'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T202840A2757257 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202840/2757257 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Platyceps vittacaudatus
| authority = ([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1854)
| synonyms = * Coluber vittacaudatus Blyth 1854;
* Coluber vittacaudatus, Das et al. 1998;
* Argyrogena vittacaudata, Wallach et al. 2014;
* Platyceps vittacaudatus — Deepak et al. 2021
}}
The '''striped-tailed racer''' ('''''Platyceps vittacaudatus''''') is a snake in the family [[Colubridae]].

It is found in [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name=RDB/>

==Distribution==
India (Darjeeling, West Bengal)

Type locality: from "vicinity of Darjiling" (= Darjeeling, 27° 02'N; 88° 16'E; West Bengal State, eastern India). Known only from the type locality.<ref name=RDB/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Platyceps |species=vittacaudatus |accessdate=26 July 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2716276}}

[[Category:Platyceps|vittacaudatus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1854]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]

{{Colubrinae-stub}}

Aishe Ghosh

2026-04-27T20:36:34Z

TanyaBertrand6: Added a article - done

{{Short description|Indian student activist (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aishe Ghosh
| image = Aishe_Ghosh.jpg
| caption = Ghosh in July 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| education = [[Daulat Ram College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| occupation = Student Activist
| known_for = JNUSU President
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| mother =
| father =
| signature =
| predecessor = N Sai Balaji
| successor = [[Dhananjay (politician)|Dhananjay]]
| office = President of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2020
}}
'''Aishe Ghosh'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2020|title=Who is Aishe Ghosh? All you need to know about JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/who-is-aishe-ghosh/articleshow/73191246.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician and student activist. She was the former President of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNU Students' Union]] and a member of the [[Students' Federation of India]]. She was also the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate from [[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria constituency]] for the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], but lost to [[Hareram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=West Bengal polls: CPI(M) to focus on young candidates|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/west-bengal-polls-cpim-to-focus-on-young-candidates-957691.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=সম্ভাব্য বাম প্রার্থীদের চিনে নিন...|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/photos/left-front-allows-young-candidates-to-contest-in-maximum-seats-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/photoshow/81319326.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born on 22 October 1995, Ghosh grew up in the city of [[Durgapur]] in the [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] district of West Bengal. She is the older child of Debashish Ghosh and Sharmishta Ghosh. Her father Debashish Ghosh, an employee of [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], has been associated with [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|Centre for Indian Trade Unions (CITU)]], the labour wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], while her mother Sharmishta Ghosh is a housewife.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmy|title=Youth should not remain neutral: Aishe Ghosh, JNUSU President|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/youth-should-not-remain-neutral-aishe-ghosh-jnusu-president/articleshow/73340164.cms|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> She has a younger sister Ishika Ghosh, who is presently doing her BA from Shyama Prasad Mukherji College in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-08|title=A peek into 'studious and gritty' JNU student leader Aishe Ghosh's life|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aishe-ghosh-gritty-girl-with-inkling-towards-left-politics/story-4OolI2SKY04ZlrVbrEfiOM.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

After graduating with a degree in political science from [[Delhi University|Delhi University's]] [[Daulat Ram College]], Ghosh received a master's degree from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]]. She is currently pursuing a master of philosophy at the School of International Relations from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh — the research scholar who became a leader to stop student body from dissolving|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/who-is-aishe-ghosh-the-president-of-jawaharlal-national-university-students-union-jnusu/articleshow/73120874.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:JNU Protest at MHRD Office - 1.jpg|left|alt=JNU, JNUSU, Aishe Ghosh|thumb|Aishe Ghosh, returning with fellow student protesters from a meeting with an [[MHRD]] official]]
In September 2019, Ghosh was elected president of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-06|title=After HC Order, JNUSU Results Declared: A Left Sweep Once Again|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/jnu-students-union-election-2019-live-updates|access-date=2021-07-30|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=United Left front sweeps JNU student union polls, SFI's Aishe Ghosh president|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/united-left-front-sweeps-jnu-student-union-polls-sfis-aishe-ghosh-president/articleshow/71174667.cms|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> In that role, Ghosh became involved in protests against fee hikes, library funding cuts, hostel shortages, increased electricity charges and dress and time restrictions on university students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JNU grinds to a halt as students call for university strike demanding revocation of new hostel rules|url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2019/oct/29/jnu-grinds-to-a-halt-as-students-call-for-university-strike-demanding-revocation-of-new-hostel-rules-8811.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Aishe Ghosh Interview: Ever since the BJP came to power, they have attacked education in JNU|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/sep/16/the-aishe-ghosh-interview-ever-since-the-bjp-came-to-power-they-have-attacked-educaiton-in-jnu-8171.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Following the introduction of new rules in October 2019, the university became the most expensive central university in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-17|title=Post fee hike, JNU to be India's most expensive central university: Students to shell out Rs 62k per year for single room|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/post-fee-hike-jnu-to-be-indias-most-expensive-central-university-students-to-shell-out-rs-62k-per-year-for-single-room-7659021.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Firstpost}}</ref> She held the view that state universities should not act like for-profit institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Students are being treated as customers: JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh on fee-hike protests|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/news/students-are-being-treated-as-customers-aishe-ghosh-fee-hike|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> Ghosh has also taken part in protests against the removal of the university's [[gender sensitization]] committee and impunity for Atul Johri, a professor accused of sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Are Fighting To Save Last Bits Of JNU's Essence: JNUSU President Aishe Ghosh|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/we-are-fighting-to-save-last-bits-of-jnus-essence-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh/302427|access-date=2021-07-30|website=magazine.outlookindia.com/|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730230638/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/we-are-fighting-to-save-last-bits-of-jnus-essence-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh/302427|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been critical of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for perceived neglect in supporting educational institutions and accused the party of attacking the university since it came to power.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

On 5 January 2020, Ghosh was admitted to AIIMS Delhi hospital after suffering a head injury during the attack on the campus, allegedly perpetrated by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|Akhil Bharatya Vidyarthi Parishad]], the largest student organization in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Violence inside JNU, student union president Aishe Ghosh attacked by masked mob |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/05/violence-inside-jnu-student-union-president-aishe-ghosh-attacked-by-masked-mob-2085491.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh discharged from AIIMS|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh-discharged-from-aiims-1634282-2020-01-06|access-date=2021-07-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-15|title=JNU violence: Police name masked woman in video, ABVP admits she is their member|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jnu-violence-police-name-masked-woman-in-video-abvp-admits-she-is-their-member-6216846/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack|The attack on the campus]] received widespread coverage following which she attained national recognition in middle of the growing protest movement in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-17|title=A Blow to the Head Makes an Instant Hero in India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/world/asia/india-protests-aishe-ghosh.html|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Deepika Padukone in JNU2020.jpg|thumb|left|Deepika Padukone and Ghosh, at the 7 Jan 2020 public protest on the JNU campus against the [[2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack]]]]
She received widespread support including from actress, [[Deepika Padukone]] and the Chief Minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] who personally came to meet her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 January 2020|title=Entire country with you, Pinarayi Vijayan tells Aishe Ghosh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/entire-country-with-you-pinarayi-tells-aishe-ghosh/articleshow/73208732.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepika Padukone Attends JNU Meet Against Violence, BJP Now Wants Her Films Boycotted|url=https://thewire.in/politics/deepika-padukone-jnu|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Wire}}</ref> The police charged Aishe Ghosh for vandalism and assault for the incident but no arrests were made.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-07|title=Charges against student leader Aishe Ghosh, but none held for JNU attacks|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/charges-against-student-leader-aishe-ghosh-but-none-held-for-jnu-attacks/article30501079.ece|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She later alleged that there was a nexus between the attackers, the police and the JNU administration with the intent of breaking up the movement.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Pandey|last=Tanushree|date=6 January 2020|title=Organised attack, nexus between JNU security and vandals, says JNUSU president Aishe Ghosh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jnu-violence-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh-jnu-vc-abvp-rss-1634463-2020-01-06|access-date=2021-07-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Following the incident, she took part in the nationwide protest movement against [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA and NRC]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmy|title=Youth should not remain neutral: Aishe Ghosh, JNUSU President|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/youth-should-not-remain-neutral-aishe-ghosh-jnusu-president/articleshow/73340164.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref>

She has also in the authority of the president of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNUSU]], filed a petition at the Delhi High Court against the "arbitrary" fee hikes and fines imposed by the university administration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-21|title=JNU students' union moves Delhi High Court against hostel fee hike, says varsity decision arbitrary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/jnu-students-union-moves-delhi-high-court-against-hostel-fee-hike-says-varsity-decision-arbitrary/story-356FnvQdRIDcmse3qTBKyL.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2020, Ghosh was denied permission by two state-run universities in Kolkata to address meetings on campus. She was also denied permission by a district administration in West Bengal to hold a rally in West Burdwan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=Mamata Banerjee, Aishe Ghosh land in each other's crosshairs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-aishe-ghosh-land-in-each-other-s-crosshairs/story-bWoxkyV5VunVDrfVQWCL3N.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

She is currently serving as the President of SFI, State Secretariat of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-09 |title=Leadership |url=https://sfidelhi.wordpress.com/leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=SFI - DELHI STATE COMMITTEE |language=en}}</ref>

== 2021 West Bengal Assembly Election ==

Aishe Ghosh was the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate from [[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]] (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Election]]; Hareram Singh from [[All India Trinamool Congress]] won the seat, while Ghosh came in 3rd position behind [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP's]] Tapas Kumar Roy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Election Result 2021 {{!}} Jamuria Assembly Constituency: Ex-JNUSU President Aishe Ghosh Defeated By TMC's Hareram Singh|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/west-bengal-election-result-2021-jamuria-assembly-constituency-ex-jnusu-president-aishe-ghosh-trailing-as-per-early-trends-6842781.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Aishe}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]

Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research

2026-04-27T04:46:33Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new biography needs work.

{{Short description|Medical college in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science & Research
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = GMC Srinagar
| established = {{start date and age|2008}}
| type = Government
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location = [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| num_members =
| language = 
| leader_title = Principal
| leader_name = Dr. Ashutosh Sayana
| main_organ = 
| affiliations = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://www.vcsgsrinagar.org}}
| remarks =
}}

'''Government Medical College, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal''' or '''Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Medical Science and Research Institute''' or '''VCSGGMSRI''' is a government [[medical college]] located near [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]], in [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vcsgsrinagar.org/ |title=Home |website=vcsgsrinagar.org}}</ref> The institute was established in 2008. The college is located midst of Himalayan mountainous ranges. This college is equipped with advanced medical equipment and cutting-edge medical technology which has proved to be a boon for the local population. The college admits 150 (from 2021) [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]] students annually through NEET examination.

==Connectivity==
The college is well connected via road to the capital of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Dehradun]]. College is at a distance of about 126 km from the nearby [[Jolly Grant Airport]], Dehradun. Construction of a rail line joining [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] to [[Rishikesh]] is ongoing.

==Infrastructure==
College is well equipped with modern infrastructure. There are 5 lecture theatres, each having a capacity of 140 students and equipped with modern audio visual aids and AC. It also has a fully computerized library with wi-fi connectivity. Hostels are good with necessary facilities including mess. All departments have adequate space and modern laboratories. A modern auditorium was also inaugurated in 2020. The entire campus is under CCTV surveillance.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=380 |title=View details of college - Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Sc. & Research Instt, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624124918/http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=380 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Associated hospital==
HNB Base Hospital is the associated hospital of the college. It is a 500-bed hospital with all modern facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.nic.in/smc.ac.in/|title=Welcome to Srinagar Medical College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130309/http://www.ua.nic.in/smc.ac.in/|archive-date=2017-02-23|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref>

==Campus==
College has a well maintained campus, judicious use of solar energy for its electrification being a marked feature. The campus is surrounded by lush green vegetation.

==Admission procedure==
85% of total seats are filled by state quota, and the rest (15%) by all-India quota. Entrance exam for admission under state quota is [[NEET-UG]]

==Academics==
Four batches have passed out from the college as of 2016.

==Courses==
The institute offers [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]], MD/MS, and post MBBS NBEMS Diploma courses in various specialties including Paediatrics, Anaesthesia, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ENT, Ophthalmology, Community Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, Biochemistry, Physiology and Anatomy.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ua.nic.in/smc.ac.in/pages/display/87-about-vcsggms-ri|title=About VCSGGMS & RI: Srinagar Medical College, Government of Uttarakhand, India|publisher=ua.nic.in|accessdate=2016-05-16|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619034923/http://www.ua.nic.in/smc.ac.in/pages/display/87-about-vcsggms-ri|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pauri/ophthalmology-department-of-medical-college-got-two-pg-seats-shrinagar-news-drn3961635106 |title=About VCSGGMS & RI: Srinagar Medical College, Government of Uttarakhand, India |publisher=amarujala.com | accessdate=2021-11-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30.227910|78.823071|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]

Prakash Kariappa

2026-04-19T16:35:13Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding A Details Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian actor, film director, film producer and writer (born 1965)}}
{{LLM|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prakash Kariappa
| alt =
| image = Prakash_Kariappa_-_National_Awards_-_Sep_2025_-_PIB_Website_(Cropped).jpg
| caption = Prakash Kariappa receiving National Film Award from the President of India
| birth_name = Prakash Kariappa Kottukathira
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], [[Karnataka]], | occupation = {{hlist|Film Producer| Actor| Director| Writer| Entrepreneur}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| awards = [[71st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]] (1) [[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Award]] (1)
| known for =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Yeshoda Prakash]]|2004}}
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Prakash Kariappa Kottukathira''', (born 20 September 1965) is an Indian film producer, actor, director, writer, entrepreneur and veteran of the [[Indian Army]]. He has worked primarily in [[Kodava language|Kodava]] and [[Kannada cinema]] and is noted for his contributions to the Kodava film industry. Along with his wife, filmmaker Yeshoda Prakash, he co-founded the production banners Swasthik Entertainment and Coorg Coffeewood Movies. Their Kannada film [[Kandeelu The Ray Of Hope|Kandeelu]] (2022) received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Kannada Feature Film.<ref>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537}}</ref> Prakash Kariappa received the National Award from the President of India at the 71st National Awards Ceremony<ref>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards Ceremony |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/ShowAlbum.aspx?albumid=204239}}</ref> held in New Delhi on 23 September 2025.

==Early life and military career==
Prakash Kariappa was born in [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] district, [[Karnataka]], to Kottukathira Elakki Kariappa and Ragini Kariappa. He completed his primary education in Gadinad Surlabbi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Surlabbi Village, MapsOfIndia |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/karnataka/kodagu/somvarpet/surlabi.html}}</ref> Kalur,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalur Village, MapsOfIndia |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/karnataka/kodagu/kalur.html}}</ref> and Galibeedu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Galibeedu Village, MapsOfIndia |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/karnataka/kodagu/madikeri/galibeedu.html}}</ref> During his primitive years, Prakash spent his time at his maternal home along with his maternal uncles, maternal aunts and his cousins with whom he carries strong bond.

He joined the Indian Army in June 1983<ref>{{cite web |title=Kottukathira Prakash Kariappa, Kodava Clan |url=https://kodavaclan.com/kodaguheritage/kottukatthira-prakash-cariappa/}}</ref> and served for 17 years in the [[Indian Army Service Corps]] (ASC) regiment]. During his service, he was posted in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Rajasthan]]. He was part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)]] deployed in [[Sri Lanka]] against the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] and later served in the Kargil detachment during the [[Kargil War|1999 conflict]]. Kariappa retired from the Army in June 2000 with an Exemplary Certificate for his long service. After retirement, he launched multiple businesses ranging from ventures in pre-casting and concrete products along with construction business.

==Career in arts and cinema==
While serving in the Army, Kariappa actively participated in theatre and cultural activities. He met filmmaker [[A. T. Raghu|Apadanda T. Raghu]] in 2016, who introduced Prakash to the world of acting and cast him in the Kodava-language television serials Gejje Thand, Jamma Bhumi, and Nanga Kodava.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru: 5th Kodava Telefilm 'Nanga Kodava' by A T Raghu Coming Soon |date=3 February 2015 |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/bengaluru-5th-kodava-telefilm-nanga-kodava-by-a-t-raghu-coming-soon/}}</ref>

In 2017, he founded Coorg Coffeewood Movies<ref>{{cite web |title=Coorg Coffeewood Movies, Star of Mysore |date=26 October 2019 |url=https://starofmysore.com/coorg-coffeewood-movies-3/}}</ref> and produced his first Kodava film Baake Mane,<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture on Film: Kodava cinema playing a major role in chronicling history, culture and life of Kodagu |date=24 September 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Sep/24/culture-on-filmkodava-cinemaplaying-a-major-role-in-chronicling-historyculture-and-life-of-kodagu-2617708.html}}</ref> which was screened at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]. Since then, he has acted in 19 films in Kodava and Kannada languages and produced or directed several films, many of which have been showcased at Indian and international film festivals.

==Literary work==
Kariappa has authored 11 novels in Kodava and Kannada languages. Four of his works have been adapted into films, including Sattha Soothakada Suttha<ref>{{cite web |title=Sattha Soothakada Suttha, Kolkata International Film Festival, 2022 |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2022/official-selection/competition-on-indian-languages-films/1342}}</ref> and the Kodava films Pommaale Kodag,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pommaale Kodag, Kolkata International Film Festival, 2020 |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2022/official-selection/asian-select/1459}}</ref> Ber,<ref>{{cite web |title=BER, THE ROOT, Bengaluru International Film Festival, 2024 |url=https://15th.biffes.org/filmdetails/147}}</ref> and Kaangatha Mood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kangatha Mood, Bengaluru International Film Festival, 2024 |url=https://film.biffes.org/filmdetails/546}}</ref> His novel Naada Kodag received the [[Kodava Sahitya Academy|Kodava Sahithya Academy]] Award for Best Novel in 2024.

==Collaborations with Yeshoda Prakash==
Kariappa's wife, Yeshoda Prakash (Thaamane: Mandeyanda), is also a filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kandeelu Director K Yashoda Prakash: 'This National Award Has Doubled My Responsibility As A Woman Filmmaker, ETV Bharat |date=2 August 2025 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/kottukathira-yashoda-prakash-interview-kandeelu-wins-best-kannada-feature-film-at-71st-national-film-awards-enn25080203822}}</ref> Together, the couple has made 18 films in Kodava and Kannada, along with one Kodava documentary. They are the first Kodava couple to receive a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]. Their films have been screened at international festivals including those in Kolkata, Bangalore, Goa, and Dhaka.

==Awards and recognition==
* National Film Award for Best Kannada Feature Film<ref>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Kandeelu wins best Kannada film, Cinema Express |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=August 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/01/71st-national-film-awards-kandeelu-wins-best-kannada-film-chidananda-naiks-cannes-winning-short-also-honoured}}</ref> ([[Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope|Kandeelu]])
* Karnataka State Award for Best Regional Film (Film: Nada Peda Asha)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kodava film wins Best Regional Film Award in Karnataka, Times of India, 4th Oct 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/kodava-film-wins-best-regional-film-award-in-state/articleshow/124311601.cms}}</ref>
* Karnataka State Award for Best Director (Film: Nada Peda Asha)<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Awards Full Winners List, News18, 4th Oct 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/karnataka-state-awards-full-winners-list-rakshit-shetty-archana-jois-take-home-trophies-ws-l-9614593.html}}</ref>
* Karnataka State Film Award for Lyrics (Parjanya)<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Award for Lyrics (Parjanya), One India |date=12 March 2025 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-2020-announced-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-4093047.html}}</ref>
* Best Children's Film Awards for Ashraya Dama (2017) and Makkala Theerpu (2019)
* Multiple selections at film festivals including Kolkata International Film Festival, Bangalore International Film Festival, Dhaka International Film Festival, and Jagaran International Film Festival
*

==Personal life==
Prakash Kariappa is married to filmmaker Yeshoda Prakash Kottukathira,<ref>{{cite web |title='A win for Coorg and for women directors, says Yashodha Prakash Kottukattira, Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-win-for-coorg-and-for-women-directors-says-yashodha-prakash-kottukattira/articleshow/123062743.cms}}</ref> with whom he frequently collaborates. Together, they are recognized as major contributors to both Kodava and Kannada cinema. The couple has 2 daughters - Thejal Kariappa and Thanam Kariappa.

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Language
!Publisher
!Year
![[ISBN]]
|-
|1
|Polanda Baal
|Kodava
|Kodava Makkada Koota<ref>{{cite web |title=Kodava Makkada Koota, Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/tags/kodava-makkada-koota#:~:text=Kodava%20Makkada%20Koota%20Contribute%20to%20society%2C%20says,Nagesh%20Kaluru%2010%20February%202021%2C%2009:27%20IST}}</ref>
|2019
|--
|-
|2
|Premada Haadiyalli
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2019
|--
|-
|3
|Nada Kodag
|Kodava
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2020
|--
|-
|4
|Bicycle
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2018
|--
|-
|5
|Sattha Soothakada Suttha
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2021
|--
|-
|6
|Vidhira Kali
|Kodava
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2021
|--
|-
|7
|Ber - The Root
|Kodava
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2022
|--
|-
|8
|Veera Chakra
|Kodava
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2023
|--
|-
|9
|Moha Pasha
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2022
|--
|-
|10
|Gamya
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2023
|--
|-
|11
|Karagida Baduku
|Kannada
|Kodava Makkada Koota
|2022
|--
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"}
|+
!Year
!Title
!Genre
!Language
!Role
!Banner
!Award
!Result
!Notes
|-
|2016
|Thamate Narasimhaiah
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Actor
|
|
|
|
|-
|2017
|Ashraya Dama
|Children Film
|Kannada
|Actor/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|GOK Best Children Movie
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Movie - Ashraya Dhama (ಆಶ್ರಯ ಧಾಮ) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=11 April 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jd9sINQ5uMA}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Meshtru Devaru
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Actor/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Meshtru Devaru – ಮೇಷ್ಟ್ರು ದೇವರು (2019/೨೦೧೯) |date=12 January 2024 |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2024/01/12/meshtru-devaru-2019/}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Kodagra Sipayi
|Kodava Film
|Kodava
|Actor/Director/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|KIFF, BIFF
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Kodagra Sipayi' movie to hit screens on Sept 24, Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kodagra-sipayi-movie-to-hit-screens-on-sept-24-762876.html}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Abdulla
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Producer
|
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|Makkala Theerpu
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Actor/Director
|Balaji Chitra
|GOK Best Children Movie
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2020
|Parjanya
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Director/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|GOK State Award for Best Lyrics
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Parjanya – ಪರ್ಜನ್ಯ (2021/೨೦೨೧) |date=7 January 2024 |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2024/01/07/parjanya-2021/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Lyricist: Gargi Karehaklu (Maunavu Matagade from Parjanya), One India |date=12 March 2025 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-2020-announced-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-4093047.html}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Deeksha
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Actor/Producer
|Swashtik Entertainment
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|Naada Peda Asha
|Kodava Film
|Kodava
|Actor/Director
|VK3 Pictures/ Swasthik Entertainment
|Karnataka State Award for Best Regional Movie & Best Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=My Name Is Asha, KIFF |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2021/official-selection/unheard-india-rare-language-films/1203}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Awards Full Winners List, News18, 4-Oct-2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/karnataka-state-awards-full-winners-list-rakshit-shetty-archana-jois-take-home-trophies-ws-l-9614593.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kodava Film wins Best Regional Film Award in Karnataka, Times of India, 4 Oct 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/kodava-film-wins-best-regional-film-award-in-state/articleshow/124311601.cms}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Satha Soothakada Sutha
|Kannada Film
|Kannada
|Actor/Story/Producer
|Maharushi Productions
|KIFF Screening
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sattha Soothakada Suttha, Kolkata International Film Festival, 2022 |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2022/official-selection/competition-on-indian-languages-films/1342}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Pommaale Kodag
|Kodava Film
|Kodava
|Director/Story/Producer
|Swashtik Entertainment
|KIFF
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pommaale Kodag, KIFF |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2022/official-selection/asian-select-netpac-award/1459}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Antharmukha
|Kannada Film
|Kannada
|Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Antharmuka Kannada Movie | website=[[YouTube]] | date=25 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3tloxoz1bM}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Rangapravesha
|Kannada Film
|Kannada
|Co-Producer
|Emerald Creations
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranga Pravesha – ರಂಗಪ್ರವೇಶ (2022/೨೦೨೨) |date=19 January 2024 |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2024/01/19/ranga-pravesha-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Beladingala Bale' Suman Nagarkar to play the heroine in 'Ranga Pravesha', Vijaya Karnataka |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-suman-nagarkar-plays-female-lead-in-rangapravesha-kannada-movie/articleshow/89778644.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಕೊಟ್ಟುಕತ್ತೀರ ಯಶೋಧ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ನಿರ್ದೇಶನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮನ್ ನಗರ್ಕರ್ 'ರಂಗಪ್ರವೇಶ' , Vijaya Karnataka |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/suman-nagarkar-s-rangapravesha-under-the-direction-of-kotakkuthira-yasoda-prakash-056340.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rangapravesha, A new direction, Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-new-direction/articleshow/97958528.cms}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Ber - The Root
|Kodava Film
|Kodava
|Actor/Director/Story/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|BIFF, KIFF, Dasara Festival
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=BER - THE ROOT, Bengaluru International Film Festival |url=https://15th.biffes.org/filmdetails/147}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope|Kandeelu - The Ray of Hope]]
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Producer
|Swashtik Entertainment
|National Film Award, BIFF, KIFF, Dasara Festival
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Kangatha Mood
|Kodava Film
|Kodava
|Actor/Director/Story/Producer
|Coorg Coffeewood Movies
|BIFF
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kangatha Mood, Bengaluru International Film Festival |url=https://biffes.org/filmdetails/546}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Koumudi
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Producer
|Swashtik Entertainment
|Jagaran India Film Festival
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshata Pandavapura in "Koumudi", Prajavani |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/akshata-pandavapura-in-kaumudi-movie-2816073}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shooting of Kannada film Kaumudi has started, Vijayavani |date=17 May 2024 |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/the-shooting-of-kannada-film-kaumudi-has-started}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaumudi by Kandeelu team - Akshata Pandavapura lead role, Public TV |date=20 May 2024 |url=https://publictv.in/kaumudi-by-kandilu-team-akshata-pandavapura-lead-role/}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Gule
|Feature Film
|Kannada
|Director/Co-producer
|Maharushi Productions
|
|
|
|-
|2025
|Ummathat
|Documentary
|Kodava
|Director/Story/Producer
|Swashtik Entertainment
|[[56th International Film Festival of India]]
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IFFI Festival 2025 Non-Feature Film; November 2025 |url=https://www.iffigoa.org/indian-panorama/official-selection-non-feature?year=2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14604617/ Prakash Kariappa Kottukathira] at [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Kherwadi Social Welfare Association

2026-04-18T05:58:36Z

TanyaBertrand6: Made New Stub

{{Infobox organization
| image =
| name = Kherwadi Social Welfare Association
| type = Community Service
| founded = 1928
| founder = Late Shri. B.G. Kher
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| focus =[[Rural Development]] & Upliftment of underprivileged youth
| website = {{URL|http://www.yuvaparivartan.org}}
}}

'''Kherwadi Social Welfare Association''' commonly abbreviated as '''KSWA''' is a [[nonprofit organization]] in [[India]]. KSWA aims to restore Upliftment of underprivileged youth in [[India]]. The organization was established in 1928. Yuva Parivartan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karmayog.org/ngonews/ngonews_3091.htm#.UL71pDX9P90 |title=Yuva Parivartan {{!}} NGO News{{!}}NGO News {{!}} www.karmayog.org |access-date=2012-01-05 |archive-date=2010-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615140200/http://karmayog.org/ngonews/ngonews_3091.htm#.UL71pDX9P90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> offers different vocational training Programs for the underprivileged youth. This movement was started to help the unmotivated school dropouts to become economically independent by imparting livelihood skills to them.

The Kherwadi Social Welfare Association was founded in 1928 by Late Shri. [[B.G. Kher]].'''Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher''' (also known as '''B. G. Kher''') ({{Langx|mr|बाळासाहेब गंगाधर खेर}}) (August 24, 1888 - March 8, 1957,<ref name=news1>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/09/stories/2007030900300901.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120302200113/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/09/stories/2007030900300901.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 2, 2012 |work= [[The Hindu]] |title= This Day That Age|date=March 9, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118153.html |title= Indian autographers - Bal Gangadhar Kher |access-date= 2012-01-03 |archive-date= 2022-08-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220823160547/http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118153.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> was the first chief minister (then called prime minister) of [[Bombay State]] which consisted of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] States of [[India]]. He was awarded by [[Padma Vibhushan]],<ref>[http://www.indianautographs.com/padma-vibhushan-award-winners.php Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs – A unique and thematic gallery of Praful Thakkar]</ref> in the year 1954. KSWA was started BY Mr. [[B. G. Kher]] with the aim of improving the living conditions of the 100 odd families who had settled in the marshes of [[Bandra]] East.

In the year 1998 Mr. Kishor Kher and Mrs. Mrinalini Kher took over the KSWA's operational activities. KSWA started the Yuva Parivartan movement. This movement was started to guide the unmotivated school dropouts and to become economically independent by imparting livelihood skills to them. In the year 2003 the movement was formally launched by the then President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/formerpresidents.html |title=President of India : Rashtrapati Bhavan : Former Presidents |access-date=2012-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210120916/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/formerpresidents.html |archive-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The main objective of Yuva Parivartan was to [[Mobilization|mobilize]] youth and provide livelihood training to enable more number of youth to become financially independent and lead a productive [[life]].

== History ==

Since KSWA's Founder was an active [[Gandhian]], the early years were focused on Community Welfare through education, health care and income generation along with the development of Bandra East from a [[marsh]] in [[Mahim Creek]]. Establishment of [[roads]], [[electricity]], [[water supply]] and other amenities such as a [[school]] handed to BMC in the ‘30s and the first [[Leather]] Institute which is today’s Govt. [[Institute of technology|Polytechnic]] of Bandra East. Late Shri. [[B. G. Kher]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118153.html |title=Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Bal Gangadhar Kher at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar |access-date=2012-01-03 |archive-date=2022-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823160547/http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118153.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and his colleagues also initiated the distribution of individual plots for the residents to ameliorate their miserable living conditions now known as the “Kherwadi Scheme”. He wanted to give the residents a clean community atmosphere with the “Parishramalaya” as its own Community Center where women and youth would come to learn a trade and earn a living. KSWA received a grant of land in Bandra East to conduct its Livelihoods Programs under the aegis of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission

KSWA continue its Founding Fathers through the “Yuva Parivartan” (YP) Project which was started at the Parishramalaya center in 1998 and has now spread to the whole of [[Maharashtra]] with over 70 Centers and in four States.
KSWA has set an objective to reach out to underprivileged out-of-school youth a segment..

== Yuva Parivartan ==
Yuva Parivartan means transformation of youth. The YP Movement brings the unmotivated school dropouts from the underprivileged background and gives them a direction to lead economically independent lives through vocational training. The movement was set up to help these school-dropouts enrolled in short term vocational training courses. The youth are motivated to learn a skill of their interest leading to income generation and economic independence by placement in small or medium enterprises. The movement works through Vocational Training, Community Engagement and Placement and Partnership with Government, NGOs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs)
*Livelihood Training
*Community Engagement
*Placement Support
*Industry partnership

=== Rural outreach ===

In 2008, the YP Movement formalized its Rural Programs by purchasing a building at Wada in the tribal belt of [[Thane]] [[District]] with sponsorship from the Tobaccowala family. The one storey structure of 4500 sq. ft. area has been named “Anvarali Tobaccowala Vocational Training Centers”. It is divided into two parts of 1500 sq. ft. each and a residential facility of the same size.

The Blue Star Vocational Training Center sponsored by Blue Star Ltd. runs 14 courses for mainly tribal girls & boys; Larsen & Toubro Charitable Foundation has sponsored the masonry course.

The IRDP Programs sponsored by the Syngenta Foundation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syngentafoundation.org/ |title=Home |website=syngentafoundation.org}}</ref> and Bombay Gowrakshak Society has 4 main objectives which KSWA has started implementing in 25 villages of Wada Taluka through a team of agricultural graduates. They have also appointed a team of 40 Krishi Pashu Sathis (KPS) one in each village who are KSWA's representatives and facilitators.

The main objective of IRDP is to increase rural incomes through:
*Improved [[agriculture]] practices
*Water Resource Management
*[[Livestock]] Management
*Women Empowerment through [[Support group|Self-help group]] (SHG)

=== Role of Yuva Parivartan ===

India has the second largest population in the world at 1.20 billion, and with the 2nd fastest growing economy which will scale to 9-9.5%. The National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC)<ref>[http://www.nsdcindia.org/news-events/presentation2010-photos.aspx NSDC | News & Events | NSDC presentation at the Yuva Parivartan International Summit on Skills Development]</ref> has projected an incremental shortage of 244 million labourers by 2022 and about 13 million on annual basis! YP saw this scenario 14 years back and decided to work for the underprivileged dropouts and less educated, forgotten by every successive Govt. from all the several Schemes it announces. Hence Skill Development is critical and relevant and mass customised training the need of the hour.

=== Support from people ===

Management people collect Donations from sponsors to run the NGO for School drop out & deprived youth.

=== Operations ===
Yuva Parivartan is tied up with [[Axis Bank]] to take Skill Development & Training to [[Vidarbha]] & [[Marathwada]] Regions of Maharashtra which covers 19 [[districts]] and is known for the maximum [[Farmers' suicides in India]] due to continual [[droughts]] and failure of crops. KSWA started a main Center in the city of [[Nagpur]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], which was opened in December 2010. These [[Conceptual model|Model]] Centers are serving as Training Centers for partners in these areas where KSWA opened 66 Centers. Year ending March 31, 2011, KSWA had 28 Centers spread over seven districts of [[Maharashtra]], mainly [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Thane]] & [[Nashik]] and Centers in [[Nagpur]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], Chandrapur and Wardha District.
*YP was one of the five selected NGO's of Mumbai selected by Impact International Consulting Firm from the U.K. to participate in the CSR Initiative of [[Thomson Reuters]] International. Six young future leaders were selected from the UK, U.S., Thailand, Philippines and India to carry out and complete a project for us – Upgrade the Website and use IT Technology for Marketing & PR of the work of YP to raise funds and build partnerships.

== The Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP) ==
The Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP) is an initiative of KSWA which has a Pilot Project among 25 villages of Wada Taluka of Thane Dist. and seeks to increase farm incomes among subsistence level Marginal Farmers and Tribals to enable them to live a life of dignity and reduce the migration of youth to urban areas. Currently, the Project team consists of 4+1 [[Agriculture]] Assistants + In charge, 2+1 [[Livestock]] Assistants + 1 Veterinary Doctor, 25 Krishi Pashu Sathis (KPS) one in each of 25 project villages and a Project Consultant- Dr. Khanwilkar, a retired Director of Agriculture Extension Services [[Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]]. The Project has currently been functioning through KSWA's “Anwarali Tobaccowala Vocation Training Center” in Wada Town.

=== Certifications ===
KSWA is certified by Guide Star India, Give India, Credibility Alliance and have an ISO 9001:2008.
Also has the FCRA, 80 G. and 35AC Certifications of the [[Govt. of India]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

₢ℳ₥₧៛₮₩¥{{angle bracket|}}
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[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

The King & the Commissioner

2026-04-17T08:52:12Z

TanyaBertrand6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The King & the Commissioner
| image = The-king-and-the-commissioner-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]]
| writer = [[Renji Panicker]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suresh Gopi]]
| music = Rajamani
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan [[S. Saravanan]] [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio = Emperor Cinema
| distributor = Play House Entertainments Release
| released = {{Film date|2012|3|23|India|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-king-and-commissioner-on-march-23-news-malayalam-mcwn3Hcgigg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224164340/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-king-and-commissioner-on-march-23-news-malayalam-mcwn3Hcgigg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2012 |title=The King and Commissioner on March 23 |date=22 February 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=23 February 2012}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 190 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The King & the Commissioner''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written by [[Renji Panicker]] and directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]]. The film is a crossover of the films ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' (1995), ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' (1994) and ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' (2005<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Commissioner 4K Remastered coming soon; Teaser Unleashes Nostalgia, Power, and Promise |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/commissioner-4k-remastered-coming-soon-teaser-unleashes-nostalgia-power-and-promise/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US}}</ref>).
The film was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/shocking-great-mollywood-films-that-flopped-at-the-box-office/photostory/52656523.cms|title=Shocking ! Great Mollywood films that flopped at the box - office|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
A [[Pakistan]] military group under [[Major (rank)|Major]] Abu Jalal Rana trespasses [[Indian Ocean|Indian waters]], targeting [[New Delhi]]. However, the plan is intercepted by Dr. Emma John of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Wing]] as she informs it to her senior, Dr. Sudarshan - following departmental protocol, they decide to inform the Minister about the group's trespass as the intercepted conversation mentioned the name of the [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] Ghanthachalam Paramashiva Rao. Before they can inform Paramashiva Rao, they are killed by two cops, who are joined by [[Inspector General of Police#India|I.G.]] Shankar Ramdas who is a corrupt officer. Unbeknownst to them, Ali Imran, a photojournalist, manages to take pictures of the scene onto his camera.

Meanwhile, Kishore Balakrishnan, the senior analyst at the agency, sets off to see Swami Veerabhadra Chandramoulishwar at his ashram demanding for the information he passed before. A tainted spiritual figure with deeply entrenched connections with prominent politicians in Delhi and even possessing the clout to influence the judiciary, Chandramoulishwar is the disciple of yesteryear Godman Swami Amoorthananda - who had a predominant drug cartel functioning within his ashram. However, Chandramoulishwar is able to suffocate him before pushing him into the [[Yamuna]] river. The next day, the bodies of Kishore, Dr. Sudarshan, and Dr. Emma are all found in the riverside. Since both the victims are seen in an intimate position, the police conclude that Kishore killed the two out of jealousy, and then killed himself right after by drowning himself into the river.

