https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=TanjaFreeseBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-01T22:42:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Karthikeyan_(Puducherry_politician)&diff=523374P. Karthikeyan (Puducherry politician)2026-05-07T09:30:49Z<p>TanjaFreese: stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = P. Karthikeyan<br />
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]]<br />
| predecessor = S. P. Sivakumar<br />
| term_start = 2026<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
}}<br />
'''P. Karthikeyan''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] constituency in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Karthikeyan(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- OUSSUDU (SC)(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=243 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=P. KARTHIKEYAN |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/p-karthikeyan/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthikeyan, P.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruppattur,_Vellore_Assembly_constituency&diff=541532Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency2026-05-05T05:12:00Z<p>TanjaFreese: New Some Post W/ Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{for|the similarly named Tiruppattur constituency in Sivaganga|Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 50<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Tirupattur (Vellore).svg<br />
| district = [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}<br />
| mla = [[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| name = Tirupattur<br />
| electors = 275,904 <br />
| reservation = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tirupattur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tirupattur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 50. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br />
Most successful party: DMK (nine times).<br />
<br />
Since 2016, Tirupattur Assembly constituency has been represented in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] by [[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/01-List%20of%20sucessful%20Candidatestamil.pdf|title=LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES, Election Commission of India- State Election, 2016 to the Legislative Assembly Of Tamil Nadu|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> He was re-elected in 2021.<ref name="ECI TN Election Results 2021">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=21 September 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Election Results 2021 live {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results & Updates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu/results |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
=== Madras State ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| [[E. L. Raghava Mudaliar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| [[R. C. Samanna Gounder]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| [[K. Tirupathy Gounder]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| [[C. K. Chinarasu Gounder]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tamil Nadu ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
| [[G. Ramasamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[B. Sundaram]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| B. Sundaram<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| [[Y. Shanmugam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 by-election<br />
| [[S. P. Manavalan Mudaliar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVcmAAAAMAAJ&q=S.+P.+Manavalan|title = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: Political Dynamics in Tamil Nadu|last1 = Thandavan|first1 = R.|year = 1987}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| B. Sundaram<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| [[A. K. C. Sundaravel]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| [[G. Shanmugam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| [[T. K. Raja]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| T. K. Raja<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[K. G. Ramesh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| [[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=50}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| A. Nallathambi<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.43}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.31}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|48.68}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|46.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.44}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.24}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.92}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1985 by-election|1985 by-election]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|0.0}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.02}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|27.29}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.54}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.80}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.38}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|48.75}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppattur (Vellore)}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)| A. Nallathambi]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 56835|percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gnanasekar|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 30003 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Vijayakumar<ref>https://www.dinamalar.com/amp/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/fifth-list-released-by-ramadoss/4189822</ref>|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Arumugam|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 5482 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Thiruppathi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 105098 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 464|percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 48263|percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226691|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupattur (Vellore) Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a050|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,522 |percentage=52.37% |change=+6.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Raja]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=68,282 |percentage=37.05% |change=+30.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sumathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,127 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gnanasekar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,702 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,632 |percentage=0.89% |change=+0.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,096 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,240 |percentage=15.32% |change= 11.02% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,298 |percentage=77.26% |change= -1.80% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=583|percentage=0.32% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,544 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.94% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,791 |percentage=45.43% |change=+4.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. T. Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,144 |percentage=41.13% |change=-14.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Raja]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,227 |percentage=6.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Harikrishnan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,968 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,831 |percentage=1.03% |change=+0.3 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,193 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,647 |percentage=4.30% |change= -10.24% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,843 |percentage=79.06% |change= -3.33% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,938 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.88% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. G. Ramesh]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,895 |percentage=55.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,103 |percentage=40.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selva Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,087 |percentage=0.73% |change=-0.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kubendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,006 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,792 |percentage=14.54% |change= 5.24% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,869 |percentage=82.40% |change= 12.17% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,888 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 6.63% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Raja]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=71,932 |percentage=48.68% |change=+2.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Azhagiri |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,193 |percentage=39.38% |change=+32.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. S. Senthilkumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,435 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Shiva Shanmukam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,229 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. N. Amudanandan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,718 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. E. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,297 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Gopinathan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,026 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Saravanan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=897 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,739 |percentage=9.30% |change= 4.86% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,764 |percentage=70.23% |change= 7.97% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,399 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 2.53% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Raja]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,840 |percentage=46.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,079 |percentage=41.70% |change=-11.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Annamalai |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,474 |percentage=6.53% |change=-4.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Neela |party=Independent politician |votes=1,730 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thiruvengadam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,430 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramasamy |party=MNK(PLP) |votes=1,259 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,104 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnaraj]] |party=United Communist Party of India |votes=839 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,761 |percentage=4.44% |change= -21.11% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,674 |percentage=62.26% |change= -4.42% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,277 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.29% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,207 |percentage=53.44% |change=+23.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Mani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,549 |percentage=27.89% |change=-34.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Alagiri |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,490 |percentage=10.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Raju |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=8,070 |percentage=6.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,658 |percentage=25.55% |change= -6.65% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,897 |percentage=66.68% |change= 3.01% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,029 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.81% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. K. C. Sundaravel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,402 |percentage=62.24% |change=+45.48 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,498 |percentage=30.04% |change=-5.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nataraja |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,137 |percentage=6.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anbu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=945 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,904 |percentage=32.20% |change= 20.41% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,503 |percentage=63.67% |change= -9.11% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,330 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.33% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,998 |percentage=35.92% |change=+5.83 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Manavalan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,541 |percentage=24.13% |change=-24.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Mani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,139 |percentage=16.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=13,462 |percentage=11.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raji Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=12,359 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,457 |percentage=11.79% |change= -7.14% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,148 |percentage=72.79% |change= -1.33% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,767 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.10% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Shanmugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,884 |percentage=49.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,781 |percentage=30.09% |change=-24.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=18,196 |percentage=19.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,260 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,103 |percentage=18.93% |change= 8.56% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,649 |percentage=74.12% |change= 10.65% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,589 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.73% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,786 |percentage=54.74% |change=+27.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,682 |percentage=44.37% |change=+18.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,104 |percentage=10.37% |change= 9.00% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,158 |percentage=63.47% |change= 1.05% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,811 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 27.45% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,855 |percentage=27.29% |change=-28.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayaraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,857 |percentage=25.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. Thatha Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,225 |percentage=22.30% |change=-22.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Damodaran |party=Janata Party |votes=13,786 |percentage=18.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Raji |party=Independent politician |votes=2,194 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Thangaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,641 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=998 |percentage=1.37% |change= -9.70% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,761 |percentage=62.42% |change= -15.13% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,361 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.25% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,120 |percentage=55.54% |change=+5.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Shammugan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,720 |percentage=44.46% |change=-2.16 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,400 |percentage=11.07% |change= 7.90% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,840 |percentage=77.55% |change= -4.20% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,778 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.74% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,589 |percentage=49.80% |change=-12.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shunmugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,512 |percentage=46.62% |change=+9 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,345 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,077 |percentage=3.17% |change= -21.59% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,446 |percentage=81.74% |change= 15.50% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,816 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.58% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thirupathy Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,400 |percentage=62.38% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Samanna Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,540 |percentage=37.62% |change=-26.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,860 |percentage=24.76% |change= -16.52% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,940 |percentage=66.24% |change= 28.28% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,207 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.62% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Samanna Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,618 |percentage=64.00% |change=+26.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Netesa Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=6,609 |percentage=22.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnasami Lyer |party=Independent politician |votes=2,112 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,752 |percentage=6.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,009 |percentage=41.28% |change= 29.59% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,091 |percentage=37.95% |change= -17.36% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,648 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 15.25% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupattur (Vellore)<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. L. Raghava Mudali |party=Independent politician |votes=20,918 |percentage=48.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Samanna Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,901 |percentage=37.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Appaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,524 |percentage=8.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muniswamy Gounder |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=2,566 |percentage=5.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,017 |percentage=11.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,909 |percentage=55.31% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,579 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|df= dmy-all}}<br />
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{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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{{coord|12|29|57.30|N|78|31|24.66|E|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Vellore district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Tribes_Act&diff=494988Criminal Tribes Act2026-05-03T22:27:47Z<p>TanjaFreese: Put up basic pg w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislation in British India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = The Criminal Tribes' Act, 1871<br />
| legislature = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]<br />
| image = A Pamphlet on Gobinda Doms Gang, under the Criminal Tribes Act (VI of 1924), dated 1942.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| imagealt = Criminal Tribes Act<br />
| caption = A Government of Bengal, CID pamphlet, on Gobinda Dom's Gang, under the ''Criminal Tribes Act (VI of 1924)'', dated 1942.<ref>[http://cidwestbengal.gov.in/archive.php Archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314115430/http://cidwestbengal.gov.in/archive.php |date=14 March 2009 }} CID [[Govt.]] of [[West Bengal]].</ref><br />
| long_title = Criminal Tribes Act<br />
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1871-27.pdf Act No. XXVII of 1871]<br />
| enacted_by = <br />
| date_enacted = 12 October 1871<br />
| date_passed = <br />
| enacted_by2 = <br />
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| royal_assent = <br />
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| bill_citation = <br />
| bill_date = <br />
| introduced_by = <br />
| 1st_reading = <br />
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| white_paper = <br />
| amendments = <br />
| repeals = <br />
| related_legislation = <br />
| summary = <br />
| keywords = <br />
| status = Repealed<br />
}}<br />
Since the 1870s, various pieces of [[colonialism|colonial]] legislation in India during [[British Raj|British rule]] were collectively called the '''Criminal Tribes Act''' (CTA). Such legislations criminalised entire communities by designating them and their members as habitual criminals.<br />
<br />
The first CTA, the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, was applied mostly in [[North India]], before it was extended to the [[Bengal Presidency]] and other areas in 1876, and updated to the Criminal Tribes Act 1911, which included the [[Madras Presidency]]. The Act went through several amendments in the next decade, and, finally, the 1924 version incorporated all of them.<br />
<br />
At the time of [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, thirteen million people in 127 communities were subject to the legislation. They were subject to compulsory registration and a pass system which limited their movement and where they could reside.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsa |first=Venkat |date=2022-09-24 |title=In 1949, criminal tribes act was repealed; here's why it matters |url=https://www.siasat.com/in-1949-criminal-tribes-act-was-repealed-heres-why-it-matters-2419839/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> The Criminal Tribes Act 1924 was repealed in August 1949 and former "criminal tribes" were [[Denotified tribes of India|denotified]] in 1952, when the Act was replaced with the [[Habitual Offender Laws#India|Habitual Offenders Act]] 1952. In 1961 [[States and territories of India|state governments]] started releasing lists of such tribes.<br />
<br />
Today, there are 313 [[nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribes]] and 198 [[Denotified Tribes]] of India who continue to face its legacy through continued alienation and stereotyping with the policing and judicial systems and media portrayal.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
Terming entire communities as criminals, barbarians, vagabond, or thieves is rooted in [[Indian caste]] discrimination. Anthropologist Anastasia Piliavsky argues that the stereotype of 'criminal tribes' has a deep history and predates colonial legislation in India. She adds, <blockquote><br />
the hypnotism of this bias [colonial construct of criminal tribes] is extraordinary and leaves scores of learned and talented historians tone-deaf to voices that were there before, during, and after the Europeans reached, and quit the subcontinent.<ref>Piliavsky (2015), p. 344.</ref></blockquote><br />
Ancient and medieval literature from the Indian subcontinent have mentions of outlawed tribes. These include the Vedic ''[[Aranyaka]],'' epics of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ancient and medieval storytelling of [[Katha (storytelling format)|Katha]], dramas, and [[Jataka tales]]. In these texts, roads, mountain passes, and forest pathways are teemed with robber bands waiting to prey on merchants and travellers. They come from the forests, which are at the periphery of civilisation in Brahmanic cosmology. They are at 'the cosmic fringe, the wasteland, a socially negative space home to various outsiders to ordinary moral, ritual, legal, and social life.' Sage [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] wrote of them as living outside the village, wearing garments of the dead, eating their food from broken dishes, and wandering from place to place.<ref>Piliavsky (2015), p. 329-330.</ref> Historian Divya Cherian in her eighteenth-century history of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] reiterates the precolonial roots of 'criminal tribes.' The erstwhile [[Rathor state]] attributed an inherent tendency towards animal killing and crimes of [[Thori (tribe)|Thori]] and Bavris communities. Archival records show the anxiety of Rathor administrators who viewed these communities as inclined to steal and raid villages. While other communities in the kingdom also engaged in raiding, they were not classified as inherently criminal. Therefore, Cherian argues that it was 'a complex of factors—landlessness, poverty, and the resultant martial weakness—in addition to a hereditary association with theft that led to a caste's perception as criminal.'<ref>Cherian (2022), p. 94-95</ref><br />
Piliavsky also summarises these as socio-political decisions with varied purposes, prior to colonial legislations and subsequent list-making, <blockquote><br />
Authors of ancient treatises, Mughal rulers, European travellers in precolonial India, and itinerant groups (today and in the past) all called on the idea of hereditary robber tribes to pursue a wide range of distinctive purposes.<ref>Piliavsky (2015), p. 345</ref> </blockquote>Nevertheless, colonial rule advanced these stereotypes of congenital criminality to cement vertical power relations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parmar |first1=Alpa |last2=Earle |first2=Rod |last3=Phillips |first3=Coretta |date=2022-08-16 |title='People are Trapped in History and History is Trapped Inside Them': Exploring Britain's Racialized Colonial Legacies in Criminological Research |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=811–827 |doi=10.1093/bjc/azac058 |issn=0007-0955|doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, contemporary discourse of crime in Britain also influenced perception and response in the larger colonies like India; class and caste seemed to converge in legal discourse and legislations in India.<ref>Tolen (1991), pg. 108</ref><br />
<br />
== History of the colonial laws ==<br />
[[File:Warren Hastings, Company School.jpg|thumb|Governor Warren Hastings|283x283px]]<br />
<br />
=== Origins ===<br />
<br />
Professor Henry Schwarz notes that, as early as 1772, under the governorship of [[Warren Hastings]], legal regulations allowed for punishment of an offender's family and village. It was rooted in the contemporary jurisprudence that criminality was hereditary in India and criminals were such by profession and belonged to like-minded fraternity.<ref name=":3" /> The growth of gang robbery by lowland villagers in the late eighteenth century was significantly due to the [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] administrative reforms rather than changes in the economic production patters. The reforms altered land revenue obligations and tenant-landlord relations as well as the police and judicial systems in colonial India.<ref>McLane (1985), pg.27</ref> The Regulation XII of 1793 legislated that 'wandering' communities could be put to work on roads or otherwise forcibly settled down. British officials were encouraged to compile lists of these attributes pertaining to each community and, <blockquote>classify them on the basis of their usefulness to the state. Observable differences became inherent tendencies. When combined with poorly understood Indian notions of community, such tendencies became essential, unchanging certainties.<ref name=":3">Schwarz (2010), p. 4</ref> </blockquote><br />
<br />
=== The Thuggee Acts ===<br />
{{Main|Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–48}}<br />
The [[Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–48|Thuggee Act of 1836]] set the legal precedent for the Criminal Tribes Act 1871. Colonial records characterises [[thuggee]] with five qualities—strangulation, secrecy, organisation, antiquity, and religiosity. These distinguished them from other categories of criminality and provided the basis of the 1836 act. Nevertheless, these understandings and common parlance precede British arrival in India.<ref>Reid (2017), p. 79</ref> The Thuggee Act provided the legal jurisprudence to understanding crime in India as organised and hereditary in the person of a thug. The law allowed individuals to be convicted based solely on affiliation to a criminal group without evidence of having committed a crime.<ref>Reid (2017), p. 75-76</ref>[[File:Thugs About To Strangle Traveller.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Colonial depiction of thugs attacking a traveller.]]<br />
The first mention of thuggee in the British archives is during murder investigations in 1809. In the Indian region of [[Etawah]], the magistrate report of James Law to the Commander-in-Chief [[William Dowdeswell (British Army officer)|William Dowdeswell]] describing the involved thugs as strongly leagued together, organised, ancient, and secretive. In the same year, another report by Judge T. Brooke to Dowdeswell further defined thuggee as 'a crime in which unsuspecting travellers were approached in disguise, strangled with a scarf or catgut string, looted, and hidden.' The same definition was emphasised in Richard Sherwood's report in 1819 as well as that these groups were highly diverse, involving multiple castes, religions, and ethnicities. In 1830, [[William Henry Sleeman]] anonymously published an article which sealed the understanding that it was a religious practice.<ref>Reid (2017), p. 78</ref> Sleeman, thereafter, wrote three books on thuggee.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=John |title=The Deceivers |date=1952 |publisher=The Viking Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Colonial administration ===<br />
Simultaneously, the late nineteenth century was an important turning point for British legal discourse with far reaching political and ideological consequences.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 1">Radhakrishna (2001), pg. 1</ref> Public interest in criminality was growing; crime and criminals increasingly became part of popular fact and fiction. Several reasons were cited for criminality, including alcohol, poverty, urbanisation, overcrowding, and decline in morality.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 2">Radhakrishna (2001), pg. 2</ref> [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] theories of [[evolution]] also provided for new social and political discussions.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 1"/> One school of thought attributed crime to genetic traits transmitted over generations. It provided for a deflection from serious enquiries to the causes of crime.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 2"/><br />
<br />
Sociologist [[Meena Radhakrishna]] argues that moral and material progress was demanded to be at a faster pace through a set of new social and political policies in the colonies.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 1"/> She also notes that after the [[revolt of 1857]], many tribal chiefs were labelled traitors and considered rebellious.<ref>Radhakrishna (2001)</ref> One of the important persons who participated in the revolt was [[Banke Chamar]].<br />
<br />
The colonial government found the demarcation between wandering criminal tribes, [[Vagrancy (people)|vagrants]], [[wikt:itinerant|itinerant]]s, travelling tradesmen, nomads, [[Gypsy (term)|gypsies]], and [[eunuch]]s ([[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]]) difficult to manage. They were all grouped together, and their subsequent generations were labelled a law and order problem for the state.<ref name="res" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAv53wlHfoC&pg=PA11 Professional criminals] ''Customary strangers: new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia'', by Joseph C. Berland, Aparna Rao. Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. {{ISBN|0-89789-771-4}}. p. 11.</ref> Though various marginalised caste groups were added to the list, the colonial government used the category of 'tribe' for rhetorical and administrative purposes. This categorisation evoked qualities of 'wildness' and 'savagery' in the way that caste seemed to fail.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamble |first1=Rahul Ashok |last2=Kumar |first2=Ritesh |last3=Roy Chowdhury |first3=Arnab |date=2023-04-27 |title='Ostracized by law': The sociopolitical and juridical construction of the 'criminal tribe' in Colonial India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02757206.2023.2204866 |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=35 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=953–973 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2023.2204866 |s2cid=258391943 |issn=0275-7206|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
Under these acts, ethnic or social communities in India were defined as "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences" such as thefts, and were registered by the government. Adult males of the groups were forced to report weekly to local police, and had restrictions on their movement imposed.<ref name="Bates1995p227">{{cite book |last=Bates |first=Crispin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNkQgAACAAJ |title=The Concept of Race in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-563767-0 |editor-last=Robb |editor-first=Peter |location=Delhi |page=227 |chapter=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="sus" /><br />
<br />
The colonial government prepared a list of "criminal castes", and all members registered in these castes by caste-census were restricted in terms of regions they could visit, move about in or people they could socialise with.<ref name="Cole2001" /> In certain regions, entire caste groups were presumed guilty by birth, arrested, children separated from their parents, and held in penal colonies or quarantined without conviction or due process.<ref name="Schwarz2010" /><ref name="Karade2008" /><ref name="Brown2014">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Mark |title=Penal power and colonial rule |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-45213-7 |pages=176, 107, 165–188 |quote="[The] criminal tribes are destined by the usage of ''caste'' to commit crime and whose dependants will be offenders against the law, until the while tribe is exterminated or accounted for..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0390312/4 |last1=Safdar |first1=A |date=April 2020 |title=Criminalizing the Natives: A Study of the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 |access-date=July 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192143/https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0390312/4 |archive-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Proposal and justification===<br />
Despite previous regulations, until 1871, no community or caste were collectively classified as criminal. In 1871-72, the upper castes convicts featured more in proportion to their population compared to the backward castes.<ref>Abraham (1997), p. 1753</ref> However, after the revolt of 1857, the propensity of the Indigenous tribes to revolt, and with weapons was duly noted by the British colonial officers. T. V. Stephens, the chief architect of the 1871 law, and a member of the Law and Order Commission, while presenting his diabolic law, said, <blockquote>The special feature of India is the caste system. As it is, traders go by caste. A family of carpenters will be carpenters, a century or five centuries...Viewed from this angle, the meaning of professional is clear. It means tribes whose ancestors were criminal from time immemorial, who are themselves destined by the usage of caste to commit crime and whose descendants will be offenders against law until the whole tribe is exterminated or accounted for in the manner of the thugs.<ref>Abraham (1997), p. 1752-3</ref> When a man tells you that he is an offender against law, he has been so from the beginning, and will be so to the end, reform is impossible, for it is his trade, his caste, I may almost say his religion to commit crime.<ref>Kapadia (1952), p. 99</ref></blockquote>[[James Fitzjames Stephen]] testified, "When we speak of professional criminals, we...(mean) a tribe whose ancestors were criminals from time immemorial, who are themselves destined by the usage of caste to commit crime, and whose descendants will be offenders against the law, until the whole tribe is exterminated or accounted for in manner of thugs".<ref name="thug">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0bzFiu859lAC&pg=PA124 Raj and Born Criminals] ''Crime, gender, and sexuality in criminal prosecutions'', by Louis A. Knafla. Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-313-31013-0}}. ''Page 124''.</ref> The archives of the [[Thuggee and Dacoity Department]] were repeatedly cited to evidence the existence of 'criminal tribes' and the Department was a key player in the presentation of a crime plague perpetrated by [[Nomads of India|itinerant and semi-nomadic communities]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Piliavsky|first=Anastasia|date=2015|title=The "Criminal Tribe" in India before the British |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=57|issue=2|page=339|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/criminal-tribe-in-india-before-the-british/E3F6C2797D935E942CE011D0DBBD4FCA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=2003|title=Ethnology and Colonial Administration in Nineteenth-Century British India: The Question of Native Crime and Criminality|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|volume=36|issue=2|pages=210-211,213|jstor=4028233}}</ref> While very few officials expressed concern about endowing the police with too much power, most British administrators approved of the draconian measures.<ref name=":4"/><br />
<br />
The British Government appointed [[W. W. Hunter]], a senior official, to undertake 'a great stock-taking' after hundred years of British rule in India. He noted that India had become a 'more secure, more prosperous' country and 'thing, dakaiti, and predatory castes [were] suppressed' amongst other achievements.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 1"/><br />
<br />
== Scope ==<br />
The Criminal Tribes Act was one of the many laws passed by the British colonial government that applied to Indians based on their religion and [[caste]] identification.<ref>{{cite book |last=K. Parker |title=Religion and personal law in secular India a call to judgment |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-253-21480-5 |editor=Gerald Larson |pages=184–189}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=S Nigam |year=1990 |title=Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 1: The Making of a Colonial Stereotype – The Criminal Tribes and Castes of North India |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=131–164 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700201 |s2cid=144018398}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nigam |first=S. |year=1990 |title=Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 2: The Development of a Disciplinary System, 1871–1900 |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=257–287 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700302 |s2cid=145441031}}</ref> The Criminal Tribes Act and its provisions used the term ''[[Tribes]]'', which included castes within their scope.<ref name="Stern2001">{{cite book |last=Stern |first=Robert |title=Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia |publisher=Praeger |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-275-97041-3 |pages=53–54}}</ref> This terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred ''Tribes'' as a more generic term that included Muslims.<ref name="Stern2001" /> The castes and tribes "notified" under the Act were labelled as ''Criminal Tribes'' for their so-called "criminal tendencies". As a result, anyone born in these communities across the country was presumed as a "born criminal", irrespective of their criminal precedents. This gave the police sweeping powers to arrest them, control them, and monitor their movements.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
Once a tribe was officially notified, its members had no recourse to repeal such notices under the judicial system. From then on, their movements were monitored through a system of compulsory registration and passes, which specified where the holders could travel and reside, and district magistrates were required to maintain records of all such people.<ref name="mus">[https://books.google.com/books?id=77hRrmfo65MC&pg=PA51 The Criminal Tribe Act (Act XXVII of 1871)] ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', by Muzammil Quraishi. Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|0-7546-4233-X}}. ''Page 51''.</ref><br />
<br />
The Act was initially applied only to the [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Oudh State]], and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=":4">Yang (1985), p. 109</ref> When the colonial state annexed Punjab, it posed numerous challenges due to its geographical location and proximity to Afghanistan and the restive northern regions of India. The crime statistics of the 1860s were inconsistent, with occasional fluctuations that colonial administrators attributed to different reasons, such as crop failure and the nomadic lifestyle of certain tribes. During the 1860s, colonial lawmaking in Punjab was primarily aimed at addressing the issue of criminal activities by certain tribes, which presented a significant challenge for the provincial administration. These criminal tribes were often perceived as a social evil and a threat to the economic mainstay of the populace, which was agriculture. The colonial officials recognised the importance of maintaining law and order in the province and introduced various legal statutes, such as the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), to achieve this goal. The CTA aimed to target the most accessible and visible suspects. These criminal tribes were already socially ostracised due to their lack of 'animal capital' or 'land capital,' which determined one's social status in pre-colonial Punjab. This social structure was formalised under the capitalist modes of production introduced by the colonial state (Safdar 20).<br />
<br />
An inquiry was set up in 1883, to investigate the need for extending the Act to the rest of India, and received an affirmative response. 1897 saw another amendment to the Act, wherein local governments were empowered to establish separate "reformatory" settlements, for tribal boys from age four to eighteen years, away from their parents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindupost.in/history/the-apartheid-level-horror-of-the-criminal-tribes-act-enacted-by-the-british-colonizers/# |title=The apartheid-level horror of the Criminal Tribes Act enacted by the British colonizers |date=October 19, 2021 |website=Hindu Post |access-date=July 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206164656/https://hindupost.in/history/the-apartheid-level-horror-of-the-criminal-tribes-act-enacted-by-the-british-colonizers/ |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1911, it was enacted in [[Madras Presidency]] as well, bringing entire India into the jurisdiction of this law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qkxd4NX8W0C&pg=PA174 Ethnographers] ''Civilising Natures: Race, Resources and Modernity in Colonial South India'', by Kavita Philip. Published by Orient Blackswan, 2004. {{ISBN|81-250-2586-3}}. ''Page 174''.</ref> The revised version of the act then affected 1,400,000 people belonging to the nomadic communities, especially [[Yerukala people|Yerukalas]], [[Koravar]]s, and Korachas.<ref name="Radhakrishna 2001, pg. 2"/> In the same year, it was applied in [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>Tolen (1991), pg. 107</ref><br />
<br />
In 1908, special 'settlements' were constructed for the notified tribes where they had to perform hard labour. With subsequent amendments to the Act, punitive penalties were increased, and fingerprinting of all members of the criminal tribe was made compulsory, such tight control according to many scholars was placed to ensure that no future revolts could take place.<ref name="mus" /><br />
<br />
It was subsequently extended to the rest of British India, in part or its entirety.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
===Public support===<br />
The British government was able to summon a large amount of public support, including the nationalist press, for the excesses committed, because the Criminal Tribes Act was posed widely as a social reform measure which reformed criminals through work. However, when they tried to make a living like everybody else, they did not find work outside the settlement because of public prejudice and ostracisation.<ref name="Radhakrishna">{{cite book |last=Radhakrishna |first=Meena |title=Dishonoured by History: "Criminal Tribes" and British Colonial Policy |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |isbn=81-250-2090-X |page=161}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Social impact ==<br />
<br />
===Nomads vs settlers===<br />
Historian [[David Arnold (historian)|David Arnold]] has suggested that because many of these tribes were small communities of poor, low-caste and nomadic people living on the fringes of the society, living as petty traders, [[pastoralists]], gypsies, hill and forest dwelling tribes, they did not conform to the prevailing European standards of living, which involved settled agriculture and waged labour. Those with [[nomad]]ic lifestyles were seen as a menace to 19th century society and required control, or at least surveillance.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
Historian Jessica Hinchy argues that the laws also repositioned families in space; it geographically redistributed and immobilised population on the basis of family units.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |date=2020 |title=Conjugality, Colonialism and the 'Criminal Tribes' in North India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0257643019900103 |journal=Studies in History |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=20–46 |doi=10.1177/0257643019900103 |issn=0257-6430}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Social engineering===<br />
<br />
The measure was a part of a wider attempt at [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] which saw, for example, the categorisation of castes as being "agricultural" or "martial" as a means of facilitating the distribution of property or recognising which groups were loyal to the colonial government and therefore suitable for military recruitment, respectively.<ref name=Bates1995p227 /><br />
<br />
Elsewhere the concept of [[Reformatory School]]s for such people had already been initiated by mid-19th century by social reformers, such as [[Mary Carpenter]] (1807–1877), who was the first to coin the term "dangerous classes".<ref name=res>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqTnL9jTFoC&pg=PA26 Colonialism and Criminal Castes] ''With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India'', by Gayatri Reddy. Published by University of Chicago Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-226-70756-3}}. pp. 26–27</ref><br />
<br />
Because it came to be thought that behavior was hereditary rather than learned, crime became ethnic, and what was merely [[social determinism]] till then became [[biological determinism]].<ref name=mus/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3CYqtVk6oI8C&dq=Criminal+Tribes+Act&pg=PA67 Native Prints] ''Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification'', by Simon A. Cole. Published by Harvard University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-674-01002-7}}. pp. 67–68.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Resettlement of tribes ===<br />
