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Nehru Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital

2026-05-06T20:02:30Z

Tanu14: made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Homeopathic medical college located in New Delhi}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Nehru Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital
| image = Nehru Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = British MP Tredinnick in a group photo with all faculty members of NHMC & H
| mottoeng = Quality education and propagation of Homeopathy
| established = 1967
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| principal = Dr. Seema Rai
| address = [[Defence Colony]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| city = New Delhi
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.5712215|N|77.2284314|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| nickname = NHMC
| website = {{URL|https://nhmc.delhi.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Nehru Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital''' ('''NHMCH''') is a homeopathic medical college located in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-07 |title=List of government hospitals in Delhi: Complete address, phone number |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/list-of-government-hospitals-in-delhi-complete-address-with-phone-number-1606275-2019-10-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016235410/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/list-of-government-hospitals-in-delhi-complete-address-with-phone-number-1606275-2019-10-07 |archive-date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Rameshwar Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBihWlNS9tsC&q=%22Nehru+Homeopathic+Medical+College%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA535 |title=Geography of Health: A Treatise on Geography of Life and Death in India |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-385-4 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016235349/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBihWlNS9tsC&q=%22Nehru+Homeopathic+Medical+College%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA535 |archive-date=2020-10-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> The college offers two courses in the field of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] education:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills For Homeopathy, Medicine System Passed In Parliament |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliament-approves-bills-ensuring-homeopathy-indian-system-of-medicine-2295281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917052721/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliament-approves-bills-ensuring-homeopathy-indian-system-of-medicine-2295281 |archive-date=2020-09-17 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> a [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery]] (B.H.M.S) and [[MD (Homeopathy) in India|MD (Hom)]]. NHMC has been affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Colleges - University of Delhi |url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=list-of-colleges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011035132/http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=list-of-colleges |archive-date=2020-10-11 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=du.ac.in}}</ref> since 1992 and functions under the [[Government of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehru Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital |url=http://www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in/home.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903104050/http://www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in/home.html |archive-date=2020-09-03 |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marilyn |date=2020-01-14 |title=HWC at the 2020 Homeoprophylaxis: Worldwide Choice conference in New Delhi, India |url=https://homeopathyworldcommunity.com/hwc-at-the-2020-hpwwc-conference/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016235349/https://homeopathyworldcommunity.com/hwc-at-the-2020-hpwwc-conference/ |archive-date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=HWC |language=en-US}}</ref> It is regarded as one of the topmost and premier Homeopathic Medical Colleges for B.H.M.S in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-30 |title=List of Top 12 Homeopathy Medical Colleges in India |url=https://www.gyanunlimited.com/education/list-of-top-12-homeopathy-medical-colleges-in-india/2309/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128064534/http://www.gyanunlimited.com/education/list-of-top-12-homeopathy-medical-colleges-in-india/2309/ |archive-date=2019-01-28 |access-date=2020-09-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Homeopathy(Medical) Colleges In India - 2020 Rankings, Fees, Placements |url=https://collegedunia.com/medical/homeopathy-colleges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210037/http://collegedunia.com/medical/homeopathy-colleges |archive-date=2017-07-22 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=Collegedunia |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
NHMC and Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Brendan F. |date=2006 |title=Healing Powers: A Look at Three Medical Traditions |url=https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/6179 |url-status=live |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205628/https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/6179 |archive-date=2020-08-08 |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> attached to it was founded by [[Padma Bhushan]] winner [[Yudhvir Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Prabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nehru+Homeopathic+Medical+College%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA913 |title=Delhi Gazetteer |date=1976 |publisher=The Unit |language=en}}</ref> The foundation stone of the college building was laid by [[Sushila Nayyar]], Minister of Health and Family Welfare, India, on 22 August 1963. The OPD<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theft of Womanhood – Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of Homeopathy |url=http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:NiEbYVCobbsJ:scholar.google.com/+%22Nehru+Homeopathic+Medical+College%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=scholar.googleusercontent.com}}</ref> Wing was inaugurated by [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 6 May 1964. Classes in the college were commenced from 1967 for the DHMS Course, upgraded to the BHMS course under the Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine. On 1 September 1972, this institution was handed over by the Yudhvir Singh Charitable Trust to the University of Delhi Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=EDUCATION - DelhiHomeo.com |url=http://www.delhihomeo.com/education.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028143950/http://www.delhihomeo.com/education.htm |archive-date=2016-10-28 |access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>

After the procurement of the Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital by the [[Government of Delhi]], [[Jugal Kishore (physician)|Jugal Kishore]] was made its first director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Jugal Kishore Passed Away {{!}} Homeopathy Resource by Homeobook.com |date=23 January 2012 |url=https://www.homeobook.com/dr-jugal-kishore-passed-away/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115173942/http://www.homeobook.com/dr-jugal-kishore-passed-away/ |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2020-09-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== COVID-19 Hospital objection ===
On 16 April 2020, NHMC & Hospital was declared to be dedicated to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] patients by the Delhi government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-09 |title=Data {{!}} Where are the coronavirus hotspots in India? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-the-coronavirus-hotspots-in-india/article31293393.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906203821/https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-the-coronavirus-hotspots-in-india/article31293393.ece |archive-date=2020-09-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After this decision, many of the [[Defence Colony]] residents living near the hospital premises had raised their concerns about hospital management and safety issues in handling COVID-19 patients.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-18 |title=Coronavirus {{!}} Harsh Vardhan reviews actions taken and further preparedness |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-harsh-vardhan-reviews-actions-taken-and-further-preparedness/article31098879.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154110/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-harsh-vardhan-reviews-actions-taken-and-further-preparedness/article31098879.ece |archive-date=2020-03-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Major (Retired) Ranjit Singh, the President of the Defence Colony RWA, had also written a letter to Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] about the risks associated with shifting COVID-19 patients to Nehru hospital<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=Experts call for national database on coronavirus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/experts-call-for-national-database-on-coronavirus/story-gtk0VU9B1puqizWCaOd8DJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826000819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/experts-call-for-national-database-on-coronavirus/story-gtk0VU9B1puqizWCaOd8DJ.html |archive-date=2020-08-26 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and also raised questions on the reliability of homeopathic hospitals. However, Anu Kapoor,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=Coronavirus outbreak: In Delhi's Defence Colony, Covid positive domestic help made to wait hours for ambulance |url=https://newsd.in/coronavirus-outbreak-in-delhi-defence-colony-covid-positive-domestic-help-made-to-wait-hours-for-ambulance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516194120/https://newsd.in/coronavirus-outbreak-in-delhi-defence-colony-covid-positive-domestic-help-made-to-wait-hours-for-ambulance/ |archive-date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Newsd.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Medical Superintendent of Nehru Hospital, told [[Mail Today]] that they were only in preparation mode for converting the hospital into a dedicated COVID-19 hospital at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-21 |title=Defence Colony residents object to new Covid-19 hospital |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/defence-colony-residents-object-to-new-covid-19-hospital-1669198-2020-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621154012/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/defence-colony-residents-object-to-new-covid-19-hospital-1669198-2020-04-21 |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=Nearly a Quarter Have Had Covid-19 in India's Capital New Delhi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-21/nearly-a-quarter-have-had-covid-19-in-india-s-capital-new-delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723021750/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-21/nearly-a-quarter-have-had-covid-19-in-india-s-capital-new-delhi |archive-date=2020-07-23 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Council of Homeopathy]]
* [[National Institute of Homoeopathy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in/}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]
[[Category:Homeopathic education]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]

Santrupt Misra

2026-05-06T16:17:42Z

Tanu14:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santrupt Misra
| image = Santrupt Misra.jpg
| alt = Santrupt Misra
| caption = Santrupt Misra in 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1965|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Burla, India|Burla]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =

| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Odisha]]
| term_start = 03 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =

| occupation = Corporate Executive<br>Politician
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| years_active =
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw College]]<br>[[Utkal University]]<br>[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Santrupt Misra''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from Odisha, India. In 2024, he joined politics after taking a voluntary retirement from the Aditya Birla Group. He is active in politics with Biju Janata Dal party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporate boost for BJD as former Aditya Birla exec joins Patnaik party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjd-santrupt-misra-aditya-birla-group-9153208/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Corporate leader Santrupt Misra joins BJD |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/02/09/ces8-od-bjd-misra.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Misra was born on 15 August 1965 in [[Burla, India|Burla]], Odisha. to Prof. Biswamohan Mishra and Sarajubala Mishra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Leadership is a responsibility and not an aspiration for a role: Dr. Santrupt Misra |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/leadership-is-a-responsibility-and-not-an-aspiration-for-a-role-dr-santrupt-misra/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225034932/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/leadership-is-a-responsibility-and-not-an-aspiration-for-a-role-dr-santrupt-misra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a native of [[Puri district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2024-02-09 |title=Former Corporate Leader Santrupt Misra Joins BJD |url=https://pragativadi.com/former-corporate-leader-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Corporate Leader Santrupt Misra Joins BJD |url=http://argusenglish.in/article/odisha/corporate-leader-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Argus English |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225033149/https://argusenglish.in/article/odisha/corporate-leader-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd |url-status=dead }}</ref> He finished his school education from Cuttack and then joined [[Ravenshaw College]] and did his master's degree in [[political science]] from [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Dikhyaa |date=2024-02-10 |title=Odisha: Corporate Honcho Santrupt Misra Joins BJD - Interview Times |url=https://interviewtimes.net/odisha-corporate-honcho-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1994, he joined [[Hindustan Unilever]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Birla Group HR Head Santrupt Misra Seeks Early Retirement |url=https://odishabytes.com/aditya-birla-group-hr-head-santrupt-misra-seeks-early-retirement/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=odishabytes |date=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Mrunal Manmay |title=Former Aditya Birla Group HR chief Santrupt Misra joins BJD |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/former-aditya-birla-group-hr-chief-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd-227371 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Former Aditya Birla Group HR chief Santrupt Misra joins BJD |language=en}}</ref> and in 1996, he joined [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Birla Group HR chief Santrupt Misra takes early retirement, Ashok Ramchandran to take over |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/aditya-birla-group-hr-chief-santrupt-misra-takes-early-retirement-ashok-ramchandran-to-take-over-11967301.html |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Moneycontrol |date=28 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Till 2024 he worked in Aditya Birla Group and took volunteer retirement and joined politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2023-12-28 |title=Aditya Birla Group HR head Misra takes early retirement |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/aditya-birla-group-hr-head-misra-takes-early-retirement-11703703029430.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Apart from that, he worked as a director in Carbon Black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santrupt Misra - Board of Directors |url=https://www.adityabirlacapital.com/about-us/board-of-directors/santrupt-misra |website=Aditya Birla Capital |access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former director of human resources of Aditya Birla Group Santrupt Misra joins BJD |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/former-director-of-human-resources-of-aditya-birla-group-santrupt-misra-joins-biju-janata-dal/cid/1999520 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He joined [[Biju Janata Dal]] in 2024 during the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Santrupt Misra, Director HR, Aditya Birla Group Resigns |url=https://bwpeople.businessworld.in/article/Santrupt-Misra-Director-HR-Aditya-Birla-Group-Resigns/28-12-2023-503788/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=BW people |date=28 December 2023 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pti |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/odisha-corporate-leader-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd/1278443 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> He is working as the National Spokesperson of BJD.<ref>{{cite news |title=Santrupt Misra joins BJD, appointed national spokesperson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/santrupt-misra-joins-bjd-appointed-national-spokesperson/articleshow/107562436.cms |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mansingh |first1=Sangita |title=ବିଜେଡିରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଲେ ଡକ୍ଟର ସନ୍ତୃପ୍ତ ମିଶ୍ର, ଦଳର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ମୁଖପାତ୍ର ନିଯୁକ୍ତ |url=https://odisha.live/2024/02/09/dr-santrupt-misra-joins-bjd-odia-news-odisha-news/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=OdishaLIVE |date=9 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024 Indian general election, he lost to Bhartrtuhari Mahatab of BJP from the [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 Indian General Election Results: Cuttack (Odisha) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1814.htm |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

In 2026, he elected to Rajya Sabha from Odisha as a candidate of Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-16 |title=Rajya Sabha elections LIVE: Dilip Ray wins in Odisha; BJD chief whip says eight party MLAs cross-voted in his favour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-election-2026-live-updates/article70748537.ece |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Ajay |last2= |last3= |last4= |last5= |last6= |first6= |last7= |last8= |first8= |date=2026-03-16 |title=Odisha Rajya Sabha Results: 2 BJP, 1 BJD and 1 Independent elected to 4 RS seats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajyasabha-election-2026-voting-result-live-updates-bihar-haryana-odisha-nda-bjp-bjd-nitish-kumar-nitin-nabin-2882509-2026-03-16 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons cat}}

* {{Official website|https://santrupt-misra.com/}}

{{Rajya Sabha members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Santrupt}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

Keshiary Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T11:19:15Z

Tanu14: adding initial data w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keshiary
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Keshiary.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Keshiary Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| constituency_no = 223
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = [[Paresh Murmu]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 182,596
}}
'''Keshiary''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 223 Keshiary Assembly constituency (ST) is composed of the following: [[Keshiari (community development block)|Keshiari]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Alikosha, Angua, Anikola, Dantan I, Dantan II, Monoharpur, Salikotha and Tararui [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dantan I (community development block)|Dantan I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Keshiary Assembly constituency is part of No. 34 [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Keshiary}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhadra Hemram]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party

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|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
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|party = Indian National Congress
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{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Keshiary}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Paresh Murmu]]
|votes = 106,366
|percentage = 50.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sonali Murmu
|votes = 91,036
|percentage = 43.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
|votes = 9,270
|percentage = 4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,570
|percentage = 1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mithun Mandi
|votes = 1,904
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Jhareswar Routh
|votes = 1,535
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,330
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Keshiary (ST) constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Paresh Murmu]]
|votes = 104,890
|percentage = 53.99
|change = +8.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Biram Mandi
|votes = 64,141
|percentage = 33.02
|change = -12.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Binod Bihari Murmu
|votes = 18,056
|percentage = 9.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,041
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shyamsundar Singh
|votes = 1,917
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Balai Chandra Nayek
|votes = 1,426
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gopen Sing
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 194,260
|percentage = 89.37
|change = -2.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Keshiary<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=223| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064042/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=223| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Keshiary| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Keshiary |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Biram Mandi
|votes = 76,976
|percentage = 45.97
|change = -17.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Shyam Charan Mandi
|votes = 75,939
|percentage = 45.35
|change = +12.11#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Routh
|votes = 6,651
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaba Hansda
|votes = 5,418
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Gopal Murmu
|votes = 2,453
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 167,437
|percentage = 91.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -29.60#
}}
{{Election box end}}

<small>.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.</small>

===1977-2006===
Maheswar Murmu of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Keshiary assembly seat (ST) six times in a row from 1982 to 2006, defeating Shyam Charan Mandi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Gouri Tudu of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Rekha Kishu of Congress in 1991, Budhan Chandra Tudu of Congress in 1987 and 1982. Khudiram Singh of CPI(M) defeated Budhan Chandra Tudu of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp226.htm |title = 226 - Keshiari (ST) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Budhan Chandra Tudu of Congress won in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-20 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref> Prior to that the Keshiary seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Vaishnavi Saikumar

2026-05-04T08:37:38Z

Tanu14:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishnavi Saikumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], Kerala
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2020–present
| spouse = Sujith Kumar (m. 2018)
| children =
| parents = [[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] (father)
| relatives = [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] (grandfather)<br>[[Shobha Mohan]] (aunt)<br>[[Vinu Mohan]] (cousin)<br>[[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] (cousin)
}}

'''Vaishnavi Saikumar''' is an Indian actress who works in Malayalam television.

== Personal life ==
Vaishnavi is the granddaughter of [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]. Her father is the veteran Malayalam actor [[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]], and her mother, Prasanna Kumari, is a singer and former actress.<ref name="TOI_Lineage">{{cite news |last1=Times of India |title=Vaishnavi Saikumar excited for her acting debut with 'Kaiethum Doorath', credits her lineage for the confidence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vaishnavi-saikumar-excited-for-her-acting-debut-with-kaiethum-doorath-credits-her-lineage-for-the-confidence/articleshow/79778927.cms |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=December 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday_photo">{{cite web |title=സായി അച്ഛനും പ്രസന്നാമ്മയും.. സായ്‌കുമാറിന്റെയും ആദ്യ ഭാര്യയുടെയും ചിത്രം പങ്കുവച്ച് മകൾ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/photo/vaishnavi-sai-shares-sai-kumar-and-first-wifes-photo-419306-2022-06-30 |website=India Today Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=June 30, 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

She married Sujith Kumar on June 17, 2018, in a ceremony held in Kollam.<ref name="Asianet_Wedding">{{cite web |title=Here are the pictures of Saikumar's daughter Vaishnavi's wedding |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/here-are-the-pictures-of-saikumar-s-daughter-vaishnavi-s-wedding-pamlos |website=Asianet Newsable |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=June 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="manorama_wedding">{{cite web |title=സായ് കുമാറിന്റെ മകൾ വിവാഹിതയായി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/06/20/actor-saikumar-daughter-vaishnavi-wedding.html |website=Manorama Online |date=June 20, 2018 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="filmibeat_marriage">{{cite web |title=നടന്‍ സായികുമാറിന്റെ മകള്‍ വിവാഹിതയായി! ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ കാണൂ!! |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/saikumar-s-daughter-vaishnavi-got-married-043744.html |website=Filmibeat Malayalam |date=June 20, 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vaishnavi made her acting debut in 2020 with the [[Zee Keralam]] series ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'', where she portrayed the antagonist Kanaka Durga.
<ref name="indian_express_debut">{{cite web |title=അച്ഛന്റെ പാത പിന്തുടര്‍ന്ന് വൈഷ്ണവി; സായ് കുമാറിന്റെ മകള്‍ അഭിനയത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/saikumar-daughter-vaishnavi-acting-debut-serial-zee-kerala-kaiyethum-doorath-443951/ |website=Malayalam Indian Express |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=November 12, 2020 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="samayam_launch">{{cite web |title='കയ്യെത്തും ദൂരത്ത്'; പുതിയ പ്രണയ കഥയിൽ സായ്‌കുമാറിന്റെ മകളും! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sai-kumar-daughter-vaishanvis-mini-screen-entry-on-new-serial-kaiyethum-doorath/articleshow/79386451.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |date=November 24, 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> She later appeared as Ranjitha in the long-running series ''[[Kudumbavilakku]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref name="TOI_Leap">{{cite news |title=Kudumbavilakku takes a leap: A new chapter unfolds after 6 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-takes-a-leap-a-new-chapter-unfolds-after-6-years/articleshow/105698961.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=December 3, 2023}}</ref>

In July 2024, she was announced as part of the cast of the [[Flowers TV]] series ''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]''.<ref name="flowers_panchagni">{{cite web |last1=Jacob |first1=Aileen Sara |title='ഇത് പുത്തൻ അദ്ധ്യായം'; വൈഷ്‌ണവി സായ്‌കുമാർ ഇനി പഞ്ചാഗ്നിയിൽ! |url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2024/07/vaishnavi-saikumar-to-star-in-upcoming-serial-panchagni/ |website=Flowers Originals |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=July 25, 2024 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="samayam_support_2024">{{cite web |title=ആ വിലാസം എനിക്കൊരുപാട് തരത്തില്‍ ഗുണകരമായിട്ടുണ്ട്! സായ് കുമാറിനെക്കുറിച്ച് പറഞ്ഞ് വൈഷ്ണവി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/vaishnavi-sai-kumar-reveals-about-sai-kumar-s-support/articleshow/112645290.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=August 20, 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> The following year, she joined [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] series ''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]'', an adaptation of Joycee’s novel, playing the role of Vyjayanthi.<ref name="samayam_mazha_thorum">{{cite web |title=മഴ തോരും മുൻപേ: വൈജയന്തിയുടെ അപകടം ആരാധകരെ ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്നു; പ്രൊമോ തരംഗമാകുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/mazha-thorum-munpe-promo-and-latest-vyjayanthi-accident-episode-goes-trending/articleshow/126158533.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=December 2025 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/miniscreen/asianet-to-telecast-new-serial-mazha-thorum-mumpe-update/articleshow-35r9mzf|title=ജോയ്‍സിയുടെ രചനയിൽ 'മഴ തോരും മുൻപേ', ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ പുതിയ പരമ്പര|access-date=2025-12-11|last1=June 29, 2025|first1=Web Desk Published|last2=Ist|first2=03:22 Pm|language=ml}}</ref>

Vaishnavi expanded into cinema in 2025 with her feature film debut in the thriller ''[[Kalamkaval]]'', co-starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Vinayakan]].<ref name="mathrubhumi_kalamkaval">{{cite web |title=Kalamkaval' surprise reveal: Mammootty's grandson Adyan sings for the film VIDEO|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalamkaval-mammootty-vinayakan-release-grandson-sing-qcwex3hp |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || Anagha || Debut || <ref>{{Cite web |title=22 അല്ല 25 പേരാണ്! അഭിയും ത്രിവേദയും മുതൽ സായികുമാറിന്റെ മകൾ വരെ; ഗായത്രിയ്ക്കും ഇത് കരിയർ ചേഞ്ച് കഥാപാത്രമാവും |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/kalamkaval-pre-release-event-22-actresses-name-of-mammootty-kalamkaval-movie/photoshow/125732043.cms |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=[[Times Internet#Subsidiaries and products|Samayam Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2020–2023 || ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' || Kanaka Durga || [[Zee Keralam]] || Television debut ||<ref name="director_praise">{{cite web |title=സായി കുമാറിന്റെ ആദ്യ ഭാര്യയിലെ മകള്‍ വൈഷ്ണവിയുടെ അഭിനയത്തെ കുറിച്ച് സംവിധായകന്‍, പാരമ്പര്യം ഉണ്ട് എന്ന് കരുതി അച്ഛനെയും അച്ചാച്ഛനെയും പോലെ ആവില്ല, പക്ഷെ കഴിവുണ്ട് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/director-mohan-about-the-acting-of-vaishnavi-saikumar-daughter-of-actor-saikumar/articleshow/90308484.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=March 18, 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ammayariyathe]]'' || Dr. Reena || Asianet || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Manimuthu]]'' || Neetha || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||
|-
| 2023–2024 || ''[[Kudumbavilakku]]'' || Ranjitha || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||<ref name="samayam_old_photo">{{cite web |title='അച്ഛനൊപ്പം ഇങ്ങനെയൊരു ചിത്രം'; സായ് കുമാറിനൊപ്പമുള്ള പഴയകാല ചിത്രം പങ്കുവെച്ച് വൈഷ്ണവി! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/vaishnavi-sai-kumar-shared-an-old-photo-of-herself-with-her-father-sai-kumar/articleshow/110453975.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=May 27, 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025 || ''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]'' || Kalavathi || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/lima-babu-quit-from-panchagni-serial-she-replies-on-fans-comments/articleshow/116491516.cms|title=അഭിമന്യുവിന്റെ നായികയാകാൻ ഇനി ലിമ വരില്ല! ഞാൻ ഇനി അതിലേക്ക് ഇല്ല; അഷിതക്ക് പിന്നാലെ ലിമയുടെയും പിന്മാറ്റം!|website=Samayam|date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–present || ''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]'' || Vyjayanthi || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sai-kumar-and-daughter-vaishnavi-saikumar-viral-pic-10577171|title=സായിച്ചൻ, ഒരു പൂർത്തിയാകാത്ത ചിത്രം; അച്ഛനൊപ്പമുള്ള ചിത്രവുമായി വൈഷ്ണവി|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
* 2022- ''Flowers Oru Kodi'' ([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]])<ref name="samayam_family_crisis">{{cite web |title=അമ്മയേക്കാളും ജോളിയാണ് അച്ഛൻ! ഞാൻ കാരണമാണ് അച്ഛൻ പോയതെന്ന് വരുത്തിത്തീർക്കാനുള്ള ശ്രമങ്ങളുണ്ടായിരുന്നു! സായ്കുമാറിനെക്കുറിച്ച് വൈഷ്ണവി പറഞ്ഞത്? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/vaishnavi-sai-kumar-talks-about-her-father-sai-kumar/articleshow/93070262.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=July 23, 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>
* 2024- ''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]'' as Kalavathi (Flowers)
* 2020- ''[[Neeyum Njanum (TV series)|Neeyum Njanum]]'' ([[Zee Keralam]])
* 2024 - ''Flowers Oru Kodi with Comedy''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtcPfAKJx08 |title=Flowers Orukodi With Comedy {{!}} R.Sreekandan Nair {{!}} Vaishnavi Saikumar {{!}} Susmitha Prabhakaran {{!}} EP# 23 |date=2024-08-14 |last=Flowers Comedy |access-date=2025-10-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (Flowers)
* 2026 - ''Maanathe Kottaram'' (Zee Keralam)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2| 2026 || rowspan=2| [[Asianet Television Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress || rowspan=2|''Mazha Thorum Munpe'' || {{nom}} || rowspan=2 | <ref name="ata26">{{cite web |title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Winners List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2026/asianet-television-awards-2026-winners-list-who-won-best-actor-actress-serial-couple-award-at-at-506927.html |website=Filmibeat |date=30 March 2026}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/malayalam/awards/asianet-television-awards-2026|title=Malayalam Awards Asianet Television Awards 2026|language=en|work=NETTV4U}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-television-awards-2026-nominations-list/|title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Categories and Nominations List – Online Voting Started Now|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Character Actress || {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|13430821}}

[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sumati Gupte-Joglekar

2026-05-03T18:19:29Z

Tanu14: Starting details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumati Gupte-Joglekar
| image = Sumati Gupte-Joglekar.jog.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sumati in 1949
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|5|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[British India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vasant Joglekar]]|1943}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|10|31|1919|5|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1940 - 1979
| birthname = Sumati Gupte
| othername =
| homepage =
| awards =
}}
'''Sumati Gupte-Joglekar''' (11 May 1919– 31 October 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=प्रभात |date=2020-10-31 |title=विविधा : सुमती गुप्ते |url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/film-and-drama-actress-as-well-as-producer-director-sumati-gupte-joglekar/ |access-date= |website=Dainik Prabhat |language=mr}}</ref> was an Indian actress and producer who made significant contributions to [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] cinema and theatre. Beginning her career with [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]] and [[Marathi theatre|stage]], she expanded into [[Hindi cinema]], later moving behind the camera as a producer and writer with her husband’s banner. In 1999, Sumati was honoured with the [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award]], Maharashtra's highest award in the field of cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सांस्कृतिक कार्य संचालनालय |url=http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714083807/http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |archive-date=2018-07-14 |access-date= |website=mahasanskruti.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Joglekar was born on May 11, 1919, in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]]. She was the daughter of a judge and spent much of her childhood and education in [[Vadodara|Baroda]], [[Gujarat]].

After completing her graduation, she pursued acting—a challenging path at the time for women—leveraging connections through family friends to join the [[Prabhat Film Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2009-11-01 |title=Sad demise of Sumati Gupte |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/sumati-gupte-passed-away.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==

While working on ''Chimukla Sansar'', she met director [[Vasant Joglekar]]; they married in 1943 and she henceforth became known as Sumati Gupte-Joglekar. The couple had three daughters: Meera, Chanda, and Madhushri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2015-07-06 |title=HC: Divide actor Sumati Gupte's estate equally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hc-divide-actor-sumati-guptes-estate-equally/articleshow/47956614.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
She debuted in the bilingual Marathi film ''[[Sant Dnyaneshwar (film)|Sant Dnyaneshwar]]'' (1940), where she also performed two songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPqQydBYwz8 |title=संत ज्ञानेश्वर Sant Dnyaneshwar (1940) - Marathi Full Movie - Shahu Modak, Sumati Gupte, Bhagwat |date=2023-10-14 |last=Zee Movies Marathi |access-date= |via=YouTube}}</ref> She gained recognition in [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]’s historical drama ''Thoratanchi Kamla'' (1941), portraying Sambhaji’s fiancée, followed by roles in ''Navardeo'', ''Chimukla Sansar'' (1943), and ''Sunbai'' (1942).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimukla Sansar |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/chimukla-sansar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215235110/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/chimukla-sansar |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date= |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>

Gupte-Jokelar developed a strong presence in Marathi stage theatre, performing in plays such as ''[[Sanshay Kallol|Sanshaykallol]]'', ''Udyacha Sansar'', ''Sanyasta Khadag'', ''Lagnachi Bedi'', and ''Vikarvilasit''. Her career expanded into Hindi films with roles in ''[[Hamara Sansar]]'' (1945), ''Sharbati Aankhen'' (1945), ''Santan'' (1946), ''[[Veer Ghatotkach]]'' (1949), ''Nand Kishore'' (1951), ''Shiv Leela'' (1952), ''Samaj'' (1954), ''Mausi'' (1958), ''Kareegar'' (1958), ''Keechak Vadh'' (1959), ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965), ''[[Parivar (1967 film)|Parivar]]'' (1968), ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]'' (1971), ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973), ''Paise Ki Gudiya'' (1974), ''[[Sajjo Rani]]'' (1976), and ''[[Aadmi Sadak Ka]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-008-4 |language=en}}</ref>

She and [[Vasant Joglekar]] co-founded the Mera Pictures production banner. Under this, she produced several Marathi films including ''Shevatcha Malusara'' (1966), ''[[Ha Khel Savalyancha]]'' (1976), and ''Janaki'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ha Khel Savalyancha (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RMJ |access-date= |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

In the film ''[[Ha Khel Savalyancha]]'', she contributed as writer and producer; the film was directed by [[Vasant Joglekar]] and received acclaim, including awards for its music and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=डॉ. काशिनाथ घाणेकर - गोमू संगतीनं गाण्याची जादू पुन्हा अनुभवा! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/dr-kashinath-ghanekar-subodh-bhave-prajakta-mali-new-song-gomu-sangatine-1779054/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> She also helped launch her daughter Meera in the film ''Ek Kali Muskayee'' (1968), where Meera starred opposite [[Joy Mukherjee]].<ref name=":1" />

==Death ==

Gupte-Jokelar died on October 31, 2009, at the age of 90.<ref name=":0" />

==Honors and recognition==

Gupte-Jokelar was honoured with several awards, among them the [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award|V. Shantaram Award]], and the Chitrabhushan Jeevan Gaurav (Lifetime Achievement) Award.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name | id=0348507}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Sumati Gupte-Joglekar}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]

2024–25 I-League 2

2026-05-03T17:25:22Z

Tanu14:

{{Short description|17th season of the I-League 2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| competition = [[I-League 2]]
| dates = 25 January – 26 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2024-25 season of the #ILeague2 kicks off on 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮𝟱!|url=https://x.com/ILeague_aiff/status/1874683797708603513?t=Z9tBj19mo18WTsWY7t3agg&s=19|date=24 October 2024|location=New Delhi|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team|access-date=2 January 2024|website=[[Twitter]]|publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>
| winners = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond Harbour win I-League 2 title, Chanmari FC promoted to I-League 2025–26 |url=https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025 |work=i-league.org |publisher=All India Football Federation |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420152012/https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 }}</ref>
| promoted = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br>[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| relegated = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]<br>[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| matches = 72
| total goals = 179
| league topscorer = Akshunna Tyagi<br>(8 goals)
| biggest home win = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]] 7–0 KLASA<br>(10 April 2025)
| biggest away win = KLASA 0–8 Chanmari<br>(25 April 2025)
| highest scoring = Chanmari 7–1 TRAU<br>(11 February 2025)<br>KLASA 0–8 Chanmari<br>(25 April 2025)
| longest wins = 4 matches<br>Chanmari<br>Diamond Harbour
| longest unbeaten = 16 matches<br>Diamond Harbour
| longest winless = 10 matches<br>KLASA
| longest losses = 8 matches<br>KLASA
| highest attendance = 12,000<br>KLASA 0–0 TRAU<br>(2 February 2025)
| lowest attendance = 20<br>Bengaluru United 1–2 Diamond Harbour<br>(2 March 2025)
| attendance = 52,975
| average attendance = 735
| prevseason = [[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 I-League 2|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 I-League 2''' was the 17th season of the [[I-League 2]] since its establishment in 2008. It was also the 3rd season as the third tier of the [[Indian football league system]]. The top two clubs secured a place in the [[2025–26 I-League]] season.

== Club changes ==
The following clubs have changed division since the [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24 season]]:{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-2}}

=== To I-League 2 ===
'''Relegated from [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]'''
* [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
* [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]

'''Promoted from [[2024–25 I-League 3|I-League 3]]'''
* [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
* [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
* [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
* [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]

{{col-2}}

=== From I-League 2 ===
'''Promoted to [[2024–25 I-League|I-League]]'''
* [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
* [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]

'''Relegated to [[2024–25 I-League 3|I-League 3]]'''
* [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
* [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]

{{col-end}}

In October 2024, [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] withdrew from the tournament. This brought the total number of teams participating in the league to nine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League 2 2024-25: Newly promoted SAT Tirur face familiar foes KLASA FC in season-opener |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=AIFF drops plan to field U-20 team in I-League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-drops-plan-to-field-u-20-team-in-i-league/articleshow/114327571.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Clubs ==
*Relegated from the [[2023–24 I-League]]
*Clubs not promoted to the [[2024–25 I-League]] in the previous season are reinstated
*Promoted from the [[2024–25 I-League 3]]

{{Location map+|India|float=right|width=320|alt=|caption=Locations of I-League 2 clubs|places=


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.975 |long=88.434444 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[United SC|United]]</span> |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.1645 |long=92.9376|label=<span class="nowrap">[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]</span>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=10.9 |long=75.92 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]</span> |position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.1191009 |long=88.190474 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond<br>Harbour]]</span> |position=bottom}}



{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.81 |long=93.94 |label= <div style="font-size:100%"> {{nobreak|Imphal}}
</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=14.50 |long=86.00 |label= <div style="font-size:100%">'''{{nobreak|[[Imphal]] teams:}}'''<br/>
{{nobreak|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]}}<br/>
{{nobreak|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]}}
</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.498889|long=73.827778|label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting<br>Goa]]</span> |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.97|long=77.59|label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru<br>United]]</span> |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.4333 |long=93.6167|label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]</span> |position=left}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!State
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone – Dravid CSE]]
|250
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Bishnupur district|Keinou]]
|[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
|35,285
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
|35,285
|-
|[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Tirur]]
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|30,000
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Goa]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Panaji]]
|[[GMC Athletic Stadium|Bambolim Stadium]]
|3,000
|-
|[[Dempo SC#Ella Academy Ground|Ella Academy Ground]]
|500
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
|35,285
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|}

== Personnel and sponsorship ==


{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Club
! scope="col" |Head coach
! scope="col" |Captain
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Kit manufacturer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Faiz Khan
|Hyve
|Nimidia
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Dipankur Sharma
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalrinchhana Tochhawng
|Six5Six
|Livaah
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Kibu Vicuña]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Subrata Santra
|Nautica
|[[Apeejay Surrendra Group|Apeejay Surrendra]]
|-
|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Abu Osama Shaikh
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ningthoujam Momocha Singh
|Enadeka
|
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gyan Moyon
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sushil Meitei]]
|Vamos
|
|-
|[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Cleofas Alex
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Unise
|Fly High
|Fossil Petroleum
|-
|[[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Armando Colaco]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Joel Colaco
|Six5Six
|Models
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[L. Nandakumar Singh]]
|
|Six5Six
|TLT Sports Academy
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BEL}} Steve Herbots
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Tarak Hembram
|Trak-Only
|Aahar Caterer
|-
|}

== League table ==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://i-league.org/points-table/ileague-2/ I-League 2] [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/2nd-division-league AIFF]
|update= complete


|team_order= DHB, CHN, SCG, BEN, SAT, USC, NER, TRU, KLA


|win_BEN=6 |draw_BEN=5 |loss_BEN=5 |gf_BEN=21 |ga_BEN=11 |status_BEN= 
|win_TRU=3 |draw_TRU=3 |loss_TRU=10 |gf_TRU=14 |ga_TRU=30 |status_TRU=R 
|win_NER=5 |draw_NER=2 |loss_NER=9 |gf_NER=19 |ga_NER=29 |status_NER= 
|win_SCG=7 |draw_SCG=5 |loss_SCG=4 |gf_SCG=18 |ga_SCG=12 |status_SCG= 
|win_USC=5 |draw_USC=6 |loss_USC=5 |gf_USC=15 |ga_USC=17 |status_USC= 
|win_CHN=10 |draw_CHN=3 |loss_CHN=3 |gf_CHN=36 |ga_CHN=10 |status_CHN=P 
|win_SAT=6 |draw_SAT=4 |loss_SAT=6 |gf_SAT=21 |ga_SAT=23 |status_SAT= 
|win_DHB=11 |draw_DHB=5 |loss_DHB=0 |gf_DHB=28 |ga_DHB=10 |status_DHB=CP 
|win_KLA=2 |draw_KLA=1 |loss_KLA=13 |gf_KLA=8 |ga_KLA=38 |status_KLA=R 


|name_CHN = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|name_USC = [[United SC|United]]
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_SAT = [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|name_NER = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_BEN = [[FC Bengaluru United| Bengaluru United]]
|name_SCG = [[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_TRU = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|name_KLA = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|result1=P |result2=P |result8=R|result9=R


|res_col_header=PR
|col_P=green1|text_P= Promotion to [[2025–26 I-League|I-League]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2025–26 I-League 3|I-League 3]]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Fixtures and results ==
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ileague-2/ I-League]
|update = 25 April 2025
|matches_style = FBR


|team1=BEN |team2=CHN |team3=DHB |team4=KLA |team5=NER |team6=SAT |team7=SCG |team8=TRU |team9=USC



|name_USC = [[United SC|United]]
|name_NER = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_BEN = [[FC Bengaluru United| Bengaluru United]]
|name_SCG = [[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_TRU = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|name_CHN = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_SAT = [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|name_KLA = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]


|match_BEN_CHN=0-2
|match_BEN_DHB=1-2
|match_BEN_KLA=7-0
|match_BEN_NER=1-2
|match_BEN_SAT=0-0
|match_BEN_SCG=1-1
|match_BEN_TRU=3-0
|match_BEN_USC=0-0


|match_CHN_BEN=1-0
|match_CHN_DHB=0-1
|match_CHN_KLA=4-0
|match_CHN_NER=1-0
|match_CHN_SAT=3-0
|match_CHN_SCG=1-1
|match_CHN_TRU=7-1
|match_CHN_USC=4-1


|match_DHB_BEN=0-0
|match_DHB_CHN=2-0
|match_DHB_KLA=1-0
|match_DHB_NER=1-1
|match_DHB_SAT=4-1
|match_DHB_SCG=2-1
|match_DHB_TRU=3-1
|match_DHB_USC=0-0


|match_KLA_BEN=0-2
|match_KLA_CHN=0-8
|match_KLA_DHB=1-3
|match_KLA_NER=1-2
|match_KLA_SAT=0-1
|match_KLA_SCG=0-1
|match_KLA_TRU=0-0
|match_KLA_USC=0-1


|match_NER_BEN=0-2
|match_NER_CHN=1-2
|match_NER_DHB=0-2
|match_NER_KLA=2-3
|match_NER_SAT=0-1
|match_NER_SCG=2-1
|match_NER_TRU=1-1
|match_NER_USC=1-0


|match_SAT_BEN=1-0
|match_SAT_CHN=1-1
|match_SAT_DHB=1-2
|match_SAT_KLA=2-0
|match_SAT_NER=5-2
|match_SAT_SCG=1-1
|match_SAT_TRU=2-3
|match_SAT_USC=0-0


|match_SCG_BEN=0-0
|match_SCG_CHN=1-0
|match_SCG_DHB=1-1
|match_SCG_KLA=1-0
|match_SCG_NER=3-0
|match_SCG_SAT=2-3
|match_SCG_TRU=1-0
|match_SCG_USC=2-0


|match_TRU_BEN=1-2
|match_TRU_CHN=0-1
|match_TRU_DHB=0-2
|match_TRU_KLA=1-3
|match_TRU_NER=1-2
|match_TRU_SAT=2-1
|match_TRU_SCG=0-1
|match_TRU_USC=2-0


|match_USC_BEN=1-2
|match_USC_CHN=1-1
|match_USC_DHB=2-2
|match_USC_KLA=2-0
|match_USC_NER=2-1
|match_USC_SAT=3-1
|match_USC_SCG=1-0
|match_USC_TRU=1-1
}}

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b

|team1=[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|team2=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|team3=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|team4=[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|team5=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|team6=[[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|team7=[[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|team8=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|team9=[[United SC|United]]

| pos1= L/L/W/W/L/W/L/D/W/D/W/D/L/W/D/D 
| pos2= W/W/D/W/W/W/W/L/L/W/D/W/W/D/L/W 
| pos3= W/W/W/D/D/W/W/W/W/D/W/W/D/W/W/D 
| pos4= L/D/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L 
| pos5= L/W/L/D/W/L/D/W/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/W 
| pos6= W/D/W/W/L/L/D/L/L/W/D/W/D/L/L/W 
| pos7= L/D/W/L/W/W/D/D/W/W/D/W/W/L/D/L 
| pos8= L/D/L/L/L/W/D/W/L/L/L/L/L/D/W/L 
| pos9= W/L/D/L/W/D/L/L/W/D/D/W/L/D/D/W 

|color_W = green2 | text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2 | text_L =Lose
|source = [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ileague-2/ I-League]
|update = 25 April 2025
}}

== Statistics ==
{{updated|26 April 2025}}
=== Top scorers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref>{{cite web| url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| title=Statistics: I-League 2| access-date=28 January 2025| archive-date=28 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128135623/https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1
| align="left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Akshunna Tyagi
| align="left" | Bengaluru United
|8
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Chabungbam Linky Meitei
| align="left" |NEROCA
| rowspan="2" |7
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Aquib Nawab
| align="left" |SAT
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Senthamil S
| align="left" |SAT
| rowspan="3" |6
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Tarak Hembram
| align="left" |United
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Sahil Harijan
| align="left" |United
|-
| rowspan="4" |7
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Girik Khosla]]
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
| rowspan="4" |5
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Naro Hari Shrestha]]
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Doyal Alves
| align="left" |Sporting Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Paul Ramfangzauva]]
| align="left" |Chanmari
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! For
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
! Ref
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Akshunna Tyagi
| Bengaluru United
| TRAU
| align="center" | 3–0 (H)
| {{dts|2025|02|07|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=42254|title=Bengaluru United 3 – 0 TRAU|date=7 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025|website=I-league}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} KC Malsawmsanga
| Chanmari
| TRAU
| align="center" | 7–1 (H)
| {{dts|2025|02|11|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=31169|title=Chanmari 7 – 1 TRAU|date=11 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025|website=I-league}}</ref>
|-
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Akshunna Tyagi
| Bengaluru United
| KLASA
| align="center" | 7–0 (H)
| {{dts|2025|04|10|format=dmy}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=42304|title=Bengaluru United 7 – 0 KLASA|date=10 April 2025|access-date=12 April 2025|website=I-league}}</ref>
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets<ref>{{cite web| url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| title=Statistics: I-League 2| access-date=28 January 2025| archive-date=28 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128135623/https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Abhimanyu Singh
| align="left" |Sporting Goa
| rowspan="2" |8
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Manjunath Hirekurbar
| align="left" |Bengaluru United
|-
|3
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Susnata Malik
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
|7
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Mohanraj K
| align="left" |SAT
| rowspan="2" |6
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Zothanmawia]]
| align="left" |Chanmari
|-
|6
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Sourav Samanta
| align="left" |United
|4
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Mohammad Abujar
| align="left" |TRAU
| rowspan="2" |2
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Raunak Ghosh
| align="left" |United
|-
| rowspan="3" |9
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Salam Sanaton Singh
| align="left" |KLASA
| rowspan="3" |1
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Khoirom Jackson Singh
| align="left" |NEROCA
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} RS Lallawmzuala
| align="left" |Chanmari
|}

=== Discipline ===
* Most yellow cards: '''6'''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| title=Statistics: I-League 2| access-date=28 January 2025| archive-date=28 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128135623/https://i-league.org/statistics-league/ileague-2/| url-status=live}}</ref>
**{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Suprodip Hazra (Diamond Harbour)

* Most red cards: '''1'''
**7 Players

=== Club discipline ===
* Most yellow cards: '''33'''
**Chanmari
* Most red cards: '''3'''
**Chanmari

== Overall attendances ==
{{fb a header}}
{{fb a2 team |p=1 |t=KLASA |s=22775 |h=12000 |l=100 |a=2846 |pr= |nt=†† }}
{{fb a2 team |p=2 |t=TRAU |s=9001 |h=2163 |l=400 |a=1125 |pr=255 |nt=† }}
{{fb a2 team |p=3 |t=Chanmari |s=3958 |h=1500 |l=200 |a=682 |pr= |nt=†† }}
{{fb a2 team |p=4 |t=NEROCA |s=5411 |h=2500 |l=100 |a=676 |pr=362 |nt=† }}
{{fb a2 team |p=5 |t=Diamond Harbour|s=2949 |h=1230 |l=109 |a=368 |pr= |nt=†† }}
{{fb a2 team |p=6 |t=Sporting Goa|s=2342 |h=512 |l=80 |a=292 |pr=271 }}
{{fb a2 team |p=7 |t=United |s=2200 |h=400 |l=150 |a=275 |pr=229 }}
{{fb a2 team |p=8 |t=Bengaluru United |s=1784 |h=456 |l=20 |a=223 |pr=87 }}
{{fb a2 team |p=9 |t=SAT|s=1055 |h=359 |l=50 |a=131 |pr= |nt=†† }}
{{fb a footer |s=52975 |h=12000 |l=20 |a=735 |pr=210 |source=I-League|notes=<sup>†</sup> NEROCA and TRAU played in the [[I-League]] in the [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24 season]].<br>
<sup>††</sup> Attendance count for SA Tirur, Diamond Harbour, Chanmari and KLASA starts from this season.}}

=== Attendances by home matches ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:76px;"|Club \ Match played
! align=center|1 !! align=center|2 !! align=center|3 !! align=center|4 !! align=center|5 !! align=center|6 !! align=center|7!! align=center|8!! align="center" |Total
|- align=center



|align=left|KLASA
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|12,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42249_Match_Summary_V1_1738493177.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance1}}</ref>||7,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42266_Match_Summary_V1_1740136829.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance2}}</ref>||2,500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42268_Match_Summary_V1_1740482118.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance3}}</ref>||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42279_Match_Summary_V1_1741691075.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance4}}</ref>||300<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42285_Match_Summary_V1_1742209597.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance5}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|100<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42294_Match_Summary_V1_1742987952.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance6}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42297_Match_Summary_V1_1743245987.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance7}}</ref>||175<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42311_Match_Summary_V1_1745580459.pdf| title=Statistics: KLA Attendance8}}</ref>||22,775
|- align=center



|align=left|TRAU
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|2,163<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42269_Match_Summary_V1_1740568623.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance1}}</ref>||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42277_Match_Summary_V2_1741347301.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance2}}</ref>||1,236<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42282_Match_Summary_V1_1741777236.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance3}}</ref>||1,126<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42284_Match_Summary_V1_1742123442.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance4}}</ref>||1,120<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42289_Match_Summary_V1_1742554842.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance5}}</ref>||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42292_Match_Summary_V1_1742814631.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance6}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|400<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42299_Match_Summary_V1_1743679840.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance7}}</ref>||1,956<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42312_Match_Summary_V1_1745667665.pdf| title=Statistics: TRA Attendance8}}</ref>||9,001
|- align=center



|align=left|{{nowrap|Chanmari}}
||703<ref>{{cite web| url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42245_Match_Summary_V1_1737974260.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance1| access-date=6 February 2025| archive-date=30 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130133050/https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42245_Match_Summary_V1_1737974260.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>||1,048<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42247_Match_Summary_V1_1738405773.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance2}}</ref>||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42253_Match_Summary_V1_1738925288.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance3}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42255_Match_Summary_V1_1739266941.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance4}}</ref>||732<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42264_Match_Summary_V1_1740049051.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance5}}</ref>||375<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42271_Match_Summary_V1_1740825215.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance6}}</ref>||400<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42295_Match_Summary_V1_1743246294.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance7}}</ref>||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42308_Match_Summary_V1_1745063355.pdf| title=Statistics: CHN Attendance8}}</ref>||5,458
|- align=center



|align=left|{{nowrap|NEROCA}}
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|2,500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42272_Match_Summary_V1_1740830206.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance1}}</ref>||580<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42275_Match_Summary_V1_1741260200.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance2}}</ref>||729<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42283_Match_Summary_V1_1742036988.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance3}}</ref>||800<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42288_Match_Summary_V1_1742468522.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance4}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|100<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42293_Match_Summary_V1_1742900912.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance5}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42298_Match_Summary_V1_1743333118.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance6}}</ref>||400<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42302_Match_Summary_V1_1743766339.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance7}}</ref>||102<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42305_Match_Summary_V1_1744371978.pdf| title=Statistics: NER Attendance8}}</ref>||5,411
|- align=center



|align=left|Diamond Harbour
|style="background:#FFCCCC"|109<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42244_Match_Summary_V1_1737803502.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance1}}</ref>||250<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42250_Match_Summary_V1_1738495151.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance2}}</ref>||160||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42262_Match_Summary_V1_1739704274.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance4}}</ref>||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42265_Match_Summary_V2_1740137171.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance5}}</ref>||250<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42270_Match_Summary_V1_1740568341.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance6}}</ref>||250<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42276_Match_Summary_V2_1741261043.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance7}}</ref>||style="background:#CCF9CC"|1,230<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42313_Match_Summary_V1_1745667413.pdf| title=Statistics: DHB Attendance8}}</ref>||2,949
|- align=center



|align=left|{{nowrap|Sporting Goa}}
||500<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42256_Match_Summary_V1_1739277541.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance1}}</ref>||300<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42263_Match_Summary_V1_1740055214.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance2}}</ref>||274<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42267_Match_Summary_V1_1740486662.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance3}}</ref>||style="background:#CCF9CC"|512<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42278_Match_Summary_V1_1741350875.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance4}}</ref>||376<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42281_Match_Summary_V1_1741783330.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance5}}</ref>||100<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42287_Match_Summary_V1_1742474834.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance6}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|80<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42296_Match_Summary_V1_1743253531.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance7}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42314_Match_Summary_V1_1745587248.pdf| title=Statistics: SCG Attendance8}}</ref>||2,342
|- align=center



|align=left|{{nowrap|United}}
|style="background:#FFCCCC"|150<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42246_Match_Summary_V1_1737889269.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance1}}</ref>||300<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42257_Match_Summary_V1_1739358682.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance2}}</ref>||style="background:#CCF9CC"|400<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42260_Match_Summary_V1_1739618133.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance3}}</ref>||400<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42280_Match_Summary_V1_1741693748.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance4}}</ref>||250<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42290_Match_Summary_V1_1742559321.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance5}}</ref>||350<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42301_Match_Summary_V2_1743768633.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance6}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42303_Match_Summary_V3_1744289078.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance7}}</ref>||150<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42307_Match_Summary_V1_1744977315.pdf| title=Statistics: USC Attendance8}}</ref>||2,200
|- align=center



|align=left|{{nowrap|Bengaluru United}}
||148<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42248_Match_Summary_V1_1738413660.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance1}}</ref>||85<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42254_Match_Summary_V1_1738932098.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance2}}</ref>||150<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42259_Match_Summary_V1_1739623855.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance3}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|20<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42273_Match_Summary_V1_1740918948.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance4}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42286_Match_Summary_V1_1742128166.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance5}}</ref>||275<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42291_Match_Summary_V1_1742905380.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance6}}</ref>||style="background:#CCF9CC|456<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42304_Match_Summary_V1_1744288139.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance7}}</ref>||450<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42310_Match_Summary_V1_1745066176.pdf| title=Statistics: BEN Attendance8}}</ref>||1,784
|- align=center



|align=left|SAT
|style="background:#CCF9CC"|359<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42243_Match_Summary_V1_1737866243.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance1}}</ref>||80<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42252_Match_Summary_V1_1738845446.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance2}}</ref>||200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42258_Match_Summary_V1_1739363759.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance3}}</ref>||106<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42261_Match_Summary_V1_1739709640.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance4}}</ref>||80<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42274_Match_Summary_V1_1740919773.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance5}}</ref>||style="background:#FFCCCC"|50<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42300_Match_Summary_V1_1743688739.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance6}}</ref>||80<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42306_Match_Summary_V2_1744378517.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance7}}</ref>||100<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/42309_Match_Summary_V1_1745067466.pdf| title=Statistics: SAT Attendance8}}</ref>||1,055
|}
{{notelist}}
<small>'''Legend:''' {{legend inline|#CCF9CC|Highest}}
{{Legend inline|#FFCCCC|Lowest}}
</small>
<br />
<small>Updated to game(s) played on 26 April 2025</small><br>
<small>'''Source:''' [https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/ileague-2/ I-League.org]</small>

== See also ==
*'''Men'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup (April)]]
** [[2024 Durand Cup]]
** [[2025 Reliance Foundation Development League]]
*'''Women'''
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Reflist|group=n}}

{{I-League 2}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League 2}}
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Eknath Easwaran

2026-05-02T05:56:54Z

Tanu14: started new article

{{Short description|Indian-American spiritual teacher}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eknath Easwaran
| image = Eknath Easwaran courtesy of the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|12|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|10|26|1910|12|17}}
| death_place = [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Spiritual teacher, author, translator and interpreter of spiritual literature, teacher of [[Passage Meditation]]
| occupation =
}}
'''Eknath Easwaran''' (December 17, 1910{{Snd}} October 26, 1999) was an Indian-born spiritual teacher, author, and translator and interpreter of Indian religious texts such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and the [[Upanishads]].

Easwaran was a professor of English literature at the [[University of Nagpur]] in [[India]] when he came to the [[United States]] in 1959 on the [[Fulbright Program]] at the University of Minnesota before moving to Berkeley and registering as a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1, 1999 |title=SFGate |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Eknath-Easwaran-2899509.php}}</ref> In 1961, Easwaran founded the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation, based in [[northern California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About BMCM|url=https://www.bmcm.org/about/about-bmcm/}}</ref> In 1968 Easwaran established Nilgiri Press.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Nilgiri Press|url=https://www.bmcm.org/about/about-nilgiri-press}}</ref> Nilgiri Press has published over thirty books that he authored.

Easwaran was influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom he met when he was a young man.<ref>Gandhi's influence on Easwaran is described by Easwaran or others in a variety of publications, including ''[[Gandhi the Man]]'' (e.g., p. 6, 1978 edition), ''[[The Making of a Teacher]]'' (e.g., p. 160, 1989 edition), and ''The Compassionate Universe'' ({{ISBN|9781458778420}}, see chapter 1; chapters 2-8 are structured using Gandhi's [[Seven Blunders of the World|"Seven Social Sins"]]). See also [http://www.easwaran.org/eknath-easwaran.html the biography of Easwaran] posted at his publisher's website (accessed 1 September 2017).</ref> Easwaran developed a method of [[meditation]]{{Snd}} silent repetition in the mind of memorized inspirational passages from the world's major religious and spiritual traditions<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=576
|title=In Memoriam: Sri Eknath Easwaran (1911–1999)
|publisher=Monastic Interreligious Dialogue
|access-date=2008-03-30
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008155001/http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=576
|archive-date=October 8, 2007
}}</ref>{{Snd}} which later came to be known as [[Passage Meditation]].

His teachings inspired some of his students to create the 1976 vegetarian cookbook ''[[Laurel's Kitchen]]''.

==Biography{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Biography}}==
Eknath Easwaran was born in 1910 in a village in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="jones06">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|last1=Jones|first1=Constance A.|author2=James D. Ryan
|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing / Facts On File
|location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA143 }} "Easwaran was born on December 17, 1910, into an ancient matrilineal family in Kerala, India" (p. 143)</ref>
''Eknath'' is his surname, ''Easwaran'' his given name.<ref name="clarifyname">However, after he came to the United States, "Easwaran" generally functioned as his last name (analogous to a surname) for authorship credits and other public activities.</ref> Brought up by his mother, and by his maternal grandmother whom he honored as his spiritual teacher, he was schooled in his native village until the age of sixteen, when he went to attend [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]], a Catholic college fifty miles away. He graduated at the [[University of Nagpur]] in English and law.<ref name="flinders89">{{cite book |title=The Making of a Teacher: Conversations with Eknath Easwaran |last1=Flinders |first1=Tim |author2=Carol Flinders |year=1989 |publisher=Nilgiri Press |location=Petaluma, CA |isbn=978-0-915132-54-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofteacher00flin |author2-link=Carol Lee Flinders }} {{ISBN|0-915132-54-0}}, {{ISBN|0-915132-55-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-915132-55-3}}, {{OCLC|18983479}}</ref>{{rp|118}} He served as Chair of the Department of English at [[University of Nagpur]].<ref>[https://berkeleyplaques.org/e-plaque/eknath-easwaran/ "Eknath Easwaran- Meditation Teacher and Writer (1910 -1999)"]. berkeleyplaques.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> Prior to arriving in the United States, he had a family with two children.