However, Govindankutty Menon (G.K), the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Central Home Minister]] in charge of Internal Security, assigns [[The King (1995 film)|Joseph Alex I.A.S]]. to investigate the death of Dr. Sudarshan. Paramashiva Rao accords the [[Constitution of India|constitutional status]] of a commission of inquiry to Joseph's investigation team and reminisces the friendship he had shared with Dr. Sudarshan. As a [[Rajya Sabha member]], Paramashiva Rao was a close friend of Joseph's late father and [[Member of parliament|MP]] Alexander Thevallipparambil and sarcastically remarks that Joseph never visited him in that capacity. Raman Madhavan, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] and Chandramoulishwar are distressed about the refusal of Paramashiva Rao to sanction a colossal arms deal - termed the Romanov Proposal - as the ratification of the defence contract will ensure huge kickbacks for them.

Swami Chandramoulishwar recollects the assistance rendered by him to Paramashiva Rao to ensure the victory of his minority government during numerous [[floor test]]s and decides to eliminate Paramashiva Rao, paving the way for Raman Madhavan to ascend as the next PM - by the orchestration of a security crisis, the seasoned politicians will be compelled to give up Prime Ministerial ambitions concreting Raman's claim. Subsequently, Joseph meets the [[forensic analyst]] and ask them to give a fresh report and include the facts that they have excluded deliberately before. After seeing a mysterious man in a black leather jacket walking away from his car, Joseph gets a call from Nanda, the daughter of Minister G.K and a [[journalist]]. She shows him the picture of a cop holding a gun towards someone inside a white car.

Imran has a gut feeling that he has seen Dr. Sudarshan in that car. On the other hand, [[Commissioner (film)|I.G. Bharathchandran IPS]], who is on deputation in the [[Union Home Ministry]] is assigned to assist Joseph in the probe. Both of them are able to get Shankar arrested, but Shankar is soon killed by Rana in the premises of the [[Delhi High Court]]. Shankar had conceded to testify to the court on the conspiracy pertaining to Dr.Sudarshan's murder. After the fiasco at the court, Joseph and Bharath brief G.K about the involvement of Rana in Shankar's death and the ultimate goal of the Pakistan mercenary force is something much more pivotal as per intelligence inputs shared by the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|American Embassy]].

Joseph is called into the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]] to tell that he is off the case now. He retorts and is able to continue with the case after convincing Paramashiva Rao. He states that if something were to happen to Paramashiva Rao, the nation would suffer huge financial loss. The expenses are what Joseph is concerned about rather than Paramashiva Rao's life. Because of this, Chandramoulishwar gets pissed off that he decides to assassinate Paramashiva Rao through Rana. In this way, Raman Madhavan will be the next PM after ensuring support from many coalition party leaders. [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Arjun captures the PA Ashutosh coming out of Chandramoulishwar's ashram by disguising himself as the driver along with Ubaid Mustafa Meeran.

Although, Ashutosh is taken into custody. However, [[Pakistan army]] officers pretending as [[Delhi Police]] arrives and asks for Ashutosh's custody. They kills Arjun, where Ubaid manages to kill several Pakistan officers in the shootout, but Rana arrives and kills both Ubaid and Ashutosh. Enraged, Bharath storms into the ashram, but is held at gunpoint by Swami Chandramoulishwar's men. Nevertheless, Joseph appears right in time to save Bharath from getting killed, by killing one of Chandramoulishwar's men. Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan, later at night, are taken into custody. When both of them are about to be taken to the location of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agents.

However, the people who accompanied them are shot dead in front of the building. Minutes later, Bharath and Joseph arrive at the dilapidated cottage with a team of commandos. They manage to defeat the ISI agents, and confront Rana, where Joseph and Bharath draw their guns to shoots Rana respectively on his hand and leg. Joseph comes close to Rana and quips at him before sticking a [[flag pole]] (with the [[Flag of India|national flag]] on it) into his chest while chanting ''Bharath Mata ki Jai''. After that, they lock Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan in their car and Bharath places a bomb in the car. The bomb explodes, killing both Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan. They head back to the PM's office, and though initially furious, Paramashiva Rao greets and congratulates them for completing the mission successfully and assigns another new mission to deal with the country's most dreaded enemy, the dirty don [[Dawood Ibrahim|D]].

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Thevallipparambil Joseph Alex [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Government of India]] (on deputation) (reprising the role from [[The King (1995 film)]])
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] [[Commissioner (film)|Bharathchandran]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (on deputation) (reprising the role from [[Commissioner (film)]])
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as His Holiness Swami Veerabhadra Chandramowlishwara Maharaj, a self proclaimed Godman
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Raman Madhavan [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]], [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]
* [[Rajiv Krishna]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Abu Jalal Rana, an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Govindan Kutty Menon (G.K.), [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] E.K.Sudharshan, [[Research and Analysis Wing#India|RAW]] Chief
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Nanda, Minister G.K's Daughter
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Ghanthachalam Paramasiva Rao, [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Biju Pappan]] as [[Senior Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Ubaid Mustafa Beeran IPS
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Arjun IPS
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Shankar Ramadas IPS, Deputy Director [[National Investigation Agency#India|NID]]
* [[P. Sreekumar]] as Krishnan Nair, P.A to the Home Minister
* [[Spadikam George]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DSP]] Koshi
* [[Rizabawa]] as Minister Kondotti Ibrahim
* [[Sanjjana]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|ASP]] Nitha Rathore IPS
* Becky Thomas as Emma John, RAW Cyber Analyst
* [[Vijay Menon]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Kishore Balakrishnan, RAW Senior Analyst
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Joseph's mother
* [[M G Soman]] as late [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha MP]] Alexander Thevallipparambil, Joseph's late father (photo presence only)
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Kurup
* Kishore as Ali Imran, Journalist
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Satheesh Chandran, TV Reporter
* [[Augustine]] as Bava Haji Musthafa
* Neha Mishra as Swamiji's Secretary
* Vaigha Rose as Assistant Commissioner
* Naveen Arakkal as Deputy Commissioner
* [[Fathima Babu]] as [[Judge|Justice]] Eliyamma Pettikaran (Peechi)
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Dr. K.R. Mahadevan, Chief [[Forensic]] Surgeon
* [[Reena Basheer]] as Dr. Mercy Matthew, [[Pathologist]]
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as PA of National Security Advisor
* Anjana Appukuttan as Journalist
* Veena S Vijayan as Journalist
* Poornima Anand as Raman Madhavan's wife
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Background===
There were two separate films before entitled ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' and ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'', which starred [[Mammootty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] in 1995 and 1994 respectively. These films were successful at the [[box office]] during their period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900640100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055614/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900640100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 October 2008 |title=The season of sequels |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |work=The Hindu |date=19 August 2005|accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228065645/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 December 2007 |title=Boom year for mollywood |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |work=The Hindu |date=30 December 2005 |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref> Therefore, the 2012 film ''The King and the Commissioner'' is a film based on the two films mentioned. In addition, the lead actors in two different films were joined with [[Renji Panicker]] as the scriptwriter.

The 2012 film marks [[Mammootty]]'s fourth film and [[Suresh Gopi]]'s tenth film. Moreover, it also marks the comeback of Shaji Kailas-Renji Panicker duo after a gap of 16 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20110624201106241833592627ed58cfe/Deadly-duo-back-in-hunt-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627140557/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20110624201106241833592627ed58cfe/Deadly-duo-back-in-hunt-.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2011 |title=Deadly duo back in hunt! |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=24 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/news/king-and-commissioner-unite/282017.html |title=King and Commissioner unite |publisher=Indian Express |date=7 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The film was earlier reported to be a successor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zonkerala.com/magazine/the-king-and-the-264.html |title=The King and the Commissioner: Mammootty & Suresh Gopi together again |date=19 July 2010 |work=zonkerala.com, Magazine |publisher=Zonora Technologies }}</ref> to the three films namely ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'', ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'', and its sequel ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' in 1995, 1994, and 2005 respectively. However, Kailas reportedly said that the film features a new plot in a new background, wherein the lead characters in Panicker's films and his are coming together.<ref name="seqref2">{{cite journal|last1=Joseph |first1=Anju |editor-last=R. Balakrishnan |editor-first=Madhu |date=26 June 2011 |title=പുതിയ ചരിത്രമെഴുമാൻ ജോസഫ് അലക്സും ഭരത് ചന്ദ്രനും ഒരുമിചെത്തുന്നു |trans-title=Joseph Alex and Bharathchandran are coming together to write new history |journal=Nana Film Weekly |volume=39 |issue=35 |pages=31 |location=Kollam |publisher=Nana |language=Malayalam |type=Print |quote=രൺജിയുടെയും എൻറെയും ഞങ്ങളുടെ സിനിമയിലെ ഏറ്റവും ശക്തമായ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളെ യോജിപ്പിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് വളരെ സവിശേഷതയുള്ള പുതിയരു പശ്ചാത്തലത്തിൽ പുതിയൊരു കഥ പറയുകയാണ്}}</ref>

===Casting===
The project was finalized after a long period of discussion since the relationship between the two lead stars was not so warm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=e6f9957ae1cc42e81573f2af3f4606b7&mcid=3&msid=3 |title=കിംഗ് കമ്മിഷണർ ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചു |language=Malayalam |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi Plus]] |date=17 March 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232756/http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=e6f9957ae1cc42e81573f2af3f4606b7&mcid=3&msid=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Express1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120110013718/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/action-replay/218343-60-123.html "Action Replay"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. [[IBN Live]]. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref>

In addition, Shaji Kailas and Anto Joseph had initially announced that [[Reema Sen]] will play a role in the film, second to the lead heroine [[Samvrutha Sunil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/reema-moves-to-malayalam-news-malayalam-lgitrkeccbb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043105/http://www.sify.com/movies/reema-moves-to-malayalam-news-malayalam-lgitrkeccbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2011 |title=Reema moves to Malayalam? |date=8 June 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> However, [[Kannada]] actress Sanjanaa was later signed to play this role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sanjanaa-plays-heroine-in-king-commissioner-news-malayalam-lg4uedfabef.html?scategory=malayalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131257/http://www.sify.com/movies/sanjanaa-plays-heroine-in-king-commissioner-news-malayalam-lg4uedfabef.html?scategory=malayalam |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Sanjanaa plays heroine in King & Commissioner |date=30 June 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> Moreover, veteran actor and psychiatrist [[Mohan Agashe|Dr. Mohan Agashe]] debuts in Malayalam in a cameo in the film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/insights-into-an-actor/article2187131.ece |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>. It was Mammootty, whom Agashe had known from the time he was shooting for ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', who suggested his name.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/article2187131.ece |title=Insights into an actor |first=Vijay |last=George |date=6 July 2011 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=8 July 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Filming===
The shooting began in [[Trivandrum]] on 6 June 2011. Mammootty joined the set on 13 June.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110177621&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=111845 |title=Mammootty to Start Shooting for The King and the Commissioner |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=12 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922141212/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110177621&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=111845 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After one round of shooting in [[Trivandrum]], the shooting shifted to [[Kochi]] and then to [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=99005 |title=Mammootty shooting ''King and Commissioner'' |publisher=South Asia Mail |accessdate=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=283dc41700da3abd3f2442eaf7f4a9d7&mcid=3&msid=3 |title=കിംഗ് ആൻഡ് കമ്മിഷണർ കൊച്ചിയിൽ |language=Malayalam |publisher=Kaumudi Plus |date=10 June 2011 |accessdate=19 June 2011 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215111527/http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=283dc41700da3abd3f2442eaf7f4a9d7&mcid=3&msid=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some scenes were also shot in [[Kozhikode]]. It is reported that the shooting of the film was going on in Kochi, when the income tax raids at Mammootty's residence took place. Mammootty had to be present before the investigators, and the filming was delayed to a few days.<ref name="Express1"/>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "It's high on nostalgia but The King And The Commissioner has nothing new to offer."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-the-king-and-the-commissioner-stirs-nostalgia/20120323.htm|title=Review: The King And The Commissioner stirs nostalgia|work=rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film as disappointing and said, "A better script, more believable characters, some real trimming and a modern style could have done wonders for The King and The Commissioner. But in the current form it succeeds in reminding about the earlier movies, though it is painfully long at more than three hours.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14994882&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325041308/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14994882&ctid=5&cid=2428|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-25|title=The King And the Commissioner|work=sify.com }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1956657}}
{{Shaji Kailas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King and The Commissioner}}
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|TheKingCommi4]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Indian crossover films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language action thriller films]]

Rosera Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:22Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding Some Data And Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rosera
| type = SLA
| map_image = 139-Rosera constituency.svg
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| constituency_no = 139
| established = 1951
| electors = 331,466
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Rosera''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The seat is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/rosera.html | title=Rosera Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs }}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 139 Rosera Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Rosera [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Phulhara, Lilhaul, Singhia-I, Singhia-II, Singhia-III, Mahen, Wari, Nirpur Bhaririya, Bangarahta, Hardiya, Mahra and Keothar of [[gram panchayat]]s of Singhia CD Block; Shankarpur, Jakhar Dharampur, Ghiwahi, Dasaut, Rahiar North, Rahiar South, Ballipur, Bandhar, Karain, Raniparti and Rajaur Rambhadrapur gram panchayats of Shivaji Nagar CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Rosera Assembly constituency (रोसड़ा / रोसरा) is part of No. 23 [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Mahabir Raut
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramakant Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Sahdeo Mahato]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ramashrey Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Prayag Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramashrey Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhola Mandar
| {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1986^
| rowspan="3" |Gajendra Prasad Singh
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Ashok Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Gajendra Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Manju Hazari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ashok Kumar (Rosera politician)|Ashok Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]:Rosera<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Rosera">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Rosera |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04139.htm |accessdate=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213155009/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04139.htm |archivedate=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:122773}}
|percentage = 55.02
|change = +7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Braj Kishore Ravi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72240}}
|percentage = 32.37
|change = +4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Rohit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:14913}}
|percentage = 6.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3885}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Mahasangh Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3574}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:2748}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3016}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50533}}
|percentage = 22.65
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223149}}
|percentage = 67.32
|change = +12.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rosera<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87163}}
|percentage = 47.93
|change = +16.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nagendra Kumar Paswan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51419}}
|percentage = 28.27
|change = -24.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Raj
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22995}}
|percentage = 12.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrawan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4191}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3556}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1665}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailendra Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:1649}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5284}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35744}}
|percentage = 19.66
|change = -1.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181864}}
|percentage = 55.08
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rosera<ref name="Rosera Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Rosera Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rosera |accessdate=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213155014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rosera |archivedate=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:85506}}
|percentage = 52.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manju Hazari
|votes = {{formatnum:51145}}
|percentage = 31.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Indal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:9543}}
|percentage = 5.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Surendra Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2355}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2315}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Bahadur Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:1783}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Baleshwar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1610}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5841}}
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34361}}
|percentage = 21.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162578}}
|percentage = 54.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the 2016 Election
Mahagathbandhan in Bihar seat went to Congress. [[Dr. Ashok Kumar]] won the Rosera seat, defeating his rival Manju Hajari.

In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Manju Hajari of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Rosera seat defeating her nearest rival Pitamber Paswan of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]. Electoral contests in most years featured multiple candidates but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Gajendra Prasad Singh of RJD defeated Ashok Kumar of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Ashok Kumar of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] defeated Gajendra Prasad Singh of RJD in 2000. Gajendra Prasad Singh of [[Janata Dal]] defeated Ramashray Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995 and Rama Kant Jha of Congress in 1990. Bhola Mandar of [[Lok Dal]] defeated Satyendra Narain Choudhary of Congress in 1985. Ramashray Rai of Congress (I) defeated Ram Lakhan Singh of Janata Party (SC) in 1980. Prayag Mandal, Independent, defeated Ramashay Rai of Congress in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/rosera.php |title = Rosera Election Results since 1977| publisher = Travel India Guide|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref><ref name="election1977-1">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp100.htm |title = 100 - Rosera Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-03-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Paramjit Singh (ruler)

2026-04-07T20:59:02Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding Some Biography V1

{{Short description|Maharaja of Kapurthala (1949 –1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramjit Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image = Photograph of Tikka Sahib Paramjit Singh of Kapurthala, published in 'Indian States, A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey' (1922) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Photograph of Tikka Sahib Paramjit Singh of Kapurthala, published in 'Indian States, A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey' (1922)
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
| reign = 19 June 1949 – 19 July 1955
| predecessor = [[Jagatjit Singh]]
| successor = [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|05|19|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|07|19|1892|05|19|df=yes}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Indira Devi of Kapurthala|Indira Devi]]|Sushila Devi|Ourmilla Devi|Ash Kaur|[[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]]}}
| house = [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
| father = [[Jagatjit Singh]]
| mother = Harbans Kaur
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| spouse 2 = Lilawati Devi
| spouse 1 = [[Brinda Devi]]
| spouse 3 = Stella Mudge
| dynasty = [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = {{ubl|[[Cheam School]]|[[Harrow School]]|[[Lycée Janson-de-Sailly]]|[[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]}}
}}
}}
'''Paramjit Singh''' (19 May 1892 – 19 July 1955) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] from 1949 until his death in 1955.

==Early life, family, and education==
[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala with his son, Kunwar Paramjit Singh, ca.1900.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala with his son, Kunwar Paramjit Singh, ca.1900.]]
He was born on 19 May 1892 to [[Jagatjit Singh]] and his wife Harbans Kaur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=58–59}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KAPURTHALA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702230002/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-date=2017-07-02 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> His birth was celebrated in [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] with great festivities and rejoicings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=430–431 |language=en}}</ref> For his [[elementary education]], he was first placed under the tuition of [[English people|English]] and [[French people|French]] governesses and tutors in Kapurthala, following which he went to [[Europe]] in 1905 to complete his education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Low |first=Francis |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533254 |title=Indian Year Book 1940-41 Vol.27 |date=1940 |pages=1163}}</ref> There he first attended [[Cheam School]] in [[Surrey]], then [[Harrow School]] in [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] for a year, and then [[Lycée Janson-de-Sailly|Lycée Janson de Sailly]] in [[Paris]] for two years, and then [[St Paul's School, London|St. Paul's School]] in [[London]].<ref name=":2" /> Upon his return to Kapurthala in 1909, he received thorough training in both the executive and judicial departments of the state to better understand the management of state affairs.<ref name=":2" /> He married firstly to [[Brinda Devi]], a daughter of Kanwar Gambhir Chand of [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]], in 1911.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Their wedding was celebrated with great zeal and was attended by a large number of guests from across the world, including [[Aga Khan III]], [[Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera|Antoine d'Orléans]], [[Amédée de Broglie]] and his wife, and rulers of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]], [[Kangra State|Kangra (Lambragaon)]], [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]] and [[Jaswan State|Jaswan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> To mark this occasion, his father made [[primary education]] free in the state and abolished the [[begar]].<ref name=":1" /> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":2" /> He married secondly in 1932 to Lilawati Devi, from Kangra, and thirdly to Stella Mudge, on 3 July 1937.<ref name=":3" /> By his first wife, he had three daughters: [[Indira Devi of Kapurthala|Indira Devi]], Sushila Devi, and Ourmilla Devi.<ref name=":3" /> By his second wife, he had a daughter, Ash Kaur, and a son, [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]].<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala with his son Kunwar Paramjit Singh and daughter-in-law Maharani Brinda Devi Sahiba of Jubbal, ca.1911 (photograph scan).jpg|thumb|Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala with his son Kunwar Paramjit Singh and daughter-in-law Maharani Brinda Devi Sahiba of Jubbal, ca.1911]]
During the absence of his father from [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], firstly in 1915, secondly in 1919, and thirdly in 1922, he conducted the administration of state affairs in his stead.<ref name=":2" /> Again, in 1930, when his father was away from the state, he acted as President of the State Council of Administration from April to November 1930.<ref name=":2" /> He served as President of the Executive Council of state, Household Minister and [[Commandant]] of the forces of state.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1935, when the [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of state, Sir Abdul Hamid, retired, he took charge of state administration for a few months.<ref name=":2" /> He attended the [[Silver Jubilee of George V|silver jubilee of George V]] in 1935, and the [[coronation of George VI and Elizabeth]] in 1937.<ref name=":2" />

==Reign==
Upon the death of his father on 19 June 1949, he succeeded him on the throne of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=Anju |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Princely_States/aFFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Princely States: British Paramountcy and Internal Administration, 1858-1948 : a Case Study of the Kapurthala State |date=2001 |publisher=National Book Organisation |isbn=978-81-87521-03-7 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> In 1950, while he was in [[England]], he held a reception at the [[The Dorchester|Dorchester Hotel]] in [[London]] and there conferred the [[Nishan-i-Iftikhar (Kapurthala)|Nishan-i-Iftikhar]] on Sardar Karam Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-sphere-1930-1964 |title=The Sphere 1930-1964 |pages=137}}</ref>

==Personal interests==

=== Traveling ===
He had travelled all over [[India]], [[Europe]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Patiala_and_East_Panjab_States_Union/3n21AAAAIAAJ |title=Patiala and East Panjab States Union: Historical Background |date=1951 |publisher=Archives Department, Government of the Patiala and E.P.S. Union |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref> In 1928, he accompanied his father to [[Madrid]] and there stayed with [[Alfonso XIII]] as his guest.<ref name=":2" /> In 1930, he visited [[Belgium]] with his father and was hosted by [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]] at [[Palace of Laeken|Château de Laeken]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1936, he was invited to [[Romania]] by [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]], and he accepted the invitation and stayed for two weeks at [[Sinaia]].<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
He died at [[Mussoorie]] on 19 July 1955 and was succeeded by his son [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_New_International_Year_Book/jaQYAAAAIAAJ |title=The New International Year Book |date=1956 |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |pages=343 |language=en}}</ref> His body was taken to [[Kapurthala]] on 21 July 1955 and was [[cremated]] on the same evening.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asian_Recorder/uYD6fbtav4EC |title=Asian Recorder |date=1955 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |pages=326 |language=en}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
Paramjit was originally styled as ''Sri Tikka Raja Paramjit Singh of Kapurthala''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thacker_s_Indian_Directory/UTg1AQAAMAAJ |title=Thacker's Indian Directory |date=1918 |pages=247 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_and_Pakistan_Year_Book/eSsdAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1841 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=1274 |language=en}}</ref> Upon his accession to the throne, his styles and titles became ''His Highness [[Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]] Raja-i-Rajagan Maharaja Paramjit Singh Bahadur, the Maharaja of Kapurthala''.<ref name=":4" />

=== Orders and decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Year
!Order
!Grade/Class
!Ribbon
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}
|1911
|[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]]
|Gold
|[[File:UK King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
| rowspan="7" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
|1935
|[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
|
|[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
|-
|1937
|[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]
|
|[[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
|-
|{{Flagu|France}}
|''unknown''
|[[Legion of Honour]]
|[[Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur|Grand officier]]
|[[File:Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
|-
|{{Flagu|Romania}}
|''unknown''
|[[Order of the Star of Romania]]
|[[Grand Cross]]
|[[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|60x60px]]
|-
|{{Flagu|Spain}}
|''unknown''
|[[Order of Civil Merit]]
|[[Grand Cross]]
|[[File:ESP Order of Civil Merit GC.svg|60x60px]]
|-
|{{Flagu|Tunisia}}
|''unknown''
|[[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Order of Glory]]
|''unknown''
|
|}

==References==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Paramjit}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheam School]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Kapurthala State]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit]]

De De Pyaar De 2

2026-04-07T08:31:02Z

TanyaBertrand6:

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Anshul Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = De De Pyaar De 2
| image = De De Pyaar De 2 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anshul Sharma
| writer = [[Luv Ranjan]] [[Tarun Jain]]
| story = Luv Ranjan
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] [[Luv Ranjan]] [[Ankur Garg]]
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[R. Madhavan]] [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| cinematography = Sudhir K. Chaudhary
| editing = Chetan M. Solanki
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] Aditya Dev–[[Payal Dev]] Avvy Sra [[Sagar Bhatia]] '''Background Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] [[Luv Films]]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]] (India) 
[[Yash Raj Films]] (international)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14|ref1=<ref name="nrdate">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-2-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singhs-romantic-comedy-gets-a-new-release-date-7292286 |title=De De Pyaar De 2: Ajay Devgn And Rakul Preet Singh's Romantic Comedy Gets A New Release Date |date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=''De De Pyaar De 2'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/de-de-pyaar-de-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmzntgw |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|150 crore |link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=De De Pyaar De 2 Box Office Collection Day 6: 150 करोड़ बजट वाली अजय देवगन की फिल्म की रफ्तार हुई धीमी, बजट से है इतनी दूर |website=NDTV |date= |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-2-box-office-collection-day-6-ajay-devgn-film-with-budget-is-rs-150-crore-earned-rs-51-crore-in-six-day-9665337 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|104.67 crore|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de-2/box-office/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''De De Pyaar De 2''''' ({{translation|'Give me love 2'}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by Anshul Sharma, written by [[Luv Ranjan]] and [[Tarun Jain]] and produced by [[T-Series Films]] and [[Luv Films]]. It is a sequel to ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmmaker Luv Ranjan announces 'De De Pyaar De 2' with Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filmmaker-luv-ranjan-announces-de-de-pyaar-de-2-with-ajay-devgn-2514380-2024-03-13}}</ref> The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Singham Again and Raid 2, Ajay Devgn to return for De De Pyaar De 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/after-singham-again-and-raid-2-ajay-devgn-to-return-for-de-de-pyaar-de-2-101710328575011.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> The film was announced in March 2024. [[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2024, held in [[Punjab]] and [[London]].

The film was theatrically released worldwide on 14 November 2025.<ref name="news18_9161287">{{Cite web |title=Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet Singh And R Madhavan's De De Pyaar De 2 Postponed, To Now Release On THIS Date|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-singh-and-r-madhavans-de-de-pyaar-de-2-postponed-to-now-release-on-this-date-9161287.html|date=14 April 2025|work=NDTV|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box office, grossing {{estimation}} {{INR}} 104.67 crore worldwide.

== Plot ==

Following the events of ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'', 51-year-old London-based NRI investor Ashish Mehra decides to meet his 27-year-old girlfriend Ayesha Chaudhary's family to get their approval, after having previously received his own family's approval. However, Ayesha is perplexed about introducing Ashish when she learns her sister-in-law Kittu is pregnant. They arrive in Ayesha's town, with Rounak also following soon. She initially confides about Ashish to Kittu, revealing her plans to break the news in the midst of the newborn baby's arrival, but her parents, Rakesh and Anju, who share the same nickname for each other, "Rajji", end up learning about it. They question Ayesha, who partly reveals the truth, intending to keep his real age a secret. Despite their progressive and modern outlook, the Rajjis become convinced she is hiding something, but agree to nonetheless meet Ashish.

However, tensions arise when they realise that Ashish is almost as old as Rakesh. The two confront Ayesha over her lie once they learn from a private investigator about his background, leading to Rakesh's disapproval of her relationship. In the midst of their argument, Kittu goes into labour. They rush her to the hospital where she gives birth to a girl. Later, they all attend a party where Rakesh beats up a man who was ogling Ayesha. Ayesha confronts Rakesh over the scene at the party and they have a huge argument, following which Ayesha leaves with Ashish. Eventually, Rakesh comes to Ashish’s house and apologises to Ayesha, asking them both to come back. However, it is revealed that the parents have decided to do a 'coup de foudre' by hiring Ayesha’s childhood friend Aditya to seduce her and drive her away from Ashish.

Aditya flirts continuously with Ayesha, and employs various ways to seduce her including taking her to a nightclub. He manages to make her fall in love with him and start a relationship with him. Ashish realises that this was Rakesh’s plan and confronts him. He eventually relents and promises to not stop Ayesha from courting Aditya or get in their way. He also requests Rakesh to give Ayesha the life she deserves, if he is unable to do so. Eventually, Ashish walks in on Ayesha and Aditya passionately kissing. This saddens him and he prepares to go back to London along with Rounak. Ayesha tries to convince him to not leave and eventually yells at him for "not fighting for her". However, Ashish is not deterred and leaves. Saddened by his departure, and out of spite for him, she proposes to Aditya for marriage. A little while later, she calls Rounak and requests him to tell Ashish to send back her luggage as she is getting married. Eventually, the day of Ayesha and Aditya's wedding arrives. During the wedding, Rakesh notices that Ayesha was tearing up causing him to get emotional. Later, Ayesha's mother, on a call with Rakesh, sees her crying and enquires what was wrong.

It is revealed in a flashback that she had then confronted Aditya over him trying to seduce her. He had then confessed to her that Rakesh had hired him to seduce her and he had no true feelings for her. She and Aditya had both pretended to love each other and she had never moved on from Ashish. She had also convinced her mother to help her persuade Rakesh to let her marry Ashish-her emotional conversation with Ayesha over her feelings towards Ashish and Aditya that Rakesh had overheard on the phone had actually been pre-planned by both of them.

Rakesh plans to go to London to get Ashish, but on reaching the airport receives a call from Rounak that Ashish is leaving for India to stop Ayesha's wedding and they both rush to the venue. Both of them repeatedly try to convince Ayesha to stop the marriage and marry Ashish instead. Eventually, she agrees and reveals the truth to Ashish about having faked her relationship with Aditya. She kisses him and the film concludes with Ashish informing Manju of his impending nuptials.

==Cast==
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Ashish "Ashu" Mehra
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Rakesh "Rajji" Khurana, Ayesha's father
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Ayesha "Ayeshu" Khurana, Rajji's daughter
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Raunak Molta, Ashu's friend
* [[Meezaan Jafri]] as Aditya, Aishu's childhood friend
* [[Gautami Kapoor]] as Anju "Rajji" Khurana, Ayesha's mother
* [[Ishita Dutta]] as Kittu Chaudhary Khurrana, Ayesha's sister-in-law
* Tarun Gehlot as Rohan Khurrana, Ayesha's brother
* [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Kittu's father
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Naani, Anju's mother
* [[Gracy Goswami]] as Tia
* [[Jyoti Gauba]] as Aditya's mother
* Sameer Malhotra as Aditya's father
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Anita, Anju's sister
* Shiwangi Peswani as Mini
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Babbi, Rakesh's brother
* Anvesha Vij as Dia
* Meneka Arora as Kittu's mother
* [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] as himself in the song "Jhoom Sharabi" (special appearance)

==Production==
=== Development and casting ===
The film's script was finalized in August 2023, while the official announcement was made in March 2024. The film is directed by Anshul Sharma replacing [[Akiv Ali]], with [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] returning as Ashish Mehra and Ayesha Khurana<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Filmmaker Luv Ranjan announces 'De De Pyaar De 2' with Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filmmaker-luv-ranjan-announces-de-de-pyaar-de-2-with-ajay-devgn-2514380-2024-03-13 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Anil Kapoor]] was initially signed to play Ayesha's father,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=24 May 2024 |title=Anil Kapoor chooses YRF's Spy Universe over love; bows out of De De Pyaar De 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anil-kapoor-chooses-yrfs-spy-universe-love-bows-de-de-pyaar-de-2/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> but later opted out and was replaced by [[R. Madhavan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=De De Pyaar De 2: R Madhavan and Ajay Devgn starrer to have a special twist, Madhavan to play Rakul Preet Singh's father and Suniel Shetty father in law? deets inside |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-2-r-madhavan-and-ajay-devgn-starrer-to-have-a-special-twist-madhavan-to-play-rakul-preet-singhs-father-deets-inside-article-12750973.html}}</ref> Choreographers Raju Khan and [[Ganesh Acharya]] have done [[choreography]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Raat Bhar': Rakul Preet and Meezaan Jafri show spark in romantic number from De De Pyaar De 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/22/raat-bhar-rakul-preet-and-meezaan-jafri-show-spark-in-romantic-number-from-de-de-pyaar-de-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Jhoom Sharaabi': Ajay Devgn-Honey Singh balance alcohol glass on forehead in quirky song from De De Pyaar De 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/30/jhoom-sharaabi-ajay-devgn-honey-singh-balance-alcohol-glass-on-forehead-in-quirky-song-from-de-de-pyaar-de-2}}</ref> Meezaan Jafri joined the cast as a character who tries to distract Ayesha from Ashish.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meezaan Jafri joins the cast of De De Pyaar De 2 alongside Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/de-de-pyaar-de-2-meezaan-jafri-to-star-in-ajay-devgns-film-motion-poster-out-23598231}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2024 at [[Mehboob Studio]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], with the next schedules set to happen in [[Punjab]] and [[London]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajay Devgn Led De De Pyaar De 2 Begins, R Madhavan Shoots on Day 1, Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-led-de-de-pyaar-de-2-begins-r-madhavan-shoots-on-day-1-exclusive-article-110696767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajay Devgn To Commence De De Pyaar De 2 Shoot This Week Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-to-commence-de-de-pyaar-de-2-shoot-this-week-exclusive-article-110174330}}</ref> The first Punjab schedule in [[Patiala]] was completed in September–October 2024 but it ended early as Sharma contracted [[dengue]] fever.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakul Preet Singh Shares Pics From De De Pyaar De 2 Sets, Relives 'DDLJ Moment In Punjab Ke Khet'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rakul-preet-singh-shares-pics-from-de-de-pyaar-de-2-sets-relives-ddlj-moment-in-punjab-ke-khet-9057544.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TOI|date=2025-04-19 |title='De De Pyaar De 2' director Anshul Sharma down with Dengue; film shoot stopped in Patiala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/de-de-pyaar-de-2-director-anshul-sharma-down-with-dengue-film-shoot-stopped-in-patiala/articleshow/113698594.cms|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The second Punjab schedule of the film was started in January and completed in February 2025.<ref name="IANS">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-17 |title=Rakul Preet Singh to kickstart the next schedule of 'De De Pyar De 2!' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rakul-preet-singh-to-kickstart-the-next-schedule-of-de-de-pyar-de-2-1503387804.html |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> During the filming, with half of the film complete actress Rakul Preet suffered from a [[Spinal cord injury|spinal injury]] that kept her [[bedridden]] for 40 days. She resumed shooting after a three-month break and completed the shooting lying on a physio bed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-11-19 |title=Rakul Preet Singh makes SHOCKING revelation about shooting De De Pyaar De 2 amid spine injury: “My bed was literally on the highway”|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rakul-preet-singh-makes-shocking-revelation-shooting-de-de-pyaar-de-2-amid-spine-injury-bed-literally-highway/|access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = De De Pyaar De 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Aditya Dev–[[Payal Dev]], Avvy Sra and [[Sagar Bhatia]]
| released = 6 November 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=26}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|kh0C-MPlopc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Aditya Dev–[[Payal Dev]], Avvy Sra and [[Sagar Bhatia]], with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]], Sagar Bhatia, Jaani, [[Karan Aujla]] and Yo Yo Honey Singh. The first single "Raat Bhar", a duet, was released on 22 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 First Song Out: Meezaan Jafri, Rakul Preet Singh Promise 'Raat Bhar' Romance|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-2-first-song-out-meezaan-jafri-rakul-preet-singh-promise-raat-bhar-romance-ws-l-9651612.html |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=News 18}}</ref> The second single "Jhoom Sharaabi" was released on 29 October 2025, which was recreated from the 1974 film ''[[5 Rifles]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 Song Jhoom Sharaabi Out: Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet Singh Sizzle In New Track|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-2-song-jhoom-sharaabi-out-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-singh-sizzle-in-new-track-ws-l-9666653.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=News 18}}</ref> The third single "3 Shaukk" was released on 4 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 Song 3 Shaukk Out: Jaaved Jaaferi And Meezan Jafri Face-Off Steals The Show|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/de-de-pyaar-de-2-song-3-shaukk-out-jaaved-jaaferi-and-meezan-jafri-face-off-steals-the-show-ws-l-9680184.html |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=News 18}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:26
| title1 = Raat Bhar
| extra1 = Aditya Rikhari, Payal Dev
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = Aditya Dev–[[Payal Dev]]
| length1 = 3:12
| title2 = Jhoom Sharabi
| extra2 = Yo Yo Honey Singh, Athar Hayat, Sameer Hayat
| lyrics2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| music2 = Yo Yo Honey Singh
| length2 = 4:14
| title3 = 3 Shaukk
| extra3 = Avvy Sra, [[Karan Aujla]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| lyrics3 = [[Karan Aujla]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| music3 = Avvy Sra, [[Dj Chetas]]
| length3 = 3:00
| title4 = Aakhri Salaam
| note4 = Sagar Bhatia Version
| extra4 = Sagar Bhatia
| lyrics4 = [[Sagar Bhatia]]
| music4 = Sagar Bhatia
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = Baabul Ve
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| music5 = Aditya Dev–[[Payal Dev]]
| length5 = 3:21
| title6 = Aakhri Salaam
| extra6 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| lyrics6 = [[Sagar Bhatia]]
| music6 = Sagar Bhatia
| length6 = 4:50
}}