Many of the tribes were "settled" in villages under the police guard, whose job was to ensure that no registered member of the tribe was absent without notice. Also imposition of [[Punishment|punitive]] police posts on the villages with history of "misconduct" was also common.<ref name=jai>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_369.gif Punjab&nbsp;– Police and Jails] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 20, ''p. 363.''</ref><ref name="indiatogether.org">[http://www.indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm Year of Birth&nbsp;– 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222640/http://indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm|date=12 May 2014}} by [[Mahasweta Devi]]. ''indiatogether.org.''</ref><ref name="sickle.bwh.harvard.edu">[http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra by Motiraj Rathod] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205032326/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html|date=5 February 2009}} ''[[Harvard University]]''.</ref><ref name="thug" /><br />
<br />
The Aziz Nagar settlement in South Arcot District was opened on 22 September 1913<br />
to deal with the so-called criminal tribes of the Madras presidency, including Veppur [[Parayars]] and Piramalai<br />
Kallar, in South Arcot district.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ASH/V3N1/Ash_V3_N1_008.pdf |title=The Criminal Tribes (Denotified) Settlements in Madras Presidency – A Study |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities |author=N. Neela |display-authors=etal |page=63 |language=en |issn=2321-788X}}</ref> Some of the peoples of Veppur [[Paraiyar]] and [[Piramalai Kallar]] were arrested under the Criminal Tribes Act and formed the Aziz Nagar settlement. The oppressed people in the Aziz Nagar settlement were without even basic facilities and food. [[T. M. Jambulingam Mudaliar]] visited the Aziz Nagar settlement unofficially and provided food and basic necessities to affected people there. Jambulinga Mudaliar vehemently opposed the Criminal Tribes Act, but only the Criminal Tribes Act against the [[Vanniyar]] Padayachi of the South Arcot was repealed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHVAAAAMAAJ&q=Aziznagar|title=The Who's who in Madras A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency |year=1938 |publisher=Pearl Press, 1938 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ASH/V3N1/Ash_V3_N1_008.pdf|title=The Criminal Tribes (Denotified) Settlements in Madras Presidency – A Study |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities |author=N. Neela |display-authors=etal |page=63 |language=en |issn= 2321-788X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://keetru.com/index.php/2020-09-25-12-16-02/venkayam-nov-2020/41321-2020-12-23-12-52-33 |title=Criminal tribe act history |language=ta }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the coming decades, to evade prosecution under the Act, many of these notified tribes took up nomadic existence, living on the fringes of society.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Victims==<br />
Professor of history [[Ramnarayan Rawat]] states that the criminal-by-birth castes under this Act included initially gujjar and lodhis but expanded by the late 19th century to include most of [[Chamar]]s, as well as [[Sanyasi]]s and hill tribes.<ref name="Cole2001">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=Simon | title=Suspect identities: a history of fingerprinting and criminal identification | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, MA, USA | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-674-01002-4 | pages=67–72|quote=" [British] amateur ethnographers believed that Indian castes, because of their strictures against intermarriage, represented pure racial types, and they concocted the notion of racially inferior criminal castes or 'criminal tribes', inbred ethnic groups predisposed to criminal behavior by both cultural tradition and hereditary disposition"}}</ref> Other major British census based caste groups that were included as criminal-by-birth under this Act included Bowreah, Budducks, [[Bedia (caste)|Bedyas]], [[Dom (caste)|Domes]], Dormas, Gujjar, [[Rebari]], [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]], Dasads, Nonias, Moosaheers, [[Rajuar|Rajwars]], Gahsees Boayas, Dharees, Sowakhyas.<ref name="Cole2001"/> and One such measure was the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, under the provisions of which [[Meena]]s (Mina)were placed in the first list of the Act in 1872 in Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan and Punjab<br />
<br />
Hundreds of Hindu communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. By 1931, the colonial government listed 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the [[Madras Presidency]] alone.<ref name="Terry1995"/><br />
<br />
===Women===<br />
Women from de-notified and nomadic communities were victimised after CTA and often faced severe human rights violations and abuse of power by various actors, including law enforcement authorities, politicians, landlords, and the village communities. These women are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse due to their marginalised status, and they are often victimised by every one of them. They face the misuse of power by the police and the caste communities in the villages, who arrest or illegally confine them for crimes others commit. Women and children are not spared, as they become easy targets of the lustful and corrupt personnel in the law enforcing machinery and the landlords in the villages. As a result, women of these communities suffer from physical, emotional, and psychological trauma, perpetuating a cycle of marginalisation, vulnerability, and exploitation. The extent of these human rights violations is evident in the community survey, reflecting the urgent need for action to address this systemic issue (Borker 9). For example, a woman of the Nandiwale tribe, who makes a living selling utensils and cutlery, was subjected to a violent attack in the Indapur block of Pune district. She was accused of stealing silver spoons from a household and, without any inquiry, was stripped and beaten. Her belonging to a tribe that was once deemed criminal was deemed sufficient evidence of her guilt. Shockingly, the police did not even register a case in this matter (Borker 12).<ref>{{cite web |author=Shrikant Gopichand Borkar |author2=Amrapali Jambhulkar |title=Interface between the State and Marginalized Communities: A Critical Study on Police Behaviour towards Denotified and Nomadic Tribe's Women in Maharashtra |website=ResearchGate |date=June 22, 2022 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361464786}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Impact on third gender communities ===<br />
{{see also|Third gender}}<br />
Though it was primarily directed at tribal communities, various incarnations of the Criminal Tribes Act also included provisions limiting the rights of [[transgender]] and [[Gender variance|gender non-conforming]] individuals and communities in India. [[Hijra (South Asia)|''Hijras'']] in particular were targeted under the Act.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 created the category of "[[eunuch]]" to refer to the many, often unrelated gender non-conforming communities in India, including ''hijras'', ''khwajasarais'', and ''[[Kothi (gender)|kotis]]''. The label "eunuch" was used as a catchall term for anyone thought not to conform to traditional British ideals of masculinity, though in reality most of the communities classified as "eunuchs" did not identify as male or female.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gannon|first=Shane|date=2011|title=Exclusion as Language and the Language of Exclusion: Tracing Regimes of Gender through Linguistic Representations of the "Eunuch"|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–27|issn=1043-4070|jstor=40986353|pmid=21476329}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under the Criminal Tribes Act, a eunuch could be either "respectable" or "suspicious." Respectable eunuchs did not engage in "kidnapping, [[castration]] or [[sodomy]]," while suspicious eunuchs performed in public and wore what British officials classified as female clothes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Shahnaz|date=2016|title=Trans* Individuals and Normative Masculinity in British India and Contemporary Pakistan|journal=Hong Kong Law Journal|volume=46|pages=9–29}}</ref> The Criminal Tribes Act banned all behaviour considered "suspicious," warning that anyone found engaging in traditional ''hijra'' activities like public dancing or dressing in women's clothing would be arrested and/or forced to pay a fine.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Collection of Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council in the Year 1871|publisher=Office of Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1872|location=Calcutta|chapter=Act No. XXVII of 1871}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Colonial authorities claimed that it was necessary for "eunuchs" to be registered under the Act to prevent them from kidnapping children and/or engaging in sodomy. In reality, there was little official evidence of any gender non-conforming communities in India kidnapping children, or of many children living in gender non-conforming communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hinchy|first=Jessica|date=2014-04-03|title=Obscenity, Moral Contagion and Masculinity: Hijras in Public Space in Colonial North India|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=38|issue=2|pages=274–294|doi=10.1080/10357823.2014.901298|s2cid=145769400|issn=1035-7823}}</ref> The few children that were found to be living with ''hijras'' were removed from their care, despite the fact that most of the children did not have any other legal guardians and had been adopted into the ''hijra'' community because they were orphans or unwanted by their biological families.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Reform of the Act==<br />
<br />
This practice became controversial and did not enjoy the support of all British colonial officials. Henry Schwarz, a professor at Georgetown University specialising in the history of colonial and postcolonial India, wrote that this decades-long practice was reversed at the start of the 20th century with the proclamation that people "could not be incarcerated indefinitely on the presumption of [inherited] bad character".<ref name="Schwarz2010">{{cite book | last=Schwarz | first=Henry | title=Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: acting like a thief | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=USA | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4051-2057-9 | pages=99–101}}</ref><ref name="Karade2008">{{cite book | last=Karade | first=Jagan | title=Development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India | publisher=Cambridge Scholars | location=Newcastle, UK | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4438-1027-2 | pages=25, 23–28}}</ref><ref name="Terry1995">{{cite book | last=Rachel Tolen |editor=Jennifer Terry |editor2=Jacqueline Urla | title=Deviant bodies | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-253-20975-7 | pages=84–88|quote= Certain prominent [caste] groups, most notably the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]s and the [[Mukkulathor|Maravar]]s have received considerable scholarly attention. (... There are) multiple meanings of the concept of the criminal caste itself and its multiple uses under colonial rule. Hundreds of communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. In 1931, 237 tribes were under the act in the Madras Presidency alone. The concept of the criminal castes drew on a number of different discourses.}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1936, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] denouncing the Act commented, "The monstrous provisions of the Criminal Tribes Act constitute a negation of civil liberty. No tribe [can] be classed as criminal as such and the whole principle [is] out of consonance with all civilised principles."<ref name=sus/><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Dilip |date=18 January 2003 |title=Bania Arrested for Spying |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/18dilip.htm |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post-independence reforms===<br />
<br />
In January 1947, the Government of Bombay set up a committee, which included [[B.G. Kher]], then Chief Minister [[Morarji Desai]], and [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], to look into the matter of 'criminal tribes'. In 1949, after a long campaign led by Communist leaders such as [[P. Ramamurthi]] and [[P. Jeevanandham]], and Forward Bloc leader [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]], who had [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar#Anti-CTA struggle|led many agitations]] in the villages since 1929 urging the people to defy the CTA, the number of tribes listed under the CTA was reduced. Other provincial governments soon followed suit.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<br />
<br />
The Act was repealed in August 1949, which resulted in 2,300,000 tribals being decriminalised.<ref>Revankar, Ratna G. ''The Indian Constitution--: A Case Study of Backward Classes''. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1971. {{ISBN|0-8386-7670-7}}. Page 238.</ref> The committee appointed in the same year by the central government to study the utility of the existence of this law, reported in 1950 that the system violated the spirit of the [[Indian constitution]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
A massive crime wave after the criminal tribes were denotified led to a public outcry.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The [[Habitual Offender Laws#India|Habitual Offenders Act]] (HOA) (1952) was enacted in the place of CTA; it states that a habitual offender is one who has been a victim of subjective and objective influences and has manifested a set practice in crime, and also presents a danger to society. The HOA effectively re-stigmatised the already marginalised "criminal tribes".<br />
<br />
== Continued effects==<br />
<br />
Many of these denotified tribes continued to carry considerable social stigma from the Act, and come under the purview of the new 'Prevention of Anti-Social Activity Act' (PASA). Many of them have been denied the status of [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC), [[Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) or [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBC), which would have allowed them avail [[Reservation in India|Reservation]] under [[Indian law]], which reserves seats for them in government jobs and educational institutions, thus most of them are still living [[Below Poverty Line]] and in sub-human conditions.<ref name=sus>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171820/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19120450.htm Suspects forever: Members of the "denotified tribes" continue to bear the brunt of police brutality]}} ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', Volume 19&nbsp;– Issue 12, 8–21 June 2002.</ref><br />
<br />
Over the course of the century since its passing, the criminal identity attached to certain tribes by the Act, was internalised not just by the society, but also by the police, whose official methodology, even after repeal of the Act, often reflected the characteristics of manifestation of an era initiated by the Act, a century ago, where characteristic of crimes committed by certain tribes were closely watched, studied and documented.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-JNxqaKEb_UC&pg=PA100 Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman] ''Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture'', by Jennifer Terry, Jacqueline Urla. Published by Indiana University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-253-20975-7}}. ''Page 100''.</ref><br />
<br />
The new Act simply re-lists the "Criminal Tribes" as [[Denotified tribes of India|denotified tribes]]. Today the social category generally known as the denotified and [[nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] includes approximately 60 million people in India.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm<br />
|title=The Adivasis of India&nbsp;– A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance<br />
|author=C. R. Bijoy<br />
|work=PUCL Bulletin<br />
|publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties<br />
|date=February 2003<br />
|access-date=31 May 2007<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616184214/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm<br />
|archive-date=16 June 2008<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International opposition==<br />
<br />
The [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|National Human Rights Commission]] recommended repeal of the 1952 Habitual Offenders Act in February 2000.<ref name=Radhakrishna /> Later in March 2007, the UN's anti-discrimination body [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD), noted that "the so-called denotified and nomadic which are listed for their alleged 'criminal tendencies' under the former Criminal Tribes Act (1871), continue to be stigmatised under the [[Habitual Offender Laws#India|Habitual Offenders Act]] (1952) (art. 2 (1)), and asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes. According to the body, since much of 'Habitual Offenders Act (1952)' is derived from the earlier 'Criminal Tribes Act 1871', it doesn't show a marked departure in its intent, only gives the formed notified tribes a new name i.e. ''Denotified tribes'', hence the stigma continues so does the oppression, as the law is being denounced on two counts, first that "[[All men are created equal|all human beings are born free and equal]]", and second that it negates a valuable principle of the [[criminal justice system]] – [[innocent until proven guilty]].<ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India] ''[[Asian Tribune]]'', Mon, 19 March 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the [[National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes]] (NCDNSNT) of [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] recommended that same reservations as available to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes be extended to around 110&nbsp;million people of denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India; the commission further recommended that the provisions of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] be applicable to these tribes also.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-21 |title=Panel favours reservation for nomadic tribes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/panel-favours-reservation-for-nomadic-tribes/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Today, many governmental and non-governmental bodies are involved in the betterment of these denotified tribes through various schemes and educational programs.<ref>[http://www.hole-in-the-wall.com/News09.html Who are the Chharas?&nbsp;– Rehabilitation of Chharas, a De-Notified Tribe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509174624/http://www.hole-in-the-wall.com/News09.html |date=9 May 2008 }} 26 January 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
==In films==<br />
In postcolonial India, movies have been made on these communities with varied depictions.<br />
<br />
[[T. J. Gnanavel]]'s 2021 Tamil film [[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]] discussed the injustices stemming from the legislative and social prejudices meted to these tribes in present India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Paruthi Veeran - Ameer's Passion continues |url=http://passionforcinema.com/paruthi-veeran-ameers-passion-continues/ |date=June 18, 2007 |website=Passion For Cinema |access-date=July 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618195301/http://passionforcinema.com/paruthi-veeran-ameers-passion-continues/ |archive-date=18 June 2009}}</ref> A 2017 Tamil film, ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]],'' is based around the [[Operation Bawaria]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] depicting some members of a nomadic tribe as dacoits.<ref name=":5" /> The second season of the Indian streaming series ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' depicts the still existing prejudice and abuse of "denotified tribes" in Indian police, politics, and society.<br />
<br />
At least two short films have made on the situation of denotified tribes in India. ''Mahasweta Devi: Witness, Advocate, Writer'' (2001) by Shashwati Talukdar in based on the life of social activist and [[Magsaysay Award]] winner, [[Mahasweta Devi]], who has been working with these communities for over three decades.<ref>[http://www.der.org/films/mahasweta-devi.html "Mahasweta Devi: Witness, Advocate, Writer"]. ''Documentary Educational Resources (DER)''</ref> Devi's work was influential in the 2005 short documentary movie ''Acting Like a Thief'' by P. Kerim Friedman and [[Shashwati Talukdar]] on a Chhara tribal theatre group in Ahmedabad, India. The community after being notified as 'natural criminals' in 1871 were imprisoned in a labour camp near the town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Documentary: Acting like a thief |url=https://store.der.org/acting-like-a-thief-p129.aspx |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references group="Citations" />{{reflist|20em|refs=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Works cited ===<br />
* Abraham, S. (1999). Steal or I'll Call You a Thief: 'Criminal' Tribes of India. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(27), 1751-1753.<br />
* Cherian, D. (2022). Merchants of Virtue: Hindus, Muslims, and Untouchables in Eighteenth-Century South Asia. University of California Press. {{doi|10.1525/luminos.139}}.<br />
* Kapadia, K. M. (1952). The Criminal Tribes of India. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), 99-125. {{doi|10.1177/0038022919520203}}.<br />
* McLane, J. R. (1985). Bengali Bandits, Police and Landlords after the permanent settlement. In A. A. Yang (Ed.), Crime and Criminality in British India (pp.&nbsp;26–47). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.<br />
* Piliavsky, A. (2015). The “Criminal Tribe” in India before the British. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 57(2), 323–354. {{doi|10.1017/S0010417515000055}}.<br />
* Radhakrishna, M. (2001). Dishonoured by History: 'Criminal Tribes' and British Colonial Policy. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.<br />
* Reid, D. (2017). On the Origin of Thuggee: Determining the Existence of Thugs in Pre-British India. The Ascendant Historian, 4(1), 75-84. https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/corvette/article/view/17067.<br />
* Schwarz, H. (2010). Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: Acting like a thief. USA: Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-2057-9}}.<br />
* Tolen, R. J. (1991). Colonizing and Transforming the Criminal Tribesman: The Salvation Army in British India. American Ethnologist, 18(1), 106-125.<br />
* Yang, A. A. (1985). Dangerous Castes and Tribes: The Criminal Tribal Act and the Magahiya Dogs of Northeast India. In A. A. Yang (Ed.), Crime and Criminality in British India (pp.&nbsp;108–127). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''Britain in India, 1765–1905, Volume 1: Justice, Police, Law and Order'', Editors: John Marriott and Bhaskar Mukhopadhyay, Advisory Editor: Partha Chatterjee. Published by Pickering and Chatto Publishers, 2006. Full text of [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:aJbslGBH9a8J:www.pickeringchatto.com/content/download/1598/42520/file/Britain%2520in%2520India,%2520Vol.%25201,%2520Criminal%2520Tribes%25E2%2580%2599%2520Act,%25201871,%2520Act%2520XXVII.pdf+criminal+tribes+act+1871&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg1BkCNaTgvBeE6vmFBz9gK-tVEcD5u5Nr2NI1i8REQHlGh6yZUDS9iw0ba23VWQKcZC5nGZ7AkHKkK1qnzJCyABO2Nai_wNo7-rwas8AuRNCxGDhPoTZ1ujutNOcr5w1st-cvN&sig=AHIEtbRqTZxiGc5jMc-EKI3HIy-tu9DzxQ Criminal Tribes' Act, 1871, Act XXVII (1871) pp. 227–239]<br />
* ''The History of railway thieves: With illustrations & hints on detection (The criminal tribes of India series)'', by M. Pauparao Naidu. Higginbothams. 4th edition. 1915.<br />
* ''The land pirates of India: An account of the Kuravers, a remarkable tribe of hereditary criminals, their extraordinary skill as thieves, cattle-lifters & highwayman & c, and their manners & customs'', by William John Hatch. Pub. J.B. Lippincott Co. 1928. {{ASIN|B000855LQK}}.<br />
* ''The Criminal Tribes: A Socio-economic Study of the Principal Criminal Tribes and Castes in Northern India'', by Bhawani Shanker Bhargava. Published by Published for the Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, United Provinces, by the Universal Publishers, 1949.<br />
* ''The Ex-criminal Tribes of India'', by Y. C. Simhadri. Published by National, 1979.<br />
* ''Crime and criminality in British India'', by Anand A. Yang. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8165-0951-4}}.<br />
* ''Creating Born Criminals'', by Nicole Rafter. University of Illinois Press. 1998. {{ISBN|0-252-06741-X}}.<br />
* ''Branded by Law: Looking at India's Denotified Tribes'', by [[Dilip D'Souza]]. Published by Penguin Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-14-100749-4}}.<br />
* ''The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India'', by Martine van Woerkens, tr. by Catherine Tihanyi. University Of Chicago Press. 2002. {{ISBN|0-226-85085-4}}.<br />
* ''Legible Bodies: Race, Criminality and Colonialism in South Asia'', by [[Clare Anderson]]. Berg Publishers. 2004. {{ISBN|1-85973-860-5}}.<br />
* ''The Criminal Tribes in India'', by S.T. Hollins. Published by Nidhi Book Enclave. 2005. {{ISBN|81-902086-6-7}}.<br />
* ''Notes On Criminal Tribes Residing In Or Frequenting The Bombay Presidency, Berar, And The Central Provinces (1882)'', by E. J. Gunthorpe. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2008. {{ISBN|1-4366-2188-7}}.<br />
* {{cite book | last=Dirks | first=Nicholas | title=The hollow crown: ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom | publisher=University of Michigan Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-472-08187-5}}<br />
* Mark Brown (2001), Race, science and the construction of native criminality in colonial India. Theoretical criminology, 5(3), pp.&nbsp;345–368<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Mark |title=Ethnology and Colonial Administration in Nineteenth-Century British India: The Question of Native Crime and Criminality |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=201–219 |jstor=4028233 |doi=10.1017/S0007087403005004 |doi-access=free }}<br />
* Andrew J. Major (1999), State and Criminal Tribes in Colonial Punjab: Surveillance, Control and Reclamation of the 'Dangerous Classes', Modern Asian Studies, 33(3), pp.&nbsp;657–688<br />
* Kaaval Kottam (காவல் கோட்டம்): by Su. Venkatesan. Published by Tamizhini. Winner of Sahitya Academy Award for 2011. Describes the Thathanoor Kallar and their lives.<br />
* Gupta, Charu (18 May 2007). <nowiki>''Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857.'</nowiki> ''Economic and Political Weekly,'' 42 (19): 1742. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419579 4419579].<br />
* Rahul Ashok Kamble, Ritesh Kumar, and Arnab Chowdhury. (2023). '‘Ostracized by law’: The sociopolitical and juridical construction of the ‘criminal tribe’ in Colonial India.<nowiki>''</nowiki> ''History and Anthropology.'' {{doi|10.1080/02757206.2023.2204866}}.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140303030624/http://ncdnsnt.gov.in/ National Commission for denotified, Nomadic & Semi-nomadic Tribes, Official website] ''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]''<br />
<br />
[[Category:1871 in British law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian caste legislation]]<br />
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]<br />
[[Category:Legal history of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Legal history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]<br />
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Social history of India]]<br />
[[Category:1871 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1870s in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-LGBTQ law]]<br />
[[Category:Persecution of LGBTQ people in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Transgender law]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ law in India]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ law in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-LGBTQ law in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ law in Bangladesh]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_(2004_film)&diff=516699Mass (2004 film)2026-05-02T15:21:01Z<p>TanjaFreese: Started the data added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2004 Indian film by Raghava Lawrence}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mass<br />
| image = Mass Poster HD.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| writer = Raghava Lawrence<br />[[Paruchuri Brothers]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| producer = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]<br />
| director = [[Raghava Lawrence]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Nagarjuna<br />
*[[Jyothika]] <br />
* [[Charmy Kaur]] <br />
* [[Raghuvaran]] <br />
* [[Rahul Dev]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]<br />
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]<br />
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|12|23}}<br />
| runtime = 162 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
₹23 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest grossing (share) Tollywood films by year |url=https://www.boxofficeandhra.com/2016/04/highest-grossing-tollywood-films-by-year.html |website=Boxofficeandhra |language=en |date=27 February 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mass: Dammunte Kasko''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]] (in his directorial debut) and produced by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] under [[Annapurna Studios]]. The film stars Nagarjuna himself as the titular character, alongside [[Jyothika]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Rahul Dev]]. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while [[Shyam K. Naidu]] and [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] handled the cinematography and editing respectively.<br />
<br />
''Mass'' was released on 23 December 2004 and became the highest-grossing film in Nagarjuna's career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G P |first=Aditya Vardhan |date=21 December 2007 |title=Review: Nagarjuna rocks in Don |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/21don.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=Raghava Lawrence who began his career as a director with the impetus provided by Nagarjuna, first made Mass which was a big hit.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-23 |title=Nagarjuna – Raghava Lawrence 's Blockbuster Mass completes 16 Years. |url=https://www.telugu360.com/nagarjuna-raghava-lawrence-mass-box-office/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Veeran'' and later in [[Hindi]] as ''Meri Jung: One-Man Army''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/veeran/movieshow/61270612.cms|title=Veeran Movie-Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The film was unofficially remade in Bangladeshi [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Khomota'' (2006).{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Ganesh, an orphan, lives with his best friend Aadi and is in love with Anjali, a college student and the daughter of Satya, a disabled crime boss in [[Vizag]]. Anjali restricts from falling for Ganesh as it would land him in danger, but she finally accepts his feelings. Anjali tells Ganesh that they should marry immediately before her brother Seshu and Satya tries to separate them. While on their way to the temple where Anjali is waiting, Ganesh finds that he forgot to bring his late mother's photo and goes back to bring it with him. Aadi reaches the temple for Ganesh and Anjali's wedding, but finds Seshu forcing her to return with him. Seshu kills Aadi when he tries to stop him from taking Anjali away. Ganesh gets enraged at Aadi's death, where moves into Vizag under a new identity as Mass and begins to eradicate Satya and Seshu's crime syndicate. In a final confrontation Ganesh fights with Seshu and defeats him, where he reunites with Anjali and leaves the city. Satya kills Seshu out of disgrace and commits suicide, thus avenging Aadi's death.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Mass / Ganesh, Anjali's love interest<br />
* [[Jyothika]] as Anjali, Mass' love interest, Satya's daughter, Seshu's sister<br />
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Priya<br />
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Satya, Seshu and Anjali's father<br />
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Seshu, Anjali's elder brother, the Don of Visakhapatnam<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Advocate Durga Prasad <br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Aditya a.k.a. Adi, Mass' younger-brother figured best-friend<br />
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Adi's father<br />
* [[M. Balayya|Balayya]] as Anjali's Grandfather<br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Officer<br />
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Police Officer<br />
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as a Beggar<br />
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsingh<br />
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Taxi driver<br />
* Karuna as Sirisha<br />
* Apoorva as Priya's mother<br />
* [[Ravi Kale]] as ACP of Visakhapatnam <br />
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Anjali’s friend<br />
* [[Ruthika ]]<br />
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] in a special appearance<br />
* [[Tanu Roy]] in a [[item number|special appearance]] in "Mass" song<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mass<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|25}}<br />
| recorded = 2004<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 29:52<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad<br />
| prev_title = [[Shankar Dada MBBS]]<br />
| prev_year = 2004<br />
| next_title = [[Naa Alludu]]<br />
| next_year = 2005<br />
}}<br />
Music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and was released on ADITYA Music Company. The audio was released in an entertaining function held at Taramati Baradari (Golkonda).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-mass.html | title=Telugu Cinema – Audio release – Mass Dammunte Kasko – Nagarjuna, Jyotika, Charmy }}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 29:52<br />
| title1 = Mass<br />
| lyrics1 = Sahithi<br />
| extra1 = Ravi Varma, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| length1 = 4:09<br />
<br />
| title2 = Vaalu Kalla Vayyari<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| length2 = 5:34<br />
<br />
| title3 = Indhurudu Chandurudu<br />
| lyrics3 = Sahithi<br />
| extra3 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
| length3 = 5:19<br />
<br />
| title4 = Kottu Kottu Kottu<br />
| lyrics4 = Sahithi<br />
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Prasanna<br />
| length4 = 5:22<br />
<br />
| title5 = La La Lahirey<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]]<br />
| extra5 = Venugopal Srirangam, [[Sunitha Sarathy]]<br />
| length5 = 4:34<br />
<br />
| title6 = Naatho Vasthava<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Sumangali<br />
| length6 = 4:54<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
The film opened with 191 prints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=13637119 |title=Welcome to SIFY Movies |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229082231/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=13637119 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "''Mass'', at best packs in sufficient thrills to add up to a fairly engrossing entertainer, which keeps the popcorn popping".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mass-review-telugu-pclvFBdjdbbbi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506215140/https://www.sify.com/movies/mass-review-telugu-pclvFBdjdbbbi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 May 2022 | title=Mass | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "There are no boring moments in this 2.45 hour film though. You should watch ''Mass'' on the big screen to enjoy the charming Nag in his new avatar".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mass (Dammunte Kasko) – Telugu cinema Review – Nagarjuna, Charmy, Jyothika |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mass.html |last= jeevi |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Award category <br />
! Artist<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| [[CineMAA Award for Best Actor - Male]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || {{won}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || {{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] || [[Jyothika]] || {{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] || [[Charmy Kaur]] || {{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dance Choreographer – South]] || [[Raghava Lawrence]] || {{Nominated}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0445033}}<br />
<br />
{{Raghava Lawrence}}{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Raghava Lawrence]]<br />
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaswinder_Brar&diff=505800Jaswinder Brar2026-04-22T09:55:56Z<p>TanjaFreese: creating post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian folk singer|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Jaswinder Brar<br />
| birth_name = Jaswinder Kaur Brar<br />
| birth_place = Kalanwali Mandi District Sirsa (Haryana)<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| image = Folk queen jaswinder brar.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =<br />
| instrument =<br />
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Folk music of Punjab|folk]], pop, [[Religious music|religious]]<br />
| occupation = Singer<br />
| years_active = 1990–present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaswinder Brar''' is an Indian folk singer who sings in [[Punjabi language]]. She sings [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk]] and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] and known as the ''Folk Queen''. She is known for her stage shows and is called ''Akharheya Di Rani''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/2011/09/27/mutiayaran-punjab-dian-at-wolverhamptons-wulfrun-hall/|title=Mutiayaran Punjab Dian at Wolverhampton's Wulfrun Hall|date=27 September 2011|publisher=ExpressAndStar.com]|author=|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> She is specially known for her Lok Tatths. She started her career with the album named "Keemti Cheez" in 1990.<br />
<br />
==Personal life ==<br />
She got married on 2000 to Ranjit Singh Sidhu <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020313/region.htm | title=Mass Marriage | work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh | date=13 March 2002 | accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> and took a break for about two years from singing while she had given birth to a daughter named Jashanpreet Kaur<br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
<br />
Among her awards, she is honoured with the "''Shromani Punjabi Lok Gaaiki Award'' 2010" in November; she is the 12th to receive that award. She received others including ''Sangeet Samrat'' award on [[Prof. Mohan Singh]] Mela.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} She was nominated for the [[PTC Channel Punjabi]]'s music awards 2006, for "Best Folk Oriented Vocalist (Female)" (for her song "Mirza") and "Best Oriented Folk Album (Female)" (for her album ''Gallan Pyar Dian'') and awarded as best folk vocalist female 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unp.me/f46/etc-channel-punjabi-music-awards-06-nominations-4548/|title=ETC Channel Punjabi, Music Awards 2006 – Nominations|author=|date=18 March 2006|publisher=www.unp.me|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
[[File:AH8A0024 copy.jpg|thumb|Jaswinder Brar posing for her album Jiunde Rehn]]<br />
<br />
She started her career with the album named ''Keemti Cheez'' in 1990 and released several albums since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goyalmusic.net/list15.html|title=Jaswinder Brar – Albums|author=|date=|publisher=www.goyalmusic.net|accessdate=14 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095935/http://www.goyalmusic.net/list15.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* ''Keemti Cheez''<br />
* ''Khulla Akharha''<br />
* ''Ranjha Jogi Ho Gia''<br />
* ''Akhara''<br />
* ''Ishq Mohabbat Yaari''<br />
* ''Dooja Akhara''<br />
* ''Itt Khrakka''<br />
* ''Goonjda Akhara''<br />
* ''Bol Kalaihria Mora''<br />
* ''Jhalla Dil Waajan Maarda''<br />
* ''Rondi Nu Hor Rava Ke''<br />
* ''Teri Yaad Sataave''<br />
* ''Main Teri Jann Gherungi''<br />
* ''Main Tan Tainu Yaad Kardi''<br />
* ''Gallaan Pyar Dian''<br />
* ''Pyar – The Colors of Love'' (02 Nov. 2010)<br />
* ''Jeonde Rehn'' (2014)<br />
* ''Tin Gallan '' (2018)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Narinder Biba]]<br />
* [[Gurmeet Bawa]]<br />
* [[Shazia Manzoor]]<br />
* [[Surinder Kaur]]<br />
* [[Anita Lerche]]<br />
* [[List of Punjabi singers]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Jaswinder}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bathinda]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathyajith_(Tamil_actor)&diff=533432Sathyajith (Tamil actor)2026-04-20T02:46:51Z<p>TanjaFreese: New Basic Pg W/ Sources!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sathyajith<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 1977{{endash}}present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
'''Shabbir Ahmed''', better known by his stage name '''Sathyajith''', is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Tamil language]] films and television serials. He is best known for his career debut ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977).<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Shabbir Ahmed studied at the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Madras Film Institute]] in 1976. While studying in his second year, he shot for the film ''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]'' (1977).<ref name="abp">{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=9 January 2024 |title=Actor Sathyajith: 'மயில்ல்ல்' என்ற ஒற்றை வார்த்தையால் பல மைல்களை கடந்தவர்... நடிகர் சத்யஜித்தை நியாபகம் இருக்கா? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/16-vayathinile-doctor-character-actor-sathyajith-flash-back-160610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109042709/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/16-vayathinile-doctor-character-actor-sathyajith-flash-back-160610 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[ABP Nadu]]}}</ref> Sri Amman Creations then offered him an audition, which helped him land the role of the doctor in ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977), which ended up releasing first.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://english.vikatan.com/entertainment/dr-sathyajiths-journey-from-16-vayathinile-to-bullet-director-48-year-dream-comes-true|title=Dr. Sathyajith's Journey from '16 Vayathinile' to 'Bullet' Director: 48-Year Dream Comes True|date=29 February 2024|website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan English]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920032744/https://english.vikatan.com/entertainment/dr-sathyajiths-journey-from-16-vayathinile-to-bullet-director-48-year-dream-comes-true|url-status=live}}</ref> He was offered the role when still photographer Lakshmi Kanthan appeared outside his room one night and asked if he would be interested.<ref name="N">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Sameera |date=14 January 2015 |title=Remember that doctor from the movie 16 Vayithinile? |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215212200/http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> He subsequently moved to Chennai from his hometown Bangalore for the film, and portrayed the role of a well-respectable, prosperous doctor who romantically leads Sridevi's character of Mayil on, before abandoning her.<ref name="N"/> He shot for the film for ten days in Mysore, and was renamed Sathyajith during post-production by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref name="N"/> Although he was not fluent in Tamil, he was insistent that he would dub for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandirajan |first=M. |date=27 February 2018 |title=''என்னோட 'மயில்ல்ல்ல்' மாடுலேஷனுக்கு தீவிர ரசிகை ஸ்ரீதேவி..!''&nbsp;– '16 வயதினிலே' டாக்டர் சத்யஜித் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/117575-16-vayathinile-doctor-character-artist-sathyajith-shares-his-experience-of-working-with-sridevi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412080324/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/117575-16-vayathinile-doctor-character-artist-sathyajith-shares-his-experience-of-working-with-sridevi.html |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> While the film's lead actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]], and antagonist [[Rajinikanth]] achieved stardom and pan-Indian recognition, Sathyajith was less successful.<ref name="N" /><br />
<br />
Sathyajith has since acted in over forty films including ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' (1982), the Hindi film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990) and an unreleased film starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] apart from acting in twenty television serials.<ref name="abp" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Nov/12/veteran-actor-sathyajeet-to-make-directorial-debut-with-bullet-36545.html|title=Veteran actor Sathyajeet to make directorial debut with Bullet|date=12 November 2022|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=12 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012151025/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/nov/12/veteran-actor-sathyajeet-to-make-directorial-debut-with-bullet-36545.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N" /> In ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), he shared screen space with [[Rani Mukerji]] who helped him with his [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dialogues.<ref name="N" /><br />
<br />
In 2022, Sathyajith resurfaced when he was announced as the director and producer of the unreleased Kannada film ''Bullet'' starring [[Dharma Keerthiraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bullet bulls-eye |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bullet-bulls-eye/articleshow/95494283.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206134057/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bullet-bulls-eye/articleshow/95494283.cms |archive-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=1 May 2025 }}</ref> He was also expected to act in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title='Humbled To Work With Greats': South Actor Sathyajith Recounts His Cinematic Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/humbled-to-work-with-greats-south-actor-sathyajith-recounts-his-cinematic-journey-8799533.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308142928/https://www.news18.com/movies/humbled-to-work-with-greats-south-actor-sathyajith-recounts-his-cinematic-journey-8799533.html |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Sathyajith has a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Partial filmography ==<br />
===Actor===<br />
====Films====<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977)<br />
*''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]'' (1977)<br />
*''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' (1982)<br />
*''Kuppathu Ponnu'' (1982)<br />