In 1959, he came to the United States as a [[Fulbright scholar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web
| url = https://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/1192
| title = Eknath Easwaran
| publisher=Yoga Journal
| access-date = 2008-03-30
}}</ref><ref name=":1">Holly Hammond (January/February 1996). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=kekDAAAAMBAJ&q=meditation+master+eknath+easwaran&pg=PA4 Finding balance in a hurried world]." ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' n123, pp. 86–92, 139–141 {{ISSN|0191-0965}}.</ref>[[File:EE teaching.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|Eknath Easwaran teaching what is thought to be the first credit course on meditation offered at a major university in the U.S. at U.C. Berkeley in 1968]]

From 1960–1961 Easwaran gave talks on the Indian scriptures in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vrrCgAAQBAJ|title=With My Love and Blessings|page=16|isbn=9781586380021 |last1=Easwaran |first1=Eknath |date=October 30, 2000 |publisher=Nilgiri Press }}</ref> He met his American wife Christine at one of these talks. Easwaran founded the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation in 1961. He went back to India in 1962 to fulfill the terms of the Fulbright,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vrrCgAAQBAJ|title=With My Love and Blessings|page=17|isbn=9781586380021 |last1=Easwaran |first1=Eknath |date=October 30, 2000 |publisher=Nilgiri Press }}</ref> returning to the Bay Area in 1965 to continue his teaching. In 1968 he was invited by a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, to teach on a Religious Studies course entitled The Theory and Practice of Meditation – the first in the country offering credits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berkeleyplaques.org/e-plaque/eknath-easwaran/|title=Berkeley Historical Plaque Project{{Snd}} Easwaran, Eknath-Meditation Teacher|website=berkeleyplaques.org|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>

In 1970 he founded ''Ramagiri Ashram'' as a community of dedicated followers in [[Marin County]].<ref name="flinders89"/>

He set up a publishing activity, Nilgiri Press, which printed his first book ''[[Gandhi The Man]]'', telling the story of Gandhi as a spiritual as well as a political leader. His first major work was his 3-volume commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, the ''Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living'', the first volume of which was printed in 1975 and the last in 1984. His book ''[[Passage Meditation|Meditation]]'' on the program of meditation and allied disciplines that he developed first appeared in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxWHzgEACAAJ|title=Google Books: Meditation |last1=Eknath |first1=Easwaran |date=1978 }}</ref>

By 2018, Easwaran's methods of spiritual practice had been the focus of two major scientific research programs that had produced thirty refereed research reports.<ref name=oman18>{{cite journal |last1=Oman |first1=Doug |last2=Bormann |first2=Jill E. |title=Eknath Easwaran's Mantram and Passage Meditation as Applied Indian Psychology: Psycho-Spiritual and Health Effects |journal=[[Psychological Studies]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=94–108 |date=2018 |doi=10.1007/s12646-018-0448-8|s2cid=149644696 }}</ref>

==Published works{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Written_works}}==
{{Eknath Easwaran}}Easwaran's written works may be grouped into several major categories—primarily books, but also articles in newspapers and other periodicals. Most of his books have been reviewed by spiritually oriented publications or websites, or by nationally known media such as ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref name="mmm84mckibben">[[Bill McKibben]] (September 24, 1984). "Notes and Comment" (in "The Talk of the Town"; discusses Easwaran's ''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|A Man to Match His Mountains]]'', a biography of [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]). ''[[The New Yorker]]'', pp. 39–40. "A straightforward yet devoted biography ... By his example, [Khan] asks what we ourselves, as individuals made from the same stuff as he, are doing to shape history" (pp. 39–40).</ref> or the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref name="mckibben89">[[Bill McKibben]] (May 21, 1989). "A guru who offers no guarantees: Easwaran teaches a practical method of self-mastery." ''[[New York Post]]'', pp. 4–5. Review of ''[[Gandhi the Man]]'', ''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|A Man to Match His Mountains]]'', ''[[Passage Meditation|Meditation]]'', ''[[Mantram Handbook|The Mantram Handbook]]'', and ''Conquest of Mind''.</ref>

In addition, a large number of Easwaran's recorded talks have been published in video and audio formats.<ref name="eetapes" />

===Translations{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Translations}}===
{{Main|Dhammapada (Easwaran translation)}}
Easwaran's translations of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', the ''[[Upanishads]]'', and the ''[[Dhammapada]]'' [[Dhammapada (Easwaran translation)|(see article)]] have been critically acclaimed. Religion scholar [[Huston Smith]] is cited by the publisher as writing: "No one in modern times is more qualified{{Snd}} no, make that 'as qualified'{{Snd}} to translate the epochal Classics of Indian Spirituality than Eknath Easwaran. And the reason is clear. It is impossible to get to the heart of those classics unless you live them, and he did live them. My admiration of the man and his works is boundless."<ref name="smithq">Huston Smith, quoted on back cover and on page 383 of Eknath Easwaran (2007). ''[ The Upanishads]'' (2nd, rev. ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58638-021-2}}</ref>
In ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction''<ref>[[Huston Smith]] and [[Philip Novak]] (2003). ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction'' San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. {{ISBN|0-06-050696-2}} (p. 222: "Our favorite translation is Eknath Easwaran's ''The Dhammapada''. His Indian heritage, literary gifts, and spiritual sensibilities (which have given us excellent translations of Hinduism's ''Upanishads'' and ''Bhagavad Gita'') here produce a sublime rendering of the words of the Buddha. Verse after verse shimmers with quiet, confident authority. A bonus is the sparkling 70-page introduction to the Buddha's life and teachings that precedes the translation.")</ref> Smith and his coauthor [[Philip Novak]] wrote that "Our favorite translation is Eknath Easwaran's ''The Dhammapada''. His Indian heritage, literary gifts, and spiritual sensibilities... here produce a sublime rendering of the words of the Buddha. Verse after verse shimmers with quiet, confident authority. A bonus is the sparkling 70-page introduction to the Buddha's life and teachings."{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Since 2009, Easwaran's three translations "have each been the best-selling translations of these scriptures in the USA."<ref name=oman18/>{{rp|96}} In the US in 2016, each of Easwaran's translations outsold the second best-selling translation in its category "by more than 3:1",<ref name=oman18/>{{rp|96}} and the second editions have together sold more than 470,000 copies.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Commentaries{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Commentaries-Indian}}===
{{Main|Essence of the Upanishads (book)}}
''[[Essence of the Upanishads (book)|Essence of the Upanishads]]'', originally entitled ''Dialogue with death: The spiritual psychology of the Katha Upanishad'', explains how the [[Katha Upanishad]] embraces the key ideas of Indian spirituality within the context of a powerful mythic quest{{Snd}} the story of a young hero who ventures into the land of death in search of immortality. "''Essence of the Upanishads'' is a westerner's guide to this vitally important Indian text and its modern relevance to the Indian mindset and spirituality."<ref>Midwest Book Review Aug-09 https://www.midwestbookreview.com/wbw/aug_09.htm</ref>

In ''Essence of the Bhagavad Gita'', Easwaran places the Gita's teachings in a modern context and comments on the Gita's view of the nature of reality, the illusion of separateness, the search for identity, the meaning of yoga, and how to heal the unconscious. The book views the key message of the Gita as how to resolve our conflicts and live in harmony with the deep unity of life, through the practice of meditation and spiritual disciplines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brussat |first=Frederic and Mary Ann |title=Essence of The Bhagavad Gita: A Contemporary Guide to Yoga, Meditation, and Indian Philosophy |url=https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/book-reviews/view/22121/essence-of-the-bhagavad-gita |access-date=August 31, 2024 |website=Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys}}</ref>

In ''Essence of the Dhammapada'', Easwaran comments on the Dhammapada, sayings attributed to the Buddha himself, presenting it as a guide that gives straightforward teachings about spiritual perseverance, progress, and enlightenment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brussat |first=Frederic and Mary Ann |title=Essence of the Dhammapada: The Buddha's Call to Nirvana |url=https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/book-reviews/view/25651/essence-of-the-dhammapada |access-date=August 31, 2024 |website=Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys}}</ref>

===Books on meditation{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Books_on_meditation}}===
{{Main|Passage Meditation|Mantram Handbook|Conquest of Mind}}
His book ''[[Passage Meditation]]'' (original title ''Meditation'') describes the Eight Point Program that Easwaran developed, while his book ''[[Conquest of Mind]]'' goes further into the practice of these disciplines in daily life. ''Timeless Wisdom'' is a companion book to ''Passage Meditation'' and contains passages for meditation drawn from across the world's spiritual traditions. His book ''[[Mantram Handbook|Mantram Handbook: a practical guide to choosing your mantram and calming your mind]]'' addresses The Mantram, the second point in the program.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

His book ''Strength in the Storm''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘Strength in the Storm’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> is an introduction to The Mantram, containing many stories and practical examples to help the reader learn how to harness the inner resources for dealing with challenges in daily living. His book ''Take Your Time''<ref>Spirituality and Practice, review of ''Take Your Time''</ref> explores "Slowing Down" and "One-Pointed Attention" in daily lives. ''Renewal''<ref name="carrigan1996">
"Easwaran is one [of] the most powerful Hindu teachers lecturing and writing in America ... this book is meant to be a companion for the difficult but joyous interior work of spiritual transformation that is at the heart of his teachings", wrote ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' in a review of the original edition: Henry Carrigan (1996). "Your life is your message: Finding harmony with yourself, others, and the earth." ''Publishers Weekly'', v243 n29, p69.
(republished in 2009 as ''Renewal'')</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘Renewal’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> is a pocket book of short readings on themes such as loving relationships, raising children, living simply, and aging wisely; ''Patience'', the second in the pocket book series, shows how to cultivate Patience{{Snd}} "the ornament of the brave"{{Snd}} at any age. Other (older) books describe various aspects of leading a spiritual life: ''Climbing the Blue Mountain'', ''Compassionate Universe'', and ''Undiscovered Country''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Daily readers and reference{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Daily_readers_and_reference}}===
{{Main|God Makes the Rivers to Flow}}
''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow]]''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘God Makes the Rivers to Flow’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> is an anthology of writings from the sacred literature of the world, selected by Easwaran as useful for meditation. A larger (and earlier) version of ''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|Timeless Wisdom]]'', it contains dozens of passages from diverse traditions, and identifies passages for particular stages in life, such as caregiving, families with small children, death and dying, grief and loss, and for building positive qualities such as patience, courage, devotion to God, and putting others first. ''Words to Live By''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘Words to Live By’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> is a set of daily readings with Easwaran's commentary on applying the reading to daily life.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living''{{Anchor|ANCHOR-BGDL}}===
The ''Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living'' is a manual for living a spiritual life, comprising a verse-by-verse commentary on India's timeless scripture the ''Bhagavad Gita''. The work is in three volumes, published in 1975, 1979 and 1984 respectively, in hardcover and later also in paperback. When the first paperbacks were published the volumes were given new subtitles: the ''End of Sorrow'';<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘End of Sorrow’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> ''Like a Thousand Suns'';<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘Like a Thousand Suns’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> and ''To Love is To Know Me''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘To Love is to Know Me’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

In 2020 the three-volume set was reissued as a second edition, and as a single-volume ebook.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In Volume 1 (the first six chapters of the Gita) Easwaran explains how readers can begin to transform themselves, even as householders engaged in busy lives. In Volume 2 (the next six chapters) Easwaran addresses the seeming divide between scientific knowledge and spiritual wisdom, and explains how the concept of the unity of life can help people in all their relationships. In Volume 3 (the final six chapters) he makes the connection between the Self within and the Reality underlying all creation – and how to make a difference to heal the environment and establish peace in the world.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Spiritual biographies{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Spiritual_biographies}}===
{{Main|Gandhi the Man|Nonviolent Soldier of Islam}}
''[[Gandhi the Man]]''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=5135 |title= Review of ‘Gandhi the Man’ |author= |date= 24 July 2020 |website= Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> traces how [[Mohandas Gandhi]] transformed himself into one of the world's great spiritual leaders.

''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam]]'' is the life story of [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], a [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] (or Pushtun) of Afghanistan and a devout Muslim, who raised the first nonviolent army in history to gain Indian independence from British colonial rule. This book was favorably discussed in ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref name="mmm84mckibben" /> The book also inspired<ref>India Journal Nov 7, 2008 http://www.indiajournal.com/pages/event.php?id=5057{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> filmmaker and writer T.C. McLuhan, daughter of Canadian media theorist [[Marshall McLuhan]], to make the film ''[[The Frontier Gandhi|The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace]]'', which won the 2009 Black Pearl Award for Best Documentary Film.<ref>Black Pearl Award http://www.meiff.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/MEIFF-09-Black-Pearl-Awards_Final.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Commentaries on Christian literature{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Commentaries_on_Christian_literature}}===
{{main|Original Goodness (book)|Love Never Faileth|Seeing with the Eyes of Love}}
''[[Original Goodness (book)|Original Goodness]]'' is a commentary on the [[Beatitudes]]. ''[[Love Never Faileth]]'' is a commentary on the writings of [[Francis of Assisi|St Francis]], [[Paul of Tarsus|St Paul]], [[Augustine of Hippo|St Augustine]], and [[Mother Teresa]]. ''[[Seeing with the Eyes of Love]]'' is a commentary on ''[[The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''.

===Newspapers and other periodicals{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Newspapers_and_other_periodicals}}===
In the 1980s and 1990s, Easwaran published a variety of commentaries on public events in prominent periodicals, especially
''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'',<ref name="csm1980shirer">{{cite news
|author=Eknath Easwaran |title=Gandhi: A sympathetic report; Gandhi: A memoir, by William L. Shirer (book review)
|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=January 30, 1980 |pages=17
|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0130/013006.html
|access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (February 11, 1985). Revisiting the Raj{{Snd}} an Indian perspective. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 18.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (June 12, 1985). Mohandas K. Gandhi in South Africa. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 15.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (November 13, 1985). India and Pakistan: time to encourage trust. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 17.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (September 17, 1986). Young people, idealism{{Snd}} and drugs. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 14.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (December 10, 1988). Gandhi's lesson for the Philippines. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 19.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (August 27, 1990). Find a Peaceful Solution, in the Name of Islam. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 19.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (November 14, 1990). [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]'s Lesson From Gandhi. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 16.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (April 11, 1991). The Dignity of Ancient Culture. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 16.</ref><ref>Eknath
Easwaran (April 17, 2002). [https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0417/p18s03-hfes.html An Island of Calm in a Sea of Hostility]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', p. 18.</ref>
and also in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name="wwgt1998">Eknath
Easwaran (May 21, 1998). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/21/opinion/21iht-edwhat.t_0.html What Would Gandhi Think?]" ''[[The New York Times]]'', accessed Nov. 11, 2009. This commentary was republished later that week in ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' (Pakistan), "What would Gandhi think of N-tests", May 22; in ''[[The Hindu]]'' (India), "Don't imitate the Western folly", May 26; and in the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102130543/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-6969664.html What would Gandhi think?], May 21.</ref><ref name="nythowhelp98">{{cite news|last=Easwaran|first=Eknath|title=How His Message Can Help Us Today|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/30iht-edek.t.html|access-date=7 August 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 January 1998}}</ref>
elsewhere in the US,<ref>Eknath Easwaran (January 26, 1991). Gandhi's Message of Nonviolence. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref>
and internationally.<ref name="wwgt1998" />
He also wrote numerous commentaries that appeared in the ''Little Lamp'' (1961–1995), and in ''Blue Mountain'' (1990–present), quarterly journals published by the meditation center that he founded.<ref>Several articles that Easwaran published in the ''Little Lamp'' ({{ISSN|0460-1297}}, LCCN: 83641607 sn 80000451) appeared later in revised form in his books; most copies of ''Blue Mountain'' (LCCN sf92093327) that appeared after 2000 can be downloaded from the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation [http://www.easwaran.org website]. Although primarily quarterly, each of these journals appeared at times on other schedules.</ref> In the 1960s, Easwaran published articles in other spiritual journals, such as the ''[[Mountain Path]]'', published by [[Ramana Maharshi|Sri Ramana Maharshi's]] ashram.<ref name="candle1964">{{cite journal |author=Eknath Easwaran |year=1964
|title=The Candle of the Lord
|journal=Mountain Path |publisher=[[Sri Ramana Ashram]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |url=https://www.ramana-maharshi.info/m_path/1964_3/july_1964_frameset.htm}}</ref><ref name="mangoe1968">{{cite journal
|author = Eknath Easwaran
|year = 1968
|title = Eating the Mangoes
|journal = [[Mountain Path]]
|publisher = [[Sri Ramana Ashram]]
|volume = 5
|issue = 3
|pages = 204–206
|url = http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/bookstall/img.php?pat=../mpath/1968/July//204.jpg
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173503/http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/bookstall/img.php?pat=..%2Fmpath%2F1968%2FJuly%2F%2F204.jpg
|archive-date = July 24, 2011
}}</ref>
Before coming to the US in 1959, Easwaran contributed short stories and other writings to literary anthologies,<ref name="wigmore58">Eknath Easwaran (1958), "The Postmaster" (pp. 39–42). In {{cite book |editor=Lionel Wigmore & Canberra Fellowship of Australian Writers |year=1958
|title=Span: An adventure in Asian and Australian writing
|location=Melbourne, Australia |publisher=[[F. W. Cheshire]]
|pages=39–42
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07UqAAAAMAAJ&q=eknath+easwaran}}</ref> and to magazines such as ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]''.<ref name="iwoi56">{{cite journal |author=Eknath Easwaran |year=1956
|title=The funeral
|journal=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=33
| issn=0019-2430
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urY5AQAAIAAJ&q=easwaran+%22the+funeral%22+granny |oclc=6772824}}</ref>

===Video and audio===
Many of Easwaran's recorded talks have been published in video and audio formats.<ref name="eetapes">See [https://www.bmcm.org/store/?product_type=Video "Easwaran on Video"] (42 DVDs listed) and [https://www.bmcm.org/store/?product_type=Audio "Easwaran on Audio"] (The publisher states "We recorded his talks over several decades")</ref><ref name="dlapub" />

Several dozen of Easwaran's talks have been published as video DVDs, and now as downloadable MP4s as a free subscription from the Blue Mountain Center.<ref name="eetapes" /><ref name="dvdexamples">Examples of talks by Easwaran published as videos include ''Kabir: Stages of Desire'' (containing talks "Desire: Our Real Wealth" and "Meeting the Beloved"), ''Breaking Chains'' (containing talks "Breaking Chains" and "Fetters and Freedom").</ref>
Before publication as DVDs, videos of Easwaran's talks were first released in VHS videotape format.<ref name="eevideo">Examples of talks published as VHS include ''Saint Francis: becoming an instrument of peace'' (2002, on the [[Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace|Prayer of St. Francis]] and its use in [[Passage Meditation|meditation]]) (68 minutes)</ref>
Some talks are published in [[Audiobooks#Formats|downloadable audio]]/[[MP3]] formats.<ref name="dlapub">Downloadable [[MP3]] talks include 50 talks in the "[[Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis Series]]", 9 "Individual talks", and 5 sets of talks or readings by Easwaran in "Following Series", as well as Easwaran (2008), "Following the Teachings of the Upanishads" {{ASIN|B001NDD8HK}} (178 minutes); Easwaran (2008), "Following the Way of the Buddha" {{ASIN|B001KPW8MC}} (172 minutes).</ref>
Instructions for meditation by Easwaran have been published in audio form as [[Compact Disc|CDs]].<ref name="cdpub">''Meditation'' (2004, instructions in Easwaran's [[Passage Meditation|meditation program]]), [[Compact Disc|CDs]]. {{ISBN|9781586386368}}, {{ISBN|1586386360}}, {{OCLC|56519410}} {{OCLC|316483875}}</ref> Some of Easwaran's talks were earlier published as [[Compact Cassette|cassette tapes]]<ref name="casettes">See [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AEknath+Easwaran&fq=x0%3Aaudiobook&qt=advanced&dblist=638 Worldcat listings.] Examples of talks published as [[Compact Cassette|cassette tapes]] are ''Gandhi: a personal encounter'' (1984, describing Easwaran's visit to Gandhi's ashram, 66 mins) {{OCLC|26587764}} (Petaluma, CA: Nilgiri Press) and ''The Tree of Life'' (1975, commenting on ch. 15 of the ''Bhagavad Gita'') {{OCLC|12997702}} (Berkeley, CA: Blue Mountain Center of Meditation).</ref> or [[LP record]]s.<ref name="lprecords">Issued as an [[LP record]] was a 1969 commentary on the ''Bhagavad Gita'' (chs. 2, 12), {{OCLC|5431631}} (publisher: Sadhana Records).</ref>
Magazines have reviewed some of Easwaran's published talks, both audio<ref name="plummer06">John Plummer (2006) [http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1179#macag Untitled] Review of Meditation: A Complete Audio Guide, by Eknath Easwaran. ''Quest''. {{ISSN|1040-533X}} (accessed 19 January 2013) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126200637/http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1179#macag |date=November 26, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="vaughan95">{{cite journal
|author=Barbara J. Vaughan |year=1995
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Sacred Literature of the World, audiobook on cassettes by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=[[Library Journal]] |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=152
|issn=0363-0277 |lccn=75648584}} See article ''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow]]''. These audio cassettes by Easwaran (1995): {{ISBN|9780915132805}}, {{ISBN|091513280X}}
{{OCLC|32902296}}</ref>
and video,<ref name="smith02">{{cite journal |author=Candace Smith |year=2002
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Universal Wisdom of the Great Mystics, videotape by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=Booklist |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=349
|issn=0006-7385}} The video by Easwaran (2002): {{ISBN|9781888314878}}, {{ISBN|1888314877}}, {{OCLC|51488935}} {{ASIN|1888314877}}</ref>
since the 1990s.

Several of Easwaran's written works, including ''[[Essence of the Upanishads]]'', ''[[Passage Meditation]]'', ''[[The Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[The Dhammapada]]'' and ''[[Gandhi the Man]]'', have been published as audio books, as voice-recorded by the British actor [[Paul Bazely]],<ref name="bazelyread">Audiobooks by Easwaran that are read by [[Paul Bazely]] include ''The Bhagavad Gita'' (2015, unabridged) {{ASIN|B00TGA3HGO}} (8 hours 54 minutes); ''The Dhammapada'' (2016, abridged) {{ASIN|B01N7CQQW5}} (4 hours 22 minutes); ''Passage Meditation{{Snd}} A Complete Spiritual Practice'' (2016, unabridged) {{ASIN|B01KOZA8X4}} (8 hours 15 minutes); ''Essence of the Upanishads'' (2017, unabridged) {{ASIN|B0718ZZ2HZ}} (8 hours 41 minutes); ''Strength in the Storm'' (2009, abridged) {{ASIN|B002T5U270}} (51 minutes); ''[[Gandhi the Man]]'' (2009, abridged) {{ASIN|B002IT3VO8}} (137 minutes); ''Climbing the Blue Mountain'' (2009, abridged) {{ASIN|B002MVI0XO}} (68 minutes); ''Renewal'' (2009, unabridged) {{ASIN|B002SKYTJI}} (83 minutes) (all published by: Nilgiri Press)</ref> and also the philosopher [[Jacob Needleman]].<ref name="needleman-upanishad">Easwaran's (1987 original publication) translation of the Upanishads, abridged, read by [[Jacob Needleman]]. ''The Upanishads'' [Audiobook on Cassette]. San Bruno, CA: Audio Literature, 1999. {{ISBN|9781574532647}}, {{OCLC|41928931}} (ca. 3 hours)</ref>

==Eight-point program==

Easwaran's program for spiritual growth consists of eight points, and is described comprehensively in his book ''[[Passage Meditation]]{{Snd}} A Complete Spiritual Practice'' (originally published in 1978 as ''Meditation''). Each point has a dedicated chapter:<ref>[https://www.bmcm.org/learn/ Passage Meditation: The Basics] (bmcm.org)</ref>
# ''Meditation on a Passage'': Silent repetition upon memorized inspirational passages from one of the world's great religions. Practiced for one-half hour each morning.
# ''The Mantram'': silent repetition of a ''[[mantram]]'', holy name or hallowed phrase from one of the world's great religions.
# ''Slowing Down'': set priorities to reduce stress and hurry.
# ''One-Pointed Attention'': give full concentration to whatever matter is currently at hand.
# ''Training the Senses'': enjoy simple pleasures in order to avoid craving for unhealthy excess.
# ''Putting Others First'': denounce selfishness and cultivating [[altruism]].
# ''Spiritual Companionship'': practice meditation in the company of others.
# ''Reading the Mystics'': draw inspiration from the writings of the scriptures of all religions.

==Vegetarianism==
Easwaran was a lifelong [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150815204233/https://bmcmwebsite.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/bm-journal/2015/2015Summer.pdf "Eating in Freedom, Training the Mind"]. Eknath Easwaran’s Blue Mountain Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>

Students of Easwaran, including [[Carol Lee Flinders]], inspired in part by his teachings about compassion and stewardship for the [[Environmental vegetarianism|environment]], published the highly influential vegetarian cookbook, ''[[Laurel's Kitchen]]'' (1976), which had a strong impact on the [[Natural food|natural foods movement]] within the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|American counterculture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Appetite for Change: How the Counterculture Took on The Food Industry|last=Belasco|first=Warren|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0801473296|pages=}}</ref><ref name=stir>''Megan J. Elias (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9dZ2M-TzqwC&q=laurel%27s+kitchen&pg=PA1 Stir it up: home economics in American culture]''. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-4079-0}}. (NB: ''Laurel's Kitchen'' is discussed in pp. 152-160)</ref> A second edition, ''The New Laurel's Kitchen'', was published in 1986.

The book has sold over a million copies.<ref>It was later republished in revised form as ''The New Laurel's Kitchen'' (1986).The back cover of the 1986 edition states "over a million copies sold" (see link [https://books.google.com/books?id=TsChEsPHL5cC&q=over+a+million+copies+sold&pg=PA11]).</ref> ''Laurel's Kitchen'' contained extensive nutritional information from a scientific point of view.<ref name="LKbook">Laurel Robertson, [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]], & Brian Ruppenthal (1986). ''The new Laurel's kitchen''. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|0-89815-167-8}}. The 1986 edition is dedicated to "our teacher, Eknath Easwaran" (p. 13), and the back cover states "over a million copies sold" (see link [https://books.google.com/books?id=TsChEsPHL5cC&q=over+a+million+copies+sold&pg=PA11]). In an introduction to the 1986 edition, [[Carol Lee Flinders|Flinders]] wrote of "the collection of friends who helped produce ''Laurel's Kitchen'' ten years ago", that "we share a commitment to meditation" (p. 20).</ref>

==Other influence{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Other_influence}}==
A variety of influences of Easwaran's life and work have been documented.

Easwaran's teachings or practices have sometimes been taught as part of traditional college courses,<ref name=flinders10>{{cite book |author1=Tim Flinders |author2=Doug Oman |author3=Carol Flinders |author-link3=Carol Lee Flinders |author4=Diane Dreher |editor1-last=Plante |editor1-first=Thomas G. |editor1-link=Thomas G. Plante |title=Contemplative practices in action: spirituality, meditation, and health |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-38256-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemplativepra00plan/page/n50 39]–59 |chapter=Translating Spiritual Ideals into Daily Life: The Eight-Point Program of Passage Meditation |oclc=529295626|title-link=Contemplative Practices in Action }}</ref>
or as tools for self-management by health professionals.<ref name=pothier19>{{cite news |last1=Pothier |first1=Kathleen Green |title=Finding time for inner Zen: Well-spent meditation moments {{sic|transferrable|nolink=y}} to dental world |url=https://dentistryinsider.tamhsc.edu/finding-time-for-inner-zen/ |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=Dentistry Insider |publisher=Texas A&M College of Dentistry |date=May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Outside of the US, Easwaran's life and teachings were profiled, along with those of a variety of other spiritual teachers, in a book published in India entitled ''Meditation Masters and their Insights''.<ref name="isbn9788171087037">
Luis S. R. Vas (2009), ''Meditation Masters and their Insights''.
Mumbai, India: Better Yourself Books. {{ISBN|978-81-7108-703-7}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1NRc1lxrhwC] (Easwaran is profiled in chapter 25, pp. 185–195; others profiled include [[Ramana Maharshi]], [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], [[D. T. Suzuki]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], and [[Thomas Keating]])</ref>

Easwaran's words have been included in collections of wisdom teachings, such as ones recently published by Chang (2006)<ref name="5millenia">
Larry Chang (Ed.) (2006), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-T3QhPjIxhIC&q=easwaran Wisdom for the soul: Five millennia of prescriptions for spiritual healing]''. Washington, DC: Gnosophia Publishers. {{ISBN|0-9773391-0-6}} (NB: Easwaran's words are quoted on pp. 100, 160, 235, 279, 316, 485, 515, 548)</ref> and Parachin (2011).<ref name="parachin11">Chapter 11, "Eknath Easwaran: Inter-religious mystic" (pp. 110–119), in {{cite book |title=Eleven modern mystics and the secrets of a happy, holy life
|last=Parachin |first=Victor M. |year=2011
|publisher=Hope Publishing House |location=Pasadena, CA |isbn=978-1-932717-25-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPSWx8ia8ngC&q=Eleven+Modern+Mystics+paraching+easwaran&pg=PA110}}</ref>
Quotations from Easwaran's translations have been used many times by both scholarly and popular writers.<ref>A scholarly example is:
Kelly James Clark (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ivoxayAoC4C&q=the+upanishads+isha&pg=PA277 Readings in the philosophy of religion]''
{{ISBN|978-1-55111-246-6}} (see pp. 363–371)
</ref><ref>A scholarly example is:
Ramnath Narayanswamy (2008). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097168580801400203 Why is spirituality integral to management education? My experience of integrating management and spirituality]. ''Journal of Human Values'', v14 n2, pp115-128. {{doi|10.1177/097168580801400203}}
</ref><ref>A popular example is:
Gayle Clayton (2004).
[https://books.google.com/books?id=F9kUpxv9-PsC&q=easwaran Transformative Meditation: Personal & Group Practice to Access Realms of Consciousness]
Llewellyn Worldwide {{ISBN|0-7387-0502-0}}
</ref>
Easwaran's other writings have also been quoted by various types of authors, including writers of novels and short stories,<ref name="johnson">
[[Charles R. Johnson|Charles Johnson]] (2002), Afterword (pp. 229–242) in John Whalen-Bridge & Gary Storhoff, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zqG0x8NJ4l4C&q=easwaran&pg=PT220 The Emergence of Buddhist American Literature]''. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. {{ISBN|1-4384-2653-4}}.</ref>
popular spirituality,<ref>
Elizabeth Lesser (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8mAOAAAACAAJ&q=0679783598 The Seeker's Guide]''
Random House/Villard.
{{ISBN|978-0-679-78359-6}} (p. 346)</ref>
and articles on management theory.<ref>
Lillas M. Brown (2001). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492601104005 Leading leadership development in universities: A personal story]. ''Journal of Management Inquiry'', v10 n4, pp. 312–323. DOI: 1056492601104005
</ref>
Psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck]] and his colleagues quoted from Easwaran's commentary on the [[Katha Upanishad]].<ref name="beckku">
[[Aaron T. Beck]], Gary Emery, & Ruth. L. Greenberg (2005).
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective (15th anniv. ed.). New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-00587-1}} ("E. Easwaran uses the metaphor of channels in the brain to describe how a person's major concern develops ... Patients respond well to this metaphor," p. 293)</ref>
The ''NAPRA ReView'' wrote that "The volume of [Easwaran's] work and the quality of his discourse suggest a man who has had a profound impact on the spiritual lives of many."<ref name="napra97">{{cite journal |author=M.G. |quote=Spring 1997
|title=Author profile: Eknath Easwaran
|journal=NAPRA ReView |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=25
|issn=1098-4364 |oclc=38596668}}</ref>

Easwaran's method of [[Passage Meditation|passage meditation]] was followed by the poet [[Robert Lax]].<ref name="harford06">{{cite book |title=Merton and friends: A joint biography of Thomas Merton, Robert Lax and Edward Rice
|last=Harford |first=James J. |year= 2006
|location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn= 9780826418692 |oclc=69020975
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZfZAAAAMAAJ}} {{ISBN|0826418694}}</ref>{{rp|273}} Near the end of his life, Lax's only reading each day was from Easwaran's book ''Words to Live By''.<ref name="harford06" />{{rp|272,281}}

[[New Hampshire House of Representatives|New Hampshire State Representative]] Latha Mangipudi reported having given then-Senator [[Barack Obama]] a copy of Easwaran's book ''[[Gandhi the Man]]'' in December 2006.<ref name=nikam16>{{cite news |last1=Nikam |first1=N. Niranjan |title=Interview of the week: Mysuru 'Metagalli Iyengar' girl makes it big in America |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-468349805.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115103725/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-468349805.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=[[Star of Mysore]] |publisher=HT Media Ltd |date=29 September 2016}}</ref><ref>Mangipudi (2016) stated that "First time I met him [Obama] was as a Senator in December of 2006. When he came to New Hampshire, I gave him a book with a personal note wishing him success. The title of the book was '[[Gandhi the Man|Gandhi the Man: The Story of His Transformation]]' by Eknath Easwaran. In February of 2007, he came to one of the State Senator's home for a house party where I was also invited as he was my friend. Obama looked at me and said, 'Aren't you the woman who gave me the Gandhi book?'"</ref>

Easwaran has been listed in reference works on spiritual and religious leaders.<ref name="jones06" /><ref>J. Gordon Melton, ''Religious leaders of America: a biographical guide to founders and leaders of religious bodies, churches, and spiritual groups in North America'' (1999, 2nd ed.), {{ISBN|978-0-8103-8878-9}}, p. 174.</ref><ref>James R. Lewis, ''The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions'' (1998), {{ISBN|978-1-57392-222-7}}, p. 84.</ref>

In his survey of commentaries on the ''Bhagavad Gita'', Nadkarni described Easwaran as "respected worldwide as one of the most profound writers and orators on religion and spirituality".<ref name=nadkarni17>{{cite book|last1=Nadkarni |first1=M. V. |title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, interpretations and philosophy |date=2016 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-20231-3 |oclc=951926094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_EwDQAAQBAJ}} {{ISBN|978-1-315-43900-6}} (ebook), {{ISBN|9781315438986}} (gbook 'about' listing)</ref>

==Controversy==
In 1983, after years of close association with Easwaran’s work, a number of students decided to move on. Some gave their reasons in a story by John Hubner published in the ''San Jose Mercury News'' Sunday supplement in 1989. Two women said that Easwaran had "repeatedly tried to fondle them".<ref name=sjmn89>"A Split at the Razor's Edge" by John Hubner, April 30, 1989, ''San Jose Mercury News'' [https://mercurynews.newsbank.com/search?text=EASWARAN%20&content_added=&date_from=&date_to=&pub%5B0%5D=SJMB]. The full quote is "In 1983, two of Easwaran's closest female disciples announced that, for several years, Easwaran had been making sexual advances. The women did not accuse Easwaran, who had taken a vow of celibacy, of trying to have intercourse; they said he had repeatedly tried to fondle them." (p. 19)</ref>{{rp|19}} Several people expressed anger because they felt Easwaran was not the man they had thought he was.<ref name=sjmn89/>

==Bibliography{{Anchor|ANCHOR-Bibliography}}==
Easwaran's books, initially written in English, have also been translated into more than 20 other languages, and published in non-US editions by indigenous (non-US) publishers. Languages in which his books are currently in print include [[Indonesian language|Bahasa Indonesian]], Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian, Spanish, and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. His books have also been translated into [[Simplified Chinese|Chinese]] ([[People's Republic of China|PRC]]).<ref name="gandhichina">Lynn Garrett (January 12, 1998). Gandhi in China. ''Publishers Weekly'', v245 n2, p30. "Nilgiri Press... was surprised to receive an e-mail in September from the [[Sichuan]] Copyright Agency in the People's Republic of China, expressing interest in publishing a Chinese edition of its ''Gandhi the Man'' (especially since relations between China and India have not always been the best) ... the book will be released in China on January 30" (p. 30).</ref>

*[https://books.google.com/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ ''The Bhagavad Gita'' (Translation and Introduction)], 2007 ({{ISBN|978-158638-019-9}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380236}})
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=8czJAAAAQBAJ ''The Dhammapada'' (Translation and Introduction)], 2007 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-020-5}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380243}})
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=CcnJAAAAQBAJ ''Upanishads'' (Translation and Introduction)], 2007 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-021-2}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380250}})
*''[[Passage Meditation|Passage meditation{{Snd}} A complete spiritual practice: Train your mind and find a life that fulfills]]'' (see [[Passage Meditation|article]]), 2016 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-116-5}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586381172}}), a comprehensively revised edition of
**''Passage Meditation: Bringing the Deep Wisdom of the Heart into Daily Life'', 2008 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-026-7}}), a republication of
**''Meditation: Commonsense Directions for an Uncommon Life'', 1978 ({{ISBN|0-915132-66-4}}) (also a 2nd edition, 1991)
*''Conquest of Mind: Take charge of your thoughts & reshape your life through meditation'', 3rd ed. 2010 ({{ISBN|9781586380472}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380489}})
*''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living'' (Translation and Verse by Verse Commentary):
**First Edition (1975–1984):
**''The End of Sorrow (The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living, Vol. 1)'', 1975, 1993 ({{ISBN|9780915132171}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380519}})
**''Like a Thousand Suns (The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living, Vol. 2)'', 1979, 1993 ({{ISBN|9780915132188}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380526}})
**''To Love Is to Know Me (Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living, Vol. 3)'', 1984, 1993 ({{ISBN|9780915132195}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380533}})
**Second Edition (2020):
**''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volume One (Chapters 1–6: The End of Sorrow)'', 2020 (paperback {{ISBN|9781586381325}}, hardcover {{ISBN|9781586381332}})
**''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volume Two (Chapters 7–12: Like a Thousand Suns)'', 2020 (paperback {{ISBN|9781586381349}}, hardcover {{ISBN|9781586381356}})
**''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volume Three (Chapters 13–18: To Love Is to Know Me)'', 2020 (paperback {{ISBN|9781586381363}}, hardcover {{ISBN|9781586381370}})
**''The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living Volumes 1–3'', 2020 e-book ({{ISBN|9781586381455}})
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=SnVg78m7_ywC ''Essence of the Bhagavad Gita: A Contemporary Guide to Yoga, Meditation and Indian Philosophy''], 2011 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-068-7}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380694}})
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=yU-mw7wEkeUC ''Essence of the Dhammapada: The Buddha's Call to Nirvana''], 2013 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-097-7}})
*''[[Essence of the Upanishads (book)|Essence of the Upanishads: A Key to Indian Spirituality]]'' (see [[Essence of the Upanishads (book)|article]]), 2009 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-036-6}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380373}}), originally published as:
**''Dialogue With Death: A Journey Through Consciousness'', 1992
*''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|God Makes the Rivers to Flow: An anthology of the world's sacred poetry & prose]]'' (see [[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|article]]), 2009 ({{ISBN|9781586380380}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380397}}), a larger version of:
**''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|Timeless Wisdom: Passages for meditation from the world's saints & sages]]'' (see [[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|article]]), 2008 ({{ISBN|978-1-58638-027-4}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380311}})
*''Climbing the Blue Mountain: A Guide for the Spiritual Journey'', 1992, 2014 ({{ISBN| 978-1586381158}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380588}}), previously published as:
**''Supreme Ambition: Life's Goals and How to Reach It''
*''Love Never Faileth: Commentaries on texts from St. Francis, St. Paul, St. Augustine & Mother Teresa'', with introductions by [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol L. Flinders]], 1993 ({{ISBN|9780915132898}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380618}})
*''Seeing With the Eyes of Love: A Commentary on a text from the Imitation of Christ'', 1993 ({{ISBN|9780915132874}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380649}})
*''Original Goodness: A Commentary on the [[Beatitudes]]'', 1996 ({{ISBN|9780915132911}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380632}})
*''The Undiscovered Country: Exploring the Promise of Death'', 1996 ({{ISBN|9780915132836}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380656}})
*''Words to Live By: Inspiration for Every Day'', 1996 ({{ISBN|9781586380168}}), reissued as ''Words to Live By: Short Readings of Daily Wisdom'', 2010 ({{ISBN|9781586380496}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380502}})
*''[[Gandhi the Man|Gandhi the Man: How One Man Changed Himself to Change the World]]'' (see [[Gandhi the Man|article]]), 2011 ({{ISBN|978-1586380557}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380427}})
*''[[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, A Man to Match His Mountains]]'' (see [[Nonviolent Soldier of Islam|article]]) ({{ISBN|9781888314007}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380625}}), previously published as
**''A man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam'' (1984)
*''A Higher Image'', 2002
*''Love Alters Not'', 2002
*''The Compassionate Universe'', 1989, 1993 ({{ISBN|978-1586381141}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380595}})
*''Patience: A Little Book of Inner Strength'', 2010 ({{ISBN|9781586380458}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380465}})
*''Renewal: A Little Book of Courage and Hope'', 2009 ({{ISBN|9781586380342}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380359}}), a re-edited and republished version of:
**''Your Life Is Your Message: Finding Harmony With Yourself, Others, and the Earth''
*''Strength in the Storm: Transform Stress, Live in Balance and Find Peace of Mind'', 2005, 2013 ({{ISBN|978-1586381011}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586381028}})
*''Take Your Time: The Wisdom of Slowing Down'' ({{ISBN|9781586380182}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380441}})
*''The Constant Companion'' ({{ISBN|9781586380038}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380601}}), previously published as:
**''[[Thousand Names of Vishnu]]''
*''[[The Mantram Handbook]]'' (see [[Mantram Handbook|article]]) ({{ISBN|9781586380281}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380328}}), previously issued as:
**''The Unstruck Bell: Powerful New Strategies for Using a Mantram''
*''A More Ardent Fire: From Everyday Love to Love of God'' ({{ISBN|9781888314021}}), e-book: ({{ISBN|9781586380571}})
*''[[Kabir]]: Stages of Desire''
*''[[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis]]: Becoming an Instrument of Peace''
*''With My Love and Blessings: The Teaching Years, 1966–1999, in Photographs & His Own Words''
*''The Monkey and the Mango: Stories of My Granny'' (Illustrated by Ilka Jerabek), 1996 ({{ISBN|9780915132829}})
From 2011, a number of Easwaran's books and articles were excerpted and republished as the series of short ebooks "Easwaran Inspirations":
*''How to Meditate'', the instructions in meditation from [[Passage Meditation]] ({{ISBN|9781586380717}}, {{ASIN|B0056I0G82}})
*''How to Understand Death'', excerpted from "The Undiscovered Country" ({{ISBN|9781586380755}}, {{ASIN|B006L28LKM}})
*''How to Find Happiness'', based on two articles from Easwaran's [https://www.bmcm.org/inspiration/journals/ Blue Mountain Journal]({{ISBN|9781586380762}}, {{ASIN|B006PBPEB8}})
*''Learning to Love Part 1'' ({{ISBN|9781586380748}}, {{ASIN|B0073WNEZG}}) and ''Learning to Love Part 2'' ({{ISBN|9781586380779}}, {{ASIN|B0CS586145}}), excerpted from a number of books
*''What is Karma'', the chapter on Karma from ''Essence of the Dhammapada: The Buddha's Call to Nirvana'' ({{ISBN|9781586380731}}, {{ASIN|B00CLTSFNM}})
Contributions to works by others include:
*{{cite journal |author=Eknath Easwaran |year=1969
|title=To all mankind |journal=Ramana Pictorial Souvenir Commemorating the Kumbhabhishekam on June 18, 1967
|location=Tiruvannamalai, India
|publisher=Board of Trustees Sri Ramanasramam
|pages=7 }} (contribution to edited volume)
*Eknath Easwaran (1991). "Working for others <nowiki>[</nowiki>reprinted from the ''Little Lamp'', vol. 22, no. 3, Autumn 1982<nowiki>]</nowiki>" (pp 72–84) in {{cite book|year=1991
|author=Lilia Lender |title=The Choice is Yours: Ethics in Vedanta <nowiki>[</nowiki>introduction by Swami Chinmayananda<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Chinmaya Mission|Central Chinmaya Mission Trust]]
|pages=72–84
|isbn=978-81-7597-122-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54QAKZDETqAC&q=eknath+easwaran+9788175971226&pg=PA72}}
*Eknath Easwaran (1996). Preface (pp. ix–x) to {{cite book
|author=Devi Vanamali |year=1996
|title=The play of God: Visions of the life of Krishna
|location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Blue Dove Press }} {{ISBN|978-1-884997-07-5}}
*{{cite book
|author=Eknath Easwaran
|year=1997
|title=Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890–1988)
|editor1=Roger S. Powers |editor2=William B. Vogele |editor3=Christopher Kruegler |editor4=Ronald M. McCarthy |journal=Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from Act-Up to Women's Suffrage
|location=New York
|publisher=Garland
|pages=284–286
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C&q=+easwaran|isbn=9780815309130
}}
*Preface to ''The Essential Gandhi'' by [[Louis Fischer]] (2002, 2nd edition). New York: Vintage. ({{ISBN|1400030501}})
*Preface to ''In Quest of God: The Saga of an Extraordinary Pilgrimage'' by [[Swami Ramdas]] (2002, 2nd American edition). San Diego, CA: Blue Dove Foundation. ({{ISBN|1884997015}})

==See also==
* [[Perennial philosophy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|q=Eknath Easwaran|s=no|commons=no|n=no|v=no|species=no|author=yes}}
*[https://www.bmcm.org/about/about-eknath-easwaran/ Easwaran biography (text)]
*[https://www.bmcm.org/about/quietly-changing-world/ ''Quietly Changing the World'' (4-part video biography, 1959—1979)]
*[https://www.bmcm.org/inspiration/easwaran/first-chapter-passage-meditation/ Instructions in passage meditation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140525073044/http://blog.nishchala.org/post/bhagavad-gita-quotes-krishna Quotations from Easwaran's translation of the Bhagavad Gita]

{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Religious pluralism}}
{{People in veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Easwaran, Eknath}}
[[Category:1910 births|Eknath Easwaran]]
[[Category:1999 deaths|Eknath Easwaran]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American spiritual writers]]
[[Category:American spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]
[[Category:St. Thomas College, Thrissur, alumni]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]

Navroze Contractor

2026-04-29T23:45:43Z

Tanu14: made new entry

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Navroze Contractor
| birth_date = 7 July 1944<ref name="The New Indian Express-2024"/>
| birth_place = [[:en: Wai,_Maharashtra|Wai]], Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite news|title =Navroze Contractor: The cinematographer and motorcyclist dedicated his gift to fight for needy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/remembering-navroze-contractor-cinematographer-motorcyclist-jazz-aficionado-raconteur-and-more-101687202600146.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date = 21 June 2023}}</ref>
|death_date =18 June 2023 (aged 79)<ref name="The News Minute-2023">{{cite web |title=Veteran cinematographer, writer Navroze Contractor passes away in road accident |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/veteran-cinematographer-writer-navroze-contractor-passes-away-road-accident-178670 |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|death_place = Bengaluru, India
| image =
| parents =
|spouse = Deepa Dhanraj (wife)<ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022">{{cite web |title=Navroze Contractor |url=https://works.raqsmediacollective.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/navroze_contractor.pdf |website=Raqs Media Collective|language=en |date=November 2022}}</ref>
| children =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]], [[cinematographer]], motorbike enthusiast
|years active = Late ’60s to 2023
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]], Pune<ref name="Gokhale-2023">{{cite web |last1=Gokhale |first1=Shanta |title=Shanta Gokhale: The Navroze Contractor I knew |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1051261/shanta-gokhale-the-navroze-contractor-i-knew |website=Scroll.in |date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
| website = }}

'''Navroze Contractor''' (1944–2023), fondly known as ‘NC’, was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[filmmaker]], [[cinematographer]], and motorbike enthusiast.<ref name="Vennapusala Ramya-2024">
{{Cite news|title =A dive into the hidden world of Navroze|author=Vennapusala Ramya|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Dec/04/a-dive-into-the-hidden-world-of-navroze|publisher=The New Indian Express |date = 4 December 2024}}</ref> He was involved in India's [[parallel cinema]] movement and is best known for his work in ''[[Duvidha]]'', ''Devi Ahilya Bai'', ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]'', ''[[Hun Hunshi Hunshilal]]'', and ''[[Lalach]]''.<ref name="Gokhale-2023"/>He shot more than 50 documentary films, many of them in collaboration with his wife and well-known filmmaker Deepa Dhanraj.<ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/><ref name="Joseph-2023">{{cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Ammu |title=Navroze Contractor (1944-2023): A life well lived |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/obituary-navroze-contractor-cinematographer-director-indian-cinema/article67000747.ece |website=Frontline |language=en |date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

He was the only male member of [[Yugantar]], India's first feminist collective founded in 1980 by Deepa, [[Abha Bhaiya]], and Meera Rao.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Collective Action: Navroze Contractor|author=Srikanth Srinivasan| url=https://www.filmcomment.com/blog/collective-action-navroze-contractor-in-memoriam-mani-kaul-duvidha/|publisher=Film Comment|date = 22 April 2024}}</ref>

His photos of jazz musicians are displayed at the [[Smithsonian Museum]]. Certain other photos are part of the collection at London's [[Tate Modern]] art gallery.<ref name="Joseph-2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Navroze Contractor Photographs {{!}} Collection: NMAH.AC.0569 |url=https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0569 |website=sova.si.edu}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
''The Family of Man'', a traveling photography exhibition Navroze saw in 1957 in Ahmedabad, was his main influence in becoming a photographer.<ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/><ref name="Adithi Reena Ajith-2025">{{Cite news|title =Raw, unfiltered, human|author=Adithi Reena Ajith|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Mar/13/raw-unfiltered-human|publisher=The New Indian Express|date = 13 March 2025}}</ref>

Navroze studied painting and photography at the Faculty of Fine Arts, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|MS University]], [[Vadodara]], while simultaneously training in additional still photography under Bhupendra Karia. This was in the early to mid-’60s.<ref name="Joseph-2023"/><ref name="The News Minute-2023"/><ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/>

Navroze studied direction and cinematography at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]], then worked in two feature films and a few documentaries before interning with [[Laszlo Kovacs (cinematographer)|Laszlo Kovacs]] in the US.<ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/><ref name="The News Minute-2023"/><ref name="Joseph-2023"/>He also gained experience in video production at the [[Sony|Sony Corporation]] in [[Japan]].

In the late 1960s, Navroze briefly worked as a still photographer on some [[Ford Foundation]] projects in [[Punjab]]. During this time, he assisted [[Mani Kaul]] in scouting locations for his first film, [[Uski Roti|''Uski Roti'']].<ref name="Vennapusala Ramya-2024"/><ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/>

In 1972, Kaul engaged Navroze to shoot [[Duvidha|''Duvidha'']], the director’s third feature and first color film.<ref name="Raqs Media Collective-2022"/>''Duvidha'' is known for its rich color schemes reminiscent of classical paintings.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Duvidha 1973|url=https://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/cinema/screening/duvidha2|publisher=Qagoma |date = 23 October 2025}}</ref>

Navroze has clicked more than 20,000 still photos over more than six decades, from the 1960s to 2021. These encompass a broad range of subjects (e.g., jazz musicians, ballet artists, wrestlers, laborers, refugees, protesters, ordinary people). The photo collections span several countries: Argentina, China, India, Iran, Mongolia, the Netherlands, and the UK.<ref name="The New Indian Express-2024">{{cite web |title=Celebrating a life through lens & film|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jul/04/celebrating-a-life-through-lens-film |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=4 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Adithi Reena Ajith-2025"/><ref name="Anjali Jhangiani-2025">{{cite web |title=Exhibition of Navroze Contractor's photographs reveals life spent capturing spontaneity, emotion, and humanity|author=Anjali Jhangiani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/exhibition-of-navroze-contractors-photographs-reveals-life-spent-capturing-spontaneity-emotion-and-humanity/articleshow/122372942.cms|website=Times of India |language=en |date=11 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Vennapusala Ramya-2024"/>

Over 160 of these photos were featured in a traveling exhibition titled "Photography Strictly Prohibited," which toured many Indian cities such as Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Gurugram, Hyderabad, and Pune during 2024-2025. The exhibition was curated by Anuj Ambalal (photographer), Himanshu Panchal (photographer/filmmaker), and Sanjiv Shah (filmmaker). All three were close friends and collaborators of Navroze.<ref name="Anjali Jhangiani-2025"/><ref name="Adithi Reena Ajith-2025"/><ref>{{Cite news|title =Remembering Navroze Contractor with Photography Strictly Prohibited|author=Ruth Dhanaraj|url=
https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/remembering-navroze-contractor-with-photography-strictly-prohibited/article68356342.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date = 3 July 2024}}</ref>

Apart from [[Mani Kaul|Kaul]], Deepa, and Sanjiv, Navroze has worked with the following filmmakers: Chetan Shah, Georges Luneau, Jayoo Patwardhan and Nachiket, [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Luke Jennings]], Martha Stewart, [[Pattabhi Rama Reddy]], Pervez Merwanji, Pierre Hoffman, and [[Shankar Nag]].<ref name="Yugantar-2025">{{cite web |title=Navroze Contractor |url=https://yugantar.film/members/navroze-contractor/ |website=Yugantar|language=en |date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Joseph-2023"/>

In 2021, he published his first book ''Dreams of the Dragon's Children'', based on his experiences filming a documentary in China during the mid-1980s. The book is a mix of travelogue, cultural commentary, and film history, offering a vivid portrait of China at a time of rapid transformation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dreams of the Dragon’s Children by Navroze Contractor |url=https://www.walnutpublication.com/book/9781954399631/ |website=Walnut Publication |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

On 18 June 2023, he died in a motorbike accident in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="The Indian Express-2023">{{cite web |title=Cinematographer Navroze Contractor killed in bike accident in Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bengaluru-bike-accident-navroze-contractor-killed-8673551/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

==Personal==
Navroze was married to Deepa, who he met in the 1980s.<ref name="Anjali Jhangiani-2025"/> His family includes his wife and daughters, and they have lived in Bangalore for the past few decades.<ref name="Joseph-2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute to photographer-filmmaker Navroze Contractor begins at Bangalore International Centre |author=Arnav Chandrasekhar |url=
https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/tribute-photographer-filmmaker-navroze-contractor-bangalore-international-centre-9436501/ |website=The Indian Express|language=en |date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
'''Cinematographer''' - ''feature films''<ref name="The Indian Express-2023"/><ref name="Joseph-2023"/><ref name="The News Minute-2023"/>
*[[Duvidha|''Duvidha'']] (1973)
*[[:en:22_June_1897|''22nd June 1987'']] (1979)
*''Pahela Adhyay'' (1981)
*[[Lalach|''Lalach'']] (1983)
*[[Percy (1989 film)|''Percy'']] (1989)
*[[Hun Hunshi Hunshilal|''Hun, Hunshi, Hunshilal'']] (1992)
*''Juthan Jariwala'' (1993)
*''Devarakadu'' (1993)
*''Limited Manuski'' (1995)
*[[:en:Ahilyabai_Holkar|''Devi Ahilya Bai'']] (2002)
*''Framed'' (2007)

'''Cinematographer''' - ''documentaries''<ref name="Yugantar-2025"/><ref name="Joseph-2023"/>
*''La Ballade de Pabuji'' (1976)
*''Ever Higher'' (1976)
*''Bhavai'' (1977)
*''Jasma Odhan'' (1977)
*''Are You Looking?''
*''Way of the Malabar Warrier'' (1980)
*''Maid Servant'' (1981)
*''Tobacco Embers'' (1982)
*''Tambaku Chaakila Oob Aali'' (1982)
*''Alang'' (1982)
*''Idi Katha Matramena'' (1983)
*''Sudesha'' (1983)
*''Manto-Bombay'' (1985)
*''Bishnois'' (1985)
*''Irulas'' (1986)
*''What has Happened to this City'' (1986)
*''Famine 87'' (1987)
*''The Fishing Boat'' (1987)
*''India's Rajiv'' (1987)
*''Last House in Bombay'' (1990)
*''Girija'' (1990)
*''Something Like a War'' (1991)
*''All in the Family'' (1992)
*''Thaar'' (1993)
*''Abhiyan'' (1993)
*''British Raj Through Indian Eyes'' (1993)
*''Rama's Journey, Ayodhya to Sri Lanka'' (1994)
*''The Legacy of Malthus'' (1994)
*''Disability in Your Eyes'' (1995)
*''The Making of Jaguar'' (1995)
*''Enough of This Silence'' (1996)
*''The Mountains'' (1996)
*''Sewa'' (1997)
*''Offside'' (1998)
*''Clap Trap'' (2000)
*''Hidimba'' (2000)
*''The Family'' (2000)
*''Nari Adalat'' (2001)
*''Amrita Shergil'' (2001)
*''Are You Listening?''
*''Love in the Time of AIDS'' (2006)
*''The Open Frame'' (2011)
*''Invoking Justice'' (2011)
*''We Have Not Come Here to Die'' (2011)
*''Out Loud'' (2015)
*''The Advocate: K.G. Kannabiran'' (2016)
*''Refugee Stories'' (2016)
*''A Place to Live'' (2018)
*''Untitled''
*''Jagori'' (2019)

'''Cinematographer/Director''' - ''documentaries''
*''Bharat Parikrama'' (2005)
*''Jharu Katha/Broom Stories'' (2012)

'''Still photos'''
*More than 20,000
*Some of these are part of the collections at the Smithsonian Museum, London’s Tate Modern, and a traveling exhibition titled "Photography Strictly Prohibited"

'''Books and publications'''
*''The Dreams of the Dragon's Children'', Penguin Books, 2003
*Contributory articles in periodicals like ''CAR India/Bike India'', ''ZigWheels'', ''Overdrive'', ''Wheels Unplugged'', ''Fast Bikes'', and ''Bangalore Mirror''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contractor, Navroze}}
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian_experimental_filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category: 20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Motorcycle road incident deaths]]

Radha Thomas

2026-04-21T09:34:26Z

Tanu14: adding new article with sources - done

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{External links|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Radha Thomas
| image = Radha_Thomas.jpg
| caption = Radha Thomas
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| genre = [[Jazz]], [[blues]], [[pop music|pop]], [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, musician, executive
| associated_acts = [[Ryo Kawasaki]], [[John Scofield]], [[Michael Brecker]], [[John Faddis]], [[Alex Blake (musician)|Alex Blake]], [[Joe Farrell]]
| website = {{URL|www.radhathomas.com}}
}}

'''Radha Thomas''' is the Executive Vice-President at [[Explocity]] Private Limited, a media publishing house in India. She has held this position since 1999. She is an author, vocalist,<ref name="Not">{{cite web|last1=Bagchi|first1=Shrabonti|title=Not as popular as David Guetta, but we manage - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Not-as-popular-as-David-Guetta-but-we-manage/articleshow/16509573.cms?referral=PM|website=The Times of India|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=23 September 2012}}</ref> and the leader of the [[jazz fusion]] band UNK: the Radha Thomas Ensemble.<ref name="Crowd">{{cite web|last1=Bernadette|first1=Anuradha|title=The crowd knows its jazz|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/the-crowd-knows-its-jazz/article2343222.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

==Musical career==
Thomas studied [[Indian classical music]] with two [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] vocalists, [[Kumar Gandharva]] in New Delhi and Ustad [[Zia Fariduddin Dagar]] in the art of [[Dhrupad]] singing.<ref name="Sings">{{cite web|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Pavitra|title=Radha Sings the Blues|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Bptye3kyJcvmdV8DA1dI4O/Radha-sings-the-blues.html|website=Live Mint|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> She blends Indian influences into jazz singing.<ref name="Half">{{cite web|last1=Lakhani|first1=Somya|title=Jazz and a Half|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jazz-and-a-half/1006558/0|website=Indian Express|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en-gb|date=23 September 2012}}</ref> She began her career as a vocalist<ref name="Five">{{cite web|last1=Mujumdar|first1=Neah|title=Take five...and a lot more|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/take-fiveand-a-lot-more/article4211519.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=18 December 2012}}</ref> in a rock and roll band called Human Bondage.<ref name="Sixties">{{cite web|last1=Jain|first1=Amrita|title=The Sixties Show|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-sixties-show/881249/0|website=Indian Express|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en-gb|date=28 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Divine">{{cite web|last1=Bagchi|first1=Shrabonti|title=The rhythm divine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/The-rhythm-divine-Bangalores-rock-n-roll-past-went-a-long-way-towards-shaping-its-musical-future/articleshow/35869301.cms?|website=The Times of India|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

In 1976, she was selected to represent India at a jazz vocalists festival in Warsaw, Poland. She moved to New York, where she lived for twenty years. She performed at [[Sweet Basil Jazz Club]] and The Bottom Line. Some of the musicians she has performed with include [[John Scofield]], [[Michael Brecker]], [[John Faddis]], [[Alex Blake (musician)|Alex Blake]], [[Ryo Kawasaki]], [[Joe Farrell]], and Greg Alper.

Thomas, known as Radha Shottam, was the featured artist on two albums, ''Mirror of My Mind''<ref name="Mirror">{{cite web|title=Mirror of My Mind|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/mirror-of-my-mind-mw0000241170/credits|website=AllMusic|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> and ''Ring Toss'' by jazz guitarist [[Ryo Kawasaki]] and wrote the lyrics for several of the tracks.

She returned to India in 1993 and began performing with [[Louis Banks]],<ref name="Ringing">{{cite web|title=Ringing in Christmas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/bangalore/Ringing-in-Christmas/articleshow/3866913.cms?referral=PM|website=The Times of India|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=21 December 2008}}</ref> Sanjay Divecha, Gerard Machado,<ref name="yatra">{{cite web|title=Jazz mine|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/mar/22357.htm|website=Mid-Day|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=25 March 2002|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827054625/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/mar/22357.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="flowers">{{cite web|title=Jazz flowers, but a touch quietly, in Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/20/stories/2002062000310200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820111313/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/20/stories/2002062000310200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2002|accessdate=8 June 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> and Keith Peters She formed her own band in 2009.

Thomas has performed at the ICCR Delhi jazz International Festival,<ref name="ICCR">{{cite web|title=ICCR announces 3rd Delhi International Jazz fest|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/iccr-announces-3rd-delhi-international-jazz-fest|website=Radio and Music|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="ICCR2">{{cite web|title=ICCR'S 3rd Delhi international jazz festival witnessed gala performances over 4 days with 14 bands from 11 countries|url=http://www.apnnews.com/2013/03/25/iccrs-3rd-delhi-international-jazz-festival-witnessed-gala-performances-over-4-days-with-14-bands-from-11-countries/|website=APN News|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=25 March 2013}}</ref> the iSai Music Festival, the Bangalore International Festival,<ref name="Bang">{{cite web|last1=Kundu|first1=Rhik|title=Bangalore International Arts Festival to have troupes from 8 countries - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-International-Arts-Festival-to-have-troupes-from-8-countries/articleshow/16006703.cms?referral=PM|website=The Times of India|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=30 August 2012}}</ref> the Bengaluru Habba, the Jazz Yatra,<ref name="traffic">{{cite web|last1=G N|first1=Prasanth|title='I Like People Who Beat Traffic to Meet Jazz'|url=http://www.talkmag.in/cms/culture/music/item/273-%E2%80%98i-like-people-who-beat-traffic-to-meet-jazz%E2%80%99/|website=Talk Mag|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=17 October 2012}}</ref> and the Arcosanti Festival.

Between June 2020 and June 2021, Radha Thomas produced and performed in 52 jazz videos which, significantly, amounts to one video a week for a year. The effort involved collaborating with 23 musicians in 12 countries. This was covered by the [[Explocity|news website Explocity]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangalore.explocity.com/articles/52-jazz-videos-in-one-year-the-work-ethic-of-jazz-singer-radha-thomas/ | title=52 Jazz Videos in One Year - the Work Ethic of Jazz Singer Radha Thomas }}</ref>

==UNK: The Radha Thomas Ensemble==
[[Jazz]], [[bebop]], [[hip hop]], [[blues]], [[Indian classical music]], [[rock and roll]], and other modern influences go to create the sound of the band which features Aman Mahajan on piano/keyboards.<ref name="Half" /> Mahajan is also co-producer of the band, with Mishko M'ba on bass, Matt Littlewood on saxophone, Suresh Bascara on drums, and [[Ramjee Chandran]] on guitar.<ref name="questions">{{cite web|title=3 questions with Radha Thomas|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/may/180512-Mumbai-Guide-3-questions-with-Radha-Thomas.htm|website=archive.mid-day.com|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=18 May 2012}}</ref> Their first album,<ref name="traffic" /> was produced independently and was released in September 2012.<ref name="smoky">{{cite web|last1=Mujumdar|first1=Neha|title=The smoky singer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-smoky-singer/article4032769.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Called ''I Only Have Eyes For You'', it features original material and rearranged jazz standards.<ref name="weaving">{{cite web|last1=Mujumdar|first1=Neah|title=Weaving a web of sound|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/weaving-a-web-of-sound/article3936991.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

==Writing career==
Besides writing the lyrics for all the original material she performs,<ref name="soul">{{cite web|last1=Sarkar|first1=Neeti|title=This music has soul|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/this-music-has-soul/article5959705.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=21 May 2016}}</ref> she has written, mostly in a humorous vein for the ''Bangalore Monthly'', a column called "Between the Sexes." She released her first book, ''Men on My Mind''.<ref name="want">{{cite web|last1=Datta|first1=Sravastis|title=What women want|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/what-women-want/article4215330.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="men">{{cite web|title=Where men are only just men|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/book-review/where-men-are-only-just-men/article_69928|website=www.afternoondc.in|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=26 November 2012}}</ref> The book was categorized by Rediff as one of the top five romance novels by first-time authors<ref name="five">{{cite web|title=TOP 5: Romance novels by first-time authors|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-books-top-5-romance-novels-by-first-time-authors/20130502.htm|website=Rediff|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=2 May 2013}}</ref> and has been a part of a user review campaign by Blog Adda and has also been written about by several bloggers and newspapers. She also led the editorial team at ''[[Explocity]]''. Her work has been published in ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name="why">{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Radha|title=Why is jazz like pavakkai?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Why-is-jazz-like-pavakkai/article15523477.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2017|language=en|date=18 January 2011}}</ref> ''Man's World'', Explocity.com, ''Bangalore Mirror'', ''Asian Age'', and ''Bangalore Monthly''. She wrote the bestselling book ''The Cauliflower Diet'', which examines replacing rice, potato, and other carbohydrates with cauliflower.<ref name="move">{{cite web|last1=Ved|first1=Sonal|title=Move over broccoli—cauliflower is making a cool comeback|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/move-over-broccoli-cauliflower-is-making-a-cool-comeback/|website=VOGUE India|accessdate=8 June 2017|date=2 March 2016}}</ref>

Books written by Radha Thomas are:
* Dog Tails (All proceeds from this book go to an animal charity called CARE (Charlies Animal Rescue Centre))
* The Cauliflower Diet
* Men On My Mind
* More Men On My Mind

In January 2022, Radha Thomas started a podcast, The Indie Dog.

==Literary mentions==
*[http://www.evabell.net/article_list/Live-in-relationships.htm Savvy magazine July 1998]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=WeELAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Radha+Thomas%22 Rasa: Music and Dance by Bimal Mukherjee, Sunil Kothari, Ananda Lal, Anamika Kala Sangam and Chidananda Das Gupta]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=KiHrIq7G-aAC&dq=%22Radha+Thomas%22&pg=PA49 Gay in the Garden City – The Bangalore Monthly Update, September 1998]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=aQSCAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Radha+Thomas%22 Attendance by the Mohan Khokar Dance Foundation]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Radha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian jazz composers]]
[[Category:Jazz fusion musicians]]
[[Category:Indian women jazz composers]]
[[Category:Indian women jazz singers]]
[[Category:Indian jazz singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Neral Junction railway station

2026-04-20T13:27:33Z

Tanu14: adding new article needs work - done

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox Station
| name = Neral Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]], [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] and [[Matheran Hill Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Neral Railway Stationː view from FoB.jpg
| image_caption = Neral Junction Railway Station
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.02673|73.3184|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Railway]], [[Matheran Hill Railway]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform =
| elevation = {{convert|39.310|m|ft}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 12 May 1856
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = NRL (Central Railways)<br/>NRLN (Central Railways - Narrow Gauge Matheran Line)
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Shelu|right=Bhivpuri Road|type=Khopoli}}
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Neral Junction
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Neral Junction railway station, also simply Neral Railway Station''' is a [[railway station]] on the [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network located in the town of [[Neral, India|Neral]]. It is a major junction on the Kalyan - Karjat section of Central railway connecting Mumbai and Pune, with station code '''NRL''' for the primary Central Railways line and station code '''NRLN''' for the narrow gauge [[Matheran Hill Railway]] line.