==Marketing==
The trailer was launched on 14 October 2025 at an event organized in Devgn Cinex in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=De De Pyaar De 2 trailer: Ajay Devgn's rom-com sequel picks up where first film left off|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/de-de-pyaar-de-2-trailer-ajay-devgn-rom-com-sequel-picks-up-where-first-film-left-off-2803126-2025-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=De De Pyaar De 2 Delhi trailer launch: Ajay Devgn CONFIRMS, "Drishyam 3 will be launched in December"; reveals whether Phool Aur Kaante 2 can be made: "If we get a good script…"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/de-de-pyaar-de-2-delhi-trailer-launch-ajay-devgn-confirms-drishyam-3-will-launched-december-reveals-whether-phool-aur-kaante-2-can-made-get-good-script/}}</ref> The film has been promoted on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 19 Weekend Ka Vaar: Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet Singh, Meezaan Jafri and R. Madhavan set to light up the show as they promote their much-awaited film De De Pyaar De 2 - Breaking|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/bigg-boss-19-weekend-ka-vaar-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-singh-meezaan-jafri-and-r-madhavan}}</ref> The official poster was launched on 11 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajay Devgn drops ‘De De Pyaar De 2’ motion poster featuring Rakul Preet, R.Madhavan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-drops-de-de-pyaar-de-2-motion-poster-featuring-rakul-preet-r-madhavan/cid/2127290#goog_rewardedn}}</ref> As part of the marketing campaign, the entire soundtrack album was released on 7 November 2025 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2025 |title=T-Series Drops Full Soundtrack for De De Pyaar De 2
|url=https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news/entertainment/movie/t-series-drops-full-soundtrack-for-de-de-pyaar-de-2/58450 |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=bollywood helpline}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''De De Pyaar De 2'' was theatrically released worldwide on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=De De Pyaar De 2: Ajay Devgn And Rakul Preet Singh's Romantic Comedy Gets A New Release Date|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-2-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singhs-romantic-comedy-gets-a-new-release-date-7292286 |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The film has been released by [[PVR Inox Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2025 |title=PVR Inox banking on diverse genre and Hollywood films for growth|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/pvr-inox-q2-results-profit-revenue-rise-hollywood-films-drive-125101701210_1.html |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=Business Standard|language=en}}</ref> The film was released in 4000 screens in total for a wide release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 box office day 6: Ajay Devgn-R Madhavan starrer inches close to Rs 50 crore mark|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-de-de-pyaar-de-2-box-office-day-6-ajay-devgn-r-madhavan-starrer-inches-close-to-rs-50-crore-mark-4050240/|access-date=7 December 2025 |website=Financial Express|language=en}}</ref> The film was released without any cuts from [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] with U/A rating suitable for 13+ viewers as a family entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2025 |title=De De Pyaar De 2 OTT release: When and where to watch Madhavan, Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet Singh's family entertainer after its theatrical run|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/de-de-pyaar-de-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-madhavan-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-singhs-family-entertainer-after-its-theatrical-run/articleshow/125314415.cms?from=mdr|access-date=7 December 2025 |website=Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

===Pre-release business===
The film registered decent advance bookings as part of its pre-release business. The film recorded over 16000 ticket sales in multiplex chains like [[PVR Inox]] and [[Cinepolis]]. These advance booking figures are lower as [[Rom-com]] genre films are finding it tough to get business in the post [[COVID-19]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2025 |title=
De De Pyaar De 2 sells 16,000 tickets across national multiplex chains, targets Rs. 7 cr. Day 1 start|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/de-de-pyaar-de-2-sells-16000-tickets-across-national-multiplex-chains-targets-rs-7-cr-day-1-start/|access-date=15 December 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 9 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘De De Pyaar De 2’ OTT release: When and where to watch Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet’s romantic comedy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preets-de-de-pyaar-de-2-to-drop-on-netflix/cid/2141638 |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===

The film had an opening day [[box office]] collection on 14 November 2025 of {{INR}}8.75 crore with an opening weekend collection of {{INR}}33.70 crore. After 3 weeks the film collected in India {{INR}} 81.90 crore and overseas collection stood at {{INR}}21.29 crore for a total of {{estimation}} {{INR}} 104.96 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=De De Pyaar De 2 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de-2/box-office/|date=7 December 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

===Review===

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "If only the film didn’t resemble an extended sit-com, with a house where most of the action takes place not bothering to hide the fact that it is a set, the length making us restive."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=De De Pyaar De 2 review: Madhavan is the real star of Ajay Devgn film; Luv Ranjan comes of age|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-2-movie-review-madhavan-is-the-real-star-of-ajay-devgn-film-luv-ranjan-comes-of-age-10364990/|date=14 November 2025|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and writes that "Age is the elephant in the room, a topic that the film doesn't brush under the carpet."<ref>{{cite web|first=Radhika|last=Sharma|title=De De Pyaar De 2 Review: Papa Isn't The Best In This Ajay Devgn Film, But R Madhavan Is|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-2-review-papa-isnt-the-best-in-this-ajay-devgn-film-but-r-madhavan-is-9634453|date=14 November 2025|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "'De De Pyaar De 2' is a fun, breezy rom-com that combines humour, family drama and familiar charm. The casting is awkward, but the film doesn't disappoint."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vineeta|last=Kumar|title=De De Pyaar De 2 review: Bumpy but breezy Bollywood rom-com that does the job|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/de-de-pyaar-de-2-review-ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-singh-r-madhavan-film-is-bumpy-but-breezy-bollywood-rom-com-that-does-the-job-2819538-2025-11-14|date=14 November 2025|website=India Today}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Some judicious snipping might have taken care of the tonal inconsistency, while also better showcasing the sharp lines and charming tendency of characters to talk themselves into a corner. De De Pyaar De 2 is too much of a good thing."<ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title=Review: In 'De De Pyaar De 2', too much of a good thing|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088501/review-in-de-de-pyaar-de-2-two-much-of-a-good-thing|date=14 November 2025|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes in his review that "Director Anshul Sharma rekindles the breezy energy of the original, but the fresh spin on ‘love vs loved ones’ becomes formulaic after a point."<ref>{{cite web|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|title='De De Pyaar De 2' movie review: Rakul Preet Singh radiates, Madhavan steals the spotlight in this sassy rom-com sequel|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/de-de-pyaar-de-2-movie-review-rakul-preet-singh-radiates-madhavan-steals-the-spotlight-in-this-sassy-rom-com-sequel/article70279863.ece|date=14 November 2025|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Kartik Bhardwaj of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Watching De De Pyaar De 2 can be described as an experience of taking a rollercoaster ride, you start feeling the seats are wobbly once it slows down."<ref>{{cite web|first=Kartik|last=Bhardwaj|title=De De Pyaar De 2 Movie Review: Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh's meet-the-parents comedy has its moments|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Nov/14/de-de-pyaar-de-2-movie-review-ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singhs-meet-the-parents-comedy-has-its-moments|date=14 November 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that " De De Pyaar De 2 is a rom com which says age doesn’t matter in affairs of the heart."<ref>{{cite web|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|title=De De Pyaar De 2 Review: Madhavan, Rakul Preet and Ajay Devgn Shine in This Comedy of Manners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/de-de-pyaar-de-2-review-madhavan-rakul-preet-and-ajay-devgn-shine-in-this-comedy-of-manners-79199.html|date=14 November 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "On the whole, DE DE PYAAR DE 2 impresses with its compelling performances, relatable narrative, and an entertaining fusion of humour and drama. At the box office, the film possesses strong prospects of sustaining and expanding its run over the weekend and thereafter, particularly if favourable word of mouth regarding its emotional quotient and comedic moments gains momentum."<ref>{{cite web|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=De De Pyaar De 2 Movie Review: DE DE PYAAR DE 2 impresses|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/de-de-pyaar-de-2/critic-review/de-de-pyaar-de-2-movie-review/de-de-pyaar-de-2-impresses/|date=14 November 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "The Luv Ranjan-written age-gap comedy is occasionally witty and intuitive, but it pushes too many buttons to make an impact."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='De De Pyaar De 2' Movie Review: Too Oversmart For Its Own Good|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/de-de-pyaar-de-2-movie-review-ajay-devgn-age-gap-comedy-is-too-oversmart-for-its-own-good|date=14 November 2025|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|28802657}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|de-de-pyaar-de-2}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Seemanchal Express

2026-04-06T03:51:17Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding first page v1

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Seemanchal Express
| image = Seemanchal Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = B1 AC coach of Seemanchal Express.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|01|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} (JBN)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|1380|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 24h 05m
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier Economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12487 / 12488
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12487 / 12488 '''Seemanchal Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} and {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12487/12488 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.newsnation.in/amp/bomb-blast-on-railway-track-in-bihars-buxar-no-harm-reported-160479.html Bomb blast on railway track in Bihar's Buxar; no harm reported]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161018075506/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161015/jsp/bihar/story_113479.jsp#.WAF6Nv6KQtY Double track boon for bridge - More trains between Patna & north]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=867&id=0,4,268 extra stoppage of trains for navratra]</ref>

== Service==

The 12487/Seemanchal Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 1397 km in 24h 05m. The 12488/Seemanchal Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1397 km in 23h 40m.

==Route and halts==

The important halts of the train are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color: lightblue" | Station Code
!! style="background-color:lightblue" | Station Name
!! style="background-color: lightblue" | Distance (km)
|-
| valign="top" | '''JBN'''
| valign="top" | '''{{stnlnk|Jogbani}}'''
| valign="top" | 0
|-
| valign="top" | FBG
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Forbesganj Junction}}
| valign="top" | 13.2
|-
| valign="top" | ARR
| valign="top" | [[Araria]]
| valign="top" | 42
|-
| valign="top" | PRNA
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Purnia Junction}}
| valign="top" | 80.2
|-
| valign="top" | KIR
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}
| valign="top" | 108.2
|-
| valign="top" | NNA
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Naugachia}}
| valign="top" | 166.8
|-
| valign="top" | KGG
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
| valign="top" | 233.8
|-
| valign="top" | BGS
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Begusarai}}
| valign="top" | 273.9
|-
| valign="top" | BJU
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
| valign="top" | 289.2
|-
| valign="top" | PPTA
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}}
| valign="top" | 397.4
|-
| valign="top" | DNR
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
| valign="top" | 403.3
|-
| valign="top" | DLN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Dildarnagar Junction}}
| valign="top" | 547.3
|-
| valign="top" | DDU
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
| valign="top" | 605.0
|-
| valign="top" | MZP
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
| valign="top" | 668.2
|-
| valign="top" | PRYJ
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
| valign="top" | 757.6
|-
| valign="top" | CNB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
| valign="top" | 952.1
|-
| valign="top" | TDL
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}
| valign="top" | 1183.2
|-
| valign="top" | ALJN
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}
| valign="top" | 1261.5
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
| valign="top" | 1367.5
|-
| valign="top" | '''ANVT'''
| valign="top" | '''{{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}'''
| valign="top" | 1380.1
|-
|}

==Coach composition==

The train has modern LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 2 Second Tier AC
* 4 Third Tier AC
* 2 Third Tier AC Economy
* 7 Sleeper Class
* 5 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 EOGs

==Traction==

earlier was [[WDM-3A]] or [[WDP-4B]]. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-P7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Jogbani to Anand Vihar Terminal and vice versa.

==Incident==
On February 3, 2019, at 3:58 a.m IST, the Delhi-bound Seemanchal Express train derailed at [[Hajipur]] in Bihar. This led to the derailment of one general coach, one A.C three tier coach, three sleeper coaches and four more coaches. At least six people died and several people were injured. Later the [[East Central Railway zone|East Central railway]] officials found that it was caused due to a rail fracture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/seemanchal-express-accident-bihar-dead-injured-indian-railways-5567148/|title=Seemanchal Express accident: 6 dead, several injured; Rs 5 lakh ex-gratia announced|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=February 3, 2019|access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jogbani railway station]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]
* [[Kolkata–Jogbani Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2488 12487/Seemanchal Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2489 12488/Seemanchal Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seemanchal Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Rajiv Gandhi Education City

2026-03-30T21:58:28Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding The Location Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajiv Gandhi Education City
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Education City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|28.9416|N|77.1313|E|region:IN-HR_type:City|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonipat district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Sonipat Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 224.15
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc |website=Ethnologue |accessdate=8 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = HR
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.sonipat.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Rai Assembly Constituency
}}

'''Rajiv Gandhi Education City''' is a planned education city in [[Sonipat]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. The city comes under the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], [[Delhi]] and also under the [[Municipal Corporation]] and [[Urban Agglomeration]] of [[Sonipat|Sonipat City]]. As of 2025, it host 4 universities and extension campuse of [[IIT Delhi]]. The park is planned to cover 2,026 acres and foundation stones were laid in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=IIT campus to come up in Rajiv Gandhi education city in Haryana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIT-campus-to-come-up-in-Rajiv-Gandhi-education-city-in-Haryana/articleshow/13997719.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=13 June 2016|date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manav Rachna University launched at Rajiv Gandhi Education City|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/manav-rachna-university-launched-at-rajiv-gandhi-education-city-112061000037_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.|accessdate=13 June 2016|date=10 June 2012}}</ref>

==Institutes==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left"
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialisation
|-
!scope="row" | [[Ashoka University ]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ashoka University | url=http://ashokauniversity.edu.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911233446/http://ashokauniversity.edu.in:80/ | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2014
| General
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], Sonipat campus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.iitd.ac.in/|title=Home Page : IIT Delhi|website=home.iitd.ac.in}}</ref>
| [[Institutes of National Importance|INI]]'s Extension campuse
| 2013
| [[Technology|Technical]]
|-
!scope="row" | [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sonipatproperty.com/post.php?art=256&show=all|title=National Law University | Rajiv Gandhi Education City | Sonipat News | sonipatproperty.com|website=www.sonipatproperty.com}}</ref>
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2013
| Law
|-
!scope="row" | [[SRM University, Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srmuniversity.ac.in/|title=SRM University Delhi-NCR, Sonepat : Explore the Best Private University in Delhi NCR, Sonepat Haryana|website=www.srmuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
| Private
| 2013
| General
|-
!scope="row" | World University of Design<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/|title=World University Of Design (WUD)|website=worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in}}</ref>
|Private
|2017
|Design
|}

==Technopark==
On 4 April 2018, the newly built Technopark costing INR175 crore was unveiled by the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] at the Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat. It is aimed at boosting the technical skills, dissemination and expansion of technical skills in the state.<ref name=newiit1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/cm-unveils-iit-campus-at-sonipat-technopark/articleshow/63603013.cms Khattar unveils IIT-D campus at Sonepat], India Time, April 2018.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in India}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Education in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sonipat]]

Bṛhat Saṃhitā

2026-03-30T14:39:36Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new stub!

{{short description|6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''''Bṛhat-saṃhitā'''''{{efn |[[IAST]]: ''Bṛhat-saṃhitā''; also transliterated as ''Brihat-samhita'';<ref>{{cite book |author=Ariel Glucklich |title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-971825-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC |page=10 }}</ref> also known as ''Varāhi-saṃhitā''.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|pp=19-20}} }} is a 6th-century [[Sanskrit]]-language encyclopedia compiled by [[Varāhamihira]] in present-day [[Ujjain]], India. Besides the author's area of expertise—[[astrology and astronomy]]—the work contains a wide variety of other topics. His book is divided into 3 sections namely Tantra, Hora and Samhita.

== Contents ==

According to the penultimate verse of the text, it contains 100 chapters in less than 4000 ''[[shloka]]s'' (verses). [[Sudhakara Dvivedi]]'s edition of the text, with [[Utpala (astronomer)|Utpala]]'s commentary, contains 105 chapters, plus the last chapter containing the table of contents; [[H. Kern]]'s edition contains an additional chapter (#36) titled ''Raja-lakshnam''. According to Utpala, Varahamihira excludes five chapters from the contents, thus arriving at 100 as the number of chapters; However, Varahamihira himself excludes 3 more chapters from the table of contents, bringing the number of chapters to only 97; so, it is not clear how exactly is the number 100 is arrived at.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1969|pp=37-38}}

Utpala cites the authorship of one of the excluded chapters to Vidhya-vasin. He also declares four verses to be spurious, and does not comment on two additional verses, which suggests that these may be later interpolations.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1969|p=38}}

{{Hidden
| List of chapters from M. Ramakrishna Bhat's edition{{sfn|M.R. Bhatt|1996|loc=Contents}} |
{{columns-list |colwidth=15em |
# Introduction
# Canons for Astrologers
# Transit of the Sun
# Transit of the Moon
# Course of [[Rahu]]
# Transit of Mars
# [[Transit of Mercury]]
# Course of Jupiter
# Course of Venus
# Transit of Saturn
# Comets
# [[Canopus]]
# Course of the Seven Sages ([[Big Dipper]])
# Divisions of globe
# Stellar rulership
# Planetary rulership
# Planetary wars
# Conjunction of the Moon with planets of stars
# Planetary years and effects
# The Planetary Triangle
# Pregnancy of Clouds
# Retention of Embryo
# Rainfall
# The Moon's Conjunction with [[Aldebaran|Rohini]]
# The Moon's Conjunction with [[Arcturus|Svati]]
# The Moon's Conjunction with [[Uttara Ashadha|Asadha]]
# The Wind Circle
# Signs of Immediate Rain
# Prognostics from Flowers and Creepers
# Indications at Dawn and Twilight
# Glow at the Horizon
# Signs of Earthquake
# Signs of Meteors
# Characteristics of Halos
# Signs of Rainbows
# Signs of Aerial City
# Mock Suns
# Indications of Haze
# Symptoms of Hurricane
# Growth of Crops
# Classification of Substances
# Fluctuations of Prices
# Glory of Indra's Banner
# Lustration Ceremony
# The Wagtail
# Portentous Phenomena
# Motley Miscellany
# Royal Ablution
# Signs of Crowns
# Signs of Swords
# Science of Limbs
# Characteristics of Pimples
# Architecture
# Exploration of Water Springs
# Treatment of Trees
# Description of Temples
# Preparation of Adamantine Glue.
# Description of Idols
# Entering Forest
# Installation of Images
# Features of Cows
# Characteristics of Dogs
# Signs of Cocks
# Characteristics of Toroises
# Signs of Goats
# Characteristics of Horses
# Signs of Elephants
# Signs of Men
# Signs of the Great Five Men
# Characteristics of Maidens
# Omens from Slits of Garments
# Signs of Chowries
# Signs of Umbrellas
# Praise of Women
# Winning of Affection
# Erotic Recipes
# Preparation of Perfumes
# Union of Man and Woman
# Signs of Couches and Seats
# Examination of Gems
# Signs of Pearls
# Signs of Rubies
# Signs of Emeralds
# Signs of Lamps
# Token of Tooth Sticks
# Omens through Birds and Beasts
# The Circle of Quarters
# Cries of Birds and Beasts
# The Circle of Dogs
# The Cries of Jackals
# Behaviour of Wild Animals
# Intention of Cows
# Intention of Horses
# Attitude of Elephants
# Cries of Crows
# Further Omens
# Time of Fruition of Effects
# Functions and Properties of Asterisms
# Functions and Properties of Lunar Days
# Qualities of the Karanas
# Effects of Birth in the Asterisms
# Division of the Zodiac
# Planetary Combinations at Marriage
# Transits of Planets
# Worship of the Stellar Day
# Conclusion
}}
}}

The contents of the text fall into two major categories: ''anga'' and ''upanga''. The ''anga'' discusses divination based on planets, [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]s, and zodiac signs. The ''upanga'' discusses a wide variety of other topics, as listed above. Varāhamihira does not discuss several traditional topics which he considers legendary and unscientific.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=21}}

The text displays Varāhamihira's skill as a poet:{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1969|p=37}} it uses at least 63 different metres (Arya being the most frequent) in the ''Brihat-samhita''.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1969|p=15}}

<gallery caption="Manuscripts of Bṛhat Saṃhitā" mode="packed">
6th-century Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira, 1279 CE Hindu text palm leaf manuscript, Pratima lakshana, Sanskrit, Nepalaksara script, folio 1 talapatra from a Buddhist monastery, 1v, 2r 2v leaves.jpg | 1279 CE palm-leaf manuscript from a Buddhist monastery
6th-century Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira, Hindu text copied and preserved in a Jain temple, paper manuscript, Sanskrit, Devanagari script, incomplete folio 1r 1v 2r leaves.jpg | Devanagari manuscript from a Jain temple
6th-century Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira, Bhattotpala commentary manuscript, Chapter 3, Sanskrit, Grantha script, palm leaf 1 2r 2v.jpg | Manuscript with [[Utpala (astronomer)|Utpala]]'s commentary in [[Grantha script]]
</gallery>

== Influence ==

Varāhamihira's text became far more popular than earlier similar texts, because of its comprehensiveness, lucidity, appealing presentation, and literary merit. He wrote an abridged version of the text, ''[[Samāsa Saṃhitā]]'', which is now [[Lost literary work|lost]] and is known only from Utpala's commentary on ''Brhat-samhita''.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=22}}

According to Varāhamihira, in some verses he was merely summarizing earlier existing literature on astronomy, ''Shilpa Sastra'' and temple architecture, yet his presentation of different theories and models of design are among the earliest texts that have survived.<ref name= "Bühnemann2003">{{cite book |author=Michael Meister |editor=Gudrun Bühnemann |editor-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Maṇḍalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn= 90-04-12902-2 |pages=251–260 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao| title= Elements of Hindu Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year= 1985 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2| pages= 25, 58–59}}</ref>

Several chapters of the text - such as ''Chitraymayura'', ''Drgargala'' (''Jalagala-shastra'') and ''Prasada-lakshana'' - were studied as independent treatises by later scholars, who regarded Varāhamihira as an authority on a variety of topics.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|pp=21-22}} 11th-century Iranian scholar [[Al-Biruni]] also quotes Brhat-samhita.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Varahamihira |author2= M Ramakrishna Bhat| title= Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira, Part 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC&pg=PA960| year= 1996 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass| isbn= 978-81-208-1060-0|pages=960–961}}</ref>

Abd Al-Aziz ibn Shams ibn Baha' Nuri Dihlavwi (fl. c. 1350/1375) composed ''Tarjamah i Barahi'', a Persian translation of ''Brhat-samhita'', for the Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ |page=13 }}</ref>

For modern scholars, the wide range of the text makes it a very useful source of history about the contemporary period.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=21}}

== Editions ==

Printed editions and translations of the text include:{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=216}}

* 1895-97, Varanasi: Edited with Bhattotpala's commentary by [[Sudhakara Dvivedi]] (2 volumes)
* 1865, Calcutta: Edited by [[H. Kern]]
* 1870-1875: English translation by H. Kern in [[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
* 1947, Bangalore: Text with English translation by V. Subrahmanya Sastri and M. Ramakrishna Bhat (2 volumes)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9780896842212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAbAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |editor=M. Ramakrishna Bhat |title=Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira |edition=Second |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1996 |orig-year=1982 |isbn=9788120810600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC |ref={{harvid|M.R. Bhatt|1996}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://archive.org/details/Brihatsamhita/mode/1up Sanskrit text and English translation] (1946) by V. Subrahmanya Sastri and M. Ramakrishna Bhat
* [https://archive.org/details/wg1077/mode/1up Sanskrit text] (1865) edited by H. Kern

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Varāhamihira]]
[[Category:Sanskrit encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]

Biswa Bangla Gate

2026-03-16T02:18:29Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding stub

{{short description|Arch-monument in Kolkata, India}}
{{original research|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Kolkata Gate
| native_name = {{IAST|Biswa Bangla Gate}}
| native_name_lang = sa
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Kolkata_Gate_(officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Biswa Bangla Gate
| status =
| building_type = Restaurant
| architectural_style = [[Retrofuturism]]
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|43|N|88|28|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 6 March 2017
| construction_stop_date =
| completion_date = 27 January 2018
| inauguration_date =
| cost = 
| client =
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| landlord =
| current_tenants =
| height = 55 metres (180 feet)
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| grounds_area =
| architect =
| architecture_firm = Vector Designs
| main_contractor = HIDCO
| logo =
| seating_capacity =
| website = {{URL|https://www.biswabanglagatekolkata.in/}}
| public_transit = {{ric|Kolkata Metro|Orange}} [[Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station]] (Under Construction)
| opened_date = {{Start date and age|2019|2|2|df=yes}}
}}
'''Biswa Bangla Gate''' (also known as '''Kolkata Gate''') is an arch-monument in the city of [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is built by Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation ([[HIDCO]]) on the [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] at Narkelbagan, Action Area - I of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.banglahunt.com/gate-way-of-kolkata/|work=বাংলাHunt|date=17 Mar 2017|access-date=1 September 2017|title=নিউটাউনে তৈরি হতে চলেছে গেট ওয়ে ওফ কলকাতা|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902004925/http://www.banglahunt.com/gate-way-of-kolkata/|archive-date=2 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also houses India's first hanging restaurant. The visitors' gallery and restaurant are surrounded by glass giving a show to various parts of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]].<ref>{{cite news|title=কলকাতা গেটে ঝুলন্ত রেস্তোরাঁ |url= https://ebela.in/state/hanging-restaurant-at-kolkata-gate-1.592082|work = এবেলা | access-date =1 September 2017| date = 4 April 2017}}</ref>

Biswa Bangla Gate is located over the third rotary traffic island on [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]], near [[Rabindra Tirtha]] in Action Area 1, [[New Town, Kolkata]]. It is connected with the [[Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station]] of [[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]].

==History and construction==
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Kolkata Gate Stairs Under Construction - Rabindra Tirtha Crossing - Rajarhat - Kolkata 2017-06-21 2827.JPG
| image2 = Kolkata Gate Under Construction - Rabindra Tirtha Crossing - Rajarhat 2017-03-30 0851.JPG
| caption2 = Kolkata Gate under construction in 2017
| align = left
}}
The idea of Kolkata Gate came up under the Newtown beautification project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-01|title=Liveability quotient increases in Rajarhat New Town with multiple social, cultural and infrastructural initiatives|url=https://www.squareyards.com/blog/liveability-quotient-increases-in-rajarhat-new-town-with-multiple-social-cultural-and-infrastructural-initiatives|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Real Estate News|language=en-US}}</ref> design was made public in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 April 2017|title=মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর তিলত্তমার সৌন্দর্য বৃদ্ধি কলকাতা গেট দিয়ে|language=bn|trans-title=The beauty of the Chief Minister's Tilattama is enhanced by the Calcutta Gate|work=bengalinews.in|url=http://banganews.in/details.php?DI=2724|url-status=dead|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902011201/http://banganews.in/details.php?DI=2724|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> The construction of the Gate started on 6 March 2017. The total cost of the construction of the gate was expected to be around {{INRConvert|25|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=টাওয়ারে এবার কলকাতা দর্শন!|url=https://www.kolkata24x7.com/kolkata-gate.html|work=kolkata24x7.com|language=bn|date=17 October 2015|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727142111/https://kolkata24x7.com/kolkata-gate.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-gate-work-at-full-pelt-in-new-town/articleshow/58823734.cms| title= Kolkata Gate work at full pelt in New Town|work=Times of India | date= 24 May 2017|access-date = 1 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/5-facts-about-kolkata-gate/|title='Kolkata Gate' Is Almost Ready. Here Are 5 Facts|work=The Beacon kolkata|date=21 June 2017|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012351/http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/5-facts-about-kolkata-gate/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The initial plan for the structure also included a Biswa Bangla globe{{efn|Reference [[c:Biswa Bangla Globe - Parama Island - Kolkata 2016-09-05 6809.JPG|image]] of Biswa Bangla globe}} hanging in the centre of the ring. But, while it was being pulled up, the pulley mechanism faulted and it crashed to the ground. No one was injured and it was decided to scrap the idea of globe.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 Nov 2017|title=Biswa Bangla globe falls from 40m in New Town|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/biswa-bangla-globe-falls-from-40m-in-new-town/articleshow/61621344.cms|access-date=7 Nov 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=200kg globe over a key crossing (Bengal's vision) becomes cause for worry|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/200kg-globe-over-a-key-crossing-bengal-39-s-vision-becomes-cause-for-worry/cid/1393862|access-date=2021-07-22|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=বিশ্ব বাংলা গ্লোব ভাঙল কেন, শুরু হল তদন্ত|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/police-investigate-why-biswa-bangla-globe-falls-from-new-town-gate-1.706831|access-date=2021-07-22|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

On 2 February 2019, the gate was opened for public by [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]].

The ring is supported by two [[parabolic arch]]es from four sides of the intersection.

== Structure details ==
This gate is {{convert|55|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high. The {{convert|60|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} diameter circular viewing gallery is approximately {{convert|25|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} above the ground with an overall diameter of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}. The ring is supported by two parabolic arches from four corners of the intersection. The four legs stand on [[concrete]] [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]] {{Convert|70|tonne|kg}} steel was used for the structure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MP|first=Team|date=2019-01-31|title=CM inaugurates Biswa Bangla Gate, doors to open for public on Feb 2|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-biswa-bangla-gate-doors-to-open-for-public-on-feb-2-338840|access-date=2021-07-22|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref> There are two staircases and an elevator to reach the gallery. Decorative paintings of luminaries have been drawn on the wall inside the ring with the outer side having a glass [[façade]] to have a view of the township. Maximum 100 visitors are allowed at a time on the ring. Biswa Bangla Gate logo is put up on the outer wall of the ring.<ref>{{Cite web|title=kolkata Gate|url=https://www.biswabanglagatekolkata.in/about.php|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.biswabanglagatekolkata.in}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2021}}
{{-}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://www.biswabanglagatekolkata.in/ }}
{{Kolkata topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar|auto=1|India|Architecture}}

[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2018]]
[[Category:Gates in India]]

Tarkulha Devi Temple

2026-03-07T06:46:28Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new biography v1.

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tarkulha Devi Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.653297|83.538309|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| location = Tarkulha
| deity = [[Durga]] (as Tarkulha Devi)
| festivals = [[Navratri]], [[Rama Navami]]
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| year_completed =
| creator =
| governing_body = Temple Trust
| website =
}}
'''Tarkulha Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the goddess Tarkulha Devi ([[Durga]]), located in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite news |last1=Jadid |first1=Abdul |title=Animal sacrifice at this temple has a martyr connection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/animal-sacrifice-at-this-temple-has-a-martyr-connection/story-zN850vVwQ8kX0pWym1u5QK.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 8, 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
Tarkulha Devi is believed to be one associated with the [[Goddess Durga]]. Her name is derived from the "tarkul" tree, meaning [[palm tree]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

The temple is particularly significant due to its association with the [[Indian independence movement]]. Freedom fighter [[Bandhu Singh]] considered Tarkulha Devi as his [[Ishta Deva|Ishta Devi]] (chosen deity). He is said to have worshiped at the temple before carrying out [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla warfare]] tactics against the British.

The temple's tradition of [[animal sacrifice]] is linked to the martyrdom of Bandhu Singh, who used to offer sacrifices to the goddess and even sacrificed the heads of British soldiers. His ultimate sacrifice at the hands of the British on August 12, 1857, led to the temple becoming a place of worship and reverence for devotees seeking blessings and protection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vikramaditya |first1=Dhirendra |title=यहां बलि के बाद मीट को मिट्टी के बर्तन में बनाकर प्रसाद के रूप में ग्रहण किया जाता |url=https://www.patrika.com/gorakhpur-news/the-divine-story-of-tarkulha-devi-mandir-see-how-people-take-blessing-5187039 |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=October 7, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Avinash |title=क्रांतिकारी बाबू बंधू सिंह यहां चढ़ाते थे अंग्रेजों की बलि, इनके कारनामे जानकर आप भी करेंगे गर्व |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/famous-tarkulha-devi-temple-story-with-freedom-fighter-babu-bandhu-singh-in-gorakhpur?pageId=2 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=May 28, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]] sanctioned {{INR}}2.14 crore for the development of the Tarkulha Devi Temple as a tourist destination. The government released {{INR}} 88 lakh to the executing agency.<ref>{{cite news |title=तरकुलहा और लेहड़ा देवी मंदिर का होगा पयर्टन विकास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-tarkulaha-and-lehda-devi-temple-will-be-developed-for-tourism-2770824.html |publisher=[[Live Hindustan]] |date=September 29, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Rituals and practices ==
Devotees visiting the Tarkulha Devi Temple engage in various rituals, with [[animal sacrifice]] being a prominent practice. [[Goat]]s are sacrificed as offerings to the goddess, especially during [[Navaratri]], with the meat distributed as consecrated food ([[Prasada]]) among the faithful. Those who prefer not to participate in [[animal sacrifice]], offer coconuts to the deity. The temple also serves as a venue for religious ceremonies like [[Chudakarana|mundan]] (head shaving) and [[Upanayana|janeu]] (sacred thread) rituals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Pradeep |title=एक ऐसा मंदिर जहां अंग्रेजों का सिर काटकर चढ़ाते थे क्रांतिकारी, अब लगता है यहां मेला |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-maa-tarkulha-devi-temple-gorakhpur-historical-significance-and-history-jagran-special-23098913.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=September 30, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=8 temples in India that are famous for their non-vegetarian Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/8-temples-in-india-that-are-famous-for-their-non-vegetarian-prasad/photostory/92806809.cms?picid=92806837 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 13, 2022}}</ref>

The temple celebrates [[Rama Navami|Chaitra Rama Navami]] with grand festivities, including a large fair. Devotees from nearby areas, including [[Bihar]] and [[Nepal]], visit to take part in the rituals and seek blessings from Goddess Tarkulha.<ref name=Hindustan/>

== Location ==
The temple is about 22 kilometres from [[Gorakhpur]]'s district headquarters. Visitors can reach the temple from the main road by walking around 1.5 kilometres or using a private vehicle or rickshaw. It is 5 kilometres from [[Chauri Chaura]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Places: Tarkulha Devi |url=https://gorakhpur.nic.in/tourist-place/tarkulha-devi/ |publisher=Gorakhpur.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]

Mangaiyar Thilakam

2026-03-04T05:04:40Z

TanyaBertrand6: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|1955 film by L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mangaiyar Thilakam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| screenplay = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| story = [[Shantaram Athavale]] (Original) [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|V. Sadasivabrahmam]] (Adapted)
| based_on = {{Based on|''Vahinchya Bangdya''|Shantaram Athavale}}
| producer = Sripadha Shankar
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = P. L. Rai
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]]
| studio = Vaidya Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1955|08|26}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mangaiyar Thilakam''''' ({{translation|A Jewel Among Women}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[L. V. Prasad]]. The film, released on 26 August 1955, was a remake of the 1953 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Vahinicha Bangadya.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் ‘நிழலல்ல நிஜம்’ – 163 {{!}} மருதகாசியும் கண்ணதாசனும் ! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/64206 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126221401/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/64206 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was produced by Sripadha Shankar under the banner of Vaidya films. It stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], while [[M. N. Rajam]], [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[K. Sarangapani]] play pivotal roles. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by S. Dakshinamurthi, while the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Kannadasan]], Puratchidasan, and Maruthakasi. P. L. Rai and N. M. Shankar handled cinematography and editing respectively. The story was adapted by Sadasiva Brahmam and dialogues were written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]], G. Ramakrishnan and D. Nagalingam.

== Plot ==
The story starts with the special birthday celebration of a girl. An unusual ceremony is performed, where the child goes to perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' at the ''[[samadhi]]'' built over a cremation site, and which is usually built at the place where a ''pativratha'' or great lady has performed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]].'' A friend asks about the story of the ''sati,'' and Vasudevan narrates the story after telling that this not an ordinary ''Sati,'' but an ''Aajeeva Sati'' whose whole life was a sacrifice pleasing to God, and who died not actually as a ''Sati'' but as a ''Muttaida/Suhagan'' in the lifetime of her husband after dedicating her life to family. Vasudevan begins to narrate the story.

Karunakaran and Vasudevan are brothers whose parents had died. They are very much loving and close to each other but Vasudevan longs for mother's love. Yielding to the relatives persuasion, Karunakaran accepts to marry Sulochana. Vasudevan gets upset as he is afraid of what will happen with new person and he only has got one brother, no mother no father. He sets off to the bride's house to see her and he likes her at the first glimpse because she is very nice to him.

The wedding takes place and Sulochana becomes a loving wife and the perfect home-maker because she is very traditional and she builds the family including all the mother's love for Vasudevan. The house was like "house for ghosts" because there was no wife and mother until now, but now Sulochana starts everything perfectly, regular puja, Tulsi, rangoli, toranam above door, keeping two cows, cooking proper food at proper time, lunchbox for Vasudevan, waiting for each other to come home, celebrating all the small and big festivals, keeping all the Nomu (Vrath) with fasting and feasting, and everything like that. For Vasudevan, she is the only mother he ever knew and he fully accepts her as his own mother. Sulochana gets pregnant and delivers a baby boy, but the delivery is very difficult and the baby boy is born dead. The doctor tells Karunakaran that Sulochana will not have any more children because the delivery was complicated and he had to cut some organ to save her life. When Sulochana hears of this, she is very sad, but noble lady, and she says, "God gave me one sweet son. Why I should ask more?" and she pats Vasudevan lovingly on the head.

Time rolls on and Vasudevan becomes as an adult and becomes a college professor, but Karunakaran and Sulochana do not have children. Vasudevan presents Sulochana gold bangles from his first pay. Vasudevan was arranged to marry [[Rao Bahadur]] Ponnambalam's and Akilam's daughter Prabha.

Comic relief was presented in a moral story of Ponnambalam's family. Ponnambalam listens too much to and often quarrels with Akilam. This drives Ponnambalam's son Kalamani ([[K. A. Thangavelu]]) and his wife Neela ([[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]) to hatch a drama in order for Ponnambalam and Akilam to be united and respect each other. Kalamani and Neela succeed in this.

Prabha's character was the opposite of Sulochana's, but the latter hardly bothers about this and carries on her daily good deeds. Prabha gets pregnant and delivers a baby boy, Ravi (Master Ravi), but she does not care much for him. Sulochana picks up the tasks and takes care of Ravi as a mother should. As Ravi grows, Prabha does not like this and forbids Sulochana from raising Ravi.

Ravi falls ill due to the separation and Sulochana takes care of him day and night, not bothering about her meals and health. Ravi becomes very serious for a month, till the doctor who treats him loses hope. Sulochana takes Ravi to a temple and pleads to Lord Shiva to take her life instead and spare Ravi's life. Prabha apologises to Sulochana, but the latter says that it was by the God's grace before collapsing due to being too weak. Even on her death bed, Sulochana enquires about Ravi's health. After thanking Karunakaran and Vasudevan for a good life as a daughter-in-law in the house and says that she would be reborn in this house, Sulochana dies.