*''[[Jothi (1983 film)|Jothi]]'' (1983)<br />
*''[[Aruvadai Naal]]'' (1986)<br />
*''[[Dhoorathu Pachai]]'' (1987)<br />
*''[[Michael Raj]]'' (1987)<br />
*''[[Anand (1987 film)|Anand]]'' (1987)<br />
*''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]'' (1989)<br />
*''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990; Hindi)<br />
*''[[Uruvam]]'' (1991)<br />
*''[[Irumbu Pookkal]]'' (1991)<br />
*''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000)<br />
*''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003)<br />
*''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]'' (2010)<br />
*''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' (2013)<br />
*''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017)<br />
*''[[Raatchasi]]'' (2019)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
====Television====<br />
*''Ahalya'' (Sun TV)<br />
*''Jayam'' as Chakkaravarthy (Jaya TV)<br />
*''Athipookkal'' (Sun TV)<br />
*''Vaazhve Dhayam'' (DD Podhigai)<br />
<br />
===Dubbing artist===<br />
*Nawab Khan - ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]''<br />
*Rahul Dev - ''[[Aadhavan]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tawang_Assembly_constituency&diff=539849Tawang Assembly constituency2026-04-18T23:41:58Z<p>TanjaFreese: New Initial Post W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Tawang<br />
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|type = SLA<br />
|constituency_no = 2<br />
|map_image = Tawang Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
|district = [[Tawang district|Tawang]]<br />
|loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]<br />
|established = 1990<br />
|reservation = ST<br />
|mla = [[Namgey Tsering]]<br />
|party = {{Party index link|People's Party of Arunachal}}<ref name="4 NPP MLAs join PPA">{{cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/06/17/4-npp-mlas-switch-allegiance-to-ppa/|title=4 NPP MLAs switch allegiance to PPA|work=The Arunachal Times|accessdate=17 June 2025}}</ref><br />
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|electors = 10,649<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tawang Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tawang.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Tawang Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Thupten Tempa<ref name="‘Investment risk’ behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=28 March 2024 |title=‘Investment risk’ behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517084635/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archivedate=17 May 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tsewang Dhondup]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tsering Tashi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||rowspan=2|[[Namgey Tsering]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}<ref name="4 NPP MLAs join PPA"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Namgey Tsering]]|party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,667 |percentage=55.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Dorjee |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,671 |percentage=43.73% |change={{decrease}}29.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above (India)|votes=56 |percentage=0.67% |change={{decrease}}0.92 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=996 |percentage=11.87% |change= {{decrease}}35.25 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,394 |percentage=78.82% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tsering Tashi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,547 |percentage=72.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thupten Tempa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,955 |percentage=25.65% |change={{increase}}8.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=121 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,592 |percentage=47.12% |change= {{decrease}}16.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,623 |percentage=76.46% |change= {{decrease}}2.49 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,970 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.11 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tsering Tashi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,421 |percentage=80.67% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tsewang Dhondup]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,367 |percentage=17.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=172 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,054 |percentage=63.49% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,960 |percentage=78.95% |change= {{increase}}78.95 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,082 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Tsewang Dhondup]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,812 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.48 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tsewang Dhondup]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,786 |percentage=60.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thupten Tempa |party=Independent politician |votes=2,441 |percentage=39.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,345 |percentage=21.60% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,227 |percentage=70.05% |change= {{increase}}72.65 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,571 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Thupten Tempa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,476 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thupten Tempa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,024 |percentage=51.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theg Tse Rinpoche |party=Independent politician |votes=2,815 |percentage=48.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=209 |percentage=3.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,839 |percentage=87.50% |change= {{increase}}85.94 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,794 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tawang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Thupten Tempa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,504 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Tawang]]<br />
* [[Tawang district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|27.586|91.859|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Tawang district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basanta_Kumar_Das_(Pakistani_politician)&diff=489968Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)2026-04-18T23:17:59Z<p>TanjaFreese: adding first biography w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = Babu<br />
| name = Basanta Kumar Das<br />
| image =<br />
| office = Federal Minister of Pakistan<br />
| prime_minister = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]<br />
| 1blankname = Department<br />
| 1namedata = Education and Labor<br />
| term_start = 7 February 1958<br />
| term_end = 7 October 1958<br />
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[I. I. Chundrigar]]|[[Zahiruddin (diplomat)|Zahiruddin]]}}<br />
| successor = {{ubl|Habibur Rahman|[[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]]}}<br />
| office1 = Provincial Minister of East Pakistan<br />
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]<br />
| 2blankname1 = Department<br />
| 2namedata1 = Finance and Revenue<br />
| term_start1 = 12 September 1955<br />
| term_end1 = 15 August 1956<br />
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Abdul Latif Biswas (Pakistani politician)|Abdul Latif Biswas]]|Abu Hussain Sarkar}}<br />
| successor1 = [[Prabhas Chandra Lahiri]]<br />
| office2 = Provincial Minister of Assam<br />
| prime_minister2 = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]<br />
| 2blankname2 = Department<br />
| 2namedata2 = Home, Judicial, Legislative, Registration and General<br />
| term_start2 = 11 March 1946<br />
| term_end2 = 17 August 1947<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| office3 = [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| leader3 = {{ubl|[[Muhammed Saadulah]]|Gopinath Bordoloi}}<br />
| term_start3 = 7 April 1937<br />
| term_end3 = 11 March 1946<br />
| predecessor3 = ''position established''<br />
| successor3 = [[Debeswar Sarmah]]<br />
| birth_date = 2 November 1883<br />
| birth_place = [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]], [[North-East Frontier Province]], British India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|01|19|1883|11|02|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[South Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| party = [[Pakistan National Congress|PNC]] (1948–1958)<br />
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1921–1947)|[[Swaraj Party|SP]] (1923–1935)}}<br />
| resting_place = <br />
| relations = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Surendranath Law College|Ripon Law College]]<br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| education = <br />
| nickname = <br />
}}<br />
'''Basanta Kumar Das''' ({{langx|bn|বসন্ত কুমার দাস}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|بسنت کمار داس}}}}, 1883–1965) was Pakistani lawyer and politician of the [[Pakistan National Congress]] who was federal minister and a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] from [[East Pakistan]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Das, came from a Sylheti family, was born on 2 November 1883 in Negal, Renga Pargana, [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]], [[North-East Frontier Province]], British India (present-day [[Dakshin Surma Upazila]], [[Sylhet District]], Bangladesh).<ref name=d/><ref name=l>{{cite book |title=সংসদ বাঙালী চরিতাভিধান |language=bn |year=1976 |page=329 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=CONGRESS POLITICS IN ASSAM|first=V. Venkata|last=Rao|year=1965|volume=26|issue=4|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854125}}</ref> He received his education from [[Sylhet Government College]], [[Bangabasi College]], [[Vidyasagar College]] and [[Surendranath Law College|Ripon Law College]].<ref name=d/> He started his political career by joining 22nd session of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in 1906.<ref name=l/> After acquiring his law degree, he joined at Sylhet District Bar in 1910 and got a job as munsif after five years. However, in 1917, Das left his job and became leader of the district bar.<ref name=d/><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
In 1921 he joined the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] and fought legal battle on the behalf of the movement's activists.<ref name=d/> In the 1930s, his efforts as Assam's MLC resulted the Sylhet–Shillong highway and a bridge on the [[Umngot River]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sangbad.net.bd/news/bangladesh/2025/150596/|title=হাজার হাজার পর্যটকের কাছে দৃষ্টিনন্দন ডাউকির ঝুলন্ত সেতু|language=bn|date=12 July 2025|newspaper=[[The Sangbad]]}}</ref> As a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], lower house of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], Das proposed to change the name of [[Assam Province]], formerly North-East Frontier Province, as according to him [[Assamese people|Assamese]] were not majority of the province.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/153040/how-the-1947-sylhet-partition-led-to-assam%E2%80%99s|title=How the 1947 Sylhet partition led to Assam's politics of the foreigner|date=13 August 2018|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> In 1932, he was imprisoned for his involvement in the [[1932 Civil Disobedience Movement|civil disobedience movement]] and was released in 1934. In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], he was elected and became the speaker of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. After the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]], he became minister for the home department of Assam Province.<ref name=d/> In the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election]], he was elected as a INC politician from Assam Province.<ref>{{cite news|title=Assam Assembly Votes Against Grouping|page=1|date=18 July 1946|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In April 1947, [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]], governor of Assam, proposed to let the immigrants settle in the north bank of [[Brahmaputra River]] to resolve immigrants issues, which Das opposed.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://macl-ustm.digitallibrary.co.in/bitstream/123456789/2473/13/13_chapter4.pdf|title=PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS IN ASSAM|first=E|last=Hussain|publisher=Maulana Azad Digital Library}}</ref> During the [[1947 Sylhet referendum]], Das advocated for vote for joining Sylhet District to the [[dominion of India]]. However, the referendum's turnout was in favour of joining the [[dominion of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bonikbarta.com/silk-route/issue614/T6TF7cVoVZ3hlEXq|title=সিলেট রেফারেন্ডাম ১৯৪৭: সাম্প্রদায়িক ভোটের ভ্রান্ত ধারণা|language=bn|first=Minhazul|last=Abedin|date=10 December 2024|newspaper=[[Bonik Barta]]}}</ref> On 2 January 1948, a delegation led by Das and composed of members from several organizations submitted a memorandum of complaints to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], India's deputy prime minister, regarding discrimination against Bengalis in the newly formed Indian state of [[Assam (1947–1963)|Assam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=আসামে ভাষা আন্দোলন ও বাঙালি প্রসঙ্গ ১৯৪৭–১৯৬১|trans-title=Language Movement and Bengali Issue in Assam 1947–1961|language=bn|first=Sukumar|last=Biswas|year=2017|pages=45–47|publisher=Parul|isbn=978-93-86708-25-0}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Das immigrated to [[East Bengal]] (later renamed as [[East Pakistan]]), part of newly-founded Pakistan, from Assam, India.<ref>{{cite book |title=অসমীয়া জীৱনী অভিধান |language=as |year=1992 |first=Shivanath |last=Barman |page=181 |publisher=Sofia Press & Publishers |place=Guwahati }}</ref> As a leader of the [[Pakistan National Congress]] (PNC), he became leader of the opposition of [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]].<ref name=d/><ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan Affairs |date=1949 |publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dU8dAQAAMAAJ&q=Basanta+Kumar+Das+pakistan&pg=RA1-PA19-IA37 |language=en}}</ref> In 1955, he became finance minister of East Pakistan as a member of the [[First Abu Hussain Sarkar ministry]].<ref name=d/> In the same year, he was elected and became a member of the [[List of members of the 2nd Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|2nd National Assembly of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Debates: Official Report |date=1956 |publisher=Manager of Publications. |page=3048 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_Kx05Dk83EC&q=Basanta+Kumar+Das+pakistan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=bn:গণপরিষদে বিভিন্ন দলের শক্তি নির্বাচিত সদস্যদের নামের তালিকা|trans-title=Party Strength in the Constituent Assembly and List of Elected Members|language=bn|page=6|date=24 June 1955|newspaper=[[The Azad]]}}</ref> In 1958, until a [[1958 Pakistani military coup|military coup]] happened, he was education and labor minister of Pakistan as a member of the [[Feroze Khan administration]].<ref name=d/><ref name=k/><br />
<br />
== Later life, death and legacy ==<br />
In 1959, restriction on political activities was imposed for him according to Election Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) by the provincial tribunal of East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিব|language=bn|year=1974|first=Mazharul|last=Islam|author-link=Mazharul Islam (poet)|page=337|publisher=[[Bangla Academy]]}}</ref> After that, he retired from politics. In 1960, Das moved to India for medical treatment.<ref name=k/> He died on 19 January 1965 at his son's house near [[Deshapriya Park]], [[South Calcutta]], India.<ref name=d>{{cite news|title=পরলোকে শ্রীবসন্ত কুমার দাস|language=bn|pages=1, 7|date=20 January 1965|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> His wife, social worker Kusum Kumari, was founder of the Sylhet Womens Association.<ref name=l/> After Das's death, his residence in Chalibandar, [[Sylhet]] was confiscated under the [[Enemy Property Act, 1965]]. In 1983, a school was established in his residence.<ref name=k>{{cite news|url=https://www.krctimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Silchar-THURSDAY-OCT-30-Membership-E-copy-EAST-NE-India-Edition-1.pdf|title=Basanta Kumar Das: Legal Luminary and Political Pioneer of South Asia|first=Sangram|last=Datta|page=2|date=30 October 2025|volume=1|issue=607|newspaper=KRC Times|place=Silchar|edition=East and NE India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Basanta Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1883 births]]<br />
[[Category:1965 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Labour ministers of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Education ministers of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958]]<br />
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1954–1958]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Swaraj Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dakshin Surma Upazila]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet]]<br />
[[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Bangabasi College alumni]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._W._Pritchard&diff=504929J. W. Pritchard2026-04-18T11:00:33Z<p>TanjaFreese: creating data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assistant Magistrate}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix =<br />
| name = Joseph William Pritchard<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| office1 = [[List of Chief Commissioners of Coorg|Chief Commissioner]] of [[Coorg Province]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1 July 1940<br />
| term_end1 = 26 April 1943<br />
| predecessor1 = [[John de la Hay Gordon]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Ketoli Chengappa]]<br />
| birth_date = 5 August 1903<br />
| birth_place = [[Shrewsbury]], England<br />
| death_date = 13 January 1963 (aged 59){{citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chalfont St Giles]], Buckinghamshire{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
| party = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
'''Joseph William Pritchard''' (5 August 1903 – 13 January 1963{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}) was a British civil servant of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and an administrator who served as the Chief Commissioner of [[Coorg Province]] from 1940 to 1943.<ref name="indiaofficep305">{{cite book|title=Pritchard, Joseph William|work=India Office and Burma Office List|page=305|publisher=[[India Office]]|year=1945}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Pritchard was educated at the [[Newport Grammar School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name="indiaofficep305" /> On graduation, Pritchard wrote the Indian civil service exams and qualified.<ref name="indiaofficep305" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Pritchard joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] on 25 October 1927<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33326|page=7017|date=4 November 1927}}</ref> as Assistant Magistrate and Collector in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="indiaofficep305" /> After serving in various appointments at different stations, in November 1939, Pritchard was appointed Commissioner of Coorg Province and posted to [[Mercara]].<ref name="indiaofficep305" /> As Commissioner, Pritchard was the highest British official in Coorg and reported to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg who was the British Resident to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and based in the city of [[Bangalore]].<br />
<br />
On 1 July 1940, Pritchard was promoted to Chief Commissioner and was given independent charge of Coorg.<ref name="indiaofficep305" /> By this action, Coorg's administrative links with Mysore were severed. Pritchard served as the first independent Chief Commissioner of Coorg till 1943, when he was appointed District Collector of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] in 1943.<ref name="tanjore_collectors">{{cite web|title=List of District Collectors of Thanjavur district|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/collectors.html|publisher=Thanjavur district website|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031012518/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/collectors.html|archive-date=31 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pritchard served in Tanjore district from 16 February 1943 to 22 April 1944.<ref name="tanjore_collectors" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pritchard, Joseph W.}}<br />
[[Category:Commissioners and chief commissioners of Coorg]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Newport Free Grammar School]]<br />
[[Category:1903 births]]<br />
[[Category:1963 deaths]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henglep_Assembly_constituency&diff=502593Henglep Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:33:22Z<p>TanjaFreese: creating details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Henglep<br />
| state = [[Manipur]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 57<br />
| district = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| mla = [[Letzamang Haokip]]<br />
| party = [[BJP]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:31944}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Henglep''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Churachandpur district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3 | Holkhomang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Sehpu Haokip <br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Holkhomang || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Sehpu Haokip || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 by-election]] || T. Thangzalam Haokip || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=4 | T. Manga Vaiphei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || T. Thangzalam Haokip || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Letzamang Haokip]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.36}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.48}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.53}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|25.91}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Samata Party}}|36.97}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.09}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 1998|1998 by-election]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|43.59}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|34.11}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}|29.12}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|43.96}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|24.59}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.64}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|48.10}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2022 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Letzamang Haokip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,897 |percentage=50.36% |change={{increase}}14.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,049 |percentage=21.92% |change={{decrease}}12.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehminthang Haokip |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,824 |percentage=13.86% |change={{decrease}}7.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Shiv Sena |votes=2,605 |percentage=9.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Genneikhup |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,097 |percentage=3.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=40 |percentage=0.14% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,848 |percentage=28.44% |change= {{increase}}27.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,596 |percentage=86.39% |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,944 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2017 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,438 |percentage=35.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,170 |percentage=34.35% |change={{increase}}6.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Letzamang Haokip]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,146 |percentage=21.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangcha Gangte |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=1,303 |percentage=5.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongzamlien |party=Naga People's Front |votes=547 |percentage=2.30% |change={{decrease}}16.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=71 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=268 |percentage=1.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.97 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,782 |percentage=80.76% |change= {{increase}}16.96 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,449 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.92 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.95 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2012 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,793 |percentage=27.53% |change={{increase}}1.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,428 |percentage=25.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,326 |percentage=19.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jainson Haokip |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,867 |percentage=16.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gelunthang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,815 |percentage=10.43% |change={{increase}}6.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangliansang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=181 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}12.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=365 |percentage=2.10% |change= {{decrease}}4.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,410 |percentage=63.80% |change= {{decrease}}16.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,288 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2007 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,653 |percentage=25.91% |change={{increase}}8.24 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=4,198 |percentage=19.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tinkhonei Haokip |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,822 |percentage=17.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=3,768 |percentage=17.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangliansang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,847 |percentage=13.05% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kim Gangte |party=Communist Party of India |votes=906 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Serto Sumneikhup Kom |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhothang |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=127 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Letkhosei Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=121 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}11.65 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,455 |percentage=6.67% |change= {{decrease}}12.63 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,814 |percentage=80.77% |change= {{decrease}}11.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,008 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.40 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2002 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Samata Party |votes=7,660 |percentage=36.97% |change={{increase}}20.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,662 |percentage=17.68% |change={{decrease}}9.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jainson Haokip |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,320 |percentage=16.03% |change={{increase}}14.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongsei Haokip |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,797 |percentage=13.50% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,529 |percentage=12.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamminlien Gangte |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=402 |percentage=1.94% |change={{decrease}}16.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Landolung |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,998 |percentage=19.30% |change= {{increase}}11.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,717 |percentage=92.36% |change= {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.90 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2000 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,409 |percentage=27.09% |change={{increase}}5.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,762 |percentage=18.84% |change={{decrease}}24.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jainson Haokip |party=Samata Party |votes=3,280 |percentage=16.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,268 |percentage=16.37% |change={{increase}}10.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongsei Haokip |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,610 |percentage=13.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=1,012 |percentage=5.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soineimang Vaiphei |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=257 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,647 |percentage=8.25% |change= {{decrease}}6.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,964 |percentage=92.47% |change= {{increase}}11.80 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,590 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.01 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.49 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1998 Assembly by-election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Henglep<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Feb. 1998, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005 |access-date=18 January 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= T. Thangzalam Haokip |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,094 |percentage=43.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jainson Haokip |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=4,724 |percentage=29.03% |change={{increase}}14.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,467 |percentage=21.30% |change={{decrease}}8.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=929 |percentage=5.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,370 |percentage=14.56% |change= {{increase}}9.82 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,275 |percentage=84.09% |change= {{decrease}}9.00 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,176 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.43 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}9.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1995 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,798 |percentage=34.11% |change={{increase}}11.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manga Vaiphei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,992 |percentage=29.37% |change={{increase}}4.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangzalam |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,085 |percentage=18.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jainson Haokip |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=2,392 |percentage=14.07% |change={{decrease}}8.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Angam |party=Samata Party |votes=470 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=806 |percentage=4.74% |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,997 |percentage=89.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,957 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.34 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= {{increase}}5.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1990 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhomang |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=5,813 |percentage=29.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,884 |percentage=24.46% |change={{decrease}}10.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokholal |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,608 |percentage=23.08% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jainson Haokip |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=4,478 |percentage=22.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=929 |percentage=4.65% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,965 |percentage=93.37% |change= {{increase}}1.20 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,382 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.40 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}14.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1984 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehpu Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=6,216 |percentage=43.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhmoang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,916 |percentage=34.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaikap |party=Independent politician |votes=1,549 |percentage=10.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Mathew Kom |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=543 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zonathan |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hauneipao (Kenga) |party=Independent politician |votes=93 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,300 |percentage=9.19% |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,139 |percentage=92.18% |change= {{increase}}8.87 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,339 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}19.38 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1980 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhomang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,233 |percentage=24.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangkhothong |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,091 |percentage=23.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaijang Haockip |party=Independent politician |votes=1,728 |percentage=13.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hentinsong Vaiphei |party=Independent politician |votes=1,693 |percentage=12.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. William Vaiphei |party=Independent politician |votes=1,474 |percentage=11.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Haoneikhup Vaiphei |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=1,456 |percentage=11.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=142 |percentage=1.08% |change= {{decrease}}12.98 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,149 |percentage=83.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,784 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}31.05 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1974 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhomang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,335 |percentage=55.64% |change={{increase}}25.9 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Hauneikhup |party=Independent politician |votes=5,481 |percentage=41.57% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamkhomang |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,854 |percentage=14.06% |change= {{decrease}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,184 |percentage=85.23% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.21 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}7.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1972 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Henglep}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhomang |party=Independent politician |votes=5,140 |percentage=48.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhingianeng Gangte |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,177 |percentage=29.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Yamthang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,362 |percentage=12.75% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangkuothong |party=Independent politician |votes=831 |percentage=7.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,963 |percentage=18.37% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,685 |percentage=81.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,086 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Churachandpur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}<br />
{{coord|24.51|93.51|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churachandpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protection_of_Children_from_Sexual_Offences_Act,_2012&diff=526989Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 20122026-04-13T11:47:00Z<p>TanjaFreese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian law to protect children from molestation}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012<br />
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
| long_title = An Act to protect children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography and provide for establishment of Special Courts for trial of such offences and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<br />
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2079/1/AA2012-32.pdf Act No. 32 of 2012]<br />
| territorial_extent = whole of India<br />
| enacted_by = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| date_passed = 10 May 2012<br />
| enacted_by2 = [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| date_passed2 = 22 May 2012<br />
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
| date_assented = 19 June 2012<br />
| date_commenced = 14 November 2012<br />
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-protection-of-children-from-sexual-offences-bill-2011<br />
| bill = Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Bill, 2011<br />
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2011/Protection_of_children_against_sexual_offences_bill_2011.pdf Bill No. XIV of 2011]<br />
| introduced_by = [[Krishna Tirath]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|MoS(IC) Women and Child Development]]<br />
| date_introduced = 23 March 2011<br />
| committee_whole_label = Standing Committee on Human Resource Development<br />
| committee_whole = 29 March 2011–21 December 2011<br />
| passed = 10 May 2012<br />
| passed2 = 22 May 2012<br />
| amended_by = {{ubl|[[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] (13 of 2013)|Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 (22 of 2018)|Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, 2019 (25 of 2019)}}<br />
| status = in force<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012''' ('''POCSO''') is a legislation in India aimed at preventing and prosecuting cases of [[child sexual abuse]]. The [[Parliament of India]] passed the '''POCSO''' bill on 22 May 2012.<ref name="POSCO">[https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/POCSO%20Act%2C%202012.pdf Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Bill (POCSO), 2011]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005113826/https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/POCSO%20Act%2C%202012.pdf|date=October 5, 2023}}</ref><ref name="ChildLineIndia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.childlineindia.org.in/Child-Sexual-Abuse-and-Law.htm|title=Child Sexual abuse and law|website=ChildLineIndia|publisher=Dr.Asha Bajpai|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408210429/http://www.childlineindia.org.in/Child-Sexual-Abuse-and-Law.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament passes bill to protect children from sexual abuse |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-children-from-sexual-abuse-214437 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001051338/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-children-from-sexual-abuse-214437 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="test1">[https://sites.google.com/site/keralamedicolegalsociety/home-1/important-laws-and-rules/pcasa-act-2012-1/html The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220858/https://sites.google.com/site/keralamedicolegalsociety/home-1/important-laws-and-rules/pcasa-act-2012-1/html |date=9 October 2020 }} Kerala Medico-legal Society website</ref> The POCSO Rules,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The POCSO Rules, 2012 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2079?view_type=search&col=123456789/1362 |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=India Code}}</ref> formulated by the government in accordance with the law has also been notified on November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gangothri.org/?q=node/1 |title=Law for Protecting Children from Sexual Offences |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103203413/http://www.gangothri.org/?q=node/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The objective of the Act is to provide a robust legal framework for the protection of children from offences of [[Child sexual assault|sexual assault]], sexual harassment and [[Child pornography|pornography]], while safeguarding the interest of the child at every stage of the judicial process. The Act has provisions for child-friendly processes for reporting, recording of evidence and investigation, and also for speedy trial of cases through designated [[Special Courts (India)|Special Courts]].<ref name="POSCO" /><br />
<br />
Protection of children by the state is guaranteed to Indian citizens by an expansive reading of Article 21 of the Indian constitution,.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 21, Protection Of Life and Personal Liberty |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_of_india/fundamental_rights/articles/Article%2021 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Constitution Of India, CLPR |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813213622/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_of_india/fundamental_rights/articles/Article%2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 21 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1199182/ |access-date=2018-09-28 |website=indiankanoon.org |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927114421/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1199182/ |url-status=live }}</ref> India has also been a signatory to the UN [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]. Demand for stringent laws for dealing with child sexual abuse is frequently made in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taneja |first=Richa |date=13 November 2010 |title=Activists bemoan lack of laws to deal with child sexual abuse |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_activists-bemoan-lack-of-laws-to-deal-with-child-sexual-abuse_1465900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516070224/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_activists-bemoan-lack-of-laws-to-deal-with-child-sexual-abuse_1465900 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012 |newspaper=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2011 |title=Need stricter laws to deal with child abuse cases: Court |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/need-stricter-laws-to-deal-with-child-abuse/774959/ |access-date=14 May 2012 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Laws before POCSO==<br />
Goa Children's Act, 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childlineindia.org.in/child-sexual-abuse-law-and-lacuna.htm |title=Childline India Foundation : Documents – Cause ViewPoint – Child Sexual Abuse – The Law and the Lacuna |publisher=Childlineindia.org.in |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515234236/http://www.childlineindia.org.in/child-sexual-abuse-law-and-lacuna.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> was the only specific piece of child abuse prevention legislation before the 2012 Act. Child sexual abuse was prosecuted under the following sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]]:<br />
* I.P.C. (1860) 375 - [[Rape]]<br />
* I.P.C. (1860) 354 - Outraging the [[modesty]] of a woman<br />
* I.P.C. (1860) 377 - Unnatural offences<br />
<br />
However,<br />
* IPC 375 did not protect male victims or anyone from [[Sexual penetration|sexual acts of penetration]] other than "traditional" peno-vaginal intercourse.<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=424 IPC 375] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613081847/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=424|date=June 13, 2021}}</ref><br />
* IPC 354 lacked a statutory definition of "[[modesty]]". It carries a weak penalty and is a compoundable offence. Further, it does not protect the "modesty" of a male child.<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=394 IPC 354]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212033451/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=394|date=December 12, 2023}}</ref><br />
* IPC 377 did not define the term "unnatural offences". It only applies to victims penetrated by their attacker's sex act, and is not designed to criminalise sexual abuse of children.<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=434 IPC 377] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161859/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&orderno=434|date=November 7, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Provisions of the POCSO Act ==<br />
<br />
=== Offences under the Act ===<br />
The POCSO Act specifies a variety of offences under which an accused can be punished. It recognizes forms of penetration other than penile-vaginal penetration and criminalizes acts of immodesty against children too. Offences under the Act include:<br />
* Penetrative Sexual Assault: Insertion of penis/object/another body part in child's vagina/urethra/anus/mouth, or asking the child to do so with them or some other person<br />
* Sexual Assault: When a person touches the child with sexual intent, or makes the child touch them or someone else <br />
* Sexual Harassment: passing sexually cultured remark, sexual gesture/noise, repeatedly following, flashing, etc.<br />
* Child Pornography<br />
* Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault/ Aggravated Sexual Assault<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajeet |first=Kumar |title=What is the POCSO Act? {{!}} Key Provisions, Challenges |date=17 June 2023 |url=https://www.ngopartner.co.in/pocso-act/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Act is gender-neutral, both for children and for the accused. With respect to pornography, the Act also criminalizes watching or collection of pornographic content involving children. The Act also makes abetment (encouragement) of child sexual abuse an offence.<br />
<br />
In 2019, the Act was amended and made more stringent, by raising the minimum punishment for penetrative assault from 7 to 10 years and 20 years if the victim was below 16 years in age, with a maximum punishment of [[life imprisonment]] with a provision for the [[Capital punishment in India|death penalty]] for aggravated penetrative assault.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=Explained: How the POCSO Act has been amended |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-the-pocso-act-has-been-amended-5894982/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-29 |title=Child abuse: More death penalty, longer jail terms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pocso-child-abuse-sexual-harassment-cabinet-meeting-5514445/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-10 |title=Government approves changes in POCSO Act, includes death penalty for sexual offences against children |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-approves-changes-in-pocso-act-includes-death-penalty-for-sexual-offences-against-children/articleshow/70159690.cms |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Child-friendly process ===<br />