It is the starting point of the Matheran Hill Railway connecting to the hill station of [[Matheran]]<ref name="Silas2005">{{cite book|author=Sandeep Silas|title=Discover India by Rail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&pg=PP15|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2939-1|page=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Matheran Hill Railway |url=https://www.irctctourism.com/gallery/Matheran.html |website=IRCTC Tourism |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>. The trains on this line are also referred to as the Matheran Toy Train<ref>{{cite web |title=Matheran's popular toy train to roll again from November 6 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/matherans-popular-toy-train-to-roll-again-from-november-6/article70243095.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=5 November 2025}}</ref> due to their smaller size and narrow gauge track.

== History ==
The South-East mainline of the GIPR spanning from Callian (Kalyan) to Palasdhari was opened to traffic on 12 May 1856, along with three stations, viz. [[Badlapur railway station|Badlapur]], Neral, [[Khopoli railway station|Khopoli]]. The second line was opened in March 1868.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] CR Mumbai Timeline of Suburban Stations |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/mumbai-cr-suburban-timeline.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Neral Junction Railway Station.JPG|View of Neral Junction Railway Station
File:Neral railway station - Station board.jpg|Neral railway station - Station board
File:Neral Stationː Platform Board.jpg|Platform board at Toy Train Station
File:Neral Toy Train Stationː Inside view 1.jpg|Inside View of Neral Toy Train Station.
File:Neral Toy Train Stationː Inside view 2.jpg|Inside View of Neral Toy Train Station.
File:Neral NG station.JPG|View of MHR Narrow gauge station
File:NeralDeparture.JPG|Train departing from Neral Station
File:TrainArrivesAtNeral.JPG|Train arriving at Neral MHR station
File:Railwaylocomotiv20newy-p383-Matheran-leaving-Neral.jpg|A Train departing Neral station: Sometime between 1904 and 1907
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Matheran Hill Railway]]
* [[Matheran railway station|Matheran Railway Station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Neral Junction railway station}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Lonavala rail line]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

N. Chandramohan

2026-04-20T05:22:18Z

Tanu14: made post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Chandramohan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1962|4|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nandhiyanallur
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[M. Panneerselvam]]
| successor1 = [[M. Panneerselvam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Lawyer
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
'''N. Chandramohan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of Tamil Nadu. He hails from the village of Nandhiyanallur in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]].
Having completed his master's degree (M.A.) and [[Bachelor of Laws]] (B.L.), Chandramohan is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in the 2001 elections from the [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency]].

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}} {{dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chandramohan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,759 |percentage=49.31% |change=+17.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Irai Ezhil |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,329 |percentage=45.17% |change=-14.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Senthilselvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,220 |percentage=3.01% |change=-0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gunasekaran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,680 |percentage=2.50% |change=+1.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,430 |percentage=4.14% |change= -23.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,988 |percentage=64.76% |change= -7.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,329 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandramohan, N.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

M. Vincent (Tamil Nadu politician)

2026-04-20T01:31:49Z

Tanu14: made new info

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Vincent
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nagercoil
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| predecessor1 = M. Moses
| term_end1 = 1984
| successor1 = S. Retnaraj
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Lawyer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''M. Vincent''' is an [[India]]n politician and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from Kandanvilai in [[Nagercoil]]. He completed his schooling at St. Lawrence Higher Secondary School, [[Madathattuvilai]]. He earned his undergraduate degree from [[Scott Christian College]], Nagercoil, and pursued a [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law]] degree at [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]], [[Chennai]]. A member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), he contested and won elections from the [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency]] in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] and [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]], becoming an MLA.[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>”Who's Who” 1977. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. November 1977. p. 492-493</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vincent |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,973 |percentage=36.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Muhammed Ismail |party=Janata Party |votes=26,780 |percentage=36.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. C. Michael Raj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,824 |percentage=17.33 |change=-30.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. James |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,721 |percentage=9.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poomedai S. Lakshmanan Pillay |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=0.26 |change= -0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,994 |percentage=56.00 |change= -17.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,870 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -11.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vincent |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,328 |percentage=54.76 |change=+18.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Thiraviam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,045 |percentage=41.83 |change=+24.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kuruzmichcal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,512 |percentage=2.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=693 |percentage=0.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,283 |percentage=12.92 |change= 12.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,824 |percentage=55.42 |change= -0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,424 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Karamcherra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:36Z

Tanu14: adding a post more to come.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karamcherra
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Karamcherra Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 48
| mla = [[Paul Dangshu]]<ref name="East Mojo">{{cite web|first=Mrinal|last=Banik|title=Why Tripura’s youngest MLA says youth are ‘bound to join politics’|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2023/03/25/why-tripuras-youngest-mla-says-youth-are-bound-to-join-politics/ |website=eastmojo.com|date=March 25, 2023|access-date= April 19, 2023}}</ref>
| incumbent_image = Paul Dangshu.png
| party = {{Party index link|Tipra Motha Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:43842}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Karamcherra''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhalai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | [[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Paul Dangshu]] || {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Karamcherra<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paul Dangshu]] |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=20,496 |percentage=52.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braja Lal Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,901 |percentage=25.47% |change={{decrease}}30.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,344 |percentage=18.89% |change={{increase}}16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwanath Debbarma |party=Tripura Peoples Party |votes=397 |percentage=1.02% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=367 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrakhela Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,595 |percentage=27.26% |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,871 |percentage=89.65% |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,842 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tipra Motha Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Karamcherra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,397 |percentage=55.59% |change={{increase}}54.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umakanta Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,061 |percentage=34.57% |change={{decrease}}10.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratish Tripura |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=1,864 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjanbati Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=739 |percentage=2.12% |change={{decrease}}47.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=459 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalpa Mohan Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjoy Reang |party=Tripura Peoples Party |votes=208 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,336 |percentage=21.03% |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,891 |percentage=90.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,145 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Karamcherra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,411 |percentage=49.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajendra Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,039 |percentage=45.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjoy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=488 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Bikash Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=446 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalpa Mohan Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saimon Darlong |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=208 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,372 |percentage=4.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,963 |percentage=91.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,074 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dhalai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24.04|92.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Indramani Badoni

2026-04-19T16:24:05Z

Tanu14: adding a info nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1925–1999)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indramani Badoni "Gandhi of Uttarakhand"
| birth_date = December 24, 1925
| birth_place = [[Akhodi]], [[Garhwal Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|8|18|1925|12|24}}
| death_place = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| occupation = Politician<br/>
Activist
| party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| movement = Uttarakhand Statehood Movement
| spouse = Surji Devi (married 1968–)
}}

'''Indramani Badoni''' (December 24, 1925 –August 18, 1999) also known as the "Gandhi of [[Uttarakhand]]," was an Indian educator, politician, environmentalist, folk artist and statehood activist from the present day Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].

== Early life and education ==
Indramani Badoni was born on December 24, 1925<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-know-about-indramani-badoni-who-is-called-gandhi-of-uttarakhand-everybodys-paying-tribute-22321566.html|title=इंद्रमणि बडोनी को यू हीं नहीं कहा जाता उत्तराखंड का गांधी, उनकी दूरदर्शी सोच का ही नतीजा है राज्य|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=24 December 2022}}</ref> in a small farming hamlet Akhori, Hindow, in the subsidiary princely state of [[Tehri Garhwal]]. Badoni was born to Kaldi Devi and Sureshanand, he spent his early life in poverty.<ref name=":0" />

Badoni received his primary education in the village Akhori, Hindow and completed his education in [[Nainital]] and [[Dehradun]]. Badoni completed his graduate degree from [[DAV PG College]], Dehradun in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jayuttarakhand.blogspot.com/2007/12/gandhi-of-uttarakhand-indramani-badoni.html|title=जय भारत! जय उत्तराखण्ड!! JAY BHARAT! JAY UTTARAKHAND!!: Gandhi of Uttarakhand - Indramani Badoni|first=पंकज सिंह|last=महर|date=18 December 2007|accessdate=24 December 2022}}</ref> He married Surji Devi when he was only 19 and went to [[Bombay]] in search of livelihood. However, he soon returned for health reasons.

Badoni was also a theatre-artist and is said to have been adept at playing folk instruments.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=इंद्रमणि बडोनी को यू हीं नहीं कहा जाता उत्तराखंड का गांधी, उनकी दूरदर्शी सोच का ही नतीजा है राज्य |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-know-about-indramani-badoni-who-is-called-gandhi-of-uttarakhand-everybodys-paying-tribute-22321566.html |accessdate=24 December 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> As evidenced in 1956, when on the occasion of Republic Day Parade at Rajpath, Indramani Badoni organized a kedar dance under the leadership of Hindao's folk artists Shivjani Dhung and Giraj Dhung.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lohani |first=Girish |date=August 18, 2019 |title=पहाड़ के गांधी इन्द्रमणि बडोनी : जन्मदिन विशेष |url=https://kafaltree.com/tag/indramani-badoni/ |website=Kafal Tree}}</ref>

== Political career ==
in 1953, [[Mirabehn]], a British-Indian supporter of the Indian Independence Movement and devoted disciple of Gandhi, went to Tehri on a humanitarian and educational visit. Upon reaching Akhodi, she sought the counsel of an educated and perceptive villager to help devise strategies for local development. Mirabehn employed the Gandhian method of village upliftment, where establishing a dialogue with knowledgeable and motivated local individuals was key to initiating sustainable development programs. Badoni responded to her call, and inspired by Meera Ben’s vision, devoted himself to social work, playing an active role in the village’s advancement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=इंद्र मणि बडोनी : एक पुनर्मूल्यांकन / अशोक कुमार शुक्ला - Gadya Kosh - हिन्दी कहानियाँ, लेख, लघुकथाएँ, निबन्ध, नाटक, कहानी, गद्य, आलोचना, उपन्यास, बाल कथाएँ, प्रेरक कथाएँ, गद्य कोश |url=http://gadyakosh.org/gk/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_:_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_/_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |accessdate=24 December 2022 |website=gadyakosh.org}}</ref>

In 1961, Indramani Badoni became a [[village head]] and afterwards the head of the [[Development Block|development block]], [[Jakholi]]. He was elected as an independent candidate to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the first time from [[Devprayag]] in 1967.<ref name=":1" />

In 1969, he was elected as a candidate of the All India Congress, and in 1977, he was re-elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly as an Independent candidate. Badoni was a popular leader and managed footing during the 1977 Janata Party wave, the first time since independence that the Indian National Congress was defeated nationally. Badoni won by such a large margin that both the Congress and Janata candidates lost their deposits.

However, Badoni faced setbacks in his political career. He lost the election to [[Govind Prasad Gairola]] in 1974, and in 1989, he lost the parliamentary election to [[Brahm Dutt]]. Badoni also contested the 1989 Lok Sabha elections. Badoni lost this election by ten thousand votes. It is said that at the time of filing the nomination, Badoni had only one rupee in his pocket while his rival Brahmadutt spent lakhs of rupees on his campaign.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lohani |first=Girish |date=August 18, 2019 |title=पहाड़ के गांधी इन्द्रमणि बडोनी : जन्मदिन विशेष |url=https://kafaltree.com/tag/indramani-badoni/ |website=Kafal Tree}}</ref>

Badoni was deeply committed to the cause of a separate Uttarakhand state. He was active in the movement for a separate state since 1979 and served as the Vice President of the [[Parvateey Vikas Parishad]] (Hill Development Council).<ref name=":1" /> In 1980, Badoni joined the hands with the [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]], a newly established regional political party aimed at creating a separate hill state from Uttar Pradesh, and remained its active member throughout his life. During the Chief Ministership of [[Banarsi Das Gupta|Banarasi Das Gupta]] in Uttar Pradesh, he was the Vice Chairman of the

While working in the education sector, Badoni opened many schools in Garhwal, prominent among which are the Intermediate College Kathud, Magadhar, Dhutu and Higher Secondary School Bugalidhar.<ref name=":1" />

== Role in the Uttarakhand Statehood Movement ==

In 1988, Badoni did a 105-day foot march under the banner of [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]. This procession ran from Tawaghat in [[Pithoragarh]] to [[Dehradun]]. He went from door to door in the village and told the people the benefits of a separate state. In 1992, he declared [[Gairsain]] the capital of [[Uttarakhand]] on the day of Makar Sankranti in Bageshwar.<ref name=":1" />

In 1994, Badoni began a [[Fasting|fast]] unto death in [[Pauri]] to demand a separate Uttarakhand state. On 7 August, he was forcibly taken and admitted to a hospital in Meerut and from there he was shifted to AIIMS, Delhi in an attempt to withdraw him from public view. His arrest enraged his followers and the movement gained further momentum resulting in the creation of Uttarakhand on November 9, 2000, a year after his demise.<ref name=":1" />

Due to his unwavering faith in the [[Nonviolent movement|non-violent movement]] and his charismatic but easy-going personality, ''The Washington Post'' referred to Badoni as the "Mountain Gandhi." He died on August 18, 1999, at the [[Vithal Ashram]] in [[Rishikesh]]. Badoni remains a respected and influential figure in the [[history of Uttarakhand]].<ref>[http://www.uttarainformation.gov.in/auth/controller/tender/334_1482489763.pdf Uttara Information]</ref><ref>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1881961 President of India in Uttarakhand]</ref>

== Legacy ==
In state and national media Badoni is largely referred to as the "unsung hero" of the Uttarakhand Statehood Movement.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badoni, Indramani}}
[[Category:People from Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2022}}

Pushkar Jog

2026-04-19T15:15:56Z

Tanu14:

{{short description|Indian actor and dancer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushkar Jog
| image = Pushkar Jog.jpg
| caption = Jog at release of [[Huff! It's Too Much]]
| othername =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|07|15|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-15|title=B'day: एअर होस्टेसला पाहून प्रेमात पडला होता पु्ष्कर, नंतर तिच्याशीच थाटले लग्न|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/BOL-MB-pushkar-jog-birthday-5646301-PHO.html/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor| Dancer}}
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| children = Felisha Jog (b.2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BB Marathi fame Pushkar Jog celebrates daughter Felisha's birthday with wife Jasmine – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bb-marathi-fame-pushkar-jog-celebrates-daughter-felishas-birthday-with-wife-jasmine/articleshow/79810207.cms|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| parents =
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]<br>[[Huff! It's Too Much]]<br>Jabardast''
| spouse = {{marriage|Jasmine Brahmabhatt|2014}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi fame Pushkar Jog celebrates 6th wedding anniversary with wife Jasmine – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-pushkar-jog-celebrates-6th-wedding-anniversary-with-wife-jasmine/articleshow/79423439.cms|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Pushkar Jog ''' (born 15 July 1985) is an Indian actor and dancer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=पुष्कर जोग: डान्सर ते अभिनेता!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/video/entertainment/pushkar-jog-birthday/videoshow/70225639.cms|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref> Who primarily works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. In 2018, He participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]'' and become Runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-07-23|title=Pushkar Jog emerge runner-up in Bigg Boss Marathi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-marathi-winner-is-megha-dhade-pushkar-jog-and-smita-gondkar-emerge-runners-up/story-hVHQ03FjcZoTSCFbfztqdP.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pushkar was born in [[Pune]], Maharashtra. He did his acting debut at the age of 4. He has a doctor's degree in [[Dentistry]]. In 2007, he did his debut Marathi film ''Jabardast'' in a lead role. He has also appeared in Hindi films like ''Goodbuddy Gadbadi'', ''[[Don't Worry, Be Happy|Don't Worry Be Happy]],'' and ''[[Huff! It's Too Much]]''. Pushkar also worked in television shows like ''Nach Baliye Marathi'', ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]'' and ''ABP Majha Around The World.''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pushkar Jog – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/pushkar-jog/6633|access-date=2020-12-30|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pushkar Jog Wiki, Wife, Age, Biodata, Marriage, Profile|url=https://www.marathi.tv/actors/pushkar-jog-bio/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive biography of #PushkarJog and on his life.|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/pushkar-jog/biography.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, He appeared in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-07-23|title=Pushkar Jog become runner up of Bigg Boss Marathi 1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/megha-dhade-bigg-boss-marathi-winner-5270315/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Films ==

=== Hindi ===

* ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]''
* ''Aise Bhi Kya Jaldi Hai''
* ''[[Azmaish: A Journey Through the Subcontinent|Azmaish]]''
* ''EMI''
* ''[[Huff! It's Too Much]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Famous Marathi actor Pushkar Jog gears up for his Bollywood debut with Huff! It's Too Much|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/famous-marathi-actor-pushkar-jog-gears-his-bollywood-debut-huff-its-too-much|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Don't Worry, Be Happy|Don't Worry Be Happy]]''
* ''Goodbuddy Gadabadi''
* ''[[Human Cocaine]]''

=== Marathi ===

* ''Vajavu Ka''
* ''Sun Ladki Sasarchi''
* ''Sakharpuda''
* ''Raosaheb''
* ''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
* ''Satya''
* ''[[Mission Possible]]''
* ''Dhoom Two Dhamaal''
* ''Tukya Tukvila Nagya Nachvila''
* ''Raju''
* ''Shikhar''
* ''[[Sasu Cha Swayamwar|Sasu Cha Swayamvar]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 May 2015|title=Pushkar Jog in Marathi Film 'Sasucha Swayamwar'|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/videos/sasucha-swayamwar-trailer.php|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Ti and Ti]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ti and Ti' trailer: Pushkar Jog, Sonalee Kulkarni and Prarthana Behere starrer romantic adventure promises a laughter riot – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ti-and-ti-trailer-pushkar-jog-sonalee-kulkarni-and-prarthana-behere-starrer-romantic-adventure-promises-a-laughter-riot/articleshow/67660172.cms|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Well Done Baby]]!''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-29|title=Pushkar Jog & Amruta Khanvilkar starrer 'Well Done Baby' Official Poster|url=https://marathikhabri.com/2020/02/pushkar-jog-amruta-khanvilkar-starrer-well-done-baby-official-poster.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Marathi Khabri|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Well Done Baby: Pushkar Jog Celebrates Unlock 1.0, Is The Movie Releasing Soon?|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/well-done-baby-pushkar-jog-celebrates-unlock-1-0-is-the-movie-releasing-soon/5ed6093087ba805594b92538|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Adrushya]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title='Adrushya': Riteish Deshmukh, Pushkar Jog and Manjari Fadnnis starrer is all set to hit screens on 13th May 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adrushya-riteish-deshmukh-pushkar-jog-and-manjari-fadnnis-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-13th-may-2022/articleshow/90433491.cms|website= Times Of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Tamasha Live]]''
*''[[Victoria - Ek Rahasya]]''
*''[[Baap Manus]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Week That Was! Pushkar Jog's 'Baap Manus' to Riteish Deshmukh 'Ved' – here's what made headlines |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/week-that-was-pushkar-jogs-baap-manus-to-riteish-deshmukh-ved-heres-what-made-headlines/photostory/98051052.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*''[[Musafiraa]]'' (also director)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-11-23 |title=Musafira Movie: मैत्रीची सुंदर सफर घडवणारा मुसाफिरा, या भोजपुरी अभिनेत्रीचं मराठीत पदार्पण |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/pooja-sawant-new-marathi-movie-musafiraa-with-pushkar-jog-bhojpuri-actress-smrity-sinha-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=सकाळ |language=mr}}</ref>
*''The AI Dharma Story (As Actor and Director)''<ref>{{cite web |title=The AI Dharma Story Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} धर्मा – The AI Story {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/dharma-the-ai-story-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
*''[[Hardik Shubhechha (film)|Hardik Shubhechha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी सिनेमात होतायंत हटके प्रयोग; पुष्कर जोग घेऊन येतोय लैंगिक सुसंगततेवर भाष्य करणारा चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pushkar-jog-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubheccha-starring-hemal-ingale-releasing-on-21st-march/articleshow/117900897.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|1994–1997
| ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]''
| rowspan="3" |Episodic role
|[[StarPlus]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998–1999
| ''[[Hudd Kar Di]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|-
| ''Reen Ek Do Teen''
|[[StarPlus]]
|-
|2009
| ''Vachan De Tu Mala''
|Shreyas
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-09-22|title='Vachan Dile Tu Malaa' on Star Pravah|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/vachan-dile-tu-mala-star-pravah.php|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| ''Maharashtracha Nach Baliye''
|Contestant
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-18|title=Dance pe chance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dance-pe-chance/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2012–2013
| ''Jallosh Suvarnayugacha''
|Host
|[[ETV Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jallosh Suvarnayugacha Marathi Reality Show On Etv Marathi|url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/jallosh-suvarnayugacha-marathi-reality-show-on-etv-marathi/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Marathi Stars|date=25 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
| ''[[Jhunj Marathmoli]]''
|Contestant
|[[ETV Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhunj Marathmoli participants to add Marathi tadka onscreen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/zhunj-marathmoli-participants-to-add-marathi-tadka-onscreen/photostory/35678005.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2014
| ''[[Asava Sundar Swapnancha Bangla]]''
|Nishant
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pushkar Jog doing a fiction show after six years – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Pushkar-Jog-doing-a-fiction-show-after-six-years/articleshow/48325344.cms|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| ''[[Celebrity Cricket League]]''
|Contestant of Veer Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is there trouble between Veer Marathi fame Pushkar Jog and his fianc'e? – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pushkar-jog-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-veer-marathi-huff-its-too-much/articleshow/30159109.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''
|Contestant
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the contestants of Bigg Boss Marathi|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-marathi-mahesh-manjrekar-5139089/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Indian Express|date=16 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''[[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava]]''
|Host
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi Fame Pushkar Jog All Set To Host 'Sur Nava Dhyas Nava' Auditions|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-pushkar-jog-all-set-to-host-sur-nava-dhyas-nava-auditions/5d5e865a5203ad3741453711|access-date=2021-05-29|website=spotboye}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 2)|Bigg Boss Marathi 2]]''
|Guest
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Guest
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Savalyachi Janu Savali]]''
|Shrirang (Guest)
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2026
|[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 6|''Bigg Boss Marathi 6'']]
|Guest
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Sanam Hotline''
|Ishan
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hungama Play launches 'Sanam Hotline', a new original comedy show in Marathi and Hindi|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/12/hungama-play-launches-sanam-hotline-a-new-original-comedy-show-in-marathi-and-hindi/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=bestmediainfo|date=9 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanam Hotline: Pushkar Jog Turns To Web Comedy With This Web Series|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/sanam-hotline-pushkar-jog-turns-to-web-comedy-with-this-web-series/5fd1ebc127259e64b43a2b13|access-date=2020-12-10|website=spotboye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hungama Play launches 'Sanam Hotline', a new original comedy show in Marathi and Hindi|url=https://www.4psnews.com/ott/story/hungama-play-launches-sanam-hotline-a-new-original-comedy-show-in-marathi-and-hindi|access-date=2020-12-09|website=4psnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coming soon, Pushkar Jog and Sai Lokur's "Sanam Hotline"!|url=https://www.cinebuster.in/coming-soon-pushkar-jog-and-sai-lokurs-sanam-hotline/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=cinebuster|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2129530/ Pushkar Jog] on [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jog, Pushkar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Trilochan Mahadev Temple

2026-04-19T14:33:28Z

Tanu14: Starting place

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Trilochan Mahadev Temple
| image = [[File:Om symbol.svg|100px]]
| image_upright =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.575677|82.786441|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| alt =
| caption = Trilochan Mahadev Temple
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Trilochan Mahadev Temple
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| locale = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lord Shiva]] (Mahadev)
| festivals= [[Shivaratri|Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Trilochan Mahadev Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]]. It is located in Trilochan Dham, in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The temple is a [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]]. The presiding deity is known by the names Trilochan (त्रिलोचन) meaning ''The Three-Eyed One'' and Mahadev (महादेव) meaning ''God of Gods''.
This is an ancient temple of [[Lord Shiva|Mahadeva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/news/trilochan-mahadev-temple-in-jaunpur-unwavering-faith-of-devotees-131651881.html|title=Trilochan Mahadev Temple in Jaunpur unwavering faith of devotees}}</ref>

==History==
The History of the Trilochan Mahadev Temple is a blend of ancient scriptural mentions, divine legends, and a miraculous resolution to a local dispute.

'''Ancient and Mythological Roots:'''

*'''Treta Yuga Origins:''' Devotees believe the temple dates back to the Treta Yuga (the age of [[Lord Rama]]). It is said that Lord Shiva appeared here by "penetrating Hades" (Patala-bhed) to manifest himself.

*'''Scriptural Mention:''' The temple's historical and spiritual importance is documented in the [[Skanda Purana]] (specifically page 674), which lists it as one of the most significant "awakened" shrines in the Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/jaunpur/untold-story-about-trilochan-mahadev-mandir-in-jaunpur-1/up20190716113102208|title=स्कंद पुराण में वर्णित है जौनपुर का त्रिलोचन महादेव मंदिर|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=16 July 2019|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>

*'''The Yagya of [[Lord Brahma]]:''' Another legend states that Lord Brahma once organized a grand yagya (sacrificial ritual) at this location, after which [[Lord Shiva]] manifested to reside there permanently.

==Legends==

The folklore of the '''Trilochan Mahadev Temple''' in Jaunpur is defined by several miraculous legends that establish the temple's divine origin and its spiritual authority over the surrounding region.

'''The Legend of the Tilted Shivalinga'''

One of the most prominent folk stories involves a boundary dispute between the villages of Rehti and Lahangpur (also referred to as Dingurpur).

'''The Conflict:'''
The Shivalinga appeared exactly where the boundaries of the two villages met, leading to a heated disagreement over ownership.
'''The Divine Test:'''
To resolve the conflict, a panchayat decided to let Lord Shiva himself choose his home. The temple doors were locked with separate locks from both villages and left overnight.
'''The Miracle:'''
At dawn, the doors were opened to find the Shivalinga had miraculously bent toward the north, leaning into the territory of Rehati village. This settled the dispute permanently, and the deity remains physically tilted today as a testament to this choice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-trilochan-mahadev-himself-divided-between-these-two-villages-of-up-jaunpur-regarding-the-temple-6846749.html|title=Trilochan Mahadev Temple: मंदिर को लेकर यूपी के इन दो गांवों के बीच झगड़े का खुद महादेव ने किया फैसला|date=26 July 2022|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref>

'''Discovery by the Shepherd'''

The temple's physical discovery is rooted in a "Swayambhu" (self-manifested) legend:

'''The Unusual Cow:'''
A shepherd noticed that one of his cows would return from the forest every evening with no milk.
'''The Reveal:'''
Following the cow, he saw her standing over a particular spot in the forest and spontaneously shedding all her milk on the ground.
'''The Excavation:'''
Villagers began digging at that location and uncovered the Shivalinga. Legend says they dug for days but could never find the base of the stone, concluding it was Patal-bhedi (piercing through to the underworld).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/religion/trilochan-mahadev-temple-treta-yuga-mystery-and-miracles-3400321.html|title=Trilochan Mahadev Temple: जहां स्वयं प्रकट हुए थे शिव शंभू, जानें त्रेतायुग के त्रिलोचन महादेव मंदिर का रहस्य|first=TV9|last=Bharatvarsh|date=21 July 2025|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The Trilochan Mahadev Temple in Jaunpur is a major center for Shaivite celebrations. The temple hosts hundreds of thousands of devotees for its primary festivals, particularly [[Maha Shivaratri]], which saw record-breaking crowds.

*'''Maha Shivaratri:''' The most significant annual event at the temple. Every year approximately 2.5 lakh devotees performs Jalabhishek on the day. The district administration and police set up extensive security, including medical stalls and crowd-control barriers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/kerakt/news/trilochan-mahadev-temple-mahashivratri-crowd-jaunpur-137211828.html|title=Mahashivratri Jaunpur: Trilochan Mahadev Temple Sees Record Crowds}}</ref>

*'''Shravan (Sawan) Month:''' A month-long period of heightened devotion. Every Monday (Somwar) is particularly auspicious, with devotees often arriving after a [[Kanwar Yatra]] to offer holy water to the Swayambhu [[Shivling]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/news/on-the-first-monday-of-sawan-devotees-gathered-in-trilochan-mahadev-temple-135443696.html|title=On the first Monday of Sawan, devotees gathered in Trilochan Mahadev temple}}</ref>

*'''Dala Chhath:''' Thousands of women gather at the Pilpila Sarovar (temple pond) to offer Arghya to the setting and rising [[sun]]. The temple complex and pond get decorated with divine lighting for this folk festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/kerakt/news/chhath-celebration-held-at-the-historic-trilochan-mahadev-temple-133922262.html|title=Chhath celebration held at the historic Trilochan Mahadev temple}}</ref>

*'''Trilochanashtami:''' Celebrated on the eighth day of the [[Shukla Paksha]] in the month of [[Jyeshta]], this day is specifically dedicated to the ''three-eyed'' form of [[Shiva]].

==Transport==
The Trilochan Mahadev Temple is located in Jaunpur, and is well-connected by road and rail, primarily via the Varanasi-Lucknow route.

'''By Rail:'''

*[[Trilochan Mahadev railway station|Trilochan Mahadev Station]] (TLMD): This is the closest railway station, located approximately 2 km from the temple.
*JalalGanj Station (JLL): Located about 4–5 km away from the Temple.
*[[Jaunpur Junction]] (JNU) / [[Jaunpur City railway station|Jaunpur City Station]] (JOP): These major stations are about 22–26 km away from the temple.

'''By Road:'''

[[Varanasi]]: It is roughly 36–56 km from Varanasi. UPSRTC operates frequent ordinary buses (up to 73 daily) that take about 40 minutes to reach Trilochan from Varanasi.

[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur City]]: The temple is approximately 26–40 km from the city centre. Local transport and private cabs are readily available.

Parking & Accessibility: The temple complex provides wheelchair-accessible parking and entrances. However, during peak festivals, formal parking can be limited, often requiring roadside parking.

Auto-Rickshaws: Shared and private auto-rickshaws frequently ply between the Trilochan Mahadev Station and the temple gate.

E-Rickshaws: Available for short distances around the temple and nearby local markets

'''By Air:'''

[[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] (VNS): Located in Babatpur, Varanasi, this is the nearest airport, approximately 36–38 km from the temple.

==See also==
* [[Sheetala Chaukiya Dham]]
* [[Shahi Qila, Jaunpur]]
* [[Shahi Bridge]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Jyotirlingas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway

2026-04-04T20:34:35Z

Tanu14: Starting new entry!

{{Short description|Proposed coastal highway in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| type =
| state = Kerala
| name = Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway
| route =
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=6|type=line|from=Coastal Highway (Kerala).map}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Proposed Coastal Highway alignment (approximate) highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| maint =
| length_km = 625
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = South
| terminus_a = [[Pozhiyoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] 
| junction = 
| direction_b = North
| terminus_b = [[Kunjathur]], [[Kasaragod]] 
| districts = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Thrissur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], [[Kasaragod]]
| previous_type =
| previous_route = 
| next_type =
| next_route = 
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway''' is a 625 km planned coastal highway running parallel to [[Arabian Sea]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Kerala’s ambitious 625-km coastal highway project gains traction |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/keralas-ambitious-625-km-coastal-highway-project-gains-traction/article66132218.ece |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> It is proposed and being constructed with a width of 14 m and begin from [[Pozhiyoor]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and ends at [[Kunjathur]] in [[Kasaragod district]]. The total estimated cost of the project is ₹6,500 crore, which is being borne by [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coastal highway inching closer to reality, preliminary works begin - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Sep/11/coastal-highway-inching-closer-to-reality-preliminary-works-begin-2496957.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Route description==
The coastal highway passes through nine districts in Kerala at a distance of 625 km. Starting from [[Pozhiyoor]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], it passes through [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Kannur district|Kannur districts]] finally reaching [[Kunjathur]] in [[Kasaragod district]]. The highway runs parallel to the current [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] and will have bicycle track and footpath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 ജില്ലകൾ, കടലിനടിയിൽ തുരങ്കപാത, 6500 കോടി ചെലവ്; തീരദേശ ഹൈവേയുടെ പ്രത്യേകത ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/kerala-ambitious-coastal-highway-project-helps-tourism/articleshow/98630029.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> When the project completes, it will also be the completion of India's longest cycle path. The 652.4 km long cycle path in Thalappadi, Kasaragod to Puvvar in Thiruvananthapuram wil pass through 8 districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കേരളം വിട്ടവർ തിരിച്ചെത്തും: തീരദേശ-മലയോര പാതകളിലൂടെ വികസനമെത്തും; ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ഏറ്റവും നീളമുള്ള സൈക്കിൾ ട്രാക്ക്; ടൂറിസം-കാർഷിക വളർച്ചാ സാധ്യതകൾ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/coastal-and-hill-highway-development-kerala/articleshow/100600169.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> A 2.5 km underwater tunnel connecting [[Fort Kochi]] and [[Vypin]] in Ernakulam has been also proposed to be constructed as part of the project.

==History==
[[File:Paravur-Varkala Coastal Road at Thekkumbhagam.jpg|right|thumb|The road in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravoor]] [[Thekkumbhagam]] that will become part of the coastal highway]]
The project was started by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] on the basis of a study conducted in 1993 by the [[List of agencies of the government of Kerala|National Transportation Planning and Research Center]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Later, the center recommended measures to reduce traffic congestion on the national highway and increase tourism opportunities. Finally, in 2017, the government approved the alignment prepared by [[List of agencies of the government of Kerala|National Transportation Planning and Research Centre]] (NATPAC). The Coastal Highway project is being implemented in three phases by making the existing national highways and state highways a part of the project and by constructing new ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work on Coastal Highway begins, DPR awaited, pink stones to mark boundary |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/06/kerala-coastal-highway-project-begins.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The Kerala Road Fund Board (KRFB) will be constructing the 468 kilometres of highway. The work on 120 km of the remaining 155 km will be covered under the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]], which is initiated by the [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI) to connect important coastal areas and ports in the country. Work on the remaining 35 kilometres will be done as part of other projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-23 |title=Coastal highway work from today |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/coastal-highway-work-from-today/article28119273.ece |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hill Highway (Kerala)]]

==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram-Kasaragod Coastal Highway}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Roads in Kerala]]

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.kiifb.org/includes/fileViewer.jsp?fmde=res&did=344&fname=KIIFB-NL-OCTOBER2023-V6.10.pdf&dPrfx=NL KIIFB Newsletter vol. 6.10 - October 2023]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806162134/https://www.kiifb.org/includes/fileViewer.jsp?fmde=res&did=344&fname=KIIFB-NL-OCTOBER2023-V6.10.pdf&dPrfx=NL|date=20250806}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|19327487}}

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

Dutta's Mahendragiri gecko

2026-03-31T22:15:21Z

Tanu14: started a entry

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Closeup photo of Dutta's mahendragiri gecko.jpg
| image_caption = Dutta's Mahendragiri gecko from Simhachalam hills
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemidactylus sushilduttai {{!}} IUCN RedList |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/149352834/149353044 |website=iucnredlist.org}}</ref>
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = sushilduttai
| authority = Giri, [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], Mohapatra, Srinivasulu & Agarwal, 2017
}}
'''Dutta's Mahendragiri gecko''' ('''''Hemidactylus sushilduttai''''') is a species of large-bodied, tuberculate [[gecko]], found in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Badri|title=New species of gecko discovered in Andhra Pradesh after 5-year study|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/new-species-of-gecko-discovered-in-andhra-pradesh-after-5-year-study/story-P5fLFsvIYAxbUHccrrGbJJ.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=29 November 2017|date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Hemidactylus sushilduttai • A New Species of Large-bodied, Tuberculate Hemidactylus Oken (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Eastern Ghats, India|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.in/2017/11/hemidactylus-sushilduttai.html?m=1|work=Novataxa|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New species of gecko found in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/new-species-of-gecko-found-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/61803321.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 November 2017|date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

==Anatomy==
It has a snout to vent length up to at least 105 mm.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giri|first1=Varad B.|last2=Bauer|first2=Aaron M.|last3=Mohapatra|first3=Pratyush P.|last4=Srinivasulu|first4=Chelmala|last5=Agarwal|first5=Ishan|date=2017-11-13|title=A new species of large-bodied, tuberculate Hemidactylus Oken (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Eastern Ghats, India|url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4347.2.8|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4347|issue=2|pages=331–345|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4347.2.8|pmid=29245598|issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is also characterized by a dorsal scalation of small granules intermixed with large, pointed, trihedral tubercles that form 16–17 fairly regularly arranged longitudinal rows at midbody; 9–11 subdigital lamellae below the first and 11–13 below the fourth digit; 6–8 strongly pointed and keeled enlarged tubercles on the original tail; 20–23 femoral pores separated by 4 poreless scales in males; 11–13 supralabials and 9–11 infralabials.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q47074288}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2017]]
[[Category:Lizards of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Pamingnaba

2026-03-31T20:54:26Z

Tanu14: adding first post from scratch - done

{{Short description|First king and founder of the Luwang dynasty}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Pamingnaba
| title = Founder of the [[Luwang dynasty]]
| reign = {{c.}} 2nd century CE
| reign-type = Monarchy
| successor = [[Khunthiba]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Khunthiba]]
| full name = Pamingnaba Luwang Ningthou
| father = Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa
| mother = Shanthong Punemba Chanu
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
| dynasty = [[Luwang dynasty]]
}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Pamingnaba''' (also spelled '''Pamingnapa'''), also known as '''Luwang Ningthou Pamingnaba''', was the first king and founder of the independent [[Luwang dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (present-day [[Manipur]]). He is traditionally recorded as the brother of King [[Aalong]],{{efn|also spelled Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} the founder of the [[Khuman dynasty]]. Both were sons of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa,{{efn|also known as Singtangbung Tabung Singminnaba (ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯕꯨꯡ ꯇꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ)}} the last ruler of the united [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman–Luwang royal lineage]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra4">{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Kangleirol |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1980 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra4">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=B |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1998 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron4">{{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=Laikhuram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |year=1998 |location=India |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba4">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra |first=B. |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb |title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba |date=1989-03-15 |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life and heritage ===
Pamingnaba was born into the royal house of the [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman–Luwang royal lineage]], which traced its descent from [[Poireiton]], a cultural hero in [[Meitei mythology]] and an early king of ancient [[Kangleipak]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron4" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba4" /> Poireiton, in mythological texts like ''[[Poireiton Khunthok]]'', is said to be the brother of the god [[Thongalen]], ruler of the underworld.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=https://ia800107.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532678/2015.532678.religion-and.pdf |title=Religion and Culture of Manipur}}</ref> However, historical chronicles like Khuman Ningthourol present him as the brother of [[Thawaren]], establishing a more human genealogical framework.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron4" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba4" />

Pamingnaba was the eldest son of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa. Upon their father's death, the common royal lineage was divided—Pamingnaba took leadership of the Luwang house, while his younger brother Aalong established the [[Khuman dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron4" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba4" />

=== Founding the Luwang dynasty ===
Pamingnaba's rule marked the formation of the independent [[Luwang dynasty]], one of the earliest known principalities in ancient Manipur. He established his capital in the region around present-day [[Luwangsangbam]] and asserted authority over large parts of the valley.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra4" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron4" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba4" />

The [[Luwang|Luwang clan]] would go on to be one of the three most prominent powers in ancient [[Kangleipak]], alongside the [[Khuman dynasty]] and the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref>NEIHA Proceedings, "Political Structure of Prehistoric Kangleipak", 1982.</ref>

=== Relationship with contemporaries ===
In order to establish Luwang sovereignty, '''Pamingnaba''' probably used diplomatic, territorial, and perhaps military means as a contemporary of [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the Ningthouja dynasty and his own brother Aalong of the Khuman dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hareshwar Goshwami |url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |title=Hareshwar Goshwami History Of The PEOPLE OF MANIPUR}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Aalong]]
* [[Poireiton]]
* [[Luwang dynasty]]
* [[Khuman dynasty]]
* [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs]]
* [[Yek Salai]]
* [[Meitei mythology]]
* [[Naothingkhong Phambal Khaba]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kings of Kangleipak]]
[[Category:Sanamahist leaders]]

3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)

2026-03-29T17:15:16Z

Tanu14: adding new post needs work - done

{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=December 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{citation style|date=December 2019}}
}}
The '''Third Portuguese India Armada''' was assembled in 1501 upon the order of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and placed under the command of [[João da Nova]]. It was small compared to other armadas of the same type and was formed for commercial purposes. Nonetheless, it engaged in the first significant Portuguese naval battle in the [[Indian Ocean]]. The Third Armada discovered the uninhabited islands of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] in the [[South Atlantic]] Ocean. Some speculate that it was the first Portuguese armada to reach [[Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka).

== Fleet ==

Little is known about the Third Armada of 1501 as opposed to other early [[Portuguese India armadas]]. Chroniclers' accounts are scant on details and differ significantly at several points. Very few contemporary documents offer substantive information, such as reconciliations of differing accounts or missing details.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The Third Armada was primarily a commercial run to India. It is confirmed to have been composed of four ships: two owned by the crown and two privately owned. There may have been a fifth supply ship.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

{|cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="margin:5px; border:3px solid;"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ship name''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| 1. Uncertain ||[[João da Nova]] || Flagship, owned by crown
|- valign = top
| 2. Uncertain || Francisco de Novais || Owned by crown
|-valign = top
| 3. Uncertain ||[[Diogo Barbosa]] || Privately owned by D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]], partially outfitted by [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium
|-valign = top
| 4. Uncertain || Fernão Vinet || [[Florence|Florentine]]. Private, owned by [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium. Partner [[Girolamo Sernigi]] may have been aboard as [[Factor (agent)|factor]].<ref>Radulet (1985: 74n) proposes that Fernão Vinet and Girolamo Sernigi are one and the same person.</ref>
|-valign = top
| 5. Supply ship? || Unknown || Uncertain if existed. If it did, it probably scuttled and burned along the way.
|}

This list of captains is given in [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas'',<ref>Barros, 1552: Dec. I, Bk V, c.10, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA464 p. 464.]</ref> [[Damião de Góis]]'s ''Chronica'',<ref>Góis, 1566: ch. 63 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA83 p. 83]</ref> [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]]'s ''História'',<ref>Castanheda, c. 1550s, ch. 63, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA126 p. 126]</ref> [[Diogo do Couto]]'s list,<ref>Couto, "De todas as armadas, &c.", in Barros & Couto, ''Decadas da Asia'', Dec. X, Pt.1, Bk.1, c.16, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA118 p. 118]</ref> [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]]'s ''Asia''<ref>Faria e Sousa, 1666: vol. 1, Pt. 1, Ch.5, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA50 p. 50]</ref> and Quintella's ''Annaes''.<ref>Quintella, 1839: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA257 p. 257]</ref> Fernão Pacheco replaces Barbosa in several lists: [[Gaspar Correia]]'s ''Lendas''<ref>Correia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA235 p. 235] Correia refers to Vinet as "Mice Nite Florentym".</ref> and the ''Relação das Naus''.<ref>''Relação das Naus'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&pg=PA12 p. 5]; although it notes Barbosa rather than Pacheco in a side-gloss.</ref> The ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'' replaces Novais and Barbosa with Rui de Abreu and [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira|Duarte Pacheco]], respectively.<ref>(Bouchon, 1980: [https://books.google.com/books?id=p5k1uy7-kSMC&pg=PA250 p. 250])</ref>

[[File:Joao da Nova.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[João da Nova]]]]

The modest armada carried 350–400 men, only 80 of which were armed.<ref>Faria e Sousa (p. 49) reports 400 men. Castanheda reports 80 armed men: "Because the king believed that everything in India was at peace, he did not want to send more." (Castanheda, p. 126)</ref> Its admiral was [[João da Nova]], a [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]]-born minor noble. He was ''[[Alcalde]] Pequeno'' (municipal magistrate) of [[Lisbon]], and his principal recommendation to the admiralship was probably his connection to the powerful Portuguese nobleman [[Tristão da Cunha]].<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 182)</ref>

[[File:Nova armada of 1501 (Livro das Armadas).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Fleet of the 3rd India Armada (Nova, 1501), from the ''Memória das Armadas'']]

The owners of the two private ships, D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]] and [[Bartolomeo Marchionni]], a [[Florence|Florentine]], had jointly outfitted the ''Anunciada'', one of the ships of the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second India Armada]] of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] that was still at sea at the time. It was a considerable gamble for them to outfit the new ships before knowing the results of the previous enterprise. The ''Anunciada'' safely returned to Lisbon later in 1501 with a large cargo of spices.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Suggestions that da Nova’s ships were sent to reinforce [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Cabral]]’s ships following the outbreak of war with the [[Calicut]] kingdom (e.g., “as the plight of the Portuguese at Calicut was acute, three ships were sent on ahead under the Admiral, Joao da Nova Castella, to reinforce de Cabral, the Portuguese commander in India”.<ref>Thomas H. Brooke, A History of the Island of St Helena: From Its Discovery by the Portuguese to the Year 1806 (Black, Parry and Kingsbury, 1808), 35.[https://archive.org/details/historyofsthelen00brooiala/page/34/mode/2up]</ref><ref>[https://sainthelenaisland.info/gossesthelena15021938.pdf Gosse, Philip. St Helena 1502-1938. Oswestry: Anthony Nelson, 1938]</ref>) are now doubted because the Portuguese monarchy was unaware of the outbreak of war at India until the first of Cabral’s ships returned to Lisbon some six months ''after'' da Nova sailed from Lisbon. It has also been suggested that da Nova was charged to block any attempt by the Spanish to enter the [[spice trade]].<ref>Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco de Gama (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 232.[ Geneviève Bouchon, Vasco de Gama - Persée (persee.fr)]</ref> If true, given the small size of his fleet, he was entrusted with a very delicate mission.

One of the passengers on the fleet was Paio Rodrigues, employed by D. Álvaro of Braganza to remain in India as a [[Factor (agent)|factor]] for the private consortium. Another was Álvaro de Braga, a crown factor who was heading for the African port of [[Sofala]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Mission ==

The objective of the Third Armada was wholly commercial. Its mission was to go to India, load up with spices, and return home. The journey was expected to be uneventful.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The journey's destination was [[Calicut]] (known as ''Calecute'' in some sources, now Kozhikode), the principal spice hub in the state of [[Kerala]] and the dominant city-state on the [[Malabar coast]] of [[India]]. The Third Armada expected – or hoped – that the well-equipped [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second India Armada]] of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], which had departed in the previous year (1500), had succeeded in its ambassadorial mission to secure a treaty with Calicut and set up a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] (''feitoria'', a trading hub) there. The armada was unaware that Cabral's Second Armada had not only failed in its mission, but it also began hostilities between Portugal and Calicut. João da Nova's Third Armada was sailing into a war that it did not expect and for which it was not equipped.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The Third Armada also seems to have had a planned intermediary destination at [[Sofala]], where Cabral had been instructed to set up a factory. According to Correia, the crown ship of Francisco de Novais was designated to trade for gold in Sofala and leave the [[Factor (agent)|factor]] Álvaro de Braga, the clerk [[Diogo Barbosa]] (same name as captain) and an additional twenty-two men.<ref>Correia, ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA235 p. 235])</ref> Cabral's Second Armada had also already failed that mission: there was no Portuguese factory in Sofala.

The armada could not have delayed its departure until the arrival of the news of the Second Armada. The seasonal [[monsoon]] wind patterns of the Indian Ocean forced India-bound expeditions to leave Lisbon by April at the latest in order to find favorable southeasterly summer winds from Africa to India. Those same wind patterns determined that returning fleets could only arrive in Europe in the summer, June at the earliest. Although the difference between one fleet's departure and another fleet's arrival was only a few months, outbound fleets could not delay their departure until the previous year's fleet returned; if they did, an entire year would be lost. Therefore, both the crown and the private consortiums were willing to equip and launch the Third Armada in March 1501 before they received any news of the outcome of the Second Armada. The first ship of the Second Armada to arrive only did so in late June.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Nova's Third Armada would learn of the Second Armada's voyage along its own voyage from notes and letters left by Cabral's ships at African staging posts. Even if the Third Armada learned about the misfortune of the Second Armada, the aforementioned conditions meant that it could not go home to acquire reinforcements or otherwise change the circumstances of its journey. Lightly armed, it would have to press on, sneak into India stealthily, avoid Calicut, load spices at friendly ports, and leave, all as quickly as possible.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Outward voyage ==

The date of the third Portuguese armada's departure from [[Lisbon]] to [[India]] has variously been quoted as 1 March,<ref>Gaspar Corrêa and Rodrigo Jose de Lima Felner, Lendas da India. Publicadas de ordem da Classe de sciencias moraes, politicas e bellas lettras da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa e sob a dirrecção de Rodrigo José de Lima Felner, vol. 2 (Lisboa Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235.</ref> 5 March,<ref>João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 466.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA466]</ref><ref>Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 84.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84]</ref> 11 March,<ref>Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251.[https://archive.org/details/histriadacoloniz1922sous/page/n13/mode/2up]</ref> 26–27 March<ref>William Brooks Greenlee, The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1938), 139.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57073]</ref> or 10 April.<ref>Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15</ref>

Two chronicles claimed the ships discovered [[Ascension Island]] during the outward voyage, naming it Conception Island. Thus, [[João de Barros]] wrote that passing eight degrees beyond the equator, towards the south, an island was found to which the name Concepcão was given<ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:466.</ref> whilst [[Damião de Góis]]’ later chronicle described the sighting of an island south of the line which was named Conçeicam.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84 Góis, Chronica do serenissimo, 84]</ref> There are at least three reasons why it is thought this name was quoted by de Barros in error, this later being repeated by de Góis.<ref>Bruce, Ian. 'The Discovery of St Helena'. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43 [http://sainthelenaisland.info/thediscoveryofsthelena_ianbruce.pdf]</ref> First, the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]] has long celebrated the feast of the [[Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]] on the fixed date of 8 December, yet by then the third armada had already reached India. Second, the Portuguese [[Cantino Planisphere]], completed in 1502 after the third armada returned, shows the newly sighted island marked as ''ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam'' [island found and called Ascension], not as Conception. Third, in 1503 a division of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]] under [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] also named the island as Ascension, not as Conception. It is usually presumed that the island was discovered on the movable feast of [[Ascension Day]], which fell on 20 May in 1501, 39 days after [[Easter]].<ref>[http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16 Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century]</ref>

Two sources, a letter from King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]<ref>Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.</ref> and [[Gaspar Corrêa]]’s chronicle,<ref>Gaspar Corrêa, Lendas de India, vol. 1 (Lisbon: Typ. da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235.</ref> made no mention of either Ascension or Conception, instead describing a visit to [[Brazil]].

The fleet crossed the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on July 7, 1501 without a known incident. It anchored at [[Mossel Bay]] (''Aguada de São Brás''). There, Nova found a note in a shoe by a watering hole. The note was left about a month earlier by [[Pêro de Ataíde]], one of the captains of the returning [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second Armada]].<ref>Barros ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA466 p. 466]). Correia ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA236 p. 236]) claims that the note was left by [[Sancho de Tovar]], and not in a shoe, but under an iron pot.</ref> Ataíde's note, addressed to all captains bound for India, warned that Calicut had become hostile to the Portuguese, but that [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', now Kochi) and [[Cannanore]] (now Kannur) were still friendly ports where spices could be procured. It also recommended India-bound captains to go to [[Malindi]], where [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] left letters that contained more detailed information.<ref>Barros (p. 466–67) becomes confused here, saying that the letter told them to go by way of "Mombassa" and that the letters were held by the ''degredado'' António Fernandes. Correia (p. 236) merely says that the note warned of hostilities with Calicut.</ref> Centuries later, the South African government declared the [[Sideroxylon inerme|milkwood]] tree where Ataíde hung his shoe a national monument and erected a shoe-shaped postbox below it.<ref>Dias Museum, Mossel Bay, [http://www.diasmuseum.co.za/tree.html Old Post Office Tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811152406/http://www.diasmuseum.co.za/tree.html |date=2011-08-11 }}</ref>

It is speculated that the Mossel Bay Stone found after the demolition of the old Government House bears an inscription of João da Nova’s name and provides evidence of this visit<ref>Louis Albert Péringuey, ‘Inscriptions Left by Early European Navigators on Their Way to the East’, Annals of the South African Museum XIII (1913): 6–7.[http://archive.org/details/inscriptionsleft01peri]</ref> It is also believed that da Nova built a ''[[hermida]]'' or a small hermitage with space for only a few supplicants at a promitory at Mossel Bay. A letter written by Pedro Quaresma to King Manuel II described a visit to this location a few years later in 1506.<ref>George McCall Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa: Collected in Various Libraries and Archive Departments in Europe, vol. 1 (Govern-ment of the Cape Colony, 1898), 54 [https://archive.org/details/recordssoutheas01theagoog/page/54/mode/2up]</ref> This same reference source includes a description of the walls of a ruined ''hermida'' dedicated to [[Saint Blaise|St Blaise]] on the high ground (Cape St Blaise) between two coves at Mossel Bay in 1576. Later in his outward voyage, Da Nova is also said to have discovered what has since been called [[Juan de Nova Island]] in the [[Mozambique Channel]].<ref>Birch, 1877, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Joao%20da%20Nova%20Conception&pg=PR20 p.xx]</ref>

In the middle of July 1501, the Third Armada arrived at [[Mozambique Island]]. Disregarding instructions, Nova decided against dispatching Novais's ship to Sofala. Nova probably concluded that he needed to take all of his men due to the threat of a military engagement in India.<ref>Correia (p. 236); Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 183)</ref> Soon after, he set sail up the East African coast. At the same time, Nova possibly discovered [[Juan de Nova Island]]<ref>cf. Birch, 1877: [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Joao%20da%20Nova%20Conception&pg=PR20 p. xx])</ref> in the [[Mozambique Channel]] and the [[Farquhar Group|Farquhar atoll]], part of the [[Seychelles]], which were named the "João da Nova islands" until the 19th century.<ref>[[Alexander George Findlay|Findlay, A. G.]] (1866) ''A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean'', London: Laurie, p. 479 [https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA479 Online]</ref>

Around the same time, the armada arrived at the Swahili citadel of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quiloa''). A Portuguese ''[[degredado]]'' (convict exile), António Fernandes, greeted them on the beach or on a rowboat. According to Barros and Góis, he was António Fernandes, who carried letters from Cabral; Correia writes that he was Pêro Esteves, who was carrying no letters.<ref>Barros (p. 467), Góis (p. 84). Correia (p. 236) says Esteves was left by Gama and had no letters; Cabral's letters were being held in Malindi.</ref> The ''degredado'' informed Nova of the state of affairs in Kilwa. Barros suggests that, on this occasion, João da Nova personally met Muhammad Arcone, a Kilwan noble who would later play a critical role in Portuguese–Kilwan affairs. Correia notes that Nova was wary of approaching Kilwa, and refused to go ashore despite repeated invitations; he had the degredado negotiate the provision of some supplies, probably [[citrus fruit]], from the city for his [[scurvy]]-sick crews and hurriedly moved on.

Barros suggests that in late July, the Third Armada immediately set sail for India after it left Kilwa. Correia claims that Nova sailed first to Malindi to deliver a letter from King Manuel I of Portugal to the Sultan of Malindi.<ref>Correia, p. 236</ref> According to Correia, the sultan received the Portuguese well, supplying them amply with biscuits, rice, butter, chickens, sheep and other foods. He further writes that it was now that Nova received the letters that Cabral had dispatched by a messenger from Mozambique, from which he learned more about the [[Zamorin]] (monarch) of Calicut, the Portuguese factory at Cochin and the friendly relations with Cannanore and [[Quilon]].<ref>Correia, p. 237</ref> In this version, the Third Armada left Malindi on July 28, 1501, and crossed the Indian Ocean after 18 days.<ref>Correia, p. 238</ref>

== Nova in India ==

[[File:Kerala cities at time of Cabral (1500).gif|thumb|220px|India's [[Malabar Coast]] {{Circa|1500}}]]

In August 1501, João da Nova's Third Armada arrived in India at the [[St. Mary's Islands, Karnataka|Santa Maria]] islands off the [[Malabar coast]]. According to Correia, Nova named the islands because of the feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]] (August 15).<ref>Correia and Barros agreed on the name "St. Mary Islands", but Góis ([https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84 p. 84]) says that they landed at [[Anjediva island]] in November.</ref>

Narratives about the ensuing events differ. Barros says that Nova immediately began going down the Indian coast to Kerala, but Correia claims that he stopped by the port of [[Bhatkal|Batecala]] (now Bhatkal), which was the principal trade port of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and lingered there, engaging in trade with merchants in the harbors, and chasing pirates in [[Honnavar|Onor]] (now Honnavar).<ref>Correia, p. 238–39</ref> Both narratives agree that the Third Armada eventually began going down the Indian coast to Kerala, attempting to capture two merchant ships, allegedly from Calicut, near [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Mount d'Eli]] (now Ezhimala Hill) along the way.<ref>Correia (p. 244) and Barros (p. 468) concur that Nova tried to seize two ships, but one escaped.</ref>

The two-month delay between the Third Armada's reputed arrival in India (August) and its first recorded activities in India (November) has been subject to speculation.<ref>Bouchon (1980: p. 240) points out that there are no surviving contemporary accounts of Portuguese activities in India between the departure of Cabral's return fleet in January 1501 and the arrival of Gama's fourth armada in August 1502. Silence and speculation surrounds Nova's activities in India.</ref> Correia suggests that the Third Armada simply lingered in the area between Batecala and Mount d'Eli to trade and perhaps engage in piracy before it headed south to Cannanore. Others{{who|date=December 2019}} hypothesize that during this interlude, Nova launched exploratory ventures far to the south below [[Cape Comorin]] to locate the fabled island of [[Taprobana]] (Ceylon), the world's main source of [[cinnamon]].

The Third Armada arrived in Cannanore in November. They were well received by the [[Kolathiri]] Raja of Cannanore, who immediately urged João da Nova to load his ships with spices from the city's markets. Nova rejected the offer because he first had to collect the supplies already acquired by the Portuguese factory in Cochin. Before leaving, Nova left a few agents with instructions to purchase spices, principally [[ginger]] and [[cinnamon]], in Cannanore to be loaded later.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Some sources note that Nova established the Portuguese factory in Cannanore at this point. However, the factor whom he left behind was Paio Rodrigues, a private agent of D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]] and the [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium, not an employee of the [[Casa da India]], the crown trading house. The Casa itself, a proxy of the Portuguese Crown, would only install a factor in Cannanore with the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Fourth Armada]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

While he was in Cannanore, João da Nova received an embassy from the Zamorin of Calicut. Accompanying the embassy was Gonçalo Peixoto, a Portuguese survivor of the previous year's massacre who had remained in Calicut for the past year. In a letter to Nova, the Zamorin expressed sadness at the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)#Calicut Massacre|Calicut Massacre]] of December 1500, blaming it on hatred between Muslims and Christians that he never understood. He claimed that he, as a Hindu prince, only had a desire for friendship and peace with Portugal. The Zamorin also reported that the ringleaders of the riot had been rounded up and punished, and invited Nova to Calicut to collect the wares left behind in the Portuguese factory and receive compensation. Proposing to dispatch two ambassadors with Nova's fleet back to Lisbon, he expressed a desire to make a final treaty with King Manuel I of Portugal.<ref>Barros (p. 476)</ref> The Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore recommended Nova to accept the offer. Gonçalo Peixoto warned Nova to reject the offer, claiming that the Zamorin was luring him into a trap and at the time preparing a war fleet in Calicut. Nova did not reply to the Zamorin's entreaty. Peixoto joined Nova's fleet.

Correia asserts that Peixoto did not come; Nova agreed to the offer from the Zamorin's emissary to Cannanore and sailed to [[Calicut]]. The Third Armada anchored by the harbor there, waiting for the promised wares to be shipped from shore, when an unnamed Christian came aboard and warns him about the Zamorin's intentions.<ref>Correia (p. 247)</ref> Before Nova left, he captured three merchant ships, including one owned by the Zamorin himself, at the mouth of Calicut harbor. He seized their cargoes and burned the vessels in plain view of the city. Valuable loot from the ships included silver Indian nautical instruments, and navigational charts.