Sulochana's body was cremated, but Karunakaran and Vasudevan were surprised to see the gold bangles were not damaged during the process. A baby girl was born on the exact day after a year and she was accepted by the whole family as Sulochana reborn. The gold bangles would be worn to her on every birthday, thus the special occasion.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Vasudevan
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Karunakaran
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Kalamani
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as [[Rao Bahadur]] Ponnambalam
*Master Baji as young Vasudevan
*Master Ravi as Ravi

;Female cast
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Sulochana
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Neela
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Prabha
*K. N. Kamalam as Akilandam

== Production ==
Actor Sripadha Shankar ventured into film production with ''Mangayar Thilakam'' being one of his ventures. Since he was not financially strong, he sought the help of an enterprising bank clerk, A. C. Pillai, who helped complete the film providing funds.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 March 2013 |title=Mangayar Thilakam 1957 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/mangayar-thilakam-1957/article4541614.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113061310/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/mangayar-thilakam-1957/article4541614.ece |archive-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> This film was based on the Marathi film ''Vahininjiya Pangkadiya''. Valampuri Somanathan, G. Ramakrishnan and D. Nagarajan wrote the screenplay.<ref name = hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=97 |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangayar Thilakam |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/mangayar-thilakam_89492 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113061313/https://www.saregama.com/album/mangayar-thilakam_89492 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> The song "Neela Vanna Kannaa Vaadaa" was initially to be written by [[Kannadasan]]. As Prasad did not like what he wrote, he was replaced by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=27 July 2020 |title=Songs of son of the soil |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/songs-of-son-of-the-soil/articleshow/77187971.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826225005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/songs-of-son-of-the-soil/articleshow/77187971.cms |archive-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the song "Ketta Penmani" took a dig at modern women.<ref name = hindu />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Unmai Anbu Endrum Anaindhidaadha Theebam" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || rowspan=5|[[A. Maruthakasi]] || 03:12
|-
| "Baakkiyavathi Naan Baakkiyavathi" || [[P. Leela]] || 03:11
|-
| "Neela Vanna Kannaa Vaadaa" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || 04:16
|-
| "Nee Varavillaiyenil Aadharavedhu" || M. Sathyam || 03:25
|-
| "Purindhu Kollavillai Innum" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Rathnamala || 03:16
|-
| "Kandu Konden Naan Kandu Konden" || T. Kamala || Puratchidasan || 02:45
|-
| "Engal Kula Dhevi Neeye" || rowspan=2|P. Leela || rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]] || 02:35
|-
| "Dheva Sadhaa Soga Thirunaalaam" || 02:56
|-
| "Oru Muraidhaan Varum" || [[Jikki]] || 02:47
|-
| "Ketta Penmani Butthi Ketta Penmani" || T. V. Rathnam || rowspan=2|[[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || 02:43
|-
| "Adanga Pidaari Naadagam" || S. C. Krishnan, T. V. Rathnam Vadivambal, K. R. Sellamuthu S. V. Ponnusamy, and S. J. Kantha || 09:36
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Mangaiyar Thilakam'' was released on 26 August 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1955 – மங்கையர் திலகம் – வைத்தியா பிலிம்ஸ் (மராத்தி) |trans-title=1955 – Mangaiyar Thilakam – Vaidya Films (Marathi) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails26.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190821045030/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails26.asp |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said it was a good film that could not be underestimated with regards to visual combinations, cinematography, sound recording and artistic technique.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 September 1955 |title=மங்கையர் திலகம் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1955-09-04/kalki1955-09-04.pdf |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=31–32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{L. V. Prasad}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Tamil}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 drama films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hamlet (1954 film)

2026-03-04T04:09:04Z

TanyaBertrand6: add citations additionally

{{short description|1954 Indian film by Kishore Sahu}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hamlet
| image = Hamlet_(1954).jpg

| caption = Screen shot of Kishore Sahu as ''Hamlet''
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = Kishore Sahu
| writer = {{ubl|[[Shakespeare]]|Kishore Sahu (screenplay)}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Kishore Sahu|[[Mala Sinha]]|Venus Bannerjee}}
| music = [[Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography = K. H. Kapadia
| editing = Kantilal B. Shukla
| distributor =
| studio = Hindustan Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1954}}
| runtime = 79 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hamlet''''' ({{langx|ur|हेमलेट}}) is a 1954 [[Hindi]] tragedy drama film, produced and directed by [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref name="BradshawBishop2012">{{cite book|author1=Graham Bradshaw|author2=Tom Bishop|title=The Shakespearean International Yearbook: Volume 12: Special Section, Shakespeare in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NghO9fp3PywC&pg=PT101|access-date=13 March 2015|date=1 November 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7108-0|pages=101–|via=Google Books}}</ref> The film was a free adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy, with Sahu playing Hamlet as well as writing the screenplay, while the dialogue was by Amanat Hilal and B. D. Verma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamlet (1954)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/hamlet-movie-cast-crew/2440|website=Gomolo|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195629/http://www.gomolo.com/hamlet-movie-cast-crew/2440|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was produced by Hindustan Chitra, a production company started by Sahu in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kishore Sahu (1915-1980)|url=http://cineplot.com/kishore-sahu-1915-1980/|website=Cineplot|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329153853/http://cineplot.com/kishore-sahu-1915-1980/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was [[Ramesh Naidu]]'s first film as a music composer. The film starred [[Mala Sinha]], Kishore Sahu, Venus Banerji, Kamaljeet and [[Jankidas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamlet (1954)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film141946.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204034/http://www.citwf.com/film141946.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sahu was influenced by "classic European sources".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1994-IA101|access-date=13 March 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1–|via=Google Books}}</ref> Though termed a "free adaptation" in the credit roll of the film, Sahu's ''Hamlet'' stayed true to the title, its setting and the original names in the play, remaining as close as possible to [[Laurence Olivier]]'s ''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]'' film (1948).<ref name="KennedyLan2010">{{cite book|author1=Dennis Kennedy|author2=Yong Li Lan|title=Shakespeare in Asia: Contemporary Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFodvbiI_EgC&pg=PA86|access-date=13 March 2015|date=4 February 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51552-8|pages=86–|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Plot==
After seeing his father's ghost the film follows the play focusing on Hamlet's revenge on his Uncle Claudius, who has married his mother Gertrude after murdering Hamlet's father. He pretends to be insane and is in the process of staging a play where he plans to denounce his mother and Uncle.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Sahu]] as Hamlet
* [[Mala Sinha]] as Ophelia
* Venus Banejee
* S. Nazir as Polonius
* Kamaljeet as Laertes
* Jankidas as Osric
* Shreenath as Horatio
* Rajan Kapoor
* [[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]] as Claudius
* Paul Sharma
* Haroon

==Production==
There were several plot changes, with Ophelia telling her part in flashback and singing songs with friends, while the gravediggers were "used for comic effect", thus giving in to Indian film-goers sensibilities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Poonam Trivedi|chapter=Singing to Shakespeare in Omkara|editor1=Martin Procházka|editor2=[[Andreas Höfele]]|editor3=Hanna Scolnicov|editor4=Michael Dobson|title=Renaissance Shakespeare: Shakespeare Renaissances: Proceedings of the Ninth World Shakespeare Congress|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpJlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA346|access-date=13 March 2015|date=12 December 2013|publisher=University of Delaware|isbn=978-1-61149-461-7|pages=346–|via=Google Books}}</ref> The film took its inspiration from the [[Parsi theatre]] days, with Sahu's monologue inculcating couplets from famous Indian poets and using parts of dialogues from Ahsan's ''Khoon-Nahak'' (1928). Ophelia sang [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'s "Na Kisi Ki Ankh Ka Noor Hoon" and a dying Hamlet quoted [[Zauq]]'s "Layee Hayaat Aaye, Qaza Le Chali Chale".<ref name="Jain2009">{{cite book|author=Manju Jain|title=Narratives of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE9TDOoU1IC&pg=PA231|access-date=13 March 2015|year=2009|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-81-908918-4-4|pages=231–|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The "Parsi theatre tradition", which gave rise to several freely adapted Hindi films from Shakespeare including Modi's ''Khoon Ka Khoon'' (1935), Akhtar Hussain's ''Romeo and Juliet'' (1947) and ''Cleopatra'' (1950), came to an end with ''Hamlet''.<ref name=BradshawBishop2012 />

==Reception==
The film did "reasonably well" at the box office. Acclaimed by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' critic, it was panned harshly by ''[[Filmindia]]'', which called it a "slander" to Shakespeare. According to Manju Jain, [[Sybil Thorndike]], who was present at the premiere of the film in Bombay, thought that Gertrude was "magnificent".<ref name=Jain2009 />

==Other Indian Hamlet adaptations==
* '''''Khoon-E-Nahak''''' (Murder Most Foul) (1928) was the first Hindi film adaptation, directed by Dada Athawale and written by Mehdi Hassan Ahsan.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|author=S Ramachandran|title=The Bard in Bollywood|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060730/asp/look/story_6542197.asp|access-date=13 March 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=30 July 2006|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133321/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060730/asp/look/story_6542197.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''''[[Khoon Ka Khoon]]''''' (Hamlet) (1935), directed by Sohrab Modi, had Modi playing Hamlet with Naseem Banu as Ophelia and Naseem's mother Shamshadbai as Gertrude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmkailm.com/sohrab-modi-the-lion-of-minerva/|title=Sohrab Modi - The lion of Minerva|website=Film Ka Ilm|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105121023/http://www.filmkailm.com/sohrab-modi-the-lion-of-minerva/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''''Hamlet''''' (1954) by Kishore Sahu was the closest to the original play,<ref name=KennedyLan2010 /> and is cited as the "most noted adaptation".<ref name=Telegraph />
* '''''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''''' (2014) is an adaptation set against the [[Kashmir conflict]] and directed by Vishal Bhardawaj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kay-kay-menon-to-play-shahid-kapoors-evil-uncle-in-haider/ |title=Kay Kay Menon to play Shahid Kapoor's evil uncle in 'Haider' |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027151905/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kay-kay-menon-to-play-shahid-kapoors-evil-uncle-in-haider/|archive-date=27 October 2014|date=23 January 2014 |access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Ramesh Naidu]] was the debutant music director. He went on to score music for [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films in the 1970s, the most popular being ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' (1983), for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]]. The lyrics were written by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], while the playback singing was provided by [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] and Jagmohan Bakshi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamlet (1954)|url=http://myswar.com/album/hamlet-1954|website=MySwar|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820061709/http://myswar.com/album/hamlet-1954|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Ankhon Mein Pyar Mere Diwana Haal Mera"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 2
| "Aa Jao Mere Pyare Arman Tujhko Pukare"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 3
| "Chahe Sataye Wo Chahe Rulaye"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 4
| "Sitamgar Kya Maza Paya Bata To Dil"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 5
| "Ghir Ghir Aaye Badarwa O Bhaiya"
| Mohammed Rafi, Jagmohan Bakshi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0047060 |title =Hamlet (1954) }}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

{{Hamlet}}

[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Hamlet]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Sapoot (film)

2026-03-03T23:43:23Z

TanyaBertrand6: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|1996 film by Jagdish A. Sharma}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sapoot
| image = Sapoot Film Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Jagdish A. Sharma
| producer = Jaidev Thackeray (presenter) Rajan Sharma Satyan Sharma
| screenplay = S. Khan
| starring = [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Karisma Kapoor]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu
| editing = Hussain A. Burmawalla
| studio = Rahul Productions
| distributor = [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Films]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/205-sapoot|title=Sapoot – 1996 – Rights|publisher=Ultra Media and Entertainment Pvt Ltd.}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|11|8}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 6.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2738|title=Sapoot – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 11.74 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Sapoot''''' ({{translation|Worthy Son}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action-thriller film]] directed by Jagdish A. Sharma, starring [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Karishma Kapoor]] and [[Sonali Bendre]]. Other cast members include [[Kader Khan]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Avtar Gill]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]], Jeetu Verma and Mahavir Shah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/this-scene-from-akshay-kumar-suniel-shetty-s-film-sapoot-is-so-dumb-that-it-s-funny-watch-video-1981414-2022-07-29|title=This scene from Akshay Kumar-Suniel Shetty's film Sapoot is so dumb that it's funny. Watch video|first=Shubhi |last=Mishra |date=29 July 2022|website=India Today}}</ref> Film critic and director [[Khalid Mohamed]] described it negatively as a loose adaptation of ''[[The Godfather (film series)|The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=1 November 2018 |title=The Godfather story |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/lifestyle/the-godfather-story |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Singhania is a powerful Underworld don, who has two sons. Raj looks after his business, while his younger brother Prem is a playboy. Singhania does not deal in drugs, nor does he allow any of his men to deal in narcotics. As a result, his rivals in the crime world, Dhaneshwar and his brother Tejeshwar, set up and murder Singhania. Now Raj and Prem must take back their father's criminal empire one step at a time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04sapoot.htm|title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: Sapoot|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Raj Singhania
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Sub Inspector Prem Singhania
*[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Pooja Singhania, Prem's wife.
*[[Sonali Bendre]] as Kajal Singhania, Raj's wife.
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Deva
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Tejeshwar, Dhaneshwar's younger brother.
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Dhaneshwar
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Shamsher
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Kantilal Dalaal / a.k.a. KLD
*[[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as Anjali Singhania, Raj, Prem and Deva's sister.
*Salim Khan as Harish, Anjali's college-mate and love interest.
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Masterji Vidyasagar
*[[Kader Khan]] as Singhania, Raj, Prem & Anjali's father.
*[[Jeetu Verma]] as Maanik, Dhaneshwar's younger son.
*Sanjeev Dabholkar as Dhaneshwar's elder son.
*K. K. Raj as Corrupt Police Inspector Pawar, Tejeshwar's ally.
*[[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as Television News Reader

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sapoot
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| released = 9 October 1996
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 48:50
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
Soundtrack was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. Music was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 48:50
| title1 = Tera Yeh Dekh Ke Chehra
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| lyrics1 = Dev Kohli
| length1 = 6:08
| title2 = Kajal Kajal
| extra2 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| lyrics2 = Dev Kohli
| length2 = 8:19
| title3 = Main Ladki Ka Deewana
| extra3 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Runa Rizvi]]
| lyrics3 = Dev Kohli
| length3 = 6:34
| title4 = Mumbai Liyo
| extra4 = [[Remo Fernandes]]
| lyrics4 = Dev Kohli
| length4 = 6:21
| title5 = Tukur Tukur (Not in film)
| extra5 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| lyrics5 = Dev Kohli
| length5 = 5:42
| title6 = Kajal Kajal (Not used in the film)
| extra6 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics6 = Dev Kohli
| length6 = 8:19
| title7 = Catch Me If You Can
| extra7 = [[Suneeta Rao|Sunita Rao]]
| lyrics7 = Vinay Dave
| length7 = 7:27
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0135641}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1996 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Works based on The Godfather]]

Vidiyum Munn

2026-03-03T03:29:12Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding first info from scratch.

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Balaji K. Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vidiyum Munn
| image = VidiyumMunn.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = theatrical poster
| director = [[Balaji K. Kumar]]
| producer = Javed Khayum
| writer = Paul Andrew Williams Balaji K. Kumar Abraham Prabu Mithran Saravanan
| starring = [[Pooja Umashankar]] Malavika Manikuttan
| music = [[Girishh G]]opalakrishnan
| cinematography = [[Sivakumar Vijayan]]
| editing = [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|11|29}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vidiyum Munn''''' ({{Translation|''Before dawn''}}) is a 2013 Indian Tamil [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Balaji K. Kumar]]. The film stars [[Pooja Umashankar]] and Malavika Manikuttan in the lead roles, while [[R. Amarendran]], [[Vinoth Kishan]], and [[John Vijay]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]] with cinematography by [[Sivakumar Vijayan]] and editing by [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]. The film is about a prostitute trying to rescue a girl from the clutches of prostitution.

''Vidiyum Munn'' was the fifth Indian film to be released on the [[Auro 3D]] 11.1 surround sound system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil thriller Vidiyum Munn to be released with Auro 11-1 immersive 3D audio |url=http://www.barco.com/en/News/Press-releases/Tamil-thriller-Vidiyum-Munn-to-be-released-with-Auro-11-1-immersive-3D-audio.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051649/http://www.barco.com/en/News/Press-releases/Tamil-thriller-Vidiyum-Munn-to-be-released-with-Auro-11-1-immersive-3D-audio.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=Barco}}</ref> The film was released by [[PVR Pictures]] on 29 November 2013 to critical acclaim but was an average grosser at the box office. The film is an uncredited remake of the 2006 British film ''[[London to Brighton]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Southern movies inspired without credit - here's the list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505071928/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=Southern cinemas uncredited film adaptations |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/southern-cinema-s-uncredited-film-adaptations-114111200512_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204181644/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/southern-cinema-s-uncredited-film-adaptations-114111200512_1.html |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot unfolds as a taut thriller that examines the characters' vulnerability and strengths. The subplot, however, explores a relationship between a woman and a girl: Rekha, the protagonist, is a sex worker who tries to rescue Nandhini, a 12-year-old girl, from the clutches of prostitution. The journey takes us through the brutality and the hypocrisy that surrounds us, which we deliberately choose to ignore—broken homes, abuse, unfulfilled dreams, manipulation, blackmail, threat, hopelessness, and paranoia. It is a dog-eat-dog world where nothing is as simple as it appears.

Rekha, an aging prostitute, is seen selling herself to old and low-level people to eke out a living. During one of her sessions, she meets with her old pimp Saloon Singaram, who informs her that he needs her help to bring in a virgin, prepubescent girl for one of his major clients: Periayyah, an unnamed, wealthy liquor baron of India. She refuses initially and accepts reluctantly after he agrees to split the profits with her. Singaram takes Rekha to meet with her old pimp and ex-lover Doraisingam, who is now bedridden and furious at Rekha for leaving him. However, Rekha convinces him to deliver the girl to her, on the condition that the girl be returned the very next day. After picking up the girl, Nandini, Rekha travels with Singaram to get Nandini ready for the night. Even though she tries to develop a bond with the girl, Nandini shies away, avoiding talking to Rekha. Although Rekha does not tell Nandini about what is going to happen to her, she is constantly tormented by her actions and feels responsible for the girl.

Everything goes according to Singaram's plan, and Rekha accompanies the girl to Periayyah's mansion. Periayyah takes the girl upstairs and starts to tie her up. As the girl protests, Periayyah is seen taking up a razor blade, when suddenly Rekha breaks into the room, and a struggle ensues in which Periayyah is killed. Rekha and Nandini escape the mansion and go on the run. Singaram is then visited by the henchmen of Chinnaiah, Periayyah's son. They question her about the girl he sent and threaten him to find them within a day. An intimidated Singaram approaches Lankesh, a rogue detective with an eye for details. Lankesh agrees to help Singaram track down the girl for a sum. In his search of Rekha's apartment, he discovers a photo of her friend taken in Srirangam, and concludes that the two are headed there.

As this happens, Doraisingam's men spot the girl and Rekha on a train. They decide to kidnap her, but their attempts are thwarted, and the two escape to Srirangam and meet with Devanayagi, Rekha's old friend. While on his search, Chinnaiah and his men kill Doraisingam while also killing a man who knew about his father's bad habits. Lankesh, with Singaram, tracks down the house in which Devanayagi lives and takes Rekha and Nandini out while calling Chinnaiah to the area, so he can have his revenge against them for killing his father. Chinnaiah arrives with his men but kills Singaram and Lankesh instead while giving money to Rekha to live her life onwards. The reasoning behind this is that when Chinnaiah was in school, his father raped and killed a female classmate of his. Disgusted with his father's actions, Chinnaiah decides to look for the person who killed his father and gives Rekha and Nandini hope. The film ends with Rekha and Nandini traveling on a bus.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pooja Umashankar]] as Rekha
* Malavika Manikuttan as Nandhini
* [[R. Amarendran]] as Saloon Singaram
* [[Vinoth Kishan]] as Chinnaiah
** Bhargav as Young Chinnaiah
* [[John Vijay]] as Lankesh
* [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]] as Devanayagi
* Vettai Muthukumar as Mani
* Rail Ravi as Periayyah
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Doraisingam
* Billy Murali as Velu
* Ruben as Albert
* Aroul D. Shankar as Doss
* Murali as Menon
* Angel as Angel
* Natchathira as Ammu
* Anmol as Appu
* Sivakumar as Pachamuthu
* Aristopathy as Sub-Inspector
* N. P. Jothi as Devilish Guy
* Saravanan as Samiyar
* Jennifer as Priya
* Manjula as Shilpa
* Nabarun Ghosh as Bhattar
* Senthil as Menon's doctor
* Devi Shanmugam as Saloon Doctor
* Pei Krishnan as Senior Henchman
* Parotta Murugesan as Lord Owner
* Karthikeyan as TTR
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Javed Khayum listened to the script by Balaji K Kumar and decided to produce the film as the first feature film project of Khayum Studios. PVR Pictures joined as the Release Partner and ''Vidiyum Munn'' was the first south Indian feature film to be distributed by [[PVR Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVR picks up 'Vidiyum Munn' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pvr-picks-up-vidiyum-munn-news-tamil-nl1jMGbfjdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130095915/http://www.sify.com/movies/pvr-picks-up-vidiyum-munn-news-tamil-nl1jMGbfjdf.html |archive-date=2013-11-30 |access-date=2013-11-30 |website=Sify.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vidiyum Munn
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Girishh G]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:45
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Sa Re Ga Ma
| producer = [[Girishh G]]
| prev_title = [[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Sadhuram 2]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
The music is composed by [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]. British musician [[Susheela Raman]] lent her voice for the song "Penne", marking her debut in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=2013-08-24 |title=Audio Beat: Vidiyum Munn - New album, new voice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vidiyum-munn-new-album-new-voice/article5055596.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214634/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vidiyum-munn-new-album-new-voice/article5055596.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The lyrics were also penned by Girishh. The audio was launched on 16 August 2013, at [[Prasad Studios]], under Sony's Saregama Label.
{{Track listing
|headline = Track list<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Vidiyum Munn | Music Box |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laL4czUoh08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laL4czUoh08 |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref>
|total_length = 24:16
|title1 = Theeratha Mounam
|length1 = 04:46
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|extra1 = Tanvi Rao
|title2 = Vidiyatha Iravu
|length2 = 05:21
|extra2 = [[Girishh G]], Yasin Nazar, Ramshankar S, Sai Krishna Kumar
|title3 = Penne
|length3 = 04:29
|extra3 = [[Susheela Raman]], Ramshankar S, [[Shilpa Natarajan]]
|title4 = Theeradha Mounam
|note4 = reprise
|length4 = 04:27
|extra4 = [[Girishh G]]
|title5 = Rage
|note5 = soundtrack
|length5 = 03:12
|extra5 =
|title6 = Redemption
|note6 = soundtrack
|length6 = 02:01
|all_writing=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

==Reception==
''Vidiyum Munn'' received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2013 |title='Vidiyum Munn' Review Roundup: Well-Made Thriller Film; Don't Miss It |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/526304/20131130/vidiyum-munn-review-roundup-thriller-film-pooja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005912/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/526304/20131130/vidiyum-munn-review-roundup-thriller-film-pooja.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Balaji K. Kumar’s ''Vidiyum Munn'' is the most excitingly staged movie since [[Mysskin]]’s ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum|Onaayum Aattukuttiyum]]''. Rajasekar of Cinemalead wrote "Vidiyum Mun is a perfectly executed riveting thriller which is sure to be in the top ten best films ever produced in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=30 November 2013 |title=Vidiyum Munn: In the mood for thrills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vidiyum-munn-in-the-mood-for-thrills/article5408389.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202112446/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vidiyum-munn-in-the-mood-for-thrills/article5408389.ece |archive-date=2 December 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Vidiyum Munn'' is a step closer to alternate Tamil cinema which majorly caters to those with some intellect and not to entertainment seekers. ''Vidiyum Munn'' stands out as one of the better thrillers of the recent past".<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{Cite web |title=Tamil movie review: Vidiyum Munn is a well executed thriller |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-movie-review-vidiyum-munn-is-a-well-executed-thriller/article1-1157035.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129114305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-movie-review-vidiyum-munn-is-a-well-executed-thriller/article1-1157035.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=Hindustan Times |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "Debutant Balaji K Kumar’s ''Vidiyum Munn'' is one of the best new generation thrillers in recent times. It is not the usual masala thriller, but something different that grabs you with its taut narration, superb performances, great background score and a riveting climax".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Vidiyum Munn |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vidiyum-munn-review-tamil-15044231.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130143358/http://www.sify.com/movies/vidiyum-munn-review-tamil-15044231.html |archive-date=2013-11-30 |access-date=2013-11-30 |website=Sify.com}}</ref> Behindwoods gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and called it "a work of a debut director which is gripping, hard hitting and even shocking but all the same, well made to give the right kind of viewing experience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidiyum Munn (aka) Vidiyum Munn review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vidiyum-munn/vidiyum-munn-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202031137/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vidiyum-munn/vidiyum-munn-review.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The stark simplicity of the dialogues, the well-etched characters, the intriguing plot, the captivating music, the cinematography, but most of all the brilliant twist at the end makes Director Balaji K Kumar’s ''Vidiyum Munn'' a must watch".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidiyum Munn is brilliant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vidiyum-munn-is-brilliant/20131130.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201095756/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vidiyum-munn-is-brilliant/20131130.htm |archive-date=1 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "There are some nail-biting moments and an uncomfortable one, and director Balaji Kumar extracts some fine performances from the cast. He is aided by the moody visuals of his cinematographer [[Sivakumar Vijayan]] and an evocative score from composer Girish Gopalakrishnan, and manages to maintain the suspense and keep us engrossed as the past and present unfold. (There) are small lapses that we can willingly excuse in a film that is otherwise terrific".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidyum Munn movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/articlelist/Vidiyum-Munn/movie-review/26593187.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914160441/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/articlelist/Vidiyum-Munn/movie-review/26593187.cms |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=2013-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=de}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Vidiyum Munn'' is a tastefully and a sensitively crafted depiction of the sleazy side of society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Delving Into a 'Predawn',Horrific and Ruthless World |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Delving-Into-a-%E2%80%98Predawn%E2%80%99Horrific-and-Ruthless-World/2013/11/30/article1918688.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203080256/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Delving-Into-a-%E2%80%98Predawn%E2%80%99Horrific-and-Ruthless-World/2013/11/30/article1918688.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3209556}}
* [http://www.vidiyummunnmovie.com Official website]

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films scored by Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]

Market Raja MBBS

2026-03-03T03:02:34Z

TanyaBertrand6: added new article...

{{short description|2019 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Market Raja MBBS
| image = Market Raja MBBS.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| writer = Saran
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arav]]
*[[Nikesha Patel]]
}}
| producer = S. Mohan
| music = [[Simon K. King]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| studio = Surabi Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Market Raja MBBS''''' ({{translation|Market King MBBS}}) is 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=4 January 2019 |title=Saran gets Arav and keeps his title 'Market Raja MBBS' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saran-gets-arav-and-keeps-his-title-market-raja-mbbs/articleshow/67365262.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111134733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saran-gets-arav-and-keeps-his-title-market-raja-mbbs/articleshow/67365262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and produced by S. Mohan. The film stars [[Arav]] in the title role in his lead film debut alongside [[Nikesha Patel]]. The music was composed by [[Simon K. King]], while cinematography was handled by the director's younger brother, [[K. V. Guhan]] and editing by [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]. The film released on 29 November 2019. The film's title is similar to Saran's ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004).

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arav]] as Market Raja
* [[Nikesha Patel]] as Steffany
* [[Kavya Thapar]] as Vani Sri
* Vihaan as Chandrababu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sivaji Muthaiyah, Vani Sri's father
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Sundari Bhai, Market Raja's mother
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Latha, Chandrababu's mother
* [[Adithya Menon]] as Dasappan (Das)
* [[Chaams]] as Lawyer Vardharajan (Vardha)
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Manohar Singh
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Godfather Radha
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Minister Ramdoss
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Neelakandan
* [[Munishkanth]] as Gunaseelan
* [[Devadarshini]] as Kalavathy, an exorcist
* [[Junga (film)|Vijaya Patti]] as Market Raja's grandmother
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Nagesh Babu
* "Boys" Rajan as Commissioner
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as a Demo Patient
* [[Kaaka Muttai|Shanthi Mani]] as Latha's assistant
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Simon K. King]], in his first association with director Saran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Market Raja Mbbs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/market-raja-mbbs/IbpUIodyAec_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026133853/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/market-raja-mbbs/IbpUIodyAec_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Kannale
| extra1 = [[Sanah Moidutty]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics1 = Dhamayanthi
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Dha Dha
| extra2 = [[Simon K. King]]
| lyrics2 = [[Rokesh]]
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Bailaama
| extra3 = Sharanya Gopinath
| lyrics3 = Ku. Karthik
| length3 = 3:21
| title4 = Kanne Karuvizhiye
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = Ku. Karthik
| length4 = 4:19
| total_length = 15:47
}}

== Release ==
Initially, the film was scheduled to release on 8 November 2019, but it was postponed due to unavoidable reasons. Later, it was announced that the film would be released worldwide on 29 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-20 |title=Arav's ‘Market Raja MBBS’ gets a new release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aravs-market-raja-mbbs-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/72139585.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121220531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aravs-market-raja-mbbs-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/72139585.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title='Market Raja MBBS' to hit screens 29 Nov |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2019/11/21/market-raja-mbbs-to-hit-screens-29-nov/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913175529/https://newstodaynet.com/2019/11/21/market-raja-mbbs-to-hit-screens-29-nov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=29 November 2019 |title=‘Market Raja MBBS’ movie review: This Arav-starrer neither has a script nor a purpose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/market-raja-mbbs-movie-review-this-arav-starrer-neither-has-a-script-nor-a-purpose/article30116470.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203234710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/market-raja-mbbs-movie-review-this-arav-starrer-neither-has-a-script-nor-a-purpose/article30116470.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Market Raja MBBS review: An average comedy action entertainer (2019) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/market-raja-mbbs-review-an-average-comedy-action-entertainer-review-tamil-tl4j1Jejgdbac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130111416/https://www.sify.com/movies/market-raja-mbbs-review-an-average-comedy-action-entertainer-review-tamil-tl4j1Jejgdbac.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 December 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11064472}}

{{Saran (director)}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saran (director)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shri Jairambhai High School

2026-02-22T04:40:06Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding basic data w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Maharashtran secondary school}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup school|date=October 2015}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2015}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Shri jairambhai high school
| image = Jairambhai high school.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Inner frontal face of school.
| motto = विद्या विनयेन शोभते
| location = [[Nashik Road]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|57|27.5|N|73|49|47.0|E|}}
| established = 1970
| opened =
| closed =
| type = [[Secondary school]]
| district = [[Nashik]]
| grades = ISO 9001:2008
| superintendent =
| principal =
| viceprincipal =
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shri Jairambhai School''' is the secondary school of the Gokhale Education Society locatred in [[Nashik Road]], [[Maharashtra]].The school offers education
from 5th standard to 10th standard in the Indian education system. In the 10th standard year, the school conducts the [[Secondary School Certificate]] examination by [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. {{School education in India}}

[[Category:Schools in Nashik]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Maharashtra]]

Parthiv Patel

2026-02-17T13:37:02Z

TanyaBertrand6: clean up

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Parthiv Patel
| fullname = Parthiv Ajay Patel
| image = Parthiv Patel.jpg
| caption = Patel during the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|3|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| heightm =
| batting = Left-handed
| role = [[Wicket-keeper batsman]]
| family =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2002–2018
| country = India
| testcap = 244
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 8 August
| testdebutyear = 2002
| lasttestdate = 25 January
| lasttestyear = 2018
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 148
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 4 January
| odidebutyear = 2003
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| lastodidate = 21 February
| lastodiyear = 2012
| odishirt = 9
| T20Icap = 37
| T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
| T20Idebutdate = 4 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2011
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| lastT20Idate = 31 August
| lastT20Iyear = 2011
| T20Ishirt = 42
| club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2004/05–2020}}
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year2 = 2008–2010
| clubnumber2 = 9
| club3 = [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
| year3 = 2011
| clubnumber3 = 42
| club4 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| year4 = 2012
| clubnumber4 = 42
| club5 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year5 = 2013
| clubnumber5 = 42
| club6 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year6 = 2014, 2018–2020
| clubnumber6 = 42, 13
| club7 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year7 = 2015–2017
| clubnumber7 = 72
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 25
| matches2 = 38
| matches3 = 2
| runs1 = 934
| runs2 = 736
| runs3 = 36
| bat avg1 = 31.13
| bat avg2 = 23.74
| bat avg3 = 18.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/6
| 100s/50s2 = 0/4
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score1 = 71
| top score2 = 95
| top score3 = 26
| hidedeliveries = true
| catches/stumpings1 = 62/10
| catches/stumpings2 = 30/9
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 194
| runs4 = 11,240
| bat avg4 = 43.39
| 100s/50s4 = 27/62
| top score4 = 206
| catches/stumpings4 = 486/77
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32242.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 9 December
| year = 2020
|height=5 ft 2 in<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising to great heights|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/cricket/sport/story/88596.html|date=3 May 2011|website=[[ESPN]]|quote=During India's tour of England in 2002 the baby-faced wicketkeeper Patel, 17 and little over 5ft tall at the time (he's grown an inch or two since) (...)}}</ref>
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2016 Asia Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004 Sri Lanka]]|}}}}

'''Parthiv Ajay Patel''' (born 9 March 1985) is a former Indian professional [[cricket]]er, [[wicketkeeper]]-[[batsman]], who played for the [[Indian national cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parthiv Patel Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/74/parthiv-patel|website=Cricbuzz|language=en|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202957/https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/74/parthiv-patel|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a left-handed batsman and played for [[Gujarat]] in domestic cricket. Having lost a finger at the age of 6, he initially found it hard to keep wickets, but after enough practice, he got used to it.<ref>{{cite news |title='Don't know how it would've been if I had all fingers,' Parthiv Patel recalls incident when he lost one of his fingers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/don-t-know-how-it-would-ve-been-if-i-had-all-fingers-parthiv-patel-recalls-incident-when-he-lost-one-of-his-fingers/story-7kD7eoMTDli2XwExD9OvWM.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 April 2020}}</ref> When Patel played for the Indian team in 2002, he became the youngest wicket-keeper to represent a country in Tests. He was a part of the Indian squad which won the [[2016 Asia Cup]].

In December 2020, Patel announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parthiv Patel retires from all forms of cricket|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30481583/former-india-wicketkeeper-parthiv-patel-retires-all-forms-cricket|access-date=9 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209060752/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30481583/former-india-wicketkeeper-parthiv-patel-retires-all-forms-cricket|url-status=live}}</ref> After his retirement, Patel joined Mumbai Indians as a Talent Scout.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parthiv Patel joins MI as talent scout |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/parthiv-patel-joins-mi-as-talent-scout/article33302361.ece |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210224620/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/parthiv-patel-joins-mi-as-talent-scout/article33302361.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also now seen as a commentator in the Indian Premier League and International Matches too.

In November 2024, Patel was appointed as the assistant and batting coach of [[Gujarat Titans]] for the upcoming season of the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-gujarat-titans-name-parthiv-patel-as-assistant-and-batting-coach/articleshow/115249852.cms |title=Gujarat Titans name Parthiv Patel as assistant and batting coach |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Patel led the Gujarat team in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]]. Beating [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] in the quarterfinal and semifinal, the team reached the final for only the second time. In the final in January, they met defending champions [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in Indore. Patel scored 90 in the first inning and 143 in the second and helped beat Mumbai to win its first Trophy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/parthiv-patel-s-ranji-trophy-success-with-gujarat-adds-weight-to-his-india-dreams/story-QnvTCTTLQNFDbIFn6rLSUP.html|title=Parthiv Patel's Ranji Trophy success with Gujarat adds weight to his India dreams|date=16 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116202813/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/parthiv-patel-s-ranji-trophy-success-with-gujarat-adds-weight-to-his-india-dreams/story-QnvTCTTLQNFDbIFn6rLSUP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Patel's 143 was the highest in a successful chase in a [[Ranji Trophy]] final. The win also made Gujarat the first team and Patel the first captain to have won all three major titles in domestic cricket in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat pull off record chase for maiden Ranji title|date=14 January 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1077540.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202175429/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1077540.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2018, he was named as the captain for India Green for the [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy]].<ref name="Duleep18">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24173214/sanju-samson-picked-india-passing-yo-yo-test |title=Samson picked for India A after passing Yo-Yo test |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503141008/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24173214/sanju-samson-picked-india-passing-yo-yo-test |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2019, he was named as the captain of [[India B cricket team|India B]] for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024161624/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Indian Premier League===
Patel was auctioned in the inaugural [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) to [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/44/parthiv-patel|website=Iplt20.com|language=en|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928194345/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/44/parthiv-patel|url-status=dead}}</ref> He used to be a regular in the team and opened with the former Australian opener [[Matthew Hayden]]. He did not keep wicket as the Indian wicketkeeper and captain, [[MS Dhoni]], was in the team. For the fourth season, he was signed by [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]. On 16 May, it was announced that Parthiv will be leading the Kochi Tuskers Kerala for the rest of the [[2011 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/sports/parthiv-to-replace-mahela-as-kochi-skipper-news-cricket-lfqlajceeag.html|title=Parthiv to replace Mahela as Kochi skipper|website=[[Sify]] |date=19 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519093508/http://www.sify.com/sports/parthiv-to-replace-mahela-as-kochi-skipper-news-cricket-lfqlajceeag.html|accessdate=16 November 2021|archive-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> As a result of the termination of Kochi Tuskers franchise, Parthiv, along with the other players from the franchise, was once again auctioned for the [[2012 Indian Premier League]] season. He was picked by [[Deccan Chargers]] for $1m
During the 2012 IPL Trading Window. Parthiv was picked up by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in 2013 and by [[Royal Challenger Bangalore]] in 2014. Patel was signed by [[Mumbai Indians]] for the 2015 IPL as an [[Batting order (cricket)|opening batsmen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL auction 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ipl-auction-live-updates-deccan-chargers-buy-parthiv-patel-for-650000_1645782|publisher=dnaindia|access-date=4 February 2012|archive-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207085941/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ipl-auction-live-updates-deccan-chargers-buy-parthiv-patel-for-650000_1645782|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128031100/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2020|title=IPL 2020: Leading the team comes naturally - Parthiv Patel aims to assist Virat Kohli to end RCB's trophy drought {{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-leading-the-side-comes-naturally-parthiv-patel-aims-to-assist-virat-kohli-to-end-rcb-s-trophy-drought-exclusive/story-XhbKcdkzXpfVwSrBworKsO.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921183600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-leading-the-side-comes-naturally-parthiv-patel-aims-to-assist-virat-kohli-to-end-rcb-s-trophy-drought-exclusive/story-XhbKcdkzXpfVwSrBworKsO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other franchise cricket===

In 2022, Gujarat Giants selected him in the Legends League Cricket and gave him the captaincy in the 2023 Legends League Cricket season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Giants Squad - Legends League Cricket, 2023 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/legends-league-cricket-2023-24-1408606/gujarat-giants-squad-1409072/series-squads |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== International career ==

Parthiv debuted in the year 2002 against England at Trent Bridge at 17 years and 153 days to become Test Cricket's youngest wicketkeeper. He had replaced the injured Ajay Ratra and eclipsed the record previously held by Pakistan's Hanif Mohammed (17 years and 300 days). He played out an hour in the match while batting and hence saved India from defeat. However, with the emergence of Dhoni and poor wicketkeeping, he was sidelined for a few matches in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/interview/how-i-saved-my-career-in-the-dhoni-era/20200605.htm|title=Parthiv Patel: 'How I saved my career in the Dhoni era'|first=Kotian|last=Harish|date=5 June 2020|website=Rediff.com|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702220106/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/interview/how-i-saved-my-career-in-the-dhoni-era/20200605.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 November 2016, Parthiv Patel was called up as a replacement for the regular wicket-keeper [[Wriddhiman Saha]] who had a thigh strain, for the third Test (at [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|Mohali]]) of the [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|India-England home series]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/content/story/1067966.html | title=Parthiv Patel back in India Test team | work=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052503/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/content/story/1067966.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He played his first Test in eight years, having missed 83 Test matches between appearances.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/content/story/1068263.html |title=A long wait, a rare comeback |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116092523/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/content/story/1068263.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patel made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2002-03-62325/new-zealand-vs-india-4th-odi-64816/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand 4th ODI 2002/03 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116141115/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2002-03-62325/new-zealand-vs-india-4th-odi-64816/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He was selected in the Indian squad for the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] but did not play any games, with [[Rahul Dravid]] being used as a makeshift wicket-keeper to allow the use of an extra batsman or bowler. With this policy in place, Patel only made intermittent appearances in ODIs, usually when Dravid was injured or being rested (in full or from wicket-keeping duties). He played 13 ODIs in a two-year span, and during an interrupted career managed only an average of 14.66 and a top-score of 28 and was dropped thereafter. Parthiv returned to the Indian team in 2010 in the 4th and 5th Odi vs New Zealand. He celebrated this moment by hitting two back to back half centuries. Later on he was called up for replacing injured Sachin Tendulkar in India tour South Africa .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/parthiv-patel-replaces-sachin-tendulkar-to-leave-for-south-africa/|title=Parthiv Patel Replaces Sachin|website=InningsBreak|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122064611/https://www.inningsbreak.com/parthiv-patel-replaces-sachin-tendulkar-to-leave-for-south-africa/|url-status=live}}[]</ref>

===Tour of West Indies 2011===
With wicket-keeper captain [[MS Dhoni]] rested for the tour along with several seniors such as [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Zaheer Khan]], he was entrusted with the job of wicket-keeping in the tour along with Wriddhiman Saha. In the lone T20I match played in the tour, he made his T20I debut at the [[Queen's Park Oval]] at [[Port-of-Spain]]. He opened the batting along with another left-handed debutante [[Shikhar Dhawan]] and made a 26 from 20 balls. In the second ODI against West Indies he scored 56 [[not out]].