It also provides for various procedural reforms, making the tiring process of trial in India considerably easier for children. The child friendly process aims to minimize trauma felt by the victim, eliminate the possibility of revictimization and to protect against intimidation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/POCSO-ModelGuidelines.pdf |title=Model Guidelines under Section 39 of The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Women and Child development]] |date=September 2013 |pages=64, 65}}</ref><br />
<br />
A Victim of Child Sexual Abuse can file a complaint at any time irrespective of his/her present age.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1549885 | title=Press Information Bureau | access-date=9 April 2022 | archive-date=9 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409133122/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1549885 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Role of Child Welfare Committee ===<br />
A sexually abused child is considered as "child in need of care and protection" under [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015]].<ref>http://cara.nic.in/PDF/JJ%20act%202015.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181542/http://cara.nic.in/PDF/JJ%20act%202015.pdf |date=2 April 2019 }}, Section 2(14)</ref> Police officer should therefore inform the Child Welfare Committee (CWC) about every case under the Act within 24 hours.<ref>Section 19</ref> CWC can appoint a support person for the child who will be responsible for psycho-social well-being of the child. This support person will also liaise with the police, and keep the child and child's family informed about progress in the case. Reporting can be done through the '''toll free number 1098'''.<ref>http://ncpcr.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&&sublinkid=284&lid=722 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304225430/http://ncpcr.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&&sublinkid=284&lid=722 |date=4 March 2019 }} Rule 4(7)</ref><br />
<br />
== Contention around implementation of the POCSO Act ==<br />
<br />
=== Contradiction with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 ===<br />
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act was passed to strengthen legal provisions for the protection of children below 18 years of age from sexual abuse and exploitation. Under this Act, if any girl under 18 is seeking abortion the service provider is compelled to register a complaint of sexual assault with the police. However, under the [[Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1971)|Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act]], it is not mandatory to report the identity of the person seeking an abortion. Consequently, service providers are hesitant to provide abortion services to girls under 18.<br />
<br />
=== Mandatory reporting ===<br />
According to the Act, every crime of child sexual abuse should be reported. If a person who has information of any abuse fails to report, they may face imprisonment up to six months or may be fined or both.<ref>Section 20</ref> Many child rights and women rights organizations have criticized this provision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/views/entry/mandatory-reporting-under-pocso-are-we-ready|title=Mandatory Reporting Under POCSO: Are We Ready?|last=JILSblog|website=www.legallyindia.com|date=27 June 2015 |language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323105300/https://www.legallyindia.com/views/entry/mandatory-reporting-under-pocso-are-we-ready|url-status=live}}</ref> According to experts, this provision takes away agency of choice from children. There may be many survivors who do not want to go through the trauma of the criminal justice system, but this provision does not differentiate. Furthermore, mandatory reporting may also hinder access to medical aid, and psycho-social intervention. It contradicts the right to confidentiality for access to medical, and psychological care.<br />
<br />
=== Definition of child ===<br />
The Act defines a child as a person under the age of 18 years. However, this definition is a purely biological one, and does not take into account people who live with intellectual and psycho-social disability.<br />
<br />
A recent case had been filed in the [[Supreme Court of India|SC]] where a woman, whose biological age was 38 years but with mental age of 6 years, was raped. The victim's advocate argued that "failure to consider the mental age will be an attack on the very purpose of act." SC held that the Parliament has felt it appropriate that the definition of the term “age” by chronological age or biological age to be the safest yardstick, rather than referring to a person having intellectual disability. The court said while awarding maximum compensation to a rape victim who is 38 years old with a mental maturity of 6 to 8 years but rejecting the plea that the victim's age should be taken not just in physical terms, but also take into account her mental age as well. The victim has [[cerebral palsy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |date=3 March 2017 |title=POCSO: Is a 40-year-old woman with mental age of six entitled to compensation under POCSO? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-a-40-year-old-woman-with-mental-age-of-six-entitled-to-compensation-under-pocso/articleshow/57441310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309092739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-a-40-year-old-woman-with-mental-age-of-six-entitled-to-compensation-under-pocso/articleshow/57441310.cms |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Does 'age' encompass mental age? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-age-encompass-mental-age/article17436626.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706003514/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-age-encompass-mental-age/article17436626.ece |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Legal aid ===<br />
Section 40 of the Act allows victims to access [[legal aid]]. However, that is subject to [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]]. In other words, the lawyer representing a child can only assist the Public Prosecutor, and file written final arguments if the judge permits. Thus, the interest of the victim is often unrepresented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://priyangee.com/?p=40|title=India's justice system hardly cares about what the victim wants, and this must change|last=Priyangee|date=2018-05-18|website=Law{{!}} Human rights{{!}} Education|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827225957/http://priyangee.com/?p=40|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Criminalization of consensual relationships ===<br />
The law presumes that all sexual acts with children under the age of 18 is a sexual offence, this also includes sexual acts where both the individuals are under the age of 18. Therefore, two adolescents who engage in consensual sexual acts will also be punished under this law; this coupled with the need for mandatory reporting has led to the criminalisation of consensual relationships between adolescents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Mahima |title=The law that criminalises sex between young people in India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1018472/the-law-that-criminalises-sex-between-young-people-in-india |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Scroll.in |date=2 March 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302142131/https://scroll.in/article/1018472/the-law-that-criminalises-sex-between-young-people-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref> This is especially a concern where an adolescent is in a relationship with someone from a different [[caste]], or [[religion]]. Parents have filed cases under this Act to 'punish' relationships they do not approve of.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/voices-love-and-sex-in-the-time-of-the-pocso-act-2012/|title=Love and Sex in the Time of the POCSO Act, 2012 • In Plainspeak|date=2014-06-01|website=In Plainspeak|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628043028/http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/voices-love-and-sex-in-the-time-of-the-pocso-act-2012/|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2015 analysis of 142 sexual assault cases in sessions courts of Mumbai, police were found misusing the act in 33 cases, by classifying women who were 18 years old as being between 15 and 18 years of age in their [[First information report|FIRs]], in order to criminalise consenting relationships at the request of the parents of the girl.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Rukmini |date=2015-12-22 |title=Why the FIR doesn't tell you the whole story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rukmini-s-writes-about-the-mumbai-sessions-court-rulings-on-sexual-assault-during-2015-why-the-fir-doesnt-tell-you-the-whole-story/article8014815.ece |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126064002/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rukmini-s-writes-about-the-mumbai-sessions-court-rulings-on-sexual-assault-during-2015-why-the-fir-doesnt-tell-you-the-whole-story/article8014815.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast to the 2011 act, an earlier draft of the bill in 2001 did not punish consensual sex if at least one of the partners were above the age of 16, as did section 375 of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. The change from this to the age of 18 in the final act was criticized at the time as it was feared that this would allow and encourage unjustified complaints aimed at penalizing consensual relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2012 |title=Good act, bad provision |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/good-act-bad-provision/article3456804.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505200428/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/good-act-bad-provision/article3456804.ece |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Landmark Judgments under POCSO Act, 2012 ==<br />
=== Supreme Court of India ===<br />
* Sakshi v. Union of India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-06 |title=Sakshi v. Union of India |url=https://lexpeeps.in/sakshi-v-union-of-india/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Lexpeeps |language=en-US |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729125356/https://lexpeeps.in/sakshi-v-union-of-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=barelawindia |date=2021-07-03 |title=Sakshi vs Union of India |url=https://www.barelaw.in/sakshi-vs-union-of-india/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=BareLaw.in |language=en-US |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820185852/https://www.barelaw.in/sakshi-vs-union-of-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Independent Thought v. Union of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Thought vs. Union of India and Anr. |url=https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/independent-thought-vs-union-of-india-and-ors#:~:text=In%202013,%20a%20child%20rights,of%2015%20and%2018%20years. |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704112707/https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/independent-thought-vs-union-of-india-and-ors#:~:text=In%202013,%20a%20child%20rights,of%2015%20and%2018%20years. |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Attorney General for India v. Satish and another (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skin To Skin Touch Not Essential For Offence Of Sexual Assault Under POCSO Act – Supreme Court - Trials & Appeals & Compensation - India |url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/trials-appeals-compensation/1135636/skin-to-skin-touch-not-essential-for-offence-of-sexual-assault-under-pocso-act-supreme-court |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.mondaq.com |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729125356/https://www.mondaq.com/india/trials-appeals-compensation/1135636/skin-to-skin-touch-not-essential-for-offence-of-sexual-assault-under-pocso-act-supreme-court |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Alakh Alok Srivastava v. Union of India and Others (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alakh Alok Srivastava v Union of India and Others on 31 January 2018 - Judgement - LawyerServices |url=https://www.lawyerservices.in/Alakh-Alok-Srivastava-Versus-Union-of-India-and-Others-2018-01-31 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.lawyerservices.in |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729125356/https://www.lawyerservices.in/Alakh-Alok-Srivastava-Versus-Union-of-India-and-Others-2018-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cases in News ==<br />
* [[Delta Meghwal rape case]]<br />
* [[2017 Unnao rape case|2017 Unnao Rape Case]]<br />
* 2021 Sexual Assault Rulings by (then) Judge [[Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala]]<br />
* [[2014 Badaun gang rape allegations]]<br />
* [[Muzaffarpur shelter case]]<br />
* [[Kathua rape case]]<br />
* [[2022 Hyderabad gang rape]]<br />
<br />
== Organisations working with victims of Child Sexual Abuse ==<br />
* [[Aarambh India]]<br />
* [[Childline India]]<br />
* [[Tulir (NGO)|Tulir NGO]]<br />
* [https://www.haqcrc.org/ HAQ Centre for child Rights]<br />
* [https://www.arpan.org.in/ Arpan]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Child sexual abuse]]<br />
*[[Law of India]]<br />
*[[Child Sexual Abuse in India]]<br />
*[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2079/1/AA2012-32.pdf#search=pocso Text of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (English) as on 27th October 2025]<br />
* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2079/2/H2012-32.pdf#search=pocso Text of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (Hindi) as on 27th October 2025]<br />
* [https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_13_14_00005_201232_1517807323686&type=rule&filename=POCSO%20Rules,%202012%2014-Nov-2012%20(2).pdf Text of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Rules, 2012(English) as accessed on 27 October 2025]<br />
* [http://wcd.nic.in/act/protectionbill.pdf Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Bill, 2011]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Child welfare in India]]<br />
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India|Laws]]<br />
[[Category:Sex laws in India]]<br />
[[Category:Children's rights in India|Sexual Abuse Laws]]<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2012]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_French_India_local_elections&diff=4817511946 French India local elections2026-03-29T12:53:45Z<p>TanjaFreese: adding some post basic info</p>
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<div>Elections to municipal councils in the 22 municipalities of [[French India]] were held by universal direct suffrage on June 23, 1946. The [[National Democratic Front (French India)|National Democratic Front]] captured power in all 22 municipalities, winning 101 out of 122 municipal seats up for election.<ref name="ch">Neogy, Ajit K. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5yNuAAAAMAAJ Decolonization of French India: Liberation Movement and Indo-French Relations, 1947-1954]''. Pondichéry: Institut français de Pondichéry, 1997. p. 24</ref><ref>Manickam, M. and J. B. Prashant More. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9S9uAAAAMAAJ Freedom movement in French India: the Mahe revolt of 1948]''. Tellicherry: Inst. for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, MESHAR, 2001. p. 93</ref> Kamal Ghosh, a National Democratic Front leader, became mayor of [[Chandernagore]].<ref name="pu">Antony, Francis Cyril. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ucpFAQAAIAAJ Union Territory of Pondicherry]''. [Pondicherry]: Administration of the Union Territory of Pondicherry, 1982. p. 248</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elections in France]]<br />
[[Category:1946 elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal elections in France]]<br />
[[Category:Local elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:1946 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1946 in the French colonial empire]]<br />
[[Category:20th century in French India]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulhasnagar_railway_station&diff=462119Ulhasnagar railway station2026-03-23T06:27:09Z<p>TanjaFreese: update references additionally</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{citation style|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Ulhasnagar<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.22|N|73.15|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]<br />
| other = <br />
| elevation = {{convert|16.250|m|ft}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 02<br />
| platform = 02<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| structure = Standard, on ground<br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| zone = [[Central Railways]]<br />
| code = ULNR<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Vithalwadi|right=Ambernath|type=Khopoli}}<br />
| map_type = Maharashtra<br />
| map_dot_label = Ulhasnagar<br />
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ulhasnagar''' is an important railway station on the Central line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. It is a station for all Slow, Semifast, and Fast trains on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system of [[Maharashtra| Maharashtra State]], in western India. It is located on the route between [[Vithalwadi]] and [[Ambarnath]]. Ulhasnagar Railway Station was built in the year 1955.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dhingra|first1=Tushar|title=Ulhasnagar Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/ulhasnagar-ulnr/3152|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File: Ulhasnagar railway station - Stationboard.jpg|Ulhasnagar railway station board<br />
File: Ulhasnagar railway station - Platformboard.jpg|Ulhasnagar railway station<br />
File: Ulhasnagar railway station - Station board.jpg|Ulhasnagar Railway Station - Board<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
* Dionne Bunsha (17 December 2004). "The States: Ulhasnagar in a new role". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2007. <br />
* "About Ulhasnagar, Introduction of Ulhasnagar, Ulhasnagar Profile". www.ulhasnagaronline.in. Retrieved 2016-01-09.<br />
* Sindhi conversions in Ulhasnagar raise a storm<br />
* Girish Kuber (2007-01-09). "Pappu's Ulhasnagar gambit may backfire". Economic Times. Retrieved 2007-05-24.<br />
* Yogesh Pawar (3 March 1999). "Three Ps rule Ulhas: Pelf, Politicians & Pappu. And his most trusted man Shamsher Ansari Ulhasnagar is mainly distributed in 5 areas, namely Ulhasnagar * 1,2,3,4 and 5". Indian Express. Retrieved 24 May 2007.<br />
* Ulhasnagar Railway Station Near Ramdev Apartment Opp. CHM College<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Ulhasnagar railway station}}<br />
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Central}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Thane district]]<br />
[[Category:Ulhasnagar]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Kalyan-Lonavala rail line]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canoeing_and_kayaking_in_India&diff=492858Canoeing and kayaking in India2026-03-20T14:29:26Z<p>TanjaFreese: Put up a post from scratch</p>
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<div>{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{sport overview<br />
| image = <!-- image filename and type (i.e. "ImageName.png" --><br />
| imagesize = <!-- change image size, default is 200px. must add units afterward, i.e. "250px" not "250" --><br />
| image_alt = <!-- alt text, which will be seen when hovering over the image --><br />
| caption = <!-- caption for the image above --><br />
| union = Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association<br />
| country = India<br />
| sport = kayaking<br />
| nickname = <!-- nicknames --><br />
| first = <!-- date first played --><br />
| registered = <!-- number of registered players --><br />
| clubs = <!-- number of clubs --><br />
| national_list = <!-- list of national competitions --><br />
| club_list = <!-- list of club competitions --><br />
| intl_list = <!-- list of international competitions --><br />
| match = <!-- single match audience record --><br />
| league = <!-- league audience record --><br />
}}<br />
'''Canoeing and kayaking in India''' has become a popular sport. The [[Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association]] (IKCA) is the governing body of the sport in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – IKCA |url=https://ikca.in/about/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Flat water and sea kayaking==<br />
Flat-water [[kayaking]] takes place in rivers,<ref>{{cite book | last=Kohli | first=S. | title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA278 | access-date=February 5, 2015 | page=278}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kohli | first=S. | title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA284 | access-date=February 5, 2015 | page=284}}</ref> lakes<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=S. | title=Lonely Planet India | publisher=Lonely Planet Publications | series=Country Guide Series | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74220-347-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA111 | access-date=February 5, 2015 | page=111}}</ref> and the ocean. Aside from professional flat water kayaking, there is very limited recreational kayaking. Historically, Indian tourists considered kayaking a one-time activity and not a competitive sport.<br />
<br />
Long distance flat water kayaking can be done in [[Mulki, India|Mulki]], India. Participants from [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Udupi]] etc. come to participate in 30&nbsp;km kayaking and camping adventure.<br />
<br />
==Whitewater kayaking==<br />
<br />
[[Whitewater kayaking]] is a niche sport with some hardcore following. While the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] rivers are teeming with largely commercial kayakers and some weekend adventurers, in south it is largely the weekend kayakers who have been driving the sport. [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] has seen the largest spike in weekend paddlers. However, paddling in India, in general is plagued by limited availability of gear locally, police and bureaucratic interference (who view kayakers with suspicion, since it is an alien activity), and commercial rafters who feel threatened by the presence of the kayakers on the rivers where they have permits to commercially raft.<br />
<br />
== Sea Kayaking ==<br />
[[Sea kayak]]ing is new to India. Considering the vast coastline of India, extremely fewer people do sea kayaking. [[Kaustubh Khade|Kaustubh Khare]] holds the long-distance record of kayaking west coast of India on a kayak. Few other individuals have also kayaked the coastline of Kerala, Mumbai to Goa, Karnataka and Gujarat.{{fact|date=January 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Competitive canoeing and kayaking==<br />
Meghalaya hosted the Indian kayaking and canoeing selection trials for the [[2024 Canoe Slalom World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Network |first1=Hub |title=Meghalaya hosts Indian Kayaking Canoeing selection trials for Canoe Slalom World Cup, 2024, winners to represent India in World Cup |url=https://hubnetwork.in/meghalaya-hosts-indian-kayaking-canoeing-selection-trials-for-canoe-slalom-world-cup-2024-winners-to-represent-india-in-world-cup/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=Hub News |date=20 May 2024}}</ref> The National Canoe Slalom and Kayak Cross Championship was held in [[Karnataka]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=The Bridge |title=National Canoe Slalom and Kayak Cross Championship debuts in Karnataka |url=https://thebridge.in/others/national-canoe-slalom-and-kayak-cross-championship-debuts-in-karnataka-47887 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=thebridge.in |date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> India's Arjun Singh and Sunil Singh Salam won bronze for India in the Men's Double 1000m Canoeing at the [[2023 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Games 2023, Canoe: India's Arjun Singh and Sunil Singh Salam win bronze medal in Men's Double 1000m |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/canoe-indias-arjun-singh-and-sunil-singh-win-bronze-medal-in-mens-double-1000m-2443592-2023-10-03 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=India Today |date=3 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.outdoorjournal.in/news-2/india-s-holy-river-ganga-hosts-international-kayak-competition/|title=India's holy river Ganga hosts international kayak competition|author=The Outdoor Journal|work=The Outdoor Journal|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220235357/http://www.outdoorjournal.in/news-2/india-s-holy-river-ganga-hosts-international-kayak-competition/|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.outdoorjournal.in/how-to-2/whitewater-kayaking-for-beginners/|title=Whitewater Kayaking for beginners|author=Jacopo Nordera|work=The Outdoor Journal|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424170839/http://www.outdoorjournal.in/how-to-2/whitewater-kayaking-for-beginners/|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Hyderabads-first-kayaking-workshop-is-a-hit/articleshow/18544317.cms|title=Hyderabad's first kayaking workshop is a hit|work=The Times of India|date=18 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100704/dplus.htm#9|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/incheon-asian-games-2014-indians-impress-in-kayaking-and-canoeing/article6453296.ece|title=Kayaking and canoeing: Indians impress|author=PTI|work=The Hindu|date=27 September 2014 |access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-disappoint-in-canoeing-and-kayaking-final-114092900542_1.html|title=India disappoint in canoeing and kayaking final|author=Press Trust of India|date=29 September 2014|work=business-standard.com|access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Students-can-go-kayaking-on-IIM-C-lakes/articleshow/39255593.cms|title=Students can go kayaking on IIM-C lakes|work=The Times of India|date=30 July 2014 |access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/SAI-to-set-up-Canoeing-and-Kayaking-facilities-in-Manipur/articleshow/21511546.cms|title=SAI to set up Canoeing and Kayaking facilities in Manipur|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2013 |access-date=20 February 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Sport in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kayaking|India]]<br />
[[Category:Canoeing|India]]<br />
[[Category:Water sports in India]]<br />
[[Category:Adventure tourism in India]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishan_Kumar_(actor)&diff=448637Krishan Kumar (actor)2026-03-20T04:22:32Z<p>TanjaFreese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film actor and producer}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Krishan Kumar<br />
| image = Krishan Kumar with his nephew Bhushan Kumar.jpg<br />
| caption = Krishan Kumar (left) with his nephew [[Bhushan Kumar]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[film producer]]<br />
| children = 1<br />
| relatives = [[Gulshan Kumar]] (brother)&lt;br /&gt;[[Bhushan Kumar]] (nephew)&lt;br/&gt;[[Tulsi Kumar]] (niece)&lt;br/&gt;[[Khushalii Kumar]] (niece)&lt;br/&gt;[[Nattasha Singh]] (sister-in-law)<br />
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]]<br />
| education = <br />
| spouse = [[Tanya Singh]]<br />
| birth_name = Krishan Kumar Dua<br />
| other_names = <br />
| yearsactive = 1982–present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]'' (1995), [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Krishan Kumar Dua''' is an Indian actor and producer. He is best known for ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]'' (1995) and owning the largest music producing company in India, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He was born Krishan Kumar Dua in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family, the son of fruit seller Chandrabhan who had migrated to [[Delhi]] from [[Lahore]] after the [[partition of India]]. He is the younger brother of [[Gulshan Kumar]], founder of [[Super Cassettes Industries]]/T-Series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Akshay Kumar's Mogul: All you need to know about Gulshan Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-mogul-gulshan-kumar-biopic-murder-t-series-965755-2017-03-15 |access-date=21 March 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=15 March 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Birthday Special: Remembering The legendary Music Mogul - Gulshan Kumar |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/gulshan-kumar-birthday-sc17-nu-45973-1.html |access-date=9 November 2019 |work=News Track |date=5 May 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kumar married actress [[Tanya Singh]], the daughter of composer of Ajit Singh and sister of actress [[Nattasha Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kishen-Kumar-and-Tanya-tie-the-knot/articleshow/14991484.cms |title=Kishen Kumar and Tanya tie the knot |date=6 July 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=17 January 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528180002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kishen-Kumar-and-Tanya-tie-the-knot/articleshow/14991484.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their only daughter, Tishaa Kumar, died on 18 July 2024 at the age of 21, after a prolonged battle with cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |date=19 July 2024 |title=Film Producer Krishan Kumar's Daughter Tishaa Kumar Dies After A "Prolonged Battle With An Illness": Family |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/film-producer-krishan-kumars-daughter-tishaa-kumar-dies-after-a-prolonged-battle-with-an-illness-family-6139539 |work=NDTV |access-date=19 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===As actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''[[Aaja Meri Jaan]]'' || Chand Kapoor<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Kasam Teri Kasam '' || Ravi<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Shabnam '' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]'' || Sundar Sehgal<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Pagla Kahin Ka'' || Album<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Papa The Great]] '' || Jai Prakash<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As producer===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Krishan Kumar film credits as producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year <br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes <br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''Link Road'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers – [[Rajat Rawail]] | [[Bhushan Kumar]] | Nitin Manmohan | [[Sohail Khan]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Nautanki Saala!]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marjaavaan]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Tanhaji]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Ajay Devgn]] | [[Bhushan Kumar]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thappad]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Anubhav Sinha]] | [[Bhushan Kumar]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Luv Ranjan]] | [[Ankur Garg]] | [[Bhushan Kumar]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 2022 || ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers – [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Pragya Kapoor]] | Abhishek Nayyar}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adipurush]]'' || Co-producer – [[Bhushan Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'' || Co-producer – [[Bhushan Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' ||<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' || {{ubl |Co-producer – [[S. Sashikanth]] | [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]] | Vivek B. Agrawal| [[Neeraj Pandey]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mister Mummy]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Siva Ananth]] | [[Shaad Ali]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Anubhav Sinha]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2023 || ''[[Shehzada (2022 film)|Shehzada]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Aman Gill]] | [[Allu Aravind]] | [[S. Radha Krishna]] | [[Kartik Aaryan]] }}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | Murad Khetani | Anjum Ketani }}<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Ekta Kapoor]] | [[Shobha Kapoor]] | [[Vipul D. Shah]] | Ashwin Varde | Rajesh Bahl | [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]] | Vimal Lahoti }} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2026 || ''[[Assi (film)|Assi]]'' || {{ubl | Co-producers [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Anubhav Sinha]] }} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|0474825}}<br />
<br />
{{T-Series}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Krishan}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Kumar family|Krishan Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:T-Series (company)]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian record producers]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Music industry executives]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayavaram,_Mahbubnagar_district&diff=455503Rayavaram, Mahbubnagar district2026-03-17T04:53:15Z<p>TanjaFreese: fix article as per guidelines and corrected details after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Rayavaram<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Andhra Pradesh--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = AP <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raya-varam''' is a village in the district of [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]] in the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web| title =Rayavaram, Andhra Pradesh, National Habitation Survey 2003| publisher =Ministry of Rural Development, NIC-Dept. of Drinking Water Supply| url =http://ddws.gov.in/habquery/villresult.asp?search=exact&stcode=02&key=Rayavaram| accessdate =2007-12-19| url-status =dead| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155736/http://ddws.gov.in/habquery/villresult.asp?search=exact&stcode=02&key=Rayavaram| archivedate =2011-07-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Telangana}}<br />
<br />
{{Mahabubnagar district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mahbubnagar district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Mahbubnagar-geo-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daiva_Balam&diff=464654Daiva Balam2026-03-06T06:02:37Z<p>TanjaFreese: update structure as per guidelines also and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Daiva Balam<br />
| image = Daiva Balam.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = Parasuram {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| story = Ponnaluri Brothers Unit<br />
| screenplay = Ponnaluru Vasanthakumar Reddy<br />
| producer = Ponnaluru Vasanthakumar Reddy<br />
| director = Ponnaluru Vasanthakumar Reddy<br />
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />Jayasri<br />
| music = Ashwatthama<br />
| cinematography = B. J. Reddy<br />
| editing = Rajan<br />
| studio = Ponnaluri Brothers Pvt Ltd<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1959|9|17}}<br />
| runtime = 126 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Daiva Balam''''' ({{translation|''God's Grace''}}) is a 1959 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[swashbuckler film]], produced and directed by Ponnaluru Vasanthakumar Reddy. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], Jayasri and music composed by [[Ashwatthama]]. The film is the debut of [[Shobhan Babu]] in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=TC.com Exclusive: Sobhan Babu’s last Interview |url=https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/tc-com-exclusive-sobhan-babus-last-interview |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=Telugu Cinema |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826050605/https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/tc-com-exclusive-sobhan-babus-last-interview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2008 |title=Actor Sobhan Babu passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Actor-Sobhan-Babu-passes-away/article15188638.ece |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826050606/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Actor-Sobhan-Babu-passes-away/article15188638.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is known to be one of the earliest Telugu film containing sequences in [[Eastmancolor]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Once upon a time, there was a kingdom ''Malwa'' ruled by Ugrasena, who dotes on his daughter, Rupa. According to her horoscope, she is going to knit a pleb. Ugrasena furiously affirms that he should change his daughter's fate, so he seeks the whereabouts of the boy Chandrasena via astrologers and edict to eliminate him. He flees and is sheltered in an ''ashram'' with his mother, Annapurna. Years roll by, and Rupa is acquainted with Chandrasena while hunting, and they crush. King Ugrasena announces tournaments in the capital in which Chandrasena prevails and is honored. That night, Chandrasena proceeds to meet Rupa covetously, but soldiers capture him. Annapurna pleads with Ugrasena when he detects Chandrasena is the same and commands to prey him for the demon, but he slaughters it, elopes with Rupa, and lands at a death house. Hence, Ugrasena announces a high reward for Rupa's retrieval when two callows, Takku & Tikku, move. In the death house, an enchanter seizes Rupa, and Gandharva Rani entrusts the challenge to Chandrasena to acquire a musical tree from "Chambala Island," ruled by wizard Kanakaksha. After an adventurous journey, Chandrasena gets therein when Kanakaksha's daughter Champa allures him, via whom he achieves the tree and relieves Rupa. Kanakaksha recoups Chandrasena by transforming into a garland, and helpless, Takku-Tikku catches Rupa. Parallelly, Kanakaksha insists Chandrasena wed Champa, which he denies. So, he torments him when Rupa, who skipped, moves to the island with the aid of the musical tree and sets her beloved free. Chandrasena slaughters Kanakaksha and blasts the island, and they return to Malava when Ugrasena realizes they cannot turn the fortune. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Chandrasena & Rupa.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Chandrasenudu<br />
*Jayasri as Rupa<br />
*[[Shobhan Babu]] as Enchanter<br />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Ugrasena<br />
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Takku<br />
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Tamaram<br />
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Kankaksha<br />
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as astrologer Jaganatha Pandit<br />
*[[Kasturi Siva Rao]] as Madhava<br />
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Champa<br />
*Malathi as Annapurna<br />
*Mohana as Gandharva Rani<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Daiva Balam<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[Ashwatthama]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| released = 1959<br />
| recorded =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length =<br />
| label =<br />
| producer = [[Ashwatthama]]<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music composed by [[Ashwatthama]].<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|"Om Namo Bagavate"<br />
|Parasuram<br />
|[[P. B. Srinivas]]<br />
|2:45<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|"Nanda Kishora"<br />
|Parasuram<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|"Ae Talli Biddalanu"<br />
|[[Samudrala Sr.]]<br />
|Vaidehi<br />
|3:18<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Anandamvarinche"<br />
|Anishetty<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Andaala O Chandamama"<br />
|Anishetty<br />
|P. B. Srinivas, [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|3:26<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Ninu Variyinchi"<br />
|Anishetty<br />
|P. B. Srinivas, S. Janaki<br />
|2:43<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|"Chiru Chiru Navvula"<br />
|Anishetty<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Kodite Kottale Kottali"<br />
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]<br />
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
|2:07<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|"Jeevitame Ento Hayi"<br />
|Anishetty<br />
|Vaidehi<br />
|2:38<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|"Dum Dum Dummak"<br />
|Kosaraju<br />
|[[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
|2:32<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|"Raavamma Kaali"<br />
|Parasuram<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1959 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulabi_(1995_film)&diff=501341Gulabi (1995 film)2026-03-05T02:47:20Z<p>TanjaFreese: Put up basic entry first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1995 Telugu film by Krishna Vamsi}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gulabi<br />
| image = Gulabi 1995 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]<br />
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |Nadiminti Narsinga Rao}}<br />
}}<br />
| writer = Krishna Vamsi<br />
| narrator = Vikas Nallajerla<br />
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]<br /> [[Maheswari]]<br /> [[Brahmaji]]<br />
| music = [[Sashi Preetam]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Rasool Ellore]]<br />
| editing = Shankar<br />
| studio = Varma Creations<br/>[[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited|ABCL]]<br />
| distributor = KAD<br />
| released = {{Film date|1995|11|03|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 138 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gulabi''''' ({{langx|en|Rose|italic=yes}}) is a 1995 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] romantic crime film written and directed by debutant [[Krishna Vamsi]]. Produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited]], the film stars [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Maheswari]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Priyanka |date=2014-09-13 |title=Going regional: How celebs stars are taking to cinema here in a big way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-292329-2014-09-13 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Music was composed by [[Sashi Preetam]] and dialogues written by Nadiminti Narsinga Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha Chanti |date=2024-08-28 |title=ఇండస్ట్రీలో విషాదం.. 'గులాబీ' సినిమా రచయిత నడిమింటి నరసింగరావు కన్నుమూత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movie-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-passed-away-1336632.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2024-08-28 |title=టాలీవుడ్లో విషాదం - ఆర్జీవీ, కృషవంశీ సూపర్ హిట్ సినిమాల రచయిత నడిమింటి మృతి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movies-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-dies-at-72-in-hyderabad-177389 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
The story was inspired by a real-life incident involving a young girl rescued from a Dubai Sheikh. Upon its release, ''Gulabi'' received positive reviews<ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Nov/10-nov-1995.pdf ''Zamin Ryot'' review]</ref> and became a box-office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulabi (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AJKH/info |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] for Krishna Vamsi. It was later dubbed into Tamil as ''Idhayame Idhayame'' and remade in Hindi as ''[[Aashiq (2001 film)|Aashiq]]'' (2001).<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Gulabi'' is an action-packed love story set in the backdrop of human trafficking of young girls to Dubai. It is inspired from a real incident that came in news dailies when police arrested a few Dubai-based businessmen trying to smuggle girls from Hyderabad.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Chandrasekhar a.k.a. Chandu<br />
* [[Maheswari]] as Pooja<br />
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy<br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Lakshminarayan Murthy, Chandu's father<br />
* [[Brahmaji]] as Rambabu<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Seenu<br />
* [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] as Sunitha<br />
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Inspector Prasad<br />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kishtayya<br />
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Shankar Rao, Pooja's father<br />
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Shakuntala<br />
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Sarojini Devi, Pooja's mother<br />
* [[Ramkumar]] as Vishwanath<br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Narayana<br />
* [[Doddanna]] as Jangayya<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
During the production of ''[[Antham]]'' (1992), actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] expressed interest in collaborating with [[Krishna Vamsi]] and encouraged him to develop a compelling storyline. While searching for ideas, Vamsi came across a news article about a 14-year-old girl sold to a 70-year-old Dubai Sheikh and her eventual rescue by an air hostess. Inspired by this, he envisioned a film with a dramatic climax centered on the incident. The narrative combined action, violence, and emotional depth, aiming to align with Nagarjuna’s screen persona and to achieve an impact similar to [[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|''Siva'']] (1989), while reflecting Vamsi’s style.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=16 July 1999 |title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part - 1 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi.html |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the ambitious scope of the story required a substantial budget, which posed challenges. To address these constraints, Vamsi revised the script, reworking the narrative into a smaller-scale production. The revised story retained the original climax but introduced a love story backdrop with elements of action and emotion, making it more feasible within a limited budget.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
After working as an assistant to [[Ram Gopal Varma]] on films like ''Siva'' and ''[[Gaayam]]'', Krishna Vamsi was initially assigned as the director for ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]''. However, due to creative differences and escalating production costs, Krishna Vamsi stepped away from the project, and Ram Gopal Varma took over its direction. Subsequently, Krishna Vamsi redirected his focus to developing ''Gulabi''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
When Ram Gopal Varma returned to [[Hyderabad]] after working on [[Rangeela (1995 film)|''Rangeela'']] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], he expressed interest in ''Gulabi''. He agreed to produce the film under one condition: the budget must remain within ₹75 [[lakh]]. Varma assured Krishna Vamsi of complete creative freedom, promising not to interfere with the filmmaking process and stating that he would only watch the final film after its release. At the same time, producer [[D. Suresh Babu]] also showed interest in the project but requested a detailed evaluation of the script before moving forward. Ultimately, Vamsi chose to collaborate with Ram Gopal Varma, valuing the creative autonomy and support offered under his production.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