Arriving in Cochin, João da Nova encountered a factor left by Cabral, Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, who reports trading difficulties in the local markets. Indian spice merchants required payment in silver, but Cabral had left the factor only with Portuguese goods, mainly cloth. He was expected to use the trading revenue from the sale of the Portuguese goods to buy spices. However, the Portuguese wares had little value in Indian markets, so Barbosa still had his unsold stock and was unable to obtain silver to buy spices. The factor suspected that Arab merchant guilds had engineered a boycott of Portuguese goods in India. He also reported that the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin, despite his alliance and protection of the factory, was furious at the Portuguese because Cabral's Second Armada had departed too suddenly, not taking two noble Cochinese noble hostages with it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Sources ascribe the lack of silver cash as the pressing problem that Nova did not anticipate. He did not bring much because he expected to raise cash through selling Portuguese goods.<ref>An alternative explanation for the two-month delay is that Nova realized the cash problem as soon as he arrived in India in August or September. According to this theory, he spent the time moving from port to port in a frantic search for cash. He also raided merchant ships so quickly after his arrival to raise cash even though he probably would have preferred to proceed quietly and avoid engagements.</ref>

Nova immediately set sail back to Cannanore to see if the agents whom he left there had raised cash, but they faced the same problem. The Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore finally intervened, placing himself as security for the sale of spices to the Portuguese on credit and allowing the Portuguese to obtain spices.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Discovery of Ceylon ===

In 1898, excavations underneath the Breakwater Office in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, revealed a boulder with a Portuguese inscription, a coat of arms, and the clearly denoted date 1501. That was four years before [[Lourenço de Almeida]]'s arrival on the island, the formal date (1505) of the Portuguese discovery of Ceylon.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Much speculation has surrounded the inscription. The earliest theory{{according to whom|date=December 2019}} was that the boulder was an uncompleted gravestone for a Portuguese captain born in 1501 (death date missing). However, the arms and style of the inscription appeared to be of a ''[[padrão]]'', the typical marker of a Portuguese claim. Some{{who|date=December 2019}} argue that the date is simply a mistake or that the "1" in 1501 is a poorly carved digit. Another theory is that what appears to be a number is actually an acronym, ISOI (''Iesus Salvator Orientalium Indicorum'' – "Jesus the Savior of the East Indies"). Nonetheless, some historians, notably Bouchon in 1980, have argued that the inscription was made by a captain of the Third Armada of 1501. The sources that describe the journey of the armada do not record that it stumbled upon Ceylon, but the journey of the armada was poorly recorded as a whole.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

[[File:Portuguese inscription in Colombo, 1501.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Portuguese inscription on a boulder in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, dated 1501, conjectured to have been left by the Third Armada]]

Bouchon (1980) speculates that the discovery happened during an exploratory venture launched from [[Anjediva Island]] or the Santa Maria islands. Another theory that he suggests (p. 257) is that the journey to Ceylon was sometime in late November or early December 1501. Under this scenario, Nova did not immediately return to Cannanore after he realized the cash problem, but rather he or one of his captains either stumbled upon Ceylon or was guided there by a local, hoping for better success there.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

None of these theories are confirmed or suggested in any written accounts.<ref>The [[Cantino planisphere]] of 1502 clearly shows Ceylon depicted; it has been cited as evidence of the Third Armada's visit to the island. However, it is uncertain whether the planisphere was drafted before or after Nova's return (September 1502). The Portuguese could have obtained information about the island without actually discovering it in exploration from [[Joseph the Indian]] (''José de Cranganor'', ''Josephus Indus''), the [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Syrian Christian]] priest who had returned with Cabral's 2nd Armada in 1501.</ref>

=== First Battle of Cannanore ===
{{Main|First Battle of Cannanore}}
In mid-December 1501, the Third Armada was preparing to leave India, loaded with spices from Cannanore and other goods from piratical attacks. News arrived, however, that a battle fleet led by the Zamorin was approaching.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Sometime in December,<ref>The date of December 31 is given by Saturnino Monteiro (1989: p. 84). Castanheda and Góis date this December 16–17; Correia, December 12; Barros asserts they were intercepted during the first leg from Cannanore to Cochin.</ref> Nova's fleet was cornered by the Zamorin's fleet as he was about to leave Cannanore. The Zamorin's fleet comprised nearly 40 large ships, and 180 small ships called ''paraus'' and ''zambuks''. He commanded an estimated 7,000 men.<ref>Matthew (1997: p. 11)</ref>

The Raja of Cannanore urged Nova to stay under his protection and avoid conflict. Nova rejected the Raja's offer, attempting to break out with a favorable breeze. The Third Armada fired its cannons to breach the Zamorin's line. Once a breach was opened, four Portuguese ships charged into the breach in a [[Column (formation)|column formation]], their side cannons blasting.
The pounding from the cannons and the height of Nova's ships prevented the Calicut forces from boarding the Portuguese ships with grappling hooks. The less seaworthy fleet of the Zamorin, pursuing the escaping Portuguese, began to splinter due to intense cannon fire. The increased distance between the slowed-down Calicut fleet and the Third Armada caused the former to stop aiming to board the Portuguese ships, causing the battle to become a ranged artillery duel. The Calicut fleet retreated after it realized that its cannons' range and reloading speed could not match those of the Third Armada. Nova gave a brief chase, finally breaking up the engagement on January 2, 1502.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

After two days of fighting, the Third Armada had sunk five large ships and about a dozen oar-driven boats. It inflicted great damage on the remaining vessels of the Zamorin while it was not damaged much itself.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Although João da Nova was not prepared for a fight, the two-day naval battle off Cannanore is regarded by some{{who|date=December 2019}} as the first significant Portuguese naval engagement in the Indian Ocean. It was not the first clash between Portuguese and Indian ships – [[Vasco da Gama]]'s [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|First Armada]] and Cabral's Second Armada also fought with various Indian fleets. Earlier encounters were fought against mostly poorly armed merchant ships, pirates and isolated squads; a single well-armed [[caravel]] could win a battle against these targets with ease. In the [[First Battle of Cannanore]], the Zamorin of Calicut had attacked directly, deploying the best fleet he could against a small group of Portuguese merchant [[carrack]]s, which were significantly less heavily armed than the ships of Gama and Cabral.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

According to the [[Portuguese Navy]]'s official website, the battle is also historically notable for being one of the earliest recorded deliberate uses of a naval column, later called [[line of battle]], and for being resolved by cannon fire alone. The tactics used in the battle became increasingly prevalent as naval technology and strategy evolved, causing the battle to have been called the first modern naval battle.<ref>Marinha.pt, 2009, ''[http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx site Cananor – 31 de Dezembro de 1501 a 2 de Janeiro de 1502] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820093508/http://www.marinha.pt/pt/amarinha/historia/combatesnavais/pages/cananor31dedezembrode1501a2dejaneirode1502.aspx |date=2016-08-20 }}''</ref>

== Return voyage ==

In early 1502, the Third Armada captured another Calicut merchant ship near Mount d'Eli, which it sacked, burned and sunk. It began the return voyage soon afterwards. The armada made two watering stops in East Africa: first at Malindi, where Nova deposited letters that would be received later that year by [[Thomé Lopes]], and second at [[Mozambique Island]].<ref>Barros (p. 477)</ref>

[[File:Ascension Island Location2.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Positions of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] island (discovered by the Third Armada in May 1501) and [[Saint Helena]] (discovered May 1502) in the [[South Atlantic]] Ocean]]

After turning around the Cape of Good Hope, Nova sailed into the South Atlantic and discovered the uninhabited island of [[Saint Helena]] while he was returning home.<ref>Barros ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA477 p. 477]); Góis ([https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85 p. 85]). Correia does not report the discovery.</ref> It is believed that the island was named after [[Helena (empress)|St. Helen]]. By tradition the date is the [[feast day]] of the saint on May 21. [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] in a 2015 paper says that the date is a mistakenly quoted Protestant feast day for a discovery made two decades before the [[Reformation]], instead suggesting May 3 as the more likely date, the feast day of the [[True Cross]].<ref>Ian Bruce, "St Helena Day", Wirebird ''The Journal of the Friends of St Helena'', no. 44 (2015): 32–46.[http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf]</ref> According to legend, Nova anchored on the western side of the island and built a timber chapel at the location of the future [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]], Saint Helena. The island became a routine staging post on future Portuguese expeditions to India, but its existence and location was a Portuguese secret for the next eighty years until English captain [[Thomas Cavendish]] stumbled upon it in 1588.<ref>Smallman(2003: p. 12)</ref>

Nova's Third Armada arrived in Lisbon on September 11, 1502. According to the letters by Italian merchants in Lisbon, the Third Armada brought back 900 ''cantari'' ([[quintal]]s) of [[black pepper]], 550 of [[cinnamon]], 30 of [[ginger]], 25 of [[Lac (resin)|lac]], and other assorted goods. The amount of cinnamon has been cited as evidence of the theory that the armada visited Ceylon, but cinnamon was not rare in other Indian markets. Some of the cinnamon may have come from the cargoes of seized vessels.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Aftermath ==

The expedition of the Third Armada was not considered a resounding success. Although there was no significant loss of ships or men, the armada came back with fewer spices than had been anticipated; letters insinuate that the cargo holds were partially empty. Nova also failed to trade for gold in Africa. The report of the cash constraint in India and the armada's reliance on piracy to fill its holds disheartened Portuguese merchants, who had previously thought that they could make easy profits on both legs of the India run. In contrast, the discovery of Ascension Island and Saint Helena was well received. The armada arrived too late to supply information from the journey to Gama's heavily armed [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th India Armada]], which had already left Lisbon.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Revision of island discoveries ==

By long tradition Saint Helena was sighted on 21 May 1502 by the four ships of the 3rd Portuguese Armada commanded by [[João da Nova]] during the return voyage to Lisbon, and that he named it Santa Helena after [[Saint Helena of Constantinople]]. This tradition has been reviewed by a 2022 paper<ref>Bruce, Ian. ‘The Discovery of St Helena’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43. [http://sainthelenaisland.info/thediscoveryofsthelena_ianbruce.pdf]</ref> which concluded the Portuguese chronicles<ref>Cardozo, Manoel. ‘The Idea of History in the Portuguese Chroniclers of the Age of Discovery’. The Catholic Historical Review 49, no. 1 (1963): 1–19. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25017190#metadata_info_tab_contents]</ref> published at least 50 years later, are the sole primary source to the discovery. Although contradictory in describing other events, these chronicles almost unanimously claim João da Nova found Saint Helena sometime in 1502, although none quote the precise date.<ref>João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 477; [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA477]</ref><ref>Luiz de Figueiredo Falcão, Livro em que se contém toda a fazenda e real patrimonio dos reinos de Portugal, India, e ilhas adjacentes e outras particularidades (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1859), 138; [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138]</ref><ref>Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 85; [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85]</ref><ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:118; [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA118]</ref><ref>Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Asia Portuguesa, vol. 1 (En La Officina de Henrique Valente de Oliueira, 1666), 50; [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA50]</ref><ref>Melchior Estacio Do Amaral, Tratado das batalhas e sucessos do Galeão Sanctiago com os Olandeses na Ilha de Sancta Elena: e da náo Chagas com os Vngleses antre as Ilhas dos Açores, 1604, 20; [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIWI6WIIGi4C&pg=PA18]</ref>

However, there are several reasons for doubting da Nova made this discovery. First, given that da Nova either returned on 11 September<ref>Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:477; Góis, Chronica do serenis-simo, 477</ref> or 13 September 1502<ref>Marino Sanuto, I Diarii di Marino Sanuto, ed. Nicolò Barozzi, vol. 4 (Venice: F. Visentini, 1880), 486 [https://books.google.com/books?id=nfNRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA485]</ref> it is usually assumed the [[Cantino planisphere]] completed by the following November<ref>Guglielmo Berchet, Fonti italiane per la storia della scoperta del Nuovo mondo, vol. 1, part III (Rome: Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1892), 152 [https://books.google.com/books?id=14gyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152]</ref> includes his discovery of [[Ascension Island]] (shown as an [[archipelago]] with one of six islands marked as "ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam"), yet this map fails to show Saint Helena.<ref>Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251, [https://archive.org/details/histriadacoloniz1922sous/page/n13/mode/2up]</ref><ref>Harold Livermore, ‘Santa Helena, A Forgotten Portuguese Discovery’’, Estudos Em HOmenagem a Louis Antonio de Oliveira Ramos, 2004, 623–31, [http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4999.pdf?iframe=true&width=80%&height=80%]
</ref> Second, when a section of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Fourth Armada]] under the command of [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] sighted and landed at Saint Helena the following year on 30 July 1503 its [[captain's clerk|scrivener]] [[Thomé Lopes]] regarded it as an unknown island yet named Ascension as one of five reference points to the new island’s location. On 12 July 1502, nearly three weeks before reaching Saint Helena, Lopes described how Estêvão da Gama’s ships met up with a section of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|Fifth Armada]] led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] off the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. The latter left Lisbon about six months after João da Nova’s return so Albuquerque and his captains should all have known whether João da Nova had indeed found Saint Helena. An anonymous Flemish traveler on one of da Gama's ships reporting that bread and victuals were running short by the time they reached the Cape, so from da Gama's perspective there was a pressing need that he be told water and meat could be found at Saint Helena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berjaeu |first=Jean Philibert |url=http://archive.org/details/calcoenadutchna00berjgoog |title=Calcoen: a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp circa 1504; |date=1874 |publisher=London, B. M. Pickering |others=University of Michigan}}</ref> The fact that nothing seems to have been said about the island, da Gama's scrivener Lopes regarding the island as unknown, again implies da Nova found Ascension but not Saint Helena. The 2022 paper also reviews cartographic evidence that Saint Helena and Ascension were known to the Spanish in 1500, before either João da Nova or Estêvão da Gama sailed for India. The suggestion that João da Nova discovered Tristan da Cunha naming it Saint Helena is discounted.<ref>George E. Nunn, The Mappemonde of Juan de La Cosa: A Critical Investigation of Its Date (Jenkintown: George H. Beans library, 1934</ref><ref>Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.</ref>

If João da Nova indeed found Saint Helena, a separate 2015 paper has reviewed another tradition that he did so on 21 May 1502.<ref>Ian Bruce, 'St Helena Day', Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, no. 44 (2015): 32–46.[http://sainthelenaisland.info/sthelenadayarticleianbruce.pdf]</ref> This date appears to have first been suggested by [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] in a book published in [[Holland]] in 1596.<ref>Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Itinerario, voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen Van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, inhoudende een corte beschryvinghe der selver landen ende zee-custen... waer by ghevoecht zijn niet alleen die conterfeytsels van de habyten, drachten ende wesen, so van de Portugesen aldaer residerende als van de ingeboornen Indianen. (C. Claesz, 1596). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UbVOAAAAcAAJ]</ref> This described how his ships left Saint Helena on 21 May 1589, this being both the feast of Saint Helena and [[Whitsunday]]. At first sight, this statement seems to be a contradiction - the [[Roman Catholic Church]] certainly celebrated Whitsunday that day<ref>[http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16 Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century]</ref> but their feast-day of Saint Helena was on 18 August. Linschoten's statement did not fit in with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] either - this faith certainly marked Saint Helena on 21 May but in 1589 celebrated Whitsun a week later, on 28 May. The paper suggested the solution to this apparent paradox was that by the time his book was published in 1596 Linschoten had converted to the Protestant [[Dutch Reformed Church]].<ref>Nocentelli, Carmen. Empires of Love: Europe, Asia, and the Making of Early Modern Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 70 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bQfrJnFf6bYC&pg=PA70]</ref> This faith celebrated Whitsunday on the same day as Catholics while Saint Helena was marked on 21 May, the same day as the Orthodox Church. Quite apart from the fact that the discoverers were Catholics, Linschoten failed to realise the impossibility that the island was named after a Protestant feast-day, it being found more than a decade before the [[Reformation]] and start of Protestantism. An alternative discovery date of 3 May on the Catholic feast-day celebrating the finding of the [[True Cross]] by [[Saint Helena]] in [[Jerusalem]], as quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes in 1591<ref>Duarte Lopes and Filippo Pigafetta, Relatione del Reame di Congo et delle circonvicine contrade tratta dalli scritti & ragionamenti di Odoardo Lope[S] Portoghese / per Filipo Pigafetta con disegni vari di geografiadi pianti, d’habiti d’animali, & altro. (Rome: BGrassi, 1591).[https://books.google.com/books?id=-aurfsHGclwC]</ref> and by [[Sir Thomas Herbert]] in 1638,<ref>Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels into Africa et Asia the Great: Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Industant as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Orientall Indies and I’les Adjacent (Jacob Blome & Richard Bishop, 1638), 353.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mlJBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353]</ref> is suggested as historically more credible than the Protestant date of 21 May.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Saint Helena {{!}} island, Atlantic Ocean|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helena-island-South-Atlantic-Ocean|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> The paper observes that if da Nova made the discovery on 3 May 1502, he may have been inhibited from naming the island Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) because [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] had already assigned that same name to the Brazilian coastline, which he thought to be a large island, on 3 May 1500.<ref>Corrêa and Felner, Lendas da India, [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner], Vol 1 Part 1:152.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN05022145&pg=PA152]</ref> News of Cabral's discovery reached Lisbon directly from South America before da Nova's fleet set off on the voyage to India in 1501. If da Nova knew the True Cross name had already been assigned, the most obvious and plausible alternative name for him to give the island was "Santa Helena".

The long tradition that João da Nova built a chapel from one of his wrecked carracks has been shown to be based on a misreading of the records.<ref>Schulenburg, Alexander H. ‘Joao Da Nova and the Lost Carrack’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of Saint Helena 16 (Autumn 1997): 19–23.[https://www.friendsofsthelena.com/upload/files/Joao_da_Nova_and_the_Lost_Carrack.pdf Full Paper]</ref>

==See also==

* [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

== References and notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
'''Chronicles'''

* [[João de Barros]] (1552) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.'', 1777–78 ed. ''Da Ásia de João de Barros e Diogo do Couto'', Lisbon: Régia Officina Typografica. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP35 Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1–5)],
* [[Diogo do Couto]] "De todas as Armadas que os Reys de Portugal mandáram à Índia, até que El-Rey D. Filippe succedeo nestes Reynos", de 1497 a 1581", in J. de Barros and D. de Couto, ''Décadas da Ásia'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 Dec. X, Pt.1, Bk.1, c.16]
* [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' (1833 edition, Lisbon: Typ. Rollandiana [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA279 v.1]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858-64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol 1].
* [[Damião de Góis]] (1566–67) ''Chrónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel, da Gloriosa Memoria, Ha qual por mandado do Serenissimo Principe, ho Infante Dom Henrique seu Filho, ho Cardeal de Portugal, do Titulo dos Santos Quatro Coroados, Damiam de Goes collegio & compoz de novo.'' (As reprinted in 1749, Lisbon: M. Manescal da Costa) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Online]
* ''Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India'' (Codex Add. 20902 of the British Library), [D. António de Ataíde, orig. editor.] Transcribed and reprinted in 1985, by M.H. Maldonado, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&pg=PA1 Online]

''' Secondary'''

* Birch, W. de G. (1877) "Introduction" to translation of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (1557) ''The Commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India'', 4 volumes, London: Hakluyt Society
* Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants, Vol. 1'' (Engl. transl. of ''Livro de Duarte de Barbosa''), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Bouchon, G. (1980) "A propos de l'inscription de Colombo (1501): quelques observations sur le premier voyage de João da Nova dans l'Océan Indien", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 28, p. 233-70. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p5k1uy7-kSMC&pg=PA229 Offprint.]
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, Frederic Charles]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire.'' Vol. 1 (1498–1571) London: Allen.
*Diffie, B. W., and G. D. Winius (1977) ''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580'', Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
* Leite, Duarte (1960) ''História dos Descobrimentos'', Vol. II Lisbon: Edições Cosmos
* Mathew, K.S. (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in K.K.N. Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions'', New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.
* Monteiro, Saturnino (1989) ''Batalhas e combates da Marinha Portuguesa: 1139–1521'' Lisbon: Livraria Sá da Costa
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', v.1. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Radulet, Carmen M. (1985) "Girolamo Sergini e a Importância Económica do Oriente", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 32, p. 67–77. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UTpMOeCdMhEC&pg=PA67 Offprint].
* Report (1899) "Antiquarian Discovery Relating to the Portuguese in Ceylon", ''Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. 16, p. 15–29 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ENolAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15 Online]
* Roukema, E. (1963) "Brazil in the Cantino Map", ''Imago Mundi'', Vol. 17, p. 7–26
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Smallman, D.K. (2003) ''Quincentenary: A Story of St Helena,1502–2002''. Pezance, UK: Patten.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese India Armada]]|before=[[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada <br/> (Pedro Álvares Cabral, 1500)]]|after=[[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada <br/>(Vasco da Gama, 1502)]]|years= 3rd Armada (1501)}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)}}
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:1501 in India]]
[[Category:1501 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]

Koraput

2026-03-23T10:27:23Z

Tanu14:

{{About|the municipality in Odisha, India|its namesake district|Koraput district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koraput 
| settlement_type = Hill station
| nicknames = Switzerland of Odisha, Emerald Highlands of Odisha,
Aero Engine Capital of India<ref>{{cite news | url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/otherstories/koraput-to-be-nurtured-as-aero-engine-capital-of-india-raha-61584/ | title=Koraput to be nurtured as Aero Engine Capital of India: Raha | date=6 December 2014 | author=PTI | publisher=OdishaTV | access-date=31 July 2018 }}</ref>
| other_name =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8561|N|82.7347|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Palika|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Koraput Municipality
| image_skyline = Deomali by Santanu Mahapatra, Koraput - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption = [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]] Mountain range
[[File:Rail tracks view at Laxmipur Road.jpg|frameless]]
Rail Tracks in Koraput
| leader_title1 = [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = Saptagiri Ulaka ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Koraput (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = Raghuram Machha([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 104.97
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 890
| population_total = 156716
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank = 273th
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Koraputia
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 764020,764021,764022
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06852
| registration_plate = OD 10
| website = {{URL|koraputmunicipality.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Koraput''' is a town and a Municipality in [[Koraput district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]]. Koraput town is the district headquarter of Koraput district.

==History==
The district of Koraput derives its name from its headquarters in the present town of Koraput. In ancient times when the [[Nala dynasty|Nalas]] were ruling over this tract, Pushkari near modern Umarkot was the capital city. In the medieval period, Nandapur developed as a little kingdom under the Silavamsi kings that were later expanded by the Suryavanshi kings who arrived in the region in the 13th century from Kashmir. Later, Maharajah '''Veer Vikram Dev''' shifted his capital to [[Jeypore]] and about the middle of the 17th century, this town prospered under the British Administration. Koraput was chosen by the British in 1870 for better health prospects. The origin of the name Koraput is obscure. There are several theories, none of which are convincing.

According to Mr R.C.S.Bell the name of the town is ‘Kora-Putti’ or "the hamlet of the nux-vomica" and it is derived presumably from a tree or trees that must at one time have been prominent near the site. But today not a single tree of nux-vomica is to be found near about the town of Koraput and so the assumption of Miss Anshika is open to question.

According to the second theory, Koraput is a corrupted form of ‘Karaka pentho’ Karaka literally means ‘hail-stone’. It is also believed that one ‘Khora Naiko’ laid the foundation of the village during the time of the Nandapur kings. He hailed probably from [[Raj-Ranpur (Odisha)|Ranpur]] and served under the Nandapur kings in the Militia, and for his faithful and meritorious services he has permitted to establish this village which was named after him as Khora Putu, and later on, the name has been abbreviated to ‘Koraput’.

Koraput also attracts tourism as the town is surrounded by mountains, thick forests, waterfalls and also has many old temples.

Marking a social success for others to emulate, in the past two years, around 220 tribal villagers of the non-descript Bondaguda village under Similiguda block in the district have become totally free of open defecation with each of its 45 families constructing toilets in their homes.

==Adivasi communities==
[[File:Lifestyle of tribal folks is visible.jpg|thumb|[[Scheduled Tribes in India|Tribal people]] of Koraput, [[Odisha]]]]
Koraput is a part of the [[tribal belt (India)|tribal belt]] in southern [[Odisha]]. As the term 'tribal' often denotes a negative connotation, the indigenous people here prefer to be known as [[Adivasi]]s, i.e. "original inhabitants".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm |title=The Adivasis of India - A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616184214/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many different Adivasi communities live in this district.

The traditional culture (including languages), knowledge and subsistence of the Adivasis are closely connected with local ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6289/1/IJTK%208%284%29%20645-648.pdf |title=Plant names and uses as indicators of knowledge patterns |author=Franco F, Merlin |author2=Narasimhan, D |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |year=2009 |pages=645–648 |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref>

Most of the area was covered by thick forest until relatively recently. As a result of [[deforestation]], [[industrialization]] and [[urbanization]], many Adivasi communities have adopted new ways of life. However, many Adivasis maintain a tradition of selling produce (vegetables and fruit) in Sunday markets popularly known as ''Hat Poda'' (or ''haat'').<ref>[http://tkbulletin.wordpress.com/2012/01/18/resource-book-on-the-ethnobotony-of-the-kondh-poraja-gadaba-and-bonda-of-the-koraput-region-of-odisha-india/ Resource: Book on the ethnobotany of the Kondh, Poraja, Gadaba and Bonda of the Koraput region of Odisha, India « Traditional Knowledge Bulletin]. Tkbulletin.wordpress.com (2012-01-18). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.</ref>

The ''Dongar Festival'' (or ''Parab'') is held annually, ostensibly to showcase the way of life of Adivasis, in the first and second weeks of December, organised by the district administration. Many foreign tourists visit the festival.<ref>[http://koraput.nic.in/New/parab/about.htm Parab - About] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415025610/http://koraput.nic.in/New/parab/about.htm |date=15 April 2012 }}. Koraput.nic.in (2009-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.</ref> There has been criticism of the festival, with allegations that Adivasis are reluctant participants, who are paraded like "museum specimens" for the benefit of the tourism industry.

=== Sabara Srikhetra (Jagannath Temple) ===
[[File:Sabara Shri Khetra.jpg|thumb|Jagannath temple in Koraput]]

Koraput is mostly famous for its [[Jagannath Temple (Koraput)|Jagannath Temple]] which is also known as Sabara Srikhetra. Srikhetra is normally referred to as [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Puri Jagannath]], but the unique identity of the Koraput temple is because no section of society is barred entry.

Council of Analytical Tribal Studies (COATS), registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860,<ref>Tribal Women, a Gendered Utopia?: Women in the Agriculture Sector, p. 25, Asha Hans, South Asian Publishers</ref> is university–like educational institute is a successful attempt to restore and educate tribal way of life, customs, tradition, medicine, language, social structure and history. COATS has been documenting the day-today situation of poor tribals and feeding this information to the local administration in an effort to make it more efficient.

==Geography==
[[File:Kechala lake.jpg|thumb|Kechala lake in Koraput]] [[File:Table mountain Koraput.jpg|thumb|Table mountain Koraput]]
[[File:Sunset at koraput.jpg|thumb|Sunset in Koraput]]

Koraput is located at {{Coord|18.82|N|82.72|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Koraput.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Koraput]. Fallingrain.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|870|m}}.

Some major rivers of [[Odisha]] pass through the district Koraput like Machhakunda, [[River Vamsadhara|Vamsadhara]] and Kolab. This district is also bestowed with waterfalls like Duduma, Bagra and Khandahati. It also contains the largest mountain of [[Odisha]], called [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]] along with [[Chandragiri]] mountain. Koraput district is famous for the important places like Jeypur, Duduma, Bagra, Sunabeda [[MiG]] factory. Koraput holds a total area of 8,807 km<sup>2</sup>. {{As of|2011}} census, with a total population of 13,79,647, the district has a literacy rate of 36.20%. Koraput is dependent on agricultural activities. The district has total cultivable land of {{cvt|3,01,000|hectare}}. With a 157 km long national highway the district is well connected to all the other districts of [[Odisha]]. Gupteswar, Neelabadi, Nandapur, [[Sunabeda]], [[Duduma]] water fall, (Savra shrikhetra), [[Ankadeli]] forms the major interests of Koraput.

===Hill stations===

Being at the heart of tribal belt in South [[Odisha]], it has also many [[hill stations]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Places like [[Machkund]], Onukadelli, Jalaput, Chindri, Hatipathar, (Deomali) and Potangi are nearby places which are visited for their scenery.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Koraput, Odisha
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 25.3
| Feb high C = 28.4
| Mar high C = 31.7
| Apr high C = 33.6
| May high C = 34.3
| Jun high C = 30.6
| Jul high C = 25.9
| Aug high C = 25.6
| Sep high C = 26.6
| Oct high C = 27.0
| Nov high C = 25.7
| Dec high C = 24.7
| Jan low C = 4.0
| Feb low C = 6.4
| Mar low C = 15.7
| Apr low C = 20.9
| May low C = 22.9
| Jun low C = 22.5
| Jul low C = 20.7
| Aug low C = 20.4
| Sep low C = 20.3
| Oct low C = 18.7
| Nov low C = 14.1
| Dec low C = 3.5
| Jan rain mm = 8
| Feb rain mm = 3
| Mar rain mm = 19
| Apr rain mm = 53
| May rain mm = 84
| Jun rain mm = 213
| Jul rain mm = 437
| Aug rain mm = 391
| Sep rain mm = 247
| Oct rain mm = 116
| Nov rain mm = 27
| Dec rain mm = 8
| rain colour = green
|source= [http://en.climate-data.org/location/47631/ en.climate-data.org]
}}

==Transport==
Koraput has good linkage with other parts of the state as well as some major cities of neighbouring states, by means of rail and road. National highway number 26(43) passes through the town which connects it with [[Raipur]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. Buses are plenty from [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vizianagaram|Vijayanagaram]] to Koraput. Buses to Jeypore, Jagdalpur, Umerkote, etc., also pass through Koraput.

[[Koraput railway station]] connects Koraput with [[Rayagada]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Berhampur]], [[Jagdalpur]], [[Howrah]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Rourkela]] and [[Raipur]].

Also, the new proposed [[Biju Expressway]] will connect this city with [[Rourkela]].

==Administration==
Koraput district is divided into 2 sub-divisions and 14 blocks. The 2 sub-divisions are Koraput and Jeypore

Blocks in Koraput sub-division
1. Koraput
2. Semiliguda
3. Nandapur
4. Pottangi
5. Dasmanthpur
6. Lamtaput
7. Laxmipur
8. Narayanapatna
9. Bandugaon

Blocks in Jeypore sub-division
1. [[Borigumma]]
2. Jeypore
3. Kotpada
4. Boipariguda
5. [[Kundura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61919896|title=Jeypore subdivision}}</ref>

==Education==
Educational facilities in Koraput include schools and [[SLN Medical College and Hospital]].

[[Central University of Odisha]] (CUO), formerly Central University of Orissa, was established by parliament under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (No. 3C of 2009) by Government of India, situated at Sunabeda Town, Koraput District in the Indian state of Odisha. The territorial jurisdiction of the university is whole of the Odisha state.

As far as higher studies are concerned, Koraput has got one Woman's College and [[D.A.V. College, Koraput|Government College]], both of which are affiliated to [[Vikram Dev University]] located at Jeypore.

In 2009, a central university was set up in Koraput namely Central University of Orissa. This started functioning from August 2009 providing courses on English, Oriya, mass communication, journalism, anthropology and sociology. Prof Surabhi Banarjee was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of the university.<ref>[http://www.cuorissa.org Central University]. Cuorissa.org. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.</ref>

On 4 September 2017, the new government medical college was established in Koraput and named after Saheed Laxman Nayak, a great freedom fighter of that region. Classes started in September 2017.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Politics==
Current [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[Saptagiri Ulaka]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Koraput Assembly Constituency is Raghu Ram Padal who won the seat in State elections in 2019.
Koraput is part of [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Festivals==

'''PARAB''' ('''ପରବ''')

A festival of festivals PARAB <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parab.nic.in/ |title=Introduction: Parab |website=parab.nic.in |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108131044/http://parab.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koraput.nic.in/tourist-place/parab-koraput/|title=PARAB, KORAPUT | Koraput District, Government of Odisha | India}}</ref> – an annual tribal festival organized by the District Council of Culture, Koraput is a gala event of the state, organized in the month of November every year all over the district. The whole month of parab witnesses events on sports culture, seminar mountain trekking, boat race and artists camp. On a third day from all over the country are staged on one platform, with crafts mela and exhibitions in the Koraput Parab ground.

==See also==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Koraput}}
*[[Koraput District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Koraput Parikrama, (Prabandha Samkalan), Published by Banaphula Sahitya Parishad, Sunabeda and edited by Dr. Basanta Kishore Sahoo
* Smaranika-2013 (Koraput Bisesanka), Published by Utkal Sanskrutika Parishad, Sunabeda and also edited by Dr. Basanta Kishore Sahoo

== External links ==
{{wikisource|Vizagapatam/Gazetteer/Koraput Taluk}}

* [http://koraput.nic.in/ Official website of Koraput district]
* [http://cuo.ac.in Central University of Orissa]
* [https://archive.today/20130629121555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/bhubaneswar/37409245_1_open-defecation-village-woman-first-village Koraput village sets hygiene example]
*
{{Koraput district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koraput district]]

Christmas

2026-03-23T08:46:23Z

Tanu14: adjust article for accuracy and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Christian holiday usually on December 25}}
{{Redirect|Christmas Day|other uses|Christmas Day (disambiguation)|and|Christmas (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|reason=See previous logs|small=yes}}


{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Christmas
| image = NativityChristmasLights2.jpg
| caption = [[Nativity scene]] depicted using [[Christmas lights]]
| nickname = Noël, Nativity, [[Xmas]], [[Yule]], [[Koleda]], [[Boro Din]], [[Ethiopian Christmas|Genna]]
| observedby = [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Alawites]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Abdel Bari Atwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgTjBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |title=Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate |publisher=[[University of California]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-520-28928-4 |location=[[Oakland, California]], [[USA]] |page=58 |quote=The Alawites celebrate the Christian festivals of Christmas, Easter, and Epiphany and believe in reincarnation (though not for women).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Alawite {{!}} Definition, Sect, Syria, & Assad Dynasty {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alawite |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[britannica.com|www.britannica.com]] |language=en}}</ref> many others<ref name="nonXians">{{Cite journal |date=December 29, 2005 |title=Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival |url=https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/entertainment/scripts/multifaith_christmas.pdf |journal=[[BBC Learning English]] |access-date=September 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001161153/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/entertainment/scripts/multifaith_christmas.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NonXiansUSA">{{cite web|url = https://news.gallup.com/poll/113566/us-christmas-not-just-christians.aspx|title = In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians|publisher = [[Gallup, Inc.]]|date = December 24, 2008|access-date = December 16, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121116192524/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113566/US-Christmas-Not-Just-Christians.aspx|archive-date = November 16, 2012}}</ref>
| date = * December 25
** [[Western Christianity]] and part of the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]] churches
* January 6
** [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the [[Armenian Evangelical Church]]
* January 7<br/>([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] December 25)
** Most [[Oriental Orthodox]] and part of the [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches
* January 19<br/>(O.S. January 6)
** [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]
| observances = [[Church service]]s
| celebrations = Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, music and entertainment, feasting
| type = Christian
| longtype = Christian, cultural, international
| significance = Commemoration of the [[nativity of Jesus]]
| relatedto = [[Christmastide]], [[Christmas Eve]], [[Advent]], [[Annunciation]], [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], [[Baptism of the Lord]], [[Nativity Fast]], [[Nativity of Christ]], [[Little Christmas|Old Christmas]], [[Yule]], [[Saint Stephen's Day]], [[Boxing Day]], [[Candlemas]]
| frequency =
| duration =
}}
{{Christianity sidebar}}
'''Christmas''' is an annual festival commemorating [[Nativity of Jesus|the birth]] of [[Jesus Christ]], observed primarily on December 25{{efn|Several branches of [[Eastern Christianity]] that use the [[Julian calendar]] also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar, which is now January 7 on the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Armenian Churches observed the nativity on January 6 even before the Gregorian calendar originated. Most Armenian Christians use the Gregorian calendar, still celebrating Christmas Day on January 6. Some Armenian churches use the Julian calendar, thus celebrating Christmas Day on January 19 on the Gregorian calendar, with January 18 being Christmas Eve. Some regions also celebrate primarily on December 24, rather than December 25.}} as a [[Religion|religious]] and [[Culture|cultural]] celebration among billions of people [[Observance of Christmas by country|around the world]]. A [[liturgical year|liturgical]] feast central to [[Christianity]], Christmas preparation begins on the [[Advent Sunday|First Sunday of Advent]]. Advent is followed by [[Christmastide]], which historically in the West lasts [[Twelve Days of Christmas|twelve days]] and culminates on [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]]. Christmas Day is a [[public holiday]] in [[List of holidays by country|many countries]] and is observed by a majority of [[Christians]]; it is also celebrated culturally by many non-Christians and forms an integral part of the annual [[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]].

The traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the [[New Testament]], known as the [[Nativity of Jesus]], says that Jesus was born in [[Bethlehem]], in accordance with [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament|messianic prophecies]]. When [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] arrived in the city, the inn had no room, and so they were offered a stable where the [[Christ Child]] was soon born, with [[angel]]s proclaiming this news to [[Annunciation to the shepherds|shepherds]], who then spread the word.

There are different hypotheses regarding the [[Date of the birth of Jesus#Day of birth|date of the birth of Jesus]]. In the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25, the date of the [[winter solstice]] in the [[Roman Empire]]. It is nine months after [[Feast of the Annunciation|Annunciation]] on March 25, also the Roman date of the spring equinox. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the [[Gregorian calendar]], which has been adopted almost universally in the [[civil calendar]]s used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian Churches]] celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older [[Julian calendar]], which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, celebrating that [[God the Son|God]] came into the world in the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|form of man]] to [[Atonement in Christianity|atone]] for the [[sin]]s of humanity is more important than knowing Jesus Christ's exact birth date.

The customs associated with Christmas in various countries have a mix of [[wikt:pre-Christian|pre-Christian]], Christian, and [[secularity|secular]] themes and origins. Popular holiday traditions include [[Christmas gift|gift-giving]]; completing an [[Advent calendar]] or [[Advent wreath]]; [[Christmas music]] and [[Christmas carol|carolling]]; watching [[Christmas by medium|Christmas films]]; viewing a [[Nativity play]]; an exchange of [[Christmas card]]s; attending [[church service]]s; a [[Christmas dinner|special meal]]; and displaying various [[Christmas decoration]]s, including [[Christmas tree]]s, [[Christmas lights]], [[nativity scene]]s, [[poinsettia]]s, [[garland]]s, [[wreath]]s, [[mistletoe]], and [[holly]]. Additionally, several related and often interchangeable figures, known as [[Santa Claus]], [[Father Christmas]], [[Saint Nicholas]], and [[Christkind]], are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of [[Christmas traditions|traditions]] and lore. Because [[gift-giving]] and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, Christmas has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing [[economics of Christmas|economic effect]] in many regions of the world.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Etymology ==
{{See also|Christ (title)}}
The English word ''Christmas'' is a shortened form of 'Christ's [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Christmas |date=December 20, 2020 |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref> The word is recorded as {{lang|ang|Crīstesmæsse}} in 1038 and {{lang|ang|Cristes-messe}} in 1131.<ref name="CathChrit">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1908 |title=Christmas |encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |location=New York |last=Martindale |first=Cyril Charles |volume=3}}</ref> {{lang|ang|Crīst}} ([[genitive case|genitive]] {{lang|ang|Crīstes}}) is from the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Χριστός}} ({{transliteration|grc|Khrīstos|lit=Christ}}, 'Christ'), a translation of the [[Biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מָשִׁיחַ}}}} ({{transliteration|hbo|Māšîaḥ}}, '[[Messiah]]'), meaning 'anointed';<ref>{{cite book|title=God's human face: the Christ-icon |first=Christoph |last=Schoenborn |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-89870-514-0 |page=154|publisher=Ignatius Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine |first=John |last=Galey |year=1986 |isbn=978-977-424-118-5 |page=92|publisher=American University in Cairo Press }}</ref> and {{lang|ang|mæsse}} is from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|missa}}, the celebration of the [[Eucharist]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christmas {{!}} Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christmas|access-date=December 22, 2021|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>

The form ''Christenmas'' was also used during some periods, but is now considered archaic.<ref>''Christenmas, n.'', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Retrieved December 12.</ref> The term derives from [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|Cristenmasse}}.<ref name=XMED>"Christmas" in the [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10371 Middle English Dictionary.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105230344/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED10371 |date=January 5, 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Xmas]]'' is an abbreviation of ''Christmas'', particularly in print, based on the initial letter [[chi (letter)|chi]] (Χ) in the Greek {{lang|grc|Χριστός (Christ)}}, although some [[style guide]]s discourage its use.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4097755.stm |title=Why get cross about Xmas? |last=Griffiths |first=Emma |date=December 22, 2004 |work=BBC News |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111050419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4097755.stm |archive-date=November 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> This abbreviation has a precedent in Middle English ''{{lang|enm|Χρ̄es masse}}'' (where ''{{lang|enm|Χρ̄}}'' is another abbreviation of the Greek word).<ref name=XMED />

=== Other names ===

The [[Anglo-Saxons]] referred to Christmas as {{lang|ang|[[midwinter]]}}.<ref name="Hutton">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3PvQ5bqoBkC&pg=PT21 |title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-285448-3 |author-link=Ronald Hutton}}</ref><ref>"Midwinter" in [http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/022849 Bosworth & Toller.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113145029/http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/022849 |date=January 13, 2012 }}</ref> The period corresponding to December and January was called {{lang|ang|Gēola}} ('[[Yule]]'), and this term was eventually equated with Christmastide;<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=yule&searchmode=none ''Yule''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113091314/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=yule&searchmode=none |date=January 13, 2012 }}, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.</ref> [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|Ġeōhel-dæg}} ('Yule Day') was sometimes used as a name for Christmas Day.<ref>Bosworth, Joseph. [https://bosworthtoller.com/15470 "Geóhel-dæg"]. In ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online'', edited by Thomas Northcote Toller, Christ Sean, and Ondřej Tichy. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2014.</ref> {{lang|sco|Yule}} or {{lang|sco|Yuil}} survived as the main name for Christmastide [[Christmas in Scotland|in Scotland]] until the modern era.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Ronald |title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-820570-8 |pages=26–28 |language=en}}</ref>

A rare name for Christmas in Old English was {{lang|ang|Nātiuiteð}} ('Nativity'),<ref name="Hutton" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZaxAAAAIAAJ&q=%22natiuited%22 |title=A History of Foreign Words in English |last=Serjeantson |first=Mary Sidney |year=1968}}</ref> from the Latin {{lang|la|nātīvitās}} meaning 'birth'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=nativity&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113103140/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=nativity&searchmode=none|archive-date=January 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> 'Noel' (also 'Nowel' or 'Nowell', as in "[[The First Noel|The First Nowell]]") entered English in the late 14th century and is from the [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|noël}} or {{lang|fro|naël}}, itself ultimately from the Latin {{lang|la|nātālis (diēs)}} meaning 'birth (day)'.<ref>Online Etymology Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=noel&searchmode=none ''Noel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113100315/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=noel&searchmode=none |date=January 13, 2012 }}, accessed January 3, 2022</ref>

''[[Koleda]]'' is the traditional Slavic name for Christmas and the period from Christmas to Epiphany or, more generally, to Slavic Christmastide rituals, some dating to pre-Christian times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Толковый словарь Даля онлайн |url=https://slovardalja.net/word.php?wordid=13520 |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=slovardalja.net |language=ru}}</ref>

During the late [[Qing dynasty]], the ''[[Shen Bao|Shanghai News]]'' referred to Christmas by a variety of terms. In 1872, it initially called Christmas "Jesus' birthday" ({{lang-zh|t=耶穌誕日|p=yēsū dànrì}}). However, from 1873 to 1881, the Qing dynasty used terms such as "Western countries' Winter Solstice" ({{lang-zh|t=西國冬至|p=xīguó dōngzhì}}) and "Western peoples' Winter Solstice" ({{lang-zh|t=西人冬節|p=xīrén dōngjiē}}); they settled on "Foreign Winter Solstice" ({{lang-zh|t=外國冬至|p=wàiguó dōngzhì}}) in 1882. This term was gradually replaced by the now standard term "Festival of the birth of the Holy One" ({{lang-zh|t=聖誕節|p=shèngdàn jiē}}) during the early twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=8193 |title=从"外国冬至"到"圣诞节"：耶稣诞辰在近代中国的节日化 |access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214548/http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=8193 |archive-date=2017-12-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Nativity ==

{{Main|Nativity of Jesus}}

[[File:Adoration of the sheperds - Matthias Stomer.jpg|thumb|''Adoration of the Shepherds'' by Dutch painter [[Matthias Stomer]], 1632]]

The gospels of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] and [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] describe Jesus as being born in [[Bethlehem]] of [[Judea]] to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]. In the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary travel from [[Nazareth]] to Bethlehem in order to be counted for a [[census]], and Jesus is born there and placed in a [[manger]].<ref name="rees">{{cite web |last1=Rees |first1=Neil |title=Christmas – the original story |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/christmas.the.original.story/141137.htm |website=Christian Today |access-date=December 15, 2023 |language=en |date=December 10, 2023}}</ref> Angels proclaim him a savior for all people, and three shepherds come to adore him. In the Gospel of Matthew, by contrast, three [[magi]] follow a [[Star of Bethlehem|star]] to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus.<ref name="ng-biblical">{{cite web |last1=Piñero |first1=Antonio |title=Biblical stories of Jesus' birth reveal intriguing clues about his times |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/12/biblical-stories-of-jesus-birth-reveal-intriguing-clues-about-his-times |website=National Geographic |access-date=December 15, 2023 |language=en-gb |date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early and medieval era ===
[[File:Hortus Deliciarum, Die Geburt Christi.JPG|thumb|''Nativity of Christ'', medieval illustration from the {{lang|la|[[Hortus deliciarum]]}} of [[Herrad of Landsberg]], 12th century]]
In the 2nd century, the "earliest church records" indicate that "Christians were remembering and celebrating the birth of the Lord", an "observance [that] sprang up organically from the authentic devotion of ordinary believers"; although "they did not agree upon a set date".<ref name="English">{{cite book |last1=English |first1=Adam C. |title=Christmas: Theological Anticipations |date=October 14, 2016 |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4982-3933-2 |pages=70–71 |language=English}}</ref> Though Christmas did not appear on the lists of festivals given by the early Christian writers [[Irenaeus]] and [[Tertullian]],<ref name="CathChrit" /> the early Church Fathers [[John Chrysostom]], [[Augustine of Hippo]], and [[Jerome]] attested to December 25 as the date of Christmas toward the end of the fourth century.<ref name="English"/>

The earliest document to place Jesus's birthday on December 25 is the [[Chronograph of 354]] (also called the Calendar of Filocalus), which also names it as the birthday of the god [[Sol Invictus]] (the 'Invincible Sun').<ref>The manuscript reads, ''VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae.'' ("[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_12_depositions_martyrs.htm The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122221633/http://tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_12_depositions_martyrs.htm |date=November 22, 2011 }}", ''The Tertullian Project''. 2006.)</ref><ref name="Bradshaw 7-10">{{cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Paul |editor1-last=Larsen |editor1-first=Timothy |title=The Oxford Handbook of Christmas |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–10 |chapter=The Dating of Christmas}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Roll |first1=Susan |title=Toward the Origins of Christmas |date=1995 |publisher=Kok Pharos Publishing |page=83}}</ref><ref name="NewCath" >{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2002 |title=Christmas and its cycle |encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |edition=2nd |volume=3 |pages=550–557}}</ref> Liturgical historians generally agree that this part of the text was written in Rome in AD 336.<ref name="Bradshaw 7-10"/> This is consistent with the assertion that the date was formally set by [[Pope Julius I]], bishop of Rome from 337 to 352.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Edward |last2=Walcott |first2=Charles |title=Sacred Archaeology: A Popular Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, from Primitive to Modern Times |date=1868 |publisher=Reeve |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XpcO4m2h6AC&pg=PA153 |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> December 25 was the traditional date of the [[winter solstice]] in the Roman Empire,<ref name="Forsythe">{{cite book |last1=Forsythe |first1=Gary |title=Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |pages=113, 123, 141}}</ref> where most Christians lived, and the Roman festival {{lang|la|[[Dies Natalis Solis Invicti]]}} (birthday of Sol Invictus) had been held on this date since AD 274.<ref name="Bradshaw">{{cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Paul |editor1-last=Larsen |editor1-first=Timothy |title=The Oxford Handbook of Christmas |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=4–10 |chapter=The Dating of Christmas}}</ref>

In the [[Eastern Christianity|East]], the birth of Jesus was celebrated in connection with the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] on January 6.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&pg=PA65 |editor-first1=Geoffrey |editor-last1=Wainwright |editor-link1=Geoffrey Wainwright |editor-first2=Karen Beth |editor-last2=Westerfield Tucker |editor-link2=Karen B. Westerfield Tucker |title=[[The Oxford History of Christian Worship]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-513886-3 |page=65 |chapter=The Apostolic Tradition|first=Maxwell E.|last=Johnson|access-date=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Roy>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANxZYgEACAAJ |first=Christian |last=Roy |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |place=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |page=146 |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111115502/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Traditional_Festivals_An_Multicultur.html?id=ANxZYgEACAAJ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This holiday was not primarily about Christ's birth, but rather [[baptism of Jesus|his baptism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany|title=History of Epiphany|last=Pokhilko|first=Hieromonk Nicholas|access-date=December 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923004605/https://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany/|archive-date=September 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Christmas was promoted in the East as part of the revival of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] that followed the death of the pro-[[Arianism|Arian]] Emperor [[Valens]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378. The feast was introduced in [[Constantinople]] in 379, in [[Antioch]] by [[John Chrysostom]] towards the end of the fourth century,<ref name=Roy /> probably in 388, and in [[Alexandria]] in the following century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INJI4FGeLpYC&q=Encyclopaedia+of+religion+and+ethics+6 |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Hastings |editor-first2=John A. |editor-last2=Selbie |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |publisher=Kessinger Publishing Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7661-3676-2 |pages=603–604 |volume=6 |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005448/https://books.google.de/books?id=INJI4FGeLpYC&dq=Encyclopaedia+of+religion+and+ethics+6 |archive-date=November 22, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is evidence that Christmas was celebrated in Jerusalem by the sixth century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frøyshov |first=Stig Simeon |title=[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem |url=https://www.academia.edu/4874556 |journal=Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology |date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Nativity from Sherbrooke Missal cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|''The Nativity'', from a 14th-century [[missal]], a liturgical book containing texts and music necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year]]

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany, which in [[western Christianity]] focused on the visit of the [[Biblical Magi|magi]]. However, the medieval calendar was dominated by Christmas-related holidays. The forty days before Christmas became the "forty days of St. Martin" (which began on November 11, the feast of [[St. Martin of Tours]]), now known as Advent.<ref name="Murray">Murray, Alexander, [http://www.historytoday.com/alexander-murray/medieval-christmas "Medieval Christmas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213224341/http://www.historytoday.com/alexander-murray/medieval-christmas |date=December 13, 2011 }}, ''History Today'', December 1986, '''36''' (12), pp. 31–39.</ref> In Italy, former [[Saturnalia]]n traditions were attached to Advent.<ref name="Murray" /> Around the 12th century, these traditions transferred again to the [[Twelve Days of Christmas]] (December 25 – January 5); a time that appears in the liturgical calendars as Christmastide or Twelve Holy Days.<ref name="Murray" />

In 567, the [[Council of Tours 567|Council of Tours]] put in place the season of [[Christmastide]], proclaiming "the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of [[Advent]] fasting in preparation for the feast".<ref name="Forbes">{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Bruce David|title=Christmas: A Candid History|date=October 1, 2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-25802-0|page=27}}</ref> This was done in order to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east".<ref name="Hill2003">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Christopher|title=Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year|year=2003|publisher=Quest Books|isbn=9780835608107|page=91}}</ref>

The prominence of Christmas Day increased gradually after [[Charlemagne]] was crowned Emperor on Christmas Day in 800.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who was Charlemagne? The unlikely king who became an emperor |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/holy-roman-empire-king-charlemagne |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> King [[Edmund the Martyr]] was anointed on Christmas in 855 and King [[William I of England]] was crowned on Christmas Day 1066.<ref>{{cite news |title=William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas |url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/william-the-conqueror-crowned-at-christmas/ |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=[[The History Press]]}}</ref>

[[File:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (German - The Coronation of Charlemagne - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=|thumb|The coronation of [[Charlemagne]] on Christmas of 800 helped promote the popularity of the holiday.]]

By the [[High Middle Ages]], the holiday had become so prominent that chroniclers routinely noted where various [[magnate]]s celebrated Christmas. [[Richard II of England|King Richard II]] of England hosted a Christmas feast in 1377 at which 28 oxen and 300 sheep were eaten.<ref name="Murray" /> The Yule boar was a common feature of medieval Christmas feasts. [[Christmas carol|Caroling]] also became popular, and was originally performed by a group of dancers who sang. The group was composed of a lead singer and a ring of dancers that provided the chorus. Writers of the time condemned caroling as lewd, indicating that the unruly traditions of Saturnalia and Yule may have continued in this form.<ref name="Murray" /> "[[Lord of Misrule|Misrule]]"—drunkenness, promiscuity, gambling—was also an important aspect of the festival. In England, gifts were exchanged on New Year's Day ([[New Year's Day gift (royal courts)|a custom at the royal court]]), and there was special Christmas ale.<ref name="Murray" />

Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival that incorporated [[ivy]], [[holly]], and other evergreens.<ref name=mcgreevy /> Christmas [[gift-giving]] during the Middle Ages was usually between people with legal relationships, such as tenant and landlord.<ref name=mcgreevy>McGreevy, Patrick. "Place in the American Christmas", ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/215896 JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/215896 |date=December 15, 2018 }}), ''Geographical Review'', Vol. 80, No. 1. January 1990, pp. 32–42. Retrieved September 10, 2007.</ref> The annual indulgence in eating, dancing, singing, sporting, and card playing escalated in England, and by the 17th century the Christmas season featured lavish dinners, elaborate masques, and pageants. In 1607, [[James I of England|King James I]] insisted that a play be acted on Christmas night and that the court indulge in games.<ref name=BTR /> It was during the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in 16th–17th-century Europe that many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the [[Christ Child]] or ''[[Christkindl]]'', and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.<ref name="ADS">Forbes, Bruce David, ''Christmas: a candid history'', University of California Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-520-25104-0}}, pp. 68–79.</ref>

=== 17th and 18th centuries ===
[[File:Martin Luther’s Christmas Tree.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Martin Luther]] played a role in the emergence of the [[Christmas tree]] and in the tradition of presents on [[Christmas Eve]].<ref name="History.com">{{cite web |title=History of Christmas Trees |url=http://www.history.com/topics/history-of-christmas-trees |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]] |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225093550/http://www.history.com/topics/history-of-christmas-trees |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Karkan |first1=Betsy |title=Lutheran Advent Traditions |url=https://lutheranreformation.org/get-involved/lutheran-advent-traditions/ |website=Lutheran Reformation |access-date=12 December 2024 |date=2 December 2016}}</ref>]]

Following the [[Protestant Reformation]], many of the new denominations, including the [[Church of England|Anglican Church]] and [[History of Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]], continued to celebrate Christmas.<ref name="Lowe2011">{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=Scott C.|title=Christmas|date=January 11, 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-4145-4|page=226}}</ref> In 1629, the Anglican poet [[John Milton]] penned ''[[On the Morning of Christ's Nativity]]'', a poem that has since been read by many during Christmastide.<ref name="Shawcross1993">{{cite book|last=Shawcross|first=John T.|author1-link=John T. Shawcross|title=John Milton|date=January 1, 1993|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-7014-5|page=249}}</ref> Donald Heinz, a professor at [[California State University, Chico]], states that [[Martin Luther]] "inaugurated a period in which Germany would produce a unique culture of Christmas, much copied in North America".<ref name="Heinz">{{cite book|last=Heinz|first=Donald|title=Christmas: Festival of Incarnation|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-0695-5|page=94|year=2010}}</ref> Among the congregations of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], Christmas was celebrated as one of the principal [[evangelical feast]]s.<ref name="Old">{{cite book|last=Old|first=Hughes Oliphant|title=Worship: Reformed According to Scripture|year=2002|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22579-7|page=29}}</ref>

However, in 17th century England, some groups such as the [[Puritans]] strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas, considering it a Catholic invention and the "trappings of [[Papist|popery]]" or the "rags of [[The Beast (Bible)|the Beast]]".<ref name="Durston">{{Cite magazine |last=Durston |first=Chris |url=http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&aid=&tgid=&amid=12890&g12890=x&g9130=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x |title=Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310013925/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&aid=&tgid=&amid=12890&g12890=x&g9130=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x |archive-date=March 10, 2007 |magazine=History Today |date=December 1985 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=7–14}}</ref> In contrast, the established [[Church of England|Anglican Church]] "pressed for a more elaborate observance of feasts, penitential seasons, and saints' days. The calendar reform became a major point of tension between the Anglican party and the Puritan party".<ref name="Old"/> The [[Catholic Church]] also responded, promoting the festival in a more religiously oriented form. King [[Charles I of England]] directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old-style Christmas generosity.<ref name=BTR /> Following the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] victory over Charles I during the [[English Civil War]], England's Puritan rulers banned Christmas in 1647.<ref name="Durston" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship |author=Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=72 |issue=4 |date=October 2011 |pages=504–505 |jstor=41337151}}</ref> Oliver Cromwell even ordered his troops to confiscate any special meals made on Christmas Day.<ref>John Rabon, ''British Christmas: How the Victorians Invented Christmas As We Know It'' in ''Anglotopia,'' Dec. 12, 2017</ref>

Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks [[Canterbury]] was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with [[holly]] and shouted [[Royalism|royalist]] slogans.<ref name="Durston" /> Football, among the sports the Puritans banned on a Sunday, was also used as a rebellious force: when Puritans outlawed Christmas in England in December 1647 the crowd brought out footballs as a symbol of festive misrule.<ref name="auto">{{cite press release |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ne1000000086166/ |access-date=August 25, 2023 |date=December 17, 2003 |title=Historian Reveals that Cromwellian Christmas Football Rebels Ran Riot|publisher=University of Warwick|archive-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928090437/https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ne1000000086166/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The book, ''The Vindication of Christmas'' (London, 1652), argued against the Puritans, and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions, dinner, roast apples on the fire, card playing, dances with "plow-boys" and "maidservants", old Father Christmas and carol singing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sandys|first1=William|title=Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols|date=1852|publisher=John Russell Smith|location=London|pages=119–120}}</ref> During the ban, semi-clandestine religious services marking Christ's birth continued to be held, and people sang carols in secret.<ref name="Outlawed"/>

[[File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|''The Examination and Tryal of [[Father Christmas|Old Father Christmas]]'', (1686), published after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England]]

Christmas was restored as a legal holiday in England with the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] in 1660 when Puritan legislation was declared void, with Christmas again freely celebrated in England.<ref name="Outlawed">{{cite news |title=When Christmas carols were banned |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141219-when-christmas-carols-were-banned |access-date=March 11, 2022 |agency=BBC}}</ref> Many Calvinist clergymen disapproved of Christmas celebrations. As such, in Scotland, the Presbyterian [[Church of Scotland]] discouraged the observance of Christmas, and though [[James VI]] commanded its celebration in 1618, [[Church attendance|attendance at church]] was scant.<ref>Chambers, Robert (1885). ''Domestic Annals of Scotland'', p. 211.</ref> The [[Parliament of Scotland]] officially abolished the observance of Christmas in 1640, claiming that the church had been "purged of all superstitious observation of days".<ref name="RPS1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=charlesi_ms&id=id8564&query=&type=ms&variants=&google= |title=Act dischairging the Yule vacance |work=[[The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707]] |publisher=University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland |version=(in [[Middle Scots]]) |access-date=February 29, 2012 |location=St Andrews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519170629/http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=charlesi_ms&id=id8564&query=&type=ms&variants=&google= |archive-date=May 19, 2012 }}</ref> Whereas in England, Wales and Ireland Christmas Day is a common law holiday, having been a customary holiday since [[time immemorial]], it was not until 1871 that it was designated a [[Public holidays in the United Kingdom|bank holiday]] in Scotland.<ref name="scotland-1871">{{cite web|url=http://www.tuc.org.uk/extras/bankholidays.pdf |title=Bank Holiday Fact File |last=Anon |date=May 22, 2007 |work=TUC press release |publisher=TUC |access-date=January 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603185926/http://www.tuc.org.uk/extras/bankholidays.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2013 }}</ref> The diary of James Woodforde, from the latter half of the 18th century, details the observance of Christmas and celebrations associated with the season over a number of years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodforde|first=James|title=The Diary of a Country Parson 1758–1802|year=1978|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-281241-4|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofcountrypa00wood}}</ref>

As in England, Puritans in [[Colonial America]] staunchly opposed the observation of Christmas.<ref name="Barnett" /> The [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]] of New England pointedly spent their first December 25 in the New World working normally.<ref name="Barnett" /> Puritans such as [[Cotton Mather]] condemned Christmas both because scripture did not mention its observance and because Christmas celebrations of the day often involved boisterous behavior.<ref>{{cite speech |last=Mather |first=Cotton|title=Grace defended. A censure on the ungodliness, by which the glorious grace of God, is too commonly abused. A sermon preached on the twenty fifth day of December, 1712. Containing some seasonable admonitions of piety. And concluded, with a brief dissertation on that case, whether the penitent thief on the cross, be an example of one repenting at the last hour, and on such a repentance received unto mercy?|date=December 25, 1712|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher= B. Green, for Samuel Gerrish|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N01303.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|access-date=August 12, 2022|language=English}}</ref><ref name="nissenbaum">Stephen W. Nissenbaum, "[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44539478.pdf Christmas in Early New England, 1620–1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word]", ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' '''106''':1: p79-164 (January 1, 1996). Retrieved December 25, 2023.</ref> Many non-Puritans in New England deplored the loss of the holidays enjoyed by the laboring classes in England.<ref>{{cite book |last=Innes |first=Stephen |year=1995 |title=Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England |publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-03584-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XUKUkulSkIC&pg=PA145 |page=145 }}</ref> Christmas observance was outlawed in [[Boston]] in 1659.<ref name="Barnett">{{cite book |last=Barnett |first=James Harwood |year=1984 |title=The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=978-0-405-07671-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sRH9skUh6oC&pg=PA2 |page=3}}</ref> The ban on Christmas observance was revoked in 1681 by English governor [[Edmund Andros]], but it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marling |first=Karal Ann |year=2000 |title=Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00318-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUc13_ourtYC&pg=PA44 |page=44}}</ref>

At the same time, Christian residents of [[Virginia]] and New York observed the holiday freely. [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] settlers, predominantly [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] settlers of [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|Bethlehem]], [[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]], and [[Lititz]] in Pennsylvania and the [[Wachovia, North Carolina|Wachovia]] settlements in North Carolina, were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas. The Moravians in Bethlehem had the first Christmas trees in America as well as the first Nativity Scenes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Smith Thomas |title=Moravian Christmas in the South |page=20 |year=2007 |publisher=Old Salem Museums & Gardens |isbn=978-0-8078-3181-6}}</ref> Christmas fell out of favor in the United States after the [[American Revolution]], when it was considered an English custom.<ref name="cinne">{{cite book
|last = Andrews
|first = Peter
|title = Christmas in Colonial and Early America
|publisher = World Book Encyclopedia, Inc.
|year = 1975
|location = United States
|isbn = 978-0-7166-2001-3
}}</ref>

With the atheistic [[Cult of Reason]] in power during the era of [[Revolutionary France]], Christian Christmas [[church service|religious services]] were banned and the [[three kings cake]] was renamed the "equality cake" under [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|anticlerical government policies]].<ref name="Inc1996">{{cite book|title=Christmas in France|year=1996|publisher=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|isbn=978-0-7166-0876-9|page=35}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===

[[File:Scrooges third visitor-John Leech,1843 edit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ebenezer Scrooge]] and the [[Ghost of Christmas Present]], from [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', 1843]]

In the early 19th century, Christmas festivities and services gradually spread with the rise of the [[Oxford Movement]] in the [[Church of England]] that emphasized the centrality of Christmas in Christianity and charity to the poor,<ref name="Rowel1993">{{cite journal|last=Rowell|first=Geoffrey|date=December 1993|journal=[[History Today]]|volume=43|issue=12|access-date=December 28, 2016|url=http://www.historytoday.com/geoffrey-rowell/dickens-and-construction-christmas|title=Dickens and the Construction of Christmas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101255/http://www.historytoday.com/geoffrey-rowell/dickens-and-construction-christmas|archive-date=December 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> along with [[Washington Irving]], [[Charles Dickens]], and other authors emphasizing family, children, kind-heartedness, gift-giving, and [[Santa Claus]] (for Irving),<ref name="Rowel1993"/> or [[Father Christmas]] (for Dickens).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5c9GqZ_7BMC&pg=PA178 |editor-first1=Sally|editor-last1=Ledger |editor-first2=Holly |editor-last2=Furneaux |title= Charles Dickens in Context |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-513886-3 |page=178 |access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref> An indication this increased recognition of Christmas was slow, however, is seen in the fact that "in twenty of the years between 1790 and 1835, ''The Times'' did not mention Christmas at all."<ref>John Storey, "The Invention of the English Christmas," in ''Christmas, Ideology, and Popular Culture,'' Sheila Whiteley, ed., pp.17, 19 (2008).</ref>

In the early-19th century, writers imagined [[Tudor period|Tudor]]-period Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1835, Thomas Hervey and Robert Seymour published ''The Christmas Book'' in which they introduced what has been called a "national Christmas narrative."<ref>Tara Moore, ''Victorian Christmas in Print'' (2009).</ref> In his book, Hervey asserted: "the revels of merry England are fast subsiding into silence, and her many customs wearing gradually away."<ref>Id.</ref> In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', which helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment.<ref name=standiford>{{cite book |first=Les |last=Standiford |title=The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits |publisher=Crown |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-307-40578-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedch0000stan}}</ref><ref name=AFP>{{cite news
|title=Dickens' classic 'Christmas Carol' still sings to us
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-12-17-dickens-main_N.htm
|work=[[USA Today]]
|access-date=April 30, 2010
|first=Bob
|last=Minzesheimer
|date=December 22, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106135858/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-12-17-dickens-main_N.htm
|archive-date=November 6, 2009
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion.<ref name="Rowel1993"/>

Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centered festival of generosity, linking "worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation".<ref name="Hutton2001">{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|title=The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain|date=February 15, 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-157842-7}}</ref> Superimposing his humanitarian vision of the holiday, in what has been termed "Carol Philosophy",<ref name="Forbes2008">{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Bruce David|title=Christmas: A Candid History|date=October 1, 2008|publisher=--University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25802-0|page=62}}</ref> Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated today in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games, and a festive generosity of spirit.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Richard Michael |editor-last=Kelly |year=2003 |title=A Christmas Carol |pages=9, 12 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-476-7}}</ref> It has been said that Dickens' breakthrough with ''A Christmas Carol'' was his "ingenious pairing of seasonal fiction and seasonal [book] sales."<ref>Moore, n.73 above at p. 18.</ref> A prominent phrase from the tale, [[Christmas and holiday season#History of the phrase|"Merry Christmas"]], was popularized following the appearance of the story.<ref>Cochrane, Robertson. ''Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language''. University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 126, {{ISBN|0-8020-7752-8}}.</ref> This coincided with the appearance of the [[Oxford Movement]] and the growth of [[Anglo-Catholicism]], which led a revival in traditional rituals and religious observances.<ref>Hutton, Ronald, ''The Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England''. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113. {{ISBN|0-19-285448-8}}.</ref>

[[File:Christmarkt.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|19th-century lithograph showing the ''[[Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg|Christkindlesmarkt]]'' (Christmas market) in [[Nuremberg]], Germany]]

The term ''[[Ebenezer Scrooge|Scrooge]]'' became a synonym for [[miser]], with the phrase [[Humbug|"Bah! Humbug!"]] becoming emblematic of a dismissive attitude of the festive spirit.<ref>Joe L. Wheeler. ''Christmas in My Heart'', Volume 10, p. 97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8280-1622-4}}.</ref> In 1843, the first commercial [[Christmas card#History|Christmas card]] was produced by [[Sir Henry Cole]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Earnshaw |first = Iris |title = The History of Christmas Cards |publisher = Inverloch Historical Society Inc. |date = November 2003 |url = http://home.vicnet.net.au/~invhs/2004.htm |access-date = December 25, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160526174327/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~invhs/2004.htm |archive-date = May 26, 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The revival of the [[Christmas Carol]] began with [[William Sandys (antiquarian)|William Sandys]]'s ''Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern'' (1833), with the first appearance in print of "[[The First Noel]]", "[[I Saw Three Ships]]", "[[Hark the Herald Angels Sing]]" and "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]]", popularized in Dickens's ''A Christmas Carol''.