===England tour of India 2016===
With wicket-keeper [[Wriddhiman Saha]] injured, Parthiv was recalled to test team duty for the third test in Mohali. He proved the selectors' decision right with two good innings including an unbeaten 67 runs from 54 balls in the second innings which led India to victory, marking an unlikely comeback to international cricket.

===One of the Indian cricketers to play T20 match in 2005===
Parthiv Patel, along with Robin Singh and Rohan Gavaskar played their first T20 match in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/international-20-20-club-championship-2005-218272/chilaw-marians-cricket-club-vs-pca-masters-xi-group-b-305148/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of PCA XI vs Chilaw Group B 2005 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130001250/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/international-20-20-club-championship-2005-218272/chilaw-marians-cricket-club-vs-pca-masters-xi-group-b-305148/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the early phase of t20 format. But the first Indian cricketer to play a t20 match was Dinesh Mongia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/twenty20-cup-2004-134471/lancashire-vs-leicestershire-north-group-304791/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Leics vs Lancashire North Group 2004 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201051530/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/twenty20-cup-2004-134471/lancashire-vs-leicestershire-north-group-304791/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He played his debut match in July 2004.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=32242}}
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Parthiv-Patel/2868.html Parthiv Patel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716183756/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Parthiv-Patel/2868.html |date=16 July 2014 }} at Wisden
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182646/http://www.royalchallengers.com/parthiv-patel Parthiv Patel Royal Challenger]
* [https://cricketandcricketer.com/parthiv-patels-career/ Unlucky cricketer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116090256/https://cricketandcricketer.com/parthiv-patels-career/ |date=16 November 2022 }} at [https://cricketandcricketer.com/ Cricket and Cricketer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116084752/https://cricketandcricketer.com/ |date=16 November 2022 }}

{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2016 Asia Cup}}
{{Gujarat Titans squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Parthiv}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Deccan Chargers cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati sportspeople]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

Sohan Roy

2026-02-12T02:47:56Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new data needs work

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur based at Sharjah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Sohan Roy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punalur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Entrepreneur]]|[[Film director]]|[[Film producer]]}}
| spouse = Abhini Sohan
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| awards =
| website = https://www.sohanroy.com/
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| years_active =
| known for = [https://www.ariesgroupglobal.com/ Aries Group of Companies]
}}

'''Sohan Roy''' is an Indian entrepreneur and film director and producer based at [[Sharjah]]. He is the founder, chairman, and [[CEO]] of Aries Group of Companies, and a [[Naval architecture|Naval Architect]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Galas|first1=Marj|title=India Group Tubthumps Indywood Film Carnival|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/india-group-promotes-indywood-film-carnival-1201784074/|accessdate=28 January 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

Sohan Roy had his BTech in Naval Architecture and Ship Building at Department of Ship Technology CUSAT. He started his career as a naval architect, and later worked as a marine surveyor at several companies. He started Aries Marine & Engineering Services in 1998, headquartered in [[Sharjah]], [[UAE]].

Roy directed the film ''[[DAM999]]'' whose screenplay was added to the permanent core collection in the library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Dam999 screenplay added to Oscar's Library | date = 2 November 2011 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dam999-screenplay-added-to-Oscars-Library/articleshow/10592615.cms | archive-url =https://archive.today/20120707055054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news-interviews/30355528_1_dam999-first-indian-film-release | url-status =live |newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date =7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dam 999 goes to the Oscar library | work = Rediff.com | date = 3 November 2011 | url =http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dam-999-goes-to-oscar-library/20111103.htm }}</ref> His Aries group has taken over actor [[Mohanlal]]'s [[Aries Vismayas Max|Vismayas Max]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal's Vismayas Max Studio taken over by Aries group|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlals-vismayas-max-studio-taken-over-by-aries-group/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=23 January 2017|date=11 July 2014}}</ref> studio complex, [[Kerala]]'s first [[DTS (sound system)|DTS studio]], situated at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He worked as Project Designer of World’s second CSR movie – Aickarakkonathe Bhishaguaranmaar.<ref>{{cite news |title = Aickarakkonathe Bhishaguaranmaar wins best film award in Italy, Sohan Roy urges industry to encourage fresh faces | newspaper = Ibtimes | date = 17 May 2019 | url =https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aickarakkonathe-bhishaguaranmaar-wins-best-film-award-italy-sohan-roy-urges-industry-encourage-797853 }}</ref>

He is the founder-director of Concept Indywood, Founder President of Indywood Billionaires Club.<ref>{{cite news |title = Indywood's Billionaires Club: 50 tycoons from 100 countries to attend Sohan Roy's gala meet | newspaper = ibtimes | date = 8 November 2017 | url =https://www.ibtimes.co.in/indywoods-billionaires-club-50-tycoons-100-countries-attend-sohan-roys-gala-meet-748668 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Making India great again: Dr. Sohan Roy's magnanimous vision of US$1 = 1INR | newspaper = Forbes India | date = 22 October 2020 | url =https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/making-india-great-again-dr-sohan-roys-magnanimous-vision-of-us1-=-1inr/63641/1 }}</ref>

Roy is also a poet and author, he has been writing four line short poetry, known as 'Anukavyam' every day for the past two years.<ref>{{cite news |title = "Anu Kavyam" a collection gems of Poetry - Sohan Roy a business tycoon turned into a passionate poet | newspaper = igbnews | date = 19 April 2018 | url =http://ibgnews.com/2018/04/19/anu-kavyam-a-collection-gems-of-poetry-sohan-roy-a-business-tycoon-turned-in-to-a-passionate-poet/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Sohan Roy's Anukavyam launched | newspaper = Asianlite | date = 20 April 2018 | url =https://asianlite.com/news/indian-news/sohan-roys-anukavyam-launched/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 1000 DAYS, 1000 SHORT POEMS: SOHAN ROY CREATES HISTORY | newspaper = Indywood TV | date = 13 August 2020 | url =http://www.indywood.tv/11883/1000-days-1000-short-poems-sohan-roy-creates-history/ }}</ref>

== Awards and accomplishments ==
''[[Forbes]]'' listed Roy among top Indian leaders of the Arab world four times in a row since 2015 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title = Top Indian Leaders in the Arab World 2015: Sohan Roy | newspaper = Forbes | date = 17 May 2019 | url =http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/sohan-roy-s-k/pid/84023/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Sohan Roy features in Top 100 Indian Business Owners 2018 by Forbes Middle East | newspaper = East Coast Daily | date = 16 May 2018 | url =https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2018/05/16/sohan-roy-features-in-top-100-indian-business-owners-2018-by-forbes-middle-east.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Dam 999 director Sohan Roy makes it to Forbes Middle East top powerful list | newspaper = ibtimes | date = 5 July 2019 | url =https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dam-999-director-sohan-roy-makes-it-forbes-middle-east-top-powerful-list-801053/ }}</ref>

He was honored with the Honorary Professional Doctorate Certificate in Global Leadership and Management by European International University (EIU), Paris.<ref>{{cite news |title = Sohan Roy to receive "Professional Doctoral Certificate Award" from EIU | newspaper = Aries | date = 29 February 2020 | url =https://www.ariesmar.com/ae/en/professional-doctoral-certificate-award/ }}</ref>

He was awarded with Knighthood of Parte Guelfa, thus becoming first Indian to be awarded with this award.<ref>{{cite news |title = Forbes-Listed Kerala Entrepreneur Becomes "First Indian To Be Honoured With Knighthood In Italy" | newspaper = ABP Live | date = 25 November 2021 | url =https://news.abplive.com/news/forbes-listed-kerala-entrepreneur-becomes-first-indian-to-be-honoured-with-knighthood-in-italy-1495635 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Role
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2011
|''[[Dams: The Lethal Water Bombs]]''
| [[English language|English]]
| Director, producer
| Documentary
| <ref>{{cite web |title = A documentary based in India wins three award | publisher = IBN Live| date = 8 July 2011 | url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/a-documentary-based-in-india-wins-three-awards-at-la-fest/154016-8-66.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110526043029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/a-documentary-based-in-india-wins-three-awards-at-la-fest/154016-8-66.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =26 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
|''[[DAM999]]''
| English
| Director, producer
|
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=T|title=Sohan Roy presents his case before T.N. official|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sohan-roy-presents-his-case-before-tn-official/article2708953.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=23 January 2017|date=12 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Saint Dracula]]''
| [[English language|English]]
| Producer
|
|
|-
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]''
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
| Producer
|
|
|-
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Aickarakkonathe Bhishaguaranmaar (Physicians of Aickarakkonam)]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| Project design & lyrics
|
|
|-
|-
|2019
|''[[Kaanal Neer]]''
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|Producer
|
|
|-
|-
|2020
|''[[Al Mallu]]''
|Malayalam
|Actor
|
|
|-
|-
|2021
|''[[Black Sand]]''
|English
|Director
|
|
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3910829|Sohan Roy}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sohan}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:English film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kollam]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Barasat Junction railway station

2026-02-05T18:07:11Z

TanyaBertrand6: Added a article

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Barasat (disambiguation)}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Barasat Junction
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| native_name_lang = bn
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Barasat Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Barasat Junction railway station
| address = [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.723940|N|88.483665|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|12|m|ft}}
| line = 
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 6(A1,1,2,3,4,5)
| tracks = 6
| parking = Not available
| opened = {{start date and age|1906}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|1972}}
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BT
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Barasat Junction
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway
|line=Eastern|left=Hridaypur|right=Bamangachhi|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Bangaon Junction|type=[[Dum Dum–Bangaon branch line]]
|line2=Eastern|left2=Hridaypur|right2=Kazipara|to-left2=Sealdah|to-right2=Hasnabad|type2=[[Dum Dum–Bangaon branch line]]}}
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Barasat Junction''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station in [[Barasat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Barasat Tourism|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/Barasat-Overview.html|work=Holiday IQ – Discover Intelligent Holiday Planning|publisher=Leisure & Lifestyle Information Services Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=5 April 2012|format=Web page|date=December 2005}}</ref> It is one of the major suburban railway stations in [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Generally, people commuting daily use this station for travelling to [[Kolkata]]'s Central Business District or other towns, with the busiest times at the station being the morning and evening [[Rush hour|peak periods]]. This station provides the facility of separate rest rooms for both male & female passengers. Barasat Junction Railway station consists of 6 permanent platforms (Platform no: 1–6).

==Station complex==

A reservation counter for booking long-distance railway tickets in the early morning and regular non-reservation tickets booking are all time available. Tickets can be collected from the main ticket counter at the junction of platform no. 1. Two [[smart card]] booths are operational for ticket purchasing through the use computerised smart cards.

A railway car shade forms a part of the station's overall structure, having been designed to cover two trains for rail engine and car maintenance.

===Redevelopment===
In 2024, [[Ministry of Railways]] allocated {{INRConvert|28.83|c}} for the redevelopment purpose of this station under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]].<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলার এই ১৭ স্টেশনকে ঝাঁ চকচকে করে তুলছে রেল! কাজের পরে কেমন দেখতে হবে? রইল ছবি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/17-stations-of-wb-under-eastern-railways-to-be-redeveloped-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-check-images-of-panagarh-others-31708782064751.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145651/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/17-stations-of-wb-under-eastern-railways-to-be-redeveloped-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-check-images-of-panagarh-others-31708782064751.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=Hindustantimes Bangla |date=24 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Barasat Basirhat Railway ==
'''Barasat Basirhat Railway (BBR)''' was a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge railway line started by Martin & Co. in 1914 as part of their wide network of narrow gauge operations under the name of [[Martin's Light Railways]]. The line connected the two towns of Barasat and [[Basirhat]] near Calcutta (now Kolkata), in [[West Bengal]], India. The line was closed in 1955, after Indian independence (in 1947), when all privately run lines were taken over by the government or were closed. BBR got a fresh lease of life when Indian Railways placed the line under its Eastern Railways zone, Sealdah division and converted the route partly to broad gauge in 1962. Later on, this route was fully restored to 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) (Indian gauge) and local trains started using the route.

== Metro Railway Kolkata expansion plan ==
Recently, the government-owned [[Indian Railways]] corporation approved a proposal for an underground metro railway station connecting Barasat Junction to [[Noapara metro station]]. The construction of the project has started in October 2011.

'''Extension plan from Noapara to Barasat''':<ref>{{cite web|title=Dum Dum–Barasat metro extension Plan|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,397|work=MRK|publisher=Metro Railway Kolkata, Web site publish|access-date=16 October 2012|format=Web page|year=2012}}</ref>
The proposed [[Kolkata Metro Yellow Line]] extension alignment pass through [[Dum Dum]] Cantonment and [[Jessore Road]] up to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Biman Bandar]] station. From there, the line would run under [[National Highway 34 (India)|Jessore Road]] until [[New Barrackpore]] before reaching the surface at [[Madhyamgram]] station. From Madhyamgram to Barasat, the alignment would be elevated. However, for crossing the existing road overbridge at Madhyamgram and Barasat, the alignment would descend gradually to ground level and rise again on viaduct. This is supposed to be beneficial for the people of [[North 24 Parganas district]] and will bring them closer to [[Kolkata]]'s Business district. This would reduce the heavy pressure on Sealdah–Barasat section of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]. The Madhyamgram Metro railway station is to be constructed in the Madhyamgram-Barasat section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Metro Official Map|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1504000368490-System%20Map%20of%20Metro%20Railway_31_03_2017.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barasat Metro Progressing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-to-run-below-surface-after-airport/articleshow/70342134.cms}}</ref>

Work for the [[Noapara, West Bengal|Noapara]]–[[Barasat]] (via [[Dum Dum Airport|NSC Bose Airport]]) metro extension came to a halt in 2013 as construction giant L&T has pulled out of the 20 km metro corridor project. L&T was unable to get on with the work due to huge encroachment problems on railway land.

L&T has moved out all major equipment from the project site at Barasat and has closed down two of the three site offices. The lone site office is under locked.<ref>{{cite web|title=End of the road for Dum Dum–Barasat metro extension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/End-of-the-road-for-Dum-Dum-Barasat-metro-extension/articleshow/17755909.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-25/kolkata/35999100_1_railway-land-metro-corridor-encroachment|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=25 December 2012|format=Web page|work=[[The Times of India]]|year=2012}}</ref>

After almost 7 years with the ongoing land acquisition problems, Barasat metro was in the brink of getting cancelled. The development of New Barrackpore to Barasat (phase 3 of [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]]) was supposed to go elevated to cut down the expenses, but the stretch was in doubt due to huge encroachment problem. But in February 2021, Prime Minister Narendra Modi gave his nod to construct this stretch underground, giving respite to thousands of families who were supposed to be evicted for the development of the elevated stretch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM nod for underground Metro averts eviction |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/prime-minister-nod-for-underground-metro-averts-eviction/cid/1805748 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=Senbo & ITD Win Kolkata Metro Barasat Line's Underground Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/03/20/senbo-itd-win-kolkata-metro-barasat-lines-underground-work/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] has now been divided into 3 phases :
* Phase 1: Noapara - Biman Bandar (Services to start from March 2025)
* Phase 2: Biman Bandar - New Barrackpore (under construction)
* Phase 3: New Barrackpore - Barasat (construction to begin soon)

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Train In Barasat Junction.jpg|Up and Down Trains in Barasat railway station at platform Number 1 and 2.
File:Barasat Metro.jpg|Metro railway construction going on near Barasat Junction
File:Barasat Rail Truck.jpg|Passengers are walking on the railway tracks at Barasat
File:Barasat Junction railway station (3).jpg|Barasat Junction railway station
File:Barasat Junction railway station (2).jpg|Barasat Junction platformboard
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bangaon Junction railway station]]
* [[Dum Dum Junction railway station]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[List of Kolkata metro stations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Barasat Junction railway station}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}
* [http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,397 mtp.indianrailways.gov.in]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063116/http://www.ovguide.com/barasat-basirhat-railway-9202a8c04000641f8000000000b4e694 ovguide.com] (archived 24 September 2015)
* [https://erail.in/KolkataSubUrbanTrains.htm erail.in]

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1906]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]

Yerawada

2026-02-03T06:17:48Z

TanyaBertrand6: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yerawada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Jail Road Yerwada Pune.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerawada Central Jail Road]]
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.556845|N|73.88649|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Councilor
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 79.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 530
| population_total = 337040
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 411006
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-20
| registration_plate = MH-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Vadgaon Sheri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vadgaon Sheri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Mumbai]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|152|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yerawada''' {{audio|Yerawada_pronunciation.ogg|Pronunciation}} is a neighbourhood of the city of [[Pune]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Before that [[British Raj]] Yerawada was known as ''Yeraoda.'' Yerawada is one of the most densely populated areas in Pune. It is located at the beginning of [[Ahmednagar]] highway and also on the way to old Pune Airport at [[Lohagaon]]. This place can be reached after crossing [[Mula-Mutha River]] through Yerawada Bridge from [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]].<ref name="Punekar">{{cite web|url=http://punekar.in/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|title=Yerwada : Words about Yerwada|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101111020059/http://punekar.in/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |archive-date = 2010-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Yerawada has an approximate population of 337,040.

==Geography==
Yerawada shares borders with:
* [[Mula-Mutha River]]
* [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]]
* [[Khadki]]
* [[Vimannagar]]
* [[Pune|Wadgaon Sheri]]
* [[Lohegaon]]
* [[Koregaon Park]]
* [[Vishrantwadi]]<ref name="Wikimap">{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/11957811/New-Yerawada-Bridge|title=Yerwada Bridge : Location of Yerwada and Bridge in Wikimap|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005084257/http://wikimapia.org/11957811/New-Yerawada-Bridge |archive-date = 2012-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The central prison of [[Pune]]—which is one of the oldest prisons in [[India]], having been built in the nineteenth century—is situated in Yerawada. Kasturba Gandhi Smiriti Mandir, which stands in a garden that spreads over 6.5 hectares of land, is situated across the river in Yerawada. Govind Vinayak Ranade , was hanged on 10 May 1899 in Yerawada Jail.

The ashes of Kasturba Gandhi, wife of Mahatma Gandhi, are kept in this memorial. The mental asylum of Pune is also located at Yerawada.<ref name="India9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Yerwada-53427.htm|title=Yerwada : History of Yerwada|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607101531/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Yerwada-53427.htm |archive-date = 2011-06-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Yerawada Jail===
{{main|Yerwada Central Jail}}
This is the largest jail in the State of [[Maharashtra]]. The most notable person to be incarcerated at the jail is [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who spent several years there during [[Indian independence movement|India's struggle for freedom]].

[[File:Yerwada jail.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[Yerwada Central Jail]] entrance.]]
A programme designed to spread Gandhian principles in Yerwada prison was introduced in Yerawada prison in 2002 by Asim Sarode, founder of [http://www.sahyogtrust.in Sahyog Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314103409/http://www.sahyogtrust.in/ |date=14 March 2015 }}. As part of the programme, the prison inmates are taught Gandhian principles for one year, at the end of the year, they have to appear for an examination. Admission to the course is optional. Four years after the initiation of the course, Sahyog Trust conducted a survey amongst the prison inmates to check the degree of awareness of Gandhian principles. The results of the survey were encouraging as 94 per cent expressed respect for Gandhi. A majority 77 per cent of them believed that social change can be brought about by love and friendship. Also, 66 per cent of them showed the willingness to apologise to the victim's family and seek forgiveness from them.

Taking the Gandhian principles and ideas to the prisoners has led to a marked improvement in the levels of discipline at the prison. According to the Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of police of the western region, Rajendra Dhamne, "the course has definitely contributed to the maintenance of peace inside the prison. The number of violent incidents amongst the inmates has comparatively reduced."{{Cite quote|date=April 2016}}

The result of the survey has given a boost to the aforementioned Trust's initiatives. It has also proved that even those judged as criminals have a human side to them and in many cases they only take to crime due to compelling circumstances (poverty, political disenfranchisement). The course adopts a reformist approach to tackling crime in the society.<ref>[http://www.virtualpune.com/citizen-centre/html/mahatma-gandhi.shtml Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi teachings, Yerwada jail, Yerwada prison, Sahyog trust, Asim Sarode, Gandhian principles in prison]</ref>[Ajmal Kasab hanged here]

[[Bollywood]] film actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Mumbai]] terror attacker<ref>[http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?493193 news.outlookindia.com {{pipe}} Sanjay Dutt prisoner no C-15170 in Yerawada Jail]</ref> Ajmal Kasab were also jailed there.<ref>[http://www.zimbio.com/Mumbai+Terrorist+Attacks/articles/Y8Szpoqp00D/Ajmal+Kasab+shifted+Pune+Yerwada+jail Ajmal Kasab to be shifted to Pune's Yerwada jail - Mumbai Terrorist Attacks - Zimbio]</ref>

===Agha Khan Palace===
Agha Khan Palace, where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited and stayed several times during India's Independence struggle, is located on [[Ahmednagar]] highway in Yerawada. This is a historical monument which is visited by hundreds of people daily.

Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah, [[Aga Khan III]], ordered the construction of the palace in 1892 to provide employment to the people of the nearby areas, who had been [[Famine|famished]]. Prince Karim El Husseni, [[Aga Khan IV]], donated the palace to India in 1969, in the honor of Gandhiji. Aga Khan Palace is also known as Gandhi National Memorial because of its close association with Mahatma Gandhi.

One of the major attractions of the Aga Khan Palace is the samadhis (memorials) of Kasturba Gandhi (wife of Mahatma Gandhi) and Mahadev Desai (a long-time aid of Mahatma Gandhi). Since both of them breathed their last in there, Charles Correa got their samadhis built in the grounds of the palace itself. Gandhi's ashes are also interred at the Gandhi National Memorial of Pune. Exhibitions are held at the palace on a regular basis to acquaint people with the life and career of Mahatma Gandhi.

The palace served as the venue for the movie ''Gandhi''. Since 1980, the management of the [[museum]], samadhis and campus of the Agakhan Palace is under the Gandhi Memorial Society. The museum inside the palace complex has a collection of pictures depicting almost all the important incidents in the life of Mahatma Gandhi. There is also a wide assortment of his personal items like utensils, clothes, malas, chappals (slippers), letter written by Gandhiji on the death of his secretary, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pune.org.uk/tourist-attractions/aga-khan-palace.html|title=Aga Khan Palace|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

==Sukha and Jinda==
[[Harjinder Singh Jinda]] and [[Sukhdev Singh Sukha|Sukdev Singh Sukha]] were imprisoned in this prison in 1992 for assassinating Indian [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] (COAS) [[A S Vaidya|Gen. A.S. Vaidya]]. Gen A.S. Vaidya was COAS when [[Operation Blue Star|Operation Bluestar]] was executed at the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in June 1984. Both of them were hanged to death.

==Administration==
Yerawada is part of Pune Municipal Corporation. All major and important administrative offices of state and central government are located there. This include Sales Tax Office, Income Tax Office, and Telecom Office.

Ajmal Kasab, the accused of Mumbai Terror 26/11 was hanged for death in same premises on 21 November 2012.

==Education==
*Deccan College Post Graduate Research Institute(Deemed University)

==See also==
* [[Kharadi]]
* [[Vishrantwadi]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Pune district topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune]]

Vaitheeswaran Koil

2026-01-30T14:42:51Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new entry added tags.

{{Short description|Navagraha temple in Tamil Nadu}}
{{About|the Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India|the Hindu temple in Vannarpannai, Sri Lanka|Vannarpannai Vaitheeswaran Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vaitheeswaran Koil
| image = Vaitheeswarankovil5.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|11|42|N|79|42|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Vaitheeswaran Kovil (Pullirukuvelur)
| country = India
| state = Tamil Nadu
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Vaitheeswarankoil]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vaidyanatha Swamy<ref name="Seth"/>
Thayyal Nayagi<ref name="Seth"/>
Selvamuthukumarasamy<ref name="Seth"/>
Shree Vinayakar,
Angarakan (Mars)
Dhanvantari [[Siddhar]] [[Jiva|Jeeva]] [[Samadhi]]<ref name="Seth"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=18 Siddhars |url=https://soonyata.home.xs4all.nl/18siddhars.htm |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.satsang-darshan.com |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512081309/https://soonyata.home.xs4all.nl/18siddhars.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| temple_tank = Siddha Amritam
| tower = 4
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vaitheeswaran Koil''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the [[Shiva]], located in a small town [[Vaitheeswarankoil]] near [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]] the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tourist"/> Shiva is worshipped as Vaidyanathar or Vaitheeswaran meaning the "God of healing" and it is believed that prayers to Vaitheeswaran can cure diseases. Vaitheeswaran is a Tamil derivative from vaidya (Doctor) and Ishvara (God/Master). The presiding deity is Sri vaidyanathan, facing towards West whereas East side is the common one. He is the God of Healing. When pronouncing in Tamil, it sounds like "vai'''d'''eeswaran". It is one of the nine [[Navagraha]] (nine planets) temples and is associated with the planet [[Mars]] (Angaraka).

The village is also known for palm leaf astrology called [[Naadi]] [[astrology]] in Tamil. It is located 7 kilometers from [[Sirkazhi]], 235 kilometers from Chennai, 27 km from [[Chidambaram]], 110 km from [[Thanjavur]] and 13 km from [[Mayiladuthurai]].

The holy waters of the Siddhamirtham tank within the temple complex contains nectar, and a holy dip is believed to cure all diseases.<ref name="Seth">[[#Seth|Seth 2005]], p.77</ref><ref name="tourist"/>

The temple is revered by the ''[[Tevaram]]'' hymns of 7th-century ''Saiva [[nayanars]]'' - [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saint poets and is also classified as a ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'' (temple revered by the ''nayanars'').

== Legend ==
[[File:Vaitheeswaran temple (2).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Pillars inside the temple]]
During the [[Ramayana]] period, [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]] and [[Saptarishi]] have worshipped the deity in this place.<ref>[[#Evensen|Evensen 2007]], p. 209</ref> There is a pond at this temple called Jatayu ''{{transliteration|ta|kundam}}'' (pot of Jatayu having holy ash of [[Vibhuti]]). One of the nine planets, Angaraka (Mars), suffered from [[leprosy]] and was cured by Vaidhyanathaswamy and from then on it is treated as one of the [[Navagraha temples#Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha Temples]] for planet ''Angaraka''.<ref name="tourist">[[#Tourist|Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu 2007]], p. 53.</ref> [[Parvati]], the consort of Shiva, asked her son, [[Murugan|Subramanya]] to appear with one face from his regular appearance of six faces. When he did so, she was pleased and presented him with ''[[vel]]'' (a weapon) to slay the demons.<ref name="PV"/> Subramanya overcame the ''[[asura]]'' Surapadman (a demon) and in the war, his army was severely injured. Shiva came out as the healer Vaitheeswaran and cured the wounds.<ref name="PV">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], pp. 260-261</ref> As per another legend, Shiva came as Vaidya, a doctor, and cured the leprosy of a staunch devotee named Angahara. Jatayu, [[Muruga]] and [[Surya]] were all believed to have worshipped Shiva here. Murugan obtained a Vel [[Trishula|trident]] at this place and is called Selvamuthu Kumaran.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=31}}</ref> As per popular legend, 'Pul' (Jatayu), 'Irukku' (Irukkuvedam)', 'Vel' (representing Muruga) and 'Ooor' (place) worshipped in the place and hence it came to be known as 'Pullirukavelur'.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-first=R.|editor-last=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|pages=534–5}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Vaitheeswarankovil1.JPG|200px|right|thumb|The shrine of Vinayagar near the temple tank]]
The temple received contributions from various rulers of the region like [[Vikrama Chola]], Vira Rajendra Pandya, [[Achuthappa Nayak]] (1560 - 1614 AD) and [[Maratha]] prince Thulaja.<ref name=Rao/> The temple has five inscriptions mainly belonging to the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1120 [[Common Era|CE]]).<ref>[[#CPR|C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre 2002]], p. 321</ref> The inscription on the steps of Subramanya shrine records the shutter of the sluice at Sattainathapuram measures 35 inches in length and 8 inches in breadth.<ref name="PV"/> The one on the right of the temple tank indicates the tank, Nachiyar shrine, and its hall were completely renovated when Kanderayar was governing the ''Sigali Simai'', and during the management of the temple by Muthukumaraswami Tambiran, a disciple of Sivagnanadesikar-Sambandar of the Dharmapuram Adheenam.<ref name="PV"/> On the wall of the second precinct, the inscriptions state that the courtyard of Thayalnayagi shrine, the sacred steps and Tattisuri hall were built during Tamil year 4868 corresponding to 1689 CE.<ref name="PV"/> On the floor near accountant's seat registers a deed granted by Sankarabaragiri Rengopanditar by Ambalavanatambiran, an agent of the temple.<ref name="PV"/> The Easter gateway inscription indicates the gift of taxes from Manipallam in Tiruvalipparu.<ref name="PV"/> The temple is maintained by [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]], a [[Saivite]] [[matha|mutt]] or monastic institution located in the town of [[Mayiladuthurai]], India. As of 1987, there were a total of 27 [[Shiva]] temples under the control of the ''adheenam''.<ref name="unfinishedp170">[[#Thangaraj|Thangaraj 2003]]</ref>

==Architecture ==
Vaitheeswarankoil is located {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Mayiladuthurai]] and {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Thanjavur]] on the [[Thanjavur]] - [[Chidambaram]] highway. The temple is located between Sirkali to Mayiladuthurai State Highway. Frequent bus services are operated by Tamil Nadu government. There is a Railway station which is located between Chennai to Mayiladuthurai railway road. Karaikal is the nearest proposal airport located around 40 kilometer from temple.<ref name="TN">{{cite web|title=Navagraha temples|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/navagrahas_m.html|publisher=Thanjavur District Administration|access-date=2013-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112023302/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/navagrahas_m.html|archive-date=2013-11-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (temple tower), two inner gopurams and large precincts. The central shrine is that of Vaitheeswaran present as ''[[lingam]]'' in the inner most sanctum. The first precinct around the sanctum has the metal image of Subramanya, worshipped here as Muthukumara Swamy. The other metal images in the sanctum are of Nataraja, Somaskanda, Angaraka and stone sculptures of [[Durga]], [[Dakshinamoorthy]], [[Surya]] (Sun god), [[Jatayu]], [[Sampati]].<ref name="PV"/> The shrine of Thaiyalnayaki in the second precinct facing south houses the image of Thiyalnayagi sported in standing posture with the medicinal oil to cure the diseases. The large precinct also has a small shrine to [[Dhanvantari]] and shrine of Angaraka in stone sculpture. The southern gateway from this precinct leads to the temple tank and directly faces the Thaiyalnayaki shrine. The ''[[Sthala Vriksha]]'' (temple tree) is margosa ([[Azadirachta indica]], neem tree), believed to possesses medicinal properties, is present near the eastern gateway.<ref name="PV"/> The eastern gateway also has the shrine of ''Adi'' (original) temple that has a smaller replica of the main shrines. There is a fine metal image of Gangavisarjanar inside the temple.<ref name="PV"/> The shrine of Angaragan (Mars) is present near the Eastern gateway in the third precinct.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|pages=25–27}}</ref>
[[File:Vaitheeswaran temple panorama (1).jpg|700px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the temple]]

== Worship and festivals ==
[[File:Vaithiyanatha Swami Thirukkalyanam.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Thirukalyanam festival]]
Devotees take a holy dip in the temple tank before worshipping Vaitheeswaran in the temple. It is also a local belief that dissolving jaggery (Tamil:vellam) in the waters cures skin diseases.<ref>[[#Barnes|Barnes 2005]], pp. 65-66</ref> Tonsure ceremony of getting children shaved for the first time to promote proper growth is a very common practise.<ref name="PV"/> ''Mavilaku ma'' (lighting lamp in rice cakes) is a form of worship practised. The practise of jamming salt and pepper in front of the temple mast and the pot near the temple tank is also followed. Unlike other temples in [[South India]], where each shrine has a priest, each priest in the temple associates themselves with the devotees and perform worship on their behalf.<ref name="Raj">[[#Raj|Raj 2006]], p. 79</ref>
The holy soil rounded with ash (called ''Thiruchandu Urundai'') is treated as medicine and believed to cure all the diseases.<ref name="Sundar">[[#Sundararajan|Sundararajan 2003]], p. 425</ref> Another medicine given is ''chandan'' (sandalwood powder) with saffron. It is a practice to purchase silver-plated images of body parts to put in the ''Hundi'' (vessel for offering) to fix ailments one might be having. The [[Thiruevvul|Veeraraghavaswamy temple]] at Thiruvallur is considered the [[Vaishnavite]] temple equivalent of healing abilities of the presiding deity to that of the [[Saivite]] Vaitheeswaran Kovil.<ref>{{cite book|title=Teaching Religion and Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBDiBwAAQBAJ&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PT82|editor1-last=Barnes|editor1-first=Linda L.|editor2-last=Talamantez|editor2-first=M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780190291983|page=82}}</ref> Brahmotsavam (annual festival) is celebrated during the Tamil calendar months of ''[[Tamil calendar|Pankuni]]'' and ''Thai'' (January–February). ''Karthigai'' festival during November is also celebrated with pomp and glory. ''Kantha Sashti'', a festive occasion for Subramanya, is celebrated in the shrine of Muthukumaraswamy.

==Navagraha temple==
[[File:VaidheeshwaranTemple.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Eastern gateway with 'Adi' shrines and temple tree]]
The temple is one of the nine Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu and is a part of the popular Navagraha pilgrimage in the state - it houses the image of Angaraka (Mars).<ref>{{cite book|title=Jothirlingam: The Indian Temple Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE55CgAAQBAJ&q=thiruvenkadu|page=92|publisher=Partridge Publishing|author=Suriya|year=2015|isbn=9781482847864}}</ref> The planets are believed to influence the horoscope computed based on time of one's birth and subsequently influence the course of life. Each of the planets are believed to move from a star to another during a predefined period and thus sway over an individual's fortunes. The Navagrahas, as per Hindu customs, are believed to provide both good and bad effects for any individual and the bad effects are mitigated by prayers. As in other Navagraha temples, the common worship practises of the devotees include offering of cloth, grains, flowers and jewels specific to the planet deity. Lighting a set of lamps is also commonly followed in the temple. As per local legend, Shiva was doing penance at mount Meru when a drop of water fell from his forehead which turned into a beautiful child. Bhoomidevi brought up the child, who went on to become a staunch devotee of Shiva. Pleased by the devotion, Shiva turned him to a planet. Based on his colour, Angaraka (Mars) is usually clad with red coloured cloth.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|last=Anantharaman|first=Ambjuam|publisher=East West|edition=second|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8|pages=43–47}}</ref> Vaitheeswaran is believed to preside over Angarakan in the temple. Along with Angarakan, Sambathi, Jatayu and Surya deva are believed to have worshipped Vaitheeswaran at this temple.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=An exploration on foot|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-exploration-on-foot/article3218036.ece|date=5 May 2006|access-date=25 November 2018|last=Thondaman|first=R. Vijayakumar|publisher=The Hindu|work=Friday Review}}</ref>

==Nadi astrology==
[[Nadi astrology]] ('நாடி ஜோதிடம்' in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]), (''{{IAST|nāḍi jyotiṣa}}'') is a form of [[Hindu astrology]] practiced around the temple. It is based on the belief that the past, present and the future lives of all humans were foreseen by Hindu sages in ancient time.<ref>[[#Mersmann|Mersmann 2010]], p. 209</ref> The texts are mainly written in ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', which is an ancient Tamil script. There are different schools of thought as to the author of these leaves. They are believed to be written by a Tamil sage called [[Agastya|Agathiyar]] who is said to have had divine revelations. These Nadi leaves were initially stored in the premises of Tanjore [[Saraswati Mahal|Saraswati Mahal Library]] of Tamil Nadu. The British rulers later showed interest in the Nadi leaves concerned with herbs and medicine and future prediction, but left most of the leaves to their loyal people. Some leaves got destroyed and the remaining were auctioned during the British rule. These leaves were obtained and possessed by the families of astrologers in Vaitheeswaran temple and was passed down the years from one generation to the other.