The cast for ''Gulabi'' was chosen to align with the film's modest budget. [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], a frequent collaborator of Krishna Vamsi, was cast as the male lead, despite his then-unestablished status. Krishna Vamsi originally wanted [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] for the female lead in ''Gulabi'', but due to scheduling conflicts, [[Maheswari]] was cast instead. Vamsi appreciated Maheswari's sophistication and expressive eyes, which ultimately led to her casting.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=November 17, 1997 |title=I want to be a free bird |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Other cast members included [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]], who was brought back to the industry after some gap, [[Chalapathi Rao]] in a rare soft role as the heroine’s father, and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], the only senior actor in the cast.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
Krishna Vamsi collaborated with music composer [[Sashi Preetam]], who was relatively inexperienced at the time. Together, they worked extensively on the film's soundtrack, recording its first song, "Ye Rojaithe Choosano Ninnu," at the newly established Ramanaidu Recording Theatres. This marked the studio's first song recording since its inception.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Post-production, actor Nagarjuna, impressed by Krishna Vamsi's handling of key scenes in ''Gulabi'', cast Krishna Vamsi as the director for his subsequent film [[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|''Ninne Pelladatha'']] (1996).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Gulabi<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Shashi Preetam]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 19 February 1995<br />
| recorded = 1995<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 23:40<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = Shashi Preetam<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
The music was composed by [[Sashi Preetam]]. The soundtrack contains five songs and was very popular upon its release with "Ee Velalo Neevu" becoming a classic hit.<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:40<br />
| title1 = Beat In My Heart<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Gayatri Iyer|Gayatri Ganjawala]]<br />
| length1 = 5:23<br />
| title2 = Ee Velalo Neevu<br />
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra2 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| title3 = Class Room Lo<br />
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| length3 = 4:35<br />
| title4 = Dream Girl<br />
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra4 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]<br />
| length4 = 4:45<br />
| title5 = Ye Rojaithe Chusano<br />
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra5 = [[Shashi Preetam]]<br />
| length5 = 4:37<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] - [[Krishna Vamsi]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]] - P. Madhusudhana Rao<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0279843|title=Gulabi}}<br />
<br />
{{Ram Gopal Varma}}<br />
{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]<br />
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mantram_(film)&diff=516330Mantram (film)2026-03-03T21:28:47Z<p>TanjaFreese: Started first pg basic info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mantram<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical Poster<br />
| director = S. S. Sajjan<br />
| producer = Amar Choudhary<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| starring = [[Pallavi Raju]]<br />[[Shamanth Shetty (actor)|Shamanth Shetty]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = Rashid Ahmad Khan <br /> [[Ravi Basrur]]<br />
| cinematography = Rajshekhar<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|12|01}}<br />
| runtime = <!-- {{Duration|h=|m=|s=}} --><br />
| country = <br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Mantram''''' is a 2017 Indian-Kannada language [[horror film]] produced by Amar Choudhary. It is written and directed by debutant S. S. Sajjan. The film stars [[Shamanth Shetty (actor)|Shamanth Shetty]] and [[Pallavi Raju]] in the lead roles. The music is scored by Rashid Ahmad Khan while the background score was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]]. Jo Ni Harsha has worked as the editor and the cinematography is by Rajshekhar.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=7221&ptype=News&title=%60MANTRAM%60%20JEWEL%20OF%20NEW%20TEAM|title=`Mantram” Jewel of new team|last=|first=|date=|website=Chitratara.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
A group of friends go to a small town to help a friend’s family that is experiencing mysterious troubles. They try to figure out the source of the problem and themselves become the targets. Nobody knows what is plaguing them and all evidence points to paranormal elements.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Pallavi Raju]] as Radha<br />
* [[Shamanth Shetty (actor)|Shamanth Shetty]] as Sanju<br />
* Dilip <br />
* Arpit<br />
* Prathap <br />
* Mithun <br />
* Poornima <br />
* Shashi Deshpande <br />
* Zyra <br />
* Anil Kumar <br />
* Vishwanath <br />
* Jagadish Dala <br />
* Undadi Gunda Harish<br />
* Sthavana<br />
* [[Gaurish Akki]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production==<br />
Director S.S. Sajjan had been working as an assistant and associate director for a while when he decided to take the plunge into directing his own movie. He had written many scripts but decided to make his big screen debut with ''Manthram''. Hailing from Raichur district of Karnataka, he had always admired Daulat Mahal, a 300 year old palace in Raichur. He wanted to set his story there and felt he had only two options: to make either a horror movie or a historical movie. Being a debutante, he decided a horror movie would work best for him. After writing the script, he shot a teaser. Businessman Amar Choudhary who saw the teaser was very impressed with it and decided to produce it under his banner, Shri Aai Ji Film Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/features/debutante-director-ss-sajjans-mantram-all-set-to-spell-the-magic|title=Debutante director SS Sajjan's 'Mantram' all set to spell the magic|last=|first=|date=|website=NewsKarnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129181608/https://newskarnataka.com/features/debutante-director-ss-sajjans-mantram-all-set-to-spell-the-magic|archive-date=29 January 2017|access-date=}}</ref> The film began production in 2015.<ref name="C"/><br />
<br />
On the first day of shoot, the cast and crew experienced ghostly things like hearing someone next to them but no one would be visible.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mantram' team's brush with horror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/mantram-teams-brush-with-horror/articleshow/61693450.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/MANTRAM_film.html|title=Mantram Inches Close Towards Completion|last=|first=|date=|website=CineCircle.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401142704/http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/MANTRAM_film.html|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| lyrics_Credits = yes<br />
<br />
| title1 = Jai Ganesha<br />
| lyrics1 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra1 = Santhosh Venki<br />
| length1 = 3:48<br />
<br />
| title2 = Jananada Samayadi - Male<br />
| lyrics2 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra2 = Santhosh Venki<br />
| length2 = 4:15<br />
<br />
| title3 = Sagarada Alegalige - Bit<br />
| lyrics3 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra3 = Archana<br />
| length3 = 2:21<br />
<br />
| title4 = Mantram Mantram<br />
| lyrics4 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra4 = Arasu, Chorus<br />
| length4 = 3:12<br />
<br />
| title5 = Maamu Maamu<br />
| lyrics5 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra5 = Chethan, Manju, Chorus<br />
| length5 = 5:04<br />
<br />
| title6 = Jananada Samayadi - Female<br />
| lyrics6 = S.S. Sajjan<br />
| extra6 = Archana<br />
| length6 = 4:17<br />
<br />
<br />
|all_writing=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "The story in Mantram was good and indeed great for an episode of ''[[The X Files|X Files]]'' or similar serials. It has been unnecessarily stretched to nearly two hours".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mantram-movie-review-reviving-an-urban-legend/articleshow/61884551.cms|title=Mantram movie review: Reviving an urban legend|date=1 December 2017|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}} <br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrakantham&diff=452409Chandrakantham2026-03-03T21:06:17Z<p>TanjaFreese: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film <br />
| name = Chandrakantham<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br />
| producer = Rajashilpi<br />
| writer = Sreekumaran Thampi<br />
| screenplay = Sreekumaran Thampi<br />
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]]<br>[[Jayabharathi]]<br>[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br>[[Balakrishnan]]<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| cinematography = Vipin Das<br />
| editing = M. S. Mani<br />
| studio = Rajashilpi<br />
| distributor = Rajashilpi<br />
| released = {{Film date|1974|02|28|df=y}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chandrakantham''''' is a 1974 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] and produced by Rajashilpi. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Balakrishnan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=531|title=Chandrakaantham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1921|title=Chandrakaantham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chandrakantham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075820/http://spicyonion.com/title/chandrakantham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Chandrakantham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot synopsis==<br />
Vinayan, a writer, takes care of his twin brother Ajayan, whose behavior is different from his. Vinayan is shocked when he finds that his brother loves the same girl that he was planning to marry.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Vinayan, Ajayan (double role)<br />
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Rajani<br />
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Dr. Jacob<br />
*[[Balakrishnan]]<br />
*[[Kedamangalam Sadanandan]]<br />
*[[Sankaradi]] as Sreesankara Pilla<br />
*[[T. R. Omana]] as School Teacher<br />
*[[P. K. Joseph]]<br />
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Menon<br />
*[[Kedamangalam Ali]]<br />
*[[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]] as Young Vinayan, Bindu (double role)<br />
*[[Bahadoor]] as Raghavan<br />
*Master Rajakumaran Thampi as Young Ajayan<br />
*Satheesh<br />
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Dhobi's sister<br />
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Krishnankutty<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{ Track listing<br />
<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br />
| all_music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
<br />
| title1 = Aa Nimishathinte<br />
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
<br />
| title2 = Aa Nimishathinte<br />
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
<br />
| title3 = Chirikkumpol Neeyoru<br />
| extra3 = [[K. P. Brahmanandan]]<br />
<br />
| title4 = Engirunnaalum Ninte<br />
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title5 = Hridayaavahini Ozhukunnu Nee<br />
| extra5 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
<br />
| title6 = Mazhameghamoru Dinam<br />
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title7 = Nin Prema Vaanathin<br />
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title8 = Paanchaala Raaja Thanaye<br />
| note8 = Traditional<br />
| extra8 = [[Bahadoor]]<br />
<br />
| title9 = Prabhaathamallo Nee<br />
| extra9 = M. S. Viswanathan<br />
<br />
| title10 = Punaraan Paanjetheedum<br />
| extra10 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title11 = Pushpaabharanam<br />
| extra11 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title12 = Raajeevanayane<br />
| extra12 = [[P. Jayachandran]]<br />
<br />
| title13 = Suvarnamekha Suhaasini<br />
| extra13 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
| title14 = Swargamenna Kaananathil<br />
| extra14 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0279013|Chandrakantham}}<br />
<br />
==view the film==<br />
{{youTube|id=Y0uBwRfW7zg|Chandrakantham}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1974 films]]<br />
[[Category:1974 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sesa_Football_Academy&diff=458145Sesa Football Academy2026-02-14T04:39:34Z<p>TanjaFreese: general fix lead for accuracy and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian association football academy}}<br />
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Sesa Football Academy (women)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Sesa Football Academy<br />
| image = Sesa Football Academy.svg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| fullname = Sesa Football Academy<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Pro League 2020–21: Fixtures, results, standings & more|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast|website=Khel Now|date=16 December 2020|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202042728/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| nickname = <br />
| short name = SFA<br />
| founded = {{nowrap|{{Start date and age|1960|df=yes}}}} (as ''Sesa Sports Club'')<br/>{{nowrap|{{Start date and age|1999|df=yes}}}} (as ''Sesa Football Academy'')<br />
| ground = [[Sircaim#Football academy|Sircaim Academy Ground]], [[Goa]]<br />
| capacity = <br />
| owner = [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta Sports]]<br />
| mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
| manager = Charles Dias<br />
| league = [[I-League 2|Indian Football League 2]]<br/>[[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]<br />
| season =<br />
| position =<br />
| current =<br />
| pattern_la1 =<br />
| pattern_b1 = _amber_sleeve_seams<br />
| pattern_ra1 = <br />
| pattern_sh1 = _adidaswhite<br />
| pattern_so1 = <br />
| leftarm1 = 0000FF<br />
| body1 = 0000FF<br />
| rightarm1 = 0000FF<br />
| shorts1 = 0000FF<br />
| socks1 = 0000FF<br />
| pattern_la2 = <br />
| pattern_b2 = _collarblue<br />
| pattern_ra2 = <br />
| pattern_sh2 = _yellow_stripes_adidas<br />
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| leftarm2 = FFFF00<br />
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| shorts2 = FFFF00<br />
| socks2 = FFFFFF<br />
| website = {{URL|https://sesafootballacademy.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sesa Football Academy (SFA)''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Sanquelim]], [[Goa]].{{efn|references<ref>[https://mobile.twitter.com/VedantaFootball?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Sesa Football Academy official] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054457/https://mobile.twitter.com/VedantaFootball?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor |date=16 April 2022 }}. ''Twitter.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|title=Dempo end decade-long wait for state league title|date=1 May 2022|access-date=8 May 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mapusa, Goa|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502090239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|archive-date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155010/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated}}</ref>}} Originally founded in the 1960s as '''Sesa Sports Club''',<ref name="SESA"/> it currently competes in the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]],{{efn|<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Pro League 2020-21: Fixtures, results, standings & more|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216091345/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast|archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2020.html|title=India 2019/20: Goa Professional League|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007091829/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2020.html}}</ref>}} and had previously participated in the [[National Football League (India)|NFL II]] and the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/71/2010043020100430224350445e3d83fa1/Jotin-heads-in-HAL%E2%80%99s-points-.html |title=Jotin heads in HAL's points |access-date=2010-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213242/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/71/2010043020100430224350445e3d83fa1/Jotin-heads-in-HAL%E2%80%99s-points-.html |archive-date=2011-07-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |title=The AIFF |access-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321202234/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |archive-date=2012-03-21 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2010.html Indian football results and table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022143130/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2010.html |date=22 October 2012 }} ''Rsssf.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</ref>}} SFA is a unit of Sesa Community Development Foundation, which is promoted by [[Vedanta Limited]] with the objective of service to the community in its operational areas.{{efn|<ref>{{cite web |author=Panaji, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/7645/sesa-goa-buys-dempo-mining.html |title=Sesa Goa buys Dempo mining firm |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date=1 December 2016 |date=12 June 2009 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054459/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/7645/sesa-goa-buys-dempo-mining.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeksupdate.com/2009/06/sesa-goa-acquires-dempo-mining.html |title=Sesa Goa acquires Dempo Mining « WeeksUpdate |publisher=Weeksupdate.com |date=21 June 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816172955/http://www.weeksupdate.com/2009/06/sesa-goa-acquires-dempo-mining.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sesa is the [[acronym]] of '''Scambi Economici SA Goa''', its parent mining company founded in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.linkedin.com/company/vedanta-sesa-goa-iron-ore?trk=public_post_feed-actor-name|title=Vedanta Sesa Goa|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><br />
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SFA began functioning in June 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sesagoa.com/sfa.htm |title=Sesa: Sesa Community Development Foundation |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714022150/http://www.sesagoa.com/sfa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sesa Football Academy was the champion of the [[Goa Football League#First Division League|Goa First Division League]] in 2018–19, gaining its promotion to the Goa Professional League.<br />
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== History ==<br />
Sesa Football Academy is the successor of ''Sesa Sports Club'', which was originally founded on 4 September 1960.<ref name="SESA">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714004840?journalCode=fsas20#:~:text=Along%20with%20West%20Bengal%2C%20Goa%20dominates%20Indian%20football.&text=Salgaocar%2C%20Goa's%20most%20successful%20club,teams%20in%20the%20top%20flight. Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720071336/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714004840?journalCode=fsas20#:~:text=Along%20with%20West%20Bengal%2C%20Goa%20dominates%20Indian%20football.&text=Salgaocar%2C%20Goa's%20most%20successful%20club,teams%20in%20the%20top%20flight. |date=20 July 2021 }} (pages 75–88) ''Taylor and Francis''. Author: James Mills. Publication date: 14 September 2010 (online published) Retrieved 20 July 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |title=Visitacao passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Visitacao-passes-away/articleshow/37416838.cms |access-date=28 November 2015 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |date=29 June 2014 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji | archive-date=30 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630221418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Visitacao-passes-away/articleshow/37416838.cms }}</ref> In 1988, British coach [[Bob Bootland]] took charge of Sesa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070614/asp/sports/story_7921103.asp|title=Bob Bootland passes away|access-date=9 October 2009|date=14 June 2007|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023182922/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070614/asp/sports/story_7921103.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/coach-bob-bootland-dies/33505/|title=Coach Bob Bootland dies|location=Pune|first=Micky|last=Aigner|access-date=9 October 2009|date=14 June 2007|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607071532/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/coach-bob-bootland-dies/|archive-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> SFA was later established in 1999 with a vision of becoming a premier academy in India, producing footballers for the [[India national football team|Indian national team]] from the state of [[Goa]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Will Dodsal Mumbai be tested better?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/will-dodsal-mumbai-be-tested-better/article3837955.ece|access-date=22 February 2015|work=The Hindu|date=30 August 2012|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722080100/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/will-dodsal-mumbai-be-tested-better/article3837955.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The academy identifies talented youngsters with the passion for football, inducts them into the residential program at the academy, and over a period of four years nurtures and develops them as professional footballers and well-disciplined citizens.<br />
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The academy's activities have yielded positive results – seven SFA alumni have played for the national team, and eight players took part in the latest edition of the [[Indian Super League]]. Some notable alumni include [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|title=Wearing the national team jersey again will be a proud moment for me-Adil Khan|date=30 January 2017|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023165540/https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Denzil Franco]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Thehardtackle Exclusive: "diego Simeone Is a Friend" – Atletico De Kolkata's Denzil Franco|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/diegosimoinefriend/|accessdate=11 December 2017|work=The Hard Tackle|date=10 October 2014|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031622/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/diegosimoinefriend/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Micky Fernandes]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=I-League: Micky Fernandes Signs For Dempo SC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2010/07/09/2017854/i-league-micky-fernandes-signs-for-dempo-sc|work=goal.com|access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> and [[Pratesh Shirodkar]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 29th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-29th/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=29 June 2012|access-date=28 August 2012|archive-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818132838/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-29th/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Till date, more than 150 players have benefited from SFA's programs, out of which some have played internationally and many others have represented various prestigious clubs of the country. The team was later managed by legendary Indian coach [[Armando Colaco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-was-not-given-time-to-get-results-with-national-team-armando-colaco/articleshow/92308656.cms|title=Goa: "I was not given time to get results with national team" Armando Colaco|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2022|access-date=19 August 2022|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|agency=TNN|location=Panaji, Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618195510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-was-not-given-time-to-get-results-with-national-team-armando-colaco/articleshow/92308656.cms|archive-date=18 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|agency=TNN|title=Armando Colaco is new coach of Sporting Clube, agrees three-year deal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/armando-colaco-is-new-coach-of-sporting-clube-agrees-three-year-deal/articleshow/93332027.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Panaji, Goa|date=4 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816040200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/armando-colaco-is-new-coach-of-sporting-clube-agrees-three-year-deal/articleshow/93332027.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Nigerian [[Clifford Chukwuma]] also managed SESA.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-sporting-clube-de-goa-sack-gaonkar-308218.html|title=I-League: Sporting Clube De Goa sack Gaonkar|website=news18.com|publisher=Goal.com|date=7 February 2009|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134252/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-sporting-clube-de-goa-sack-gaonkar-308218.html|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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The club took part in [[2024–25 I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=AIFF Media Team|first=|date=2024-08-12|title=Draw out for 2024-25 I-League 3 Group Stage<br />
|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-2024-25-i-league-3-group-stage|access-date=2024-08-23|website=the-aiff.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822195754/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-2024-25-i-league-3-group-stage|archive-date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-13|title=Draw out for I-League 3 Play-offs in Naihati and Kalyani|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-i-league-3-play-offs-in-naihati-and-kalyani|website=AIFF|language=en-US|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915070043/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-out-for-i-league-3-play-offs-in-naihati-and-kalyani}}</ref> Their women's section took part in [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]].<br />
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== Football programs ==<br />
=== Residential academies ===<br />
Affiliated with the [[Goa Football Association]] (GFA), Sesa Football Academy presently runs two fully residential campuses.<ref>[http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/sesa-football-academy-nurturing-the-future-of-indian-football/ Sesa Football Academy: Nurturing the Future of Indian Football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054458/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/sesa-football-academy-nurturing-the-future-of-indian-football/ |date=16 April 2022 }} ''The Hard Tackle''. Retrieved 10 August 2021</ref><br />
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Students are also given orientation in [[sports medicine]], [[physiological]] [[Health assessment|assessment]] and [[physiotherapy]]. The academy is [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]-accredited.<br />
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=== Sanquelim campus ===<br />
The [[Sanquelim]] campus, with 36 players, is a four-year residential program admitting 18 students every two years. It is built on the Sanquelim reclaimed mine site, with a football ground, well-established gymnasium, and a complete hostel facility along with a recreation center.<br />
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=== Sirsaim campus ===<br />
To further nurture the young talent with football training and to provide a disciplined regime, new infrastructure at [[Sirsaim]] was inaugurated on 14 February 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sesa FA's Chukwudi Chukwuma signs for Czech top division side FK Teplice|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/sesa-fa-s-chukwudi-chukwuma-signs-czech-top-division-side-fk-teplice|work=Navhind Times|access-date=30 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140330184646/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/sesa-fa-s-chukwudi-chukwuma-signs-czech-top-division-side-fk-teplice|archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> Constructed at an approximate cost of Rs. 4 crores, it has state of the art infrastructure at international standards. The Sirsaim academy currently has 30 trainees in its four-year residential program, with a batch of 15 trainees admitted every two years.<br />
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=== Staff ===<br />
To guide the technical aspects of both academies, [[Spain|Spanish]] coach Eduard Batlle Basart was roped in as technical director for Sesa Football Academy in 2017.<ref>[https://www.arunfoot.com/tag/eduard-battle-basart/ Eduard Batlle Basart as new technical director of SESA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731060600/https://www.arunfoot.com/tag/eduard-battle-basart/ |date=31 July 2021 }} ''arunfoot.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2021</ref> He previously worked with the youth teams at European giants [[Manchester United]] and [[FC Barcelona]].<br />
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Ex-Indian captain [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]] has served as chief mentor of Sesa Football Academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02pr7aAnrzMmaraU7oggWA4zK84sUzbzNnFcRf5VcPGkrh9Kywn2UujYKNXFa9MSFXl&id=222918411458990|title=Meet Brahmanand Sankhwalkar: Chief mentor of SESA Football Academy|website=Facebook.com (@Sesa Football Academy)|date=20 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230119150154/https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02pr7aAnrzMmaraU7oggWA4zK84sUzbzNnFcRf5VcPGkrh9Kywn2UujYKNXFa9MSFXl&id=222918411458990|archive-date=19 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Vedanta Football Schools ===<br />
SFA launched ''Vedanta Football Schools'' in 2012 to identify boys from nearby schools under the age of 14, and provide them non-residential football training.<ref>[http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Vedanta-s-SESA-Football-Academy-continues-to-foster-skill-development-in-sports-across-the-country/30-06-2020-292621 Vedanta's SESA Football Academy continues to foster skill development in sports across the country] ''everythingexperiential.businessworld.in''. Retrieved 14 August 2021</ref> This is in line with the larger vision of community development in the areas where Vedanta operates.<br />
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=== Vedanta Women's League ===<br />
While working towards the aim of women empowerment through football, Sesa Football Academy launched the Vedanta Women's League in 2017, with the support of [[Goa Football Association]]. The league was inaugurated by then Goa Chief Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] in the presence of eminent women's football legends.<br />
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The Vedanta Women's League has since completed two seasons, with over 200 girls given an opportunity to play football. The winner of the 2018 edition, Panjim Footballers, went on to play in the [[Indian Women's League]] as the sole team from Goa.<br />
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== Home ground ==<br />
Sircaim is home to one of the two Sesa Football Academy premises in Goa, the other being at Sanquelim.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/india-goa-stadiums.html India (Goa State) - Stadiums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040003/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/india-goa-stadiums.html |date=22 January 2021 }} ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 14 August 2021</ref> The [[Sircaim#Football academy|Sesa Football Academy Ground]] is located at Sircaim and use for both training and league matches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC to use Sesa ground in Sirsaim {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/01/21/4558712/dempo-sc-to-use-sesa-ground-in-sirsaim|access-date=2020-10-15|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416050814/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/01/21/4558712/dempo-sc-to-use-sesa-ground-in-sirsaim|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Sesa also used [[Duler Stadium]] in [[Mapusa]] for some of their Goa Professional League matches.<ref>[https://khelnow.com/football/gpl-2020-21-calangute-association-sesa-football-academy-report Goa Pro League: Sesa hold Calangute Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054509/https://khelnow.com/football/gpl-2020-21-calangute-association-sesa-football-academy-report |date=16 April 2022 }} ''Khel Now''. Retrieved 15 August 2021</ref><br />
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== Honours ==<br />
=== League ===<br />
*'''[[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Football League]]'''<br />
**Champions (2): 1967–68, 1972–73<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gfl.html|title=List of Champions of the Goa Football League (Goa Pro League)|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021181607/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gfl.html|archive-date=21 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
**Runners-up (1): 2023–24<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Flavio|last1=Lopes|title=Sporting put it across Nagoa for Goa Pro League title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-put-it-across-nagoa-for-goa-pro-league-title/articleshow/109762827.cms|agency=TNN|date=1 May 2024|access-date=2 May 2024|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|location=Panaji|publisher=The Times of India|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501203418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-put-it-across-nagoa-for-goa-pro-league-title/articleshow/109762827.cms}}</ref><br />
*'''[[Goa Football League#First Division League|Goa First Division]]'''<br />
**Champions (1): 2018–19<br />
<br />
=== Cup ===<br />
*'''[[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]]'''<br />
**Champions (1): 1987<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|title=India – List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507053015/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006211012/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref><br />
*'''[[Bandodkar Gold Trophy]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/tag/bandodkar-trophy/|title=Triviela – Beyond Trivia: Bandodkar Gold Trophy|website=goaldentimes.org|publisher=Golden Times|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021203213/http://www.goaldentimes.org/tag/bandodkar-trophy/|archive-date=21 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bandodkartrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bandodkar Gold Trophy: Goa|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023211801/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bandodkartrophy.html|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
**Champions (2): 1979, 1980<br />
**Runners-up (1): 1974<ref name="tht">{{cite web |author= Sengupta, Somnath |title= Legends Of Indian Football : Brahmanand Sankhwalkar |url= http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/ |website= thehardtackle.com |date= 27 April 2014 |access-date= 11 October 2014 |archive-date= 30 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140430003147/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tough-tackling-former-salgaocar-defender-anthony-rebello-no-more/articleshow/98829687.cms|title=Tough-tackling former Salgaocar defender Anthony Rebello no more|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320191502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tough-tackling-former-salgaocar-defender-anthony-rebello-no-more/articleshow/98829687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*'''[[Rovers Cup]]'''<br />
**Runners-up (1): 1995<ref>{{Cite web|title=India – List of Rovers Cup Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=[[RSSSF]]|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=2002|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164532/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html}}</ref><br />
*'''[[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]'''<br />
**Runners-up (1): 1970<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/saitnagjeetrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sait Nagjee Trophy|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=www.indianfootball.de|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928211306/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/saitnagjeetrophy.html}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nagjee.html Sait Nagjee Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054535/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nagjee.html |date=16 April 2022 }}. ''rsssf.com''. [[RSSSF]]. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</ref><br />
*'''Vitthal Trophy'''<br />
**Champions (1): 1989<ref>{{cite web|first=Sudhakar|last=Shanbhag|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/down-memory-lane-armando-colaco|title=Down memory lane with Armando Colaco|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142319/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/down-memory-lane-armando-colaco|archive-date=7 August 2011|website=navahindtimes.in|publisher=Navhind Times|date=16 May 2010|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five most successful Indian football coaches|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|date=31 August 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sathvik K|last=Bharadwaj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905111022/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|archive-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><br />
**Runners-up (1): 1990<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian bank became the first 2nd division team in 20 years to annex the Vittal trophy|publisher=IndianFootball Photo Archive (IFPA)|access-date=24 July 2022|website=Twitter.com|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/SukantaSen_S/status/1551034171719819264|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724073119/https://mobile.twitter.com/SukantaSen_S/status/1551034171719819264|archive-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><br />
*'''[[Goa Police Cup]]'''<br />
**Champions (2): 1970,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/specials/with-fc-goa-making-their-debut-what-is-the-history-of-the-police-cup|title=With FC Goa making their debut, what is the history of the Police Cup|date=17 September 2019|website=fcgoa.in|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220082832/https://fcgoa.in/media/specials/with-fc-goa-making-their-debut-what-is-the-history-of-the-police-cup}}</ref> 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sesa-Football-Academy-lift-Goa-Police-Cup/193825|title=Sesa Football Academy lift Goa Police Cup|date=9 September 2022|access-date=14 February 2023|website=heraldgoa.in|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220062809/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sesa-Football-Academy-lift-Goa-Police-Cup/193825}}</ref><br />
*'''Taça Goa U18 League'''<br />
**Runners-up (1): 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/sporting-clube-retain-u18-crown/33314.html|title=Sporting Clube retain U-18 crown|date=29 May 2017|access-date=14 December 2020|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan News|location=Panaji|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106153310/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/sporting-clube-retain-u18-crown/33314.html|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Affiliated clubs ==<br />
The following club(s) is/are currently associated with Sesa FA:<br />
<br />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zinc Football]] (2018–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zincfootball.com/archives/3069|title=Zina FA official: partnership with Sesa Football Academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731082231/http://zincfootball.com/archives/3069|archive-date=31 July 2021|website=zincfootball.com|publisher=Zinc Football|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of football clubs in India|List of football clubs in Goa]]<br />
*[[List of Goan State Football Champions]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}<br />
<br />
'''Others'''<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/10/19/2172255/goa-pro-league-sesa-fa-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-play|title=Goa Pro League: Sesa FA And Sporting Clube De Goa Play Goalless Draw, Vasco SC Hold Salgaocar SC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034903/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/10/19/2172255/goa-pro-league-sesa-fa-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-play|archive-date=23 October 2018|website=Goal.com|date=19 October 2010|access-date=25 January 2012|first=Anselm|last=Noronha}}<br />
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/71/2010043020100430224350445e3d83fa1/Jotin-heads-in-HAL%E2%80%99s-points-.html |title=Jotin heads in HAL's points |date=30 April 2010 |website=bangaloremirror.com |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |location=Bengaluru |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213242/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/71/2010043020100430224350445e3d83fa1/Jotin-heads-in-HAL%E2%80%99s-points-.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|title=Wearing the national team jersey again will be a proud moment for me-Adil Khan|date=30 January 2017|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023165540/https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|first=Ravish R|last=Narvekar|work=khelnow.com}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Lajong, Pune FC in I-League|date=19 April 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/top-stories/28017183_1_pune-fc-salgaocar-shillong-lajong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/top-stories/28017183_1_pune-fc-salgaocar-shillong-lajong|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|agency=TNN|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 October 2013}}<br />
*{{Cite web|title=ONGC I-LEAGUE (2nd Division) 2008—2009|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=15 February 2021|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league-2nd-divn-2009.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512235837/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league-2nd-divn-2009.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-05-12}} {{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2009/final-group/r8363/|title=2009 I-League 2nd Division results|website=soccerway.com|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118223522/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2009/final-group/r8363/|archive-date=18 November 2021}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8152?type=academy Sesa Football Academy] at [[All India Football Federation]]<br />
*[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/sesa-football-academy/ Sesa Football Academy] at Soccerway<br />
*{{Facebook|sesafootballacademy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1999]]<br />
[[Category:Football clubs in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:I-League clubs]]<br />
[[Category:1999 establishments in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]<br />
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_E._Hedlund&diff=445204Roger E. Hedlund2026-02-10T03:06:38Z<p>TanjaFreese: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American pastor in India (born 1935)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{BLP primary sources|date=February 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox clergy<br />
| name = Roger E. Hedlund<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birthname =<br />
| birth_date = 1935<ref name="Ashbury">Hedlund, Roger, "Roger Hedlund ARC2012 -002 - Finding Aid" (2012). Finding Aids. Book 18.[http://place.asburyseminary.edu/findingaids/18]</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Minnesota]]<ref name="Ashbury"/><br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = [[Pastor]]<br />
| ordained =<br />
| writings = <br />
| congregations =<br />
| offices_held =<br />
| title = The Reverend Doctor<br />
| parents = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Roger E. Hedlund''' is an American [[pastor]] who has spent more than three decades in [[India]] as a [[Theology|theological]] teacher and researcher with major contributions to [[missiology]] with special reference to Indian ethos.<ref name="Ashbury"/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Hedlund studied at the [[Upland College]] in 1957 and thereafter undertook theological studies at the [[Denver Conservative Baptist Seminary]] where he was awarded the graduate degree of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] (B.D.) in 1961. After serving as a missionary in [[Italy]], Hedlund pursued postgraduate and doctoral studies at the [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] between 1970 and 1974. In 2004, Hedlund pursued another doctorate at the State-run [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Ashbury" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E|title=William Carey's American connections: implications for the Serampore mission, indigenous Christianity and India's renaissance|date=2003|language=English|oclc=856826760}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Hedlund taught at the [[Union Biblical Seminary]], both at [[Yeotmal]] and at [[Pune]] from 1974 to 1978 and also at the [[Serampore College]] from 1994 to 1997. He is associated with ''Dharma Deepika: A South Asian Journal of Missiological Research'' and with the Mylapore Institute for Indigenous Studies ([[Chennai]]).<ref name="Laing">Roger E. Hedlund, ''Response to Persecution and Suffering in the History of Christian Mission'' in Mark T. B. Laing (Edited), ''Persecution and Suffering: Christian Reflections and Responses'', published for the Centre for Mission Studies, [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Pune by the ISPCK, New Delhi, 2007.</ref> Hedlund edited the ''Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Dan|date=December 2013|title=Review: Roger E. Hedlund (Chief Editor). 2012. The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|journal=Studies in World Christianity|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=286–287|doi=10.3366/swc.2013.0063|issn=1354-9901}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hedlund has been prominent in the theological circles in India and known in the Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant and Charismatic circles serving the cause of missiological research.<ref name="Ashbury" /> The papers and correspondence of Roger E. Hedlund have been preserved and made digitally available by the [[Asbury Theological Seminary]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roger Hedlund {{!}} Asbury Theological Seminary Research {{!}} ePLACE: preserving, learning, and creative exchange|url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/rogerhedlund/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=place.asburyseminary.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected works ==<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E|title=The Protestant movement in Italy; its progress, problems, and prospects|date=1970|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-307-7|location=South Pasadena, Calif.|language=English|oclc=132850}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|title=Roots of the Great Debate in Mission|date=1981|publisher=Evangelical Literature Service|language=en|oclc=477724803}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E|title=Building the church|date=1982|publisher=Evangelical Literature Service|location=Madras, India|language=English|oclc=14697911}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|url=|title=Mission to Man in the Bible|date=1985|publisher=Evangelical Literature Service|language=en|oclc=14174448}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|title=Evangelization and Church Growth: Issues from the Asian Context|date=1992|publisher=C.G.R.C. McGavran Institute, India|language=en|oclc=1203446266}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|url=|title=God and the Nations: A Biblical Theology of Mission in the Asian Context|date=1997|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-396-1|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E|title=The mission of the church in the world: a biblical theology|date=2003|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|location=Eugene, Or.|language=English|oclc=54070487}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leder|first=Arie C.|date=November 1993|title=Review|journal=[[Calvin Theological Journal]]|volume=28|issue=2|pages=468|issn=0008-1795}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|url=|title=Quest for Identity: India's Churches of Indigenous Origin: the "Little Tradition" in Indian Christianity|date=2000|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-525-5|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E|title=Roots of the great debate in mission: mission in historical and theological perspective : revised and enlarged|date=2002|publisher=Theological Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7475-008-2|location=Bangalore, India|language=English|oclc=808564613}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Hedlund|first=Roger E.|title=Christianity Made in India: From Apostle Thomas to Mother Teresa|date=2017|publisher=[[Fortress Press]]|isbn=978-1-5064-3033-1|language=en}}<ref>Reviews of ''Christianity Made in India'':<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Easterling|first=John F.|date=January 2019|title=Review|journal=[[Missiology: An International Review]]|language=en|volume=47|issue=1|pages=94–95|doi=10.1177/0091829618824132k|issn=0091-8296|doi-access=free}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Spalding|first=P.S.|date=April 2019|title=Review|journal=[[Choice Reviews]]|volume=55|issue=8|pages=966|issn=0009-4978|eissn=1523-8253}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hedlund, Roger E.}}<br />