[[File:The Christmas Tree at Windsor Castle, by J. L. Williams - ILN 1848 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The Queen's Christmas tree at [[Windsor Castle]], published in the ''Illustrated London News'', 1848]]

In Britain, the [[Christmas tree#18th and 19th centuries|Christmas tree]] was introduced in the early 19th century by the German-born [[Queen Charlotte]]. In 1832, the future [[Queen Victoria]] wrote about her delight at having a Christmas tree, hung with [[Christmas lights (holiday decoration)|lights]], [[Christmas ornaments|ornaments]], and presents placed round it.<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/girlhoodofqueenv01vict/page/60/mode/2up The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries]'', p. 61. Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved December 25, 2023.</ref> After her marriage to her German cousin [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], by 1841 the custom became more widespread throughout Britain.<ref name="Lejeune, Marie Claire p.550">Lejeune, ''Marie Claire''. ''Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe'', p. 550. University of Michigan {{ISBN|90-77135-04-9}}.</ref> An image of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a sensation when it was published in the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' in 1848. A modified version of this image was published in ''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]'', Philadelphia in 1850.<ref name="Shoemaker">Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959) ''Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study.'' Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999. {{ISBN|0-8117-0328-2}}.</ref><ref>''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]'', 1850. ''Godey's'' copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen's tiara, and Prince Albert's moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.</ref> By the 1870s, putting up a Christmas tree had become common in America.<ref name="Shoemaker" />

In America, interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving which appear in his ''[[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.]]'' and "Old Christmas". Irving's stories depicted harmonious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in [[Aston Hall]], Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned,<ref>Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), ''A Christmas Carol'', p. 20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, {{ISBN|1-55111-476-3}}.</ref> and he used the tract ''Vindication of Christmas'' (1652) of Old English Christmas traditions, that he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories.<ref name=BTR>{{Cite book
|author=Restad, Penne L.
|year=1995
|title=Christmas in America: a History
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-510980-1
}}</ref>

[[File:Adolph Tidemand Norsk juleskik.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|A Norwegian Christmas, 1846 painting by [[Adolph Tidemand]]]]

In 1822, [[Clement Clarke Moore]] wrote the poem ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]'' (popularly known by its first line: ''Twas the Night Before Christmas'').<ref>Moore's poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York, including the exchange of gifts, family feasting, and tales of "sinterklass" (a derivation in Dutch from "Saint Nicholas", from whence comes the modern "Santa Claus") to Christmas.{{cite web |url= http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm |title= ''The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America'' |author=|date= |page= |publisher= thehistoryofchristmas.com |access-date= March 5, 2026 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180419103042/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm |archive-date= April 19, 2018}}</ref> The poem helped popularize the tradition of exchanging gifts, and seasonal Christmas shopping began to assume economic importance.<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Dec/19-344398.html "Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210120636/https://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Dec/19-344398.html |date=December 10, 2006 }}, Usinfo.state.gov, November 26, 2006.</ref> This also started the cultural conflict between the holiday's spiritual significance and its associated [[commercialism]] that some see as corrupting the holiday. In her 1850 book ''The First Christmas in New England'', [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] includes a character who complains that the true meaning of Christmas was lost in a shopping spree.<ref>First [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] of Watertown [http://www.watertownfirstpres.org/sermons/12-11-05.html "Oh ... and one more thing"] December 11, 2005 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225081456/http://www.watertownfirstpres.org/sermons/12-11-05.html |date=February 25, 2007 }}</ref>

While the celebration of Christmas was not yet customary in some regions in the U.S., [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] detected "a transition state about Christmas here in New England" in 1856. "The old puritan feeling prevents it from being a cheerful, hearty holiday; though every year makes it more so".<ref name=APH>Restad, Penne L. (1995), ''Christmas in America: a History'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 96. {{ISBN|0-19-510980-5}}.</ref> In [[Reading, Pennsylvania]], a newspaper remarked in 1861, "Even our presbyterian friends who have hitherto steadfastly ignored Christmas—threw open their church doors and assembled in force to celebrate the anniversary of the Savior's birth."<ref name=APH />

The First Congregational Church of Rockford, [[Illinois]], "although of genuine Puritan stock", was 'preparing for a grand Christmas jubilee', a news correspondent reported in 1864.<ref name=APH /> By 1860, fourteen states including several from [[New England]] had adopted Christmas as a legal holiday.<ref name=ABD>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianchurchofgod.com/httpwww.christianchurchofgod.comhistofchristmas.htm |title=Christian church of God – history of Christmas |publisher=Christianchurchofgod.com |access-date=February 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219215754/http://www.christianchurchofgod.com/httpwww.christianchurchofgod.comhistofchristmas.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2010 }}</ref> In 1875, [[Louis Prang]] introduced the [[Christmas card#History|Christmas card]] to Americans. He has been called the "father of the American Christmas card".<ref name="meggspage148">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}.</ref> On June 28, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a [[Federal holidays in the United States|United States federal holiday]].<ref name="federalholidays">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf|title=Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices|publisher=Congressional Research Service|author=Jacob R. Straus|date=November 16, 2012|access-date=January 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115217/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf|archive-date=January 3, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
[[File:The Christmas Visit. Postcard, c. 1910.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Christmas Visit. Postcard, {{c.|1910}}]]

During the [[First World War]] and particularly in 1914,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossland|first=David|date=December 22, 2021|title=Truces weren't just for 1914 Christmas|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/wartime-football-truces-3-historical-prejudice-0-wclv9hs3f|access-date=December 24, 2021|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> a series of [[Christmas truce|informal truces]] took place for Christmas between opposing armies. The truces, which were organised spontaneously by fighting men, ranged from promises not to shoot (shouted at a distance in order to ease the pressure of war for the day) to friendly socializing, gift giving and even sport between enemies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baxter|first=Keven|date=December 24, 2021|title=Peace for a day: How soccer brought a brief truce to World War I on Christmas Day 1914|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/story/2021-12-24/christmas-truce-soccer-world-war-germany-britain-adolf-hitler|url-status=live|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224122434/https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/story/2021-12-24/christmas-truce-soccer-world-war-germany-britain-adolf-hitler |archive-date=December 24, 2021 }}</ref> These incidents became a well known and semi-mythologised part of popular memory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Real Story of the Christmas Truce|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-real-story-of-the-christmas-truce|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> They have been described as a symbol of common humanity even in the darkest of situations and used to demonstrate to children the ideals of Christmas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christmas Truce 1914|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/school-radio/articles/zhjpm39|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=BBC School Radio|language=en}}</ref>

Under the [[state atheism]] of the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other Christian holidays—were prohibited in public.<ref name="Connelly2000">{{cite book|last=Connelly|first=Mark|title=Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema|year=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-397-2|page=186}}</ref> During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the [[League of Militant Atheists]] encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, such as the Christmas tree, as well as other Christian holidays, including Easter; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.<ref name="Ramet2005">{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina Petra|title=Religious Policy in the Soviet Union|date=November 10, 2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-02230-9|page=138}}</ref> At the height of this persecution, in 1929, on Christmas Day, children in Moscow were encouraged to spit on [[crucifix]]es as a protest against the holiday.<ref name="Zugger2001">{{cite book|last=Zugger|first=Christopher Lawrence|title=Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin|year=2001|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-0679-6|page=210}}</ref> Instead, the importance of the holiday and all its trappings, such as the Christmas tree and gift-giving, was transferred to the New Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/30/how-soviets-came-to-celebrate-new-years-like-christmas-and-why-russians-still-do/ |title=How Soviets Came to Celebrate New Year's Like Christmas (and Why Russians Still Do) |last=Tamkin |first=Emily |date=December 30, 2016 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> It was not until the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 that the [[persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|persecution]] ended and Orthodox Christmas became a state holiday again for the first time in Russia after seven decades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html|title=A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists. But, as with most of Yeltsin's pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy.|last=Goldberg|first=Carey|date=January 7, 1991|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=November 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093318/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-07/news/mn-5892_1_russian-christmas-traditions|archive-date=December 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sapin Noel Geant Gubbio 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Ingino Christmas Tree]] in [[Gubbio]], Italy, the tallest Christmas tree in the world, 2014<ref name="tripsavvy"/> ]]

In 1991, the [[Gubbio Christmas Tree]], in Italy, {{convert|650|m}} high and decorated with over 700 lights, entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the tallest Christmas tree in the world.<ref name="tripsavvy">{{Cite web|title=Celebrate Christmas Italian Styles at These City Events|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/christmas-traditions-things-to-do-italy-4176880|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=TripSavvy|language=en}}</ref> European History Professor Joseph Perry wrote that likewise, in [[Nazi Germany]], "because Nazi ideologues saw organized religion as an enemy of the totalitarian state, propagandists sought to deemphasize—or eliminate altogether—the Christian aspects of the holiday" and that "Propagandists tirelessly promoted numerous Nazified Christmas songs, which replaced Christian themes with the regime's racial ideologies".<ref>{{cite news|title=How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/24/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas/|last=Perry|first=Joseph|date=December 24, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106211548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/24/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas/|archive-date=January 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some Christians and organizations such as [[Pat Robertson]]'s [[American Center for Law & Justice|American Center for Law and Justice]] cite alleged attacks on Christmas (dubbing them a "war on Christmas").<ref name="ACLJ">{{cite web |url=http://aclj.org/christmas-laws |title=ACLJ, Christmas laws |work=American Center for Law and Justice |publisher=Aclj.org |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225163554/http://aclj.org/christmas-laws |archive-date=December 25, 2013 }}</ref> Such groups claim that any specific mention of the term "Christmas" or its religious aspects is being increasingly [[censorship|censored]], avoided, or discouraged by a number of advertisers, retailers, government (prominently schools), and other public and private organizations. One controversy is the occurrence of Christmas trees being renamed Holiday trees.<ref name="MCC">{{cite web |last1=Aliweiwi |first1=Jehad |title=A Christmas Tree or a Holiday Tree? |url=http://www.muslimcanadiancongress.org/20051128.html |website=Muslim Canadian Congress |access-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231172900/http://www.muslimcanadiancongress.org/20051128.html |archive-date=December 31, 2005 |date=November 28, 2005}} (previous title: "Christmas controversy article")</ref> In the U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting ''Merry Christmas'' with ''Happy Holidays'', which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of [[Hanukkah]].<ref>Feder, Don, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/feder121300.asp "In the culture, Christmas morphs into holiday"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412151751/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/feder121300.asp |date=April 12, 2010 }}, ''Jewish World Review'', December 13, 2000.</ref> In the U.S., and Canada, where the use of the term "Holidays" is most prevalent, opponents have denounced its usage and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" as being [[political correctness|politically correct]].<ref>{{cite news |title= The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/22/better-to-say-merry-christmas-or-happy-holidays |work= [[The Guardian]] |location= London |date= August 11, 2016 |access-date= December 11, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161221105842/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/22/better-to-say-merry-christmas-or-happy-holidays |archive-date= December 21, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Is Saying 'Merry Christmas' Politically Correct? Who Cares? |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauljankowski/2014/12/19/is-saying-merry-christmas-politically-correct-who-cares/ |work= [[Forbes]] |date= August 11, 2016 |first= Paul |last= Jankowski |access-date= August 22, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170807030050/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauljankowski/2014/12/19/is-saying-merry-christmas-politically-correct-who-cares/ |archive-date= August 7, 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= If We Can't Say 'Merry Christmas' in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/christopher-stuart-taylor/saying-merry-christmas_b_4490555.html |first1=Christopher Stuart |last1=Taylor |work= [[HuffPost]] |date= August 11, 2016 |access-date= August 11, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160929182951/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/christopher-stuart-taylor/saying-merry-christmas_b_4490555.html |archive-date= September 29, 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1984, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled in ''[[Lynch v. Donnelly]]'' that a Christmas display (which included a Nativity scene) owned and displayed by the city of [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]], did not violate the First Amendment.<ref name="Lynch">{{cite web|website= Belcher Foundation|url=http://www.belcherfoundation.org/lynch_v_donnelly.htm|title=Lynch vs. Donnelly|year=1984|access-date=April 12, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216143728/http://www.belcherfoundation.org/lynch_v_donnelly.htm|archive-date=February 16, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Observance and traditions ==
{{further|Christmas traditions|Observance of Christmas by country}}
[[File:Christmas at the Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth, 1965.jpg|alt=Christmas at the Annunciation Church in Nazareth, 1965. Photo by Dan Hadani.|thumb|Christmas at the [[Basilica of the Annunciation|Annunciation Church]] in Nazareth, 1965]]
[[File:Map of Countries that do not recognize Christmas as Public Holiday.svg|thumb|Dark brown – countries that do not recognize Christmas on December 25 or January 7 as a public holiday. Light brown – countries that do not recognize Christmas as a public holiday, but the holiday is given observance]]
[[File:Complete-church-midnight-mass (3135957575).jpg|thumb|Many Christians attend [[church service]]s to celebrate the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus Christ]]<ref name="Jespersen2011">{{cite book|last=Jespersen|first=Knud J. V.|title=A History of Denmark|date=June 21, 2011|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-34417-4|page=91}}</ref>]]

Christmas Day is celebrated as a major festival and public holiday in countries around the world, including many whose populations are mostly non-Christian. In some non-Christian areas, periods of former colonial rule introduced the celebration (e.g. Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the cultural aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. A similar example is in [[Turkey]], being Muslim-majority and with a small number of Christians, where Christmas trees and decorations tend to line public streets during the festival.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus's birth, with some{{who|date=December 2025}} claiming that certain elements are Christianized and have origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated by pagan populations who were later [[Christianization|converted to Christianity]]; other scholars reject these claims and affirm that Christmas customs largely developed in a Christian context.<ref name="McGrath2015">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Christianity: An Introduction |date=January 27, 2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46565-3 |page=239 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Huckabee2021">{{cite web |last1=Huckabee |first1=Tyler |title=No, Christmas Trees Don't Have 'Pagan' Roots |url=https://relevantmagazine.com/current/nation/no-christmas-trees-dont-have-pagan-roots/ |publisher=Relevant Magazine |access-date=December 9, 2022 |language=English |date=December 9, 2021}}</ref> The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, [[carnival]]-like state in the [[Middle Ages]],<ref name="Murray" /> to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century transformation.<ref name=standiford /><ref name=AFP /> The celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain groups, such as the [[Puritans]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (who do not celebrate birthdays in general), due to concerns that it was too unbiblical.<ref name="Durston" /><ref name="Barnett" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Neal |first1=Daniel |title=The History of the Puritans |url=https://archive.org/details/nealshistorypur00toulgoog/page/132/mode/2up |access-date=December 25, 2023 |date=1822 |publisher=William Baynes and Son |page=193}} (page 133 in the link above)</ref> [[Celtic nations|Celtic]] winter herbs such as [[mistletoe]] and [[ivy]], and the custom of kissing under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=SA |date=December 24, 2022 |title=Christmas Day 2022: Facts, Story & Quotes About Merry Christmas |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/christmas-day-special-gift/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=SA News Channel |language=en-US}}</ref>

The pre-Christian [[Germanic peoples]]—including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse—celebrated a winter festival called [[Yule]], held in the late December to early January period, yielding modern English ''yule'', today used as a synonym for ''Christmas''.<ref name="SIMEK379">Simek (2007:379).</ref> In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography may have originated from Yule, including the [[Yule log]], [[Yule boar]], and the [[Yule goat]].<ref>Coffman, Elesha. [http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/newsletter/2000/dec08.html "Why December 25?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919140214/http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/newsletter/2000/dec08.html |date=September 19, 2008 }} ''Christian History & Biography'', ''[[Christianity Today]]'', 2000.</ref><ref name="SIMEK379" /> Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky (the [[Wild Hunt]]), the long-bearded god [[Odin]] is referred to as "the Yule one" and "Yule father" in Old Norse texts, while other gods are referred to as "Yule beings".<ref name="SIMEK-2010">Simek (2010:180, 379–380).</ref> On the other hand, as there are no reliable existing references to a Christmas log prior to the 16th century, the burning of the Christmas block may have been an early modern invention by Christians unrelated to the pagan practice.<ref name="Weiser1958">{{cite book |last1=Weiser |first1=Franz Xaver |title=Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs |date=1958 |publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]}}</ref>

Among [[Christendom|countries with a strong Christian tradition]], a variety of Christmas celebrations have developed that incorporate regional and local cultures. For example, in eastern Europe Christmas celebrations incorporated pre-Christian traditions such as the [[Koleda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages%5CK%5CO%5CKoliadaIT.htm |title=Koliada |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=November 19, 2012}}</ref> which shares parallels with the [[Christmas carol]].

=== Church attendance ===

Christmas Day (inclusive of its [[Vigil#Eves of religious celebrations|vigil]], Christmas Eve), is a [[Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)#Festivals|Festival]] in the [[Lutheran Church]]es, a [[solemnity]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and a [[Principal Feast]] of the [[Anglican Communion]]. Other Christian denominations do not rank their feast days but nevertheless place importance on Christmas Eve/Christmas Day, as with other Christian feasts like Easter, Ascension Day, and Pentecost.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar |url=https://gbod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/legacy/kintera-files/worship/2018-Music-Worship-Planning-Calendar.docx |publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]]|year=2018|access-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref> As such, for Christians, attending a Christmas Eve or Christmas Day [[church service]] plays an important part in the recognition of the [[Christmastide|Christmas season]]. Christmas, along with Easter, is the period of the highest annual church attendance. A 2010 survey by [[LifeWay Christian Resources]] found that six in ten Americans attend church services during this time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stetzer |first1=Ed |title=What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2015/december/what-is-church-attendance-like-during-christmastime-new-dat.html |magazine=[[Christianity Today]] |date=December 14, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129024022/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2015/december/what-is-church-attendance-like-during-christmastime-new-dat.html |archive-date=January 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the Church of England reported an estimated attendance of 2.5{{nbsp}}million people at Christmas services in 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/27/british-families-only-attend-church-at-christmas-new-figures-sug/ | title=British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest | first=John | last=Bingham | date=October 27, 2016 | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date=December 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227191442/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/27/british-families-only-attend-church-at-christmas-new-figures-sug/ | archive-date=December 27, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Decorations ===
{{Main|Christmas decoration}}

{{further|Hanging of the greens}}
[[File:Carnegie Presepio.JPG|thumb|[[Neapolitan nativity scene|Neapolitan ''presepio'']] at the [[Carnegie Museum of Art]] in Pittsburgh, [[United States of America]]]]

[[Nativity scene]]s are known from 10th-century Rome. They were popularised by Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] from 1223, quickly spreading across Europe.<ref name=Collins47>Collins, Ace, ''Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas'', Zondervan, (2003), {{ISBN|0-310-24880-9}} p.47.</ref> Different types of decorations developed across the Christian world, dependent on local tradition and available resources, and can vary from simple representations of the crib to far more elaborate sets – renowned manger scene traditions include the colourful {{lang|pl|[[Kraków szopka]]}} in Poland,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nativitiesofworl0000webe/page/159 Internet Archive] Susan Topp Weber, ''Nativities of the World'', Gibbs Smith, 2013</ref> which imitate [[Kraków]]'s historical buildings as settings, the elaborate Italian {{lang|it|presepi}} ({{ill|lt=Neapolitan|Presepe napoletano|it}}, {{ill|lt=Genoese|Presepe genovese|it}} and {{ill|lt=Bolognese|Presepe bolognese|it}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nuok.it/bulagna/alla-scoperta-dei-cinque-presepi-piu-belli-di-bologna/ |title=Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna | Nuok |publisher=Nuok.it |date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227041612/http://www.nuok.it/bulagna/alla-scoperta-dei-cinque-presepi-piu-belli-di-bologna/ |archive-date=December 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/paolore2/liguria/presepi.html |title=Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227022942/http://digilander.libero.it/paolore2/liguria/presepi.html |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegiemnh.org/visit/default.aspx?id=21487 |title=Holidays at the Museums: Carnegie Museum of Natural History |publisher=Carnegiemnh.org |date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227022432/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/visit/default.aspx?id=21487 |archive-date=December 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref>Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone, [https://books.google.com/books?id=llTiET5oCR4C&dq=neapolitan+nativity+scene&pg=PA112 ''The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144711/https://books.google.com/books?id=llTiET5oCR4C&pg=PA112&dq=neapolitan+nativity+scene |date=December 25, 2022 }}, Zondervan, 2001.</ref> or the [[Provence|Provençal]] crèches in [[Le Midi|southern]] France, using hand-painted terracotta figurines called {{lang|fr|[[santon (figurine)|santons]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simplytreasures.com/t-about-nativity.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260103063639/http://www.simplytreasures.com/t-about-nativity.aspx |archive-date=2026-01-03 |title=The Provençal Nativity Scene |publisher=Simplytreasures.com |access-date=December 25, 2013 }}</ref> In certain parts of the world, notably [[Sicily]], living nativity scenes following the tradition of Saint Francis are a popular alternative to static crèches.<ref>Seaburg, Carl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dLB-UkN5UHYC&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily&pg=PT30 ''Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144711/https://books.google.com/books?id=dLB-UkN5UHYC&pg=PT30&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily |date=December 25, 2022 }}, iUniverse, 2003.</ref><ref>Bowler, Gerry, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaVZ6fEjjsC&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily&pg=PT478 ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144711/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaVZ6fEjjsC&pg=PT478&dq=living+nativity+scenes+sicily |date=December 25, 2022 }}, Random House LLC, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Carol King |url=http://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/christmas-living-nativity-scene-sicily |title=A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily |work=Italy Magazine |date=December 24, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226023729/http://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/christmas-living-nativity-scene-sicily |archive-date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref> The first commercially produced decorations appeared in Germany in the 1860s, inspired by paper chains made by children.<ref name=Collins83>Collins p. 83.</ref> In countries where a representation of the [[Nativity scene]] is very popular, people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones. Within some families, the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family [[heirloom]].<ref>{{cite book |title=These Strange German Ways |publisher=Edelweiss Publishing Company |date=1989 |page=122}}</ref>

The traditional colours of Christmas decorations are red, green, and gold.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nowak|first=Claire|date=December 23, 2019|title=The Real Reason Why Christmas Colors Are Green and Red|url=https://www.rd.com/article/christmas-colors-green-red/|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Reader's Digest|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Norris|first=Rebecca|date=October 29, 2019|title=Here's the History Behind Why Red and Green Are the Traditional Christmas Colors|url=https://www.countryliving.com/entertaining/a29622860/christmas-colors-red-green/|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Country Living|language=en-US}}</ref> Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which was shed in his [[crucifixion]]; green symbolizes eternal life, and in particular the evergreen tree, which does not lose its leaves in the winter; and gold is the first colour associated with Christmas, as one of the three gifts of the [[Magi]], symbolizing royalty.<ref name="Ace Collins">{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mo8vgZoROl8C&q=christmas+colors&pg=PT71
|title = Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
|author = Collins, Ace
|publisher = [[Zondervan]]|access-date=December 2, 2010
|isbn = 978-0-310-87388-4
|date = April 1, 2010
}}</ref>

[[File:1962 Entrance Hall (Official White House) Christmas tree - Jack and Jacqueline Kennedy.jpg|thumb|The official White House Christmas tree for 1962, displayed in the Entrance Hall and presented by US President [[John F. Kennedy]] and his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy|Jackie]]]]

The [[Christmas tree]] was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the [[Protestant Reformers|Protestant Reformer]], [[Martin Bucer]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Senn |first=Frank C. |date=2012 |title=Introduction to Christian Liturgy |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2433-1 |page=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1936 |title=The Christmas Tree |journal=Lutheran Spokesman |volume=29–32}}</ref> In the United States, these "German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the [[Moravian Church|Moravians]] put lighted candles on those trees".<ref name="Kelly2010">{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Joseph F. |date=2010 |title=The Feast of Christmas |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-3932-0 |page=94}}</ref><ref name="Blainey2013">{{cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=A Short History of Christianity |date=October 24, 2013 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4422-2590-9 |page=418}}</ref> When [[Christmas decorations|decorating]] the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the [[Star of Bethlehem]], a fact recorded by ''The School Journal'' in 1897.<ref name="Mandryk2005">{{cite book |last=Mandryk |first=DeeAnn |date=October 25, 2005 |title=Canadian Christmas Traditions |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-1-55439-098-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianchristma0000mand/page/67 67]|url=https://archive.org/details/canadianchristma0000mand/page/67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Christmas in Other Lands | last= Wells | first= Dorothy | year=1897|journal=The School Journal|volume=55|pages=697–8|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ePc9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA697}}</ref> Professor David Albert Jones of [[Oxford University]] writes that in the 19th century, it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the [[Nativity of Jesus]].<ref name="Jones2011">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=David Albert |date=October 27, 2011 |title=Angels |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-161491-0 |page=24}}</ref> Additionally, in the context of a Christian celebration of Christmas, the Christmas tree, being evergreen in colour, is [[Christian symbol|symbolic]] of Christ, who offers eternal life; the candles or lights on the tree represent the [[Light of the World]]—Jesus—born in Bethlehem.<ref name="Becker2000">{{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Udo |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols |date=January 1, 2000 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-0-8264-1221-8 |page=60 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crump |first1=William D. |title=The Christmas Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2293-7 |page=67 |language=English }}</ref> Christian services for family use and public worship have been published for the blessing of a Christmas tree, after it has been erected.<ref name="Socias2020">{{cite book |last1=Socias |first1=James |title=Handbook of Prayers |date=June 24, 2020 |publisher=Midwest Theological Forum |isbn=978-1-936045-54-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kitch |first=Anne E. |date=2004 |title=The Anglican Family Prayer Book |publisher=Morehouse Publishing |page=125}}</ref> The Christmas tree is considered by some as [[Christianisation]] of [[pagan]] tradition and ritual surrounding the [[Winter Solstice]], which included the use of [[evergreen]] boughs, and an adaptation of pagan [[tree worship]];<ref name=Shaman /> according to eighth-century biographer [[Æddi Stephanus]], [[Saint Boniface]] (634–709), who was a missionary in Germany, took an ax to an oak tree dedicated to [[Thor]] and pointed out a [[fir tree]], which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] and it had a triangular shape, which he said was symbolic of the [[Trinity]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe|title=Christmas|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2010}}</ref> The English language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835<ref name=Harper>Harper, Douglas, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christ Christ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509183911/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christ |date=May 9, 2006 }}, ''Online Etymology Dictionary'', 2001.</ref> and represents an importation from the German language.<ref name=Shaman>van Renterghem, Tony. ''When Santa was a shaman.'' St. Paul: [[Llewellyn Worldwide|Llewellyn Publications]], 1995. {{ISBN|1-56718-765-X}}.</ref><ref name="Christmas Archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.christmasarchives.com/trees.html |title=The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree |publisher=The Christmas Archives |access-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221113003/http://www.christmasarchives.com/trees.html |archive-date=December 21, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Fashion Era- Christmas">{{cite web |url = http://www.fashion-era.com/Christmas/christmas_customs_tree_history.htm |title = Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom |publisher = Fashion Era |access-date = December 18, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218110944/http://www.fashion-era.com/Christmas/christmas_customs_tree_history.htm |archive-date = December 18, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Wichern Adventskranz originated from Germany.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An advent wreath as designed by [[Johann Hinrich Wichern]]. On Christmas, the Christ Candle in the center of the wreath is traditionally lit in many [[church service]]s.]]

Since the 16th century, the [[poinsettia]], a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas carrying the Christian symbolism of the [[Star of Bethlehem]]; in that country it is known in Spanish as the ''Flower of the Holy Night''.<ref name="Hewitson2013">{{cite book |last1=Hewitson |first1=Carolyn |title=Festivals |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135057060 |quote=It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants|url = http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1995/12-8-1995/trad.html|website = www.ipm.iastate.edu|access-date = February 17, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122071614/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1995/12-8-1995/trad.html|archive-date = January 22, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Other popular holiday plants include holly, [[mistletoe]], red [[amaryllis]], and [[Christmas cactus]]. Along with a Christmas tree, the interior of a home may be decorated with these plants, along with [[Garland (decoration)|garlands]] and [[evergreen]] foliage. The display of [[Christmas village]]s has also become a tradition in many homes this season. The outside of houses may be decorated with lights and sometimes with illuminated Christmas figures. Mistletoe features prominently in European myth and folklore (for example, the legend of [[Baldr]]). It is customary to hang a sprig of mistletoe in the house at Christmas, and anyone standing underneath it may be kissed.
[[File:Neve a Verona 17.01.2006 033.jpg|thumb|[[Christmas lights]] in [[Verona]], Italy]]

Other traditional decorations include [[Bell (instrument)|bells]], [[candles]], [[candy canes]], [[Christmas stocking|stockings]], [[wreath]]s, and [[angels]]. The wreaths and candles in each window are a more traditional Christmas display. The concentric assortment of leaves, usually from an [[evergreen]], make up Christmas wreaths. Candles in each window are meant to demonstrate that Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the ultimate light of the world.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1173
|title=Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)
|publisher=Catholic Culture
|access-date=December 10, 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113131615/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=1173
|archive-date=January 13, 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

[[Christmas lights]] and banners may be hung along streets, music played by speakers, and Christmas trees placed in prominent places.<ref>Murray, Brian. [http://www.historymatters.appstate.edu/documents/christmaslights.pdf "Christmas lights and community building in America,"] ''History Matters'', Spring 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629182754/http://www.historymatters.appstate.edu/documents/christmaslights.pdf |date=June 29, 2010 }}</ref> It is common in many parts of the world for town squares and consumer shopping areas to sponsor and display decorations. Rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or religious Christmas motifs are manufactured to wrap gifts. In some countries, Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]].

=== Nativity play ===
{{Main|Nativity play}}

[[File:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -13- - Institution of the Crib at Greccio.jpg|thumb|''St. Francis at [[Greccio]]'' by [[Giotto]], 1295]]
The tradition of the [[Nativity scene]] comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the [[early Christian]] [[Roman catacomb]] of [[Catacombs of San Valentino|Saint Valentine]].<ref name="Osborne2020">{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=John |title=Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art |date=31 May 2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-87372-7 |page=31 |language=English}}</ref> It dates to about AD 380.<ref name="Tuleja1999">{{cite book |last1=Tuleja |first1=Thaddeus F. |title=Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals |date=1999 |publisher=BBS Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-1-57866-070-4 |language=English |quote=Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.}}</ref> Another, of similar date, is beneath the pulpit in [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio|Sant'Ambrogio, Milan]].

For the Christian celebration of Christmas, the viewing of the [[Nativity play]] is one of the oldest Christmastime traditions, with the first reenactment of the [[Nativity of Jesus]] taking place in A.D. 1223 in the Italian town of [[Greccio]].<ref name="Collins2010">{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Ace |title=Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas |date=2010 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=9780310873884 |pages=139–141}}</ref> In that year, [[Francis of Assisi]] assembled a Nativity scene outside of his church in Italy and children sang Christmas carols celebrating the birth of Jesus.<ref name="Collins2010"/>

Each year, this grew larger, and people travelled from afar to see Francis' depiction of the Nativity of Jesus that came to feature drama and music.<ref name="Collins2010"/> Nativity plays eventually spread throughout all of Europe, where they remained popular. Christmas Eve and Christmas Day church services often came to feature Nativity plays, as did schools and theatres.<ref name="Collins2010"/> In France, Germany, Mexico, and Spain, Nativity plays are often reenacted outdoors in the streets.<ref name="Collins2010"/>

=== Christmas lights ===
{{Main|Christmas lights}}
Many families have been decorating their houses with lights and in modern times, [[inflatable]]s, to create a festive environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wintercityadmin |date=2024-09-26 |title=Why Do We Celebrate With Lights? {{!}} Holiday Lights Northern VA |url=https://wintercitylights.com/2024/09/why-do-we-celebrate-the-holidays-with-christmas-lights/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Winter City Lights |language=en-US}}</ref> The origin of Christmas lights began with candles on Christmas trees in 16th-century Germany, where they symbolized Christ as the light of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malanowski |first=Jamie |title=Untangling the History of Christmas Lights |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/untangling-history-christmas-lights-180961140/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music and carols ===

{{Main|Christmas music}}

[[File:Chant'tie d'Cantiques dé Noué Dézembre 2009 Jèrri a.jpg|thumb|Christmas carolers in [[Jersey]]]]

The earliest extant specifically Christmas hymns appear in fourth-century [[Rome]]. Latin hymns such as {{lang|la|"[[Veni redemptor gentium]]"}}, written by [[Ambrose]], Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to [[Arianism]]. {{lang|la|"[[Corde natus ex Parentis]]"}} ("Of the Father's love begotten") by the Spanish poet [[Prudentius]] ({{abbr|died|d.}} 413) is still sung in some churches today.<ref>Miles, Clement, ''Christmas customs and traditions'', Courier Dover Publications, 1976, {{ISBN|0-486-23354-5}}, p. 32.</ref> In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas "Sequence" or "Prose" was introduced in North European monasteries, developing under [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] into a sequence of rhymed [[stanza]]s. In the 12th century the Parisian monk [[Adam of St. Victor]] began to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional [[Christmas carol]]. Christmas carols in English appear in a 1426 work of [[John Audelay|John Awdlay]] who lists twenty five "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of '[[wassailing|wassailers]]', who went from house to house.<ref>Miles, Clement, ''Christmas customs and traditions'', Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48</ref>

[[File:Steaua, Bucharest, 1842 crop.jpg|thumb|left|Child singers in [[Bucharest]], 1841]]

The songs now known specifically as carols were originally communal folk songs sung during celebrations such as "harvest tide" as well as Christmas. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church. Traditionally, carols have often been based on [[medieval]] chord patterns, and it is this that gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound. Some carols like "[[Personent hodie]]", "[[Good King Wenceslas]]", and {{lang|la|"[[In dulci jubilo]]"}} can be traced directly back to the [[Middle Ages]]. They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung. {{lang|la|"[[Adeste Fideles]]"}} (O Come all ye faithful) appeared in its current form in the mid-18th century.

The singing of carols increased in popularity after the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the [[Lutheran]] areas of Europe, as the Reformer [[Martin Luther]] wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship, in addition to spearheading the practice of caroling outside the [[Mass (liturgy)#Lutheranism|Mass]].<ref name="Clancy2008">{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Ronald M. |title=Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-4027-5811-9 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref> The 18th-century English reformer [[Charles Wesley]], a founder of [[Methodism]], understood the importance of music to Christian worship. In addition to setting many psalms to melodies, he wrote texts for at least three Christmas carols. The best known was originally entitled "Hark! How All the Welkin Rings", later renamed "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]".<ref>{{cite book
|last=Dudley-Smith
|first=Timothy
|author-link=Timothy Dudley-Smith
|title=A Flame of Love
|publisher=Triangle/SPCK
|location=London
|year=1987
|isbn=978-0-281-04300-2
}}</ref>

{{Listen
|filename=U.S. Army Band - Hark! The Herald Angels Sing.ogg
|title=Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
|description=Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus
}}

Christmas seasonal songs of a secular nature emerged in the late 18th century. The Welsh melody for "[[Deck the Halls]]" dates from 1794, with the lyrics added by Scottish musician [[Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)|Thomas Oliphant]] in 1862, and the American "[[Jingle Bells]]" was copyrighted in 1857. Other popular carols include "[[The First Noel]]", "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]]", "[[The Holly and the Ivy]]", "[[I Saw Three Ships]]", "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]", "[[Joy to the World]]", "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" and "[[While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Thomas |author2=Talhaiarn |author3=Thomas Oliphant|title=Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry
|location = London |publisher=Addison, Hollier and Lucas |year=1862 |oclc=63015609 |pages=139
}}</ref> In the 19th and 20th centuries, African American spirituals and songs about Christmas, based in their tradition of spirituals, became more widely known. An increasing number of seasonal holiday songs were commercially produced in the 20th century, including jazz and blues variations. In addition, there was a revival of interest in early music, from groups singing folk music, such as The Revels, to performers of early medieval and classical music.

One of the most ubiquitous festive songs is "[[We Wish You a Merry Christmas]]", which originates from the [[West Country]] of England in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrne|first=Eugene|date=December 24, 2019|title=Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/wish-you-merry-christmas-written-3678149|access-date=November 6, 2020|website=BristolLive|language=en}}</ref> Radio has covered Christmas music from variety shows from the 1940s and 1950s, as well as modern-day stations that exclusively play Christmas music from late November through December 25.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Smolko|first=Joanna|date=February 4, 2012|title=Christmas music|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic|journal=[[Grove Music Online]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hollywood movies have featured new Christmas music, such as "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]" in ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' and ''[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Traditional carols have also been included in Hollywood films, such as "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" in ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946), and "[[Silent Night]]" in ''[[A Christmas Story]]''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Traditional cuisine ===
{{See also|List of Christmas dishes}}
[[File:Christmas Dinner Setting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Christmas dinner]] setting]]
[[File:Panettone - Nicolettone 2017 - IMG 7085 (31752542285).jpg|thumb|[[Panettone]]]]

A special [[Christmas dinner|Christmas family meal]] is traditionally an important part of the holiday's celebration, and the food served varies greatly from country to country. Some regions have special meals for Christmas Eve, such as [[Sicily]], where 12 kinds of fish are served. In the United Kingdom and countries influenced by its traditions, a standard Christmas meal includes turkey, goose or other large bird, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, sometimes bread, and cider. Special desserts are also prepared, such as [[Christmas pudding]], [[mince pie]]s, [[fruit cake]] and [[Yule log (cake)|Yule log cake]].<ref>Broomfield, Andrea (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ_JDp9OgJEC&pg=PA149&dq=christmas+pudding+england ''Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History''], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.</ref><ref>Muir, Frank (1977), ''Christmas customs & traditions'', Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.</ref>

In Poland and Scandinavia, fish is often used for the traditional main course, but richer meat such as lamb is increasingly served. In Sweden, it is common with a special variety of [[smörgåsbord]], where ham, meatballs, and herring play a prominent role. In Germany, France, and Austria, goose and pork are favored. Beef, ham, and chicken in various recipes are popular worldwide. The [[Maltese people|Maltese]] traditionally serve ''[[Imbuljuta tal-Qastan]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schoolnet.gov.mt/HelloEurope/activities/recepies/imbuljuta.html |title=Imbuljuta |publisher=Schoolnet.gov.mt |access-date=February 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122070634/http://schoolnet.gov.mt/HelloEurope/activities/recepies/imbuljuta.html |archive-date=January 22, 2012 }}</ref> a chocolate and chestnuts beverage, after [[Midnight Mass]] and throughout the Christmas season. Slovenes prepare the traditional Christmas bread [[potica]], ''[[bûche de Noël]]'' in France, ''[[panettone]]'' in Italy, and elaborate tarts and cakes. ''Panettone'', an [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] type of [[List of sweet breads|sweet bread]] and [[fruitcake]], originally from [[Milan]], Italy, usually prepared and enjoyed for Christmas and [[New Year]] in [[Western Europe|Western]], [[Southern Europe|Southern]], and [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]], as well as in [[South America]], [[Eritrea]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.madote.com/2016/01/christmas-in-eritrea.html | title=Christmas in Eritrea}}</ref> Australia and North America.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ansa.it/canale_terraegusto/notizie/prodotti_tipici/2017/12/04/negli-usa-tutti-pazzi-per-il-panettone-e-boom-vendite_b653dfb9-ec37-43c9-99bd-345a4abf1af0.html |title= Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite |language=it |website=Ansa|date= 4 December 2017 }}</ref>

The eating of sweets and chocolates has become popular worldwide, and sweeter Christmas delicacies include the German ''[[stollen]]'', [[marzipan]] cake or candy, and Jamaican rum fruit cake. As one of the few fruits traditionally available to northern countries in winter, oranges have been long associated with special Christmas foods. [[Eggnog]] is a [[added sugar|sweetened]] [[dairy]]-based [[sweetened beverage|beverage]] traditionally made with milk, cream, sugar, and whipped eggs (which gives it a frothy texture). [[Distilled beverage|Spirits]] such as brandy, rum, or bourbon are often added. The finished serving is often garnished with a sprinkling of ground cinnamon or nutmeg.

=== Cards ===
{{Main|Christmas card}}

[[File:Christmas postcard 1907.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=0.8|A 1907 Christmas card with [[Santa Claus|Santa]] and some of his reindeer]]
Christmas cards are illustrated messages of greeting exchanged between friends and family members during the weeks preceding Christmas Day. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year", much like that of the first commercial [[Christmas card#History|Christmas card]], produced by [[Henry Cole (inventor)|Sir Henry Cole]] in London in 1843.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1679110.stm "Christmas card sold for record price"], BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.</ref> The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging [[E-card]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schaverien|first=Anna|date=June 19, 2021|title=E-Cards Are Back, Thanks to the Pandemic|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/19/business/e-cards-pandemic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/19/business/e-cards-pandemic.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=November 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It's time to mail your holiday cards – if you can find any|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/time-mail-holiday-cards-can-find-rcna4262|access-date=November 13, 2021|website=NBC News|date=November 2, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities and feature artwork, commercially designed and relevant to the season. The content of the design might relate directly to the [[Nativity of Jesus|Christmas narrative]], with [[Nativity of Jesus in art|depictions of the Nativity of Jesus]], or [[Christian symbols]] such as the [[Star of Bethlehem]], or a white [[dove]], which can represent both the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] and [[Peace]] on Earth. Other Christmas cards are more secular and can depict [[Christmas tradition]]s, figures such as Santa Claus, objects directly associated with Christmas such as candles, holly, and baubles, or a variety of images associated with the season, such as Christmastide activities, snow scenes, and the wildlife of the northern winter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 28, 2012|title=History of Christmas – Part 2|url=https://www.americanstationery.com/blog/history-of-christmas-part-2/|access-date=December 22, 2021|website=The Note Pad {{!}} Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Commemorative stamps ===
{{Main|Christmas stamp}}

A number of nations have issued [[commemorative stamp]]s at Christmastide.<ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Christmas stamps |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6121996.stm |access-date=August 29, 2023 |agency=BBC}}</ref> Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail [[Christmas card]]s, and they are popular with [[philately|philatelists]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The First Christmas Stamps |url=https://stamps.org/news/c/start-collecting/cat/collecting-resources/post/the-first-christmas-stamps |access-date=August 29, 2023 |agency=American Philatelic Society}}</ref> These stamps are regular postage stamps, unlike [[Christmas seals]], and are valid for postage year-round. They usually go on sale sometime between early October and early December and are printed in considerable quantities.

===Christmas seals===
{{Main|Christmas seals}}

Christmas seals were first issued to raise funding to fight and bring awareness to [[tuberculosis]]. The first Christmas seal was issued in [[Denmark]] in 1904, and since then other countries have issued their own Christmas seals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loytved|first=G.|title=[Christmas seals]|journal=Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)|year=2006|volume=60|issue=11|pages=701–710|doi=10.1055/s-2006-944325|issn=0934-8387|pmid=17109268|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Gift giving ===
{{Main|Christmas gift}}

[[File:Gifts xmas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Christmas gifts under a Christmas tree]]

The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world. On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the Christian tradition associated with [[Saint Nicholas]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Collins, Ace |title=Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mo8vgZoROl8C&q=giving+gifts+wise+men&pg=PT88 |date=April 20, 2010|access-date=April 10, 2012|publisher=Zondervan|page=17|isbn=978-0-310-87388-4}}</ref> and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the [[Biblical Magi|Magi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Trexler|first=Richard|title=The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLmhCHtydKMC&pg=PA17|access-date=April 10, 2012|date=May 23, 1997|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=17|isbn=978-0-691-01126-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223014/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLmhCHtydKMC&pg=PA17|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Collins, Ace|title=Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mo8vgZoROl8C&q=giving+gifts+wise+men&pg=PT88 |date=April 20, 2010|access-date=April 10, 2012|publisher=Zondervan|page=17|isbn=978-0-310-87388-4}}</ref> The practice of gift giving in the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] celebration of [[Saturnalia]] may have influenced Christian customs, but on the other hand the Christian "core dogma of the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]], however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event", because it was the Biblical Magi, "together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life".<ref name="Berking1999">{{cite book|last=Berking|first=Helmuth|title=Sociology of Giving|date=March 30, 1999|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-85702-613-2|page=14}}</ref> However, Thomas J. Talley holds that the Roman Emperor [[Aurelian]] placed the alternate festival on December 25 in order to compete with the growing rate of the Christian Church, which had already been celebrating Christmas on that date first.<ref name="Talley1991">{{cite book|last=Talley|first=Thomas J.|title=The Origins of the Liturgical Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_O8F_iGcqkC|access-date=December 27, 2016|year=1991|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-6075-1|pages=88–91}}</ref>

==== Gift-bearing figures ====
{{Main|List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers}}

A number of figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts. Among these are [[Father Christmas]], also known as [[Santa Claus]] (derived from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for Saint Nicholas), Père Noël, and the [[Weihnachtsmann]]; [[Saint Nicholas]] or [[Sinterklaas]]; the [[Christkind]]; Kris Kringle; [[Joulupukki]]; [[Nisse (folklore)|tomte/nisse]]; Babbo Natale; [[Basil of Caesarea|Saint Basil]]; and [[Ded Moroz]]. The Scandinavian tomte (also called nisse) is sometimes depicted as a [[gnome]] instead of Santa Claus.

[[File:Sinterklaas 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Saint Nicholas]], known as [[Sinterklaas]] in the Netherlands, is considered by many to be the original [[Santa Claus]].<ref name="SewardLal2006">{{cite book|last1=Seward|first1=Pat|last2=Lal|first2=Sunandini Arora|title=Netherlands|year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-2052-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/netherlands0000sewa/page/116 116]|url=https://archive.org/details/netherlands0000sewa/page/116}}</ref>]]

The best known of these figures today is the red-dressed Santa Claus, of diverse origins. The name 'Santa Claus' can be traced back to the Dutch {{lang|nl|Sinterklaas}} ('Saint Nicholas'). Nicholas was a 4th-century [[Greeks in Turkey#History|Greek]] bishop of [[Myra]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Domenico, Roy Palmer |title= The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group |year= 2002 |page=21 |isbn= 978-0-313-30733-1}}</ref><ref name="Collins, Ace 2009 121">{{cite book |author= Collins, Ace |title= Stories Behind Men of Faith |publisher= Zondervan |year= 2009 |url= https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindmen0000coll |url-access= registration |page= [https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindmen0000coll/page/121 121] |isbn= 978-0-310-56456-0|access-date= June 20, 2015 }}</ref> Among other saintly attributes, he was noted for the care of children, generosity, and the giving of gifts. His feast day, December 6, came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts.<ref name=ADS/>

Saint Nicholas traditionally appeared in bishop's attire, accompanied by helpers, inquiring about the behaviour of children during the past year before deciding whether they deserved a gift or not. By the 13th century, Saint Nicholas was well known in the Netherlands, and the practice of gift-giving in his name spread to other parts of central and southern Europe. At the [[Reformation]] in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or {{lang|de|Christkindl}}, corrupted in English to 'Kris Kringle', and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.<ref name="ADS" />

The modern popular image of Santa Claus, however, was created in the United States, and in particular in New York. The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including [[Washington Irving]] and the [[German Americans|German-American]] cartoonist [[Thomas Nast]] (1840–1902). Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], some of the inhabitants of New York City sought out symbols of the city's non-English past. New York had originally been established as the Dutch colonial town of [[New Amsterdam]] and the Dutch Sinterklaas tradition was reinvented as Saint Nicholas.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Jona Lendering
|url=https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nicholas/nicholas_of_myra3.html#New
|title=Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus
|publisher=Livius.org
|date=November 20, 2008
|access-date=February 24, 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513114942/https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nicholas/nicholas_of_myra3.html#New
|archive-date=May 13, 2011
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Current tradition in several [[Latin America]]n countries holds that while Santa makes the toys, he then gives them to the Baby Jesus, who is the one who actually delivers them to the children's homes, a reconciliation between traditional [[Religion|religious beliefs]] and the [[iconography]] of Santa Claus imported from the United States.

[[File:Thronendes Jesuskind BNM.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Christkind]], Munich, Germany]]
In Italy's [[South Tyrol]], Austria, the Czech Republic, Southern Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, and Switzerland, the [[Christkind]] ([[Ježíšek]] in Czech, Jézuska in Hungarian and Ježiško in Slovak) brings the presents. Greek children get their presents from [[Saint Basil]] on New Year's Eve, the eve of that saint's liturgical feast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skiathosbooks.com/saints_basil.htm |title=St. Basil (330–379) |publisher=Skiathosbooks.com |access-date=February 3, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035451/http://www.skiathosbooks.com/saints_basil.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref> The German St. Nikolaus is not identical with the Weihnachtsmann (who is the German version of Santa Claus / Father Christmas). St. Nikolaus wears a bishop's dress and still brings small gifts (usually candies, nuts, and fruits) on December 6 and is accompanied by [[Knecht Ruprecht]]. Although many parents around the world routinely teach their children about Santa Claus and other gift bringers, some have come to reject this practice, considering it [[Paternalistic deception|deceptive]].<ref>Matera, Mariane. [http://www.citybeat.com/archives/1996/issue304/cover1.html "Santa: The First Great Lie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914195318/http://citybeat.com/archives/1996/issue304/cover1.html |date=September 14, 2007 }}, ''Citybeat'', Issue 304.</ref>

Multiple gift-giver figures exist in Poland, varying between regions and individual families. St Nicholas ({{lang|pl|Święty Mikołaj}}) dominates Central and North-East areas, the Starman ({{lang|pl|Gwiazdor}}) is most common in [[Greater Poland]], Baby Jesus ({{lang|pl|Dzieciątko}}) is unique to [[Upper Silesia]], with the Little Star ({{lang|pl|Gwiazdka}}) and the Little Angel ({{lang|pl|Aniołek}}) being common in the South and the South-East. Grandfather Frost ({{lang|pl|Dziadek Mróz}}) is less commonly accepted in some areas of Eastern Poland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?|url=https://bezprawnik.pl/kto-przynosi-prezenty-mikolaj-gwiazdor/|website=Bezprawnik|language=pl-PL|date=December 22, 2016|access-date=December 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213716/https://bezprawnik.pl/kto-przynosi-prezenty-mikolaj-gwiazdor/|archive-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,19380983,nie-tylko-mikolaj-czyli-kto-wedlug-tradycji-rozdaje-prezenty.html|website=gazeta.pl|date=December 21, 2015 |language=pl-PL|access-date=December 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213619/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,19380983,nie-tylko-mikolaj-czyli-kto-wedlug-tradycji-rozdaje-prezenty.html|archive-date=December 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is worth noting that across all of Poland, St Nicholas is the gift giver on [[Saint Nicholas Day]] on December 6.

===Sport===
Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival with annual indulgences, including sporting.<ref name="ADS"/> When Puritans outlawed Christmas in England in December 1647 the crowd brought out footballs as a symbol of festive misrule.<ref name="auto"/> The Orkney [[Christmas Day Ba']] tradition continues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orkney.com/events/christmas-day-ba|title=Christmas Day Ba' 2023|website=Orkney.com}}</ref> In the [[Football League|former top tier of English football]], home and away Christmas Day and Boxing Day double headers were often played guaranteeing football clubs large crowds by allowing many working people their only chance to watch a game.<ref name=bbcbs>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4y847h|title=Why football at Christmas is a very British tradition|website=BBC Bitesize}}</ref> Champions [[Preston North End]] faced [[Aston Villa]] [[1889-90 Football League|on Christmas Day 1889]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-last-time-football-was-played-christmas-day-england|title=The Last Time Football Was Played on Christmas Day in England|date=December 25, 2020|website=90min.com}}</ref> and the last December 25 fixture was in [[1965-66 in English football|1965 in England]], [[1965-66 Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]] beating Blackburn Rovers 4–2.<ref name=bbcbs/> One of the most memorable images of the [[Christmas truce]] during World War I was the games of football played between the opposing sides on Christmas Day 1914.<ref>John Woodcock (November 17, 2013). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10455611/England-v-Germany-when-rivals-staged-beautiful-game-on-the-Somme.html "England v Germany: when rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113529/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10455611/England-v-Germany-when-rivals-staged-beautiful-game-on-the-Somme.html |date=June 12, 2020 }}, ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref>

==Choice of date==
[[File:ChristAsSol.jpg|thumb|right|A mosaic dated to around 300 AD in the [[Tomb of the Julii]], an apparently Christian tomb in the [[Vatican Necropolis]]. Most scholars believe it depicts Jesus as the sun god [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]] / [[Helios]].<ref>Hijmans(2009), p. 570: "To explain the presence of Sol in a Christian mausoleum, scholars suggested that in this case he was not Sol, but Christ depicted in the guise of Sol as the New Light and the Sun of Justice. In the words of Lawrence: 'This is the Sun God, Sol Invictus, but also Christ the light of the world' ... Sol in mausoleum M has become the image of choice to illustrate the gradual ascendency of Christianity in the third century AD and in particular of its appropriation of Roman imagery for Christian purposes. ... While Perler, Wallraff, and others differ on details of the meaning of this Sol-Christ, all agree on the basic Christian interpretation and the identity of Sol as Christ".</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jensen |first1=Robin Margaret |title=Understanding Early Christian Art |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |page=42}}</ref>]]

=== Theories ===
{{main|Date of the birth of Jesus#Day of birth}}

There are several theories as to why December 25 was chosen as the date for Christmas. However, according to theology professor Susan Roll, liturgical historians agree that it was linked in some way with "the sun, the winter solstice and the popularity of solar worship in the later Roman Empire".<ref name="Roll107">Roll, Susan K. ''Toward the Origins of Christmas''. Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 107.</ref> In Roman tradition, December 25 was deemed to be the [[winter solstice]] and March 25 the [[March equinox|spring equinox]], dates that retained significance despite Julian calendar drift.<ref name="Talley1991" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Salzman |first=Michele Renee |title=On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990}}{{page needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> Greco-Roman writers in the second and third centuries called December 25 the birth day of the Sun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger |title=The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=209–210, 254}}</ref><ref>[[Censorinus]], ''The Natal Day'', trans. by W. Maude. Cambridge Encyclopedia Co., 1900. p.33</ref> The early Church linked Jesus to the Sun and referred to him as the 'true Sun' or 'Sun of Righteousness'.<ref name=hijmans>Hijmans, S.E., ''Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome,'' 2009, p. 584.</ref> In the early fifth century, [[Augustine of Hippo]] and [[Maximus of Turin]] preached that it was fitting to celebrate Christ's birth at the winter solstice, because it marked the point when the hours of daylight begin to grow.<ref>Roll, p. 160</ref><ref>St Augustune, Sermon 192, in ''St Augustine: Sermons on the Liturgical Seasons'', translated by Sr Mary Sarah Muldowney. [[Catholic University of America Press]], 1984, p. 34</ref> The use of solar imagery for Christ is understood as part of broader cosmological symbolism in late antiquity, and may not have been direct cultic borrowing.<ref name="Talley1991" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The [[Date of the birth of Jesus#History of religions hypothesis|'history of religions' or 'substitution' theory]] proposes that the Church chose December 25 as Christ's birthday ({{lang|la|dies Natalis Christi}})<ref>Kelly, Joseph F., ''The Origins of Christmas'', Liturgical Press, p. 80</ref> to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival {{lang|la|dies Natalis Solis Invicti}}, the birthday of the god {{lang|la|[[Sol Invictus]]}} (the 'Invincible Sun'). It had been held on this date since 274 AD; before the earliest evidence of Christmas on December 25.<ref name="Forsythe"/><ref name="Bradshaw"/> Professor Gary Forsythe says that the {{lang|la|Natalis Solis Invicti}} followed "the seven-day period of the {{lang|la|[[Saturnalia]]}} (December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since [[Roman Republic|Republican times]], characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts".<ref name="Forsythe"/> Roll says that "the specific nature of the relation" between Christmas and the ''Natalis Solis Invicti'' has not yet been "conclusively proven from extant texts".<ref name="Roll107"/>

The [[Date of the birth of Jesus#Calculation hypothesis|'calculation theory']] proposes that the date arose from Christian chronography rather than from an effort to supplant a pagan festival.<ref name="Bradshaw"/> It was first proposed by [[Louis Duchesne]]. Some early Christians marked [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus's death]] on the day before [[Passover]], the [[Quartodecimanism|14th of Nisan]]. Several third‑century sources correlate this with the spring equinox on March 25. Duchesne conjectured that early Christians believed Jesus was conceived and died on the same date, yielding a March 25 conception and December 25 birth nine months later.<ref name="Talley1991" /><ref name="Roll 87 89">Roll, pp. 87–89</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Paul F. |title=The origins of feasts, fasts, and seasons in early Christianity |last2=Johnson |first2=Maxwell E. |date=2011 |publisher=SPCK [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8146-6244-1 |series=Alcuin Club collections |location=London}}{{page needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> However, he admitted that this belief is not found in any early Christian text.<ref name="Roll 87 89"/> The earliest attestation of a December 25 Nativity may be contemporaneous with or earlier than clear attestations of a December 25 Sol Invictus festival.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hijmans |first=Steven |date=2003 |title=Sol Invictus, the Winter Solstice, and the Origins of Christmas |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/77/article/591296 |journal=Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=377–398 |doi=10.1353/mou.2003.0038 |issn=1913-5416|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Biblical Archaeology Society |date=2025-07-10 |title=How December 25 Became Christmas |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/how-december-25-became-christmas/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Biblical Archaeology Society |language=en}}</ref>

=== Date according to Julian calendar ===
Some jurisdictions of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], including those of [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russia]], [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Georgia]], [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|North Macedonia]], [[Montenegrin Orthodox Church|Montenegro]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbia]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], mark feasts using the older [[Julian calendar]]. Since Christmas 1899 until Christmas 2099 inclusive, there is a difference of 13 days between the Julian calendar and the modern [[Gregorian calendar]]. As a result, December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the calendar used by most governments and people in everyday life. Therefore, the aforementioned Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the day that is internationally considered to be January 7.<ref name="Jan7">{{cite web |url=http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/coptic_calendar/nativitydate.html |title=The Glorious Feast of Nativity: 7 January? 29 Kiahk? 25 December? |publisher=Coptic Orthodox Church Network |first=John |last=Ramzy |access-date=January 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228051302/http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/coptic_calendar/nativitydate.html |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, following the [[Council of Constantinople (1923)|Council of Constantinople in 1923]],<ref name ="nationalgeographic">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-celebrate-christmas-january |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416232858/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-celebrate-christmas-january |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |title=Why some people celebrate Christmas in January |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=December 26, 2019 |website=www.nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic Partners LLC |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> other Orthodox Christians, such as those belonging to the jurisdictions of [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgaria]], [[Church of Greece|Greece]], [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romania]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch|Antioch]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania|Albania]], [[Church of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Finnish Orthodox Church|Finland]], and the [[Orthodox Church in America]], among others, began using the [[Revised Julian calendar]], which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar.<ref name=4Dates>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-christmas|title=Christmas in Bethlehem|website=www.sacred-destinations.com|access-date=June 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616161715/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-christmas|archive-date=June 16, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, these Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the same day that is internationally considered to be December 25.