== Religious importance==
[[File:Vaitheeswaran temple (4).jpg|thumb|View of entrance of the temple|250px|right]]
The temple is revered by ''Tevaram'' hymns of saint poets [[Thirunavukkarasar]] and [[sambandar]] belonging to the 7th century. The poets name the towns where they found the temple in their hymns and Pullirukkuvelur finds a mention in their verses, corresponding to the temple.<ref>[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1999]], p. 49</ref> The hymns appear to recognise the function of the ''[[mantras]]'' (sacred text) as invocation of Shiva. In addition the hymns from Thirunavukkarasar likens Shiva to luminous objects - a flame, a pearl, a diamond and pure gold.<ref>[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1999]], p. 58</ref> He also indicates wasting lot of days not worshipping Shiva at this temple.<ref>[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1999]], p. 170</ref>
:::"வெள்ளெ ருக்கர வம்விர வுஞ்சடைப்
::: புள்ளி ருக்குவே ளூரரன் பொற்கழல்
::: உள்ளிருக்கு முணர்ச்சியில் லாதவர்
::: நள்ளி ருப்பர் நரகக் குழியிலே."<ref>[[#Thiru|Thirunavukkarasar]], p. 39</ref>
translating to
:::Those who have no perception of the golden feet of deity in Puḷḷirukku Vēḷūr on whose matted hairs cobra and white yarcum flowers are mingled, staying in their minds. will be in the centre of the hollow of the hell.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aintham Thirumurai|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/en/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=5&Song_idField=5079&padhi=100+&button=Please+go|publisher=thevaaram.org|access-date = 2012-08-06 }}</ref>

Muthuswami Dikshitar has composed 6 [[List of compositions by Muthuswami Dikshitar#:~:text=Vaidya (Vaitheeswaran Koil) Balambika Kritis|Keerthanais]] on the devi of the temple as per an inscription at the temple.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
*{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=vaidyanathaswamy+temple&pg=PA261|ref=Ayyar}}
*{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Linda L |author2=American Academy of Religion |author3=Ines M. Talamantez |title=Teaching religion and healing |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn= 978-0-19-517643-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ek46ur2b1-wC&q=vaideeswaran&pg=PA65|ref=Barnes}}
*{{cite book |title=Sacred tanks of South India |year=2002 |publisher=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3jXAAAAMAAJ&q=vaitheeswaran+koil+history|ref=CPR}}
*{{cite book |last=Evensen|first=Anthony J |title=Warrior-king, Siva-Bhakta, deity: Reconsidering Rama at Vijayanagara|year=2007|publisher=UMI|location=MI |isbn=9780549194491|ref=Evensen}}
*{{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu: an unfinished task|pages=170|first=M. |last=Thangaraj|isbn=978-0-7619-9780-1|publisher=SAGE|year=2003|ref=M.}}
*{{cite book |last=Mersmann|first=Andrew |title=Frommer's 500 Places Where You Can Make a Difference |year=2010|publisher=Wiley Publication |location=United States |isbn=978-0-470-16061-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vny3M-iirz0C&q=vaitheeswaran+koil&pg=PA209|ref=Mersmann}}
*{{cite book |last=Pechilis Prentiss |first=Karen |title=The embodiment of bhakti |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-512813-3|ref=Prentiss}}
*{{cite book |last=Raj |first=Selva J. |author2=William P. Harman |title=Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-6707-4|ref=Raj}}
*{{cite book |last=Seth |first=Rabindra |title=Tourism In India: An Overview (2 Vols.)
|year=2005|publisher=Kalpaz Publication |location=Delhi|isbn=81-7835-328-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SI1YFyUjUcMC&q=vaitheeswaran+koil&pg=PA77|ref=Seth}}
*{{cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=K.R. |author2=Bithika Mukerji |title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern |year=2003 |publisher=Cross Road Publishing Company |location=USA |isbn=81-208-1937-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&q=vaitheeswaran+koil&pg=PA425|ref=Sundararajan}}
*{{cite book |last=Thirunavukkarasar|title=Aintham Thirumurai(http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf) |year=2004 |publisher=project Madurai |location=Online |ref=Thiru}}
*{{cite book |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|ref=Tourist}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vaitheeswaran Koil}}

{{wikivoyage|Vaitheeswaran Koil}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Navagraha}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]

Stay Hungry Stay Foolish

2026-01-29T06:21:07Z

TanyaBertrand6: update

{{Short description|Book by Rashmi Bansal}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Stay Hungry Stay Foolish
| author = [[Rashmi Bansal]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| country = [[India]]
| genre = Inspirational Non-fiction
| publisher = [[CIIE.CO]], [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]
| isbn = 978-81-904530-1-1
| image = Stay Hungry Stay Foolish.jpg
| caption =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| release_date = 2008
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Book
| pages = 394
| oclc =
}}

'''''Stay Hungry Stay Foolish''''' is a 2008 book by the Indian non-fiction author [[Rashmi Bansal]]. ''Stay Hungry Stay Foolish'' created a new record in Indian publishing by selling over 300,000 copies and has been translated into eight languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mkerj.com/stay-hungry-stay-foolish-book-review/|title=Stay Hungry Stay Foolish Book Review |author=Mukhopadhyay, Subhodeep|publisher=Mkerj|date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118205325/http://mkerj.com/stay-hungry-stay-foolish-book-review/ |accessdate=5 November 2016 |archive-date=2019-01-18 |language=}}</ref> "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish" is a famous quote of [[Americans|American]] business magnate [[Steve Jobs]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/steve-jobs-told-students-stay-hungry-stay-foolish/2011/10/05/gIQA1qVjOL_blog.html?noredirect=on|title=Steve Jobs told students: 'Stay hungry. Stay foolish.'|last=By|first=Valerie Strauss|date=October 5, 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=id|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref> which he originally took from last page of the ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]'' published in October 1974.<ref name=":0" />

It features the stories of 25 [[MBA]]s from [[IIM Ahmedabad]] who left lucrative jobs to follow the rough road of entrepreneurship. It is an [[IIM Ahmedabad]] [[CIIE.CO|CIIE]] (Centre for Innovation, Incubation and [[Entrepreneurship]]) publication. Bansal is the author of a number of other books on entrepreneurship: ''Connect the Dots'', ''I Have a Dream'', ''Poor Little Rich Slum'', ''Follow Every Rainbow'', and ''Take me Home, Arise Awake,'' and ''God's Own Kitchen''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://youthdevelopers.com/author-rashmi-bansal-biography-books-marriage/|title=Author Rashmi Bansal Biography, Books, Blog, Marriage, Husband, Daughter|date=16 August 2014 |publisher=Youth Developers|accessdate=5 November 2016 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yosuccess.com/success-stories/rashmi-bansal/|title=Rashmi Bansal: An Author, Speaker and Entrepreneur!|publisher=Yo! Success|date=15 July 2015|accessdate=5 November 2016 |language=}}</ref>

== About the title ==

In 2005, during his famous commencement speech at [[Stanford University]],<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url = http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html | title = Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs}}</ref> [[Steve Jobs]] quoted the farewell message placed on the back cover of the 1974 edition of the ''Whole Earth Catalog'': "Stay hungry. Stay foolish."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://htmlimg3.scribdassets.com/4988llwpkwmc54c/images/324-157e00fdae/000.jpg | title = Back cover of the Whole Earth Epilog with its famous farewell message}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business books]]
[[Category:2008 non-fiction books]]

Hisar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-28T10:29:59Z

TanyaBertrand6: Done

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hisar {{Small|HR-4}}
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Haryana/Hisar.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hisar Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = IMG-Jpjattt.jpg
| mp = [[Jai Parkash]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Uchana Kalan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uchana Kalan]] [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]] [[Uklana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uklana]] [[Narnaund (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaund]] [[Hansi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansi]] [[Barwala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwala]] [[Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] 
[[Nalwa Chaudhry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalwa Chaudhry]] [[Bawani Khera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bawani Khera]]
}}

'''Hisar Lok Sabha constituency''' (formerly '''Hissar''') is one of the 10 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in Northern [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.elections.in/haryana/parliamentary-constituencies/hisar.html |title= Hisar Parliamentary Constituency 2014 Election Results. | publisher= [[Elections in India]] |access-date= 2014-06-10 }}</ref> This constituency covers the entire [[Hisar district]] and parts of [[Jind district|Jind]] and [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]] districts.<ref name=caste1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/hisar-lok-sabha-constituency--epicenter-of-strong-caste-polarisation-in-the-politics-of-haryana.html Hisar Lok Sabha constituency: Epicenter of strong caste polarisation in the politics of Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421200117/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/hisar-lok-sabha-constituency--epicenter-of-strong-caste-polarisation-in-the-politics-of-haryana.html |date=21 April 2019 }}, [[Daily Pioneer]], 28 Jan 2019.</ref>

==Assembly segments==
At present, Hisar Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies. These are:<ref name=HsrLS>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/haryana/hisar.html Hisar Lok Sabha]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|37
|[[Uchana Kalan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uchana Kalan]]
|[[Jind district|Jind]]
|[[Devender Attri]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|47
|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
|[[Chander Prakash Jangra]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|48
|[[Uklana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uklana]] (SC)
|[[Naresh Selwal]]
|-
|49
|[[Narnaund (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaund]]
|[[Jassi Petwar]]
|-
|50
|[[Hansi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansi]]
|[[Vinod Bhayana]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|51
|[[Barwala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwala]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
|-
|52
|[[Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
|[[Savitri Jindal]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|53
|[[Nalwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalwa]]
|[[Randhir Panihar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|59
|[[Bawani Khera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bawani Khera]] (SC)
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|[[Kapoor Singh|Kapoor Valmiki]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name<ref name="lok12">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=195}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-18 |access-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/hisar-by-election-bhajan-lals-son-kuldeep-bishnoi-wins-141806 Hisar by-poll: Kuldeep Bishnoi wins]</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Lala Achint Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Thakur Das Bhargava]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Mani Ram Bagri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Ram Krishan Gupta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Mani Ram Godara
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Inder Singh Sheokand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Mani Ram Bagri]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Ch. Birender Singh|Birender Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jai Parkash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Narain Singh Kataria
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Jai Parkash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surender Singh Barwala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Jai Parkash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2011^
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Dushyant Chautala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Brijendra Singh ( politician, born 13 May 1972)|Brijendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Jai Parkash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hisar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hisar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S074.htm |access-date=20 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720173000/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S074.htm |archive-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Jai Parkash]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=5,70,424
|percentage=48.58
|change={{increase}}32.97
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=5,07,043|percentage=43.19|change={{decrease}}7.93}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Desh Raj
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=26,015
|percentage=2.22
|change={{down}}1.61
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunaina Chautala|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=22,303|percentage=1.90|change={{up}}1.10}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Naina Singh Chautala]]|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=22,032|percentage=1.88|change={{down}}22.63}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,366|percentage=0.29|change={{up}}0.04}}
{{Election box majority||votes=63,381|percentage=5.39|change={{down}}21.23}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,74,115|percentage=65.27|change={{decrease}}7.16}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)|Brijendra Singh]]|votes=6,03,289|percentage=51.13|change={{increase}}51.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dushyant Chautala]]
|party = Jannayak Janata Party
|votes =2,89,221
|percentage =24.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhavya Bishnoi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,84,369|percentage=15.63|change={{increase}}6.77}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Surendra Sharma|votes=45,190|percentage=3.83|change={{increase}}1.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Suresh Koth|votes=9,761|percentage=0.80|change={{decrease}}41.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=2,957|percentage=0.25|change={{increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,14,068|percentage=26.62|change={{increase}}23.86}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,81,878|percentage=72.43|change={{decrease}}3.17}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Dushyant Chautala]]
|votes = 4,94,478
|percentage = 42.75
|change = {{increase}}4.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|votes = 4,62,631
|percentage = 39.99
|change = {{increase}}1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sampat Singh
|votes = 1,02,509
|percentage = 8.86
|change = {{decrease}}7.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mange Ram
|votes = 30,446
|percentage = 2.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Dr. Yudhbir Singh Khyalia
| votes = 28,490
| percentage = 2.46
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,645
|percentage = 0.14
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,847
|percentage = 2.76
|change = {{increase}}2.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,55,914
|percentage = 76.17
|change = {{increase}}7.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Lok Dal
|loser = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 By-Election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-elections 2011: Hisar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|votes = 3,55,955
|percentage = 38.84
|change = {{increase}}8,85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate =[[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
|votes =3,49,620
|percentage =38.15
|change = {{increase}}9.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Jai Parkash]]
|votes = 1,49,785
|percentage =16.34
|change ={{decrease}}8.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Sant Mat Party
|candidate =O. P. Kalyan
|votes = 27,802
|percentage =3.03
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,335
|percentage = 0.70
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,16,621
|percentage = 68.81
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]
|votes = 2,48,476
|percentage = 29.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate =Sampat Singh
|votes =2,41,493
|percentage = 29.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jai Parkash
|votes =2,04,539
|percentage =24.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Dayal Goyal
|votes =90,277
|percentage =10.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,983
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,28,462
|percentage = 69.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

{{div col}}
* [[Hisar (city)]]
* [[Hisar Urban Agglomeration]]
* [[Hisar district]]
* [[Hisar division]]
* [[Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Asigarh Fort]] at [[Hansi]]
* [[Kanwari#Primary Mounds: Kanwari-1 .26 Kanwari-2|Kanwari Indus Valley Mound]] at [[Kanwari]]
* [[Tosham rock inscription]] at [[Tosham]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}
{{coord|29.2|75.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]

Bhandara Chinnor rice

2026-01-13T01:27:48Z

TanyaBertrand6: Added a details - done

{{Short description|Type of non-Basmati aromatic rice from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Bhandara Chinoor rice (भंडारा चिन्नोर तांदूळ)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Bhandara Chinnor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gahane |first1=A. S. |last2=Atkare |first2=V. G. |last3=Wankhade |first3=Bhavana R. |title=Studies on sensory evaluation of Bhandara chinnor rice (Oryza sativa) Kheer |journal=International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=5S |pages=39–41 |url=https://www.veterinarypaper.com/archives/2024/9/5S/A/S-9-4-48 |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en |issn=2456-2912}}</ref>
| description =Bhandara Chinoor rice is an aromatic rice cultivated in [[Maharashtra]]
| type =[[Aromatic rice]]
| area = Bhandara district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 1 July 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/688|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Bhandara Chinoor rice''' is a variety of non-[[Basmati]] aromatic [[rice]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanga |first1=Shruti |last2=Meraj |first2=Gowhar |last3=Singh |first3=Suraj Kumar |last4=Farooq |first4=Majid |last5=Nathawat |first5=M. S. |title=Geospatial Technology for Natural Resource Management |date=13 November 2024 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-394-16636-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgosEQAAQBAJ&dq=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice&pg=PA3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Anvita |title=Bhandara Chinnor rice to get a GI-tag for its farmers |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/maharashtra/bhandara-chinnor-rice-get-gi-tag-its-farmers-49059 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=26 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पूर्व विदर्भातील चिन्नोर तांदूळ जाणार जागतिक बाजारपेठेत |url=https://www.lokmat.com/bhandara/chinor-rice-east-vidarbha-will-go-global-markets/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=Lokmat |date=17 March 2020 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A CASE STUDY OF RICE MILLING CLUSTER OF BHANDARA DISTRICT (MS) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338392234 |website=ResearchGate GmbH. |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putting their name on grain of rice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/putting-their-name-on-grain-of-rice/articleshow/17149351.cms |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2012}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[Taluka|talukas]] of [[Bhandara taluka|Bhandara]], [[Pauni taluka|Pauni]], [[Tumsar taluka|Tumsar]], [[Mohadi taluka|Mohadi]], [[Sakoli taluka|Sakoli]], [[Lakhani taluka|Lakhani]], and [[Lakhandur taluka|Lakhandur]] of [[Bhandara district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A CASE STUDY OF RICE MILLING CLUSTER OF BHANDARA DISTRICT (MS) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338392234 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agriculture |first1=Bombay (State) Department of |title=Report |date=1956 |publisher=Yeravda Prison Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Br5FAAAAYAAJ&q=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Connecting Maharashtra to the World |url=https://maitri.maharashtra.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Explore%20Maharashtra%20-%20Exports%20-%20ODOP%20Booklet.pdf |website=MAHARASHTRA INDUSTRY, TRADE AND INVESTMENT FACILITATION (MAITRI) |access-date=22 November 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag, it is referred to as "Bhandara Chinoor Rice".<ref name=":0" />

Chinnor rice is mainly produced in the [[Balaghat district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] known as Balaghat Chinnor for which GI tag was received in September 2021, although it is also produced in Bhandara, Maharashtra, for which a separate GI tag was claimed by Maharashtra in 2023.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Rajendra |title=Current Affairs Year Book 2022: Geography |publisher=MYUPSC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcxkEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice&pg=PT48 |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Geographically, Bhandara district is enveloped by Balaghat district on the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Provinces (India) |first1=Central |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers |date=1907 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hw8mAQAAIAAJ&dq=bhandara+balaghat+border&pg=PA200 |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=News |first1=Nagpur |title=Flooding Shuts Down Bhandara-Tumsar-Balaghat Road, Cutting Maharashtra-MP Link |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/flooding-shuts-down-bhandara-tumsar-balaghat-road-cutting-maharashtra-mp-link/07241111 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |date=24 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Historical records==
This variety of [[rice]] has been cultivated in the [[Bhandara district]] for generations, with many farming families growing this rice variety for over 100 years. In the book "Races of Rice in India," Chinnor Rice is mentioned as 'Chinoor,' noting its significance in Bhandara District since 1867.<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Govt Of |last2=House |first2=Print |title=Races of Rice in India |date=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-91-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWLZrtbXjaYC&dq=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice&pg=PA725 |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dept |first1=Maharashtra (India) Buildings and Communications |title=Maharashtra Motor Guide, 1965 |date=1965 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFnWAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, Chinnor rice was consumed by landowners in the area.

==Name==
Bhandara Chinoor rice is a prized crop in Bhandara and so named after it. "Chinoor", "Chinnor" or "Chinnaur" is an acronym of the [[Hindi]] term “Chiknaiyukt Nokdaar Sugangdhit Chavur” which means Chiknaiyukt (Oily content), Nokdaar (Sharp tipped), Sugangdhit (Aromatic) and Chavur (Local name for Rice).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=Bharat |title=The Life and Work of Dr. R.H. Richharia: The Eminent Rice Scientist who Struggled All His Life for Small Farmers to Protect Them from Big Business and to Preserve Their Heritage : Including the Text of an Action Plan on Rice Prepared by Dr. Richharia |date=1991 |publisher=B. Dogra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUMFAQAAIAAJ&q=Balaghat+chinnor |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The word "Chinoor" (variations like "Chinnor", "Chinnur" or "Chinnaur") has its roots in three distinct components:<ref>{{cite web |title=Studies on sensory evaluation of Bhandara chinnor rice (Oryza sativa) Kheer |url=https://www.veterinarypaper.com/pdf/2024/vol9issue5S/PartA/S-9-4-48-148.pdf |website=International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How a GI tag could resuscitate a near-dead variety of rice in MP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-a-gi-tag-could-resuscitate-a-near-dead-variety-of-rice-in-mp-1864865-2021-10-14 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=India Today |date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

# Chi: Derived from "Chiknai Yukt," indicating the rice's high oil content.
# Nau: Originating from "Nokdaar," meaning sharp tip, referring to the rice grain's shape.
# R: Simply denoting "rice"

===Local name===
It is known as Bhandara Chinoor rice (भंडारा चिन्नोर तांदूळ) or simply only as Chinoor rice.

==Description==
Bhandara Chinoor rice is an aromatic, and endemic rice variety from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadaf |first1=Altafhusain |last2=Mathure |first2=Sarika |last3=Jawali |first3=Narendra |title=Scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars of India: A Perspective on Quality and Diversity |date=15 December 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-2665-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTc3CwAAQBAJ&dq=Bhandara+Chinnor+rice&pg=PA8 |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> High aroma arises from a mixture of compounds like alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). This rice is tender and non-sticky, remaining firm after cooking. It is fat-free and [[Gluten-free diet|gluten-free]] with a high elongation ratio. The medium-grain rice is soft to the touch, white in color, and hard in texture with a shelf life of 18 months, offering a sweet and appealing taste:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO. 158 JULY 15, 2022 |url=https://www.ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Journal_158.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=22 November 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 1 July 2023, and is valid until 30 April 2030.<ref>{{cite news |last1=वृत्तसेवा |first1=सकाळ |title=भिवापुरी मिरची, नागपूरची संत्री, आता चिन्नोर तांदूळ बनेल ब्रॅंड |url=https://www.esakal.com/vidarbha/now-chinnor-rice-will-become-brand-245432 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=Marathi News Esakal |date=20 December 2019 |language=Mr}}</ref>

Bhandara Chinoor Dhan Utpadak Sangh from Pauni, proposed the GI registration of Bhandara Chinoor rice. After filing the application in May 2020, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Bhandara Chinoor rice" exclusive to the rice grown in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=One District One Product Bhandara {{!}} District Bhandara, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://bhandara.gov.in/one-district-one-product-bhandara/ |website=District Administration © Copyright District Bhandara |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> It thus became the third rice variety from Maharashtra and the 35th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra |url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Maharashtra.htm |website=Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Mathoor Govindan Kutty

2026-01-12T04:24:18Z

TanyaBertrand6: added new info

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali dancer (1940–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mathoor Govindan Kutty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nedumudi]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|02|04|1940|10|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kottayam]], Kerala, India
| occupation = [[Kathakali]] artist
| known_for = Kathakali Stri Vesham
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2005); Kerala State Award for best Kathakali Artist (2011)
}}
'''Mathoor Govindan Kutty''' (5 October 1940{{Spaced en dash}}4 February 2021) was an Indian [[Kathakali]] artist from the state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=4 February 2021|title=Kathakali maestro Mathoor Govindan Kutty dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindan-kutty-dead/article33753605.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204183156/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindan-kutty-dead/article33753605.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In a career spanning over six decades, he specialized in ''Kathakali Stri Vesham,'' the portrayal of female characters on stage. He was the recipient of the 2011 Kerala State Award for the best Kathakali artist, 2010 [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] and the 2005 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for contributions to the Kathakali art form.

== Early life ==

Kutty was born Narayana Govinda Kunju Panicker on 5 October 1940 in the [[Nedumudi]] village in [[Alappuzha district]] to Karthyayani Kunajamma and Damodaran Namboodiri. His name was later changed to Mathoor Govindan Kutty.<ref name=":5" /> He graduated from high school in Mathoor and later moved to Kudamaloor (near [[Kottayam]]) after his wedding.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Jaikrishnan Nair|date=4 Feb 2021|title=Kerala: Kathakali maestro Mathoor Govindankutty passes away {{!}} Kochi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindankutty-passes-away/articleshow/80691041.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204214747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindankutty-passes-away/articleshow/80691041.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathakali Artists – Mathoor Govindan Kutty|url=http://www.cyberkerala.com/kathakali/artists/mathoor.htm|access-date=5 February 2021|website=www.cyberkerala.com|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630073250/http://www.cyberkerala.com/kathakali/artists/mathoor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kutty started his training in the classical South Indian dance and theater form, [[Kathakali]], with Nedumudy Kuttappa Panicker at the age of 14 and went on to train under artists including Kurissi Kunjan Panicker, Ambalappuzha Shekharan at the [[Mathoor]] [[Kalari]], a traditional Kerala arts training space.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yYqAQAAIAAJ&q=Mathoor+govindan+kutty|title=Sruti|date=2006|publisher=P.N. Sundaresan|language=en}}</ref> He later trained under [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]] at the Thekkan Chitta [[Gurukula]]m.<ref name=":0" />

Under Nair's tutelage, he specialized in ''Kathakali Stri Vesham,'' or the portrayal of female characters, and would continue to do so through his career of over six decades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He credited Nair's portrayal of [[Damayanti]] as an inspiration for his choice of female characters. Some of his lead roles included performances with other prominent artists including [[Kalamandalam Gopi]], [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]], and Mankulam Vishnu Namboothiri.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the popular characters that he portrayed included [[Damayanti]] in ''Nalacharitram'' ({{Translation|A Good Character}}), [[Kunti]] in ''Karnasapatham'' ({{Translation|[[Karna]]{{'s}} Resolve}}), and [[Panchali]] in ''Duryodhana Vadham'' ({{Translation|[[Duryodhana]]{{'s}} Execution}})''.'' As a teacher, he also trained many artists at the Kudamaloor ''Kalakendra'' (center for the arts).<ref name=":2" /> He also portrayed the role of [[Shiva]] in disguise as a hunter in Irattakkulangara Rama Varier's ''Kiratham.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nayar|first=V. R. Prabodhachandran|date=20 March 2014|title=Act of submission|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/act-of-submission/article5809753.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323151151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/act-of-submission/article5809753.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He also portrayed the role of [[Sukracharya]] in 19th century composer Thazhavana Govindan Asan's ''Devayaniswayamvaram'' ({{Translation|[[Devayani]]'s [[Swayamvara]]}}). In a review of his performance, ''[[The Hindu]]'', called out his emoting and the subtle humor that he infused into his role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nayar|first=V. r Prabodhachandran|date=14 June 2018|title=Bittersweet love|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kalamandalam-sreekumar-and-kalamandalam-vijayakumar-brilliantly-portrayed-the-tragic-romance-between-devayani-and-kacha-in-a-recital-of-devayaniswayamvaram/article24143334.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043214/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kalamandalam-sreekumar-and-kalamandalam-vijayakumar-brilliantly-portrayed-the-tragic-romance-between-devayani-and-kacha-in-a-recital-of-devayaniswayamvaram/article24143334.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The same newspaper, in a review of his portrayal of [[Kripacharya]] in ''Utharaaswayamvaram'' ({{Translation|Uthara's wedding}}) praised his delivery, and the conscious interspersing of acting with realism.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Nayar|first=V. R. Prabhodachandran|date=8 November 2012|title=Vanquishing Utharan's vanity|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/vanquishing-utharans-vanity/article4077203.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also portrayed the role of [[Narada]] in ''Balivijayam'' ({{Translation|[[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]]'s victory}}). Kutty made a switch towards portraying male characters in the latter portion of his career attributing it to advancing age.<ref name=":6" />

He led the performance of Kudamaloor Kalamandram group at the opening ceremony of the [[1982 Asian Games]] and at the 1993 Kathakali Mahotsav.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> In addition to performances in India, he had also performed internationally in England, France, and Germany.<ref name=":3" /> His last performance was two weeks before his death, where he portrayed the role of [[Kunti]] in ''Karnasapatham.''<ref name=":3" /> Speaking later on his death, his contemporary, artist [[Kalamandalam Gopi]], praised his proficiency and ease in portraying a wide range of characters in addition to calling to the role of imagination and improvisation that he brought along to his works.<ref name=":3" />

Kutty was a recipient of the 2011 Kerala State Award for best Kathakali artist, 2010 [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] and the 1993 Guru Chenganoor award.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-a-ksna/468|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He was also the recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for advancing his contributions to advancing the Kathakali art form.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Citation – Mathoor Govindan Kutty|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=721&at=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812201647/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=721&at=2|archive-date=12 August 2020|access-date=5 February 2021|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref> The citation from the Akademi called him "one of the foremost exponents" of the art form.<ref name=":2" /> Some of his other honors included the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] award, Madavoor Vasudevan Nair award, and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi award.<ref name=":3" /> He was also a member of the governing body of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], had held a central fellowship from the Union Government and was the recipient of the 2014 Kalamandalam fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Kathakali Acharyan Mathur Govindankutty dies|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=485450&u=kathakali-acharyan-mathur-govindankutty-dies|access-date=5 February 2021|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Noted Kathakali artist Mathoor Govindan Kutty passes away at 81|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/noted-kathakali-artist-mathoor-govindan-kutty-passes-away-81-142814|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205040905/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/noted-kathakali-artist-mathoor-govindan-kutty-passes-away-81-142814|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=21 October 2015|title=Kalamandalam honours announced|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamandalam-honours-announced/article7786689.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207075101/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamandalam-honours-announced/article7786689.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was nominated by the Kerala state government for the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 Nominated for Padma Awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/14/26-Nominated-for-Padma-Awards-564050.html|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207075102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/14/26-Nominated-for-Padma-Awards-564050.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kutty was married to Rajeswari, his teacher [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]]'s daughter, and had two sons.<ref name=":1" /> His wife died in 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=മാത്തൂർ ഗോവിന്ദൻകുട്ടി അരങ്ങൊഴിഞ്ഞു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/02/04/kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindan-kutty-dies.html|access-date=5 February 2021|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205105953/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/02/04/kathakali-maestro-mathoor-govindan-kutty-dies.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He died on 4 February 2021, in [[Kottayam]] after a period of brief illness from [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kathakali doyen Mathoor Govindankutty passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/05/kathakali-doyen-mathoor-govindankutty-passes-away-2259774.html|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205055330/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/05/kathakali-doyen-mathoor-govindankutty-passes-away-2259774.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was 81, and was cremated with state honors.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kutty, Mathoor Govindan}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Chiktan

2026-01-06T22:20:09Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding details

{{short description|Village in Kargil district, Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chiktan
| native_name = Cig-tan
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Ladakh, India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.4702|76.5102|format=dms |display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shakar-Chiktan]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 146.9
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1285
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 986
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-marker = village
}}
'''Chiktan''' or '''Chigtan''' ({{bo|w=cig tan|s=chik ten}}) is a village in [[Kargil district]], [[Ladakh]], India.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=123}} It is also the joint headquarters of the '''Shakar-Chiktan tehsil'''. It is situated on the right bank of the Sangeluma river (also called Kanji River), a tributary of the [[Indus River]], which it joins near Sanjak opposite the village of [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]]. Chiktan was the capital of the Cig-tan principality of Ladakh for several centuries.

The '''Chiktan Fort''', also known as '''Chiktan Khar''', is a fort above the Chiktan village.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author1=Sophie Lovell-Hoare |author2=Max Lovell-Hoare |title=Kashmir: Jammu. Kashmir Valley. Ladakh. Zanskar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mJQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-396-2 |pages=186 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{cleanup section|date=April 2019|reason=Written like an advertisement}}
[[Tibetologist]] [[A. H. Francke]], who translated the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'', states that there were only two principalities in [[Purig]] (the northern Kargil district), in historical times, based at Chiktan and Kartse ([[Sankoo]]) respectively.{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926|pp=104, 108, 114}} That would imply that Chiktan controlled the major part of the [[Wakha Rong]] valley, possibly up to [[Pashkum, Ladakh|Pashkum]].

North of the [[Srinagar-Leh Highway]] lie the ruins of Chiktan fortress, said to be taller and older than [[Leh Palace]]. Tahtah Khan, a prince of [[Baltistan]], began its construction after he fled a failed assassination attempt. He took shelter in Chiktan in the 8th century. He wanted to construct a fort there but only managed to build a small palace.

Built in the 16th century by [[Balti people|Balti]] craftsmen, the castle served as a royal residence for various kingdoms for centuries, as the region was amalgamated into successive neighboring kingdoms. Today, neglect and natural forces have reduced the fort to rubble.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ali Khan |first=Kacho Mumtaz |title=Chigtan Castle and Mosque: A Preliminary Historical and Architectural Analysis |date=2014-01-01 |work=Art and Architecture in Ladakh |pages=254–273 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004271807_012 |access-date=2025-06-19 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27178-4 |last2=Bray |first2=John |last3=Devers |first3=Quentin |last4=Vernier |first4=Martin}}</ref>

Chiktan Castle is deep in a valley near the [[Indus River]] with mountains in its background. It is composed of [[rammed earth]] and stone masonry with mud mortar. Following the designs of architect and carpenter Shinkhen Chandan, the castle used timber to support the ceilings of the structure as well as to frame the doors and windows.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

The palace was a masterpiece of Ladakhi and Tibetan architecture, famous across Lhasa. It reportedly had a room which that rotated, powered by blown air.

The Chiktan palace was inhabited by the king until [[Dogra State|Dogra]] King of [[Jammu]] annexed the area. He wanted to suppress the influence of the king and began to demolish the fort. Prepared for the attacks, Chiktan Castle was a symbol of unity, strength, brotherhood, and community for the peoples of the region. The castle was attacked several times during its history, but was not abandoned until the late 19th century.
Neglect and natural elements have left the castle in an advanced state of decay. It was primarily local people who, over the years, took building materials from the site for their own use. This ongoing removal of materials significantly contributed to the ruinous condition of the palace seen today.

Seeing this neglect, the people of the village started began to use the wood of the fort as resource also, which slowly destroyed it. Stories of ghosts were spread to stop people from exploiting the fort. As the capital of the Chiktan region, the castle was a significant political center and military fortification, and remains an important symbol of the shared history and culture of the region.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
; Sources
* {{citation |title=District Census Handbook: Kargil |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu and Kashmir |year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121205644/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2017 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926}}}}
* {{citation |last=Francke |first=Rev. A. H. |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=A History of Western Tibet |publisher=Sterling Publishers |editor1=S. S. Gergan |editor2=F. M. Hassnain |date=1977 |orig-date=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110444 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1977}}}}

[[Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kargil district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ladakh]]

Pilkha Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:20:21Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding Basic Details With Sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pilkha
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 169,604
| mla = Ramsewak Paikra
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Pilkha''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ramsewak Paikra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pilkha<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramsewak Paikra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,967 |percentage=51.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prem Sai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,466 |percentage=33.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Birbal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,872 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahendra Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=3,400 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bal Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,397 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dubraj Singh |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=2,246 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghuwar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,795 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,501 |percentage=17.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,874 |percentage=68.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,604 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

List of rivers of Kerala

2025-12-26T13:53:37Z

TanyaBertrand6: expanded content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
There are 44 major rivers in [[Kerala]], all but three originating in the [[Western Ghats]], with 41 flowing westward and three eastward. The rivers of Kerala are small, in terms of length, breadth and water [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]]. The rivers flow faster, owing to the hilly terrain and as the short distance between the Western Ghats and the sea. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed and half of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during summer but the major rivers flow perennial and plays an important role in the landscape of Kerala.