[[Category:Missiologists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Christian theologians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Fuller Theological Seminary alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist writers]]<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:Missional Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]<br />
[[Category:American expatriate academics]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Union Biblical Seminary, Pune]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naina_Dash&diff=520032Naina Dash2026-02-08T18:00:30Z<p>TanjaFreese: Started the entry initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Naina Dash<br />
| native_name = ନୈନା ଦାଶ<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = June 1984<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (people)|Model]]<br />
| spouse = Siddharth Tiwari (m. 2011)<br />
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Naina Dash''' (also known as '''Naina Das''')<ref name="Dashing">{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article264169.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620052354/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article264169.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2015|title=Dashing to study and shoot|author=Diana Sahu|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 March 2010|accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref> is an [[Odia people|Odia]] [[actress]] who appears in [[Odia Cinema|Odia cinema]] and television.<ref name="Dashing"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://sambadepaper.com/epaperimages/26062022/26062022-md-hr-11/187145.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705132908/https://sambadepaper.com/epaperimages/26062022/26062022-md-hr-11/187145.jpg |archive-date=2022-07-05 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=sambadepaper.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Naina Dash began acting while in 12th standard.<ref name="E"/> Besides acting in Odia and acting in Telugu films, Das has achieved success in Odia TV serials. She has anchored the longest running serial in Odisha titled ''Kalyani - An Innovative Health Programme''. She has also acted in one Bengali and two Chhattisgarhi films.<ref name="E"/><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
She was born in [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha. She graduated in Odissi vocals from [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]]. She did her masters' degree in Public Relations and Marketing from [[Regional College of Management]].<ref name="E">{{Cite web|url=http://enewsodia.com/naina-dash-multi-talented-actress/|title=Naina Dash - A Multi Talented Actress|work=Enews Odia|date=27 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929092603/http://enewsodia.com/naina-dash-multi-talented-actress/|archive-date=29 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
|- style="background:#CCC; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2003<br />
|''Bahudibe Mo Jaga Balia''<br />
|Subhadra<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Ollywood|Odia]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Maa Mangala''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''Mo Mana Khali Tori Pain''<br />
|<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|''Shasu Ghara Chalijibi''<br />
|Gita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Puja Pain Phulatie]]''<br />
|Dr Mohapatra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Munna-A Love Story]]''<br />
|Nisha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2009<br />
|''Aa Janhare Lekhiba Naa''<br />
|<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''Junction''<br />
|Naina<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|''[[Sambho Siva Sambho]]''<br />
|Prabha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''Tamaku Dekhila Pare''<br />
|<br />
|Odia<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
! Network<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Prathama Swara''<br />
|<br />
|rowspan="3"|Odia<br />
|OTV<ref name="E"/><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Duhita''<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="E"/><br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''Tulasi ''<br />
|Nilima<br />
|ETV Odia<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2008<br />
| ''Subhalekha'' <br />
| <br />
|Telugu <br />
|ETV<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Album==<br />
*''Deunchi Mo Baan Aakhi''<ref name="E"/><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*2002: Best Supporting Actress for ''Duhita''<ref name="E"/><br />
*2004: Odisha state level Sadvabhana Award<ref name="E"/><br />
*2004: Best Anchor of the Year (AB Visuals)<ref name="E"/><br />
*2005: ETV Odia {{Endash}} Most Wanted Anchor<ref name="E"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
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{{India-screen-actor-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_water_buffalo&diff=448770Wild water buffalo2026-02-07T11:15:28Z<p>TanjaFreese: Improved readability and structure</p>
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<div>{{short description|Species of mammal}}<br />
{{Redirect|Arnee|the band|Arnee and the Terminaters|the similar name|Arnie (disambiguation){{!}}Arnie}}<br />
{{About|the wild species|the domestic species |water buffalo}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Wild water buffalo<br />
| image = Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (11) (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_caption = in [[Kaziranga National Park]]<br />
| fossil_range = Middle [[Pleistocene]]-[[Holocene|Present]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Suraprasit, K. |author2=Jaegar, J.-J. |author3=Chaimanee, Y. |author4=Chavasseau, O. |author5=Yamee, C. |author6=Tian, P. |author7=Panha, S. |title=The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications |journal=ZooKeys |date=2016 |issue=613 |pages=1–157 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.613.8309|pmid=27667928 |pmc=5027644 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016ZooK..613....1S |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| status = EN<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |title=''Bubalus arnee'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Kaul, R. |author2=Williams, A.C. |author3=rithe, k. |author4=Steinmetz, R. |author5=Mishra, R. |date=2019 |article-number=e.T3129A46364616 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3129A46364616.en |access-date=17 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| status2 = CITES_A3<br />
| status2_system = CITES<br />
| status2_ref = &lt;ref name=CITES&gt;{{cite Species+ |id=6811 |title=''Bubalus arnee'' (Kerr, 1792) |access-date=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| genus = Bubalus<br />
| species = arnee<br />
| range_map = Asiatic water buffalo 2015.png<br />
| range_map_caption = Wild water buffalo range<br />
| authority = ([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies<br />
| subdivision = * ''B. a. arnee''<br />
* ''B. a. fulvus''<br />
* ''B. a. septentrionalis''<br />
* ''B. a. migona''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''wild water buffalo''' ('''''Bubalus arnee'''''), also called '''Asian buffalo''', '''Asiatic buffalo''' and '''wild buffalo''', is a large [[Bovinae|bovine]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It was first described in 1792.<br />
<br />
The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic [[water buffalo]]. It has been listed as [[Endangered species|endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1986, as the global population totals less than 4,000 mature individuals.<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
[[File:WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg|thumb|Water buffalo sculpture, [[Lopburi]], Thailand, 2300 BCE]]<br />
''Bos arnee'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]] in 1792 who described a skull with horns of a buffalo [[zoological specimen]] from [[Bengal]] in northern India.&lt;ref name=Kerr&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=R. |title=The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia |date=1792 |publisher=A. Strahan &amp; T. Cadell |location=Edinburgh &amp; London |page=336 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/336 |chapter=Arnee ''Bos arnee''}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Bubalus arnee'' was proposed by [[Charles Hamilton Smith]] in 1827 who introduced the generic name ''Bubalus'' for bovids with large heads, convex-shaped narrow foreheads, laterally bent flat horns, funnel-shaped ears, small [[dewlap]]s and slender tails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Griffith, E. |year=1827 |title=The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization|volume=5. Class Mammalia |publisher=Geo. B. Whittaker |location=London |first1=C. H. |last1=Smith |chapter=Sub-genus I. ''Bubalus'' |pages=371–373 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/animalkingdomarr05cuvi#page/370/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
Later authors subordinated the wild water buffalo under either ''[[Bos]]'', ''Bubalus'' or ''Buffelus''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Ellerman, J. R. |author2=Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. |date=1966 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition=Second |place=London |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |chapter=Genus ''Bubalus'' H. Smith, 1827 |pages=383–384 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/382/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2003, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] placed ''Bubalus arnee'' on the ''Official List of [[Specific name (zoology)|Specific Names]] in Zoology'', recognizing the validity of this name for a wild species.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |year=2003 |title=Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia) |journal=The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=81–84 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofzoolog602003int#page/80/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most authors have adopted the [[binomen]] ''Bubalus arnee'' for the wild water buffalo as valid for the [[taxon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Gentry, A. |author2=Clutton-Brock, J. |author3=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5|pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222518224}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic [[water buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Lau, C. H. |author2=Drinkwater, R. D. |author3=Yusoff, K. |author4=Tan, S. G. |author5=Hetzel, D. J. S. |author6=Barker, J. S. F. |year=1998 |title=Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=253–264 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x|pmid=9745663 |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/40058/1/Genetic%20diversity%20of%20Asian%20water%20buffalo%20%28Bubalus%20bubalis%29.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Groves2006&gt;{{cite book |author=Groves, C. P. |chapter=Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and Their Histories |pages=161–176 |year=2006 |title=The Austranesians |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University |editor=Bellwood, P. |editor2=Fox, J. J. |editor3=Tryon, D.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Only a few [[DNA sequence]]s are available from wild water buffalo populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp|author=Flamand, J.R.B. |author2=Vankan, D. |author3=Gairhe, K.P. |author4=Duong, H. |author5=Barker, J.S.F. |date=2003 |title=Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=265–270 |doi=10.1017/s1367943003003329 |bibcode=2003AnCon...6..265F |s2cid=84855572 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43506186}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wild populations are considered to be the [[progenitor]] of the modern domestic water buffalo, but the [[genetic variation]] within the species is unclear, and also how it is related to the domesticated river and [[Carabao]] swamp buffaloes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Yang, D.Y. |author2=Li Liu |author3=Chen, X. |author4=Speller, C.F. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=2778–2785 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.010 |bibcode=2008JArSc..35.2778Y |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~donyang/adnaweb/Yang%20et%20al.%202008.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The specific name ''arnee'' is reminiscent of the classical [[Hindi]] word ''arnī'' meaning female wild buffalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Platts |first=J. T. |author-link=John Thompson Platts |year=1884 |title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen &amp; Co |page=41 |chapter=अरनी arnī |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=arn%C4%AB&amp;matchtype=default}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
[[File: Bubalus arnee schaedel.JPG|thumb|Skull of a wild water buffalo in the [[Bavarian State Collection of Zoology]]]]<br />
The wild water buffalo has an ash-gray to black skin. The moderately long, coarse and sparse hair is directed forward from the haunches to the long and narrow head. There is a tuft on the forehead, and the ears are comparatively small. Its head-to-body-length is {{cvt|240|to|300|cm}} with a {{cvt|60|to|100|cm}} long tail and a shoulder height of {{cvt|150|to|190|cm}}. Both sexes carry horns that are heavy at the base and widely spreading up to {{cvt|2|m}} along the outer edges, exceeding in size the horns of any other living [[bovid]]. The tip of the tail is bushy; the hooves are large and splayed.&lt;ref name=Nowak99&gt;{{cite book |author=Nowak, R. M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |volume=1 |location=Baltimore, USA and London, UK |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn= 978-0-8018-5789-8|chapter=Asian water buffalo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W-DGRILSBoC&amp;pg=PA1147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
It is larger and heavier than the domestic water buffalo, and weighs from {{cvt|600|to|1200|kg}}.&lt;ref name=Aryal2011&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aryal|first1=A. |last2=Shrestha|first2=T.K. |last3=Ram |first3=A. |last4=Frey |first4=W. |last5=Groves |first5=C.|last6= Hemmer|first6=H. |last7=Dhakal|first7=M. |last8=Koirala |first8=R.J. |last9=Heinen|first9=J. |last10=Raubenheimer |first10=D. |year=2011 |title=Call to conserve the Wild Water Buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') in Nepal |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |url=http://ijcs.ro/pub/IJCS-11-23-Aryal.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahrestani2016&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Ahrestani, F.S. |editor2=Sankaran, M. |last1=Ahrestani |first1=F.S.|last2= Heitkönig |first2=I.M.A. |last3=Matsubayashi|first3=H. |last4=Prins|first4=H.H.T. |title=The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia |chapter=Grazing and Browsing by Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia |year=2016 |pages=99–120 |series=Ecological Studies |volume=225 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-7570-0_4 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-7570-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; The average weight of three captive wild water buffaloes was {{cvt|900|kg}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Class, M. |author2=Lechner-Doll, M. |author3=Streich, W. J. |year=2004 |title=Differences in the range of fecal dry matter content between feeding types of captive wild ruminants |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi= 10.1007/bf03192525|s2cid=13441339}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
It is among the heaviest living wild bovid species, and is slightly smaller than [[gaur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |year=2008 |title=A Guide to the Mammals of China |editor1=Smith, A. T. |editor2=Xie, Y. |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Oxfordshire |isbn=978-1-4008-3411-2 |author1=MacKinon, J. |chapter=Subfamily Bovinae |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&amp;pg=PA472 |pages=472}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Distribution and habitat==<br />
The wild water buffalo occurs in India, [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Thailand]], and [[Cambodia]], with an unconfirmed population in [[Myanmar]]. It has been [[Local extinction|extirpated]] in Bangladesh, [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;&lt;ref name=Choudhury2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Choudhury, A. |year=2010 |title=The Vanishing Herds: The Wild Water Buffalo |publisher=Gibbon Books |place=Guwahati, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; It inhabits wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br />
<br />
In India, it is largely restricted to in and around [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]], [[Manas National Park|Manas]] and [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]]s, [[Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary]] and in a few scattered pockets in Assam, and in and around [[D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Arunachal Pradesh. A small population survives in [[Balphakram National Park]] in Meghalaya, and in [[Chhattisgarh]] in [[Indravati National Park]] and [[Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary]].&lt;ref name=Choudhury2010/&gt; This population might extend into adjacent parts of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] and Gadchiroli District of [[Maharashtra]]. In the early 1990s, there may still have been about 3,300–3,500 wild water buffaloes in Assam and the adjacent states of northeast India.&lt;ref name=Choudhury94&gt;{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. |year=1994 |title=The decline of the wild water buffalo in northeast India |journal=Oryx |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=70–73 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300028325|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1997, the number was assessed at less than 1,500 mature individuals.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br />
<br />
[[File:Asiatic_buffalo.jpg|thumb|A herd of wild water buffaloes in [[Kaziranga National Park]], Assam]]<br />
Many surviving populations are thought to have interbred with [[feral]] or domestic water buffaloes. In the late 1980s, fewer than 100 wild water buffaloes were left in [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |author=Divekar, H. K. |author2=Bhusan, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=1988 |title=Status of wild Asiatic buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in the Raipur and Bastar Districts of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Technical Report of the Bombay Natural History Society of the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund, SANCF Report No. 3/1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1992, only 50 animals were estimated to have survived there.&lt;ref name=Choudhury94/&gt;<br />
<br />
Nepal's only population lives in [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]] and has grown from 63 individuals in 1976 to 219 individuals in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Heinen, J. T. |year=1993 |title=Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(93)90193-5 |bibcode=1993BCons..65...29H |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31022/1/0000698.pdf |hdl=2027.42/31022|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, 18 individuals were translocated from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve to [[Chitwan National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Kandel, R. C. |author2=Poudel, R. C. |author3=Sadaula, A. |author4=Kandel, P. |author5=Gairhe, K. P. |author6=Pokheral, C. P. |author7=Bajracharya, S. B. |author8=Chalise, M. K. |author9=Solanki, G. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=15 |pages=14942–14954 |doi=10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[File:Wild water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal.jpg|thumb|Wild water buffalo at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal]]<br />
In and around Bhutan's [[Royal Manas National Park]], a small number of wild water buffaloes occur. This is part of the sub-population that occurs in India's Manas National Park.&lt;ref name=Choudhury2010/&gt; In Myanmar, a few animals live in [[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]].&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br />
<br />
In Thailand, wild water buffaloes have been reported to occur in small herds of less than 40 individuals. A population of 25–60 individuals inhabited lowland areas of the [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] between December 1999 and April 2001. This population has not grown significantly in 15 years, and is maybe interbreeding with domestic water buffaloes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Chaiyarat, R. |author2=Lauhachinda, V. |author3=Kutintara, U. |author4=Bhumpakphan, N. |author5=Prayurasiddhi, T. |year=2004 |title=Population of Wild Water Buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand |journal=Natural History Bulletin Siam Society |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=151–162 |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/Population%20of%20wild%20water%20buffalo%20%28bubalus%20bubalis%29%20in%20huai%20kha%20khaeng%20wildlife%20sanctuary,%20thailand.pdf |access-date=2011-03-24 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134019/http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/Population%20of%20wild%20water%20buffalo%20(bubalus%20bubalis)%20in%20huai%20kha%20khaeng%20wildlife%20sanctuary,%20thailand.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The population in Cambodia is confined to a small area of easternmost [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] and possibly [[Ratanakiri Province]]s. Only a few dozen individuals remained as of 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Tordoff, A. W., Timmins, R. J., Maxwell, A., Huy Keavuth, Lic Vuthy and Khou Eang Hourt (eds). (2005). Biological assessment of the Lower Mekong Dry Forests Ecoregion. WWF Greater Mekong Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The wild water buffaloes in [[Sri Lanka]] are thought to be descendants of the introduced domestic [[water buffalo]]. It is unlikely that any true wild water buffaloes remain there today.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br />
Wild-living populations found elsewhere in Asia, Australia, [[Argentina]] and [[Bolivia]] are [[feral]] domestic water buffaloes.&lt;ref name=Nowak99/&gt;<br />
<br />
==Ecology and behaviour==<br />
[[File:Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (12).JPG|thumb|Water buffalo fighting]]<br />
The wild water buffalo is both [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and [[nocturnal]]. Adult females and their young form stable clans of as many as 30 individuals, which have [[home range]]s of {{cvt|170|to|1000|ha}} that include areas for resting, grazing, wallowing and drinking. Clans are led by old cows, even when bulls accompany the group. Several clans form a herd of 30 to 500 animals that gather at resting areas. Adult males form bachelor groups of up to 10 individuals, with older males often being solitary, and spend the dry season apart from the female clans. They are seasonal breeders in most of their range, typically in October and November. However, some populations breed year round. Dominant males mate with the females of a clan who subsequently drive them off. Their [[gestation period]] is 10 to 11 months, with an inter-birth interval of one year. They typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins are possible. Age at sexual maturity is 18 months for males, and three years for females. The maximum known lifespan is 25 years in the wild.&lt;ref name=Nowak99/&gt; In Assam, herd sizes vary from three to 30 individuals.&lt;ref name=Choudhury2010/&gt;<br />
<br />
The wild water buffalo is probably a [[Grazing|grazer]] by preference, feeding mainly on [[graminoid]]s when available, such as [[Cynodon dactylon|Bermuda grass]], and ''[[Cyperus]]'' sedges, but it also eats other [[Herbaceous plant|herb]]s, fruits, and bark, and [[Browsing (predation)|browses]] on trees and shrubs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Daniel J. C. |author2=Grubh, B. R. | year=1966 |title=The Indian wild buffalo ''Bubalus bubalis'' (Linn), in peninsular India: a preliminary survey |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=63 |pages=32–53 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47950304}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also feeds on crops, including rice, [[sugarcane]], and [[jute]], sometimes causing considerable damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Lēkhakun, B. |author2=McNeely, J. A. |year=1988 |title=Mammals of Thailand |edition=Second |publisher=Saha Karn Bhaet |place=Bangkok, Thailand}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Pleistocene]], its diet was far more varied; it foraged in C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-dominant forests and woodlands and in C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-dominant grasslands, while today it is restricted to the latter type of environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Shaikh |first1=S. |last2=Bocherens |first2=H. |last3=Suraprasit |first3=K. |date=2025 |title=Stable isotope ecology of Quaternary cervid and bovid species in Southeast Asia with implications for wildlife conservation |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=3939 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-88065-6 |pmc=11785745 |pmid=39890811 |bibcode=2025NatSR..15.3939S }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Tiger]]s and [[mugger crocodile]]s prey on adult wild water buffaloes, and [[Asian black bear]]s have also been known to kill them.&lt;ref&gt;Humphrey, S. R., Bain, J. R. (1990). ''Endangered animals of Thailand''. Issue 6 of Flora &amp; Fauna handbook. Sandhill Crane Press. {{ISBN|1-877743-05-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
A population reduction by at least 50% over the last three generations seems likely given the severity of the threats, especially [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]]; this population trend is projected to continue into the future. The most important threats are:&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br />
* [[interbreeding]] with feral and domestic water buffaloes in and around protected areas;<br />
* hunting, especially in Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar;<br />
* habitat loss of [[floodplain]] areas due to conversion to agriculture and [[hydropower]] development;<br />
* degradation of [[wetlands]] due to [[invasive species]] such as [[Mikania|stem twiners and lianas]];<br />
* diseases and [[parasites]] transmitted by domestic livestock;<br />
* [[interspecific competition]] for food and water between wild water buffaloes and livestock.<br />
<br />
==Conservation==<br />
''Bubalus arnee'' is included in [[CITES Appendix III]], and is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;&lt;ref name=CITES/&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2017, 15 wild water buffaloes were [[reintroduced]] into [[Chitwan National Park]] in Nepal to establish a second viable sub-population in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Dhungel G. |author2=Thanet D.R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Investigating Habitat Suitability and Conservation Issues of Re-introduced Wild Water Buffalo in Chitwan National Park, Nepal |journal=Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal |volume=16 |issue=16 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28350 |s2cid=216528987 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/forestry/article/download/28350/23279|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2023, 4 wild buffalos were translocated to Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve to reverse its declining population in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-16 |title=Translocation of wild buffaloes brings hope for conservation in Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/translocation-of-wild-buffaloes-brings-hope-for-conservation-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/99535331.cms |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Bubalus arnee}}<br />
{{Wikispecies|Bubalus arnee}}<br />
<br />
* [http://www.asianwildcattle.org IUCN Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group: ''Water buffalo'' (Bubalus arnee)] <br />
* [http://www.wildcattleconservation.org Wild Cattle Conservation Project]<br />
* [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/artiperi/bubaarne.htm Animal Info: ''Wild water buffalo'']<br />
* [http://wildlifetrustofindia.org/news-archives/2006/02/15/wild-buffalo-faces-extinction Wildlife Trust of India February 2006: ''Wild buffalo faces extinction'']<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060303113821/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/26/stories/2006022601090900.htm The Hindu February 2006: ''Project to conserve wild Asian buffalo'']<br />
<br />
{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1914208}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Water buffalo]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals described in 1792]]<br />
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss]]<br />
[[Category:Symbols of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
<br />
[[br:Bubalus]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pullad&diff=458109Pullad2026-02-06T06:56:58Z<p>TanjaFreese: basic adjusted information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pullad<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Temple<br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9.354926|76.673198|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruvalla]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Koyipram Grama Panchayat <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = 26425<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 689548<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone Code<br />
| area_code = 0469<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-27 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tiruvalla<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pathanamthitta]]<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}<br />
| website = {{URL|www.pulladkumbanad.webs.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pullad''' is a town in [[Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla Taluk]] [[Thiruvalla Revenue Division]] in the [[Pathanamthitta district]], [[Kerala]].<br />
Pullad is a part of [[Koipuram]] census village. It is situated 12&nbsp;km east from [[Thiruvalla]] SCS Junction and 3&nbsp;km from [[Kumbanad]] along the [[State Highway 7 (Kerala)|TK Road]]. It is part of [[Thiruvalla taluk|Tiruvalla taluk]].<br />
<br />
Pullad is the part of [[Aranmula Assembly constituency|Aranmula]] legislative assembly constituency and [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]] parliament constituency.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Pullad is part of Koipuram census village. Total population of Koipuram is 7319 families and 26425 inhabitants, of which 12231 are males while 14194 are females . <br />
<br />
In Koipuram village population of children of age 0-6 is 2011, which makes up 7.61% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Koipuram village is 1160, which is higher than Kerala state average of 1084. Child [[Sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] for the Koipuram as per census is 989, higher than Kerala average of 964.<br />
<br />
Koipuram village has higher literacy rate compared to [[Kerala]]. In 2011, literacy rate of Koipuram village was 97.31% compared to 94.00% of Kerala. In Koipuram Male literacy stands at 97.57% while female literacy rate was 97.09%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628300-koipuram-kerala.html|title=Koipuram Village Population - Thiruvalla - Pathanamthitta, Kerala|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Points of interest ==<br />
[[Pullad]], known as "[[Asia|Asia's]] largest [[Christians|Christian]] gathering", the [[Maramon Convention|Maramon convention]] takes place near Pullad on the banks of [[Pamba River|Pamba]] river. Pullad is famous for its long and rich tradition in "Padayani".Known as "Pullad Padayani". There is also Bhagavathykavu,Padinjattethil, thengumthottathil and pariyarathu temple in Pullad. Pullad is also known for its [[tapioca]] farming (known as "Pulladan Kappa"). There are many family temples and Devaswom Board temples in Pullad. The oldest temple in Pullad and the one that existed during the early days of Pullad Padayani is "PULLAD KURUNGAZHAKKAVU SREE DHARMA SASTHA TEMPLE". Every year, a festival is held here on the day of malayalam month "Meenam" Pooram and Utram star.<br />
<br />
== Nearby places==<br />
* [[Maramon]]<br />
* [[Kumbanad]]<br />
* [[Eraviperoor]]<br />
* [[Thiruvalla]]<br />
* [[Mallapally]]<br />
* [[Puramattam]]<br />
* [[Arattupuzha]]<br />
* [[Kozhencherry]]<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
* [[Pathanamthitta]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Pathanamthitta district}}<br />
[[Thiruvalla taluk]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
<br />
[[it:Thiruvalla]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Philip&diff=495162D. Philip2026-02-06T06:23:27Z<p>TanjaFreese: Put up basic article w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (1943–2022)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = D Philip<br />
| birth_date = 1943<br />
| birth_place = Thiruvalla<br />
| death_date = 12 June 2022<br />
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram<br />
| occupation = Film and drama actor<br />
| spouse = Leelamma Philip<br />
| children = Anna Philip, Priya Philip<br />
| relatives = Daniel Saji(Grandson), Daya Davis (Granddaughter), Nida Davis (Granddaughter)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''D Philip''' (1943 – 12 June 2022), a native of [[Thiruvalla]] in the [[British Raj]], was a film and drama actor who worked in the Malayalam film industry.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Philip started his acting career as a protégé of PJ Antony, first acting in the 1980 film Pralayam. This was followed by more than 100 Malayalam films including Kottayam Kunjachan, Vettam, Artham, Pazhashiraja and Time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran actor D Philip passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/12/d-philip-actor-dies.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
He co-produced the movie Kolangal with KT Varghese, directed by [[KG George]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
He died in a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Notable Malayalam Film and Drama Actor D Philip Dies Aged 79 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/notable-malayalam-film-and-drama-actor-d-philip-dies-aged-79-5364367.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> on 12 June 2022.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
In 1986, he won the State Award for his performance in the Kalidasa Kalakendra play 'Rainbow'.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, D}}<br />
[[Category:1943 births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasba,_West_Bengal_Assembly_constituency&diff=446556Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency2026-02-01T13:02:07Z<p>TanjaFreese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kasba<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kasba.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kasba Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Javed Ahmed Khan]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]<br />
| constituency_no = 149<br />
| established = 2011<br />
| electors = 306,188<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kasba Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kasba Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<br />
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|66]], [[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|67]], [[Ward No. 91, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|91]], [[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]], [[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]] and [[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Borough<br />
! Ward No.<br />
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]<br />
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|VII<br />
|[[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|66]]<br />
|Ahmed Faiz Khan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|67]]<br />
|Bijan Lal Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|X<br />
|[[Ward No. 91, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|91]]<br />
|Baiswanor Chatterjee<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]]<br />
|Madhuchhanda Deb<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|XII<br />
|[[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]]<br />
|Lipika Manna<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]]<br />
|Sushanta Kumar Ghosh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Kasba Assembly constituency is part of No. 23 [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kasba}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = <br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = <br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = <br />
|party = Left Front (West Bengal) <br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
In the 2021 elections, [[Javed Ahmed Khan]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated his nearest rival, Dr. Indranil Khan of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Javed Ahmed Khan]]<br />
|votes = 1,21,372<br />
|percentage = 54.39<br />
|change = +6.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Dr. Indranil Khan<br />
|votes = 57,750<br />
|percentage = 25.88<br />
|change = +16.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Shatarup Ghosh]]<br />
|votes = 39,183<br />
|percentage = 17.56<br />
|change = -23.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 2,476<br />
|percentage = 1.11<br />
|change = -0.77<br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Shampa Sarkar<br />
|votes = 673<br />
|percentage = 0.30<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 63,622<br />
|percentage = 28.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 2,23,312<br />
|percentage = 72.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} <br />
|ref= <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]|votes=91,679|percentage=47.40|change=-6.41}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Shatarup Ghosh]]|votes=79,795|percentage=41.30|change=-0.93}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bikash Debnath|votes=17,550|percentage=9.10|change=+7.32}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,713|percentage=1.88|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Lakkhi Yadab (Roy)|votes=1,356|percentage=0.70|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=11,884|percentage=6.03|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,97,192|percentage=73.79|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
In the 2011 elections, [[Javed Ahmed Khan]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Shatarup Ghosh]] of CPI(M).<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=149| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171153/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=149| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kasba| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]|votes=92,460|percentage=53.81|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Shatarup Ghosh]]|votes=72,564|percentage=42.23|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bikash Debnath|votes=3,066|percentage=1.78|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|candidate = Satyajeet Roy<br />
|votes = 1,401<br />
|percentage = 0.82<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Susanta Kumar Biswas|votes=1,167|percentage=0.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=19,889|percentage=11.57|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,223|percentage=77.45|change=}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal&diff=449981Param Vishisht Seva Medal2026-01-18T09:48:04Z<p>TanjaFreese: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|India military award for peacetime service}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox military award<br />
| name = Param Vishisht Seva Medal<br />
| image = [[File:Param-vishisht-seva-medal.png|350px|Param-vishisht-seva-medal]]<br />
| type = Military award<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| established = 26 January 1960<br>(''as "Vishisht Seva Medal Class I", renamed 27 January 1967'')<br />
| firstawarded = 26 January 1961<br />
| lastawarded =<br />
| total_awarded =<br />
| presenter = Government of India<br />
| awarded_for = ''Peace-time service of the most exceptional order''<br />
| previous = Vishisht Seva Medal, Class I<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/service.html|title=Service Awards - Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013070648/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/service.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| ribbon =[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|150px]] <br />
| higher = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name=precedence>{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|work=indianarmy.nic.in|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> <br />
|same = [[File:Sarvottam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]{{efn|Though the Param Vishisht Seva Medal is placed below the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] in the precedence, it is considered as a peacetime equivalent of Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal.}}<ref name=precedence/><br />
| lower = [[File:Maha_Vir_Chakra_ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]<ref name=precedence/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Param Vishisht Seva Medal''' ('''PVSM''') ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā}}, {{Lit|Supreme Distinguished Service Medal}}) is a [[Military awards and decorations|military award]] of [[India]]. It is the highest peacetime medal of the [[Indian Armed Forces]],<ref name="Precedence_2020">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1: Order of Precedence of wearing of various medals and decorations |pages=219–220 |date=8 February 2020|page= |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2020/216027.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order."<ref name="GazetteExt_1960">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1 (Extraordinary) |page=33 |date=26 January 1960|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1960/E-1968-1960-0013-88647.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."<ref name="GazetteExt_1960"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/Service/308-PVSM.html| title=Vishist Seva Medal & Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal| publisher=bharat-rakshak.com| access-date=2 January 2012| archive-date=21 October 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021133755/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/service/308-pvsm.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
All ranks of the Armed Forces, including [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]], [[Auxiliary Force (India)|Auxiliary]] and Reserve forces, [[Military Nursing Service|Nursing officers]] and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/414|title=Param Vishisht Seva Medal {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-06-07}}</ref> which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1967" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Param Vishisht Seva Medal was originally instituted as the "Vishisht Seva Medal, Class I" on 26 January 1960.<ref name="GazetteExt_1960"/> Five other medals were instituted on the same day: the [[Sainya Seva Medal]], [[Sena Medal]], [[Nau Sena Medal]] and the [[Vayu Sena Medal]].<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=DESIGNS OF NEW SERVICE MEDAL AND THEIR DESIGNS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1960-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1960-07-29_030.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=29 July 1960|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> It was renamed on 27 January 1967,<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1967"/> and the badge signed. Until 26 January 1980, when the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] (SYSM) was instituted, it was also awarded for distinguished war service.<br />
<br />
== Design ==<br />