The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] continues the original ancient [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] practice of celebrating the birth of Christ not as a separate holiday, but on the same day as the celebration of his baptism ([[Epiphany (holiday)#Oriental Orthodox|Theophany]]), which is on January 6. This is a public holiday in Armenia, and it is held on the same day that is internationally considered to be January 6, because since 1923 the Armenian Church in Armenia has used the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th? |url=https://armenianchurch.org.uk/why-do-armenians-celebrate-christmas-on-january-6th/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=armenianchurch.org}}</ref> However, there is also a small [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which maintains the traditional Armenian custom of celebrating the birth of Christ on the same day as Theophany (January 6), but uses the Julian calendar for the determination of that date. As a result, this church celebrates "Christmas" (more properly called Theophany) on the day that is considered January 19 on the Gregorian calendar in use by the majority of the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christmas is here- yet again! |url=https://m.jpost.com/christian-news/christmas-is-here-yet-again-386813 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |work=Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukraine officially moved its Christmas date from January 7 to December 25, to distance itself from the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] that had supported Russia's invasion.<ref name="ukraine-date">{{cite news |last1=Lukiv |first1=Jaroslav |title=Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66341617 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=July 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2023 |title=Ukraine moves official Christmas Day holiday to Dec. 25, denouncing Russian-imposed traditions |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-christmas-orthodox-church-calendar-b658c9ebecc91a470866c34b1c1847eb |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> This followed the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] formally adopting the [[Revised Julian calendar]] for fixed feasts and solemnities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=n.a. |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Orthodox Church Of Ukraine Approves Calendar Switch In Widening Diversion From Russia |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/orthodox-church-ukraine-approves-calendar-switch-russia/32426292.html |access-date=June 18, 2023}}</ref>

=== Table of dates ===
There are four different dates used by different Christian groups to mark the birth of Christ, given in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Church or section
! Calendar
! Date
! Gregorian date
! Note
|-
| [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]
| Julian calendar
| January 6
| January 19
| Correspondence between Julian January 6 and Gregorian January 19 holds until 2100; in the following century the difference will be one day more.
|-
| [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], [[Armenian Evangelical Church]]
| Gregorian calendar
| January 6
| January 6
|
|-
| [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] jurisdictions, including those of [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="bbc-ukr-dec-25">{{cite web|title=Ukraine moves Christmas Day in snub to Russia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66341617|date=July 28, 2023|access-date=July 28, 2023|first=Jaroslav|last=Lukiv|language=en|website=BBC News}}</ref> (state holiday, [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Orthodox]] and [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic]]), [[Church of Greece|Greece]], [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romania]], [[Moldova]] ([[Metropolis of Bessarabia]]), [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch|Antioch]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania|Albania]], [[Church of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Finnish Orthodox Church|Finland]], the [[Orthodox Church in America]].
Also, the [[Ancient Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Indian Orthodox Church]].
| [[Revised Julian calendar]]
| December 25
| December 25
| Revised Julian calendar was agreed at the 1923 Council of Constantinople.<ref name ="nationalgeographic"/>
Although it follows the Julian calendar, the Ancient Church of the East decided on 2010 to celebrate Christmas according to the Gregorian calendar date.
|-
| Other Eastern Orthodox: [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russia]], [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Georgia]], [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]], [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|North Macedonia]], [[Belarusian Orthodox Church|Belarus]], Moldova ([[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova]]), Montenegro, [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbia]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]].
Also, some [[Greek Byzantine Catholic Church|Byzantine Rite Catholics]] and [[Byzantine Rite Lutheranism|Byzantine Rite Lutherans]].
| Julian calendar
| December 25
| January 7
| Correspondence between Julian December 25 and Gregorian January 7 of the following year holds until 2100; from 2101 to 2199 the difference will be one day more.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gregorian and Julian calendars |url=https://universemagazine.com/en/gregorian-and-julian-calendars-2/ |website=UNIVERSE SPACE TECH |access-date=5 December 2025 |date=5 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Coptic Orthodox Church]]
| [[Coptic calendar]]
| [[Koiak]] 29 or 28 (December 25)
| January 7
| After the Coptic insertion of a leap day in what for the Julian calendar is August (September in Gregorian), Christmas is celebrated on Koiak 28 in order to maintain the exact interval of nine 30-day months and 5 days of the child's gestation.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
|- id="Genna"
| [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] (sole date), [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] (sole date), and [[P'ent'ay|P'ent'ay (Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical) Churches]] (primary date)
| [[Ethiopian calendar]]
| [[Ethiopian Calendar|Tahsas]] 29 or 28 (December 25)
| January 7
| {{Further|Ethiopian Christmas}}After the Ethiopian and Eritrean insertion of a leap day in what for the Julian calendar is August (September in Gregorian), Christmas (also called Liddet or Gena, also Ledet or Genna)<ref>[http://ethiopianorthodox.org/english/calendar.html The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith and Order - Religious Holidays and Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183552/http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/calendar.html |date=October 29, 2021 }}></ref> is celebrated on Tahsas 28 in order to maintain the exact interval of nine 30-day months and 5 days of the child's gestation.<ref>Siegbert Uhlig, ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'' He-N, p. 538</ref>
Most Protestants ([[P'ent'ay]]/Evangelicals) in the diaspora have the option of choosing the [[Ethiopian calendar]] ([[Ethiopian Calendar|Tahsas]] 29/January 7) or the [[Gregorian calendar]] (December 25) for religious holidays, with this option being used when the corresponding [[Eastern Christianity|eastern celebration]] is not a public holiday in the western world (with most diaspora Protestants celebrating both days).{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
| Most [[Western Christianity|Western Christian churches]], most [[Eastern Catholic churches]] and civil calendars; also the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].
| Gregorian calendar
| December 25
| December 25
| The Assyrian Church of the East adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1964.
|}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economics of Christmas}}

Christmas is typically a peak selling season for retailers in many nations around the world; sales increase dramatically during this time as people purchase gifts, decorations, and supplies to celebrate. In the United States, the "Christmas shopping season" starts as early as October.<ref>Varga, Melody. ''About:Retail Industry''. {{Cite web |url=http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/g/black_friday.htm |title=Black Friday | What is Black Friday? |access-date=December 7, 2006 |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517171329/http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/g/black_friday.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Canada, merchants begin advertising campaigns before [[Halloween]] (October 31) and step up their marketing following Remembrance Day on November 11. In the UK and Ireland, the Christmas shopping season starts from mid-November, around the time when high street [[Christmas lights]] are turned on.<ref>[http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/south-molton-street-christmas-lights-feature-3530.html "South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119043958/http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/whatson/south-molton-street-christmas-lights-feature-3530.html |date=November 19, 2010 }} (November 16, 2010), ''View London.co.uk''.</ref><ref name=gar>Kollewe, Julia, (November 29, 2010), [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/29/christmas-shopping-spree-starts "West End spree worth £250m marks start of Christmas shopping season"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221072147/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/29/christmas-shopping-spree-starts |date=December 21, 2016 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> A concept devised by retail entrepreneur [[David Lewis (English merchant)|David Lewis]], the first [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] opened in [[Lewis's]] department store in Liverpool, England in 1879.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liverpool's record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> In the United States, it has been calculated that a quarter of all personal spending takes place during the Christmas/holiday shopping season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economics Report – Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S. |date=December 3, 2004 |author=Gwen Outen |url=http://voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-03-2-1.cfm |publisher=Voice of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303072926/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-03-2-1.cfm |archive-date=March 3, 2009 }}</ref> Figures from the [[US Census Bureau]] reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8{{nbsp}}billion in November 2004 to $31.9{{nbsp}}billion in December 2004, an increase of 54 percent. In other sectors, the pre-Christmas increase in spending was even greater, there being a November–December buying surge of 100 percent in bookstores and 170 percent in jewelry stores. In the same year employment in American retail stores rose from 1.6{{nbsp}}million to 1.8{{nbsp}}million in the two months leading up to Christmas.<ref>US Census Bureau. [https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005870.html "Facts. The Holiday Season"] December 19, 2005. (accessed November 30, 2009) [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100507013857/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/Press%2DRelease/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005870%2Ehtml Archived copy] at the [[Library of Congress]] (May 7, 2010).</ref> Industries completely dependent on Christmas include [[Christmas card]]s, of which 1.9{{nbsp}}billion are sent in the United States each year, and live Christmas trees, of which 20.8{{nbsp}}million were cut in the US in 2002.<ref>US Census 2005.</ref> In the UK in 2010, up to £8{{nbsp}}billion was expected to be spent online at Christmas, approximately a quarter of total retail festive sales.<ref name=gar />

In most Western nations, Christmas Day is the least active day of the year for business and commerce; almost all retail, commercial and institutional businesses are closed, and almost all industries cease activity (more than any other day of the year), whether laws require such or not. In [[England and Wales]], the [[Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004]] prevents all large shops from trading on Christmas Day. Similar legislation was approved in Scotland in 2007. [[Film studio]]s release many high-budget movies during the holiday season, including Christmas films, fantasy movies or high-tone dramas with high production values to hopes of maximizing the chance of nominations for the [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zauzmer|first=Ben|date=January 31, 2020|title=Oscar Seasons: The Intersection of Data and the Academy Awards|url=https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/6lpet0sx|journal=Harvard Data Science Review|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.1162/99608f92.6230ce9f|s2cid=213681214|access-date=November 15, 2021|doi-access=free}}</ref>

One economist's analysis calculates that despite increased overall spending, Christmas is a [[deadweight loss]] under orthodox [[microeconomic theory]], because of the effect of gift-giving. This loss is calculated as the difference between what the gift giver spent on the item and what the gift receiver would have paid for the item. It is estimated that in 2001, Christmas resulted in a $4{{nbsp}}billion deadweight loss in the US alone.<ref name="Deadweight">Joel Waldfogel "[https://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs/freakonomics/pdf/WaldfogelDeadweightLossXmas.pdf The Deadweight Loss of Christmas]" (PDF), ''American Economic Review'', December 1993, '''83''' (5). Retrieved December 25, 2023.</ref><ref name="econ">[http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=885748 "Is Santa a deadweight loss?"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221102605/http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=885748 |date=December 21, 2005 }}). ''The Economist'' December 20, 2001.</ref> Because of complicating factors, this analysis is sometimes used to discuss possible flaws in current microeconomic theory. Other deadweight losses include the effects of Christmas on the environment and the fact that material gifts are often perceived as [[white elephant]]s, imposing cost for upkeep and storage and contributing to clutter.<ref>Reuters. [http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=9475 "Christmas is Damaging the Environment, Report Says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312225752/http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=9475 |date=March 12, 2007 }}, December 16, 2005.</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Galerie Lafayette Haussmann Dome.jpg|Christmas decorations at the [[Galeries Lafayette]] department store in Paris, France. The Christmas season is the busiest trading period for retailers.
File:Frankfurt am Main - Frankfurter Weihnachtsmarkt (2025) 1.jpg|[[Frankfurt Christmas Market|Christmas market]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany
File:Monthly Changes in Currency.jpg|Each year (most notably 2000) [[Federal Reserve System|money supply in US banks]] is increased for Christmas shopping.
</gallery>

== Prohibition ==
{{Main|Christmas controversies}}

[[File:Bezbozhnik u stanka - Run along, Lord, 1931, n. 22.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine {{transliteration|ru|[[Bezbozhnik (magazine)|Bezbozhnik]]}}, published by the [[League of Militant Atheists]], depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to take home a tree for the celebration of [[Christmastide]], which was banned under the Marxist–Leninist doctrine of [[state atheism]]<ref name="Harper1999">{{cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Timothy |title=Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man's Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/moscowmadness00timo |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-026700-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/moscowmadness00timo/page/72 72] }}</ref>]]

Christmas has been the subject of controversy and attacks from various sources, both Christian and non-Christian. Historically, it was prohibited by [[Puritans]] during their ascendency in the [[Commonwealth of England]] (1647–1660) and in [[Colonial New England]] where the Puritans outlawed the celebration of Christmas in 1659 on the grounds that Christmas was not mentioned in Scripture and therefore violated the [[regulative principle of worship]].<ref name="puritans-uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml|title=Marta Patiño, The Puritan Ban on Christmas|publisher=Timetravel-britain.com|access-date=February 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301212323/http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml|archive-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name="puritans-usa">[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1868506_1868508_1868518,00.html Christmas in the Colonies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225064533/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1868506_1868508_1868518,00.html |date=December 25, 2011 }} ''Time''. Retrieved December 25, 2011.</ref> The [[Parliament of Scotland]], which was dominated by [[Presbyterian]]s, passed a series of acts outlawing the observance of Christmas between 1637 and 1690; Christmas Day did not become [[Christmas in Scotland|a public holiday in Scotland]] until 1871.<ref name="scotland-1871" /><ref name="Daniels89">Daniels, Bruce Colin (1995). Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, {{ISBN|978-0-312-16124-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roark|first1=James|last2=Johnson|first2=Michael|last3=Cohen|first3=Patricia|last4=Stage|first4=Sarah|last5=Lawson|first5=Alan|last6=Hartmann|first6=Susan|title=Understanding the American Promise: A History, Volume I: To 1877|year=2011|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=91}}</ref> Today, some conservative Reformed denominations such as the [[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]] and the [[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] likewise reject the celebration of Christmas based on the regulative principle and what they see as its non-Scriptural origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Should Christians Celebrate Christmas?|publisher=Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland|access-date=February 3, 2025|url=https://www.fpchurch.org.uk/about-us/how-we-worship/no-christian-festivals/should-christians-celebrate-christmas/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Minutes of Session of 1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/minutesofreforme1905refo/page/130/mode/2up |access-date=December 25, 2023 |publisher=Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America|date=1905|page=130}}</ref> Celebrating Christmas is banned in the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], as the [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses|Governing Body]] believes that Christmas is originally pagan and without basis in Scripture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 29, 2009 |title=Witnesses: Jehovah's Witnesses at a glance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/ataglance/glance.shtml |access-date=December 3, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Christmas celebrations have also been prohibited by [[State atheism|atheist states]] such as the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-07-mn-5892-story.html|title= A Russian Christmas—Better Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin's Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy|last= Goldberg|first= Carey|date= January 7, 1991|work= [[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date= August 11, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093318/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-07/news/mn-5892_1_russian-christmas-traditions|archive-date= December 22, 2015|url-status= live}}</ref> and in 2015 by the majority Muslim states of [[Somalia]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Brunei]].<ref name="christmas2015bans">{{cite news|last1=Woolf|first1=Nicky|title=Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia, Tajikistan and Brunei| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/23/christmas-banned-somalia-tajikistan-brunei|access-date=August 10, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=December 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826052214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/23/christmas-banned-somalia-tajikistan-brunei|archive-date=August 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

As Christmas celebrations began to spread globally even outside traditional [[Christian culture]]s, several Muslim-majority countries began to ban the observance of Christmas, claiming it undermined [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/12067683/Somalia-joins-Brunei-by-banning-Christmas-celebrations-to-protect-Islam.html|title=Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations 'to protect Islam'|date=December 24, 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064440/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/12067683/Somalia-joins-Brunei-by-banning-Christmas-celebrations-to-protect-Islam.html|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[Iraq]]i Council of Ministers amended the national holidays law in order to designate Christmas Day (December 25) an official nationwide holiday which is to be celebrated by all Iraqis instead of only the country's [[Iraqi Christians|Christian minority]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/25/world/iraq-christmas-holiday|title=Iraq officially makes Christmas Day a national holiday|website=CNN |date=December 25, 2018 }}</ref> In 2023, public Christmas celebrations were cancelled in [[Bethlehem]], the city synonymous with the birth of Jesus. [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] leaders of various Christian denominations cited the [[Gaza war|ongoing Israel–Gaza war]] in their unanimous decision to cancel celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/16/1219245873/bethlehem-christmas-gaza-israel|title=There's no Christmas in Bethlehem this year. With war in Gaza, festivities are off|date=December 16, 2023|accessdate=December 23, 2023|last=Neuman|first=Scott|work=NPR}}</ref>

The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael |title=Religious Minorities and China |url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-140-Religious-Minorities-and-China.pdf |access-date=December 25, 2023 |date=2001 |publisher=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref> and has conducted [[Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party|antireligious campaigns]] to this end.<ref name="BuangChew2014">{{cite book|last1=Buang|first1=Sa'eda|last2=Chew|first2=Phyllis Ghim-Lian|title=Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives|date=May 9, 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-81500-6|page=75}}</ref> In December 2018, officials raided Christian churches prior to Christmastide and coerced them to close; Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed.<ref name="BBC2018">{{cite web |title=Alarm over China's Church crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=December 18, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105171647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46588650 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=December 18, 2018|access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112085857/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|Holidays}}
* [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading]] from lunar orbit, December 24, 1968
* {{Annotated link|Christmas by medium}}
* {{Annotated link|Christmas in July}}
* {{Annotated link|Christmas Peace}}
* {{Annotated link|Christmas Sunday}}
* [[List of Christmas films]]
* {{Annotated link|List of Christmas novels}}
* {{Annotated link|Little Christmas}}
* [[Mithraism in comparison with other belief systems#December 25]]
* {{Annotated link|Nochebuena}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bowler, Gerry, ''The World Encyclopedia of Christmas'' (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart). {{ISBN|978-0-7710-1535-9}}.
* Bowler, Gerry, ''Santa Claus: A Biography'' (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart). {{ISBN|978-0-7710-1668-4}}.
* Comfort, David, ''Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties'' (November 1995: Fireside). {{ISBN|978-0-684-80057-8}}.
* Count, Earl W., ''4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages'' (November 1997: Ulysses Press). {{ISBN|978-1-56975-087-2}}.
* Federer, William J., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions&pg=PP1 There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144712/https://books.google.com/books?id=NngtujclaxoC&pg=PP1&dq=There%20Really%20Is%20a%20Santa%20Claus%3A%20The%20History%20of%20St.%20Nicholas%20%26%20Christmas%20Holiday%20Traditions |date=December 25, 2022 }} (December 2002: Amerisearch). {{ISBN|978-0-9653557-4-2}}.
* Kelly, Joseph F., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas&pg=PP1 The Origins of Christmas]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144712/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERahko4FXJgC&pg=PP1&dq=The%20Origins%20of%20Christmas |date=December 25, 2022 }} (August 2004: Liturgical Press). {{ISBN|978-0-8146-2984-0}}.
* {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |last=Martindale |first=Cyril |wstitle=Christmas |volume=3}}
* Miles, Clement A., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions&pg=PP1 Christmas Customs and Traditions]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144713/https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&pg=PP1&dq=Christmas%20Customs%20and%20Traditions |date=December 25, 2022 }} (1976: Dover Publications). {{ISBN|978-0-486-23354-3}}.
* Nissenbaum, Stephen, ''The Battle for Christmas'' (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). {{ISBN|0-679-74038-4}}.
* {{cite book|title=Christmas in America: A History|first=Penne L.|last=Restad|url=https://archive.org/details/christmasinameri0000rest|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-509300-1}}
* Rosenthal, Jim, ''St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas'' (July 2006: Nelson Reference). {{ISBN|1-4185-0407-6}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Birth of Christ|first=Peter|last=Sammons|date=May 2006|publisher=Glory to Glory Publications (UK)|isbn=978-0-9551790-1-3}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Christmas |volume=6 |pages=293–294|short=1}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|mw=no|n=Category:Christmas|d=Q19809|b=Category:Christmas recipes}}
* [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-christmas-nmahphc/Yd8jtKDBHytbjg0B Christmas collection] at the [[National Museum of American History|Smithsonian National Museum of American History]]
* ''[[gutenberg:22042|Christmas: Its Origin and Associations]]'', by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* ''[[gutenberg:18908|Christmas: its origin, celebration and significance as related in prose and verse]]'', by [[Robert Haven Schauffler]], 1907

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Valsad–Dahod Intercity Express

2026-03-22T13:00:10Z

Tanu14:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Valsad - Dahod Intercity Express
| logo =
| image = Valsad Dahod Intercity Express.jpg
| caption = Valsad Dahod Intercity Express arriving [[Ankleshwar Junction railway station|Ankleshwar Junction]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|2025|05|27|df=yes}}
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway (WR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Valsad}} '''(BL)'''
| end = [[Dahod railway station|Dahod]] '''(DHD)'''
| stops = 14
| distance = {{convert|346|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5h 50m
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 19011 / 19012
| line_used =
| class = General Unreserved, AC Reserved Chair Car, AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, <br/>{{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| map = [[File:Valsad Dahod Intercity Express Route Map.png]]
}}

The 19011 / 19012 '''Valsad–Dahod Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between the city [[Valsad railway station|Valsad]] to [[Dahod railway station|Dahod]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='Mondal' |first='Anish' |date=26 May 2025 |title=Valsad to Dahod Superfast Special to commence inaugural run today; check train number, travel time, timings, stoppages, ticket price |work=[[ET Now]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Agarwal' |first='Sushma' |date=26 May 2025 |title=PM Modi flags off Vande Bharat, Valsad-Dahod Express: Route, stoppages and more |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=4}}</ref>

It operates as train number 19011 from [[Valsad railway station|Valsad]] to [[Dahod railway station|Dahod]] and as train number 19012 in the reverse direction, serving the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='Singh' |first='Harbar' |date=25 May 2025 |title=Gujarat to get another new train; Western Railway to introduce Valsad – Dahod Express |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== Services ==
• 19011/ Valsad–Dahod Intercity Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 346 km in 5h 50m.

• 19012/ Dahod–Valsad Intercity Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 346 km in 8h 10m.

== Routes and halts ==
The Important Halts of the train are :

● '''[[Valsad railway station|Valsad]]'''

● [[Bilimora Junction railway station|Bilimora Junction]]

● [[Navsari railway station|Navsari]]

● [[Surat railway station|Surat]]

● [[Ankleshwar Junction railway station|Ankleshwar Junction]]

● [[Bharuch Junction railway station|Bharuch Junction]]

● [[Miyagam Karjan Junction railway station|Miyagam Karjan Junction]]

● [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]]

● [[Samlaya Junction railway station|Samlaya Junction]]

● [[Derol railway station|Derol]]

● [[Godhra Junction railway station|Godhra Junction]]

● [[Piplod railway station|Piplod]]

● [[Limkheda railway station|Limkheda]]

● '''[[Dahod railway station|Dahod]]'''

== Schedule ==
• 19011 - 5:15 AM (Daily) [Valsad]

• 19012 - 11:15 AM (Daily) [Dahod]

== Coach composition ==

# General Unreserved - 9
# AC Chair Car - 2
# AC Reserved Chair - 4

== Traction ==
As the entire route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Valsad railway station|Valsad]] to [[Dahod railway station|Dahod]] and vice versa.

== Rake share ==
The train will Rake Sharing with [[Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express]] (20959/20960).

== See also ==
Trains from [[Valsad railway station|Valsad]] :

# [[Valsad–Puri Superfast Express]]
# [[Valsad–Haridwar Superfast Express]]
# [[Valsad–Jodhpur Weekly Express]]
# [[Udyog Karmi Express]]
# [[Gujarat Queen]]

Trains from [[Dahod railway station|Dahod]] :

# [[Dahod–Bhopal Fast Passenger]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs daily in a week with both directions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valsad-Dahod Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Dahod]]
[[Category:Transport in Valsad]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2025]]

Lokenath Brahmachari

2026-03-20T14:23:14Z

Tanu14: reworked details per sources for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Bengali-Hindu yogi and guru (1730–1890)}}
{{better sources needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Lokenath Brahmachari
| native_name = লোকনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী
| image = Baba Lokenath Brahmachari.jpg
| caption = Lokenath Brahmachari
| birth_date = 31 August 1730
| birth_place = [[Kachua, West Bengal|Kachua]]
| death_date = 1 June 1890 (aged 159)
| death_place = Kolkata, Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_cause = [[Old age]]
| occupation = Saint, Spiritual teacher
| known_for = Spiritual teachings
| nationality =
| religion = Hinduism
| guru =
| disciples = 
}}
'''Lokenath Brahmachari''' ({{langx|bn|লোকনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী}}; born 31 August 1730<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=জন্মাষ্টমীতে রয়েছে বাবা লোকনাথের জন্মতিথি, কেমন ছিল তাঁর আধ্যাত্মিক জীবন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/tomorrow-is-baba-lokenath-birthday-know-who-was-he-and-his-miraculous-biography-31724575724535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913170002/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/tomorrow-is-baba-lokenath-birthday-know-who-was-he-and-his-miraculous-biography-31724575724535.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web | date=2025-08-16 | title= 1730 Krishna Janmastami date for New Delhi, NCT, India |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/1730-krishna-janmashtami-date-for-new-delhi-nct-india | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 16, 2025 | access-date=2026-03-07 | website = Drikpanchang | language=en}}</ref> – died 1 June 1890)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=IE Bangla Lifestyle |title=Loknath Brahmachari: প্রয়াণ দিবস সকলে মনে রাখে, কিন্তু জানেন কি লোকনাথ বাবার জন্মদিন কবে? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/baba-loknath-biography-life-teachings-9770078 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref> was a revered 18th–19th century [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[yogi]] and [[Hindu sants|Hindu saint]] from [[Bengal]]. He is popularly known as '''Baba Lokenath''' among his devotees and is remembered for his ascetic lifestyle, deep meditation, and teachings that transcend religious boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baba Loknath biography, life & teachings |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/baba-loknath-biography-life-teachings-9770078?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Indian Express (Bengali)}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lokenath was born in [[Kachua, West Bengal|Kachua]], in present-day [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Birth anniversary of Sri Loknath Baba |url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/satsanga/religious-news/birth-anniversary-of-sri-loknath-baba/articleshow/65644479.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Ei Samay}}</ref> His parents were Ramnarayan Ghoshal and Kamala Devi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baba Lokenath Brahmachari Biography in Bengali |url=https://www.bhugolshiksha.com/2025/08/baba-lokenath-brahmachari-biography-in-bengali/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Bhugol Shiksha}}</ref> At a young age, he embraced the celibate life ([[brahmacharya]]) and undertook spiritual practices under the guidance of his guru.<ref name="auto"/>

== Spiritual journey ==
Lokenath traveled widely, undertaking rigorous meditation and tapasya in the Himalayas.<ref name="auto"/> According to traditions, he spent decades in deep spiritual practice, ultimately attaining siddhi (spiritual realization).<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Teachings of Baba Lokenath |url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/satsanga/pravachan/teachings-of-baba-lokenath-follow-the-footsteps-of-lokenath-brahmachari/articleshow/95157975.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Ei Samay}}</ref> His teachings emphasized self-reflection, discipline, and the importance of conquering negative impulses such as anger and ego.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Teachings and legacy ==
Some of his most famous maxims include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokenath Brahmachari Quotes: অন্ধকার সময়েও পথ দেখাবে, বাবা লোকনাথের এই বাণী মুহূর্তে মনের জোর ফেরাবে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/lokenath-brahmachari-insipring-quotes-in-bengali-lokenath-baba-vani-mantra-loknath-baba-photos-tirodhan-dibos-bangla-joy-baba-loknath-matra-puja-soc-1223086-2025-06-02 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
* “Whenever you face danger — in war, forest, water or jungle — remember me; I will protect you.”<ref name="auto"/>
* “Be proud, but not arrogant; be angry, but not blinded by rage.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Loknath Baba Quotes |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/loknath-baba-quotes-in-bengali-to-face-tough-times-lokenath-brahmachari-jonmo-tithi-vani-soc-1261832-2025-08-15?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Aaj Tak Bangla}}</ref>
* “Listen to what the mind says, but do not abandon self-evaluation … without respect for the words of sages and scriptures, real self-assessment is not possible.”<ref name="auto1"/>

Lokenath's life and message continue to inspire many. His death day is observed by his followers.<ref>{{cite web |title=129th death anniversary of Loknath Brahmachari |url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/rituals-and-festivals/hindu/129th-death-anniversary-of-loknath-brahmachari/articleshow/69631183.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Ei Samay}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:1730 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monks]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/December 2006

2026-03-20T06:53:05Z

Tanu14: Starting new data

== [[Image:Flag_of_India.svg|28px]] WikiProject India Newsletter: Volume I, Issue 3 - December 2006==

{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px; font-size:0.90em;"
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*'''''Members List''''': The [[Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics/Members|old]] members list is being phased out to give way for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Members|new members list]]. New members are requested to add their names to the new [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Members|members list]]. As the newsletter grows, further issues of the Project Newsletter will be delivered to those enlisted in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Members|new list]]. So dash down now, to check if ur name is in there.

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Shrinathji

2026-03-19T09:29:15Z

Tanu14: cleanup

{{short description|Form of Krishna, manifest as a seven-year-old child}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Shrinathji
| image = Shrinathji Vitthalanath Birthday Shringar.jpg
| caption = Painting of Shrinathji, c. 1840
| affiliation = [[Krishnaism]]-[[Vaishnavism]]
| region = Nathdwara
| venerated_in = [[Pushtimarg]]
| temple = Shrinathji Temple
}}

'''Shrinathji''' is a form of [[Krishna]], manifested as a seven-year-old child.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1464465|title=Book Review: "Krishna as Shrinathji: Rajasthani Paintings from Nathdvara" by Amit Ambalal, for Journal of the American Academy of Religion, June, 1988|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |date=1988 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=765–767 |jstor=1464465 |last1=Lutzker |first1=Mary-Ann |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LVI.4.765 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Shrinathji is the central presiding deity of the [[Vaishnava]] sect known as [[Pushtimarg]] (''the way of grace'') or the Vallabha Sampradaya, established by saint [[Vallabhacharya]].

Shrinathji is worshipped mainly by followers of [[Bhakti Yoga]] and the Vaishnavas in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mewar Encyclopedia |url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Nathdwara |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726164023/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Nathdwara |archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> as well as the [[Bhatia (caste)|Bhatias]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhatia Community Mission Foundation (Bhatia Community All Clicks) |url=http://bhatiacommunity.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628172717/http://www.bhatiacommunity.org/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> among others.

[[Vitthal Nathji]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA245|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|first=Amaresh|last=Datta|date=14 April 1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> son of [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabhacharya]] institutionalised the worship of Shrinathji at Nathdwara.<ref name="blessingsonthenet_com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blessingsonthenet.com/travel/showplace4.asp?place=Nathdwara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929162317/http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/travel/showplace4.asp?place=Nathdwara|url-status=dead|title=Blessingsonthenet|archivedate=29 September 2011|website=www.blessingsonthenet.com}}</ref> On account of the popularity of Shrinathji, Nathdwara city itself is referred to as ‘Shrinathji’.<ref>[https://www.vnvtours.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-visit-shrinathji-temple-nathdwara/ Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara]</ref> People also call it Bava's (Shreenathji Bava) Nagri. Initially, the child Krishna deity was referred to as Devadāman ("''the conqueror of Gods''", referring to the overpowering of Indra by [[Krishna]] in the lifting of Govardhan hill).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWqPwWpkhg0C&pg=PA183|title=Yatra 2 Yatra|date=14 April 2009|publisher=Yatra2Yatra|via=Google Books}}</ref> Vallabhacharya named him as [[Gopala-Krishna|Gopala]] and the place of his worship as ‘Gopalpur’. Later, Vitthal Nathji named the deity as Shrinathji. Shrinathji's seva is performed in 8 parts of the day. The principal shrine of Shrinathji is the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in the temple city of [[Nathdwara]], 48 kilometres north-east of [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur city]] in [[Rajasthan]], India.

==History==

According to the legend, the icon of Shrinathji [[Svayambhu|self-manifested]] from stone and emerged from [[Govardhan Hill]]. Historically, the image of Shrinathji was first worshipped at Govardhan hill, near [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmcLLEBmPHwC&pg=PA45|title=Art and Artists of Rajasthan: A Study on the Art & Artists of Mewar with Reference to Western Indian School of Painting|first=Rādhākr̥shṇa|last=Vaśishṭha|date=14 April 1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-284-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The image was initially shifted from Mathura in 1672 A.D. along river [[Yamuna]] and was retained at [[Agra]] for almost six months, to safeguard it from, according to legend, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ruler [[Aurangzeb]], who wanted to destroy the idol.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA178|title=The Mughal Empire|first=John F.|last=Richards|date=14 April 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Subsequently, the image was transferred further south on a chariot to a safer place to protect it from the iconoclasm of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA238|title=The Rough Guide to India|first1=David|last1=Abram|first2=Rough|last2=Guides (Firm)|date=14 April 2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref> When the icon reached the spot at village Sihad or Sinhad in [[Mewar]], the wheels of the chariot are said to have sunken into the mud and could not be moved any further. The accompanying priests realized that the place was the Shrinathji's chosen spot and, accordingly, the icon was installed in a temple there under the rule and protection of the then Maharana [[Raj Singh I|Raj Singh]] of Mewar. No other Hindu ruler was ready to take the image into his kingdom, as it would mean opposing Aurangzeb, who was the most intolerant man in India at that time.<ref>Maharana Raj Singh and His Times pg 29</ref>

In the anomical environment of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the temple of Shrinathji was attacked by the Medas and the [[Pindari]]s. Accordingly, the icon was shifted again and was protected at Udaipur and Ghasiyar under the patronage of Maharana Bheem Singh of Mewar.

==Nathdwara Temple or Haveli==
{{main|Shrinathji Temple}}
[[File:Gateway To Temple, Nathdwara.jpg|thumb|right|Gate of the [[Shrinathji Temple]]]]
The Nathdwara temple was built in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/temples/nathdwara-temple.html|title=Nathdwara Temple- Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara, Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara Rajasthan, Shrinathji Temple India|website=www.udaipur.org.uk}}</ref> The temple is popularly called ''Shrinathji ki [[Haveli]]'' (House of Shrinathji). Like a regular mansion, it has a chariot for movement (the original chariot in which Shrinathji was brought to Singhar), a store room for milk (''Doodhghar''), a store room for betel (''Paanghar''), a store room for sugar and sweets (''Mishrighar'' and ''Pedaghar''), a store room for flowers (''Phoolghar''), a functional kitchen (''Rasoighar''), a jewellery chamber (''Gahnaghar''), a treasury (''Kharcha bhandaar''), a stable for horses of the chariot (''Ashvashala''), a drawing room (''Baithak''), a gold and silver grinding wheel (''Chakki'').

Nathdwara is known as the "[[Braj|Vraj]]" of western India. Over 100,000 Hindus visit Nathdwara in a year.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Icon at Nathdwara==
[[File:Nathdwara srinathji.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nathdwara]] Srinathji at representing the autumn Annakuta Festival. Late 18th century.]]

The icon is carved in [[bas-relief]] out of a monolithic black [[marble]] stone,<ref name="blessingsonthenet_com" /> with images of two cows, one lion, one snake, two peacocks, and one parrot engraved on it and three sages placed near it. The icon of Shrinathji wears exquisitely worked jewels, some dating back to the pre-Mughal period.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ieypjy0k2TsC&pg=PA6254|title=Indian Encyclopaedia|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=14 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Shrinathji is adorned with intricately woven ''shaneels'' and silk clothes having original ''[[zari]]'' and embroidery works. The icon changes its clothes (''vastra'') eight times a day. During festive days like [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtmi]], [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]], the icon wears dresses which are woven with gold wires and diamond-studded embroidery. Once worn, the clothes are not reused, but given to devotees.

==Festivals and rituals at the temple==
The Shrinathji temple at Nathdwara celebrates, on average, three festivals in a week.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/> As regards daily routine, the inner sanctum is opened 8 times a day for devotees to undertake sacred darshan of the deity.
Very elaborate and complex rituals have emerged around the worship of Shrinathji due to confluence and inter-mixing of bhakti of Krishna as well as that of Pushti Margi Shri Vallabhacharya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA142|title=Hindu Art|first=T. Richard|last=Blurton|date=14 April 1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

The main attractions of Shrinathji are the [[Aarti]]s and the ''Shringar'', i.e., the dressing and beautifying of the icon of Shrinathji, treating it as a living child, adorning it with the appropriate dresses commensurate with the time of day or night. The formal prayers are offered with ''diya'', flowers, fruit, and other offerings, with local instruments and devotional songs of the Shrinathji, according to the demand of the time and occasion. The view of the icon after the ''parda'' (curtain) is removed is called ''jhakhi''.

The gadipatis and acharyas in the Havelis of Shrinathji are believed to be from the ''kul'' (descendants) of Shri Mahaprabhuji, [[Vallabhacharya]], the founder of this deity's icon at Govardhan hill, near [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. Presently, Shrinathji is worshipped by priests from this ''kul'' (genealogical descendants) of Vallabh Acharya. In the rest of the world, a [[Gurjar]] of a special sect who has initiation and agya (permission) performs the worship of Shrinathji.

Devotees throng to the shrine in large numbers during occasions of [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]]. The deity is treated like a living image, and is attended with daily normal functions, like bathing, dressing, meals called "Prasad", and resting times in regular intervals. Since the deity is believed to be a child form of Krishna, special care is taken and attention is given to the deity, in the same way a mother would to her child.

[[Krishna Janmashtami]], the birth anniversary of Krishna, is celebrated with the salute of cannons and guns at Nathdwara temple of Shrinathji in Rajasthan.

People not only from the internal regions of Rajasthan but also from Gujarat and Maharashtra visit Nathdwara to witness Krishna's seraphic festival. Here, important arrangements are made by the temple trust for security at the police and administrative levels. The temple is decorated with attractive lighting for the festival. The entire city of Nathdwara reverberates owing to the melodious sound of the drum, trumpet, and clarinet at the main entrance of the temple. A series of congratulatory exchanges began pouring in a month earlier, from the Ashtami of Shravan of the Krishna.
According to the confirmation order, Shri Krishna Janmotsav is not celebrated as a public exhibition at night, but on the second day, as the Nandamahotsav, that is, by affirming 'Nand Gher Anand Bhayo, Jai Kanhaiya Lal ki’ in the presence of Tilakayat Maharaj Shree and his family, Brajvasi Sevakgan (Brigadian staff), Mukhiyaji (Headman), and Shrinathji along with spattering of milk and curd while dancing in front of them.

===Daily ritual of 8 darshans===

====Legend====
The [[Gopi|gopikas]] of Vraj used to love the Lord so much, they would be at Yashoda's door at all hours, finding any excuse to see their beloved Nanda Gopal. Mother [[Yashoda]] was very protective of her darling child. Concerned that with all these adoring gopis hanging around her house at all hours of the day, her darling child will never get any time to rest or play properly with his friends. So she decided that all those who wish to visit her beloved Bala Gopal could do so after he had finished a snack or a meal, and was resting before going out again.

====Ritual====
Taking a legend as his cue, Mahaprabhu [[Vallabhacharya]] decided to open the haveli, his own version of the Nandalay (House / Palace of Nanda, foster father of Krishna), at specific times of the day only. Acharya set aside eight times of the day when the doors of the inner sanctum would be left open for the people to catch a glimpse ("jakhi") of the Lord. The rest of the time, the Lord was allowed to go out and play with His friends—gopas and gopies of Vraj.

The sequence of '''eight darshans''' is set out below.
# '''Mangala''': First darshan of the day. Lord, having woken up, has just had His breakfast and greets his devotees with the most "auspicious" darshan of the day. This darshan usually occurs at dawn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.singerasifjeriya.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/|title=मंगला दर्शन की भावना {{!}} Singer Asif Jeriya|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030022047/http://www.singerasifjeriya.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# '''Shringar''': Having bathed and dressed her little darling, Mother Yashoda allows everyone to adore her baby. After this darshan, the Lord goes out to play with His friends.
# '''Gval''': Having had his mid-morning snack, the Lord is about to go out to herd the cows of Nandaji. Lord is worshipped by reciting His thousand names, and the sacred tulsi (basil) leaves are offered with each Name.
# '''Rajbhog''': After His mid-day meal, the Lord is resting in the comfort of Nanadalay. Lord is often most regal and resplendent for this darshan. Fresh garlands and lotuses are offered to the Lord. During the arti, the Lord plays chopat, an ancient board game or version of chess to while away the hot afternoon.
# '''Utthanpan''': The Lord has just woken up from His afternoon nap.
# '''Bhog''': Having had His afternoon snack, the Lord is about to go out to play again.
# '''Sandhya''': As the sun dips over the western horizon, the Lord returns with the herds of Nandaji, and the gopis come to see their beloved. Mother Yashoda wards off any evil that may have befallen her darling in the woods of Vraj, by doing an art, and the Lord bathes for the evening meal.
# '''Shayan''': Having had His dinner, the Lord is about to go off to his bedchamber. This is the last public darshan of the day.

The outline of darshans given above is a general layout. Over the centuries, different Goswamis have interpreted the "bhavas" and "lilas" differently, resulting in a mixture of oral and ritual traditions followed by the various havelies of Pushti Marg. For example, Shrinathji, having left His beloved Vraj, misses it so dearly that for six months of the year, He runs back to Vraj for the shayan darshan. So, from Mangala to Sandhya arti, the Lord is reckoned to be in Nathadwara. After the arti, He rushes over, in His spiritual form, to play with the gopis of Vraj. Hence, Shayan arti takes place at Mount Govardhan for the warm half of the year. During the cold months, running over to Vraj is not such a practical option, and hence the shayan darshan takes place at Nathadwara. Here, the bhava of Gopijan's viraha and Raasa-Rasika's unique lila are of paramount importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pushti-marg.net/daily.htm|title=Daily|website=www.pushti-marg.net}}</ref>

==In art and culture==
Shrinathji followers have a significant influence on Hindu art in the form of the [[Pichhwai]]s, which are intricate and colourful paintings on cloth, paper, walls, and temple hangings that portray Shrinathji. These are devotional textiles that centre on the image of Shrinathji. Nathdwara is the hub of the pichhwai art, [[Nathdwara Painting]]s.

Nathdwara is known for the Rajasthani style of the city, which is called "pichhwai Paintings." These pichhwai paintings have been painted on the wall around the Nathdwara temple by famous contemporary artists of Nathdwara.

==Worship at other places==
Preachers have founded Shrinathji temples in present-day Pakistan (Dera Ghazi Khan), earlier a part of undivided India and not far from Nathdwara. This was done by Shri Lalji Maharaj, who was sent to Sindh by Shri Vithalnathji to spread Pushti Marg. Shrinathji is also worshipped at [[Russia]] (in the lower [[Volga]] region) and other places on the Central Asian trade routes. In the [[United States]], there are eleven Shrinathji temples; [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Parlin, New Jersey]], [[Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]], one in the midwest, Florida and [http://bayvp.org California], Houston ( Texas), [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] [[Atlanta, Georgia]] [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] [[Baltimore, Maryland]], Dallas (Texas) [https://dallashaveli.org/ Shreenath Dham Haveli].

In 2013, the first Shrinathji haveli was inaugurated under the guidance of Shri Dwarkeshlalji (Kadi Kalol) in Melbourne, Australia. Vrajdham Haveli, located in Margao, Goa, was inaugurated in 2013 for the benefit of all the Vaishnavas residing in Goa.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shrinathjihavelinewhaven.com/index.html |title=ShriNathji Haveli |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412004959/http://shrinathjihavelinewhaven.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vraj.org/|title=Vraj|website=www.vraj.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=DWARKADHISH TEMPLE | url=http://www.dwarkadhishtemple.org | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=www.dwarkadhishtemple.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vsaz.org/|title=IIS Windows Server|website=www.vsaz.org}}</ref>

There is a [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Temple in Bahrain]], which was constructed in 1817 and is used by the Hindu community of Bahrain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-visits-200-year-old-hindu-temple-in-bahrain-345224/amp|title=External affairs minister Jaishankar visits 200-year-old Hindu temple in Bahrain|newspaper=Wion|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>

There is a shrine dedicated to Shrinathji in the Hindu Temple complex in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]].

==See also==
*[[Dwarkadhish Kankroli|Dwarkadhish Ji]]
*[[Charbhuja]]
*[[Kankroli]]
*[[Sanwaliaji]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ambalal, Amit: Krishna as Shrinathji: Rajasthan Paintings from Nathdwara, Mapin, Ahmedabad (1987)
*Gaston, Anne-Marie: Krishna's Musicians: Musicians and Music making in the Temples of Nathdvara, Rajasthan, Manohar, New Delhi (1997)
*Jindel, Rajendra: Culture of a sacred town: a sociological study of Nathdwara, Popular Prakashan, Bombay (1976).
*Jones, Constance & James D. Ryan: Encyclopedia of Hinduism [https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA422 Critical Companion to George Orwell]
*Lyons, Tryna: The artists of Nathadwara: The practice of painting in Rajasthan, Indiana University Press (2004)
* [https://pushtirang.com PushtiRang.com - Spread Pushtimargiya Articles around the globe via online medium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103173602/https://pushtirang.com/ |date=3 January 2021 }}

{{Krishna|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Religion in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Titles and names of Krishna]]
[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]

Garba (dance)

2026-03-18T15:03:43Z

Tanu14: improved article

{{Short description|Indian folk dance}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Garba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| etymology =
| image = File: Garba (dance).jpg
| alt =
| caption = People performing garba (dance) in [[Vadodara]] during [[Navratri]] festival.
| genre =
| signature =
| instruments = Singing and Sitar as well as Dhol
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Gujarat]], India
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Image =
| Caption =
| ICH = Garba of Gujarat
| Country = India
| ID = 01962
| Region = APA
| Year = 2023
| Session = 18th
| List = Representative
}}

'''Garba''' is an [[List of Indian folk dances|Indian folk dance]]. It is a form of [[circle dance|circle]] and [[social dance]] originating from [[Gujarat]], and played across the [[Indian diaspora]] on festivals and other events.<ref>Desai, Parijat, "Dance In The Round: Embodying Inclusivity and Interdependence through ''Garba''" in ''Music and Dance of Everyday South Asia'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2024.</ref>

Garba is traditionally danced by women as part of the annual Hindu festival of [[Navaratri]] (or "Nine Nights"), held in celebration of Amba Mata, or the primordial mother, an incarnation of [[Durga]]. Garbas form part of Navaratri celebrations at fairs and feasts. Typically, at the end of each Navaratri night of dance, the community also plays [[Dandiya Raas|dandiya raas]], a sibling circle-dance form, in which players hold a stick in each hand and tap out a rhythm with a partner. Everyone is invited to join garba and raas, and people of all ages dance together. It is played around an earthen pot with holes on the sides, revealing a flame inside (a symbol of the [[jiva]] or soul inside the womb). Alternatively, a picture or statue of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess Amba may be placed in the center of the circle. When there are large numbers of participants, they make concentric circles to form rings around the object of veneration.

==Etymology==
The word ''garba'' comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word ({{Langx|sa|गर्भ|translit=Garbha}}) for "womb" and so implies gestation or pregnancy — life. Folk dances in Gujarat are frequently performed to mark the first [[menstrual cycle]] or are performed to mark a [[Marriage in India|marriage]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |year=2007 |isbn=9780978951702 |page=43 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite EBO|title=Garba|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225552}}</ref>

==Dance, music and symbolism==
<gallery widths="220" heights="220">
Traditional_Folk_dance_garba_dress.jpg|Garba dressing: traditional dressing male is ''[[kediyu]]'' while the traditional female dress is ''[[chaniya choli]]''.
Gagra choli.jpg|Young girl dressed in [[Gagra choli]].
</gallery>
Modern garba is also heavily influenced by ''[[Dandiya Raas]]'', a dance traditionally performed by men. The merger of these two dances has formed the high-energy dance that is seen today.<ref name="doi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h67wZpGPUi0C&q=garba+dance&pg=PT25 | title=Let's Know Dances Of India | publisher=Star Publications | author=Sinha | year=2006 | page=26 | isbn=9788176500975 | access-date=2021-10-06 | archive-date=2023-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022053045/https://books.google.com/books?id=h67wZpGPUi0C&q=garba+dance&pg=PT25#v=snippet&q=garba%20dance&f=false | url-status=live |first=Aakriti}}</ref> Traditional garba music accompanying the dance involves the [[dhol]] and [[dholak]] (Indian drums), [[Cymbal|cymbals]] and [[shehnai]] (an Indian flute).<ref name=":0" />

The dance is a counterclockwise [[circle dance]], alternatively participants can form concentric circles moving in opposite directions. The dance gathers speed as it progresses. Its main aspect consists of encircling an image or symbolic representation (like a clay pot), representing the [[shakti]] of goddess [[Durga]]. Garba dances honour the [[Navadurga|nine forms of Durga]] during the [[Navaratri]] ("Nine Nights") festival and celebrates fertility and womanhood.<ref name=":0" />

==Recognition==
[[Image:UWoB2011.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Women and men performing Garba as part of huge Navratri celebrations in [[Vadodara]].}}]]
Garba has spread beyond Gujarat all over India and among the [[Indian diaspora]] worldwide. For instance, garba is popular among [[British Gujaratis|Gujarati communities in the United Kingdom]] where there are a number of these communities hold their own garba nights. Garba competitions are now also organised by [[Dance troupe|dance troupes]] in universities since the turn of the millenium.<ref name=":0" />

In December 2023, [[UNESCO]] recognized garba on the list of the world's [[Intangible cultural heritage]].<ref> {{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=Unesco declares Gujarat's Garba as Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unesco-declares-gujarats-garba-as-intangible-cultural-heritage/articleshow/105786410.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=A Joyous Swirl: UNESCO Tags Gujarat's Garba An Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/a-joyous-swirl-unesco-tags-gujarats-garba-an-intangible-cultural-heritage/90223/1 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kediyu]], traditional dress for men for the garba
*[[Chaniya choli]], traditional dress for women for the garba
*[[List of Indian folk dances]]
*[[List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{Britannica|id=225552|title=Garba}}
*[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01962 Garba] at [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]]
*[http://www.indianfolkdances.com/garba-folk-dances-of-gujarat.html Garba] at indianfolkdances.com

{{Dance in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asian folk dances]]
[[Category:Circle dances]]
[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Group dances]]
[[Category:Performing arts in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]
[[Category:Social dance]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian folk music]]

Thane Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:13:04Z

Tanu14: add page also and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thane
| constituency_no = 148
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 148-Thane.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =378,342
}}
'''Thane Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra, India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the six assembly seats which make up [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Thane]] is near Mumbai.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Madhav Hegde
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Dattatray Tamhane
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Champa Mokal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D. K. Rajarshi
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vimal Rangnekar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gajanan Koli
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanti Koli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" | Moreshwar Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Rajan Vichare]]
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Thane">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Thane |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13148.htm |accessdate=26 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226044901/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13148.htm |archivedate=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 120,373 |percentage = 52.46% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajan Baburao Vichare |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 62,120 |percentage = 27.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Anant Jadhav |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 42,592 |percentage = 18.56% |change={{decrease}}23.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,694 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amar Ashok Athawale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,253 |percentage = 25.39% |change= {{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 232,162 |percentage = 61.36% |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,468}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 378,342|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,298 |percentage = 53.44% |change={{increase}}14.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Anant Jadhav |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 72,874 |percentage = 42.19% |change={{increase}}37.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 5,547 |percentage = 3.21% |change={{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Ananda Jadhav (Bhau) |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,996 |percentage = 2.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kedarnath Ruparam Bharti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,333 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Godbole Yogesh Vishwanath (Samir) |party=Bahujan Maha Party |votes = 1,210 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,424 |percentage = 11.25% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,289 |percentage = 52.77% |change= {{decrease}}3.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,711}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 337,846|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,884 |percentage = 39.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Sadanand Phatak |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 58,296 |percentage = 32.35% |change={{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Davkhare Niranjan Vasant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,320 |percentage = 13.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Narayan Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,883 |percentage = 8.81% |change={{decrease}}14.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilesh Harishchandra Chavan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,381 |percentage = 4.65% |change={{decrease}}26.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,194 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Pradnesh Chaitanya Sonawane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,329 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,588 |percentage = 6.99% |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,416 |percentage = 56.58% |change= {{increase}}4.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,195}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,390|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajan Vichare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,010 |percentage = 32.22% |change={{decrease}}23.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajan Raje |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 48,569 |percentage = 30.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanade Subhash Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,288 |percentage = 22.92% |change={{decrease}}17.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devram Bhoir |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,244 |percentage = 10.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shekh Tabrej Abdulsamad |party=Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,071 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Tusahr Marotrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,019 |percentage = 0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,441 |percentage = 1.54% |change= {{decrease}}14.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,333 |percentage = 51.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,240|ref = |change= {{decrease}}30.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}23.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Eknath Shinde]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 131,159 |percentage = 56.14% |change={{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Tukaram Shinde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 93,981 |percentage = 40.22% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Muzumdar Nilesh Shantaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,851 |percentage = 1.22% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Yosuf Ahmed Sayyad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,178 |percentage = 15.91% |change= {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 233,653 |percentage = 52.73% |change= {{increase}}13.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 233,645}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 443,140|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Damodar Joshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,429 |percentage = 45.68% |change={{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Kanade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 56,950 |percentage = 38.58% |change={{increase}}10.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Rajaram Raul |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,901 |percentage = 14.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,479 |percentage = 7.10% |change= {{decrease}}23.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,487 |percentage = 39.77% |change= {{decrease}}12.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,615}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 378,372|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Damodar Joshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 122,595 |percentage = 58.01% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoir Malati Ramesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,492 |percentage = 27.68% |change={{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bedekar Vijay Vasudeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,164 |percentage = 3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Ramashray Ramkaran |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,844 |percentage = 2.29% |change={{decrease}}5.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Harishchandra Laxaman |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,382 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tipu Sultan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,718 |percentage = 1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vaiti Janardan Yeshawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,752 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,103 |percentage = 30.33% |change= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 214,236 |percentage = 52.68% |change= {{decrease}}2.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,349}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 406,651|ref = |change= {{increase}}36.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Damodar Joshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 94,236 |percentage = 58.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kanti Koli|Kanti Kisan Koli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,237 |percentage = 33.05% |change={{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryakant Vadhavkar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,052 |percentage = 7.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,999 |percentage = 25.45% |change= {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,752 |percentage = 54.54% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,086}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 298,386|ref = |change= {{increase}}44.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kanti Koli|Kanti Kisan Koli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,890 |percentage = 39.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,772 |percentage = 28.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gharpure P. V. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,120 |percentage = 22.34% |change={{decrease}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,180 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nathuram Adsule |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravaba Chikane |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,430 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. M. Rana |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,118 |percentage = 10.74% |change= {{decrease}}6.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,737 |percentage = 50.60% |change= {{increase}}11.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,496}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,981|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kanti Koli|Kanti Kisan Koli]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,186 |percentage = 47.60% |change={{increase}}32.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Motiram Koli |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,690 |percentage = 30.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vadhawakar S. M. |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,967 |percentage = 13.26% |change={{decrease}}41.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Harishchandra Laxaman |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 3,009 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Giradhari Badari |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 1,394 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Parbhakar N. |party=Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,496 |percentage = 17.00% |change= {{decrease}}15.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,443 |percentage = 39.03% |change= {{decrease}}28.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,618}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,380|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Motiram Koli |party=Janata Party |votes = 49,123 |percentage = 54.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Pradhan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,231 |percentage = 22.54% |change={{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amarsingh Bachansingh Thakur |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,203 |percentage = 14.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raganekar Vimal Khanderao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,195 |percentage = 5.79% |change={{decrease}}53.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhadkamar Pandharinath Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,381 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,892 |percentage = 32.19% |change= {{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,088 |percentage = 67.97% |change= {{increase}}13.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,767}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,014|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vimal Kaanderao Rangnekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,730 |percentage = 59.54% |change={{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wamanrao Rege Prabhakar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 14,718 |percentage = 18.36% |change={{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Damodhar Joshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,917 |percentage = 9.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryakant Vadhaykar |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 6,912 |percentage = 8.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Howale Baburao Shrirang |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,219 |percentage = 2.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratik M. Tillu |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 670 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,012 |percentage = 41.18% |change= {{increase}}29.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,982 |percentage = 54.97% |change= {{decrease}}9.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,166}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,142|ref = |change= {{increase}}66.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=D. K. Rajarshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,093 |percentage = 37.19% |change={{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. B. Tamhane |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,317 |percentage = 25.24% |change={{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Motiram Koli |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,646 |percentage = 20.53% |change={{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. K. Khopar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 7,631 |percentage = 13.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. K. Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,745 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,776 |percentage = 11.95% |change= {{decrease}}6.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,429 |percentage = 67.39% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,722}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,665|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Champa Govardhan Mokal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,583 |percentage = 41.62% |change={{increase}}19.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. K. Khopar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 11,432 |percentage = 23.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Balkrishna Tamhane |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,479 |percentage = 19.17% |change={{decrease}}42.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukund Sundar Agaskar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,961 |percentage = 16.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,151 |percentage = 18.50% |change= {{decrease}}20.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,495 |percentage = 62.86% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,455}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,924|ref = |change= {{increase}}49.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tamhane Dattatraya Balkrishna |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,432 |percentage = 61.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hegde Madhavrao Vinayak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,409 |percentage = 22.36% |change={{decrease}}23.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gopal Kalu |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,300 |percentage = 15.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,023 |percentage = 39.30% |change= {{increase}}13.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,141 |percentage = 60.38% |change= {{increase}}11.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,141}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,884|ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Thane<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hegde Madhavrao Vinayak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,067 |percentage = 45.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tamhane Dattatraya Balkrishna |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,943 |percentage = 19.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Shivram Nagesh |party=Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,678 |percentage = 18.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Ratilal Ujamshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,634 |percentage = 8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhatia Nandiram Jamnadas |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,072 |percentage = 3.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Koli Mahadeo Atmaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 751 |percentage = 2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lombar Pandharinath Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,124 |percentage = 26.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,930 |percentage = 48.45% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,930}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,834|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thane district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19|11|50|N|72|58|20|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kadapa mandal

2026-03-12T11:26:59Z

Tanu14:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadapa mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.47|N|78.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadpa]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kadapa]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 318916
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633675|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kadapa mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Kadapa district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Kadapa revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at [[Kadapa]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Kadapa|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_B_DCHB_YSR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=14,312}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Chennur, Kadapa district|Chennur]], [[Sidhout]] and [[Chinthakommadinne]] mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Prakasam district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/Cuddapah.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=10 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417032735/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/cuddapah.html|archive-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

Kadapa mandal consists of [[Kadapa Municipal Corporation]] and its [[urban agglomerations]]. It is fully an urban mandal and has no villages.<ref name="census" />

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kadapa district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Kadapa district]]

Maa Gopi

2026-03-06T06:03:39Z

Tanu14: made new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Gopi
| image = Maa_gopi_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Kovvali Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]]
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|[[Bhagyawan (1953 film)|Bhagyawan]]}}
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]], [[G. Varalakshmi]], Vallam Narasimha Rao, [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| editing =
| studio = Vikram Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1954|09|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maa Gopi''''' is a 1954 [[Telugu language]] film directed by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[V. Nagayya]], [[G. Varalakshmi]], Vallam Narasimha Rao, [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]].

The film was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Jaya Gopi'' <ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece | title=Maa Gopi (1954) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=4 January 2014 | accessdate=9 March 2017| author=M. L. Narasimhan | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309044309/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece| archivedate=9 March 2017}}</ref> and released in 1955.<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319100425/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955.asp|archivedate=19 March 2016}}</ref> The film was a remake of 1953 Hindi film ''Bhagyawan'' and its Marathi version ''Soubhagya''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/fc278603/plot/|title = Bhagyawan (1953) | Hindi Movie Plot - Bollywood MuVyz}}</ref> Ranga also planned to dub it into Kannada and engaged his friend and popular writer Chi. Sadasivaiah to pen the dialogue. But for some reason he gave up the idea. In 1981, Sadasivaiah's lyricist-son [[Chi. Udayashankar]] suggested to Kannada matinee idol [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] to remake Maa Gopi. Ranga himself directed the Kannada version, titled ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' introducing Rajkumar's youngest son Master Lohit [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in the title role. This too was a big hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece |title=Maa Gopi (1954) - the Hindu |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309044309/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
The list was adapted from [[The Hindu]] article<ref name=hindu />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[G. Varalakshmi]]
*Vallam Narasimha Rao
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
*Master Venkateswarlu
*Cherukumalli Raju
*K. V. Subbarao
*Baby Anuradha
*Master Krishnamurthy
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].

===Telugu songs===
Lyrics were penned by Anisetty Subbarao.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "O Muddu Papa… Naa Muddu Gopi" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Desadesamula Yasam Ganchumaa" || T. Sathiyavathi ||
|-
| 3 || "Ledayyo Mukti Ledayyo" || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Maa Vadina Maa Vadina" || [[Jikki]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Jali Jaliga Eḍakavayya" || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Yuvatī Yuvakula Manamanta" || ||
|}

===Tamil songs===
Lyrics were penned by [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] & [[Kannadasan]] (The song book information says the dance song was penned by Ka. Mu. Sheriff while all other songs were penned by Kannadasan). [[Playback singer]]s are [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[S. C. Krishnan]] & B. Nageswara Rao.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyrics !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "O Mutthu Papa Vaa Mutthu Gopi" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || rowspan=9|Kannadasan ||
|-
| 2 || "Dhesa Dhesamundan" || ||
|-
| 3 || "Oonjalil Oyyaara Ullaasam" || [[Jikki]] || 03:17
|-
| 4 || "Karunai Ullame" ||V. Nagayya || 03:09
|-
| 5 || "Sirunagai Valar" || Jikki ||
|-
| 6 || "Poorva Jenman Cheidha" || ||
|-
| 7 || "Amma Kaaveri Un" || ||
|-
| 8 || "Mana Magizhndhen" || Jikki, AP. Komala || 03:21
|-
| 9 || "Paazhum Moodargal" || ||
|-
| 10 || "Veliye Poyittu" || || Ka. Mu. Sheriff ||
|}

==Reception==
The film was a success at the box office.<ref name=hindu />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0261029}}
*{{IMDb title|0260983}} - Jaya Gopi (Tamil version)

[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]

Jitendra Mishra

2026-03-05T12:37:10Z

Tanu14: adding basic details first draft.