==Features==
[[File:Topography of Kerala.png|thumb|Topography of Kerala]]
Kerala is wedged between the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]]. Geographically, the state can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{cite book |author1=Srikumar Chattopadhyay |author2=Richard W. Franke |title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC&pg=PA110 |access-date=19 March 2019 |year=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-8180692949}}</ref>{{rp|110}} The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' [[rain shadow]].<ref name=ChattopadhyayFranke2006/>{{rp|110}} Forty-one of Kerala's west-flowing rivers,<ref name="Sadasivan2003">{{cite book |author=S. N. Sadasivan |title=River Disputes in India: Kerala Rivers Under Siege |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhrRboi5kOcC&pg=PA223 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-8170999133 |page=223}}</ref> and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region.<ref name="Darpan2006">{{cite book |author=Pratiyogita Darpan |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT72 |access-date=18 November 2012 |date=September 2006 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |page=72}}</ref><ref name="India2008">{{cite book |author=Motilal (UK) Books of India |title=Tourist Guide Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&pg=PA11 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2008 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-8174781642 |page=11}}</ref> The 41 west-flowing rivers, each of which having at least a length of 15 km, gradually slopes towards the [[Arabian Sea]] coast in the western region and empty either into [[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]] or [[Arabian Sea]] there.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}} The longer rivers have several tributaries and streams too.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}} The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near [[Palakkad]]; hence also known Pal''ghat'', where the [[Palakkad Gap]] breaks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandran Nair |first1=Dr.S.Sathis |title=India – Silent Valley Rainforest Under Threat Once More |url=http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/wrr2004/silentvalley.htm |website=rainforestinfo.org.au |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref> The river [[Bharathappuzha]] flows through the [[Palakkad Gap]]. The three east-flowing rivers also originate in [[Western Ghats]], but flow eastwards either into [[Karnataka]] or [[Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}}

Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] canals, lakes, [[estuaries]],<ref name="Moss2010">{{cite book |author=Danny Moss |title=Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0-CJ3djEdEC&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0415773362 |page=41}}</ref> and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]].<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book |author=Edgar Thorpe |title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=RA3-PA38 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131767344 |page=3}}</ref> [[Kuttanad]], also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]], and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> The country's longest lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]], dominates the backwaters; it lies between [[Alappuzha]] and [[Kochi]] and is about {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="Husain">{{cite book |author=Majid Husain |author-link=Majid Husain |title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA9-PT18 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0070702882 |page=9 |year=2011}}</ref> Around eight percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{Cite journal |author=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI—Ministry of Shipping) |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Inland Water Transport |journal=IWAI (Ministry of Shipping) |url=http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=19 January 2006}}</ref> Kerala's [[List of rivers in Kerala|44 rivers]] include the [[Periyar River|Periyar]]; {{convert|244|km|mi|0}}, [[Bharathapuzha]]; {{convert|209|km|mi|0}}, [[Pamba River|Pamba]]; {{convert|176|km|mi|0}}, [[Chaliyar River|Chaliyar]]; {{convert|169|km|mi|0}}, [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudypuzha]]; {{convert|145.5|km|mi|0}}, [[Kadalundipuzha River|Kadalundipuzha]]; {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}, [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]]; {{convert|129|km|mi|0}} and the [[Achankovil River]]; {{convert|128|km|mi|0}}. The average length of the rivers is {{convert|64|km|mi|0}}. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain.<ref name=riverreport>{{cite book |last=India. |first=Planning Commission |title=Kerala Development Report |year=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-8171885947 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8171885942}}</ref> As Kerala's rivers are small and lacking in [[river delta|delta]], they are more prone to environmental effects. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.<ref name="Padmalal">Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, (2007), "Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of [[Vembanad lake]], Southwest coast of India", ''Environmental Geology'' 54(4), 879–89. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0870-z springerlink.com]. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</ref>

[[File:Athirappilly Waterfalls after the Monsoons.jpg|thumb|center|The famous [[Athirapally Falls]] which sits on the [[Chalakudy River]] is an example for a river that transitions from the Mountainous Highlands to the Plainer Midlands via rapids and waterfalls ]]

==West flowing rivers==
This is a list of the westward-flowing rivers of [[Kerala]] state in southern India, in order of length, and their tributaries. These rivers all originate in the [[Western Ghats]] range and flow westward into the [[Kerala Backwaters]] or into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Length in kilometers is in parentheses. [[Kasaragod district]] have the maximum number of west-flowing rivers in Kerala - 12.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=448}}
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| header_align = left/right/center

| image1 = Fish net over Periyar River 0.jpg
| caption1 = The 244 km long [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], known as ''Choorni'' in ancient period, is the longest river in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}}

| image2 = View from Chamravattam Bridge - panoramio.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bharathappuzha]], the second-longest river of Kerala of which 209 km flows through Kerala, has played a major role in shaping the [[Culture of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The river sutra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/rivers-have-nurtured-malayalam-literature-and-poetry-since-time-immemorial/article25058214.ece|last=Binoy|first=Rasmi|date=27 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref>

| image3 = Kuttanad beauty.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kuttanad]], the region having least altitude in India, is located on the bank of river [[Pamba River|Pamba]], which is the third-longest river of Kerala with a length of 176 km.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}}

| image4 = Chaliyar River at Feroke.jpg
| caption4 = The oldest [[Teak]] plantation of the world at [[Nilambur]] is situated on the bank of [[Chaliyar]], the fourth-longest river of Kerala (169 km).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, to reopen after maintenance|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105|date=2017-05-16|access-date=2020-10-12|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

| image5 = Chalakudy River bank on a summer sunrise.jpg
| caption5 = The famous [[Athirappilly Falls]] is situated on the 145.5 km long [[Chalakudy River]].

| image6 = Kadalundi Bridge - A border of Malappuram and Kozhikode.jpg
| caption6 = The 130 km long [[Kadalundi River]], which empties into the sea near [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]], is the sixth-longest river in Kerala.
}}
#[[Periyar River]] (244)
## [[Edamala River]]
## [[Cheruthoni River]]
## [[Mullayar River]]
## [[Muthirapuzha River]]
## [[Perinjankutti River]]
## Ambazhachal River
## Kaniyampuzha River
## [[Muttar River]]
## [[Panniyar River|Panniyar]]
#[[Bharatapuzha River]] (209)
## [[Thuthapuzha|Thuthapuzha River]]
## [[Kanjirappuzha (Mannarkkad)|Kanjirappuzha]]
## [[Gayathripuzha|Gayathripuzha River]]
## [[Kalpathipuzha|Kalpathipuzha River]]
## [[Kannadipuzha|Kannadipuzha River]]
#[[Pamba River]] (176)
## [[Azhuthayar]]
## [[Kakkiyar]]
## [[Kakkattar]]
## [[Kallar River (Pamba)|Kallar]]
## [[Perunthenaruvi]]
## [[Madatharuvi]]
## [[Thanungattilthodu]]
## [[Kozhithodu]]
## [[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]]
## [[Utharappalli River]]
## [[Kuttemperoor]]
#[[Chaliyar River]] (169)
## [[Cherupuzha (Mavoor)]]
## [[Iruvanjippuzha]]
## [[Cherupuzha (Areekode)|Thottumukkam River]]
## [[Kuthirappuzha]]
## [[Kuruvanpuzha]]
## [[Karimpuzha (Malappuram)|Karimpuzha]]
## [[Pandippuzha]]
## [[Neerppuzha]]
#[[Chalakudy River]] (145)
##[[Parambikulam River]]
#[[Kadalundy River]] (130)
#[[Achankoil River]] (128)
## [[Utharappalli River]]
# [[Kallada River]] (121)
#[[Muvattupuzha River]] (121)
## [[Thodupuzha River]]
## [[Kothamangalam|Kothayar River]]
## [[Kaliyar|Kaliyar River]]
## Kariyar River
## Thevalakkadu River
## Uzhavoor River
#[[Valapattanam river|Valapattanam River]] (110)
## [[Bavali river|Bavali River]]
## Pulloopi River
## Payyavoor River
## Mundayapuzha River
## Veni River
## Aralam River
#[[Chandragiri River]] (105)
## [[Kudumbur River]]
#[[Manimala River]] (90)
#[[Vamanapuram River]] (88)
#[[Kuppam River]] (88)
## Kuttikol River
#[[Meenachil River]] (78)
## Meenachal River
## Kodoor River
## Karapuzha River
## Pulinackal River
## Moorkankavu River
#[[Kuttiyadi River]] (74)
#[[Karamana River]] (68)
#[[Shiriya River]] (68)
#[[Kariangode River]] (64)
## Chaithravahini River
#[[Ithikkara River]] (56)
#[[Neyyar River]] (56)
#[[Mahé River|Mahe River]] (54)
## Mundathode River
#[[Keecheri River]] (51)
#[[Perumba River]] (51)
## Vayalapra River
#[[Uppala River]] (50)
#[[Karuvannur River]] (48)
##[[Kurumali River]]
##[[Manali River]]
#[[Anjarakkandy|Anjarakandy River]] (48)
#[[Tirur River]] (48)
#[[Neeleshwaram River]] (46)
#[[Pallikkal River]] (42)
#[[Kallayi River]] (40)
#[[Korapuzha|Korapuzha River]] (40)
#[[Mogral River]] (34)
#[[Kavvai puzha River|Kavvayi River]] (31)
##[[Kankole|Kankol]]
##Vannathichal
##Kuppithodu
##[[Kuniyan River|Kuniyan]]
#[[Thanikkudam River]] (29)
#Thalassery River (28)
## Ummanchira River
#[[Mamam River|Mamam river]] (27)
#Chithari River (25)
#Ramapuram River (19)
#Ayiroor River (17)
#Manjeswaram River (16)

==East flowing rivers==
[[File:Westernghats river gobi.jpg|thumbnail|The east-flowing [[Bhavani River]] flows near [[Silent Valley National Park]].]]
There are three rivers that rise in Kerala and flow eastwards, Kabani into [[Karnataka]] and the other two into [[Tamil Nadu]]. All the three rivers ultimately join the [[Kaveri river]].
#[[Kabani River|Kabani]] (57)
#[[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] (38)
#[[Pambar River (Kerala)|Pambar]] (25)

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala]]
* [[List of mountains in Kerala]]
* [[Kerala backwaters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP |edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Kerala geography-related lists|Rivers, List of, Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of rivers of India|Kerala, List of rivers]]

Eripatha Nayanar

2025-12-26T11:26:50Z

TanyaBertrand6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Eripatha Nayanar
|image= Eripatha.jpg
|caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_place= [[Karur]]
|birth_name=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|philosophy= [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
|honors= [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint,
|footnotes=
}}

'''Eripatha Nayanar''', also known as '''Eripathar''', '''Eripatar''', '''Eribattar''', '''Eripattan'''', '''Eripaththa Nayanar''' and '''Eripattha Nayanar''', is [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint, venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. He is generally counted as the eighth in the list of 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=281}}</ref>

==Life==
The life of Eripatha Nayanar is described in the ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]] (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.shaivam.org/english/sen_th12_eripatthar.htm| title=The Puranam of Eri-Pattha Nayanar | publisher=T N Ramachandran | access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> Eripatha Nayanar belonged to Karuvur, generally identified as the Indian city of [[Karur]], which is famous for its [[Pasupateeswarar temple, Karur|Pasupateeswarar temple]] dedicated to the patron god of Shaivism, [[Shiva]]. Karuvur was then one of the chief centres of the [[Chola]] kingdom. [[Pugal Chola]], who is also venerated as Nayanar, ruled over the land. According to Vidya Dehejia, his historicity is "probable". He is one of the few Nayanars, whose [[caste]] is not mentioned in the ''Periya Puranam''. The Nayanar worked in the Shiva temple of Karuvur.<ref name="Dehejia1988">{{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints|year=1988|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0044-9|pages=161}}</ref>

Eripatha is said to be a devotee of Shiva and worshipped him daily at the shrine of Pasupateeswarar. He spent his time serving Shiva and his devotees. He always carried an axe with him for protection of the devotees of Shiva. He would punish any one who harmed the devotees by his axe. A devotee named Sivakami Andar had the habit of collecting fresh flowers in the morning for making garlands for Shiva's worship. Once on the day of [[Navratri|Maha Navami]], the royal elephant of the Chola was being paraded through the town. The elephant saw Sivakami Andar and seized the basket of flowers from his hands and crushed the flowers. The devotee pursued the elephant, but failed to keep pace due to his ripe age. While passing by, Eripatha saw the wailing devotee and chased the elephant to punish it. He caught up with the elephant and not only slew the beast, but also its [[mahout]] and accompanying guards who failed in their duty to control the elephant.<ref name="Dehejia1988"/><ref name="swami"/>

[[File:எரிபக்தர் மற்றும் புகழ் சோழர்.jpg|thumb|Eripatha trying to commit suicide and Pugal Chola protecting him.]]

The news of murder of the royal elephant reached Pugal Chola. The enraged king reached the spot of the massacre. While the king expected an army who challenged his authority, he saw a lone crusader standing over the elephant. Upon enquiry, the guards pointed to and introduced Eripatha as the slayer of the elephant. Pugal Chola alighted from his horse and bowed to the angry Eripatha in reverence and asked about the crime of his elephant and men. Eripatha informed him of the events leading to the killing and said that he had punished them for a sin against Shiva. The Chola felt it was his moral responsibility. He bent before the Nayanar and presenting his sword asked the Nayanar to kill him too, as the king is ultimately culpable for the actions of his elephant and army. Eripatha was taken aback by the king's devotion and actions and felt remorseful. He thought it would be best to commit suicide by the sword as penance for the murders. As Eripatha raised the sword to cut his head, the horrified king held his hands to stop him. As they struggled with the sword to sacrifice their lives, Shiva appeared pleased with their devotion and blessed them. He also resurrected the elephant and the king's men. [[Sivakami Andar]]'s basket was also restored with flowers. Eripatha was given the honour of seating on the royal elephant, while the king held the royal umbrella over his head, like a slave. Both of them went to the Pasupateeswarar temple and worshipped Shiva. After death, Eripatha is said to have attained [[Kailash]], Shiva's abode and became the leader of his [[gana]]s (attendants).<ref name="Dehejia1988"/><ref name="swami">{{cite book | author = Swami Sivananda | author-link = Swami Sivananda | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | edition = 4 | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar }}</ref>

==Remembrance==
[[File:Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam.JPG|thumb|The images of the Nayanars are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.]]

Eripatha Nayanar is depicted with a shaven head, with folded hands (see [[Anjali mudra]]) and with an axe ([[parashu]]) in crook of his hand. A holy day in his honour is observed on the fifteenth day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Magha (month)|Masi]], generally coincides with 27 February.<ref name="Dehejia1988"/> He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

One of the most prominent Nayanars, [[Sundarar]] (8th century) mentions Eripatha Nayanar (called Prince Eripattan here and is described to have bear a spear) in hymn to various Nayanar saints.<ref name="Peterson2014">{{cite book|author=Indira Viswanathan Peterson|title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7|page=376}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:Chola poets]]

Chandi Dan Detha

2025-12-23T03:03:38Z

TanyaBertrand6: updated details

{{Short description|Indian agriculturalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandi Dan Detha
| image = File:Chandi dan detha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Borunda]]
| death_date =28 July 2024
| constituency =
| office = [[Sarpanch]] of [[Borunda|Borunda Gram Panchayat]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| residence = [[Borunda]], [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| otherparty =
| country = India
| parents =
| children =
| relations = [[Vijaydan Detha]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Agriculturist|Politician}}
| office1 =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1967)
| term = 1955–1975
| honorific_prefix = Padma Shri
}}
'''Chandi Dan Detha''' (died 28 July 2024) was an Indian [[Agriculturist|agriculturalist]] and [[Padma Shri]] recipient who is known for pioneering work in the field of agriculture and transforming the desert village of [[Borunda]]. Chandi Dan was elected the first [[Sarpanch]] of the village panchayat in 1955 and served four terms till he retired.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017 |title=जनसंपर्क कर भाजयुमो ने वटवृक्ष सम्मान समारोह का दिया न्यौता |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-044507-1852749-NOR.html/}}</ref> He is also known for founding the premier [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] [[folklore]] institute, Rupayan Sansthan. He was also a member of the Research Advisory Committee (GOI).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH MEETING OF RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE (RAC) AND THIRD MEETING OF RECONSTITUTED RAC UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF DR E A SIDDIQ AT NBPGR, NEW DELHI ON 14–15 MAY |url=http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/old/pdf/6thRAC.pdf |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Nmp2U5Jn8C |title=Rajasthan Gazette |date=1965 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Agricultural revolution in Borunda ==
Chandidan had heard many traditional proverbs indicating that the well whose water is free from [[algae]] and smell or stink is supposed to be an artesian well (''patalphod kua''), with unlimited store of water.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=1967 |title=Rural Resurgence – Borunda's Bold Bid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df4nAAAAMAAJ |journal=Enlite |publisher=Light Publications |volume=2 |pages=17 |quote=Borunda might have been still groping in the dark, had not a son of the soil, now a household name, Chandi Dan, turned a new leaf. Chandi Dan was dunce at school in his boyhood but he was steeped in his mind with village-lore. Rajasthani couplets and sayings on the weather and the crops were his hobby-horse. The never-to-do-well young man was back home without much formal education but dreamt of trying a hand at agriculture. He drew up a plan only to be scoffed by people groaning under the dead weight of feudal traditions.}}</ref> Later on, he was inspired by news of a group of scientists discovering water 100 ft. below the sandy level, which gave him an idea to explore old wells in his village in search of such artesian well with an unlimited store of water.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym7pAAAAMAAJ |title=Panchayati Raj Volume 8 |date=1967 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |language=en}}</ref>

=== Reaching the water (1948–50) ===
Chandidan tested the water of his inherited well and found it suitable, so he decided to install a diesel pump set at a depth of 110 ft.<ref name=":4" /> These attempts of Chandidan and his seven brothers were met with disbelief and criticism when they began to dig a well in the [[basalt]]-filled land, with religious men warning them that it would bring the wrath of God upon their heads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Keshokov |first=Alim |date=1972 |title=As Vital as Water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZspfAAAAMAAJ |journal=Soviet Literature |publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House |issue=1–6 |pages=100–106}}</ref>

Chandidan had an idea to install a diesel engine in a [[Room|chamber]] constructed at the depth of 100 feet in the wall of the well.<ref name=":4" /> But, the [[Detha]] brothers quickly realized that they lacked the knowledge and tools necessary to achieve success. So, Chandidan hired an engineer from [[Jodhpur]], using the last of his funds. The brothers worked day and night under the engineer's direction, and on a good day they could dig through 50 or 60 centimetres. However, the advance began to slow down even more after the first few metres. They then had to hire some workers. A man who was lowered 100 metres into the depths of the well would demand to be brought up almost immediately due to lack of air and fear of the pitch darkness. The engineer left, for there was no more money to pay him, and one of the rocks they had to penetrate to get to water was impregnated with [[sulfur]]. The temperature was just as high as on the surface. Nevertheless, the brothers succeeded in reaching the water – pure and surprisingly delicious.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=1958 |title=Triumph of Co-operative Endeavour – How Water Came to an Arid Thirsty Village |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFdyexLXF8C |journal=The Bombay Civic Journal |volume=5 |quote=Acting on his own inspiration and taking the risk involved in working the engine at such depth he was successful with the help of his zealous co – workers in constructing an underground chamber, 18x20 feet, five feet above the water level in the well and installing and starting the engine with a capacity of 75,000 gallons per hour. The total capacity of all the three sets combined now is 1 lakh gallons per hour through four pipes ranging from 2(1/2)” to 6" diameter. This single well has now converted Borunda into one of the greenest spots in all Marwar and no less than 1,500 bighas around are at present covered with wheat, gram, cotton, sarson and rai on holdings which have almost been consolidated by the villagers themselves during recent settlement operations.}}</ref>

Priests warned against drinking the water from the well, but Chandidan was able to pump it out and irrigate the land, proving the sceptics wrong as the barren desert became incredibly fertile with luxuriant vegetation.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>When the water started rushing out, this sight filled me with a unique sense of pride and joy. The village folk who till the other day used to discourage me, were taken aback and were inspired to follow suit.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

=== Elected as Sarpanch (1955) ===
New enthusiasts joined Chandidan and began to settle on any plot of land they found. The Detha brothers started working on more wells. Across the fields, water mains and irrigation channels were built. In no time, 400 families had settled in the village, and Chandidan was elected chairman of their Panchayat in 1955 and later awarded Padma Shri in 1967 for his services.<ref name=":0" /> Chandidan had initially started his experiment in 1950 by installing a 29 H.P. diesel pump to lift underground water and eventually more than a dozen pump sets were installed in the village. This assured the village of water supply throughout the year and the irrigated area in Borunda, in time, was raised from 4,000 bighas to 23,000 bighas.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jagannathan |first=R. |date=1956 |title=The Story of Borunda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFcWrqkq0mMC |journal=Kurukshetra |publisher=Ministry of Community Development, India. Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development, and Cooperation, India. Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment |volume=5–6 |pages=19–20}}</ref>

In carrying water from the well to distant fields, Chandidan showed great enterprise through the construction of a 3000 feet long 6" pipe line and various channels, as well as reclaiming a low lying area known as 'Sar' by digging out an existing [[canal]], which has released a vast area for dry cultivation of wheat and gram. Soon afterwards, a 6,000 foot long pipeline was laid and taps were installed in the streets and houses in order to solve their drinking water problem.<ref name=":5" />

Agriculture in Borunda included production of various crops including [[Paddy field|paddy]], grapes, wheat, [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]], and other cereals. Almost all of the land holdings were consolidated and 7,000 bighas of land was irrigated through pucca and kutcha channels, 3 miles and 25 miles away respectively.<ref name=":4" />

To promote irrigation work, Chandidan organized a [[Cooperative|cooperative society]] and sought assistance from the state government. The youths provided voluntary labor to construct irrigation channels, and new varieties of seeds and fertilizers were purchased collectively.<ref name=":4" />

He also introduced [[High-yielding variety|high-yielding varieties]], fertilisers and modern implements to the farmers, transforming the [[Barren vegetation|barren]] land into a green verdour.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Kalyan Singh |date=1968 |title=A Desert Village Blooms – Borunda Works "Wonder Wells" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H31CAAAAYAAJ |journal=Yojana |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. |volume=11 |issue=26 |quote=On the eastern fringe of Marwar, in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, is situated a village named Borunda with a population of 4,000. The names Borunda and Chandi Dan Charan, a young farmer of the village, cannot be viewed separately, since Mr Chandi Dan Charan has transformed this desert village into a smiling garden.}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== As Sarpanch of Borunda ==
Chandidan won the first [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] elections of Borunda held after the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]]. After two years of planning and effort as the first Sarpanch of Borunda, Detha constructed an elaborate [[Water supply|water-supply]] system in Borunda, consisting of three power-fitted wells, a huge reservoir, and a wide network of [[Transport in India|pipelines]] with taps fitted in every street and house. By 1957 Chandidan was described as a youthful Sarpanch of Borunda, highly efficient and a [[Progressivism|progressive]] leader, who had transformed the village into one of the most prosperous and progressive of the two hundred and odd villages in the [[Bilara Tehsil|Bilara Block]]. Encouraged by its success, authorities in Bilara block also tried replicating successful Borunda programme in other villages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1957 |title=Community Development Programme – Bilara Community Project (Rajasthan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v_RAAAAMAAJ |journal=The Modern Review |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |volume=102}}</ref>

Earlier the village of Borunda was very poor and had a lot of problems. Every year, famine would come and the farmers and cattle moved from [[Malwa]] to [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and even upto Delhi in search of food and [[fodder]]. People also got sick with [[smallpox]] and other diseases, and those who could afford it would go to [[Jodhpur]], which was sixty miles away, for medical treatment. Only one crop was grown each year, making the situation even worse.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

Early in his administration of the Borunda panchayat, in 1957, responding to the question of progress of Community Development programmes running block-wide, despite difficulties and failures, expressed optimism and Chandidan said,<ref name=":1" /> <blockquote>"We have given the people wells and [[seed]]s and new implements. It is alright. We should now give them new ideas and values. We are bound to run up against prejudices....Look at the number of young village leaders that are coming up, look at the increasing power and prestige of our [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]], look at the decrease in the fear of [[authority]] among ordinary people, and the new spirit of self-reliance that is coming up; and above all, how could we have so many new buildings for schools and Panchayats and so many new roads without the willing participation of the people. Come again after a few years and you will see for yourself what I mean."</blockquote>

=== Administrative and Infrastructural advances ===
Chandidan recounted the remarkable transformation of his village between 1950 and 1967. This period was a time of tremendous progress, with many [[Tube well|tube-wells]] being fitted with [[diesel engine]]s, the village being electrified, an area of 7,000 bighas of land coming under irrigation, and the annual income of the village jumping from Rs. 50,000 in 1950 to a staggering Rs. 2.5 million in 1967. In 1962, the village was electrified and out of 17 wells 11 were installed with electric pump. It was a period of unprecedented growth and development in the village, which resulted in a substantial rise in the quality of life of the villagers.<ref name=":4" />

By 1972, Borunda had around 200–250 wells, with 30–35 of them using two or three motors to draw water from a 170-foot deep pipe of 8 inches [CONVERT].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=1972 |title=Mera Gaon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN1NAAAAYAAJ |journal=Dinaman |language=Hindi |volume=8 |issue=3 |quote=इन सभी विकासशील योजनाओं को कार्यान्वित करने का श्रेय चंडीदान देथा को है . वह ही पंचायत के प्रथम चुनावों से अब तक सरपंच का कार्य कर रहे हैं . उन्हें ग्राम के इस विकास के लिए व कृषिकार्य के लिए भारत सरकार ने ' पद्मश्री ' से विभूषित किया है .}}</ref> It provided unrestricted access to water, and in the span of 20 years, the villagers' incomes had grown from 50,000 rupees to 11 million rupees.<ref name=":1" /> The village paid 6–700,000 rupees per year to the [[Public electricity supplier|Electricity Board]] for the electricity used to power the wells, which ran for 24 hours a day, and the Electricity Board had laid a separate 33 thousand kilowatt line to meet the village's needs.<ref name=":2" />

A market was developed including 10–15 shops selling essential items, tea, bidi, cigarettes, and liquor, with a total monthly income of 6–15 thousand rupees.<ref name=":2" /> Due to the rising economy of Borunda, some 2,000 people from nearby villages had temporarily settled in Borunda for employment.<ref name=":2" />

To facilitate the advanced resources of agriculture, the [[Central Bank of India]] opened a branch here in 1969. This branch further helped in improving the economic condition of the farmers here with its loan facility. In the short period of two years, the branch had provided a loan facility of 1.3 million rupees in the form of crop loans. With the help of the bank, the farmers also constructed 25 modern granaries.<ref name=":2" />

The Panchayat under Chandidan took a proactive role in the village administration. Despite the economic progress, people had rarely stepped out of the village. No one had seen a court yet, there was no police station either: the panchayat took care of all the issues. The panchayat also took steps to root out the superstitions, ignorance and other social evils. Necessary services such as mail were made available to all.<ref name=":2" />

A government dispensary with a doctor and nurses was established in 1960 with usage rates that were three times those in comparable rural dispensaries in Jodhpur district.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Timberg |first=Thomas A. |date=1981 |title=Berunda: A Case of Exhausted Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369557 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=265 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4369557}}</ref> Chandidan had also planned and built a bus station, a hotel, a shopping centre, and a hospital in the further expansion of Borunda.<ref name=":0" />

The material prosperity and the change in the outlook of the people was reflected in the neat and clean houses lining the streets, with soak-pits provided in front of every portal. Even the [[Rabari|Raikas]], a poor and backward people, raised many pucca houses and compounds for their sheep, which increased to more than 15,000 due to increased [[grazing]] facilities.<ref name=":6" />

== Accolades ==

=== ''Mati Ban Gai Sona'' ===
The Films Division of the Information and Broadcasting Ministry featured a film ''Mati Ban Gai Sona'' (soil became gold) in 1959 depicting the struggle and transformation of the village.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Padma Shri ===
In 1967, Chandidan Detha was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in Science and Engineering by President of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Radhakrishnan]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />

== Educational Institutes ==
Apart from giving a lead in the field of agricultural production, Chandidan stepped into the field of education as well. The erstwhile jagirdar and tahsildar were initially scared of the idea of establishing a primary school in the village ten years ago, but the village now boasts a higher secondary school with 600 students and a girl school, thanks to the efforts of Chandidan in agricultural production and education.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />

== Folklore Institute: Rupayan Sansthan ==
Around 1960, under the leadership of Chandidan, Rupayan Sansthan, a literary institution for the Rajasthani [[folklore]] was established along with a [[printing press]], through which collections of Rajasthani [[Folklore|folk tales]] were published in a monthly magazine named 'Vani'.<ref name=":7" /> He also served as the institute's first [[Chairperson|Chairman]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLEWAAAAIAAJ |title=Report of the national commission Volume 1 |date=1976 |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|Chandi Dan, a 38-year-old who was elected Sarpanch for the fourth time, has invested a lakh of rupees from his farm earnings to found a Folk Art Centre in Borunda.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |date=1967 |title=Rural Resurgence – Borunda's Bold Bid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df4nAAAAMAAJ |journal=Enlite |publisher=Light Publications |volume=2 |pages=17|quote=Elected Sarpanch for the fourth time, 38-year-old Chandi Dan has founded a Folk Art Centre in Borunda investing a lakh of rupees in the campaign from his farm earnings.}}</ref>|name=first|group=note}} The institute has been working for the preservation of Rajasthani language, culture, art, music and literature.<ref name=":2" />
The centre became a bustling hub of literary endeavours focused on folk culture. The centre has since published multiple massive volumes of Rajasthani folktales, as part of a larger project. This series included tales from the more than 12,000 collected by the centre under the direction of two renowned authors, [[Vijaydan Detha]] and [[Komal Kothari]].<ref name=":3" />

Borunda was seen as revolutionizing the countryside as well as contributing to cultural change. Thus, the state wide Rajasthani writers conference in 1972 was held in Borunda instead of the capital.<ref name=":0" />

=== ''Bataan ri Phulwari'' ===
The institution collected and recorded a large number of folk tales, folk songs, puzzles, and sayings, etc. These were collected and written down by Vijaydan Detha. Of these, many of the Rajasthani folk tales have been published in several volumes under the title "''Bataan ri Phulwari''". Additionally, these tales were translated into Hindi and published in the monthly magazine "Lok Sanskruti".<ref name=":2" /> Some of these stories and novels have been adapted in films such as [[Mani Kaul]]'s ''[[Duvidha]]'' (1973),<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2011 |title=Film flashback, The ghost in the tree, from 1973 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/14/mani-kaul-obituary |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> [[Habib Tanvir]] and [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' (1975), etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moviebuff |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/charandas-chor}}</ref>

== Quote ==
At being asked for his secret behind his success in Borunda, Chandidan replied,<ref name=":4" /> <blockquote>It is nothing but the cooperation of our youth and a strong will power. More often than not, the old generation with its superstitious ideas discouraged me and ridiculed my efforts. I don't blame these poor old heads – it was the outcome of the age-old ignorance. But I am glad that I have been able to convince them that the present generation is capable of making up all the lapses of the past generation. We are going to leave a far better country than that we had obtained from our forefathers.</blockquote>

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />

== Bibliography ==

* Timberg, Thomas A. (1981). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369557 Berunda: A Case of Exhausted Development]". ''Economic and Political Weekly''. '''16''' (8): 265–265. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0012-9976.
* Keshokov, Alim (1972). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZspfAAAAMAAJ As Vital as Water]". ''Soviet Literature''. Foreign Languages Publishing House (1–6): 100–106.
* Kothari, Kalyan Singh (1968). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=H31CAAAAYAAJ A Desert Village Blooms – Borunda Works "Wonder Wells"]". ''Yojana''. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. '''11''' (26).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* [https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:/21198/z1tn04dx A lecture presentation by Chandidan Detha on the local vocabulary and knowledge systems about agriculture of Bajra (pearl millet), the problems associated with modern agriculture and shortage of water in Rajasthan.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Detha, Chandi Dan}}
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Social workers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Moosa, Mansa district

2025-11-28T01:40:21Z

TanyaBertrand6: added place...

{{Short description|Village in Punjab India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Moosa
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (India)]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Moosa Panchayat
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| settlement_type = Village
| population_density_km2 =
| population_total = 3742<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mansa Population (2021/2022), Tehsil Village List in Mansa, Punjab |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Punjab/Mansa/Mansa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330205432/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Punjab/Mansa/Mansa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>
| population_est =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 696
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Charan Kaur Sidhu
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_code_type = [[STD code]]
| area_code = 01652
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151505
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|PB]]-31
| website =
| footnotes =<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Moosa, Mansa Village information {{!}} Soki.In |url=https://soki.in/moosa-mansa-mansa |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=soki.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Moosa''' is a village in the [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] of the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==Notable people==
* [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], a Punjabi singer and rapper whose stage name references the village of Moosa where he was born.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mansa district, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Narayan Virkar

2025-11-22T16:30:45Z

TanyaBertrand6: added new pg...

'''Narayan Vinayak Virkar''' (1890–1968) was an Indian photographer for the National Congress Party, known for his images of Indian leaders and the pictures he took of the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] aftermath.<ref name=Willcock>{{cite journal |last1=Willcock |first1=Sean |title=Guilt in the Archive: Photography and the Amritsar Massacre of 1919 |journal=History of Photography |date=2 January 2019 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=47–59 |doi=10.1080/03087298.2019.1613791 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03087298.2019.1613791 |issn=0308-7298|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Joppan2024>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Joppan |title=Gujranwala, 14 April 1919: Terror from air and airmindedness in late colonial India |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=1 December 2024 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=445–467 |doi=10.1177/00225266241262473 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00225266241262473 |language=EN |issn=0022-5266|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lab |first1=The Heritage |title=Three photos from India that showcase the power of photography |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/powerful-photography-india/ |website=The Heritage Lab |access-date=20 September 2025 |language=en |date=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=Monbiot2022>{{cite news |last1=Monbiot |first1=George |title=‘It felt like history itself’ – 48 protest photographs that changed the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/02/it-felt-like-history-itself-48-protest-photographs-that-changed-the-world |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=2 July 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]

{{India-photographer-stub}}

Apati, Ladakh

2025-11-18T02:52:49Z

TanyaBertrand6: Added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Apati
| official_name = Apatee
| native_name = Apathithung
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.5688|76.2122 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kargil]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 110.9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1245
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = {{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=115}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Purgi language|Purgi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 967
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Apati'''{{efn|Alternative spelling: '''Apatee'''. The original name appears to be '''Apathithung'''.}} is a village in [[Kargil district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Ladakh]]. It is in the [[Sod Valley]] close to the [[Line of Control|India–Pakistan border (LOC)]]. The village is located 19 kilometres east of [[Kargil]], on "Kargil-[[Batalik]] Road" on the bank of the Tumel Lungpa stream. Near the village is '''Apati Chamba''', an ancient [[Maitreya Buddha]] statue from 7th–11th centuries carved on a mountain cliff.<ref>
[https://kargil.nic.in/gallery/district-kargil/2018091011-2/ Rock carved status of Maitriya Buddha at Apati], Kargil district administration, 10 September 2018.
</ref><ref>
[https://asianartnewspaper.com/travel-ladakh-and-three-maitreyas/ Ladakh and the three Maitreyas], Asian Art, 30 July 2021.
</ref>{{sfn|Linrothe|2015|p=185}}

==Demographics==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Apati has a population of 1245 people living in 142 households.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=115}}

==Transport==
Apati served by the [[Kargalik–Batalik–Khaltse Road]], which passes by the north of the village. Kargil is 19 km away from Apati and [[Batalik]] is 41 km away.

The nearest major railway stations to Hardas is the [[Srinagar railway station]] located at a distance of 223 kilometres.

The nearest airport is at [[Kargil Airport|Kargil]] located at a distance of 18 kilometres but it is currently not operational. The next nearest major airports are [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] and [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh Airport]] located at a distance of 219 kilometres and 225 kilometres.

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-52-b-ladakh-1916.jpg|[[Survey of India|SoI]], 1916 showing "Apathithang"
File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-52-b-kargil-1946.jpg|[[Survey of India|SoI]] map, 1946, showing the 1948 LoC. (Majit and Bert are neighbours)
File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 43-7 Kargil.jpg|Map showing Majit and Bert ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955)
</gallery>

==Apati Chamba: Rock-cut cliff-face statue of Buddha ==
{{anchor | Statue | Chamba Statue }}
[[File:Bamiyan era budhist rock carving at Apati Village Kargil, Ladakh.jpg |thumb|left|275px|Maitreya Buddha statue near Apati.]]

Apati Chamba or Apati Buddha statue, is [[Tourism in Ladakh#Bamiyan|one of the three]] tallest [[Rock relief|rock cut relief]] statue of Buddha in Ladakh, which are collectively also known as the "[[Buddhas of Bamyan|Bamyan Buddhas]] of Ladakh". It is a [[Maitreya Buddha]] (the Buddha who will be incarnated in the future, also called the "[[sculpture|chamba]]" in local language) statue dating to 1 century BCE to 6th century CE, predating [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and 6th century Buddhas of Bamiyan of Afghanistan. It is most eroded and smallest of the three tallest rock statues of Ladakh.<ref name=sh1>
[https://asianartnewspaper.com/travel-ladakh-and-three-maitreyas/ Ladakh and the three maitriyas], asianartnewspaper, 30 July 2021.</ref><ref name=statn3>[https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/bamiyan-like-buddhas-found-in-ladakh-64773-2010-01-11#:~:text=The%20Taliban%20destroyed%20the%20Bamiyan,rock%2Dcut%20sculptures%20in%20Ladakh.&text=The%20archaeology%20department%20of%20Jammu,40%20km%20from%20Kargil%20headquarters. Bamiyan-like Buddhas found in Ladakh], India Today, 11 January 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hunderman]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256 |via=archive.org |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |title=District Census Handbook: Kargil |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu and Kashmir |year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121205644/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2017 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Rob |last=Linrothe |chapter=Origins of the Kashmiri Style in the Western Himalayas: Sculpture of the 7th—11th Centuries |editor=Carmen Mainert |date=2015 |title=Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries) |publisher=BRILL |pages=147–190 |isbn=978-90-04-30743-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6-8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Kargil district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kargil tehsil]]

Jharda

2025-11-15T23:40:20Z

TanyaBertrand6: Made A Article

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jharda
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.60|N|75.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ujjain District]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 13]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 456441
}}

'''Jharda''' is a town and a Tehsil Headquarter in [[Ujjain District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ujjain.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/|title=तहसील (12) | जिला उज्जैन, मध्य प्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref> Jharda's [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] is 456441.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/jharda|title=Jharda Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Jharda, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India|first=India TV|last=News|website=India TV News}}</ref>

Jharda is located on {{Coord|23.60|N|75.72|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Jharda.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jharda, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|490|m}}. It is 65 km away from the district headquarters.{{Cn|date=November 2025}}

As per [[Census of India 2011]], Jharda village has a population of 6,777 of which 3,415 are males and 3,362 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/471347-jharda-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Jharda Village Population - Mahidpur - Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Jharda is well connected with roads. It is 65 km away from [[Ujjain]], 115 km away from [[Indore]] and 55 km away from [[Nagda]]. Daily bus service connected it to nearby major cities.

==See also==
* [[Mahidpur]]
* [[Ujjain District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ujjain Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ujjain district]]

Kargil War Memorial

2025-11-08T13:07:41Z

TanyaBertrand6: slightly refine lead and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian memorial in Ladakh}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

[[File:Kargilwarmemorialdarss3.jpg|thumb|Kargil War Memorial. On the background is the name of soldiers who died during the battle, and a memorial for them in the front.]]The '''Kargil War Memorial''', also known as '''Dras War Memorial''', is a war memorial built by the [[Indian Army]] in the town of [[Dras]], near [[Kargil|Kargil city]] in [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]], commemorating the 1999 [[Kargil War]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-drass-memorial-invoking-memories-of-kargil-war/20110727.htm#2|title=Drass memorial: Invoking memories of Kargil war|date=27 July 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref> The memorial is located on the [[Srinagar]]-[[Leh]] [[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://jktourism.org/index.php/dras-war-memorial-vijaypath|title=Dras War Memorial - Vijaypath|work=jktourism.org}}</ref> about 5 km from the city centre across the [[Tiger Hill, Kargil]].

==History==
In the winter of 1998–99, the Pakistani Army crossed the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and occupied numerous heights in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani forces were dominating the National Highway and roads connecting Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil to Srinagar. The Indian Army launched [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] ("Victory") in May 1999 to retake the territory, leading to fierce battles in the harsh mountain environment. The operation continued for over two months, leading to a stalemate, and eventual withdrawal of Pakistani troops on the intervention and instructions of USA, to avoid full-scale war between two nuclear states and for ensuring regional peace.

Each year, 26 July is observed by India as [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]] (Kargil Victory Day), during which the [[Prime Minister of India]] pays tribute to the soldiers at Amar Jawan Jyothi at the [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

A makeshift memorial is said to have been constructed by troops of 108 Engineer Regiment at the site to honor Indian troops in 2000. The memorial in its present form was constructed by the Indian Army in November 2014.