The medal is round in shape, made of gold gilt, is 35&nbsp;mm in diameter, and fitted to a plain horizontal bar with standard fitting.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1960"/> On its obverse is embossed a five-pointed star and on its reverse is the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Indian state emblem]] and the inscription embossed along the upper rim.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1960"/> The golden riband is 32&nbsp;mm in diameter with one dark blue stripe down the centre dividing it into two equal parts.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1960">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1: THE "VISHISHT SEVA MEDAL"/"DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL" |page=138 |date=2 July 1960|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0027-87604.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Gazette_Medal_1967">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1: PARAM VISHISHT SEVA MEDAL |pages=470–471 |date=22 April 1967|page= |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1967/O-1609-1967-0016-72581.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> On 27 January 1967, a miniature of the medal was authorised for certain occasions.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1967"/><br />
<br />
==Medal bar==<br />
If a recipient of the medal is subsequently awarded the medal again, every such further award shall be recognized by a bar to be attached to the riband by which the medal is suspended. For every such bar, a miniature insignia of a pattern approved by the [[Government of India]] shall be added to the riband when worn alone.<ref name="Gazette_Medal_1967"/> The following individuals have received multiple awards of the PVSM: <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | No.<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Rank<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 350px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Branch<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | First Award<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Second Award<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]<br />
|Bansh Raj Singh<br />
|{{navy|India}}<br />
|26 January 1970<br />
|20 January 1972<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]<br />
|Naresh Kumar<br />
|{{army|India}}<br />
|26 January 1983<br />
|26 January 1989<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Lists of recipients ==<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1960–1969)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1970–1979)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1980–1989)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1990–1999)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2000–2009)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2010–2019)]]<br />
*[[List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2020–2029)]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal|*]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niranjan_Shetty&diff=522139Niranjan Shetty2026-01-12T18:55:06Z<p>TanjaFreese: starting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film actor}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = '''Niranjan Shetty'''<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Niranjan Shetty<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|04|24}}<br />
| birth_place = Gulvadi Village, [[Kundapura]], Karnataka, India<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| known_for = ''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]''<br />
| years_active = 1999–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Niranjan Shetty''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He is known for his acting in movies including ''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]'' and ''[[Case No. 18/9]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Niranjan Shetty was born to Bhaskar Shetty and Sukalatha Shetty in Gulvadi Village of [[Kundapura]], Karnataka. Niranjan finished his schooling in his Native Cherkadi, [[Udupi]] and completed his bachelor's degree and Masters in Fine Arts Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/kannada/movie-actor/niranjan-shetty|title=Niranjan Shetty|publisher=NETTV4U}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
On 19 December 2011 Niranjan married to Nagaveni Shetty. They have a daughter.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Niranjan Shetty started his acting career through [[Kannada]] Serials. He has worked in ''Naagarika', 'Gupta Gamini', 'Papa Pandu', 'Prema Pishachigalu'', and other serials.<br />
<br />
Later Niranjan started working as an assistant with [[V. Manohar]] by which he could make his entry to [[Kannada cinema]] from Soap operas. He began as a supporting artist in his cinema journey. In the year 1999 Niranjan played a role of supporting artist in actor [[Sudeep]]'s ever hit movie ''[[Sparsha]]''. Subsequently, he played the part of supporting artist in major hit films like ''[[Thuntata (film)|Thuntata]], [[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]], [[Aakash (film)|Aakash]], [[Namma Basava]], [[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' etc.<br />
<br />
In the year 2009 Nirajan Shetty Made his debut as a lead in the Kannada movie ''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]'', which became a breakthrough for him as a lead role. He acted as a lead in the movie ''[[Case No. 18/9]]'' directed by [[Mahesh Rao]]. These two movies gave Niranjan a great breakthrough in his acting career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/case-no-18/9-satellite-rights-sold-for-1-57-cr/articleshow/21210700.cms|title=Case No. 18/9 satellite rights sold for 1.57 cr|work=Times Of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]''<br />
|Cameraman<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan='2'|2001<br />
|''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yuvaraja (film)|Yuvaraja]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|''[[Thuntata (film)|Thuntata]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan='3'|2005<br />
|''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]''<br />
|Unemployed man<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Namma Basava]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''<br />
|Ravi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]''<br />
|Niranjan "Tyson"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Case No. 18/9]]''<br />
| Mahadeva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''Paipoti''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paipoti-kannada-movie-18726|title=Paipoti Kannada Movie|work=India Glitz}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''Rajaru''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/niranjan-shetty-in-search-of-his-ladylove/articleshow/27834753.cms|title=Niranjan Shetty in search of his ladylove?|work=Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Jagath Kiladi''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jagath-kiladi-niranjan-shetty-to-don-15-different-avatars-in-the-film/articleshow/66486912.cms|title='Jagath Kiladi': Niranjan Shetty to don 15 different avatars in the film?|work=Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
Nominated for the role of [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Male Debutant]] at [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA Awards]] for [[Case No. 18/9|''Case No. 18/9'']]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=5852500}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Niranjan}}<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryabhatt_Planetarium&diff=487768Aryabhatt Planetarium2026-01-06T02:00:16Z<p>TanjaFreese: adding first info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Planetarium in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox museum<br />
| name = Aryabhatt Planetarium<br />
| native_name = आर्यभट्ट नक्षत्रशाला<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_upright = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = Aryabhatt Planetarium Rampur2.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_dot_label = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|49|8.19|N|79|2|0.9|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| former_name = Bhimrao Ambedkar Planetarium<br />
| established = {{start date|2012|09|18|df=y}}<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| location = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| type = [[Planetarium]], [[Science museum]]<br />
| accreditation = <br />
| key_holdings = <br />
| collections = Astronomy and space science exhibits<br />
| collection_size = <br />
| visitors = <br />
| founder = <br />
| executive_director = <br />
| deputy_director = <br />
| leader_type = <br />
| leader = <br />
| director = <br />
| president = <br />
| ceo = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| curator = <br />
| architect = <br />
| historian = <br />
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| employees = <br />
| publictransit = <br />
| parking = <br />
| website = <br />
| network = <br />
}}<br />
'''Aryabhatt Planetarium''' is located in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and is dedicated to [[astronomy]] and [[space science]] education. It was established to provide the public with insights into celestial events such as [[lunar eclipse]]s and other astronomical phenomena.<ref name=B/><ref name=A/> Built in 2012 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], it is the first laser planetarium in India, using advanced [[Digital laser planetarium|digital laser]] technology to project realistic celestial simulations onto a dome-shaped screen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shardaa |first1=Shailvee |title=India's first laser planetarium to be set up in Rampur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Indias-first-laser-planetarium-to-be-set-up-in-Rampur/articleshow/8696588.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=A/><br />
<br />
The Aryabhatt Planetarium connects to the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA)'s database, providing up-to-date information on [[Celestial (comics)|celestial]] events, which are then displayed using [[laser projector]]s.<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Lalmani |title=In first in country, NASA to directly update Rampur planetarium database |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/in-first-in-country-nasa-to-directly-update-rampur-planetarium-database/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, it was reported that the Aryabhatt Planetarium had been closed for over a year due to water damage sustained during the previous monsoon season, which affected its equipment. Despite inspections by officials, no action had been taken to reopen the facility, as of June 2024.<ref name=C>{{cite news |title=देश की पहली लेजर नक्षत्रशाला पर लटके ताले |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/locks-hanging-on-the-countrys-first-laser-planetarium-rampur-news-c-282-1-rmp1004-124281-2024-06-24 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=24 June 2024 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The planetarium project was announced in 2006 by then-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]. It was named the Bhimrao Ambedkar Planetarium by the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'s [[Mayawati]] government in 2007, it was later renamed Aryabhatt Planetarium, after the Indian astronomer and mathematician [[Aryabhata]], by the [[Samajwadi Party]] government under [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rampur planetarium to be named after Aryabhatta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rampur-planetarium-to-be-named-after-Aryabhatta/articleshow/16442467.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 September 2012}}</ref> It was built at a cost of ₹28 crore. It was opened to the public on 18 September 2012.<ref name=A/> It is operated under the supervision of the Science and Technology Department, Moradabad.<ref name=C/><br />
<br />
The Aryabhatt Planetarium was inaugurated on 17 September 2012, by Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and former Chief Minister [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news |title=सीएम ने किया आर्य भट्ट नक्षत्रशाला का उद्घाटन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/Rampur-15847-47 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=9 September 2012 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Aryabhatt Planetarium was reported to be the first in India to receive direct online updates from [[NASA]]. These updates are provided through a U.S.-based company, [[Evans & Sutherland]], which also manufactured the planetarium's equipment.<ref name=A/> In January 2018, a telescope provided by the Council of Science And Technology, [[Lucknow]] was installed at the Aryabhatt Planetarium.<ref>{{cite news |title=रामपुर की आर्यभट्ट नक्षत्रशाला में चंद्र ग्रहण देखने को लगाई गई दूरबीन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/story-telescope-to-see-the-lunar-eclipse-at-rampur-1776903.html |publisher=Hindustan |date=31 January 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Shows ==<br />
The planetarium provides 3D shows that simulate celestial events, allowing visitors to experience stars, planets, and galaxies in a theater-like setting. It runs three daily shows, each lasting about 50 minutes, with additional shows available for larger groups or during holidays.<ref name=B>{{cite news |last1=Prajapati |first1=Anju |title=रामपुर में है ग्रहों और नक्षत्रों का एक अद्भुत संसार, जहां आकर रोमांचित हो जाते हैं लोग |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rampur-the-world-of-stars-people-will-see-it-closely-planetarium-equipped-with-3d-effects-local18-8703925.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |language=Hindi|date=27 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="240" heights="140"><br />
File:Rampur Planetarium.jpg<br />
Image:Aryabhatt Planetarium Rampur6.jpg<br />
Image:Aryabhatt Planetarium Rampur.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://rampur.nic.in/rampur-planetarium/ Rampur planetarium]<br />
* [https://www.cst.up.gov.in/sec/portal/Home/Planetorium+%26+Science+Park/Aryabhatt+Planetarium%2CRampur;jsessionid=0D33462532CF04A526B05E377CB75A3F Aryabhatt Planetarium's Shows Details]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Museums in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Planetaria in India]]<br />
[[Category:Science museums in India]]<br />
[[Category:Museums established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Rampur district]]<br />
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Premier_Football_League&diff=459856Jammu & Kashmir Premier Football League2025-12-31T20:05:22Z<p>TanjaFreese: added page also and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Jammu and Kashmir Premier Football League]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotan_County&diff=471286Hotan County2025-12-15T03:44:06Z<p>TanjaFreese: small fixed content per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Yutian County, Xinjiang}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Hotan County<br />
| native_name = {{native name list |tag1=ug |name1=خوتەن ناھىيىسى |tag2=zh-hans |name2=和田县}}<br />
| other_name = Gosthana, Gaustana, Khotan, Hotien<br />
| settlement_type = [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]<br />
| image_skyline = Hotan Farmland (IMG 20170519 120753).jpg<br />
| image_caption = Farmland near [[Hotan|Hotan City]]<br />
| image_map = Location of Hotan County within Xinjiang (China).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Hotan County (red) in Hotan Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang<br />
| pushpin_map = China Xinjiang Southern#Xinjiang#China<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 275<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|05|26|N|79|49|44|E|region:CN-65_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline, title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[China]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hotan Prefecture|Hotan]]<br />
| seat_type = County seat<br />
| seat = [[Gujanbagh Subdistrict]], [[Hotan City]]<ref name="county seat">{{cite web|url=http://www.htx.gov.cn/htx/xzhf/202004/060f3fc3496d4fe0a73c13177ba8c87a.shtml|script-title=zh:行政区划|trans-title=|date=|access-date=|website=Government of Hotan County|quote={{lang|zh-hans|和田县有县无城，县属机关单位分布在和田市区。}}|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>{{efn|The government seat of Hotan County is located at Gujanbagh Subdistrict, Hotan City.<ref name="county seat"/>}}<br />
| area_total_km2 = 41128<br />
| area_footnotes = (claimed){{efn|includes the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian disputed areas]] in [[Aksai Chin]].}}<ref name="xzqhhotancounty"/><ref name="cihai"/><ref name="govhotancounty"/><br />
| population_total = 342,603<br />
| population_as_of = 2020<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/xinjiang/admin/ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties]</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type2 = [[List of ethnic groups in China|Ethnic groups]]<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Major ethnic groups<br />
| demographics2_info1 = [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]]<ref name="govhotancounty"/><ref name="1997govhotancounty">{{cite web|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22435.html|script-title=zh:1997年和田县行政区划|trans-title=1997 Hotan County Administrative Divisions|date=6 January 2011|access-date=3 April 2020|website=XZQH.org|quote={{lang|zh-hans|面积约40808.6平方千米，人口23.9万，有维吾尔、汉、回等民族。其中维吾尔族占99％，辖1镇11乡。}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152638/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22435.html|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]{{efn|Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe [[UTC+6]] ([[Xinjiang Time]]), 2 hours behind Beijing.}}<br />
| utc_offset = +8<br />
| website = {{URL|htx.gov.cn}} {{in lang|zh-hans}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
| ibox-order = ug, zh<br />
| s = {{linktext|和田|县}}<br />
| t = {{linktext|和田|縣}}<br />
| w = Ho²-tʻien² Hsien⁴<br />
| p = Hétián Xiàn<br />
| gr = Hertyan Shiann<br />
| bpmf = ㄏㄜˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄊㄧㄢˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄒㄧㄢˋ<br />
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|h|e|2|.|t|yan|2|-|x|yan|4}}<br />
| s2 = {{linktext|和阗|县}}<br />
| t2 = {{linktext|和闐|縣}}<br />
| w2 = Ho²-tʻien² Hsien⁴<br />
| p2 = Hétián Xiàn<br />
| gr2 = Hertyan Shiann<br />
| bpmf2 = ㄏㄜˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄊㄧㄢˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄒㄧㄢˋ<br />
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|h|e|2|.|t|yan|2|-|x|yan|4}}<br />
| s3 = 于窴县<br />
| t3 = 于窴縣<br />
| w3 = Yü²-tʻien² Hsien⁴<br />
| p3 = Yútián Xiàn<br />
| gr3 = Yutyan Shiann<br />
| bpmf3 = ㄩˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄊㄧㄢˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄒㄧㄢˋ<br />
| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|yu|2|.|t|yan|2|-|x|yan|4}}<br />
| uig = خوتەن ناھىيىسى<br />
| uly = Xoten Nahiyisi<br />
| uyy = Hotən Naⱨiyisi<br />
| sgs = Hotän Naĥiyisi<br />
| usy = Хотән Наһийиси<br />
| order = st<br />
}}<br />
'''Hotan County'''<ref>The official spelling is "Hotan" according to ''Zhōngguó dìmínglù''. {{cite book |script-title=zh:中国地名录 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[SinoMaps Press]]<!--中国地图出版社--> |year=1997 |isbn=7-5031-1718-4 |page=304}}</ref> (also known as '''Gosthana''', '''Gaustana''', '''Godana''', '''Godaniya''', '''Khotan''', '''Hetian''', '''Hotien''')<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/philippines-public-policy-and-national-economic-development-by-frank-golay-ithaca-cornell-university-press-1961-xviii-455-map-tables-index-bibliographic-essay/7851EE3274E488CDE43901E06D281B54|doi=10.2307/2049929|jstor=2049929|title=The Philippines. Public Policy and National Economic Development. By Frank Golay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961. Xviii, 455. Map, Tables, Index, Bibliographic Essay|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=22|issue=1|pages=114–116|last1=Higgins|first1=Benjamin|date=November 1962|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/how-sanskrit-language-is-associated-with-the-tibetan-and-khotan-region/|title = How Sanskrit Language is Associated with the Tibet and Xinjiang?|date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi">{{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Bangwei |last2=Sen |first2= Tansen|title=India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi |publisher=Anthem Press |date=2011 |page=186 |isbn=9780857288219 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186}}</ref> is a [[Counties of China|county]] in the southwest of the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] and is under the administration of the [[Hotan Prefecture]]. Almost all the residents of the county are [[Uyghurs]] and live around [[oases]] situated between the desolate [[Taklamakan Desert]] and [[Kunlun Mountains]]. Hotan County is the southernmost [[county-level division]] of Xinjiang. The county borders [[Karakax County|Karakax / Moyu County]] to the northwest, [[Hotan|Hotan City]] and [[Lop County]] to the northeast, [[Qira County]] to the east, [[Pishan County]] to the west, and (in Aksai Chin) [[Rutog County]], Tibet to the southeast. Hotan County administers most of [[Aksai Chin]],<ref name="cihai" /> an area disputed between China and [[India]]. The [[Line of Actual Control]] divides the India-controlled part of [[Ladakh]] union territory from the Aksai Chin area administered as part of southwest Hotan County.<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The area of Hotan is originally known as and has been historically referred to as ''Godana'' (''Godaniya''), a [[Sanskrit]] name meaning "Land of the cows". In Chinese, the same name is written as ''Yu-t'ien''. It is referred to as ''Gosthana'' by local Tibetans, which also means the same in Sanskrit.<ref name="India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg|left|thumb|Map including northern Hotan County and surrounding region ([[U.S. Army Topographic Command|USATC]], 1971){{efn|From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".}}]]<br />
[[File:Operational Navigation Chart G-7, 6th edition.jpg|left|thumb|Map including Hotan County area and surrounding region ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1980){{efn|From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."}}]]<br />
<br />
On 18 January 1913, Hotan became a county.<ref name="cihai"/><ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=78|script-title=zh:历史沿革|language=zh-hans|date=22 March 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|website={{lang|zh-hans|和田县政府门户网站}}|quote={{lang|zh-hans|民国二年（1913）1月18日，撤销和阗直隶州建制，改称和阗县。民国九年（1920）设和阗道，民国十八年（1929）改为和阗行政区，设行政长公署，和阗县属和阗行政长公署管辖。1933年穆罕默德·伊敏等煽动组织民族分裂势力暴乱，成立“和阗伊斯兰共和国”，1934年为马虎山部所破。1937年盛世才省军进驻和阗。民国三十二年（1943）设行政督察专员公署，和田县属专员公署管辖。1949年12月22日中国人民解放军十五轩进驻和阗，1950年6月，成立和阗县人民政府。1969年4月12日和田县人民政府改为和田县革命委员会。1979年12月，撤销和田县革命委员会，建立和田县人民政府。}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1919, [[Karakax County|Karakax / Moyu County]] was split off from Hotan County.<ref name="cihai"/><br />
<br />
In 1933, [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]] and his associates declared the [[First East Turkestan Republic#Establishment of the ETR|Khotan Emirate]].<ref name="history"/><br />
<br />
On 22 December 1949, the People's Liberation Army entered Hotan.<ref name="history"/><br />
<br />
In 1959, the Chinese character name for the county was set as '{{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|和田}}}}'.<ref name="cihai"/><br />
<br />
In 1962, some of the events of the [[Sino-Indian War]] occurred in the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region.<ref name="Calvin">{{cite web |last=Calvin |first=James Barnard |date=April 1984 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm |title=The China-India Border War |publisher=Marine Corps Command and Staff College |access-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111000325/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm |archive-date=11 November 2011 |quote=On October 24th, four days after the outbreak of heavy fighting in NEFA and Aksai Chin}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 April 1969, during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Hotan County People's Government became the Hotan County [[Revolutionary committee (China)|Revolutionary Committee]]. In December 1979, the Hotan County Revolutionary Committee was disestablished and the Hotan County People's Government re-established.<ref name="history"/><br />
<br />
In 1983 / 4, the urban area of [[Hotan]] was administratively split from the larger Hotan County, and from then on governed as a county-level city.<ref name="cihai"/><ref name="xzqhhotancity">{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22441.html|script-title=zh:和田市历史沿革 |trans-title=Hotan City Historical Development |publisher=XZQH.org |date=2 December 2014 |language=zh-hans |access-date=20 December 2019 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|1984年和田县析置和田市。{...}2006年7月11日，洛浦县吉亚乡、玉龙喀什镇与和田县吐沙拉乡正式划归和田市管辖。}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 September 1995, Vice Premier [[Zhu Rongji]] visited Buzhake Township.<ref name="zrj"/><br />
<br />
On 11 July 2006, the township of Tusalla (Tushala), then part of Hotan County, was transferred to [[Hotan]] City.<ref name="xzqhhotancounty"/><ref name="xzqhhotancity"/><br />
<br />
In 2012, [[Hanerik]] (Han'airike) was changed from a township into a town and Uzunsho (Wuzongxiao) township was established.<ref name="xzqhhotancounty"/><br />
<br />
On 28 July 2013, an incident involving Muslim protesters and local police in [[Hanerik]] (Han'airike / Hanairke) occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/world/asia/violence-erupts-anew-in-volatile-western-china-region.html|title=Violence Erupts Anew in Volatile Chinese Region|author=Chris Buckley|date=28 June 2013|access-date=23 December 2019|website=[[New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223131016/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/world/asia/violence-erupts-anew-in-volatile-western-china-region.html|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/violence-06282013173938.html|title=Two Uyghurs Believed Killed in Hotan Violence|author=Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes|translator=Dolkun Kamberi and Luisetta Mudie|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|date=28 July 2013|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223094708/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/violence-06282013173938.html|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese state media said no one died during the confrontation. There were reports of protester deaths, as many as over 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/over-news-of-clash-a-shroud-of-silence-in-xinjiang.html|title=Over News of Clash, a Shroud of Silence in Xinjiang|author=Andrew Jacobs|date=26 August 2013|access-date=23 December 2019|website=[[New York Times]]|quote=Although the state media said that no one died during the confrontation between villagers and armed police officers, numerous sources say that dozens were shot dead on the highway that connects Hanerik to Hotan, which the Chinese call Hetian. Exile groups say the death toll may exceed 100.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161905/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/over-news-of-clash-a-shroud-of-silence-in-xinjiang.html|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The northernmost point of the county is in the [[Taklamakan Desert]] at the confluence of the [[White Jade River]] and [[Karakash River]], which together create the [[Hotan River]].<br />
<br />
Major lakes administered as part of Hotan County include the [[soda lake]]s [[Aksai Chin Lake]] and [[Surigh Yilganing Kol]] (Surigh-yilganing Köl; {{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|萨利吉勒干南库勒|湖}}}})<!-- as well as ''Lietengge Hu'' ({{lang|zh-hans|列腾格湖}}) and ''Changqian Hu'' ({{lang|zh-hans|长千湖}})-->,<ref name="dimaoqihou">{{cite web|url=https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=81|script-title=zh:地貌气候|language=zh-hans|date=29 April 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|website={{lang|zh-hans|和田县政府门户网站}}|quote={{lang|zh-hans|和田县境内有主要湖泊5处：阿克赛钦湖，距县城200千米，面积158平方米，湖面高程 4 963米；萨利吉勒干南库勒湖，距县城260千米，湖面高程5 200米；列腾格湖，距县城260千米，湖水面积9.3平方千米；甜水海；长千湖，湖水面积8平方千米。{...}海拔5 000米以上的天文点、空喀山口一带，}}}}</ref> both part of the disputed [[Aksai Chin]]. A Chinese military outpost called [[Tianshuihai]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1|via=[[Internet Archive]]|editor1=Robert Kerry |editor2=John Vincent Bellezza|title=Tibet|date=February 2008|edition=7|series=[[Lonely Planet]]|quote=Tianshuihai{...}From here the road turns south, and climbs to the Khitai Pass (kilometre marker 535; 5150m), past the military base of Tianshuihai.|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1/page/n3 2], [https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1/page/338 339]|isbn=9781741045697}}</ref> which is named for another lake, Tianshuihai ({{lang|zh-hans|甜水海}}<ref name="dimaoqihou"/>), is also in the Hotan County administered part of the disputed Aksai Chin region. The Hotan County-administered part of Aksai Chin includes [[Tianwendian]],<ref name="dimaoqihou"/> site of a Chinese military post.<br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
<br />
Hotan County has a [[cool arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWk''). The average annual temperature in Hotan is {{cvt|13.0|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|44.1|mm}} with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in June, at around {{cvt|25.8|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|-3.9|C}}.<br />
<br />
{{Weather box|width=65%<br />
|location = Hotan (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1981−2010)<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|Jan record high C = 20.5<br />
|Feb record high C = 22.0<br />
|Mar record high C = 30.6<br />
|Apr record high C = 34.6<br />
|May record high C = 37.6<br />
|Jun record high C = 39.8<br />
|Jul record high C = 41.1<br />
|Aug record high C = 40.2<br />
|Sep record high C = 35.9<br />
|Oct record high C = 30.0<br />
|Nov record high C = 24.7<br />
|Dec record high C = 18.3<br />
|Jan record low C = -21.0<br />
|Feb record low C = -19.3<br />
|Mar record low C = -7.0<br />
|Apr record low C = -0.2<br />
|May record low C = 4.3<br />
|Jun record low C = 9.5<br />
|Jul record low C = 12.2<br />
|Aug record low C = 10.2<br />
|Sep record low C = 4.3<br />
|Oct record low C = -2.1<br />
|Nov record low C = -12.3<br />
|Dec record low C = -19.3<br />
|Jan high C = 1.3<br />
|Feb high C = 6.9<br />
|Mar high C = 15.8<br />
|Apr high C = 23.5<br />
|May high C = 27.8<br />
|Jun high C = 31.1<br />
|Jul high C = 32.6<br />
|Aug high C = 31.7<br />
|Sep high C = 27.4<br />
|Oct high C = 20.6<br />
|Nov high C = 11.6<br />
|Dec high C = 3.1<br />
|year high C = <br />
|Jan mean C = -3.9<br />
|Feb mean C = 1.3<br />
|Mar mean C = 9.6<br />
|Apr mean C = 16.8<br />
|May mean C = 21.1<br />
|Jun mean C = 24.3<br />
|Jul mean C = 25.8<br />
|Aug mean C = 24.9<br />
|Sep mean C = 20.4<br />
|Oct mean C = 13.2<br />
|Nov mean C = 5.1<br />
|Dec mean C = -2.2<br />
|year mean C = <br />
|Jan low C = -8.2<br />
|Feb low C = -3.4<br />
|Mar low C = 4.0<br />
|Apr low C = 10.7<br />
|May low C = 15.2<br />
|Jun low C = 18.5<br />
|Jul low C = 20.0<br />
|Aug low C = 19.3<br />
|Sep low C = 14.5<br />
|Oct low C = 7.0<br />
|Nov low C = 0.0<br />
|Dec low C = -6.3<br />
|year low C = <br />
|precipitation colour = green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 1.9<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.9<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 2.5<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 2.9<br />
|May precipitation mm = 7.2<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 8.9<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 7.2<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 4.6<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 3.6<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.5<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.5<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 1.4<br />
|year precipitation mm = <br />
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm<br />
|Jan precipitation days = <br />
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|unit snow days = 3 cm<br />
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|Jan humidity = 54<br />
|Feb humidity = 44<br />
|Mar humidity = 32<br />
|Apr humidity = 29<br />
|May humidity = 34<br />
|Jun humidity = 38<br />
|Jul humidity = 43<br />
|Aug humidity = 44<br />
|Sep humidity = 44<br />
|Oct humidity = 41<br />
|Nov humidity = 43<br />
|Dec humidity = 54<br />
|Jan sun = <br />
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|year sun = <br />
|source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center<ref name=IBST>{{cite web |url = http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html <br />
| script-title=zh:中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) <br />
|publisher = China Meteorological Data Service Center <br />
|language = zh-cn<br />
| access-date = 16 January 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Administrative divisions==<br />
Hotan County includes two [[Town (China)|towns]], ten [[Township (China)|townships]], and one other area:<ref name="xzqhhotancounty">{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22437.html|script-title=zh:和田县历史沿革 |trans-title=Hotan County Historical Development |publisher=XZQH.org |date=2 December 2014 |language=zh-hans |access-date=23 December 2019 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|2000年第五次人口普查，和田县常住总人口261498人，{...}2003年，和田县总面积41403.17平方千米，{...}2006年，将和田县吐沙拉乡划归和田市管辖。{...}2010年第六次人口普查，和田县常住总人口269941人，其中：巴格其镇57153人，罕艾日克乡43751人，英阿瓦提乡23624人，英艾日克乡10253人，布扎克乡27137人，拉依喀乡29032人，朗如乡16505人，塔瓦库勒乡26983人，伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡19828人，色格孜库勒乡9576人，喀什塔什乡6099人。 2012年，撤销罕艾日克乡，设立罕艾日克镇（新政函[2012]27号）；设立吾宗肖乡，乡政府驻塔西力克村（新政函[2012]82号）。调整后，全县辖2个镇、10个乡：巴格其镇、罕艾日克镇、英阿瓦提乡、英艾日克乡、布扎克乡、拉依喀乡、朗如乡、塔瓦库勒乡、伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡、色格孜库勒乡、喀什塔什乡、吾宗肖乡。}}}}</ref><ref name="statshotancounty">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/653221.html |script-title=zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：和田县 |trans-title=2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Hotan County |language=zh-hans |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |date=2018 |access-date=23 December 2019 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|统计用区划代码 名称 653221100000 巴格其镇 653221102000 罕艾日克镇 653221202000 英阿瓦提乡 653221203000 英艾日克乡 653221204000 布扎克乡 653221205000 拉依喀乡 653221206000 朗如乡 653221207000 塔瓦库勒乡 653221208000 伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡 653221209000 色格孜库勒乡 653221210000 喀什塔什乡 653221211000 吾宗肖乡 653221401000 和田县经济新区|}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222235001/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/653221.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="govhotancounty">{{cite web|url=https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=4712|script-title=zh:和田县简介|trans-title=Hotan County Overview|author={{lang|zh-hans|和田县史志办}}|language=zh-hans|date=3 April 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|quote={{lang|zh-hans|和田县位于新疆西南部，昆仑山北麓，塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘，处于玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河之间;国土总面积4.03万平方公里,其中,山区占95%,沙漠占3.7%,绿洲仅占1.3%;全县辖10乡2镇206个行政村,总人口36万人,其中维吾尔族占99%。}}|website={{lang|zh-hans|和田县政府门户网站}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118003021/https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=4712|archive-date=18 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="width:50%; border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Simplified Chinese<br />
! Hanyu Pinyin<br />
! [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] ([[Uyghur Arabic script|UEY]])<br />
! Uyghur Latin ([[Uyghur Latin alphabet|ULY]])<br />
! [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Administrative division code]]<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Towns'''<br />
|----------<br />
| [[Baghchi|Baghchi Town]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/17/c_139373591.htm|title=Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang|date=17 September 2020|access-date=20 September 2020|website=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|editor=huaxia|quote=In 2019, a survey in three villages of Baghchi Town, Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture counted a total population of 5,307, with 1,699 people capable of work, of whom, 1,493, or 88 percent, were keen to work outside their home villages. Of the remainder, 180 preferred to work locally in township enterprises, village factories, or poverty-relief cooperatives offering an average monthly salary of RMB3,000; the other 26 wished to start businesses locally, engaging in transport and logistics, property management and household services, construction, hairdressing, catering or retail stores. }}</ref><br>(Bageqi Town<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061473548|url-access=registration|title=Travel Around China|date=2008|via=[[Internet Archive]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061473548/page/209 209]|isbn=978-0-06-1473548|location=[[Hong Kong]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|editor=Chen Xuejian|quote=This ancient site is situated in the village of Yuetegan of the town of Bageqi, Hetian County, 8 miles from Hetian, covering about 4 square miles.}}</ref>)<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|巴格其镇}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Bāgéqí Zhèn}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|باغچى بازىرى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|baghchi baziri}}<br />
| 653221100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hanerik|Hanerik Town]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|罕艾日克镇}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Hǎn'àirìkè Zhèn}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|خانئېرىق بازىرى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|xan'ëriq baziri}}<br />
| 653221102<br />
| formerly Hanerik Township ({{lang|zh-hans|罕艾日克乡}})<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|'''Townships'''<br />
|----------<br />
| [[Yengiawat Township]]<ref name="GNISyengiawat">{{GEOnet2|32FA882640A53774E0440003BA962ED3|Yengiawat (Approved - N)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref><br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|英阿瓦提乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Yīng'āwǎtí Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|يېڭىئاۋات يېزىسى}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uyghur.xjkunlun.gov.cn/sz/jnxw/55485.htm|script-title=ug:خوتەنلىك 171 دېھقان ئىشلەمچى ھۆددە ئايروپىلانغا ئولتۇرۇپ، خۇنەندىكى ئىش ئورنىغا ئىشلەشكە ماڭدى|language=ug|date=23 February 2020|access-date=3 April 2020|website={{lang|ug|ﺷﯩﻨﺠﺎﯓ ﻛﯘﺋﯧﻨﻠﯘﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻯ}}|quote={{lang|ug|خوتەن ناھىيەسى يېڭىئاۋات يېزىسى}}}}</ref><br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|yëngi'awat yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221202<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Yengierik Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|英艾日克乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Yīng'àirìkè Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|يېڭىئېرىق يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|yëngi'ëriq yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221203<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bozak Township]]<ref name="xie">{{cite book|script-title=zh:地名中的新疆|language=zh-hans|date=2003|isbn=7-228-08004-1|author=Xie Yuzhong {{lang|zh-hans|解玉忠}}|location=[[Ürümqi]]|publisher=[[:zh:新疆人民出版社|新疆人民出版社]]|page=242|quote={{lang|zh-hans|布扎克}} Bozak}}</ref><br>(Buzhake,<ref name="zrj">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eepbAAAAQBAJ|page=xvi|title=Zhu Rongji on the Record: The Road to Reform: 1991–1997|quote=Talking with Uyghur cotton growers in Buzhake Township, Hotan County, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, on September 9, 1995.|author=Zhu Rongji|translator=June Y. Mei|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2013|via=[[Google Books]]|author-link=Zhu Rongji|isbn=9780815725190}}</ref> Buzak<ref name="zhongxingqi">{{cite book|script-title=zh:西域地名考录|language=zh-hans|date=July 2008|isbn=978-7-5013-3628-9|editor=Zhong Xingqi {{lang|zh-hans|钟兴麒}}|location=[[Beijing]]|publisher=[[:zh:国家图书馆出版社|国家图书馆出版社]]|quote={{lang|zh-hans|布扎克}} bù zhā kè Buzak|page=163}}</ref>)<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|布扎克乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Bùzhákè Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|بۇزاق يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|buzaq yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221204<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Layka Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|拉依喀乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Lāyīkā Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|لايقا يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|layqa yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221205<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Langru|Langru Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|朗如乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Lǎngrú Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|لاڭرۇ يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|langru yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221206<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tewekkul Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|塔瓦库勒乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Tǎwǎkùlè Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|تەۋەككۈل يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|tewekkül yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221207<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Islamawat Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Yīsīlāmù'āwǎtí Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|ئىسلامئاۋات يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|Islam'awat yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221208<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Seghizkol Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|色格孜库勒乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Sègézīkùlè Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|سېغىزكۆل يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|sëghizköl yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221209<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Qashteshi Township]] (Kashitashi<ref>{{cite magazine|via=[[Internet Archive]]|url=https://archive.org/details/BeijingTodayCN20070914/page/n1|title=Russian plane arrives for missing tourists|author=Chu Meng|magazine=[[Beijing Today]]|date=14 September 2007|access-date=23 December 2019|page=2|quote=According to the original plan, the expedition team was to meet Zhang at Kashitashi Township in Hotan County, 30 kilometers from Hotan City.}}</ref>)<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|喀什塔什乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Kāshítǎshí Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|قاشتېشى يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|qashtëshi yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221210<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Uzunsho Township]]<br />
| {{lang|zh-hans|吾宗肖乡}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|zh|Wúzōngxiāo Xiāng}}<br />
| {{lang|ug|ئۇزۇنشو يېزىسى}}<br />
| {{Transliteration|ug|Uzunsho yëzisi}}<br />
| 653221211<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other:<br />
* Hotan County Economic [[New areas|New Area]] ({{lang|zh-hans|和田县经济新区}})<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The county is known for Hotan Silk, Hotan Jade and Hotan Carpets. The county's agricultural products include wheat, rice, corn, melons, cotton, and silkworm cocoons.<ref name="cihai">{{cite book|editor1=夏征农|editor2=陈至立|script-title=zh:辞海：第六版彩图本 |trans-title=[[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition in Color) |date=September 2009|location=上海. [[Shanghai]]|publisher=上海辞书出版社. [[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]].|isbn=9787532628599| language=zh|pages=0008, 0866, 1610|quote={{lang|zh-hans|'''阿克赛钦''' 地名区。{...}在新疆维吾尔自治区和田县南部、喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山间。{...}1983年由和田县析置。{...}面积4.14万平方千米。{...}清设和阗直隶州，1913年改和阗县，1959年改和田县。{...}产小麦、稻、玉米、瓜果、棉花和蚕茧。“和田玉”、“和田毯”、“和田绸”。{...}'''墨玉'''{...}1919年由和阗县（今和田县）析置。}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|type=China<br />
|percentages = pagr<br />
|2000|261498<br />
|2010|269941<br />
|footnote = <ref name="xzqhhotancounty"/><br />
|}}<br />
In 1997, the population of Hotan County was 99% [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]].<ref name="1997govhotancounty"/><br />
<br />
As of 1999, 99.41% of the population of Hotan (Hetian) County was Uyghur and 0.46% of the population was Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/44961/9780295804057.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers|date=2004|isbn=0-295-98390-6|editor=Morris Rossabi|editor-link=Morris Rossabi|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|page=180|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107163017/https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/44961/9780295804057.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2015, 325,117 of the 327,533 residents of the county were [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], 2,023 were [[Han Chinese]] and 393 were from other ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |script-title= zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 |language=zh-hans|publisher={{lang|ug|شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى}} {{lang|zh-hans|新疆维吾尔自治区统计局}} Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |date=15 March 2017|access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |archive-date= 11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the population of Hotan County was 99% Uyghur.<ref name="govhotancounty"/><br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
* [[China National Highway 315]]<br />
* [[China National Highway 219]], which passes through the disputed Aksai Chin region<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{commons category|Hotan County}}<br />
{{Xinjiang Administrative Divisions}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:County-level divisions of Xinjiang]]<br />
[[Category:Hotan Prefecture]]<br />
[[Category:Territorial disputes of China]]<br />
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_S._Scudder&diff=469395Ida S. Scudder2025-12-13T00:14:44Z<p>TanjaFreese: quick update lead for consistency and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American missionary to India (1870–1960)}}<br />
[[Image:Ida S. Scudder 1899.jpg|thumb|Scudder in 1899]]<br />
<br />
'''Ida Sophia Scudder''' (December 9, 1870 &ndash; May 24, 1960) was a third-generation American medical missionary in [[India]]. She sought to improve the plight of Indian women by fighting against [[bubonic plague]], [[cholera]] and [[leprosy]].<ref name=ISS/><ref>The Scudder Association [http://www.scudder.org/genealogy Scudder family genealogy site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310070638/https://scudder.org/genealogy/ |date=2016-03-10 }}</ref> In 1918, she started a [[teaching hospital]], the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], in [[Vellore|Vellore, India]].<ref>[[Image:Sound-icon1.png|20px]] [http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder Hear Dr. Ida Scudder tell her own story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
{{See also|Scudders in India}}<br />