{{short description|Indian film producer and promoter (born 1979)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jitendra Mishra
|image = Jitendra Mishra at Cannes Film Festival 2016.jpg
|caption = Jitendra Mishra at 69th Cannes Film Festival (panel discussion in India pavilion)
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Titlagarh]], [[Bolangir]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Producer, Promoter
|years_active = 2000–present
|spouse = Donna Deb Mishra
| relatives =
}}

'''Jitendra Mishra''' is an Indian filmmaker, producer and promoter, born in [[Titlagarh]], [[Odisha]]. He is known for ''[[The Last Color]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Jitendra Mishra’s latest production ‘The Last Color ‘ by Celebrity Chef Vikas Khanna to premiere at 30th Palm Springs International Film Festival, US |url=https://orissadiary.com/jitendra-mishras-latest-production-last-color-celebrity-chef-vikas-khanna-premiere-30th-palm-springs-international-film-festival-us/ |website=orissadiary.com |publisher=Orissadiary |accessdate=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vikas Khanna's directorial debut The Last Color to premiere in US |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/vikas-khannas-directorial-debut-the-last-color-to-premiere-in-us/331518 |website=timesnownews.com |publisher=Times Now - Zoom}}</ref> ''[[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)|Desires of the Heart]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/odisha-born-producer-to-distribute-chausar-worldwide-113070600361_1.html|title=Odisha-born producer to distribute 'Chausar' worldwide|last=IANS|date=2013-07-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/odisha-born-producer-jitendra-mishra-to-promote-ten-films-at-cannes-fest/|title=Odisha-born producer Jitendra Mishra to promote ten films at Cannes fest|date=2015-05-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> and ''[[Human OAK]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/short-film-inspired-by-the-pandemic-explores-human-beings-and-their-relationships/articleshow/78408721.cms|title=This short film inspired by the pandemic explores humans and their bonds|last=TOI|date=2020-09-30|work=TOI|access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://britishasianews.com/of-shelley-covid-and-bringing-italy-and-india-closer-ians-interview/|title=OF SHELLEY, COVID AND BRINGING ITALY AND INDIA CLOSER|last=British Asia News|date=2020-09-12|work=British Asia News|access-date=2020-09-12}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mycitylinks.in/jitendra-mishras-human-oak-selected-for-23rd-olympia-international-film-festival/|title=Jitendra Mishra’s "Human OAK" Selected For 23rd Olympia International Film Festival|last=My City Link|date=2020-12-01|work=My City Link|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://orissadiary.com/human-oak-made-during-covid-19-to-have-world-premiere-at-olympia-film-fest-greece/|title=HUMAN OAK made during Covid-19 to have world premiere at Olympia Film Fest, Greece|last=OrissaDiary|date=2020-11-29|work=OrissaDiary|access-date=2020-11-29}}</ref> the only Indo-Italian film co-produced during the Covid-19 lockdown.

== Early life ==
He was born in Titlagarh, a small town in Western Odisha to Radha Madhab Mishra and Saudamini Mishra. Jitendra is the youngest of six siblings. In 2000 he graduated in Law from Balangir Law College and did his Masters in Commerce from Rajendra College Balangir, Sambalpur University and went to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://updateodisha.com/2019/02/01/odishas-jitendra-mishra-shines-in-hollywood-61874/|title=Odisha’s Jitendra Mishra shines in Hollywood|date=2019-02-01|website=Update Odisha|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha-born film producer and promoter Jitendra Mishra has collaborated with Michelin Star chef Vikas Khanna to produce a feature film named The Last Color. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/film-with-odia-link-at-cannes/cid/1414267 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jitendra started his career as a production assistant in a Delhi-based production house and after two years he founded his own production house in 2002. Award winning film [[I Am Kalam]] produced by Smile Foundation was his debut as a feature film. His production [[The Last Color]] written and directed by Michelin Star Chef [[Vikas Khanna]] was a huge success both in box office and international festivals winning several awards and accolades. The film was premiered at the 30th Palm Springs International Film Festival and has been selected in more than 50 different film festivals and forums worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palm Springs International Film Festival: Jitendra Mishra’s ‘The Last Color’ up for premiere |url=http://www.pragativadi.com/palm-springs-international-film-festival-jitendra-mishras-the-last-color-up-for-premiere/ |website=pragtivadi.com |publisher=Pragativadi |accessdate=25 December 2018}}</ref> His filmography also includes Hollywood film [[Desires of the Heart (2013 film)]] directed by [[James Kicklighter]], starring [[Val Lauren]] and [[Alicia Minshew]], Italian film ''Human OAK'', ''Buried Seeds'', ''Maiya'', ''Bhor'' and ''Aasma'' among others. Jitendra Mishra has designed and implemented several international festivals, forums, workshops and campaigns including North East Film festival in all the 8 North East States of India and Meghalaya Film Festival, for Children’s Film Society India in association with Smile Foundation. He has been the festival director of the film festival [[siffcy]] that he has designed for Smile Foundation, currently he is the elected President of the oldest and largest global media network of professionals and organisations working for young people [[CIFEJ]] that was formed under the auspices of [[UNESCO]] in 1955 in Brussels and currently headquartered at Athens, Greece. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Siffcy's festival director elected president of cifej|url=https://orissadiary.com/siffcys-festival-director-elected-president-of-cifej/|last=OrissaDiary|first=OrissaDiary|website=Orissadiary|language=en|access-date=2020-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/jitendra-mishra-elected-cifej-board-director.html|title=Jitendra Mishra elected CIFEJ Board Director|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fame for Odia film producer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/fame-for-odia-film-producer/cid/1673875 |website=The Telegraph |publisher=The Telegraph |accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref> He has been a Member of Producers Network - Marche Du Films at [[Cannes Film Festival]] since 2013 and invited as a jury member to more than 50 international film festivals so far.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film maker Jitendra Mishra selected Jury for 36th BUFF International Film Fest in Sweden |url=http://orissadiary.com/film-maker-jitendra-mishra-selected-jury-36th-buff-international-film-fest-sweden/ |website=orissadiary.com |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref>

== Production, distribution & promotion ==

=== Filmography ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Major Titles !! Role
|-
| 2025 || ''Whispers of the Mountains'' || Producer
|-
| 2025 || ''The Saint of Brooklyn'' || Producer
|-
| 2025 || ''Yet Another Mohenjodaro'' || Presenter/Producer
|-
| 2023 || ''The Silent Epidemic'' || Producer
|-
| 2022 || ''Zilla Balangir'' || Producer
|-
| 2021 || ''Barefoot Empress'' || Producer
|-
| 2020 || ''Human OAK'' || Producer
|-
| 2019 || ''The Last Color'' || Producer
|-
| 2018 || ''Delhi Dreams'' || Producer
|-
| 2018 || ''Bhor'' || Consultant: Sales, Distribution
|-
| 2018 || ''Halkaa'' || Creative Producer, Consultant
|-
| 2017 || ''Buried Seeds-Vikas Khanna'' || Co-Producer
|-
| 2017 || ''Ishu'' || Executive Producer
|-
| 2017 || ''Maiya'' || Consulting Producer
|-
| 2015 || ''Kajarya'' || Consultant:Sales, Distribution
|-
| 2015 || ''Goatspeak'' || Consultant:Sales, Distribution
|-
| 2014 || ''Aasma'' || Executive Producer
|-
| 2014 || ''Chausar'' || Consultant:Sales, Distribution
|-
| 2013 || ''Desires of the Heart'' || Co-Producer, Marketing, Distribution
|-
| 2011 || ''I am Kalam'' || Associate Producer, Marketing, Distribution
|}

== Major Honors and recognition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Note
|-
| 2023 || ''[[71st National Film Awards]]'' || By NFDC, Ministry of I&B , Govt. of India
|-
| 2022 || ''Golden Star Icon Award'' || By AVIVA Keeon, Delhi
|-
| 2018 || ''Mathkhai Samman'' || By Bhumika, Theatre festival
|-
| 2015 || ''Son of Odisha (Odia Yuva)'' || By Odia Pua, New Delhi
|-
| 2013 || ''Kumuda Samman'' || By Kumuda Mahotshav
|-
| 2010 || ''Young Jury Award'' || At IFFI, Goa
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4251856}}
* https://siffcy.org/
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/short-film-inspired-by-the-pandemic-explores-human-beings-and-their-relationships/articleshow/78408721.cms

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Jitendra}}
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Balangir district]]
[[Category:Sambalpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rashtra Kavach Om

2026-03-02T04:30:14Z

Tanu14: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|2022 film by Kapil Verma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rashtra Kavach Om
| image = Rashtra Kavach Om poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kapil Verma
| producer = [[Zee Studios]]<br />[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br />Shaira Khan
| writer = Raj Saluja<br />Niket Pandey
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
*[[Sanjana Sanghi]]
*[[Jackie Shroff]]
*[[Ashutosh Rana]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Prachee Shah Paandya]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Amandeep Singh Jolly
| cinematography = Vineet Malhotra
| editing = Kamlesh Parui
| studio = [[Zee Studios]]<br />A Paper Doll Entertainment Production
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rashtra-kavach-om-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda1njuw |title=Rashtra Kavach Om |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|9.01}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rashtra-kavach-om/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Rashtra Kavach Om''''' (trans ''National Shield Om'') is a 2022 Indian [[action film]] directed by Kapil Verma and produced by [[Zee Studios]] and [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]. It stars [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Sanjana Sanghi]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Prachee Shah Paandya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjana-sanghi-and-aditya-roy-kapur-to-star-in-om-the-battle-within-1743183-2020-11-23 |title=Sanjana Sanghi and Aditya Roy Kapur to star in Om The Battle Within |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/news-sanjana-sanghi-is-the-leading-lady-opposite-aditya-roy-kapur-in-om-the-battle-within-2857958 |title=Sanjana Sanghi is the leading lady opposite Aditya Roy Kapur in 'OM - The Battle Within' |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=Daily News & Analysis |language=en}}</ref> The film was released in theatre on 1 July 2022 and on [[ZEE5]] on 11 August 2022.<ref name="release date" >{{Cite web |title=Aditya Roy Kapur and Sanjana Sanghi starrer Om: The Battle Within to hit the screens on July 1, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-sanjana-sanghi-starrer-om-battle-within-hit-screens-july-1-2022/ |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 August 2022 |title=Rashtra Kavach Om starring Aditya Roy Kapur, Sanjana Sanghi and Jackie Shroff to premiere on ZEE5 on August 11, 2022 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rashtra-kavach-om-starring-aditya-roy-kapur-sanjana-sanghi-jackie-shroff-premiere-zee5-august-11-2022/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A classified RAW safehouse is breached during a covert intelligence drop in Srinagar, coordinated by Colonel Arvind Chauhan (RAW tactical chief) and Imran Qureshi (field operative), with Defense Minister K.M. Menon's authorization. The mission: recover fragments of Rakhtpat, an aborted mind-control program developed for strategic warfare. Lead agent Rishi Singh Rathore is ambushed during extraction. The data is compromised, and Rishi disappears after detonating an EMP device. He is presumed dead.

3 months later, Rishi is revealed to be alive, living off-grid in Himachal under a new identity. He is found by Meera Sharma, a cybersecurity analyst assigned to monitor digital anomalies tied to Rakhtpat. Meera informs RAW via her colleague Micky Rawat (tech expert) and Rajan Dev (internal security head), triggering an attempt on Rishi’s life. He narrowly escapes with Meera's help. Driven by flashes of repressed trauma, Rishi insists on returning to an abandoned military outpost near the Indo-China border, where his memory begins to unravel.

In a flashback, Rishi’s sister Dr. Reena Rathore, a neuroscientist, worked alongside their father Colonel Surya Rathore on Project Rakhtpat. The program, approved by Chauhan and Menon, aimed to enhance cognitive warfare. But Surya discovered Rakhtpat's misuse—targeted neurological manipulation. He attempted to expose the truth but was assassinated. The cover story painted him a traitor. A young Rishi witnessed the murder and was rescued by Chauhan, who raised him as a RAW cadet, burying the truth.

Present-day: Rishi learns that Ravindra "Ravan" Kaul, a legendary ex-agent and one-time protégé of Chauhan, has resurfaced, now auctioning Rakhtpat's control algorithms to hostile regimes. Ravan faked his death and framed Surya years ago to seize control of the technology, with backing from a covert faction led by Menon. When Chauhan tries to warn Rishi, he is executed by Ravan’s men.

Rishi, with help from Meera, Imran, and Major Thapa (a loyal commando), deciphers a hidden message left by Chauhan in a decrypted ops log. It leads them to Yerevan, Armenia, where Ravan is set to demo Rakhtpat’s capabilities to international bidders. Rishi infiltrates the summit and confronts both Ravan and Menon, discovering Menon was the mastermind behind Surya's framing and Chauhan’s execution.

In a brutal showdown, Rishi kills Ravan, exposes Menon to the global intelligence community, and secures Rakhtpat’s neural core. He uploads it to the Indian defense cloud, rendering it inaccessible to rogue nations.

In the aftermath, Rishi, Meera, and Reena pay tribute to Chauhan and Surya. Rishi declines a RAW promotion, choosing instead to train recruits at a covert academy. As he walks away, a new encrypted phone lights up: “Next Mission Incoming...”

==Cast==
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] as Rishi Singh Rathore
* [[Sanjana Sanghi]] as Meera Sharma
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Colonel Arvind Chauhan
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Ravindra "Ravan" Kaul
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Defense Minister K.M. Menon
* [[Prachee Shah Paandya]] as Dr. Reena Rathore
* [[Vicky Arora]] as Imran Qureshi
*[[Rohit Choudhary]] as Rajan Dev
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Micky Rawat
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Mrs. Rathore
* [[Bijou Thaangjam]] as Major Thapa

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] commenced on 3 December 2020<ref name="IndiatodaySanjana">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjana-sanghi-and-aditya-roy-kapur-begin-shooting-om-the-battle-within-1746377-2020-12-03 |title=Sanjana Sanghi and Aditya Roy Kapur begin shooting Om The Battle Within - Movies News |website=India Today |date=3 December 2020 |author=Jyoti Kanyal |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Om: The Battle Within First Look - Aditya Roy Kapur Keeps The "Fighting Spirit Alive" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/om-the-battle-within-first-look-aditya-roy-kapur-keeps-the-fighting-spirit-alive-2334060 |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and [[wrap (filming)|wrapped up]] on 17 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjana-sanghi-shares-pics-with-om-the-battle-within-s-aditya-roy-kapur-director-my-forever-favourite-human-sandwich-101613556008759.html |title=Sanjana Sanghi shares pics with Om: The Battle Within co-star Aditya Roy Kapur, director as film wraps up |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjana-sanghi-and-aditya-roy-kapur-wrap-up-om-the-battle-within-shoot-1770432-2021-02-18 |title=Sanjana Sanghi and Aditya Roy Kapur wrap up Om: The Battle Within shoot |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Parts of the film were shot in [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2021 |title=Do you know why Jackie Shroff was in Armenia for the past few days? Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/do-you-know-why-jackie-shroff-was-in-armenia-for-the-past-few-days-exclusive/articleshow/85328089.cms |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as produced by Zee Studios in association of A Paper Doll Entertainment Production.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rashtra Kavach Om
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Chirantan Bhatt]], Amjad Naadem Aamir and Enbee
| released = 27 June 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/om---rashtra-kavach/6-ygiu9TZSg_ |title=Rashtra Kavach Om – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=27 June 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:30
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|Nus_-UE-dTI|Rashtra Kavach Om - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], Amjad Nadeem Aamir, [[Chirantan Bhatt]] and Embee. Lyrics are written by [[Kumaar]], Manoj Yadav and [[A. M. Turaz]]. The background score is composed by Amandeep Singh Jolly.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| total_length = 33:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kala Sha Kala
| extra1 = Raahi, [[Dev Negi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = Amjad Nadeem Aamir, Enbee
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Saansein Dene Aana
| note1 = Duet Version
| extra2 = Raj Barman, [[Palak Muchhal]]
| lyrics2 = Manoj Yadav
| music2 = [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Seher
| note3 = Male version
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Abrar ul Haq]]
| lyrics3 = [[A. M. Turaz]]
| music3 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Saansein Bhari Hai
| note4 = Female Version
| extra4 = Juhi Nair
| lyrics4 = Manoj Yadav
| music4 = Chirantan Bhatt
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Saansein Bhari Hai
| note5 = Male Version
| extra5 = Raj Barman
| lyrics5 = Manoj Yadav
| music5 = Chirantan Bhatt
| length5 = 4:02
| title6 = Saansein Dene Aana (Male Version)
| extra6 = Raj Barman
| lyrics6 = Manoj Yadav
| music6 = Chirantan Bhatt
| length6 = 4:03
| title7 = Seher
| note7 = Female version
| extra7 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| lyrics7 = [[A. M. Turaz]]
| music7 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| length7 = 5:11
| title8 = Saansein Dene Aana
| note8 = Female Version
| extra8 = Palak Mucchal
| lyrics8 = Manoj Yadav
| music8 = Chirantan Bhatt
| length8 = 4:06
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released worldwide on 1 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om Movie Review: Release Date (2022) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rashtra-kavach-om/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=July 2022}}</ref>

===Home media===
The [[digital distribution]] rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]]. The film premiered on ZEE5 from 11 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=Aditya Roy Kapur's 'Raksha Kavach Om' to make OTT debut on ZEE5 on Aug 11 |url=https://theprint.in/features/aditya-roy-kapurs-raksha-kavach-om-to-make-ott-debut-on-zee5-on-aug-11/1062656/ |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=Watch Raksha Kavach Om on Zee5: Date, Time, How to watch Aditya Roy Kapur's Film Online in HD |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/watch-raksha-kavach-om-on-zee5-date-time-how-to-watch-aditya-roy-kapur-film-online-in-hd-download-movies-2022-07-31-796281 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In June 2022, the film title was changed from ''Om: The Battle Within'' to ''Rashtra Kavach OM'' due to makers facing trouble with regards to the title rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: Aditya Roy Kapur-starrer OM: The Battle Within is renamed as Rashtra Kavach OM |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer-om-battle-within-renamed-rashtra-kavach-om/ |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Roy Kapur reveals the real reason why title of Om was changed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aditya-roy-kapur-reveals-the-real-reason-why-title-of-om-was-changed-1963500-2022-06-17 |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Rashtra Kavach Om'' received negative reviews from critics with criticism directed towards its direction, action sequences, writing and performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om box office collection Day 2: Aditya Roy Kapur's film is a total dud |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rashtra-kavach-om-box-office-collection-day-2-aditya-roy-kapur-s-film-is-a-total-dud-1969614-2022-07-03 |website=[[India Today]] |date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |quote=the film failed to impress critics or moviegoers. It also released with negative reviews and recorded a low opening collection at the ticket counters.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|0|3.2|9|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach OM {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rashtra_kavach_om |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Rashtra Kavach Om'' is just as unreal and outlandish as its name, if not more. But if you're a diehard Aditya Roy Kapur fan then maybe this mission isn't all that doomed for you."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashtra Kavach: OM Movie Review : Aditya Roy Kapur's action is the saving grace of this doomed mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rashtra-kavach-om/movie-review/92583179.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Aditya Roy Kapur's glistening biceps, though impressive, may not be strong enough to hold the weight of this strictly average actioner."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om Movie Review: Aditya Roy Kapur comes in like a wrecking ball. In slo-mo. The End |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-comes-in-like-a-wrecking-ball-in-slo-mo-the-end-1968770-2022-07-01 |website=[[India Today]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Dishya Sharma of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Aditya Roy Kapur turns into an action hero but fails to pack the punch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om Review: Aditya Roy Kapur Tries To Pull A Salman Khan But The Script Fails Him |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashtra-kavach-om-review-aditya-roy-kapur-tries-to-pull-a-salman-khan-but-the-script-fails-him-5471149.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Sanjana Jadhav of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Rashtra Kavach OM is a messy and unsatisfying two-hour action film that has too many WTF moments to keep up with."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach OM Review: Aditya Roy Kapur's well-bronzed biceps cannot carry this half-baked action thriller |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/rashtra-kavach-om-review-aditya-roy-kapurs-well-bronzed-biceps-cannot-carry-half-baked-action-thriller |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701062055/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/rashtra-kavach-om-review-aditya-roy-kapurs-well-bronzed-biceps-cannot-carry-half-baked-action-thriller |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Aditya Roy Kapur-Sanjana Sanghi starrer is yet another addition to films Bollywood has adopted as a safe bet these days, with a hero who has patriotism oozing out of his pores."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om movie review: Aditya Roy Kapur embraces his Arnie avatar in hare-brained movie |date=July 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-film-8002284/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
A critic from [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film 1.5 stars out of five and said that ''Rashtra Kavach Om'' is a poor show and will have a very tough time at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=Rashtra Kavach OM Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rashtra-kavach-om/critic-review/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review/rashtra-kavach-om-is-a-poor-show-and-will-have-a-very-tough-time-at-the-box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Kapur's Om is most alive when he's yelling the battle cry "Jai Bhavani!" with the fervour of a Shiv Sainik."<ref>{{cite web |title='Rashtra Kavach Om' review: Low on action and even lower in brains |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1027106/rashtra-kavach-om-review-low-on-action-and-even-lower-in-brains |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Since there is no defence system that can reverse the ill effects of bad writing, Rashtra Kavach Om is never in with a chance of putting two sensible ideas together."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtra Kavach Om Review: Nothing Adds Up In Action Film With Aditya Roy Kapur As One-Man Demolition Squad |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rashtra-kavach-om-review-nothing-adds-up-in-action-film-with-aditya-roy-kapur-as-one-man-demolition-squad-1-star-3117687 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9115574}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rashtra-kavach-om}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/rashtra-kavach-om/0-0-1z5191648 ''Rashtra Kavach Om''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

John Aguiar

2026-02-19T17:05:18Z

Tanu14: adding some bio w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian poet and lyricist}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Aguiar
| image = John Aguiar, Konkani writer from Goa, India.jpg
| caption = Aguiar in 2022
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|writer|songwriter|journalist}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| awards =
}}

'''John Aguiar''' is an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]] poet, writer, lyricist and journalist. His songs have been broadcast over the [[All India Radio]] network, mainly in [[Goa]] and on [[CD]]s.

==Personal life==
Professionally, Aguiar was an officer with the [[Government of Goa]]'s Department of Information and Publicity. He has been a [[journalist]] since his college days, associated with newspapers such as ''[[O Heraldo]]'', ''West Coast Times'', and others.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

He was also Honorary Company Commander of Home Guards at Panaji and is listed in Vandana Seth”s book, ''200 famous persons of Goa''.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/200-FAMOUS-GOANS-RELEASED-BY-MINISTER-GOVIND-GAUDE.pdf |title=`200 FAMOUS GOANS` RELEASED BY MINISTER GOVIND GAUDE |date=25 October 2019 |website=Goa Government}}</ref>

==Career==
===Music===
His song ''Viva Carnival'', musically composed and sung by [[Mukesh Ghatwal]] was chosen as the Goa [[carnival]] theme song in the year 2012. In November 2011, he was a contributor to 'Swatantra Goa', a patriotic album consisting five Konkani and three Marathi songs produced by Buyao Theatres Goem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=122686|title=Margao: 'Swatantra Goa' Patriotic CD Released|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

Aguiar wrote a ''[[bhakti geet]]'' (devotional hymn) on [[Lord Ganesha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Singing-praises-to-Lord-Ganesha/136021.html|title=Singing praises to Lord Ganesha|last=D'Cruz|first=Dolcy|date=12 September 2018|website=Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013132902/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Singing-praises-to-Lord-Ganesha/136021.html|archive-date=13 October 2018|access-date=13 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was also composed and music arranged and sung by Mukesh Ghatwal, a first of its kind in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/govind-gaude-launches-first-konkani-ganesh-video-song/states/news/1344768.html|title=Govind Gaude launches first Konkani Ganesh video song|last=|first=|date=8 September 2018|website=Uniindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>

Apart from All India Radio, his songs are in popular on CDs like ''Valley of Colorz'', ''Ek Natem'', ''Buyao Rocks'' so also devotional CDs like ''Grateful to Jesus''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goacom.com/sidhanath-buyao-releases-six-new-music-singles/|title=Sidhanath Buyao releases six new music singles - GOACOM - GOA - INDIA - INFORMATION AND SERVICES IN GOA. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages|work=GOACOM - GOA - INDIA - INFORMATION AND SERVICES IN GOA. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''Hey, Damodara'' by well-known music composer [[Siddhnath Buyao]]. One of his songs is on [[Lord Damodar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sidhanaths-re-damodara-to-release-on-july-24/|title=Sidhanath's 'Re Damodara' to release on July 24|date=18 July 2017|website=www.navhindtimes.in|language=en-US|first=Sachi|last=Naik|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> the popular deity of [[Margao]] in South Goa, a single solo was composed by Dilip Vaze and sung by Samiksha Bhobe.

He has been on the cast of the film ''Planning Devachem'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Welcome-2018-with-these-Konkani-films/124626.html|title=Welcome 2018 with these Konkani films|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003000/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Welcome-2018-with-these-Konkani-films/124626.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> which had its premier in January 2018 in [[Margao]], [[Goa]].

===Poetry===
He has written four books of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] poems and one [[English language|English]] book of essays. Presently, he is working on another book in the Roman script Konkani. Has also written several articles on social themes on local newspapers. He was nominated for the best lyrics award at the [[Kalangan]] at [[Mangalore]], for the World Konkani Music Awards in 2010.

==Awards==

Aguiar won the ''[[Gulab (magazine)|Gulab]]'' Writer of the Year Award in 2011. He has been a recipient of [[The Navhind Times]] Ex-NCC Achiever Award for Literature in 2012, and is a Honorary Company Commander of the Home Guards organisation. He bagged "Goa Chief Minister's Gold Medal" for Meritorious Services in the [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]] in December 2007. Aguiar bagged [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]]'s Rock Barreto Literary Award in the year 2017 for his book ''Olyo Yadi''.

He won the Presidents Medal for Home Guards and Civil Defence for Distinguished Services in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-27 |title=Aguiar gets President Home Guard and Civil Defence Medal |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/nation/aguiar-gets-president-home-guard-and-civil-defence-medal-1062 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-13 |title=Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar will present the President's home guard and civil defence medal for meritorious service to John Aguiar, honorary company commander of Home Guards, Panaji Division, at Independence Day function to be held in Panaji on August 15. An officer in the department of information, he functions as PRO of Police Department. He is also a poet and penned some books. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-will-present-the-presidents-home-guard-and-civil-defence-medal-for-meritorious-service-to-john-aguiar-honorary-company-commander-of-home-guards-panaji-division-at-independence-day-function-to-be-held-in-panaji-on-august-15-anofficer-in-the-department-of-information-he-functions-as-pro-of-police-department-he-is-also-a-poet-and-penned-some-books-/articleshow/15481450.cms |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2013, he received a commendation from Director General of Civil Defence, Ministry of Home New Delhi for his services in Home Guards and Civil Defence Organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-10 |title=DGCD's commendation certificate to Aguiar, Patekar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dgcds-commendation-certificate-to-aguiar-patekar/articleshow/27155833.cms |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://johnaguiar.blogspot.com/ Poet's blog]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzIF37AMzsI Mangal Murti Morya (Konkani). Lyrics by John Aguiar.]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aguiar, John}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]

Ali Manikfan

2026-02-18T23:47:57Z

Tanu14: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{POV|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ali Manikfan- Muraduganduvar
| image = Manikfan 1.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|03|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]], [[Lakshadweep]], India
| fields = {{Bulleted_list|[[Marine biologist]]|[[Ecologist]]|[[Physical Cosmology|Cosmology]]|[[Shipbuilder]]|[[Multilingual]]|[[Muslim]] [[scholarly method|scholar]]}}
| workplaces =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = ''[[Abudefduf]] Manikfani''
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337|title = Padma Awards 2021 announced}}</ref>
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Muraduganduvar Ali Manikfan''' (born 16 March 1938, [[Minicoy Island]], [[Lakshadweep]]), also known as '''Muräduganduvar Ali Befanu,'''<ref>Kattner, Ellen (1996). ''The Social Structure of Maliku'' (Minicoy). ''IIAS Newsletter'' 10, pp. 19–20, [[International Institute for Asian Studies]]. (Online at {{URL|http://maj.s5.com/minicoy_kattner.htm}}.)</ref> is an Indian marine researcher, ecologist, shipbuilder, and polyglot.<ref name="maldr-1"/><ref name="iol-2"/> {{Lang|dv|Manikfan}} is his family name and {{Lang|dv|befanu}} is a title.

He is noted for his [[autodidact]]ic research skills in the marine, ecology, and agricultural fields, not holding any formal educational qualification,<ref name="maldr-1"/> and for promoting a life of simplicity.<ref>Dr. J. M. I Sait. [http://www.hijracalendar.com/contactus1.htm "The Living Legend"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402115009/http://www.hijracalendar.com/contactus1.htm |date=2 April 2012 }}.</ref><ref>''Islamic Encyclopedia'' (Malayalam), volume 2. [[Islamic Publishing House]].</ref><ref>"Wise Old man of Minicoy". ''[[Indian Express]]'', 23 September 1998.</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored him in 2021, with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in the country.

==Life==
Ali Manikfan was born to Musa Manikfan and Fatima Manika on [[Minicoy Island]] of [[Lakshadweep]] on 16 March 1938. His father Musa sent him to [[Kannur]] for formal education. As he was not interested in formal education, he left his studies and returned home. According to him, formal education is artificial and pointless and the best way to acquire knowledge is getting wisdom by observing our environment.<ref name="maldr-1"/>
As a polyglot, Ali Manikfan knows a great number of languages. Besides his mother tongue [[Dhivehi language|Divehi (Mahl)]], he learned English, Hindi, Malayalam, Arabic, Latin, French, Russian, German, Sinhalese, Persian, Sanskrit, Tamil and Urdu. His other areas of interest are marine biology, marine research, geography, astronomy, social science, traditional shipbuilding, education, fisheries, agriculture and horticulture.
In 1956 he worked as a teacher and then became a clerk in [[Minicoy]]. (Indian government's chief civil official on the Island). However, his interest was in marine life - in the 1960s he joined the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute of India.<ref name="maldr-1"/>

===New fish species discovered===
While working with the [[marine biologist]] Dr. Santhappan Jones, Manikfan discovered a new fish species. Jones, impressed by Ali's observation skills and his wide knowledge about marine life, called the species ''[[Abudefduf|Abudefduf manikfani]]''.<ref name="maldr-1">[[Xavier Romero-Frias]]. [http://www.maldivesculture.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=72 "Ali Manikfan - the man from Minicoy who loves nature"]. Maldives Culture website.</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=S. |last1=Jones |first2=M. |last2=Kumaran |title=New records of fishes from the seas around India – Part VI |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1970 |pages=321–331 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/33365/1/33365.pdf}}.</ref> Later, his knowledge was used for a paper describing the fish species in the Laccadive archipelago found in the specimen collections, on which he was listed as a co-author.<ref>{{citation |first1=S. |last1=Jones |first2=M. |last2=Kumaran |first3= M. Ali |last3=Manikfan |title=On some fishes from the Maldives. Part I: Species known from the Laccadive archipelago in the collections. |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India |volume=23 |issue=1–2 |year=1981 |pages=181–197 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/33364/1/33364.pdf}}.</ref>

===Technical and agricultural experiments===
Ali Manikfan follows non-aggressive agricultural methods that take nature in consideration. For his {{convert|15|acre|km2|adj=on}} land in [[Valliyur]] in [[Tirunelveli district|Thirunelveli district]], Tamil Nadu, he produces his own electricity from a windmill which he designed himself.<ref>{{cite news |author=P. Sudhakar |title=Indian medicines, natural farming keep them going |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 October 2004 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/18/stories/2004101805030600.htm |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315215009/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/18/stories/2004101805030600.htm |archive-date=15 March 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He built a house there with [[eco friendly]] materials that are naturally available in the region.

====Shipbuilder====
In 1981 Ali Manikfan was given the responsibility of making a reconstruction of an ancient Arab trading ship, the ''Sohar'', by Irish adventurer [[Tim Severin]]. He went to [[Oman]] to direct a team of carpenters. The ship, named after the city of [[Sohar]] in Oman, was completely hand-made, using traditional boat-building techniques, and no metal was used in its construction. It took one year to build the 27-metre-long ship, and four tons of coir were needed to sew the planks of its hull, in the same way that ancient Maldivians had built ships. Tim Severin traveled 9,600 km from Oman to [[China]] by this ship. Severin described his eight-month-long journey in a book, ''The Sindbad Voyage''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tim Severin |author-link=Tim Severin |title=The Sinbad Voyage |year=1982 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-09-150560-8}} The book won the 1982 [[Thomas Cook Travel Book Award]].</ref> The ''Sohar'' is now displayed at a Museum in Oman.

====Calendar====
Ali Manikfan has claimed to have designed a [[lunar calendar]] based on the new moon times published<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html|title = AstroPixels - Moon Phases: 2001 to 2100}}</ref> by [[Fred Espenak]] who calculated the new moon times based on the Astronomical Algorithms of [[Jean Meeus]]. However the same calendar was used in Saudi Arabia from 1972 to 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title = The Ummul Qura Calendar from 1972 to 1999}}</ref> He recommended [[Muslims]] all over the world to follow his lunar calendar.<ref name="iol-2">[http://interact.islamonline.net/English/interact/stars/2009/12/27/manikfan-ali-scientific-achievements-nominee/ Islam online]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=P. K. Abdul Ghafour |title=OIC Summit Urged to Adopt Unified Islamic Calendar |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=73592&d=23&m=11&y=2005 |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |date=23 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616061137/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1 |archivedate=16 June 2012}}</ref>

The [[Islamic calendar]] (Hijri calendar) is a purely lunar calendar. It contains 12 months that are based on the visible new moon of every month, and because 12 [[synodic month]]s is only 12 x 29.53059=354.3671 days, the Islamic calendar is consistently shorter than a [[tropical year]], and therefore it shifts with respect to the [[solar calendar]]s used in most of the [[Western world|Western]] or, more generally, [[Christendom|Christian, world]] . The calendar is based on the Qur'an (Sura IX, 36-37) and its proper observance is a sacred duty for Muslims.

According to Ali Manikfan's criterion, which was originally the criterion of Umm Al Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia, "If the new moon ie. the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon occurs before 00:00 UT, the following calendrical day is the first day of lunar month". For e.g. New moon of February 2015 occurred on 18th at 23:47UT. So the month of Jumada I of 1436 started from the next calendrical day 19 February, which was 13mins passed new moon. Likewise, New moon of the month of October in the same year happened on 13th at 00:05, So the month of Muharram of the year 1437 started on the next calendrical day 14 October, which was 23hrs 55mins passed new moon. As per Islamic law, the month should be begun after the sighting of [[wikt:hilal|Hilal]]. It will take 20 to 24-hours for Hilal to form. But in his lunar calendar some months start after a few minutes of conjunction and some other months after 23.9hrs of conjunction, which is almost a day. There is no relevance to Hilal in his calendar.

He further claims "There is a day called universal day and conjunction always happens on that day". There is no day called universal day on the planet. No astronomer ever mentioned such a day. And he teaches that last day of the month should be the universal day of conjunction. He considers the 24hrs of UT in which conjunction happens as a universal day, which is the local day at [[Greenwich]]. The universal day what he claims is nothing but the local day of [[Greenwich]]. His criterion has no logic of except [[Greenwich]] midnight. It simply follows the day convention of the Christian calendar and the new moon time referred in [[Greenwich Mean Time]].

Since there is no Hilal involved in his criterion it is widely criticized by the Muslim scholars and astronomers in India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.piraivasi.com/p/hijra.html | title=ஹிஜ்றா கமிட்டி}}</ref>

His calendar is followed by a minority in the State of Tamil Nadu in India, Where He is the Chairman of the Hijra Committee of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hijracalendar.com/contactus.htm |title=Contact Us - Hijra Calendar |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124113713/http://www.hijracalendar.com/contactus.htm |archive-date=24 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The criterion of the calendar proposed by Ali is not his own. It was an old criterion used in Saudi Arabia for its Ummul Qura calendar.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm | title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia}}</ref>

A calendar with a same criterion is used by a Judeo-Christian ministry Worlds Last Chance.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldslastchance.com/ | title=WLC}}</ref> All the ideologies of WLC and Ali Manikfan are same. Both claim that the day starts at the dawn and the next day of the day of conjunction is the first day of lunar month.

====Bicycle====
He built a roller-driven motorcycle out of a bicycle with an attached old power sprayer motor. It was started by pedaling until the motor got going. He went with his son Musa from Tamil Nadu to New Delhi, doing an average of 60 to 70 km a day. Though its maximum speed is only 35 km/h, Ali Manikfan claims it's far cheaper and efficient than a petrol-driven two-wheeler.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=Meet Padma Shri Ali Manikfan from Lakshadweep {{!}} Web News Observer|url=https://webnewsobserver.com/2021/04/30/meet-padma-shri-ali-manikfan-from-lakshadweep/|access-date=2021-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Qibla====

He claims that "one who crosses the [[International Date Line]] should change his [[Qiblah]] in the opposite direction". So that people eastward should face east for Qiblah and people westward should face west for Qiblah. Moreover, he insists people on the either sides of the International Date Line to stand backwards to each other and face Qiblah at the opposite directions during prayer. His view is disputed by some Muslim scholars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/qibla.htm|title = Determining the Sacred Direction in Islam}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manikfan, Ali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Dhivehi people]]
[[Category:Mahls]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Maldivian descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

Kuladeivam Rajagopal

2026-02-07T23:45:11Z

Tanu14: Added data

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuladeivam Rajagopal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|04|22}}
| other_names = Chinna Kalaivanar
| birth_name = V. R. Rajagopal
| birth_place = [[Kandramanickam]], [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|10|30|1931|04|22}}
| occupation = Film Actor, Stage Actor, Singer
| years_active = 1954–1995
| spouse = Gokilambigai
| children = 4
}}

'''V. R. Rajagopal''', known professionally as '''Kuladeivam Rajagopal''', was an Indian actor and comedian who worked predominantly in Tamil films and plays. He was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. Rajagopal made his film debut in [[Kaveri (1955 film)|''Kaveri'']] (1955). He acted in more than 200 films in five decades. Rajagopal got a title 'Chinna Kalaivanar' Madurai fans presented to him in 1961. He was an admirer of 'Kalaivanar' [[N. S. Krishnan]].

== Early career ==
Rajagopal was born in [[Kandramanickam]], a small town in [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]] district. Father Veerasamy Naidu and Mother Deivani Ammal The Father Village Bhagavathar and Building Stackcher. He started acting in Terukkuttu from an early age and joined the Boys Theater Company in [[Tiruchirappalli|trichy]] at the age of 12. He joined the Kalamani Theater Company in [[Madurai]] at the age of 16. On a trip to Salem, Rajagopal met [[N. S. Krishnan]], who became close to him. Rajagopal later joined Krishnan's theatrical company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/09/02/kuladeivam-v-r-rajagopal/|title=Kuladeivam V.R.Rajagopal|date=2013-09-02|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kuladeivaam-rajagopal-old-tamil-actor.html|title=All you want to know about #kuladeivaamRajagopal(OldTamilActor)|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Rajagopal made his film debut in ''[[Pudhu Vazhvu]]'' which was produced and directed by [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]. As the film was delayed, Rajagopal acted in the ''Nalla Kaalam'' movie directed by K.Vembu in 1954. In 1955, Rajagopal acted in Padmini Pictures's ''[[Mudhal Thethi]]'' and Krishna Pictures's ''[[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]]''. In 1956, Rajagopal acted one of the four heroes in the film ''Kula Deivam''. Rajagopal was named after the success of the film with the title of Kula Deivam. He left the film industry after starring in films in the late 1970s and early '80s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/12821-.html|title=அன்று வந்ததும் அதே நிலா: நான் கடைசி சீடன்|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

== Death ==
Rajagopal died of cardiac arrest on 30 October 1995.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} His sons Sampath and Selvam worked as a music composing duo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 1986 |title=Less violence, please |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sYRlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=432%2C1138334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425112820/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sYRlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=432%2C1138334 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1954
|''[[Nallakalam]]''
|
|Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2" |1955
|[[Kaveri (1955 film)|''Kaveri'']]
|
|Debut
|-
|''[[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]]''
|Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1956
|[[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|''Kula Deivam'']]
|Chinnaiah
|
|-
|[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|''Madurai Veeran'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|''Raja Rani'']]
|Shankaran
|
|-
|''[[Rangoon Radha]]''
|Naidu's assistant
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Pudhu Vazhvu]]''
|
|Rajagopal's first film. But, the film got delayed. later, released in 1957.
|-
| rowspan="7" |1958
|''[[Annaiyin Aanai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirumanam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Sabaash Meena|''Sabash Meena'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Selvam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Valartha Thangai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sengottai Singam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Engal Kudumbam Perisu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1959
|''[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalyanikku Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yanai Paagan]]''
|Skandan
|
|-
|''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thanga Padhumai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[President Panchaksharam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Malaya Simha]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|''Veerapandiya Kattabomman'']]
|Kariyappan
|
|-
|''[[Deiva Balam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam|''Vazha Vaitha Deivam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Abalai Anjugam]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="8" |1960
|''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''
|Rathnam
|
|-
|''[[Engal Selvi]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Thilakam (1960 film)|''Thilakam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuravanji]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uthami Petra Rathinam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Makutam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mannadhi Mannan]]''
| Balaraman
|
|-
|''[[Engal Selvi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1961
|''[[Sabaash Mapillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirudathe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaai Sollai Thattadhe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kongunattu Thangam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1962
|''[[Ellorum Vazhavendum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maadappura]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vadivukku Valai Kappu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|''[[Karuppu Panam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|''Karnan'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1966
|''[[Chitthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandhrodhayam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Thaaye Unakkaga|''Thaye Unakkaga'']]
|
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Kaaval Dheivam]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1970
|''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]''
|Samiyaar
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Arunodhayam]]''
|Mani
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|''Karunthel Kannayiram''
|
|
|-
|''Itho Enthan Deivam''
|
|
|-
|''Annai Abirami''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1973
|''[[Deivamsam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nathayil Muthu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Prarthanai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1976
|[[Gruhapravesam (1976 Tamil film)|''Gruhapravesam'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Payanam (1976 film)|''Payanam'']]
|
|
|-
|''Vayilla Poochi''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Avar Enakke Sontham]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1980
|''Karayai Thodatha Alaigal''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]]''
|Villu paatu singer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|''Vaai Sollil Veeranadi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Puyal Kadantha Bhoomi]]''
|Pattampoochi
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Nalla Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]''
|Chinnarasu's Uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
|''[[Veedu Manavi Makkal]]''
|Broker Bullet
|
|-
|''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Aararo Aariraro]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Eeramana Rojave]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Villu Pattukaran]]''
|
|Last film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Maamiyar Veedu]]''
|Korai Kaluthu Kuppusamy
| rowspan="3" |Posthumously released
|-
|''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]''
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Paattu Vaathiyar]]''
|Headmaster
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8366859}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, Kula Deivam V. R.}}
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

Prasanna (actor)

2026-02-07T22:21:30Z

Tanu14: updated layout additionally as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{For|other persons named Prasanna|Prasanna (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasanna
| image = Actor Prasanna Latest image (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Prasanna Venkatesan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|08|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/prasanna-happy-birthday-137997/|title = Prasanna, happy birthday!}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/prasanna|title = Prasanna}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]|2012}}
}}

'''Prasanna Venkatesan''', often credited mononymously as '''Prasanna''', is an Indian actor who works predominantly in the [[Tamil cinema]] and alongside appeared in a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films.

He made his first success in ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' in 2002, which was produced by [[Mani Ratnam]]. Some of his other notable films are ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004), ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' (2005), ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005), ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' (2007) and ''[[Anjathe]]'' (2008). Apart from lead roles, he has also played villain and character roles. His film ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'', was screened at many [[international film festival]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Achchamundu_Achchamundu/11781 |title=Achchamundu Achchamundu screened at International film festivals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811195207/http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Achchamundu_Achchamundu/11781 |archive-date=11 August 2010 |work=Jointscene |access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Prasanna was born in [[Tiruchirappalli]]. His father was an employee in [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] and his mother is a homemaker. He completed his schooling from [[BHEL Matriculation Higher Secondary School]], Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/entertainment/artist/Prasanna-Venkatesan/A943797|title = Sneha-Prasanna's Vanitha photoshoot: actor speaking in Malayalam will blow your mind!}}</ref> Prasanna was good at mimicry and acting, when he was in school and college. He had stated that he always wanted to become an actor.<ref name="rediff2005">{{cite interview |author=Prasanna |interviewer=Shobha Warrier |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/23pra.htm |title=Meet Prasanna of Tamil films |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> He was an [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering|EEE]] student in Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirapalli, when he responded to an open audition for actors in [[Susi Ganesan]]'s ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Cite interview |author=Prasanna |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6246.html |title=I want to do meaningful films: Prasanna |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210054354/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6246.html |archive-date=2005-02-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> although his parents were unhappy with his decision.<ref name="rediff2005"/>

== Film career ==

=== 2002–2009 ===
He debut his career in ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'', produced by [[Mani Ratnam]]'s [[Madras Talkies]], featured Prasanna alongside four other newcomers, most notably [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]]; it was well received by critics and performed modestly at the box office. His next two films ''[[Ragasiyamai]]'' (2003) and ''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]'' (2004), did not fare well commercially. After ''Five Star'', his noteworthy performance came in ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004). He cites that the time between ''Five Star'' and ''Azhagiya Theeye'' was "a painful one", since the roles offered to him were "not the ones" he wanted to play.<ref name="rediff2005"/> The film, involving an ensemble cast, was produced by [[Prakash Raj]]'s Duet Movies and directed by [[Radha Mohan]]. Critics commented that he had improved in emoting,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-theeye-review-tamil-13534425.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921224032/http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-theeye-review-tamil-13534425.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Movie Review:Azhagiya Theeye |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> labelling his "voice modulation in the humorous scenes" as "impressive".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911162235/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2004 |title=Azhagiya Theeyae ... |date=6 August 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> Prakash Raj, impressed by his performance in the film, offered him the lead character in his next production ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'', too.<ref name="rediff2005"/> The [[Love triangle|triangular love story]], directed by the newcomer [[V. Priya]], costarring [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] and [[Karthik Kumar]] was a commercial success. The film ran for one-hundred days.<ref name="H">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prasanna-talks-about-mafia/article30860970.ece |title=I was devastated when Mysskin called me a 'sidekick': Prasanna on playing 'second-hero' roles, and his upcoming 'Mafia' |first=Srivatsan |last=S |date=19 February 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The comedy flick ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'', co-starring [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]] and [[Vadivelu]] was his only 2007 release.

In 2008, Prasanna was seen in three films. He starred in [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s comedy thriller ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]''. His role of a modern-day villain was a huge hit in [[Mysskin]]'s film ''[[Anjathe]]'' (2008). His negative role was critically acclaimed and fetched him a nomination at the [[56th Filmfare Awards South]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]] category. Later that year, he starred in [[G. Marimuthu]]'s ''[[Kannum Kannum]]''. Regarding his performance, a critic noted that "Prasanna oozes sincerity and his ability to bring the Sathya and Murthy character to life with all the nuances of love, tenderness, humour and frustrations is one of the highlights of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kannum-kannum-review-tamil-pclw7cbcecehi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116041342/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannum-kannum-review-tamil-pclw7cbcecehi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2017 |title=Kannum Kannum |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He played the lead in [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]'s ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'' (2009) opposite [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] that dealt with the subject of [[paedophiles]]. It received rave reviews,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Achchamundu-Achchamundu/movie-review/4792412.cms |title=Achchamundu Achchamundu movie review |website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Achchamundu-Achchamundu/movie-review/4792412.cms|archive-date=2012-10-24|url-status=dead|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/achchamundu-achchamundu.html |title=Achchamundu Achchamundu |website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> and was very well received internationally,<ref name="rediff2005"/> but failed at the domestic box office. ''[[Manjal Veyil]]'' also failed to be successful.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jointscene.com/news/Prasanna/1950 |title=Actor Prasanna has been ridden with bad luck! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424234152/http://www.jointscene.com/news/Prasanna/1950 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |work=Joint Scene |access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref> During the period, he also worked as a voice actor, speaking dubbing for [[Aryan Rajesh]] in [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]'s ''[[Pokkisham]]'' on the insistence of the director.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-prasanna/20110928.htm |title=I felt Muran was like my own production |date=28 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

=== 2010–2018===

Then, alongside [[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibiraj]] as antagonist, he starred in [[Shakti Soundar Rajan|Shakthi Soundar Rajan]]'s ''[[Naanayam (2010 film)|Naanayam]]'' as a protagonist produced by S.P.B. Charan's Capital Film Works. In ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'', directed by Siddharth Chandrasekhar, Prasanna was replaced by [[Vishnu Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-08-04/prasanna-siddharth-25-11-08.html |title=Prasanna joins Siddharth – Behindwoods.com – Bale Pandiya Prasanna Siddharth Chandrasekhar |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He was seen in a supporting role as a local gangster in ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''. A review from ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' wrote that "with his eyes-to-die-for and underplayed violence, Prasanna easily steals the show".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/baana-kaathadi/movie-review/6271581.cms |title=Baana Kaathadi |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/baana-kaathadi/movie-review/6271581.cms |access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> In 2011, he performed a lead role alongside director-actor [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] in the thriller film ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]''. His character, a "spoiled brat" and son of a millionaire, again had negative shades.<ref name="rediff1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71552.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001022202/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71552.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2011 |title=How Prasanna became Arjun in 'Muran' – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> He was also approached for ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'', which he could not take due to his busy schedule with ''Muran''. He has been approached to play a vital role in the Malayalam ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'', but eventually did not star in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Prasanna-in-Malayalam/articleshow/8056846.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122344/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/news-interviews/29462647_1_muran-malayalam-indrajith|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Prasanna in Malayalam? |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref> In 2013, he played a doctor in the ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'', a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011).<ref name="N">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-chennaiyil-oru-naal-is-a-gripping-thriller-599769.html |title=Tamil review: 'Chennaiyil Oru Naal' is a gripping thriller |website=News18 |date=30 March 2013}}</ref> The film featured an ensemble cast and released to positive reviews.<ref name="N" /> That same year, he made his Telugu debut with ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' and starred in the successful romantic comedy ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/apr/30/prasanna-excited-about-telugu-debut-473027.html |title=Prasanna excited about Telugu debut |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/articlelist/kalyana-samayal-saadham/movie-review/26975104.cms |title=Kalayana Samayal Saadham movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at |work=The Times of India |date=2013-12-07}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic stated that "Prasanna deserves special credit for playing a role that most actors would hesitate to take up".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kalyana-samayal-saadham-is-funny-and-thought-provoking-south/20131206.htm |title=Review: Kalyana Samayal Saadham is funny and thought provoking |publisher=Rediff |date=2013-12-07}}</ref>

2014 saw the release of ''[[Pulivaal]]'' and the long delayed ''[[Netru Indru]]''; both films featured himself and [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] in the lead. The former was directed by Marimuthu and was based on the Malayalam film ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jul/30/puli-vaal-not-exactly-a-remake-501742.html |title='Puli Vaal' not exactly a remake |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> While ''Pulivaal'' released to positive reviews, ''Netru Indru'' released to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pulivaal-tiger-by-the-tail/article5668108.ece |title=Pulivaal: Tiger by the tail |date=8 February 2014 |work=The Hindu |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indru/movie-review/36963850.cms|title=Netru Indru Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Netru Indru by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> His subsequent films released to positive reviews: ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pa-paandi/movie-review/58164300.cms|title=Pa. Paandi Review {3.5/5}: Power Paandi is a heartwarming film that, despite its conventional storytelling, packs in a huge emotional wallop|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Nibunan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280717/nibunan-review-a-fast-paced-thriller-that-will-keep-you-engrossed.html |title=Nibunan review: A fast-paced thriller that will keep you engrossed! |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=28 July 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thupparivaalan-review-the-adventure-of-the-eccentric-bachelor/article19684814.ece |title='Thupparivaalan' review: The adventure of an eccentric bachelor |first=Vishal |last=Menon |date=14 September 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/dec/02/thiruttu-payale-2-review-a-decent-even-if-not-darker-follow-up-1716254.html |title='Thiruttu Payale 2' review: A decent, even if not darker, follow-up |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> His performance in ''Thirittu Payale 2'' fetched him the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/living-up-to-expectations-as-an-actor-from-five-star-to-thupparivalan-prasanna-gears-up-for-his-next-big-release-thiruttu-payale-2/article19808023.ece |title=Actor of many parts |first=T. |last=Saravanan |date=6 October 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He returned to Telugu cinema with ''[[Jawaan]]'', which featured him as the antagonist and released to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jawaan/movie-review/61878137.cms|title=Jawaan Review {2.2/5}: You can go watch this movie if you're a Sai Dharam Tej fan. Steer clear of it otherwise!|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2018, he starred in ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]''; he was cast after [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] left the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Prasanna-replaces-Shaam-in-Kaala-Koothu/articleshow/47642162.cms |title=Prasanna replaces Shaam in 'Kaala Koothu' |website=The Times of India |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260518/kaalakkoothu-movie-review-prasanna-kalaiarasan-sai-dhanshika-clichd.html |title=Kaalakkoothu movie review: Mismatch of worthy performers against clichéd script |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=26 May 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

=== 2019–present===

In 2019, he marks the digital debut in the Television series ''[[Thiravam]]''. Prasanna plays the middle-aged, socially awkward, grey-haired scientist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/May/21/thiravam-review-prasanna-fuels-this-middling-web-series-about-the-ramar-pillai-story-11733.html|title = Thiravam Review: Prasanna fuels this middling retelling of the Ramar Pillai story}}</ref> he then starred in the Telugu film ''[[Viswamitra (film)|Viswamitra]]'' and made his Malayalam debut with ''[[Brother's Day]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-prasanna-reveals-why-his-mollywood-debut-was-delayed-107765 |title=Actor Prasanna reveals why his Mollywood debut was delayed |date=24 August 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> ''Brothers Day'' released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/brothers-day/movie-review/71008268.cms |title=Brother's Day Movie Review: Too many twists in Prithviraj's suspense thriller |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Mafia: Chapter 1]]'', received mixed reviews upon release<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mafia-chapter-1/movie-review/74237745.cms|title=Mafia Review {3/5}: The way 'Mafia: Chapter 1' ends makes us eagerly wait for the next chapter|work= The Times of India}}</ref> followed by ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/naanga-romba-busy/movie-review/79222612.cms |title=Naanga Romba Busy Movie Review: This demonetisation comedy often lacks spunk |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2021, Prasanna is part of ''Project Agni'' from ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'', a science-fiction story in which he plays an ISRO scientist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/navarasa-netflix-prasanna-playing-villain-in-big-hero-films-suriya-vijay-sethupathi-gautham-menon-mani-ratnam|title = Prasanna On Playing The Villain In Big Hero Films}}</ref> In 2022, he appeared successively in television series such as ''[[Fingertip season 2]]'', ''[[Victim (TV series)|Victim]]'' and ''[[Mad Company]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/well-researched-binge-worthy-thriller-review-tamil-webseries-1655525583|title = Well Researched Binge Worthy Thriller}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/victim-who-is-next/season-1/seasonreview/93365303.cms|title = Victim: Who Is Next? Season 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-prasanna-as-relationships-disintegrate-we-might-end-up-hiring-people-for-companionship-just-like-in-mad-company/2345b218d2296|title = Exclusive! Prasanna: As relationships disintegrate, we might end up hiring people for companionship, just like in Mad Company}}</ref> In 2023, he starred in ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' and the Malayalam film, ''[[King of Kotha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/king-kotha-review-dulquer-and-shabeer-shine-exhausting-gangster-saga-181502|title = King of Kotha review: Dulquer and Shabeer shine in an exhausting gangster saga}}</ref> In 2024, he was seen in the Television series ''[[Cheran's Journey]]'' as well as the Hindi ''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]'' where he plays the role of Indian Air Force Wing Commander.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/cherans-journey-review-an-extremely-sentimental-road-leads-to-a-warm-destination-sarathkumar-prasanna-kalaiyarasan|title = Cheran's Journey Review: An Extremely Sentimental Road Leads To A Warm Destination}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prasanna-to-play-the-wing-commander-abhinandan-in-the-documentary-ranneeti-balakot-beyond/articleshow/109682334.cms|title =Prasanna to play the wing commander Abhinandan in the documentary 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond's}}</ref> The next, Prasanna joins the cast of [[Ajith Kumar]]'s ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prasanna-joins-the-cast-of-ajith-kumars-good-bad-ugly/articleshow/113899074.cms|title =Prasanna joins the cast of Ajith Kumar's 'Good Bad Ugly'}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
During the filming of ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'' it was reported that he fell in love with [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], but he denied the idea of marrying an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/sneha-and-prasanna-first-film-together-after-marriage/ |title=Sneha and Prasanna First Film together after Marriage |date=14 August 2013 |work=kollywoodtoday.net |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104503/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/sneha-and-prasanna-first-film-together-after-marriage/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Prasanna eventually married Sneha on 11 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-11-02/sneha-prasanna-09-11-11.html |title=Sneha to wed actor Prasanna! |website=Behindwoods |access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-official-sneha-to-wed-actor-prasanna-news-tamil-lljniKfdbgb.html |title=Prasanna out public about his relationship with Sneha! |website=[[Sify]]|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112020245/http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-official-sneha-to-wed-actor-prasanna-news-tamil-lljniKfdbgb.html|archive-date=12 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/73768.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110095014/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/73768.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2011 |title=Sneha to marry Prasanna! |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> The couple have two children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150811/entertainment-kollywood/article/baby-boy-sneha-prasanna |title=Baby boy for Sneha, Prasanna |first=anupama |last=subramanian |date=12 August 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-reveals-her-baby-girls-pictures-for-the-first-time/articleshow/77797949.cms |title=Sneha reveals her baby girl's pictures for the first time |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}

===As actor===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prasanna film credits as actor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2002 || ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' || Prabhu ||
|-
|2003 || ''[[Ragasiyamai]]'' || Amudhan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || Arunachalam ||
|-
|''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Tamilarasu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008 || ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || Sundaramoorthy ||
|-
|''[[Anjathe]]'' || Dhaya || [[ITFA Best Villain Award]]<br />Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum]]'' || Sathyamoorthy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
|''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'' || Senthil Kumar ||[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Character (Male)]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010 || ''[[Naanayam]]'' || Ravi Bhaskar ||
|-
|''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' || Sakthi Saravanan || Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || 'Maanja' Ravi ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Robin ||
|-
|''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' || Arjun || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
|''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' || Raghu Viswanathan || Also singer for "Pallu Pona Raja"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|''[[Netru Indru]]'' || David ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]'' || Himself || Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Rajadhi Raja''<br />Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]''|| Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
|''[[Nibunan]]'' || Inspector Joseph || Simultaneously shot in Kannada as ''Vismaya''
|-
|''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' || Manohar ||
|-
|''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' || Balakrishnan (Balki) || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Jawaan (film)|Jawaan]]'' || Keshava || Telugu film
|-
|2018 || ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]'' || Easwaran ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Viswamitra (film)|Viswamitra]]'' || CI Gopal || Telugu film
|-
|''[[Brother's Day]]''||Shiva|| [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020|| ''[[Mafia: Chapter 1]]'' || Diwakar Kumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' || Inspector Kumaravel || Television film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 ||''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' || Somu || <ref name="toi.kannai-nambathey.review">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kannai-nambathey/movie-review/98723417.cms |title=Kannai Nambathey Movie Review: Kannai Nambathey falters despite a thrilling setup |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Shahul Hassan || Malayalam film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dulquer-salmaans-king-of-kotha-directed-by-abhilash-joshiy-to-see-prasanna-playing-a-powerful-cop-exclusive-2318050-2023-01-06|title=Dulquer Salmaan's King of Kotha to see Prasanna playing a powerful cop | Exclusive|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' || Jaeger ||
|}

=== As voice over artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Prasanna film credits as voice over artist
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Actor
|-
|2009
|''[[Pokkisham]]''
|[[Aryan Rajesh]]
|-
|2010
|''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''
|[[Ashwanth Thilak]]
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prasanna television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program Name
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Thiravam]]''
|Ravi Prakasam
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
|2020 || ''[[Addham]]'' ||Krish || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] || [[Telugu language |Telugu]] webseries<br />Segment: ''Crossroads''
|-
|2021
|''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''
|Krishna
|[[Netflix]]
|Segment: ''Project Agni''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|[[Fingertip (Season 2)|''Fingertip'']]
|[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Arivazhagan Arivu
|[[ZEE5]]
|Season 2
|-
|''[[Victim (web series)|Victim]]'' ||Killer
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Segment: "Confession"
|-
||''[[Mad Company]]''
|AK
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
||
|-
|2023
|''[[Iru Dhuruvam (season 2)|Iru Dhuruvam 2]]''
| Langeswaran
|rowspan=2|[[SonyLIV]]
|Season 2
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Cheran’s Journey]]''
| Raghav Isakkimuthu
|
|-
|''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]''
|[[Wing commander]] Abhimanyu Vardhan
|[[JioCinema]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] webseries
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prasanna television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
|-
|2010 || ''Honeymoon Jodigal'' || Host || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018 || ''Soppana Sundari'' || Host || Sun Life
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1137738|name=Prasanna}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasanna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:International Tamil Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]

List of Rajput dynasties and states

2026-02-07T14:51:43Z

Tanu14: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|None}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{princely states topics}}

During the [[Medieval India|medieval]] and later feudal/[[British India|colonial]] periods, many parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] were ruled as sovereign or [[princely state]]s by various dynasties of [[Rajputs]].