==Design==
The central feature of the memorial is a pink sandstone wall bearing a brass plate engraved with names of the soldiers who died during Operation Vijay. Visible from the site are the Tololing Heights, Tiger Hill, and Point 4875 (Batra Top), where fighting took place during the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jktourism.org/index.php/kargil-war-memorial|title=Kargil War Memorial|work=jktourism.org}}</ref>

The memorial features the Captain [[Manoj Kumar Pandey|Manoj Pandey]] gallery, which commemorates a young officer who was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award, for leadership during the war.

Over the years, several infrastructural improvements have been made to the site. On 26 July 2012, the Flag Foundation of India presented to the memorial a giant national flag measuring {{convert|37+1/2|by|25|ft|m|order=flip}} and weighing 15 kg, on a {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on}} flag pole. The Dras War Memorial is now an important landmark and a major tourist attraction in Western Ladakh—in the year 2016, it received about 1,25,000 visitors.<gallery>
File:Image installed at the Kar Gil War Memorial, Drass.jpg|Image installed at the Kargil War Memorial, Dras
File:Kargilwarmemorialdarss1.jpg|Artillery pieces at the Kargil War Memorial, Dras
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|34.4332369|75.8058092|format=dms|display=title}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://traveltwosome.com/kargil-war-memorial/ Kargil War Memorial - Honouring our War Heroes]
*[https://www.ladakh-tourism.net/blog/leh-palace/ Leh Palace - General Information]

[[Category:Kargil War|Memorial]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ladakh]]

Sanjaya

2025-10-30T07:38:25Z

TanyaBertrand6: minor add details per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Character from Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| alt = Sanjay
| caption = The blind king [[Dhritarashtra]] listens as the visionary narrator Sanjaya relates the events of the battle between the [[Kaurava]] and the [[Pandava]] clans.
| home = [[Hastinapura]]
| occupation = Advisor Charioteer
| gender = Male
| info-hdr = Information
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Sanjaya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: सञ्जय, meaning "victory") or '''Sanjaya Gavalgana''' is a figure from the ancient Indian [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahābhārata]]''.<ref>{{cite book
| title = The Mahabharata: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic
| author = kingsaud 11
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| year = 2000
}}</ref> Sanjaya is the advisor of the blind king [[Dhritarashtra]], the ruler of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru kingdom]] and the father of the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]], as well as serving as his charioteer. Sanjaya is a disciple of Sage [[Vyasa]]. He is stated to have the gift of ''divya drishti'' (divine vision), the ability to observe distant events within his mind, granted by Vyasa. He narrates to Dhritarashtra the events of the [[Kurukshetra War]], including the ones described in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref>'' Bhagavad Gita'', Chapter 1.</ref>

==Role in the Mahabharata==
===As a messenger===
[[File:DAUD , Dhitrastra summons sanjaya.jpg |thumb|Dhritarashtra summons Sanjaya to become messenger of the Pandavas, Artist Daud, folio of Razmnama.]]

Before this great war broke out, Sanjaya had gone to [[Yudhishtira]] as the Ambassador of Kauravas to negotiate on behalf of them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8nWcM_lWs4C&dq=sanjaya+Mahabharat&pg=PA51-IA11|title=The Mahabharata|date=1997|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=978-81-209-0732-4|language=en}}</ref>

===Gift of Divine Vision ===
Having a divine vision is completely different than just a subtle sight ("Sanjaya's Gift"). One who possesses a subtle sight sees image of things invisible in his mind, whereas in divine vision, instead of it being in the mind, it is like seeing it in person. Also, the sounds are heard with the physical ear and not as a current of thought.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Buddhadeva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL4DhBWJbGIC&dq=sanjay+Mahabharat&pg=PA75|title=The Book of Yudhisthir: A Study of the Mahabharat of Vyas|date=1986|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86131-460-7|language=en}}</ref>

===As the describer of the Mahabharata war===

While Sanjaya was still in Hastinapur, the series of events that happened on the battlefield of Kurukshetra was very clear to him ("Sanjaya's Gift"). He saw with his eyes as if he was on the battlefield. Sanjaya saw:
partisans of Dhritarashtra and the Pandavas gathered there, heard with his ears the words of Duryodhana, the fierce battle-cry of grandfather Bhishma, the mighty sound of Panchajanya proclaiming the destruction of the Kurus, and the dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna bringing out the import of the Gita ("Sanjaya's Gift").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nye|first=Malory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FUmTdH8T9MC&dq=sanjay+Mahabharat&pg=PA164|title=Religion: The Basics|date=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-26378-8|language=en}}</ref>

Sanjaya clearly has an advantage over an average person because he could hear things that would even frighten the average person. He was described to be gifted as he could see "events at a distance granted by the Rishi Vyasa" ("Sanjaya, Charioteer"). On the eve of the Mahabharata War, the Gita was spoken, "we find in the very first verse of the Gita, King Dhritarashtra seeking information about the War from Sanjaya who had received the gift of divine vision" ("Sanjaya's Gift").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singhal|first=Ram Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WCRDwAAQBAJ&dq=sanjay+Gita&pg=PT365|title=GITA for Gen A to Z: Volume III of III|date=2019-04-09|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-68466-885-4|language=en}}</ref>

As Dhritarashtra's advisor, Sanjaya's job was not as hard. Until he had to tell Dhritarashtra the news of the death of his "hundred sons at the hands of Bhima at different points of time in the battle and offers the sorrowing king solace in his darkest hours" ("Vyasa"). Sanjaya tells every incident of the Kurukshetra war. Sanjaya also gives various descriptions of:
Earth, the other planets, and focuses on the Indian subcontinent and gives an elaborate list of hundreds of kingdoms, tribes, provinces, cities, towns, villages, rivers, mountains, and forests of the (ancient) Indian Subcontinent (Bharata Varsha).

He also explains about the military formations adopted by each side on each day, the death of each hero and the details of each war-racing ("Vyasa").
Sanjaya is known to be very frank in his narration of the battle events and his opinions and he also predicted the destruction of Kauravas at the hands of Krishna and Arjuna ("Sanjaya, Charioteer"). Sanjaya was Dhritarashtra's honest advisor.

== Symbolism ==
Sanjaya is a virtuous character who "represents intuitive knowledge, which arises from long and arduous spiritual practice, a predominance of sattva and inner awakening" (V, "Symbolism in the Bhagavadgita"). Despite him not being as lucky as Arjuna to earn the divine grace, he is still able to receive knowledge from Lord Krishna because he mastered having control over his body and mind (V, "Symbolism in the Bhagavadgita"). He represents having a sense of awareness as he is able to witness all of the details occurring in the battle. Sanjaya was able to spot when "Arjuna dropped his bow and arrows, and sat down on the seat of the chariot, with his mind overwhelmed with sorrow" (Sharma 11). Seeing Arjuna past his physical appearance as being exhausted from the battle, Sanjaya displays his mastery in the mind and body as he was able to see Arjuna as sorrowful.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Buddhadeva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL4DhBWJbGIC&dq=sanjay+Mahabharat&pg=PA75|title=The Book of Yudhisthir: A Study of the Mahabharat of Vyas|date=1986|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86131-460-7|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
"Sanjaya, Charioteer of Maharaja Dhritarashtra." IndiaNetzone, 9 November 2014,
www.indianetzone.com/35/sanjaya_charioteer_maharaja_dhritarashtra.htm. Accessed 24 February 2017.

"Sanjaya's Gift of Divine Vision." Site of Sri Aurobindo & The Mother, www.aurobindo.ru/workings/sa/04/0018_e.htm. Accessed 25 February 2017.

Sharma, Mahesh. "Bhagavadgita: A Journey From the Body to the Soul." Author House, 2015, p. 11.

V, Jayaram. "Symbolism in the Bhagavadgita - Main Participants." Hinduwebsite.com, www.hinduwebsite.com/participants.asp. Accessed 26 February 2017.
{{Clear}}
{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Kaushik Kantibhai Vekariya

2025-10-21T02:21:49Z

TanyaBertrand6:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaushik Vekariya
| image = File:Kaushik Vekariya.jpg
| caption = Kaushik Vekariya with his daughter on her birthday
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|06|09}}
| birth_place = [[Amreli]]
| education = B.Com From Saurashtra University (K.K. Parekha and Mehta R.P. Vidyalaya, Amreli). Year - 2008
| notable_works =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kaushik Kantibhai Vekariya''' (born 9 June 1986)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kaushik Kantibhai Vekariya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- AMRELI(AMRELI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5512 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]. He won the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Amreli Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Amreli Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Kaushik Vekariya leads by 46,145 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-amreli-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15342681.htm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amreli Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Kaushik Kantibhai Vekariya of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amreli-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561823.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here2">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vekariya is from an agricultural family in [[Amreli]], Amreli district, Gujarat.{{cn|date=July 2024}} He is the son of Kantibhai Vekariya, a farmer. He completed his B.Com. in 2008 at K. K. Parekha and Mehta R. P. Vidyalaya, Amreli which is affiliated with [[Saurashtra University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vekariya won from Amreli Assembly constituency in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. He polled 89,034 votes and defeated his closest rival, [[Paresh Dhanani]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 46,657 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Amreli: Congress' 'Giant killer' Paresh Dhanani gets shock defeat against BJP's Kaushik Vekariya |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/gujarat-amreli/articleshow/95853757.cms |access-date=2023-05-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0695.htm?ac=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131161506/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0695.htm?ac=95 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights {{!}} Amreli Assembly Election 2022 Result: BJP’s Kaushik Kantibhai Vekariya WINS by HUGE MARGIN |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/live-updates-amreli-assembly-election-2022-result-vidhan-sabha-chunav-bjp-s-kaushik-kantibhai-vekariya-to-compete-against-congress-s-dhanani-pareshkumar-dhirajlal-aap-s-ravi-dhanani-2545416 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the district unit chief of the BJP in Amreli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=BJP to suspend party workers accused of forging letter against Amreli Vekariya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bjp-party-workers-suspension-amreli-mla-kaushik-vekariya-9772676/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vekariya, Kaushik Kantibhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pradip Mukherjee

2025-10-15T00:44:00Z

TanyaBertrand6: Adding New Entry With Sources

{{Short description|Indian actor and dramatist (1946–2022)}}
{{about|the actor born 1946|the painter born 1953|Pradip Mukherjee (artist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradip Mukherjee
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|08|29|1946|08|11}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height =
| occupation = Actor, dramatist
| yearsactive = 1976–2022
| website =
| spouse =
| children = 2
}}
'''Pradip Mukherjee''', also known as '''Pradip Mukhopadhyay''' (11 August 1946 – 29 August 2022), was an Indian actor and dramatist who primarily acted in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali movies]]. Although not famous for acting in mainstream movies, Pradip Mukherjee received critical acclaim for his acting in movies like [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Jana Aranya]]'', [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]'s ''[[Dooratwa]]'', and [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[Utsab]]''.

==Early life==
Mukherjee was born to middle-class parents Sammohan Mukhopadhyay and Bhakti Mukhopadhyay and grew up in the Chorbagan area of Shimla in [[Kolkata]]. He completed his high school education at [[Hare School]] in 1965 and graduated from [[City College, Kolkata]], in 1970. He took up law and graduated from law school in 1973.

==Acting career==
At college, Mukherjee took drama lessons and joined drama academies. He acted in several plays at Tapan Theater in Kolkata. After graduating from law school, he worked full-time as a lawyer and acted in plays at the weekends. In 1974, he met [[Satyajit Ray]] who, impressed with his performance while he performed for Nakshatra Theater Group, cast him in his last movie of the Calcutta trilogy, ''Jana Aranya''. The film received critical acclaim and won several awards, including the Karlovy Vary Prize in 1976.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}} He also earned the [[Filmfare Awards East]] for Best Actor in 1976.

Later in his career, he acted in critically acclaimed films like ''[[Dooratwa]]'' (1981) and ''Utsab'' (2001).

==Personal life==
Mukherjee married in 1977 and had a son and a daughter. Besides acting, he worked full-time as a tax consultant in [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]] in the Patipukur area of East [[Kolkata]].

Mukherjee died at a hospital in Kolkata on 29 August 2022, aged 76, from complications of a lung infection.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/veteran-bengali-actor-pradip-mukherjee-dies-8119103/|title = Bengali actor Pradip Mukherjee passes away|agency = [[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper = [[The Indian Express]]|date = 29 August 2022|accessdate = 29 August 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col}}
*''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (1976)
*''Golap Bou'' (1978)
*''Dour'' (1979)
*''[[Dooratwa]]'' (1981)
*''Durer Nadi'' (1982)
*''[[Ashleelotar Daye]]'' (1983)
*''Lalita'' (1984)
*''Anweshan'' (1985)
*''Chopper'' (1987)
*''Madhuganjer Sumati'' (1988)
*''Behula'' (1989)
*''Sati'' (1990)
*''Manabpremik Nimai'' (1991)
*''Anandaniketan'' (1991)
*''Purushottam'' (1992)
*''[[Hirer Angti]]'' (1992)
*''[[Shakha Proshakha]]'' (1992)
*''Ami O Maa'' (1994)
*''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996)
*''Kalratri'' (1997)
*''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]'' (1998)
*''Chaka'' (2000)
*''[[Utsab]]'' (2001)
*''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2003)
*''Sangram'' (2005)
*''[[Faltu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Bibar]]'' (2006)
*''Eti'' (2008)
*''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Ami Aadu]]'' (2011)
*''Shatru'' (2011)
*''Mayabazaar'' (2012)
*''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' (2012)
*''[[Maach Mishti & More]]'' (2013)
*''[[Swabhoomi]]'' (2013)
*''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013)
*''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014)
*''[[Shajarur Kanta (2015 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]'' (2015)
*''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh]]'' (2016) as Benu Kaka
*''[[The Parcel]]'' (2020)
*''[[Torulatar Bhoot]]'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|authorlink=W. Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=1989|isbn=1-86064-965-3}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611544}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Pradip}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory tract infection]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Viswanatha Swamy Temple

2025-09-23T10:08:51Z

TanyaBertrand6: adding new location added tags

[[File:Viswanatha Swamy temple.jpg|thumb|Viswanatha Swamy temple, New Kalpathy]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Viswanatha Swamy Temple, [[Kalpathy]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.794928|N|76.647908|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| location = [[Kalpathy]]
| elevation_m = 101.5
| deity = Vishwanathar([[Shiva]] )
Vishalakshi([[parvathi]])
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
[[Kalpathi Ratholsavam]]
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}


'''Sri Visalakshi Sametha Sri Viswanatha Swamy temple''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Visalakshi Sametha Sree Viswanathaswamy Temple |url=https://palakkadtemples.com/sree-visalakshi-sametha-sree-viswanathaswamy-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Palakkad Temples |language=en-US}}</ref> popularly known as '''Kasi Viswanathaswamy Temple''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad |url=https://www.templesofkerala.org/palakkad/viswanathaswamytemple.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.templesofkerala.org}}</ref> or locally as '''Kundukovil''',<ref>{{Cite web |author=Hari Prasad Devignx |title=Kalpathy • Sree Visalakshi Sametha Shree Viswanatha Swamy Temple - Official Website |url=https://kalpathysvsvsd.com/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Kalpathy SVSVSD |language=en}}</ref> is a famous [[Hindu]] temple located in the [[Kalpathy]] village<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpathy Viswanatha Swamy Temple Palakkad |url=https://www.hindudevotionalblog.com/2009/11/kalpathy-viswanatha-swamy-temple-in.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Palakkad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpathy Vishwanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule, |url=https://www.trawell.in/kerala/palakkad/kalpathy-vishwanatha-swamy-temple |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref> in Kerala, India.
[[File:Kalpathy.jpg|thumb|Viswanatha Swamy Temple Entrance]]
It is the main site of the annual [[Kalpathi Ratholsavam]] which is one of the most famous temple festivals of [[Kerala]]. This ancient temple nestles by the banks of the serene Kalpathy river (''Nila Nadhi''). Dedicate to [[Shiva|Lord Siva]] and his consort Visalakshi (another name for [[Parvati]]), it dates back to early fifteenth century. The similarity to the [[Varanasi]] Kashi Viswanatha temple on the banks of Ganges is responsible for the moniker ''kasiyil paathi kalpathy'' and the name ''Dakshina Kashi'' associated with this temple. The Temple is surrounded by the four [[Brahmin|Tamil Brahmin]] ''agraharams'' or traditional villages: New Kalpathy, Old Kalpathy, Chathapuram and Govindarajapuram.
[[File:Muruga temple, Viswanatha Swamy temple.jpg|thumb|Muruga temple within the premises of Viswanatha Swamy temple]]

==Antiquity and history==
There is an inscription in ''kolezhuthu'' on a stone slab placed in front of the temple between the flag staff and the Nandi Mandapam, outside the temple, but within the temple courtyard. This inscription records some endowments made by one Ittikombi Achan, member of the royal family of [[Palakkad]] in Malayalam Era 600 [1424–25 AD]. Evidently the temple must have been founded earlier than that.

The villagers, however, claim that the temple was consecrated at the instance of one Lakshmi Ammal, a Brahmin wife of Venkitanarayanaiyer of Kollengode. They are reported to have brought the Siva Lingam from Kasi ([[Varanasi]]) during one of her visits to that holy place and desired to construct a temple and install the Lingam. On reaching Kalpathy, she along with her husband and with the help of the then King of Palakkad Installed the Siva Lingam in Kalpathy and the idol is very powerful in blessing all, by showering all prosperities especially to Business community. The temple is on the banks of Nila River. Villagers believe that she approached the then Raja (Prince) of [[Palakkad]] with this request, who had readily agreed and constructed the temple. It is also said that Lakshmi Ammal had given the Prince 1320 gold coins and entrusted him with the responsibility of managing the temple affairs. A record to this effect kept on the palm leaves is believed to have been lost during the time of one Somasundara Kurukkal, who was the priest of the temple at that time. According to depositions by Sri Somasundara Kurukkal, it is believed that the Prince who Lakshmi Ammal approached was Ittilkombi Achan. Sri Somasundara Kurukkal has also confirmed that the Prince had entrusted the management of the temple to his descendants belonging to the ''Valia Konikkal Madom''. The Prince had also donated land for the upkeep and maintenance of the temple. The lands set apart for this temple came to be made ''inam'' or revenue-free by him and this was allowed to be continued as revenue free by the subsequent rulers, [[Tipu Sultan]] and later by the British Government. Even today the management of the temple continues to be in the hands of the Trustee, a descendant of the erstwhile princely family. Lakshmi Ammal also constructed three other temples in nearby Kollengode, Koduvayur and Pokkunni. Naturally she installed lingams brought from Varanasi. They are Brahmin (in kollengode) Ksahtriya (Koduvayur) Sudra ( Pokkunni in Kollengode).

The land reforms of the Government of recent times had deprived the temple of the income from these lands. The Temple at present is being run by the offerings of the devotees and vazhipadu collections. The first face of the inscription on the granite slab in front of the Temple contains the details of the lands given as gift to the temple with the four boundaries thereof. The agraharam sites of the four streets of Old Kalpathy, New Kalpathy, Chathapuram and Govindarajapuram are all included within the boundaries of the lands given, as described in the stone inscription. It is clear from this that the Brahmin houses in the four agraharams were in existence on the date of the gift mentioned in the stone inscription.

==Structural location and layout==
The temple is situated at the bottom of eighteen steps leading from the eastern [[Gopuram]]. In the south-west direction of the temple is situated the temple of Sri Lakshminarayana Perumal of Old Kalpathy Village and Prasanna Maha Ganapathy of Chathapuram village, in the east the Kshipraprasada Maha Ganapathi Temple of Pandhrandaam Teruvu and the Manthakara Maha Ganapathi Temple of New Kalpathy village and in the east–west direction Sri Varadaraja Perumal of Govindarajapuram village. In the eastern direction at a distance of a kilometer is located the Chokkanathar temple of Chokkanathapuram village. On the right side while entering the temple, there are two [[banyan]] trees. The Serpent Gods [nagaprathishta] are consecrated beneath the first banyan tree, which is also the "sthala Vriksham". Pooja is performed for this tree and naga prathishta, treating it as "Vishnu Amsom".

The flag staff (Kodimaram) is erected in front of the temple. The stone slab describing the land given to the temple etc. is installed behind the flag mast. Close to the stone slab is the ''Bhadralingam'' and in front of it the ''Gnana Nandikeswarar'', facing Sri Viswanathaswamy. The eight sides of the ''[[prakaram]]''(closed precincts of a temple) inside the Temple belongs to [[Indra]], [[Agni]], [[Yama]], Niruruthi, [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]], [[Kubera]], and Eesanan. The idol of Sri Viswanathaswamy is situated in the direction of Kubera facing east and close to this Sri Visalakshi facing south. In front of Sri Viswanathaswamy, Nandikeswarar appears in three forms. The three forms symbolise ''Aathmathathwam'', ''Vidyathathwam'' and ''Sivathathwam''. The moolavar in this temple is Sri Viswanathaswami.

==Pooja Vidhi (religious services)==
The idols of Sri Viswanathaswamy and Sri Visalakshi are attached to the pedestals by ''Ashtabandhanam'', a mixture of eight elements that help fix the idol to the ''peetham'' or base. The Viswanathaswamy idol is a ''Bana Lingam''. The Bana lingam extends four carpenter's ''angul'' (inch) higher than the pedestal. The circumference at the level of the pedestal may be about eight ''angul''(inches). The Vishalakshi idol stands twenty four inches above the pedestal up to the top of the crown.

Pooja in temples are of two types: ''aathmartham'' and ''parartham''. The two differ in the ''sankalpam''. In the former, the sankalpam will be in the name of ''yajamana'' of the temple i.e. ''udamasthan'' or owner. In the latter the sankalpam will be in the name of all people. In the Sri Viswanathaswamy temple, the pooja performed is ''aathmartham''. The pooja in the temple is conducted on the pattern of the pooja held in the [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathar Temple]] at [[Mayiladuthurai]] (formerly known as Mayavaram).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lakshminarayanan |first=K. N. |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/From_Cauvery_to_Neela/dKH0DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayuranathar&pg=PT19&printsec=frontcover |title=From Cauvery to Neela: A History of the Tamil Agraharams of Palakkad |date=2020-07-30 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64828-815-9 |language=en}}</ref> Sri Subramania Kurukkal of [[Mayiladuthurai]] was the first ''poojakar'' (priest). The pooja is conducted according to the Tamil Agama. There are 28 types of Agamas. The pooja in this temple is being followed according to ''Kamikagamam''. Pooja is conducted four times a day: 5:45AM Usha Pooja, 9:45 AM Uchikala Pooja, 5:45 PM Deeparadhana, and 7:45 PM Ardhajama Pooja. The Ardhajama pooja is most important. It includes ''dhara'' and Abhishekam by milk daily. Performing Umamaheswara Pooja which costs ₹80/-is said to be of great value because both Lord Siva and Goddess Parvathy are said to be pleased by the Pooja if properly performed.

==Recent news==
According to sastras, renovation and [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of temples are to be conducted once in twelve years in order to enhance the divine power of the Lord. The last ''Jeernodharanam'' and [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple were conducted in 1956 and 1981, respectively. Thus, it has been more than 30 years since major repairs have been undertaken.

The temple structure including the ''Garbhagrihams'' (''sanctum sanctorum'') has developed extensive damages and they require immediate attention to prevent further damages. Even though efforts were on for undertaking the repair works for the last several years, due to some reason or other they have not yielded the desired result. Now some serious efforts are on to undertake the work of Jeernodharanam to be followed by Maha Kumbhabhishekam ritual in order to enhance the divine power of the Lord. Sri K. Krishnan Embrandiri, Charactered Engineer and a renowned Temple Architect well-versed in vasthu shastras, was entrusted with the work of preparing the Renovation Project. He has prepared the estimates for the civil works connected with the Development/Renovation Project. Based on the project report of civil works involved and taking into consideration the expenditure involved for conducting the vedic rituals, veda parayanam, cultural events etc., an estimate of about 100 lakhs (10 million) Rupees has been prepared.

The Department of Tourism of the [[Kerala]] Government recently launched a Heritage Protection project at Kalpathy to preserve not only this magnificent temple, but also the Brahmin ''agraharams'' around it.

==See also==
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad}}
* [https://kalpathysvsvsd.com/ Sri Visalakshi Sametha Sri Viswanatha Swamy temple]
* [https://www.lmgkalpathy.com Manthakkara Maha Ganapthhy Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206042031/https://lmgkalpathy.com/ |date=6 February 2022 }}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]

List of Odia films of 2008

2025-09-15T05:48:08Z

TanyaBertrand6: added data...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2008:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2008 in film|2008]]'''
|-
|''[[Bande Utkala Janani (film)|Bande Utkala Janani]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bande Utkala Janani|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433272/|access-date=2019-02-08}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Suvendu Swain]]|| Siddhant Mahapatra, Sabyasachi Misra, Arptia Mukherjee || [[Action film|Action]], [[crime]], [[drama]]||
|-
|''[[Chaati Chiri Dele Tu..]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Chaati Chiri Dele Tu..|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1437808/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[S.K. Muralidharan]]|| Siddhant Mahapatra, Anubhav Mohanty, Mitthi || [[Action film|Action]]||Remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' in 2004
|-
|''[[Chatura Kau (2008 short film)|Chatura Kau]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Chatura Kau|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1462418/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Bibhudatta Tripathy]]|| || [[Animation]]||
|-
|''[[Dhanare Rakhibu Sapatha Mora]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Dhanare Rakhibu Sapatha Mora|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440157/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Sanjay Nayak]]|| Ajit Das, Mihir Das, Soraj Das || Drama ||Remake of [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]''
|-
|''[[Hasiba Puni Mo Suna Sansar]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Hasiba Puni Mo Suna Sansar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1437828/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Ranjan Misra]]|| Siddhant Mahapatra, Anu Chowdhury, Mamuni Mishra|| Action, drama, family||Assistant Directors : Tripati Sahu
|-
|''[[I Sing, Therefore I Am! (2008 documentary)|I Sing, Therefore I Am!]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=I Sing, Therefore I Am!|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1387188/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Subrat Kumar Sahu]]|| || ||
|-
|''[[Jianta Bhuta]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jianta Bhuta|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1765861/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Prashant Nanda]]|| Manoj Mishra, Rimjhim, Minaketan || Drama||
|-
|''[[Kalinga Putra]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kalinga Putra|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433304/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Barada Prasana Tripathy]]|| Ambika, Satyaki Misra, [[Bijay Mohanty]] || [[Action film|Action]]||
|-
|''[[Mate Ani Dela Lakhye Faguna]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mate Ani Dela Lakhye Faguna|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440247/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Sanjay Nayak]]|| Anita Das, Mihir Das, Pradyumna Lenka || [[Drama]]||Remake of Telugu movie ''[[Okkadu]]''
|-
|''[[Mate Ta Love Helare]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mate Ta Love Helare|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1437855/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Ashok Pati]]|| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra|Siddhant Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], Subhashree Ganguly || [[Action film|Action]], [[drama]], [[Musical film|musical]]||
|-
|''[[Mu Sapanara Soudagar]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mu Sapanara Soudagar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399054/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Sanjay Nayak]]|| Akhila, Ajit Das, Mihir Das || Drama||Remake of [[Hindi]] film [[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]
|-
|''[[Munna-A Love Story]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Munna: A Love Story|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1437858/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[N. Padhi]]|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], Naina Das, Romi || [[Action film|Action]]||
|-
|''[[Nandini I Love U]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nandini I Love U|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431289/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Ashok Pati]]|| Debu Bramha, Budhaditya, Ajit Das || Action, adventure, drama, mystery||Remake of [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|-
|''[[Nei Jaa Re Megha Mate]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nei Jaa Re Megha Mate|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431292/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[S.K. Muralidharan]]|| Siddhant Mahapatra, Anubhav Mohanty, Barsa Priyadarshini || Drama||Remake of Telugu movie ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''
|-
|''[[Satya Meba Jayate]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Satya Meba Jayate|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440283/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Basant Sahu]]|| [[Akash Dasnayak]], Sonali Chakrabarti, Suresh Bal || Drama||
|-
|''[[To Bina Bhala Lagena]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=To Bina Bhala Lagena|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1437870/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Jyoti Das]]|| [[Sabyasachi Mishra]], Pupinder Singh, Roopali || Action, drama, musical||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2008 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2008]]
[[Category:Lists of 2008 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian cinema]]

Medicago sativa

2025-08-18T21:25:57Z

TanyaBertrand6: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Alfalfa]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
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[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Medicago|sativa]]

MSPL Limited

2025-07-24T13:45:08Z

TanyaBertrand6: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian Mining company}}
{{For|[[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] Open Source License Ms-PL|Shared source#Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = [[File:MSPL logo.svg|x200px]]
| type = [[Limited Company]]
| foundation = 1961
| location = Baldota Bhavan, [[Mumbai]],[[Maharashtra]], India<ref>[http://www.mspllimited.com/contact.htm MSPL :: Group Company :: The Baldota Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724013830/http://www.mspllimited.com/contact.htm |date=2010-07-24 }}</ref>
| key_people = Narendra Baldota (Chairman, MD & CEO)
| num_employees = 1000
| industry = [[Mining]], [[Energy]], [[Pelletizing]], [[Aviation]], [[Shipping]]
| products = [[Iron ore]] [[Wind energy]] Iron ore Pellets
| homepage =
}}

'''MSPL Limited''' is an Indian company that operates [[iron ore]] mines and [[wind farms]]. It is a subsidiary of the Baldota Group.

== Iron Mining ==
[[File:Iron Ore.png|thumb|250px|Open Cast Vyasanakere Iron Ore Mine of MSPL Limited]]
MSPL mines, processes and exports iron ore. According to the Federation of Indian Mineral Industries, It was the first private company in India to receive a license for export of high grade ore containing at least 64% iron.

== Wind energy ==
MSPL operates [[wind farms]] in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. Their total installed capacity was 191.6 MW in 2007 according to the Directory of Indian Wind Power<ref>Consolidated Energy Consultants Limited: "Directory Indian Wind Power 2007", Section 14, Page 1, Consolidated Energy Consultants Limited, 2007</ref> Its wind power operations have been used in [[Clean Development Mechanism]] (CDM) projects to create Certified Emission Reduction credits (CERs).


== Awards ==
MSPL was awarded the CFBP-Jamnalal Bajaj Uchit Vyavahar Puraskar in the Large Manufacturer category in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/21/stories/2007022113910300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102082038/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/21/stories/2007022113910300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 November 2007| title=Jamnalal Bajaj Uchit Vyavhar Puraskar| accessdate=2007-02-21| location=Chennai, India| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| date=21 February 2007}}</ref> and in the same year received the First Prize for Independent Power Producer under Wind Programme from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnes.nic.in/press-releases/press-release-22112007-1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Independent Power Producer |accessdate=2007-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011203/http://mnes.nic.in/press-releases/press-release-22112007-1.pdf |archivedate=10 April 2009 }}</ref>
In 2005, the Group received the KREDL award for the highest investment and production in wind power. For planting over 1.6 Million trees MSPL received the 2004 Indira Priyadarshni Vriuksha Mitra Award.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.valuenotes.com/valuenotes/research/articles.asp?cap=40&cn=1355| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205133007/http://www.valuenotes.com/valuenotes/research/articles.asp?cap=40&cn=1355| url-status=dead| archive-date=5 February 2013| title=Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award 2004| publisher=Value Notes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://baldota.co.in/company-overview/mspl/overview/ MSPL Limited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113530/http://baldota.co.in/company-overview/mspl/overview/ |date=24 February 2018 }}
* http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Chidamabaram_asks_industry_to_help_inclusive_growth/articleshow/3047073.cms
* http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2562618.cms
* http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/MSPL_to_invest_over_Rs_18K_cr_for_capacity_expansion/articleshow/2190870.cms
* http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=2230089
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080519120540/http://www.businessworld.in/content/view/4672/4779

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mspl Limited}}
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Iron ore mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Electric power companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Wind power companies]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Renewable resource companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Gurugram University

2025-07-08T09:27:06Z

TanyaBertrand6: minor edit

{{short description|State university in Haryana, India}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gurugram University
| native_name =
| image = Gurugram University logo.jpg
| motto = “विद्या जीवनाये न तु जीविकाय”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/logo-philosophy/index.php|title=Gurugram University|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
| former_name =
| established = {{start date|2017}}
| type = [[State university (India)|State University]]
| endowment =
| campus_size = {{cvt|11.5|acre}}
| free_label = Affiliated College
| free = Yasin Meo Degree College
| staff =
| faculty = 5
| president =
| provost =
| principal =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| vice_chancellor = Dinesh Kumar
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Gurugram, Haryana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4237|77.0658|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|http://gurugramuniversity.ac.in}} {{URL|https://ymdcollege.ac.in}}
}}

'''Gurugram University''' is an Indian [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]. Established by Haryana Act 17 of 2017, the university started functioning from academic year 2018–19.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurugram-university-to-start-admissions-from-today-session-set-to-on-september-1/articleshow/64876722.cms
| title = Gurugram University to start admissions from today, session set to on September 1 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/gurugram-gets-first-state-varsity/article24355334.ece/
| title = Gurugram gets first State university
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 6 July 2018
| author =
}}</ref>

== Affiliated College ==
[[Mewat Engineering College]] in [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]], [[Haryana]] is an affiliated college of Gurugram University.

==Departments==
'''Faculty of Commerce and Management'''
* Department of Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfManagement/DepartmentOfManagement.php|title=Department of Management|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Commerce<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfCommerce/DepartmentOfCommerce.php|title=Department of Commerce|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Faculty of Law and Humanities ===
* Department of Law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfLaw/|title=Department of Law|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfHindi/|title=Department of Hindi|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of English<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfEnglish/|title=Department of English|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Media Studies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfJournalism/|title=Department of Media Studies|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Faculty of Life Sciences ===
* Department of Physiotherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPhysiotherapy/|title=Department of Physiotherapy|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Neurosciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfNeurosciences/|title=Department of Neurosciences|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Public Health<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPublicHealth/|title=Department of Public Health|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPharmaceuticalSciences/|title=Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Faculty of Science and Technology ===
* Department of Engineering Technology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfEngineeringTechnology/|title=Department of Engineering Technology|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Chemistry<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfChemistry/|title=Department of Chemistry|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Physics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPhysics/|title= Department of Physics |website=gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Mathematics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfMathematics/|title=Department of Mathematics|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Faculty of Social Sciences and Education ===
* Department of Public Policy, Administration and Governance
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/academics/facultiesDepartments/socialsciencesEducation/index.php | title=Gurugram University }}</ref>
* Department of Psychology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPsychology/|title=Department of Psychology|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Public Administration<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfPublicAdministration/|title=Department of Public Administration|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
* Department of Education<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/FacultyOf%20Education|title=Department of Education|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
* Department of M.A.(Political Science)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/M.A.(Political%20Science)|title= Faculty of Social Sciences and Education |website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
* Department of Economics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/facultyDepartment/DepartmentOfEconomics/|title=Department of Economics|website=Gurugramuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://gurugramuniversity.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]

{{Haryana-university-stub}}

National Institute of Technology Agartala

2025-05-12T08:11:23Z

TanyaBertrand6: added info

#REDIRECT [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Indians in Botswana

2025-04-30T21:23:04Z

TanyaBertrand6: small fix

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Botswana
| image =
| image_caption =
| total = 7,000-8,000
| total_year = 2015
| total_source = Estimate
| total_ref = <ref name = "MEA"/>
| genealogy =
| regions = [[Gaborone]], [[Selebi-Phikwe]]
| languages = [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name = "MEA"/>
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]]<ref name = "MEA"/>
| related_groups =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Indians in Botswana''' do not form a very large population. As of 2016, an estimated 7,000-8,000 residents of [[Botswana]] are of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]], of which 3,000-4,000 are citizens of Botswana. Most Indians are employed in the retail, manufacturing, teaching, and accounting professions. Indian emigrants to Botswana primarily come from the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name = "MEA">{{cite web|title=India - Botswana Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Botswana_15_01_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|date = January 2016|access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref>

==History==
A few [[Indian South Africans|Indian families from South Africa]] migrated to Botswana in the beginning of the 20th century. Initially engaged in general trading, they gradually built up big businesses by purchasing dealerships for international products, and also successfully investing in property. Most of them acquired local citizenship. This was possible as Botswana permits expatriates with over ten years’ residence in the country to apply for permanent residence status and citizenship. A number of Indians who went to the country more recently have also become citizens of Botswana. Some of them have taken an active part in politics.<ref name=NIC/>

==Diamond business==
The discovery of diamonds and their mining from the late 1960s saw the beginning of a sustained economic boom in Botswana. This attracted many more PIOs to this country. Both professionals and businessmen arrived there from several African countries, especially South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe and even from Kenya and Uganda. Botswana's government does not encourage immigration of foreign labour, but with its shortage of skilled manpower, it started recruiting Indian experts directly from India from the late 1980s – teachers, doctors, engineers and civil servants.. The political leadership and the higher bureaucracy are appreciative of its contribution towards the development of the country.<ref name=NIC/>

==Notable people==

=== Politics ===
While no PIO has so far won [[elections in Botswana|any election]] to the [[parliament of Botswana]], one has become a nominated member.<ref name="NIC">{{citation|last=Singhvi |first=L. M. |chapter=Other Countries of Africa |pages=89–109 |title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |publication-place=New Delhi |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-06 }}</ref>
=== Law ===
Justice [[Lakhvinder Singh Walia]] of Indian descent is a senior judge serving in the Highest [[Court of Appeal (Botswana)|Court of Appeal of Botswana]].

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Botswana}}
*[[Hinduism in Botswana]]
*[[Chinese people in Botswana]]
*[[Zimbabweans in Botswana]]
*[[Botswana–India relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903074921/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022714500500.htm Hinduism in Botswana as reported in The Hindu]
*[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060516 Maitisong showcases Tamil culture 16 May, 2006]
*[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20000825 Indians contribute to Botswana's economic Boom 25 August, 2000]

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Botswana}}

[[Category:Botswana people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Botswana, Indians in]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Botswana]]