The Rajputs rose to political prominence after the large empires of ancient India broke into smaller ones. The Rajputs became prominent in the early medieval period in about seventh century and dominated in regions now known as [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Western Gangetic plains]] and [[Bundelkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hermann kulke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=116|quote="When Harsha shifted the centre of north India history to Kannauj in mids of Ganga-Jamuna doab the tribes living in the west of this new centre also became more important for further courses of Indian history. They were first and foremost the Rajputs who now emerged into limelight of Indian history"|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|page=307|quote="The anarchy and confusion which followed the death of Harsha is a transitional period of history. This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who began to play a conspicuous part in the history of northern and western India from eighth century A.D. onwards"|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Alain Danielou|author-link=Alain Danielou|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ|title=A Brief History of India|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|page=87|language=en|quote="The Rajputs The rise of Rajputs in the history of northern and central India is considerable, as they dominated the scene between the death of Harsha and the establishment of the Muslim Empire"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|page=116|quote=The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC|title=Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India|date=1996|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=115|quote="In north India, dominant features of the period between 7th and 12th centuries have been identified as the growing weakness of state; the growth of power of local landed elittes and their decentralising authority by acquiring greater administrative, economic and political roles, the decline of towns, the setback to trades, This period between 7th to 12th century is also noted for rise of Rajputs|isbn=978-81-241-0035-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sara R. Farris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion|date=2013-09-05|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25409-1|page=145|language=en|quote="In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Eugenia Vanina|author-link=Eugenia Vanina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1|page=140|language=en|quote="By the period of seventh–eights centuries AD when the first references to the Rajput clans and their chieftains were made"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter Robb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC|title=A History of India|date=2011-06-21|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-34549-2|language=en|pages=103|quote=From around 1000 ce notable among these regional powers were various Rajput dynasties in the west and north}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|author-link=Burton Stein|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=D.|year=2010|title=A History of India|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|page=109|quote="The Rajput claim as a community were recorded in Sanskrit inscriptions that constituted as well as recorded in Rajasthan during the seventh century, when Rajputs begins to make themselves lords of various localities"}}</ref><ref name="Ludden2013">{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=88–|quote=By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...}}</ref>

However, the term "Rajput" has been used as an [[anachronism|anachronistic]] designation for Hindu dynasties before the 16th century because the Rajput identity for a lineage did not exist before this time, and these lineages were classified as aristocratic Rajput clans in the later times. Thus, the term "Rajput" does not occur in Muslim sources before the 16th century.{{sfn|Talbot|2015|p=33-35}}<ref name="Peabody2003">{{cite book|last=Peabody|first=Norbert|title=Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YZvuz6EGgcC&pg=PA38|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46548-9|pages=38–|quote=As Dirk Kolff has argued, it was privileged, if not initially inspired, only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Mughal perceptions of Rajputs which, in a pre-form of orientalism, took patrilineal descent as the basis for Rajput social Organization and consequently as the basis for their political inclusion into the empire. Prior to the Mughals, the term 'Rajput' was equally an open-ended, generic name applied to any ‘"horse soldier", "trooper", or "headman of a village"’ regardless of parentage, who achieved his status through his personal ability to establish a wide network of supporters through his bhaibandh (lit. 'ie or bond of brothers'; that is, close collateral relations by male blood) or by means of naukari (military service to a more powerful overlord) and sagai (alliance through marriage). Thus the language of kinship remained nonetheless strong in this alternative construction of Rajput identity but collateral and affinal bonds were stressed rather than those of descent. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA9|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|pages=9–|quote=Confronting the Ghurid ruler now were a number of major Hindu powers, for which the designation 'Rajput' (not encountered in the Muslim sources before the sixteenth century) is a well-established anachronism. Chief among them was the Chahamana (Chawhan) kingdom of Shakambhari (Sambhar), which dominated present-day Rajasthan from its capital at Ajmer}}</ref><ref name="Bayly2001">{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|pages=39–|quote=Yet the varna archetype of the Kshatriya-like man of prowess did become a key reference point for rulers and their subjects under the Mughals and their immediate successors. The chiefs and warriors whom the Mughals came to honour as Rajput lords in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries may not even have been descendants of Rajasthan's earlier pre-Mughal elites. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Behl|first=Aditya|editor= Wendy Doniger|title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA364|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514670-7|pages=364–|quote=The term ''Rajput'' is a retrospective invention, as most of the martial literature of resistance to Turkish conquest dates only from the mid-fifteenth century onward. As Dirk Kolff has noted in his ''Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 ''(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), the invention of "Rajput" identity can be dated to the sixteenth-century narratives of nostalgia for lost honor and territory. }}</ref><ref name="Eaton2019">{{cite book | author = Richard M. Eaton | date = 25 July 2019 | title = India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 | publisher = Penguin UK | pages = 51– | isbn = 978-0-14-196655-7 | oclc = 1088599361 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|quote=Often projected back to the twelfth century or even earlier, the term 'Rajput' has been called a 'well-established anachronism}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maharana Pratap, a prominent Rajput warrior of the Sisodia Dynasty of Mewar]]

[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 19 City Palace complex.jpg|thumb|During their centuries-long rule of northern India, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the ''Chandramahal'' in [[City Palace, Jaipur]], Rajasthan, which was built by the [[Kachwaha]] Rajputs.]]

==List==
Following is the list of those ruling Rajput dynasties and princely states of the Indian Subcontinent:
* [[Kachhwaha]]s of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Rethinking State Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTIlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kachhwaha+rajputs+ruling+clan&pg=PA400|page=400|author=Ashutosh Kumar|year=2017|publisher=Taylor and Francis group|isbn=978-1-138-22886-3}}</ref> [[Kohra (estate)|Kohra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date= |title=Kohra (Taluk) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> and [[Maihar State|Maihar]]<ref name=pr>{{Cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ|title=Lives of the Indian Princes |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Sharada |year=1998 |publisher=BPI Publishing |isbn=978-81-86982-05-1 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[List of Ranas of Mewar|Sisodias]] of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]], [[Banswara state|Banswara]], [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], [[Danta State|Danta]] and [[Barwani State|Barwani]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=Sisodia+rajput+dynasty&pg=PA248|page=248|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art|author=Melia Belli Bose|publisher=Brill|year=2015|quote=These lofty cenotaphs commemorate the Sisodia Rajput rulers of Mewar and fashion a distinctive posthumous identity for them.|isbn=9789004300569}}</ref>
* [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]], [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]], [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]], [[Idar State|Idar]], [[Sailana State|Sailana]], [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]], [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] and [[Seraikela State|Seraikela]]<ref name=rath>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=13|quote=He was the head of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, a clan which besides Jodhpur had ruled over Bikaner, Kishengarh, Idar, Jhabhua, Sitamau, Sailana, Alirajpur and Ratlam, all States important enough to merit gun salutes in the British system of protocol. These nine Rathore States collectively brought to India territory not less than 60,000 square miles in area.}}</ref>
* [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Imperial Pratihara]]s of [[Kannauj]] and [[Nagod State|Nagod]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)|volume=1|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC|page=19|quote="The middle of the tenth century saw the decay of two of the most powerful Rajput states which had dominated northern and central India during precedding centuries. These were Gurjara Pratihara Empire with their capital at Kannauj the first of the major Rajput kingdom"|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>
* [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhans]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Sambhar]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Nadol]], [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambore]], [[Dhami State|Dhami]], [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], [[Korea State|Korea]], [[Ambliara State|Ambliara]], [[Chhota Udaipur State|Chhota Udaipur]] and [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher= Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomars]] of [[Tomaras of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Gwalior]], [[Tomaras of Nurpur|Nurpur]] ([[Pathania|Pathania-Tomars]]) and [[Tomaras of Beja|Beja]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8Pg-d_3_M4C&dq=tomara+rajputs+delhi&pg=PT35|title=Celebrating Delhi|author=Mala Dayal|date=August 2010 |publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-273-1 }}</ref>
* [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas (Solankis)]] of Gujarat
* [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]] of [[Malwa]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzUDwAAQBAJ&dq=paramara+dynasty+rajput&pg=PA51|title=Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires|page=51|author=Nandini Chatterjee|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48603-3 }}</ref> [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]], [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]], [[Rajgarh State|Rajgarh]], [[Sant State|Sant]], [[Mohanpur State|Mohanpur]], [[Ranasan]], [[Wadagam]], [[Cambay State|Cambay]] and [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Chandravati]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL0sAQAAMAAJ&q=Paramara+rajputs+chandravati|page=52 and 55|title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, ʻOmān, and Central Arabia: Historical. 4 v|author=John Gordon Lorimer|date=8 May 1970 }}</ref>
* [[Gahadavala]]s of [[Varanasi]] and [[Kannauj]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chandela]]s of [[Jejakabhukti]] (modern Bundelkhand), [[Chandelas of Kalanjara|Kalanjara]], [[Gidhaur chieftaincy|Gidhaur]], [[Mahoba]] and [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Guhilas of Medapata]] (modern Mewar), [[Vala State|Vala]], [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]] and [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Brajadulal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ |title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues |date=2006 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-1-84331-132-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dogra-Dynasty|title=Dogra Dynasty|encyclopaedia=[[Britannica]]}}</ref>
*[[Jadeja]]s of [[Cutch State]], [[Nawanagar State]], [[Rajkot State]], [[Morbi State]], [[Gondal State]], [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]] and [[Rajpara State (Halar)|Rajpara]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DHROL |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dhrol.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528155934/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dhrol.html |archive-date=2018-05-28 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>
*[[Jethwa dynasty|Jethwa]]s of [[Ghumli]] - [[Porbandar State|Porbanadar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trizoglio |first=Gabriel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhN6DwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+Jethwa+by+Raja+Pawan+Jethwa&pg=RA3-PT11 |title=Cidades Fantasmas |date=2018-01-29 |publisher=Clube de Autores |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Chudasama (Rajput clan)|Chudasamas]] of [[Chudasama dynasty|Junagadh and Vamanasthali.]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |title=Pastoralism, Trade, and Settlement in Saurashtra and Kachchh |date=2009-12-24 |work=Forging a Region: Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200-1500 |pages=101–124 |editor-last=Sheikh |editor-first=Samira |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0004 |access-date=2025-08-31 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-806019-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Jadaun (clan)|Jadaun or Jadon]] of [[Bayana]] and [[Karauli state|Karauli]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slouber |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnpjEQAAQBAJ&dq=karauli+jadaun&pg=PP202 |title=A Garland of Forgotten Goddesses: Tales of the Feminine Divine from India and Beyond |date=2025-06-05 |publisher= |isbn=978-93-95474-23-8 |language=en |quote=Local histories highlight the Rajput kings of the Jadaun dynasty, who ruled the state of Karauli. Since around 1450, this domain has included the goddess's temple.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Dr Aijaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=jadon+bayana&pg=PA123 |title=History of Mewat |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=Alina Books |isbn=978-81-933914-2-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chand kings|Chands]] of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya,: A Geographical Study|author=Nutan Tyagi|page=63|publisher=Indus publishing|year=1991|isbn=978-81-85182-62-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcrieQdY3Y0C&dq=Chand+rajput+dynasty+kumaon&pg=PA63}}</ref>
* [[Katoch]]s of [[Kangra State|Kangra]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IARuAAAAMAAJ&q=Katoch+rajput+dynasty|author=Rana Mohd Sarwar Khan|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkVCgAAQBAJ&dq=Katoch+rajput+dynasty&pg=PA101|author=J. Mark Baker|title=The Kuhls of Kangra: Community-Managed Irrigation in the Western Himalaya|page=101|year=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80091-2 }}</ref>
* [[Panwar]]s of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and [[Lunavada State|Lunavada]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHfJLK6g_a8C&dq=Panwar+rajput+dynasty+garhwal&pg=PA63|publisher=University of California Press|page=63|year=2000|title=The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya|author=[[Ramachandra Guha]]|isbn=9780520222359 }}</ref>
* [[Sodha]]s of [[Amarkot]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ&q=Sodha+rajputs+of+Amarkot|title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D.|author=Aashirbadi Lal Shrivastava|year=1964|page=63|publisher=SL Agrawala}}</ref>
* [[Bhati]]s of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]]<ref name=pr/>
* [[Bundela]]s of [[Orchha State|Orchha]], [[Panna State|Panna]], [[Jigni State|Jigni]] and [[Ajaigarh State|Ajaigarh]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|publisher=[[Sterling Publishers]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-93270-554-6|pages=105|language=English}}</ref>
* [[Bargujar]]s of [[Samthar State|Samthar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=P |first=Kabad: Waman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIkyQEfSH70C&q=samthar+bargujar |title=Indian Who's who |publisher=Yeshanand & Company |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ujjainiya]]s of [[Jagdishpur estate|Jagdishpur]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRY8BAAAQBAJ&dq=jagdishpur+ujjainiya&pg=PA81 |title=Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-325-0981-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raksel]]s of [[Palamu fort|Palamu]], [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] and [[Surguja State|Surguja]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhengra |first=Dilbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5JuAAAAMAAJ&q=raksel+palamu |title=Archaeology of the Chotanagpur Division (Jharkhand) |date=2007 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7320-063-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chundawat]]s of [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Deogarh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Juhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FatlGxEWo3IC&dq=chundawats+of+deogarh&pg=PA183 |title=Beyond the Dunes: Journeys in Rajasthan |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306306-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jethwa dynasty|Jethwas]] of [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=porbandar+state+jethwa&pg=PA471 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Deora (clan)|Deoras]] of [[Bhinmal]], [[Sirohi]] and [[Chandravati]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC&pg=PA254 |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |last2=Dube |first2=Reena |date=2005-01-27 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shekhawat]]s of [[Shekhawati]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan}}</ref>
* [[Dor Rajputs|Dors]] of [[Vadodara]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Publishing |first=Britannica Educational |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |date=2010-04-01 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sengar]]s of [[Nai Garhi]], [[Mangawan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David E. U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVCgAAAAMAAJ&q=sengar+of+Nai+Garhi |title=Baghelkhand, Or, the Tigers' Lair: Region and Nation in Indian History |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568321-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jhala (clan)|Jhalas]] of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], [[Dhrangadhra State|Dhrangadhra]], [[Wankaner]], [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]], [[Wadhwan]], [[Lakhtar]], [[Sayla]] and [[Chuda State|Chuda]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&pg=PA9 |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the States of Western India, 1916-1947 |date=1999 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-11343-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sarvaiya]]s and [[Raizada]]s of [[Datha princely state|Datha]] and [[Jesar State|Jesar]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ&q=raizada+princely+state |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gaur (clan)|Gaurs]] of [[Kuchaman City|Kuchaman]] and [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Maroth]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plP7DwAAQBAJ&dq=maroth+gaur&pg=RA1-PA145 |title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660, Volumes 1–2 |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-03821-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bais (clan)|Bais]] of [[Baiswada State|Baiswada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh, Vol. II-H to M |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/gazetteer-province-oudh-vol-ii-h-m-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084949/https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/gazetteer-province-oudh-vol-ii-h-m-0 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chavda dynasty|Chavdas]] of [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]], [[Varsoda]] and [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaina |first1=Hīrālāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIHXAAAAMAAJ&q=chavda+dynasty |title=辞海: Ci hai. 地理分册・中国地理 |last2=Jaina |first2=Dharmacandra |date=2002 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-84-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hada Chauhan|Hadas]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]], [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] and [[Kota State|Kota]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 9, page 80 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_086.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724114431/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_086.gif |archive-date=2024-07-24 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
* [[Naruka]]s of [[Uniara Jagir|Unaira]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536468 |title=Batra H. C. |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand and Co.}}</ref>
* [[Bandhalgoti]]s of [[Shahgarh, Amethi|Shahgar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bingley |first=A. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzxuAAAAMAAJ&q=shahgarh+bandhalgoti |title=Caste, Tribes & Culture of Rajputs |date=1978 |publisher=Ess Ess Publications |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]] of [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meo Rajput by Sardar Azeemullah Khan Meo |url=https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223211516/https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.jadeed.store |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Rajputana]]
* [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput Rebellion]]
* [[List of dynasties and rulers of Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}

{{Rajput Groups}}

[[Category:Rajput history|Dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Lists of royalty|Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:Lists of dynasties|Rajput]]

Shahganj, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-06T15:41:12Z

Tanu14: Starting info!

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahganj
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.84|N|77.79|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sehore District]]
}}
'''Shahganj''' is a town and [[nagar parishad]] in [[Sehore district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[https://sehore.nic.in/public-utility/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C/ Nagar Panchayat]</ref> It belongs to [[Budhni]] Tehsil.

==Geography==
Shahganj is located at {{coord|22.84|N|77.79|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 269 metres (885 feet). It is located near [[Narmada River]].<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Shahganj.html | Location]</ref>

==Demographics==
The Shahganj Town has population of 8510 of which 4359 are males while 4151 are females as Census 2011.<ref>[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/483466-shahganj-madhya-pradesh.html | Population]</ref>

==Notable places==
* [[Ratapani Tiger Reserve|Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Amargarh Waterfall<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great places to go near Narmda View Point of Shahganj in March (updated in 2024) {{!}} Trip.com travel tips |url=https://www.trip.com/blog/attraction/near/narmda-view-point-of-shahganj-136755279/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=TRIP.COM |language=en-XX}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Ramakant Bhargav]], MP of Vidisha

==Transportation==
Shahganj is well connected with [[Bhopal]] and [[Hoshangabad]]. Daily buses run from here.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Extarnal links==
* [https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/sehore/shahganj-sehore-pincode-466554.html Pin Code]

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Sehore district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Kokila Kaushiklate

2026-02-03T15:18:55Z

Tanu14: adding initial post added tags

{{short description|Indian Paralympic athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic judo]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jind district]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Judo at the 2022 Asian Para Games|-48kg J2]]}}
}}
'''Kokila Kaushiklate''' (born 17 October 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokila Paralympics 2024 {{!}} Kokila Paralympic Medals List, Records, Stats, Age, Appearances, Paralympics Milestones - myKhel.com |url=https://www.mykhel.com/kokila-paralympics-p2510694/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=mykhelcom |language=en}}</ref> is a visually challenged para athlete from [[Haryana]], [[India]]. She won a bronze medal in the Judo Women's 48-kg J2 event at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] held at [[Gangzhou]], [[China]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2023-10-23 |title=पैरा एशियन गेम्स के जूडो कराटे स्पर्धा में कोकिला कौशिक ने जीता कांस्य पदक |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/kokila-kaushik-won-bronze-medal-in-judo-karate-event-of-para-asian-games-132055490.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-10-23 |title=Para Asian Games: Kokila, Kapil capture silver, bronze in Judo |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/para-asian-games-kokila-kapil-capture-silver-bronze-in-judo20231023203729/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkar |first=Ubaid |date=2023-10-28 |title=Asian Para Games 2023 medal tally: Indian winners - full list |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-para-games-2023-hangzhou-india-medal-winners-tally-table |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref> She represented India at the Paralympics in Paris 2024 where India made its debut in para judo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Dheepan Brunner |date=2024-09-04 |title=Indian Judokas at Paralympics 2024: Classifications, Medal Chances & Schedule |url=https://thebridge.in/paralympics-2024/indian-judokas-classifications-medal-chances-schedule-49477 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kaushiklate is from Kasun village in [[Jind district]] but currently resides in Azad Nagar, [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]]. Her father is a teacher and her mother is a social worker.<ref name=":0" /> She is studying Class 12 in the Government Girls Senior Secondary School in Rupana village, Haryana.<ref name=":0" /> She is an 'Indusind for Sports' trainee.<ref name=":2" /> She is also supported by sports NGO, Olympic Gold Quest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blind Judo {{!}} OGQ |url=https://ogq.org/paralympics-judo.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=ogq.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kaushiklate first won an international medal at the Commonwealth Judo Championships winning a silver medal in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Girl Power {{!}} Kokila Kaushiklate {{!}} IndusInd Bank |url=https://www.indusind.com/in/en/for-sports/Programs/girl-power/kokila-kaushiklate.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.indusind.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her bronze medal in the 48 kg J2 event at Asian Para Games got her a quota place in the Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India To Participate In Overall 12 Disciplines At Paris Paralympics {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/india-to-participate-in-overall-12-disciplines-at-paris-paralympics-6339306 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> Thus, she was part of the two member Indian team that made its debut in judo at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] in Paris. While she represented India in the Women’s 48Kg J2 category, Kapil Parmar took part in men's 60kg J1 category.<ref name=":1" /> She lost to [[Yuliia Ivanytska]] of [[Ukraine]] in the 2nd repechage round, [[Akmaral Nauatbek]] of [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] beat her in the quarterfinals. For the Indian it is a learning experience at a big stage as she lost both the bouts 0-10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results j2 up to 48kg Paris 2024 Olympics results: judo qualifications at the Paralympic Games |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sport/jo-paralympiques-2024/results/judo/j2-up-to-48kg/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Le Monde.fr |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Domestic career ===
Kaushiklate is a three time Indian national champion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=List of Indian Women Athletes Competing at the Paris Paralympics 2024 |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/indian-women-atheletes-list-paris-paralympics-article-301339 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushiklate, Kokila}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female judoka]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in judo]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic judoka for India]]
[[Category:People from Jind district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

No. 6 Squadron IAF

2026-01-29T05:21:27Z

Tanu14: brief cleanup intro and added references per sources

{{for|the [[RIAF]] squadron which was allotted to Pakistan|No. 6 Squadron PAF}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = No. 6 Squadron
| image =
| caption =
| dates = January 1951- Present
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| allegiance =
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| type =
| role = [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Jamnagar Air Force Station]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname = "Dragons"
| patron =
| motto = ''Sada Satark''<br>Always Alert
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_attack = [[SEPECAT Jaguar|SEPECAT Jaguar IM]]
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}
'''No. 6 Squadron (Dragons)''' is a fighter squadron and is equipped with [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar IM/IS]] and based at [[Jamnagar Air Force Station]].<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Squadrons and Helicopter Units|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209134909/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
No. 6 Squadron is one of the ten senior [[Squadron (aviation)|squadron]]s of the [[Indian Air Force]]. Reformed in January 1951,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/units/squadrons/6-squadron-dragons/|title=No.6 Squadron|date=16 July 2009|author=KS Nair|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref> its varied roles have included [[air-sea rescue]], counter-air, [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]]-[[reconnaissance]], maritime reconnaissance, maritime strike, [[target towing]] and transport.

===Assignments===
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]

==Aircraft==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Aircraft !! From !! To !! Air Base
|-
! colspan='4'|Post-Independence (1951–Present)
|-
| [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]|| January 1951 || December 1968 || rowspan='3'|[[Pune Airport|AFS Pune]]
|-
| [[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation|Super Constellation L-1049G]]|| October 1961 || May 1975
|-
| [[English Electric Canberra|English Electric Canberra B(I).58]]|| January 1972 || December 1992
|-
| [[SEPECAT Jaguar|SEPECAT Jaguar IM]]|| June 1987 || Present || [[Jamnagar Airport|AFS Jamnagar]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|006]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of India in World War II]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1951]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-aviation-stub}}

Tabaqat-i Nasiri

2026-01-29T03:26:49Z

Tanu14: updated details

{{Short description|13th century Persian historical text}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Tabaqat-i Nasiri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Islamic history of the world
| genre =
| set_in =
| published =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|طبقات ناصری}}}}), named for ''Sultan'' [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir-ud-Din]], is an elaborate history of the Islamic world written in Persian by [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} and completed in 1260.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} Juzjani's "''tabaqat''" would initiate the form of writing for dynastic history in centuries to come.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}}

==Background==
The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' consisted of 23 volumes and written in a blunt straightforward style. Juzjani devoted many years in the creation of his book even providing references for his information.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} In compiling the ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Juzjani used other books now lost; part of Baihaqi's reign of Sebuktigin, Abu'l-Qasim Imadi's ''Ta'rikh-i mujadwal'' and most likely Ibn Haisam's ''Qisas-i thani''.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} Juzjani relied on diverse sources, including oral reports from refugees who had fled to Delhi during the Mongol invasions of the 1220s and accounts from merchants traveling the overland trade routes linking India, Iran, and Central Asia as far as Karakorum, the capital of Genghis Khan.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}} He also drew on his own direct experience, having confronted Mongol forces in Khurasan before migrating to India in 1227 A.D.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}}

==Contents==
The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' offers a concise overview of Islamic history from the era of Adam through the decline of the Abbasid Empire, followed by a focused examination of the dynasties of Central Asia.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53}} It starts with the prophets and explains their piety and morality.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53}} This continues up to Abdullah, father of [[Muhammad]], at which point a history of Muhammad's life is told.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} Although a large portion of the book is devoted to the Ghurids, it also contains a history of the predecessors in Ghazna before the [[Ghaznavid]] [[Sebuktigin]] took power.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} Juzjani’s depiction of Ghur’s earliest rulers draws largely on the legends circulating in his time, but he appears to have recognized how hard it was to obtain reliable historical information.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53-54}}

The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' portrays Sultan Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarizm Shah’s rule in Central Asia and Iran as oppressive and does not hesitate to criticize it.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}} His narrative of the 1258 sack of Baghdad and Hülegü’s destruction of the Caliphate is supported by fourteenth-century Arab historians, and comparative evidence indicates that the ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'' later served as a reference for Arab historians as well.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=55}} The information Ibn Kathir provides about Ibn al-‘Alqami’s betrayal of the Caliph and the Sunni community in Baghdad can be set alongside Juzjani’s version of the same events.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=55}}

Within his ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Juzjani tells of his religious views and his historiographical approach to Islam and Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}}

The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' is the only source for the Khaljis rebellion in Bengal against the sultan of Delhi from 1229-1230.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}}

==Volumes==
*'''Volume XI''': Is a history of the [[Ghaznavids]] from [[Sabuktigin]] to [[Khusrau Malik]].{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}
*'''Volume XVII''': Gives an historical account of the Ghurids and their rise to power in 1215 to their end with Sultan Alauddin.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}
*'''Volume XIX''': Is a history of the Ghurid sultans Saifuddin Suri to Qutbuddin Aibek.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}
*'''Volume XX''': Is a history of Aibek and the first four rulers of Laknauti until their demise by Iltutmish in 1236.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}
*'''Volume XXII''': Is a biographical volume of courtiers, generals and provincial governors within the sultanate from 1227 until the early history of ''wazir'' Balban.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}
*'''Volume XXIII''': Gives in-depth information concerning Genghis Khan, his successors up to 1259, and the atrocities committed by the Mongols against Muslim.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=C.E. |last=Bosworth| title=The Ghaznavids:994-1040 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963}}
*{{cite journal |title=Indian Sources on Central Asian History and Culture 13th to 15th century A. D. |first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqui |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume= 27 |number=1 |year=1993 |pages=51–63 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930891 }}
*{{cite book|first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqi |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up To The Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010}}
*{{cite book|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study In The History Of Medieval India: (1000-1526)|volume=1 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1986 }}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title:(Tabakat-i-nasiri) Tabaqat-i Nasiri of Juzjani], books on [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/menhaj-seraj Minhaj-i-Siraj, Jowzjāni] at Iranica online
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tabaqat-naseri Tabaqat-i Nasiri] at Iranica online
* [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Tabaqat-i-Nasiri] at Banglapedia

{{Mongol Empire chronicles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:1260 books]]
[[Category:History books about Iran]]
[[Category:13th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:13th century in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Books about Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]

Burrabazar

2026-01-28T10:01:57Z

Tanu14: started new stub

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the neighbourhood of Kolkata|the town in Purulia district|Barabazar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Burrabazar 
| official_name =
| other_name = Barabazar
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| image_skyline = File:A view of Burrabazar and Mahatma Gandhi Road.jpg
| image_caption = Mahatma Gandhi Road
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.582|N|88.352|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| coor_type = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|41]], [[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|42]], [[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|43]], [[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|44]], [[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|45]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[MG Road metro station (Kolkata)|MG Road]] and [[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Kolkata Circular Railway]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Burra Bazar railway station|Burrabazar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Smita Bakshi]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 36
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m = 
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_note = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST = 
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700001, 700007
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]] and [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]
| website =
}}
'''Burrabazar''' (also spelt as '''Bara Bazar''') is a neighbourhood of Central-North [[Kolkata]], in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

== Bazar Kolkata ==
[[File:A view of Burrabazar and Mahatma Gandhi Road.jpg|thumb|A view of Burrabazar and [[MG Road, Kolkata|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] (formerly Harrison Road) in Kolkata.]]In the 18th century, the Sutanuti haat was gradually replaced by Bazar Kolkata. The market was covered nearly 500 [[bigha]]s, while the surrounding residential area extended over another 400 bighas. Prominent families included the Seths and Basaks, along with gold merchants such as Mullicks, whose wealth and social prominence were widely note.<ref name="Catchcal">{{cite web| url =http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/burrabazar.asp| title =Burrabazar| access-date =2008-02-08| publisher =Catchcal.com.| archive-date =23 February 2008| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080223104316/http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/burrabazar.asp| url-status =live}}</ref> The area also housed merchants of more modest means, for example, the neighborhood around present-day Kalakar Street was known as [[Dhakapattys]], home to the Sahas, cloth merchants originally from [[Dhaka]]. The Sheths and Basaks maintained close tied with major cloth-producing centres, including Dhaka, [[Murshidabad]], and [[Cossimbazar]].

== Police section house ==
In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Burrabazar.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 18-19, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.582|88.352}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Burrabazar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.582|88.352}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Police district===
Burrabazar police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Central division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 8, Mullick Street, Kolkata-700007.<ref name="police">{{cite web |url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |title = Kolkata Police |work = Central Division |publisher = KP |access-date = 9 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074229/http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |archive-date = 10 March 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.<ref name="police"/>

==Administration==
[[File:Rabindra Sarani - Kolkata 2015-08-11 1982.JPG|thumb|Rabindra Sarani is considered as an extension of Burrabazar]]
With crime a major problem in Burrabazar till 2008, the police station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatapolice.org/section.asp?PSID=4&Typ=PS |title=Bowbazar Police Station |access-date=2008-02-08 |publisher=Kolkata Police |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416003928/http://www.kolkatapolice.org/Section.asp?PSID=4&Typ=PS |archive-date=16 April 2007 }}</ref> had a rough time.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080104/jsp/calcutta/story_8740129.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105012558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080104/jsp/calcutta/story_8740129.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 January 2008 | title = Five on loot spree in Burrabazar flat| access-date = 2008-02-08 | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=4 January 2008}}</ref>

More than 50,000 merchants from across the country have been attracted to Burrabazar because of the immense business opportunities but musclemen have followed them to the trade hub. From providing protection to businessmen and transporting their black money to running a satta (form of betting) racket and settling property and payment disputes, these men, mostly from the neighbouring states, start off as confidantes of the trading community. In a few years, they break free and form their own gangs to extort money and engage in other forms of criminal activities.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070208/asp/calcutta/story_7346486.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071130235921/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070208/asp/calcutta/story_7346486.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 November 2007 | title = Crime shadow on trade hub – Musclemen from neighbouring states run extortion, robbery & gambling rackets in Burrabazar | access-date = 2008-02-08 | last = Siddiqui | first = Imran Ahmed | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=8 February 2007}}</ref>

Even small traders coming to Burrabazar face problems, but of a different sort. More than 1,000 cyclists cross [[Howrah Bridge]] everyday to make purchases at Burrabazar. Most of these are small traders, from across the Hooghly River and they carry back goods for sale in their localities. Such people are regularly harassed by policemen on duty and let off against small payments.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050126/asp/calcutta/story_4298415.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050321163924/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050126/asp/calcutta/story_4298415.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 March 2005 | title = Rights rap & probe – Traders blow the whistle on cop coercion | access-date = 2008-02-08 | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=26 January 2005}}</ref>

===Traffic===
[[File:Brabourne Road Flyover - Kolkata 2011-09-17 00578.jpg|thumb|Brabourne Road Flyover, Burrabazar]]
Traffic in the area, including the approach road to [[Howrah Bridge]], has been a long-standing problem for people passing through the area. Pedestrians are forced to walk on roads along with vehicles. While lorries, taxis, vans and three-wheel goods carriers crowd the main roads, slow-moving vehicles like cycle-vans and carts clog the side-streets. A large number of governmental public buses and private buses ply through Burrabazar. [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tram]] route no. 18 serves Burrabazar (via [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]]).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050215/asp/calcutta/story_4378176.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050319002206/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050215/asp/calcutta/story_4378176.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 19 March 2005 | title = Traffic trouble at business hub – Burrabazar traders complain of administratirve apathy | access-date = 2008-02-08 | last = Gomes | first = Julius | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=15 February 2005}}</ref> '''Braborne Road Flyover''' (1.2 km stretch) connects Howrah Bridge with Braborne Road in Burrabazar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Braborne Road Flyover|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flyover-bones-laid-bare-by-neglect/cid/1666907|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624100721/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flyover-bones-laid-bare-by-neglect/cid/1666907|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Unsafe buildings===
On 31 March 2016, a [[Overpass|flyover]] on [[Vivekananda Road]] near Burrabazar collapsed, killing 22 people and injuring many more.<ref>{{cite news|title=22 killed, scores trapped, after Kolkata flyover comes crashing down|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/18-killed-hundreds-trapped-after-kolkata-flyover-comes-crashing-down/story-oTjxQCeOLvjRlR1rPCMelJ.html|access-date=31 March 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=31 March 2016|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401060602/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/18-killed-hundreds-trapped-after-kolkata-flyover-comes-crashing-down/story-oTjxQCeOLvjRlR1rPCMelJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fire hazards===
Along with buildings in danger of collapsing, the fire services department has fixed its gaze on structures in Burrabazar that can catch fire any moment because of faulty wiring. According to fire service officials, most of the 50-odd fires that broke out in the trade hub in 2005 were caused by short circuits, a consequence of faulty connections. At least 500 buildings in Burrabazar can be described as fire hazards. A disaster can strike any day. There are numerous building with hundreds of temporary electrical connections. Most tenants have drawn up temporary connections, [[ignoring all rules]]. These illegal and haphazard connections often lead to short circuits and fire.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060306/asp/calcutta/story_5926439.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060525194004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060306/asp/calcutta/story_5926439.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 May 2006 | title = Trade hub houses wired for fire | access-date = 2008-02-08 | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=6 March 2006}}</ref>

According to fire brigade officials, "It is generally believed that there are more fires during [[Kali puja]]. However, the number of fires during pujas has gone down considerably in recent times due to imposition of the fire-safety norms.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |title=Ahead of Durga Puja, Bagree Market traders stare at gloom as fire guts biz |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ahead-of-durga-puja-bagree-market-traders-stare-at-gloom-as-fire-guts-biz-118091700904_1.html |access-date=4 October 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225825/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ahead-of-durga-puja-bagree-market-traders-stare-at-gloom-as-fire-guts-biz-118091700904_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There used to be around 15 fires during [[Durga puja]] and over 100 fires during Kali puja. In 2005, there was only one fire during Durga puja and no fires at all during Kali puja".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060130/asp/calcutta/story_5779444.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060208170258/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060130/asp/calcutta/story_5779444.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 February 2006 | title = Pandal blazes on the wane | access-date = 2008-02-08 | newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=30 January 2006}}</ref>

In January 2008, fire ravaged Nandram market in Burrabazar for nearly a week. More than 1,200 shops went up in flames. Three hundred fire fighters and 54 fire tenders were sent to fight the fire. More than 1,000 people, who live in neighbouring residential apartments, were evacuated. Traffic in the area was thrown out of gear.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/4-000-shops-gutted-in-kolkata-fire/story-ykn2tt04IEAJajbENOJr1L.html | title = 4,000 shops gutted in Kolkata fire | access-date = 2020-02-04 | publisher = Hindustan times, 12 January 2008 | archive-date = 21 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210621143756/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/4-000-shops-gutted-in-kolkata-fire/story-ykn2tt04IEAJajbENOJr1L.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/over-2-500-shops-gutted-in-central-kolkata-fire/534488 | title = Over 2, 500 shops gutted in central Kolkata fire | access-date = 2020-02-04 | publisher = Outlook, 12 January 2008 | archive-date = 16 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210616205434/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/over-2-500-shops-gutted-in-central-kolkata-fire/534488 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Fires are regular features in Burrabazar. In January 2000, rows of shops were gutted at Manohar Das Katra. In December 2002, there was fire in the wholesale market of woollen goods. In April 2003, fire struck Satyanarayan Park AC market. In September 2004 there was fire in a sari shop in Hari Ram Goenka Street. In July 2005, there was fire at a hosiery warehouse, off Kalakar Street. In September 2005, there was fire in a Jackson Lane warehouse filled with plastic and paper. In March 2006, there was fire in a bank on Ezra Street.<ref name = "Telegraph1">{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080120/jsp/calcutta/story_8804334.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124120247/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080120/jsp/calcutta/story_8804334.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 January 2008 | title = We didn’t start the fire| access-date = 2008-02-08 | last = Roy | first = Subhajoy | others = With inputs from Deepankar Ganguly | work = The Telegraph| location=Calcutta, India | date=20 January 2008}}</ref>

A fire devastated the five floors of Bagree Market in September 2018, affecting some 500 traders, who lost 2-5 billion rupees, and about 3,000 staff.<ref name="Business Standard"/> The [[All India Federation of Tax Practitioners]] organised a free helpline for the traders who lost their documents and found it difficult to prepare their accounts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bravehearts who fought blaze |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bravehearts-who-fought-blaze/cid/1669724 |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Telegraph India |date=21 September 2018 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616172928/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bravehearts-who-fought-blaze/cid/1669724 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Arabber]]
* [[Bara Bazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[Bazaari]]
* [[Hawker centre]] (Asia) a centre where street food is sold
* [[Haat bazaar]]
* [[Peddler]]
* [[Retail]]
* [[Street vendor]]
* [[Street food]]
}}

==References==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160925021430/http://shop.godrejappliances.com/]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Kolkata]]

2025-26 Maharashtra local election

2026-01-18T02:36:52Z

Tanu14: adding new

#REDIRECT [[2025–26 Maharashtra local elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian states

2026-01-05T02:41:05Z

Tanu14: Starting a stub

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:INSTATES}}
The goal of the '''Wikiproject Indian states''' is to create comprehensive articles on India's [[States and territories of India|states]] and [[union territory|union territories]]. The project also aims to standardise section contents and provide ideas as to what can be added to each section. The final goal is to have as many articles on India's states as a[[Wikipedia:Featured article| Featured article]], one of Wikipedia's best.

If you have any knowledge of any state or union territory, please help out the project by adding content to the article. You can also contribute photos to the article, if you have been to the state or reside there.
;'''Good articles:'''
[https://petscan.wmcloud.org/?templates_any=&common_wiki_other=&combination=subset&ores_prob_to=&maxlinks=&ores_prediction=any&search_filter=&minlinks=&sortby=none&manual_list=&smaller=&show_soft_redirects=both&format=html&edits%5Bflagged%5D=both&ns%5B0%5D=1&links_to_no=&search_max_results=500&cb_labels_no_l=1&min_sitelink_count=&active_tab=tab_categories&links_to_all=&pagepile=&interface_language=en&ores_type=any&search_query=&sparql=&negcats=&outlinks_yes=&sortorder=ascending&cb_labels_any_l=1&language=en&outlinks_no=&cb_labels_yes_l=1&edits%5Bbots%5D=both&project=wikipedia&ores_prob_from=&langs_labels_any=&sitelinks_yes=&referrer_url=&categories=Good+articles%0D%0AStates+and+union+territories+of+India&links_to_any=&langs_labels_yes= Petscan query for current list of GA articles]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&oldid=1228480500 12 June 2024, Tamil Nadu], [[Talk:Tamil_Nadu/GA2 |GA review]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands&oldid=1213451579 13 March 2024, Andaman and Nicobar islands] [[Talk:Andaman and Nicobar Islands/GA1 | GA review]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&oldid=703551987 6 Feb 2016, Kerala] [[Talk:Kerala/GA3|GA review]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=519332209 22 October 2012, Uttar Pradesh] [[Talk:Uttar Pradesh/GA1| GA review]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripura&520374102 29 October 2012 Tripura], [[Talk:Tripura/GA1 |GA review]]

;'''Featured articles:'''
Featured articles are some of wikipedia's best articles voted by wikipedians themselves. All intended projects must try and emulate the following articles:
* [[Tripura]]

;'''Featured articles candidates'''
* None at this time

'''Participants:'''
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* {{user|Utcursch}} 09:40, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
* {{user|Ganeshk}}
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'''Inactive participants'''
Project members who have been inactive for over a year:
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* {{user|Bikehorn}}
* {{user|Tarun1979}} 17:06, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
* {{user|Shanbhag.rohan}}
* {{user|Lihaas}}
* {{user|C21K}}
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* {{user|Srikeit}}
* {{user|Koolkrazy}}
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==Basic India conventions==
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===Notes===
*This section is used for inline referencing See [[Geography of India]] for exact workings. All '''facts and figures''' should be referenced using inline notation. See the [[Mumbai]] page how the =Economy= and =demographics= are referenced.

===External links===
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===Further reading===
* An optional section on books written about the state.

===References===
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Sunil Kumar Lahoria

2025-12-23T21:41:52Z

Tanu14: Starting new bio!

'''Sunil Kumar Lahoria''' (about 1961 – February 2013 [[Navi Mumbai]]) was a builder from [[Mumbai|Mumbra]], [[Thane district]], India who was killed in February 2013 after reporting about illegal buildings and land disputes.This occurred about a year and a half before the collapse of an illegal building in [[2013 Thane building collapse|Thane on 4 April 2013]], killing 74 people.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/mumbai/38433304_1_cidco-raigad-palm-beach-road | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/mumbai/38433304_1_cidco-raigad-palm-beach-road | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2013 | title=Lahoria's expose of illegal buildings led to murder? | date=10 April 2013 | accessdate=10 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Vijay Singh, TNN}}</ref>

==Illegal buildings==
{{main|Illegal housing in India}}
In 2011, Lahoria informed municipal and state authorities that within [[Navi Mumbai]] there were more than 600 [[Illegal housing in India|illegal buildings]]. He also filed a writ petition in the [[Bombay High Court]]. Construction of the buildings also violated floor space index (FSI) rules, including development of additional storeys.<ref name=TOI />

21 towers on Palm Beach Road were included in the count of 600 illegal buildings. According to [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]'s (NMMC) [[urban planning|town planning]] officer, Prakash Thakur: one of the towers is being investigated by the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority and action has been taken on 20 towers.<ref name=TOI />

In addition to the complaints to governmental authorities and the court, he also questioned [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|CIDCO]] and [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]'s (NMMC) role in allowing the construction to occur.<ref name="TOI Gunmen kill builder"/>

Starting the latter half of 2011, about six months before Lahoria's murder, he received death threats from builders with criminal connections. Although protection was requested of the Navi Mumbai police, he never received it.<ref name="TOI Gunmen kill builder"/>

==Death==
In February 2013, Lahoria sustained five bullet wounds and a slash to his hand and neck outside of S K Brothers Builders & Developers' Office, his real estate company in [[Navi Mumbai]]. The two men who shot him wore private security guard uniforms, one of whom knocked a coconut into his head after he had fallen to the ground. Intending to perform a mock funeral, the men had 'agarbattis' and a garland with them<ref name=TOI /><ref name="TOI Gunmen kill builder"/>

Having seen the incident, two workers in Lahoria's office chased the men. They were able to catch one of the men, a hitman named Venkatesh Shettiyar, who was placed in police custody. The victim's son, Sunny Kumar, claimed that the names of "two prominent developers" had been given by the captured gunman; on the other hand, the gunman told police that he committed the murder because he had not been paid a large commission.<ref name="TOI Gunmen kill builder"/>

Anurag Garg and Suresh Bijlani, both still escaping [[incarceration]], are [[suspect]]s in his murder.<ref name=TOI /><ref name="TOI Gunmen kill builder">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/mumbai/37144441_1_navi-mumbai-murder-case-cidco | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629124201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/mumbai/37144441_1_navi-mumbai-murder-case-cidco | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2013 | title=Gunmen kill builder, hold mock funeral | date=17 February 2013 | accessdate=9 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Vijay Singh, TNN}}</ref>

Lahoria's son, Sandeep Kumar has continued his father's crusade to mitigate illegal buildings. He has also written to the state [[Director General of Police]] and the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister]]'s Office about the handling of his father's murder investigation. He called out two specific Navi Mumbai senior policemen and questioned the easy treatment of the suspects, including not seizing their [[passport]]s.<ref name=TOI /> Of his father, he said:
<blockquote>My father paid a very heavy price for exposing irregularities that took place with the active involvement of government officers. He made use of the [[Right to Information Act]] to deal with corruption, but he was killed.<ref name=TOI /></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[2013 Thane building collapse]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Illegal housing]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People murdered in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian activists]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahoria, Sunil Kumar}}

2nd Pondicherry Assembly

2025-12-15T18:43:56Z

Tanu14: adding basic post w/ infobox - done

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 2nd Assembly of Pondicherry
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Legislative Assembly Building, rue Victor Simonel, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[India]]
| body = [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]
| before = ''[[First Assembly of Pondicherry]]''
| after = ''[[3rd Pondicherry Assembly]]''
| government = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition = People's Front
| term_start = {{Start date|1964|08|29|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|1968|09|19|df=y}}
| membership1 = 30
}}
The '''Second Assembly of Pondicherry''' ''Deuxième Assemblée de Pondichéry'' (29 August 1964 – 19 September 1968)<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|967}} succeeded the [[First Assembly of Pondicherry]] and was constituted after the victory of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and allies in the [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964 assembly election]] held on 23 August 1964.<ref name="r1">Rahman, S. A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mV0wAQAAIAAJ The Beautiful India. Pondicherry]''. New Delhi: Reference Press, 2006. pp. 138–139</ref> [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar|Venkatasubba Reddiar]] assumed office as 2nd [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Pondicherry]]. These were the first Legislative Assembly elections after the formation of the new Union Territory.<ref>Das, Manoj. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=acUtAAAAMAAJ Pondicherry]''. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1976. p. 20</ref>

==Background==
The [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]] was converted into the '''[[Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry]]''' on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of '''The Union Territories Act, 1963'''<ref name="1963Act">{{cite web|url=https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/rti/governmentunionterritoriesact1963.pdf|title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> and its members were deemed to have been elected to the ''First Assembly''.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|author= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|966}} All the 30 members of this assembly were elected through direct suffrage, under the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.<ref>Grover, Verinder, and Ranjana Arora. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NzxuAAAAMAAJ Encyclopaedia of India and Her States]''. Vol. 10. New Delhi [India]: Deep & Deep, 1996. p. 11</ref><ref name="eci">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_PY_64.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127205343/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_PY_64.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }}''</ref> However, its term was fixed to expire on 24 August 1964. This necessitated the [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964 assembly election]] to constitute the Second Assembly of Pondicherry.

==Reduction in size of assembly==
Under the provisions of The Union Territories Act, 1963, the strength of the Legislative Assembly of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] has been reduced to 30.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rpVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Story of Congress Pilgrimage: 1964-1970|page=38|author=A.M.Zaidi|volume=6|publisher=Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, New Delhi|year=1990|isbn=9788185355528}}</ref> Similarly, Five seats were reserved for [[Scheduled Caste]]s.<ref name="eci"/> Out of them, four were reserved in Pondicherry and the remaining one in [[Karaikal|Karikal]].

==Important members==
* '''[[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]:'''
**[[M.O.H. Farook]] from 19 September 1964 to 19 March 1967<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|968}}
**[[P. Shanmugam]] from 30 March 1967 to 9 March 1968<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|968}}
* '''[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief minister]]:'''
** [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] from 29 August 1964 - 19 September 1968
* '''[[Leader of opposition]]:'''
** [[V. Subbiah]] from 29 August 1964 - 19 September 1968

==Members elected==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (22) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|People's Front (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

===Pondicherry Region===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.L.A.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| [[Muthialpet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Muthialpet]]
| [[P. Shanmugham]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
| Couroussoucoupom
| Padmini Chandrasekar
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 3
|Cassicade
| A.S. Kankeyan
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 4
|[[Raj Bhavan (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Raj Nivas]]
| [[Édouard Goubert]]
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 5
|Bussy Street
| C.M. Achraff
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 6
|Oupalom
| G. Perumal Raja
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 7
|[[Nellithope (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nellithope]]
| N. Ranganathan
|bgcolor=#FF0000|People's Front
|-
! 8
|[[Mudaliarpet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mudaliarpeth]]
| [[V. Subbiah|V. Kailasa Subbiah]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|People's Front
|-
! 9
|[[Ariankuppam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Ariancoupom]]
| P. Rathinavelu
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 10
|Courouvinattam
| Subramanya Padayachi
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 11
|[[Bahour (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Bahour]]
| C. Thangavelu
|bgcolor=#FF0000|People's Front
|-
! 12
| [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Netapacom]]
| [[V. Venkatasubha Reddiar|Venkatasubba Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 13
| [[Thirubuvanai (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Tiroubouvane]]
| R. Kulandai
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 14
| [[Mannadipet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mannadipet]]
| Manickavasaga Reddiar
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 15
| [[Ossudu (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Oussoudou]]
| N. Harikrishnan
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 16
| [[Villianur (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Villenour]]
| Thillai Kanakarasu
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 17
| [[Embalam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Embalam]]
| P. Angammal
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 18
| Oulgaret
| S. Govindasamy
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 19
| [[Kalapet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Calapeth]]
| Jeevarathina Udayar
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 20
| Poudoussaram
| N. Gurusamy
| bgcolor=#FF0000|People's Front
|-
|}

===Karikal Region===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.L.A.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 21
| Cotchery
| G. Nagarajan
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 22
| [[Karaikal North (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal North]]
| Farook Maricar
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 23
| [[Karaikal South (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal South]]
| Mohamed Ibrahim Maricar
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 24
| Neravy
| Nagamuttou Pillai
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 25
| Grand Aldee
| Subarayalu
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 26
| [[Thirunallar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Tirounallar]]
| V.M.C. Varadha Pillai
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 27
| [[Nedungadu (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nedoungadu]]
| [[P. Shanmugham]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===Mahe Region===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.L.A.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 28
| [[Mahe (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mahe]]
| Valavil Keshavan
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 29
| Palloor
| Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===Yanam Region===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.L.A.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 30
| [[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Yanam]]
| [[Kamichetty Sri Parasurama Varaprasada Rao Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Government of Puducherry]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
*[[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Legislature of the Puducherry}}

[[Category:Terms of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1964–1969| ]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Haale Dil

2025-11-21T15:14:22Z

Tanu14: adding basic details w/ infobox.

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Melodrama]]<br/>[[Romance film|Romance]]<br/>[[Drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
}}
| based_on =
| writer = Romit Ojha
| director = Jai Basantu Singh
| creative_director = Shweta Mishra
| starring =
{{Plainlist|
* [[Manisha Rani]]
* Nishank Verma
* [[Harshad Arora]]
* Jennifer Emannuel
}}
| theme_music_composer = Ripul Sharma & George Joseph
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 50
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Srman Jain
* Preet Rajput
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Dharmesh Patel
* Shadab Khan
* Kamal Bhatrai
}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22–38 minutes
| company = Dreamiyata Entertainment
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|06|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|24|df=y}}
}}

'''''Haale Dil''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series which premiered on 6 June 2025 to 24 November 2025 on [[YouTube]]. Produced by Ravi Dubey<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 May 2025 |title=Ravie Dubey drops fun behind-the-scenes from ‘Haale Dil’ with Manisha Rani; Trailer to release soon
|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ravie-dubey-drops-fun-behind-the-scenes-from-haale-dil-with-manisha-rani-trailer-to-release-soon-1503435152.html|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en}}</ref> and Sargun Mehta, it stars [[Manisha Rani]], Nishank Verma, [[Harshad Arora]], and Jennifer Emannuel.

== Plot ==
Indu, a woman whose infectious joy lights up every room. Married and deeply in love, her world feels complete... until a devastating secret shatters everything. Indu discovers her husband's infidelity, pushing her into an identity crisis she never saw coming.

For so long, her life was defined by him. Now, faced with betrayal, she must confront the painful question: Who is She, truly, when her world is no longer about "them"?

== Cast ==
* [[Manisha Rani]] as Indu
* Nishank Verma as Kushaal
* [[Harshad Arora]] as Vivek Chawla
* Jenifer Emannuel as Dolly
* Sanjana Solanki as Mahima
* Manoj Bhatia as Rajendra Chawla
* Swati Trar as Vasundhara Chawla
* Anju Kapoor as Garima Rathod
* Sukhpal Singh as Vikram Rathod
* Minaal Kalra as Mohan Rathod
* Priya Bharadwaj as Rajeshwari Rathod

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Title
!Singer
!Lyrics
!Label
|-style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:black;"
|"Haale Dil Title Track"
|Danny
|Avvy Ballagan
|Dreamiyata Music
|-
|"Tu Mere Khwab Ch"
|Taanvi Sharma
|Taanvi Sharma
|Dreamiyata Music
|}
{{legenda|#E6E6FA|Main theme song}}

== Production ==
=== Release ===
In May 2025, Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta announced a new series titled ''Haale Dil''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=31 May 2025|title=Sargun Mehta and Ravie Dubey unveil Haale Dil trailer, introducing Manisha Rani’s powerful new role|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sargun-mehta-ravie-dubey-unveil-haale-dil-trailer-introducing-manisha-ranis-powerful-new-role/|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Manisha Rani]] was selected to play Indu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 February 2025|title=Former Bigg Boss contestant Manisha Rani begins shooting for Ravie Dubey and Sargun Mehta's new show Haale Dil
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/former-bigg-boss-contestant-manisha-rani-begins-shooting-for-ravie-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-new-show-haale-dil/articleshow/117886337.cms|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Harshad Arora]] was chosen to play Vivek Chawla.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=6 June 2025|title=Harshad Arora Joins Ravie Dubey And Sargun Mehta’s Haale Dil, To Romance Manisha Rani
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/harshad-arora-joins-ravie-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-haale-dil-to-romance-manisha-rani-ws-l-9371638.html|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=5 June 2025|title=Harshad Arora explains why limited format series is future after OTT: 'We've seen a lot of dramas, but...' - Exclusive
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-harshad-arora-explains-why-limited-format-series-is-future-after-ott-we-ve-seen-a-lot-of-dramas-but-exclusive-3157028|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> Nishank Verma was as signed to play Kushaal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 August 2025 |title=Nishank Verma on being part of Haale Dil: It’s an emotional roller-coaster
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nishank-verma-on-being-part-of-haale-dil-its-an-emotional-roller-coaster/articleshow/123529598.cms|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Bengaluru Central City Corporation

2025-10-23T18:18:09Z

Tanu14: adding a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Greater Bengaluru Authority#City Corporations under GBA]]

Daniyal Aziz

2025-10-12T13:41:32Z

Tanu14: expand content per standard format and added references

{{short description|Pakistani politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daniyal Aziz
| honorific-suffix =
| office = [[Ministry of Privatization (Pakistan)|Minister for Privatisation]]
| term_start = 10 August 2017
| term_end = 31 May 2018
| primeminister = [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]
| president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 1997 to 2008 and 1 June 2013
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
| constituency1 = [[Constituency NA-116|NA-116 (Narowal-II)]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| spouse = [[Mehnaz Aziz]]
| relations = [[Anwar Aziz Chaudhry]] (father)
| party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2025-present)
| alma_mater =
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|IND]] (2024-2025) <br/>[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2013-2024)<br>[[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002-2013)
| image =
| native_name = {{nq|دانیال عزیز}}
}}

'''Daniyal Aziz Choudhry''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|دانیال عزیز}}}}; born 25 February 1965) is a Pakistani politician who served as [[Ministry of Privatisation (Pakistan)|Minister for Privatization]], in [[Abbasi cabinet]] from August 2017 to May 2018. He had been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] between 1997 and May 2018.

==Early life==
Choudhry was born on 25 February 1965 in Lahore (taxali gate) <ref name="pildat/dob">{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=116|access-date=10 August 2017|date=23 March 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421144436/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=116|archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> to politician [[Anwar Aziz Chaudhry]], who once served in the Pakistani federal cabinet, and an [[Americans|American]] mother.<ref name="dawn/23aug2005" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/02-Jun-16/daniyal-holds-dual-nationality-fake-degree-report|title=Daniyal holds dual nationality, fake degree: report|work=Daily Times|date=2 June 2016|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322225020/http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/02-Jun-16/daniyal-holds-dual-nationality-fake-degree-report|archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> According to [[PILDAT]], he was born on 25 February 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=116|access-date=9 July 2017|date=21 April 2014|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421144436/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=116|archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref>

== Road accident injuries ==
On 16 June 2022, he was sustained critical injuries in a [[road accident]] in [[Shakargarh]], a city in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]’s [[Narowal District]]. As per details, the vehicle of his car was hit by a speeding truck coming from the opposite direction near Bhajna Stop after its tyre burst. In the crash, a man travelling in the truck died on the spot, while three others sustained injuries. He has fractured one of his arms in the horrific crash. He was shifted to DHQ Hospital in [[Narowal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=PML-N leader Daniyal Aziz injured after car collides with truck |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/422795-pml-n-leader-daniyal-aziz-injured-after-car-collides-with-truck |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=Geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 June 2022, he was shifted to [[CMH Rawalpindi]] for medical treatment from where he was shifted to [[Services Hospital|Services Hospital Lahore]]. According to doctors, his lungs were also damaged in the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Injured Daniyal Aziz shifted to CMH Rawalpindi |url=https://arynews.tv/injured-daniyal-aziz-shifted-to-cmh-rawalpindi/ |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Soon after the incident, Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] called Aziz’s wife [[Mehnaz Aziz]] to inquire about the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]] leader’s health. The premier added that he was praying for his health.

Meanwhile, Chief Minister Punjab [[Hamza Shahbaz]] ordered that the former [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]] lawmaker should be provided with all kinds of medical facilities and also summoned a report from the commissioner of [[Gujranwala Division]] and the regional police officer regarding the accident.

==Political career==
Choudhry was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from the Constituency NA-91 (Narowal-II) as an independent candidate in the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Member – 11th National Assembly from 1997 to 1999|url=http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/11th%20National%20Assembly.pdf|publisher=National Assembly of Pakistan|access-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209012150/http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/11th%20National%20Assembly.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly]] from the [[Constituency NA-116|Constituency NA-116 (Narowal-II)]] as an independent candidate in the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general election]] and later joined [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q).<ref>{{cite news|title=Daniyal blames Chaudhrys for defeat|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/98536-daniyal-blames-chaudhrys-for-defeat|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=The News|date=3 March 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912133504/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/98536-daniyal-blames-chaudhrys-for-defeat|archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> He previously served as the chairman of the [[National Reconstruction Bureau]].<ref name="dawn/23aug2005">{{cite news|title=Inter-PML fight in Narowal|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/153408/inter-pml-fight-in-narowal|access-date=1 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=23 August 2005|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173714/http://www.dawn.com/news/153408/inter-pml-fight-in-narowal|archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="nation/29march2013" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Local body elections: SC to hear case on 'grassroots democracy' – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/402507/local-body-elections-sc-to-hear-case-on-grassroots-democracy/|access-date=1 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=2 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416113554/http://tribune.com.pk/story/402507/local-body-elections-sc-to-hear-case-on-grassroots-democracy/|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

Choudhry ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-116 (Narowal-II) as a candidate of PML-Q in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]] but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM still bent upon honouring NRO beneficiaries|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/346874-pm-still-bent-upon-honouring-nro-beneficiaries|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=The News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810172125/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/346874-pm-still-bent-upon-honouring-nro-beneficiaries|archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Daniyal urges ECP to settle his dispute within 10 days|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/760044/daniyal-urges-ecp-to-settle-his-dispute-within-10-days|access-date=1 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=29 October 2012|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811012526/https://www.dawn.com/news/760044/daniyal-urges-ecp-to-settle-his-dispute-within-10-days|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

In March 2013, he joined PML-N.<ref name="nation/29march2013">{{cite news|title=Danial Aziz joins PML-N|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/29-Mar-2013/danial-aziz-joins-pml-n|access-date=1 February 2017|work=The Nation|date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311183852/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/29-Mar-2013/danial-aziz-joins-pml-n|archive-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> Choudhry was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from Constituency NA-116 (Narowal-II) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=N sweeps 24 seats of Sialkot, Narowal|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/13-May-2013/n-sweeps-24-seats-of-sialkot-narowal|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=The Nation|date=13 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210324/http://nation.com.pk/national/13-May-2013/n-sweeps-24-seats-of-sialkot-narowal|archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Elections: Nawaz Sharif holds talks to form government|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/pakistan-elections-nawaz-sharif-holds-talks-to-form-government-2013-05-12-1.505940|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=Emirates 24/7|date=12 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170716/http://www.emirates247.com/news/pakistan-elections-nawaz-sharif-holds-talks-to-form-government-2013-05-12-1.505940|archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>

Following the election of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2017, Choudhry was offered the cabinet membership as Minister of State however he declined it. Reportedly, he wanted to be appointed as federal minister.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raza|first1=Syed Irfan|title=PM Abbasi's bloated cabinet sworn in|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1349710/pm-abbasis-bloated-cabinet-sworn-in|access-date=5 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=5 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805040859/https://www.dawn.com/news/1349710/pm-abbasis-bloated-cabinet-sworn-in|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="dawn/10aug2017">{{cite news|last1=Raza|first1=Syed Irfan|title=Daniyal Aziz among four new ministers|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1350712/daniyal-aziz-among-four-new-ministers|access-date=10 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130756/https://www.dawn.com/news/1350712/daniyal-aziz-among-four-new-ministers|archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> Later, he was inducted into the cabinet of [[Abbasi ministry|Abbasi]] as a [[Ministry of Privatisation (Pakistan)|Minister for Privatization]] with the status of federal minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four new ministers take oath at President House|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1350766/four-new-ministers-take-oath-at-president-house|access-date=10 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170851/https://www.dawn.com/news/1350766/four-new-ministers-take-oath-at-president-house|archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Reporter|first1=The Newspaper's Staff|title=Four more inducted into federal cabinet|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1350898/four-more-inducted-into-federal-cabinet|access-date=12 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144002/https://www.dawn.com/news/1350898/four-more-inducted-into-federal-cabinet|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> Upon the dissolution of the National Assembly on the expiration of its term on 31 May 2018, Chaudhry ceased to hold the office as Federal Minister for Privatization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |publisher=Cabinet division |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601180526/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

In June 2018, he was disqualified by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in a contempt of court case and was barred from contesting in the 2018 general election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatti |first1=Haseeb |title=Firebrand PML-N leader Daniyal Aziz held in contempt of court: reports |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1416635/firebrand-pml-n-leader-daniyal-aziz-held-in-contempt-of-court-reports |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Following which he decided to field his wife [[Mehnaz Aziz]] in election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daniyal Aziz decides to field his wife in 2018 elections |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/06/29/daniyal-aziz-decides-to-field-his-wife-in-2018-elections/ |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=Pakistan Today}}</ref>

He and his wife, Mehnaz Aziz, decided to run as [[Independent politician|independents]] in the [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 elections]] after they did not receive the PML(N)'s nominations for any seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-10 |title=Daniyal Aziz decides to go solo as PML-N announces candidates |url=https://arynews.tv/daniyal-aziz-decides-to-go-solo-as-pml-n-announces-candidates/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Abbasi Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Daniyal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of American descent]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Narowal District]]

Munjenahalli

2025-09-15T22:57:11Z

Tanu14: updated details

{{refimprove|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Munjenahalli
| other_name = Manjenahalli
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Chagachagere (1).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Munjenahalli
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Arasikere]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 487
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 573164
| area_code = 08172
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = KA-13
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}
'''Munjenahalli''' (Manjenahalli) is a small village in [[Arsikere]] taluk, [[Hassan district]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. The village has population of 487 of which 238 are males and 249 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/615793-manjenahalli-karnataka.html Population as of 2011]</ref>

It is located 24 kilometers from [[Arsikere]] (taluk headquarters) and 32 kilometers from its district headquarters Hassan. Agriculture is the major occupation of the village, grows majorly Coconut, also variety of crops like [[Eleusine coracana|Finger millet]], Jawar, Tomato, [[Potato]] etc.

== Governing body ==
Manjenahalli is under the Grama Panchayat Chagachagere which is 2 kilometers from the village.

== Culture ==
Lakshmidevi and Chamundeshwari temple is the largest temple, also a village goddess and has huge number of devotees outside the village, apparently a crowded fair dedicated to Chamundeshwari takes place in the time of March Holi. Hanuman-anjuneya, Shiva- sree someshwara , sree Lakshmi devi, Mutturayaswamy and Plegalamma are also worshiped by people in the village notably.
People of Manjenahalli believed that Devi Chamundeshwari is powerful goddess, on every pournami Amavasya evening a special worship takes place, where devotees from different places gather and get resolved their problems.

== Transportation ==
Nearest Bus station is Gandasi hand post from where direct buses are available to Hassan, Arasikere, Channarayapattana and Tiptur. Nearest railway station is Arasikere where trains are available to Bangalore, Mysore, Mumbai, Hyderabad and more key destinations.

==See also==
* [[Arsikere]]
* [[Channarayapatna]]
* [[Gandasi Handpost]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Hassan district]]