Ida was born to John Scudder and Sophia (née Weld), in a line of medical missionaries that started with her grandfather, [[John Scudder Sr.]] They{{Clarify|reason=Antecedent unclear: the whole clan, Ida's line, or just her parents?|date=January 2025}} were members of the [[Reformed Church in America]]. Growing up as a child in India, Ida witnessed famine, poverty and disease. She was invited by [[Dwight Moody]] to study at his [[Northfield Seminary]] in [[Massachusetts]], where she earned a reputation for pranks.<ref name="ISS">Wilson, Dorothy Clark. ''The Story of Dr. Ida Scudder of Vellore'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. [https://archive.org/stream/dridathestoryofd010071mbp/dridathestoryofd010071mbp_djvu.txt Full text] (1959), p. 18</ref> In 1890, she returned to India to help her father when her mother was ailing at the mission bungalow at [[Tindivanam]] in the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]]. During her stay, she witnessed three women die in childbirth in one night and resolved to go into medicine.<ref name=SAF>[https://scudder.org/about/history/india-medical-missions/ida-scudder-story/ The Scudder Association Foundation website, ''Ida Scudder Story'']</ref> <br />
<br />
Scudder graduated from [[Weill Cornell Medical College|Cornell Medical College, New York City]], in 1899, a member of the first class that accepted women as medical students. She then headed back to India and started a tiny medical dispensary and clinic for women at Vellore, 75 miles from Madras. Her father died in 1900, soon after she arrived in India. In two years, she treated 5,000 patients.<ref name=SAF /><br />
<br />
==Christian Medical College, Vellore==<br />
[[Image:Ida S Scudder.jpg|thumb|Scudder with Mahatma Gandhi, 1928]]<br />
Scudder opened the Mary Taber Schell Hospital in 1902.<ref>Graves Dan (2005) Glimses, issue #113, Christian History Institute, retrieved 9/8/2007 [http://www.vellorecmc.org/images/Glimpses/Glimpses.pdf ''Ida Scudder, A Woman Who Changed Her Mind''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221150941/http://www.vellorecmc.org/images/Glimpses/Glimpses.pdf|date=2007-02-21}}</ref> She decided to open a girls-only medical school and received 151 applications the first year (1918) and had to turn many away subsequently.<ref name=SAF /><br />
<br />
In 1928, ground was broken for the "Hillsite" medical school campus on 200 acres (0.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) at Bagayam, Vellore. In 1928, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the medical school. Scudder traveled a number of times to the [[United States]] to raise funds for the college and hospital. In 1945, the college was opened to men as well as women. In 2003 the [[Vellore Christian Medical Center]] was the largest [[Christianity|Christian]] hospital in the world, with 2000 beds, and its medical school is now one of the premier medical colleges in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/vellore |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707023153/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/vellore |archive-date=2015-07-07 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In 2023, the center was ranked the number three college by the National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF).<ref>[https://www.shiksha.com/college/christian-medical-college-vellore-24644 Shiksa website, ''CMC Vellore: Admission 2024'']</ref><br />
<br />
The Center was later headed by Scudder's niece, [[Ida Belle Scudder]],<ref name=BU>[https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/r-s/scudder-ida-sophia-1870-1960/ Boston University website, ''Scudder, Ida Sophia (1870-1960), Medical missionary in India'']</ref><ref>[https://www.cmch-vellore.edu/Sites/Publications/Change%20agents%20-%20Ida%20B%20Scudder.pdf CMC website, ''Dr. Ida Belle Scudder (1900 - 1995)'']</ref> and fellow medical missionary [[Paul Brand (physician)|Paul Brand]] worked there for a time.<ref name=BU /><br />
<br />
==Last years==<br />
In 1952, Scudder received the [[Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell Citation]] from the [[New York Eye and Ear Infirmary]], as one of 1952's five outstanding women doctors.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817967,00.html?promoid=googlep "A Family Tradition"], ''Time Magazine'' (February 16, 1953)</ref><br />
<br />
She died on May 24, 1960, at her bungalow.<ref>Biographical information on ISS and the Scudder family, see the inventory for Ida Sophia Scudder, MC 205, Scudder, Ida S. 1870-1960. Papers, 1843-1976 (inclusive), 1888-1960 (bulk) (84-M159) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, February 1985 [http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00898 Ida Scudder papers] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120214084532/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00898 |date=2012-02-14 }}</ref><ref>''Notable American Women, The Modern Period'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984).</ref><br />
<br />
In 1960, [[Rajendra Prasad]], then President of India, hailed Scudder as a “great lady, whose dedication and planned working are exemplary”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/This-Day-That-Age-August-13-1960/article16129272.ece|title=This Day That Age (August 13, 1960)|date=2010-08-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
* The [[Ida Scudder School]] in Viruthampet, [[Vellore]], is named in her honour<br />
*On January 9, 2020, the [[American Heritage Girls]] announced that she would be included as a Level Award namesake,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://americanheritagegirls.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Girl-Handbook-Press-Release.pdf|title=American Heritage Girls Rolls Out New Age-Specific Girl Handbook|date=9 January 2020|access-date=8 August 2024|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|publisher=American Heritage Girls}}</ref> replacing [[Lewis and Clark]] as the Explorer Level Award namesake in their 2020 Handbook<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahgfl3130.yolasite.com/resources/2020_AHG_Girl_Handbooks_FAQ.pdf|title=2020 AHG Girl Handbooks FAQ|publisher=American Heritage Girls|date=n.d.|access-date=8 August 2024|via=ahgfl3130.yolasite.com}}</ref><ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ce2b6cb8a4ea10001630ef1/t/62fc4466fa97a61cecf23c33/1660699751417/2022+A+Christ-Centered+Balanced+%26+Progressive.pdf SquareSpace website, ''American Heritage Girls (AHG) Program Handbook'', page 38]. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.setonparish.com/american-heritage-girls Seton Parish website, ''American Heritage Girls'']. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref><br />
*A commemorative stamp was released by the [[India Post|Department of Posts]] on August 12, 2000, as part of the centenary celebrations of the Christian Medical College. The [[First day of issue|First-day cover]] portrays Dr. Ida Scudder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000912/fpe10007.html|title=Theme stamps mark this year's Independence Day|last=|first=|date=September 12, 2000|website=Financial Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929203859/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000912/fpe10007.html|archive-date=2013-09-29|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://istampgallery.com/Christian-medical-college-and-hospital-vellore-1900-2000/ |title= Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, 1900-2000 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= Istamp Gallery |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Biographies==<br />
* Graves Dan (2005) Glimpses, issue #113, Christian History Institute, retrieved 9/8/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070221150941/http://www.vellorecmc.org/images/Glimpses/Glimpses.pdf ''Ida Scudder, A Woman Who Changed Her Mind'']<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060702171037/http://www.scudder.org/resources.html ''Legacy and Challenge: The Story of Dr. Ida B. Scudder''], published by the Scudder Association<br />
*''Ida S. Scudder of Vellore: The Life Story of Ida Sophia Scudder'' by Dr. M. Pauline Jeffery, Wesley Press 1951<br />
*''With: Ida S. Scudder and her gleam'': memorial supplement, 1960–1961, by M. Pauline Jeffery. Vellore: Christian Medical College of Vellore, 1961<br />
*''Dr. Ida'' by [[Dorothy Clarke Wilson]] 1959<br />
*''The Doctor Who Never Gave Up'' by Carolyn Scott 1975<br />
*''A Thousand Years In Thy Sight'' by Dorothy Jealous Scudder (1984) Chapters 25-27<br />
*''Ida Scudder: Healing Bodies Touching Hearts'' by Janet Benge and Geoff Benge 2003<br />
*''Dr. Ida Skudder'' by Veena Gavhankar, Raj Hans Prakashan, 1983 [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031128075920/http://cmch-vellore.edu/ Vellore Christian Medical College and Hospital]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031203024229/http://cmch-vellore.edu/htm/scudder.htm Vellore CMCH Ida S. Scudder page]<br />
*[http://www.vellorecmc.org/ Vellore Christian Medical College Board (USA), Inc.]<br />
*[http://www.scudder.org/ The Scudder Association]<br />
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00897 Ida Sophia Scudder Papers.] [http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles Schlesinger Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles |date=2012-05-09 }}, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pmb-0ViZ004&t=275s 10th Ida S. Scudder Humanitarian Oration given by Azim Premji in December 2021]<br />
<br />
==Other sources==<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0A6ruPk7-lcC&dq=%22ida+scudder%22+kodaikanal&pg=PP1 ''From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in America Mission to India''] By Eugene P. Heideman, Published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8028-4900-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4900-7}}, 512 pages.<br />
<br />
{{Protestant missions to India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scudder, Ida S.}}<br />
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Weill Cornell Medical College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1870 births]]<br />
[[Category:1960 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjana_Chanu_Sorokhaibam&diff=529627Ranjana Chanu Sorokhaibam2025-11-10T20:12:55Z<p>TanjaFreese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian footballer}}<br />
{{Western name order|Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Ranjana Chanu<br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = Ranjana Chanu Sorokhaibam<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|3|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br />
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<br />
| currentclub = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]<br />
| clubnumber = 14<br />
| years1 = 2018<br />
| clubs1 = [[KRYPHSA FC|Kryphsa]]<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 = 2019–2022<br />
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Women's)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| years3 = 2022<br />
| clubs3 = [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]<br />
| caps3 = <br />
| goals3 = <br />
| clubs4 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| years4 = 2023–2024<br />
| caps4 = 9<br />
| goals4 = 1<br />
| years5 = 2024–2025<br />
| clubs5 = [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]<br />
| caps5 = <br />
| goals5 = <br />
| years6 = 2025–<br />
| clubs6 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]<br />
| caps6 = <br />
| goals6 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 2014–2016<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = <br />
| nationalgoals1 = <br />
| nationalyears2 = 2019–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 47<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 4<br />
| club-update = 21 May 2023<br />
| nationalteam-update = 27 October 2025<br />
}}<br />
{{Meitei name|Sorokhaibam|Ranjana|[[Chanu (name suffix)|Chanu]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Ranjana Chanu Sorokhaibam''' ({{langx|mni|Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu}}, born 10 March 1999)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF - 14 Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/30004?type=club |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[Women's association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]]. She plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for the [[India women's national football team]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9552|title=WEATHER WON'T AFFECT PERFORMANCE: MAYMOL ROCKY|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref> and for [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Her father was a [[rickshaw]] puller. She started playing football at school and made her junior national debut as a 15 year old. Her brother is also a football player. She started at her village club in 2009 and later shifted to [[KRYPHSA FC|Kryphsa FC]], before getting selected for [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Riffles]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |date=2024-10-21 |title=Ranjana Chanu: A story of football, family, and fighting through adversity |url=https://assamtribune.com/sports/ranjana-chanu-a-story-of-football-family-and-fighting-through-adversity-1555396 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Chanu made her junior national debut in 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India Announce Squad for AFC U-19 Women's Championship Qualifiers {{!}} Football News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/india-announce-squad-for-afc-u-19-women-s-championship-qualifiers-1510382 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213184609/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/india-announce-squad-for-afc-u-19-women-s-championship-qualifiers-1510382 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within three years, she made her senior national debut against [[Turkmenistan women's national football team|Turkmenistan]]. In November 2021, she played for [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala FC]] which made its debut in the [[AFC Women's Club Championship]]. She has also participated at the [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup]].<ref name=":1" /> In December 2024, she played the friendlies against [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] in [[Bengaluru]].<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Chanu made her Junior India debut in the 2015 AFC Under 19 Women's Championship qualifiers, at the age of 15 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> She scored her first goal on debut in the 10-0 win against Turkmenistan in the [[Turkish Women's Cup]] in 2018. She played for India again on 6 November 2019 against [[Vietnam women's national football team|Vietnam]] in a friendly match in [[Hanoi]] where she scored the equalizer in the 1-1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN WOMEN PLAY OUT A 1–1 DRAW WITH STRONG VIETNAM |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=10003 |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
===International===<br />
{{Updated|27 October 2025}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6|[[India women's national football team|India]]<br />
|2019<br />
|15<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|10<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|7<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2|Total<br />
!47<br />
!4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+List of international goals scored by Ranjana Chanu<br />
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition<br />
|-<br />
| 1. || rowspan=2| 1 March 2019 || rowspan=2| [[Alanya]], [[Turkey]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|TKM}} || align=center|6–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 10–0 || rowspan=2| [[2019 Turkish Women's Cup]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2. || align=center|7–0<br />
|-<br />
| 3. || 6 November 2019 || Vietnam Youth Football Training Centre, [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] || {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|1–1 || align=center| 1–1 || rowspan=2| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4. || 30 December 2024 || Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|11–0 || align=center| 14–0<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
<br />
'''India'''<br />
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship|2019]]<br />
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]<br />
<br />
'''Gokulam Kerala'''<br />
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]<br />
*[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]: third place [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021]]<br />
<br />
'''KRYPHSA'''<br />
*[[Indian Women's League]] runner-up: [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champion of IWL 2020 - As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-vs-kryphsa-live-iwl-indian-womens-league-sabitra-bhandari-anju-tamang-ratanbala-kamala-devi-karishma-manisha-grace-football/article30813472.ece |website=Sportstar |date=13 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/30004 Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu] at All India Football Federation<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajana Chanu, Sorokhaibam}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1999 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]<br />
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]<br />
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]<br />
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
<br />
{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}<br />
{{India-footy-defender-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Mary%27s_Syro_Malabar_Catholic_Church,_Koothrapally&diff=537426St. Mary's Syro Malabar Catholic Church, Koothrapally2025-09-16T03:01:07Z<p>TanjaFreese: New First Details W/ Infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Syro Malabar Catholic Church in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church (Koothrapally)<br />
| image = St Mary's Church Koothrapally.jpg<br />
| location = [[Karukachal]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| native_name_lang = Malayalam<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
| festivals = Muthappan Perunnal<br />
| municipality = [[Changanassery]]<br />
| district = [[Kottayam District]]<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| geo = {{coord|9|29|0|N|76|37|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| consecration_year = AD 1877<br />
| leadership = Archbishop Mar [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)|Thomas Tharayil]]<br />
| website = <br />
| architecture_style = [[Kerala Architecture]]<br />
| founded_by = [[Palakunnel Valiyachan|Palakunnel Marth Mariam Kathananar]]<br />
| established = 1876<br />
}}<br />
'''St. Mary's Syro Malabar Catholic Church, Koothrapally''' is a [[Catholic Church]] near [[Karukachal]] in Kottayam district<ref>{{Cite web |title=കോട്ടയം ജില്ല, കേരള സർക്കാർ {{!}} കോട്ടയം , അക്ഷരനഗരി {{!}} ഇന്ത്യ |url=https://kottayam.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |language=ml-IN}}</ref> of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is under [[Nedumkunnam|Nedumkunnam forane]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Archeparchy of Changanasserry]]. The Church was founded in 1876 by the [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] leader [[Palakunnel Valiyachan|Palakunnel Mathai Mariam Kathanar]] most famously known as Palakunnel Veliyachan. He is known for his struggles for [[Dalit|Dalit community]] in 19th century. The Church is widely known for its patronage of [[Saint Maurus]] whom the devotees call 'Vishuda Maurus Muthapan'. The feast 'Muthappan Perunnal' commemorating his name occurs during the week of [[Baptism of Jesus|Epiphany Season]] with [[Pindikuthi Perunnal]] being part of festive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2024-11-10 |title=Catholic Church to intensify Munambam protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/catholic-church-to-intensify-munambam-protests/article68852265.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[File:Statue of St. Maurus.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Saint Maurus|St. Maurus]]]]<br />
St. Maurus was an Italian Catholic [[monk]] known as the first disciple of [[Benedict of Nursia|St. Benedict of Nursia]]. He is famous for his rescue of his fellow monk [[Saint Placidus|St. Placidus]] from [[drowning]]. His relics were brought from Italy by Palakunnel Veliyachen and a statue of St. Maurus was installed in chapel. It is the only church in Asia that serves St Maurus as a [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=കോട്ടയം |first=ന്യൂസ് ബ്യൂറോ |title=പാലാക്കുന്നേൽ മത്തായി മറിയം കത്തനാരുടെ 124-ാം ചരമവാര്ഷികം 20ന് |url=https://www.sathyamonline.com/news/news-keralam/palakunnel-mathai-mariam-kathanar-4486618 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.sathyamonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
[[File:Koothrapally Church in Kootbrapally town.jpg|thumb|Koothrapally Village]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Palakunnel.jpg|thumb|Palakunnel Mathai Mariam Kathanar]]<br />
[[Palakunnel Valiyachan|Palakunnel Mathai Mariam Kathanar]] who was a Christian leader established the church Koothrapally in the name of Mother Mary in the year 1876.<ref>{{Cite web |last=കോട്ടയം |first=ന്യൂസ് ബ്യൂറോ |title=പാലാക്കുന്നേൽ മത്തായി മറിയം കത്തനാരുടെ 124-ാം ചരമവാര്ഷികം 20ന് |url=https://www.sathyamonline.com/news/news-keralam/palakunnel-mathai-mariam-kathanar-4486618 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.sathyamonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> In the early 19th century, Many people of [[Caste system in India|low caste]] was denied entry to Nedumkunnam Church. Palakunnel Veliyachan, who was a member of the Nedumkunnam church stood against this [[Caste-related violence in India|caste discrimination]] and built a church in his own land for the people. Later he brought the relics of [[Saint Maurus|St. Maurus]] from Italy for the church and statue of saint was placed in a small chapel near roadside where Valiyachan was buried which was later transferred inside of the church.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=2GVno1GfW8m5bvJA&v=Ff9Ya2pGW0I&feature=youtu.be |title=St. Maurus, Abbot (15 January) ~ Dom Prosper Guéranger |date=2023-01-15 |last=Sensus Fidelium |access-date=2025-01-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Today, the church is one of the biggest [[parish]]es in [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Archeparchy of Changanasserry]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=2GVno1GfW8m5bvJA&v=Ff9Ya2pGW0I&feature=youtu.be |title=St. Maurus, Abbot (15 January) ~ Dom Prosper Guéranger |date=2023-01-15 |last=Sensus Fidelium |access-date=2025-01-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
[[File:Koothrapally Chapel.png|thumb|[[Chapel]] of St. Maurus]]<br />
<br />
==Misompady Hamlet==<br />
'''Misompady''' is a place in Koothrapally village, located at [[Kottayam District]] in [[Kerala]] state. It is currently under ownership of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Eparchy of Palai]].<br />
<br />
==Festivals==<br />
<br />
'''Feast of Saint Maurus (വിശുദ്ധ മാവുരുസ് മുത്തപ്പന്റെ പെരുന്നാൾ)'''<br />
[[File:Fra Filippo Lippi, Saint Benedict Orders Saint Maurus to the Rescue of Saint Placidus, c. 1445-1450, NGA 41620.jpg|thumb|Saint Benedict Orders Saint Maurus to the Rescue of Saint Placidus]]<br />
Muthappan Perunnal is a festival hosted by the villagers of Koothrapally during the first week of Epiphany (near or on January 15) devoting themselves to saint. It is believed to cure sickness and [[famine]] and bring prosperity to the land. Pachoru Nercha, a traditional Christian delicacy made with rice and jaggery syrup is distributed during the festive. An old tradition of holding [[novena]] in the chapel near road is still continued today.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=LvoYaVLbmt5YpRyM&v=ldrSOlyLvHw&feature=youtu.be |title=St.Mary's Church Koothrappally {{!}} St. Maurus Muthappan Perunal {{!}} official promo Video {{!}} 2020 |date=2020-01-04 |last=st.mary's church koothrappally |access-date=2025-01-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Even though it is not a pilgrim centre, people from all over the state participate the perunnal. In early 20th century, an elephant was rumoured to kneel down before the statue of saint.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=NZtmLXAwvkG_BqlM&v=_wKnkif45gA&feature=youtu.be |title=2022 KAPPALOTTAM Kuravilangad Perunnal Archpiscopal Mariam Archdeacon Pilgrim Church elephants SUB |date=2022-02-08 |last=KeralaJesus |access-date=2025-01-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref> There has also been a tradition of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Malankara Catholic Church]] to serve a holy mass in the church during this time.<br />
[[File:Relics of St Maurus in Koothrapally.jpg|thumb|[[Relic]]s of [[Saint Maurus|St Maurus]] ]]<br />
The perunnal has earned the church the nickname 'Muthappan Pally'.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=2GVno1GfW8m5bvJA&v=Ff9Ya2pGW0I&feature=youtu.be |title=St. Maurus, Abbot (15 January) ~ Dom Prosper Guéranger |date=2023-01-15 |last=Sensus Fidelium |access-date=2025-01-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Commemoration of Our Lady of Sorrows (പരിശുദ്ധ വ്യാകുലമാതാവിന്റെ തിരുന്നാൾ)'''<br />
<br />
A small festival of [[Our Lady of Sorrows]] is held in [[Malayalam calendar|Vrichika]] Masam of Malayalam Calendar.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Saint Maurus|St. Maurus]]<br />
*[[Palakunnel Valiyachan]]<br />
*[[Karukachal]]<br />
*[[Reliquary of St. Maurus]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Kottayam district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambegaonkar&diff=485904Ambegaonkar2025-08-11T13:02:10Z<p>TanjaFreese: adding first data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ambegaonkar''' ({{Langx|mr|आंबेगावकर}}) is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] toponymic surname denoting ancestry from [[Ambegaon]]. Notable people with the surname include:<br />
<br />
*[[K. G. Ambegaonkar]] (1902–?), Indian banker<br />
*[[Mona Ambegaonkar]] (born 1970), Indian actress<br />
<br />
{{surname}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhapi&diff=468529Chhapi2025-08-10T00:36:51Z<p>TanjaFreese: further adjusted article for accuracy and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|21|1|48|N|72|24|0|E|display=title}}<br />
'''Chhapi''' is a village in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The village is located near the [[State Highway 41 (Gujarat)|State Highway 41]] and between the villages of [[Siddhpur]] and [[Kanodar]]. The village is surrounded by fields. Chhapi has a height of 1.25&nbsp;km and a width of 662.42 m. Jay Bharat Hindu Lodge <br />
<br />
Chhapi is known for its [[Chhapi railway station|railway station]] and the railway line that passes through it. Railway line is progressing to convert it in electric train.<br />
<br />
==Features==<br />
In northern Chhapi there is: [[mosque]], [[hospital]], [[pharmacy]], school, [[Temple|temples]], various [[Retail|stores]], houses.<br />
<br />
Chhapi is well known for going to Magarwada the Jain Tirth; approx. 7&nbsp;km, and on the same road you can go to [[Ambaji]] the Hindu Tirth. Chhapi is well known for its Jain temple which was renovated in 2008–2009.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Chhapi is also known for timber business. Population is near about 15,000 of Chhapi.<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
[[Chhapi railway station]] is located in Chhapi.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
The founder of pharmaceutical company [[Torrent Group]] lived here and they own a house here.{{cn|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Banaskantha district}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Banaskantha district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Banaskantha-geo-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Temudo&diff=506554Jorge Temudo2025-05-06T17:05:00Z<p>TanjaFreese: creating post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Bishop<br />
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend<br />
| name = Jorge Temudo<br />
| title = Bishop of Goa<br />
| other_names = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| church = [[Catholic Church]]<br />
| archdiocese = <br />
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Goa|Diocese of Goa]]<br />
| see = <br />
| term = 1567–1571<br />
| predecessor = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]<br />
| successor = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]<br />
<!-- Orders --><br />
| ordination = <br />
| ordained_by = <br />
| consecration =15 Apr 1560<br />
| consecrated_by = <br />
| cardinal =<br />
| created_cardinal_by = <br />
| rank = <br />
<!-- Personal details --><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 29 Apr 1571<br />
| death_place = <br />
| previous_post = [[Bishop of Cochin]] (1558–1567)<br />
| nationality = <br />
| religion =<br />
| ethnicity =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jorge Temudo, [[Order of Preachers|O.P.]]''' was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the [[Bishop of Goa]] (1567–1571) and the first [[Bishop of Cochin]] (1558–1567).<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Cochin>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol03eube/page/170/mode/2up|first=Konrad|last=Eubel|authorlink=Konrad Eubel|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi |volume=III|pages=171|date=1923|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|ISBN=|language=Latin}}</ref><ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol03eube/page/170/mode/2up|first=Konrad|last=Eubel|authorlink=Konrad Eubel|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi |volume=III|pages=204|date=1923|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|ISBN=|language=Latin}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Jorge Temudo was ordained a priest in the [[Order of Preachers]] and consecrated bishop in [[Lisbon]] on 15 Apr 1560.<ref name=CathHierJorTem>{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Archbishop Jorge Temudo, O.P. †|publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btemudo.html |accessdate=January 2, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref> <br />
On 4 Feb 1558, he was appointed during the papacy of [[Pope Paul IV]] as [[Bishop of Cochin]].<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Cochin /><ref name=CathHierJorTem/><br />
On 13 Jan 1567, he was appointed during the papacy of [[Pope Pius V]] as [[Bishop of Goa]].<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa/><ref name=CathHierJorTem/><br />
He served as Bishop of Goa until his death on 29 Apr 1571.<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa/><ref name=CathHierJorTem/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Diocese of Cochin|publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcchn.html |accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|authorlink=|title= Diocese of Cochin (India)|publisher=GCatholic.org|date=|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm|accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Archdiocese of Goa e Damão|publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgoae.html |accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|authorlink=|title= Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman (India)|publisher=GCatholic.org|date=|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/goaa0.htm |accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-rel|ca}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[Bishop of Cochin]]<br />
| years = 1558–1567<br />
| before = None<br />
| after = [[Henrique de Távora e Brito]]}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[Bishop of Goa]]<br />
| years = 1567–1571<br />
| before = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]<br />
| after = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism|portal3=China |portal4=Portugal}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Temudo, Jorge}}<br />
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul IV]]<br />
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V]]<br />
[[Category:Dominican bishops]]<br />
[[Category:1571 deaths]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Portugal-RC-bishop-stub}}<br />
{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javaregowda&diff=447278Javaregowda2025-02-28T01:10:55Z<p>TanjaFreese: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada writer, folklorist, scholar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Javaregowda<br />
| image = De. Javaregowda.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = De Ja Gau<br />
| birth_name = Devegowda Javaregowda<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|07|06}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chakkere]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|5|30|1915|7|6}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mysore]], Karnataka, India<br />
| occupation = Author, professor, vice chancellor<br />
| awards = [[Pampa Prashasti]] (1998)<br />[[Padma Shri]] (2001)<br />[[Karnataka Ratna]] (2008)<br />
}}<br />
'''Devegowda Javaregowda''' (6 July 1915 – 30 May 2016), known as '''De Ja Gou''' or simply '''Javaregowda''', was an Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] writer, folklorist, researcher, scholar and academic. He was disciple of authors [[T.N. Srikantaiah]] and [[Kuvempu]].<ref name="gowda100"/><ref name="fast"/> His literary career spans over decades in which he wrote over thirty-four biographies in Kannada language and other works including children's literature. He campaigned for the promotion of Kannada language. He had received [[Pampa Prashasti]] (1998), [[Padma Shri]] (2001) and the [[Karnataka Ratna]] (2008) awards for his contributions in literature and education. He became a [[centenarian]] in 2015 and died on 30 May 2016.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Gowda was born in a Vokkaliga family<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-04 |title=Meet demands Netravati water for southern Karnataka districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/meet-demands-netravati-water-for-southern-karnataka-districts/article3489011.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> on 6 July 1915 in the village called [[Chakkere]] in the [[Channapatna|Channapatna taluk]] of [[Ramanagara district]] in Karnataka state.<ref name="gowda100">{{cite news|title=De. Ja. Gow. turns 100|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/de-ja-gow-turns-100/article7393416.ece|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> He was born in a poor family and had three siblings. As his parents could not afford to educate all, only his eldest brother went to school and Gowda would graze goats. Having passion for education, Gowda would let go goats on their own and instead come and listen to teachers from outside near a school window. He recollects that on one such day when the goats entered a wealthy landlord's farm and destroyed the crop, his father beat him and the school principal then rescued him and admitted him in third standard, also providing him with uniform and books.<ref name="Bharathi">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yg-qCQAAQBAJ&q=javare+gowda&pg=PA47 |title= Ordinary Feet, Extra-Ordinary Feat |pages=47–50 |author= Dr Veena Bharathi |publisher= Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. |year= 2015 |isbn= 9789384318789}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education, career and activities ==<br />
Gowda later went on to study in [[Bangalore]] for intermediate classes and completed his BA in Mysore. He wanted to do his BA with History as his major subject but opted for Kannada when he came to know that notable author [[Kuvempu]] would be teaching it. Gowda had admired Kuvempu's works long before getting associated with him as his student. After completing BA in 1941, he went on to do post graduates MA in Kannada. With little scope of getting a lectureship in any college, he took up a clerical job at the Secretariat in [[Vidhan Soudha]] at Bangalore. He concurrently studied law but did not pursue it as career when he got post of Kannada lecturer at the [[Central College, Bangalore]]. After three years, he went on to teach at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]. Here, he again was associated with Kuvempu and later credited him for his "academic and spiritual enrichment".<ref name="Bharathi" /><br />
<br />
Gowda served as the [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Mysore University]] from 1969 to 1975 for consecutive two terms. In his tenure as VC he started various post graduates courses in Home Sciences, Criminology, Law and Journalism at the university. He was known for his sharp criticism of the then government policies. While reappointing him as the VC for the second term, the then state governor [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]] requested "please try to remember that when you criticize the government, do so mildly".<ref name="Bharathi" /> He also wished to start an Afro-Dravidian Institute of post graduate studies called "The Kuvempu Vidyavardhaka Trust", which did not happen because of inadequate government funding.<ref name="Bharathi" /><br />
<br />
Gowda actively campaigned for promotion of Kannada language. Various encyclopaedias were published in Kannada after his efforts. Kannada was also used in examinations conducted by [[Karnataka Public Service Commission]]. He wrote over thirty-four biographies in Kannada language of eminent personalities like [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]], [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Basaveshwara]] and more. He also wrote books for children on [[Albert Einstein]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Marie Curie]] and more. He published various books on Kuvempu and ''Soundarya Yogi Kuvempu'' narrates Gowda's experiences with Kuvempu.<ref name="Bharathi" /> In 1970 he chaired the [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana|Akhila Bharata Kannada Sahitya Sammelana]] which was held at Bangalore.<ref name="gowda100" /><br />
<br />
On 31 January 2006, the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi]], Gowda observed a dawn-to-dusk fast seeking [[classical language]] status for Kannada. Earlier he had fasted once before for same cause and also threatened to return his [[Padma Shri]] that was conferred on him in 2001. Eventually he did not return the award as he was hopeful of a favourable reply from the then President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="fast">{{cite news|title=Javare Gowda goes on dawn-to-dusk fast|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3247070.ece|access-date=31 January 2006|work=The Hindu|date=30 May 2016}}</ref> In 2014, ex-minister [[P. G. R. Sindhia]] requested government to confer upon him the title of poet laureate (''Rashtrakavi'') for his contributions to the Kannada language.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Confer-Rashtrakavi-on-De-Javare-Gowda-Ex-minister/articleshow/38020861.cms | title=Confer Rashtrakavi on De Javare Gowda: Ex-minister | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 June 2014 | access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2015, Gowda and five others returned the Aralu Sahitya prize, awarded to them by the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] and [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] in 2011, to protest the perceived delays into the investigation of writer [[M. M. Kalburgi]]'s death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Kannada Writers Return Awards Over Kalaburgi Probe Delay|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Six-Kannada-Writers-Return-Awards-Over-Kalaburgi-Probe-Delay/2015/10/04/article3061276.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122073736/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Six-Kannada-Writers-Return-Awards-Over-Kalaburgi-Probe-Delay/2015/10/04/article3061276.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2015|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Six writers to return award to Sahitya Parishat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/six-writers-to-return-award-to-sahitya-parishat/article7717470.ece|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=3 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life and death ==<br />
Gowda was married to Savithramma. Their son J. Shashidhar Prasad was also Vice Chancellor of University of Mysore.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/javare-gowda-fasts-for-son-shashidhar-prasads-cause/article595441.ece | title=Javare Gowda fasts for son Shashidhar Prasad's cause | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 August 2010 | access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> Gowda became a [[centenarian]] in 2015.<ref name="gowda100"/> In a felicitation program organized by Kannada Catholic Christian Association on the occasion, he mentioned that he had been worshipping [[Jesus Christ]] for past 25 years along with all the Hindu Gods. He died in [[Mysore]] on 30 May 2016 from heart failure at the Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research where he was admitted on 28 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Javare Gowda passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/javare-gowda-passes-away/article8668258.ece|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=30 May 2016}}</ref> His last rites were performed at the Kuvempu Trust, Mysore. His body was [[Lying in repose|laid in repose]] at his residence in [[Jayalakshmipuram]] and at the Chandrakala Hospital. Politicians and writers like [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[S. M. Krishna]] and [[M. Veerappa Moily]] paid tributes to him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/de-ja-gow-laid-to-rest/article8675499.ece | title=Kannada writer Javare Gowda laid to rest | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 June 2016 | access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and accolades ==<br />
Gowda received his first doctorate in 1975 from the [[Karnatak University]], Dharwad. In 1998, he received doctorate from [[Mysore University]] and in 2006 an honorary doctorate was accorded to him by the [[Kuvempu University]] at Shimoga. He also received [[Nadoja Award]] conferred by the [[Hampi University]].<ref name="Bharathi" /> On his centenary, a 30-minutes documentary was made by director [[Kesari Harvoo]] for the Department of Kannada and Culture.<ref name="gowda100" /><br />
<br />
* [[Pampa Prashasti]] in 1998<ref name="pampaaward">[http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/(docid)/2A146D87BABCAD3465256940003FC045 Javare Gowda chosen for Pampa award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105835/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/(docid)/2A146D87BABCAD3465256940003FC045 |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
* [[Padma Shri]] in 2001<ref name="padmashriaward">{{cite news|title=Awards for Amjad Ali Khan, Ashoke Sen|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/27/stories/0227000u.htm|access-date=30 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
* [[Gorur Award]] in 2003<ref name="goruraward">{{cite news|title= Gorur Award presented to D. Javare Gowda|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091502270500.htm|access-date=30 May 2016|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=15 September 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
* Sandesh Award in 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandesh awards announced |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021313580400.htm |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111110137/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021313580400.htm |archive-date=11 November 2007}}</ref><br />
* [[Karnataka Ratna]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka Ratna Award for Javare Gowda, Veerendra Heggade|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/karnataka-ratna-award-for-javare-gowda-veerendra-heggade/article684254.ece|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=16 January 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kannada literature]]<br />
* [[G. S. Paramashivaiah]]<br />
* [[C. P. Krishnakumar]]<br />
* [[C. P. Siddhashrama]]<br />
<br />
== References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Javaregowda}}<br />
[[Category:1915 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Karnataka Ratna]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada people]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadungooth&diff=463841Kadungooth2025-02-11T23:03:07Z<p>TanjaFreese: expand references for accuracy and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>#redirect [[Koottilangadi]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Hublak&diff=541723Total Hublak2024-06-08T02:23:58Z<p>TanjaFreese: New Basic Post First Draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Marathi-language comedy series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Total Hublak.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| company = Waghoba Production<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|07|11|df=y}}<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|06|15|df=y}}<br />
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
| num_episodes = 24<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| editor = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| endtheme = <br />
| writer = <br />
| producer = Tejpal Wagh<br />
| country = India<br />
| director = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| genre = [[Comedy]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| location = [[Satara, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Total Hublak''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] comedy series aired on [[Zee Marathi]] from 15 June 2020 during lockdown period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagira Zala ji fame Kiran Gaikwad and Rahul Magdum to entertain fans with upcoming show 'Total Hublak' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/laagir-zala-ji-fame-kiran-gaikwad-and-rahul-magdum-to-entertain-fans-with-upcoming-show-total-hublak/articleshow/76344242.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred Kiran Gaikwad and [[Monalisa Bagal]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Monalisa Bagal to Kiran Gaikwad: Take a look at the star cast of upcoming show Total Hublak - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/from-monalisa-bagal-to-kiran-gaikwad-take-a-look-at-the-star-cast-of-upcoming-show-total-hublak/photostory/76423271.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by Tejpal Wagh under the banner of ''Waghoba Production''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tejpal Wagh tells about serial Total Hublak shooting in Satara - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tejpal-wagh-tells-about-serial-total-hublak-shooting-in-satara/articleshow/76628601.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Kiran Gaikwad<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘टोटल हुबलाक’मध्ये मोनालिसाचा गावरान अंदाज!|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-film-actress-monalisa-bagal-makes-tv-debut-with-total-hublak-ssj-93-2194085/lite/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
* [[Monalisa Bagal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Monalisa Bagal shares about her role in serial Total Hublak - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-monalisa-bagal-shares-about-her-role-in-serial-total-hublak/articleshow/76629823.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* Rahul Magdum<ref>{{Cite web|title='टोटल हुबलाक' मालिकेतील अभिनेत्री मोनालिसा बागलबद्दल हे माहिती आहे का?|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/know-more-about-total-hublak-actress-monalisa-bagal/amp_photoshow/76303824.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
* Purva Shinde<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi film actress Monalisa Bagal makes TV debut with Total Hublak|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/jun/22/26124/marathi-film-actress-monalisa-bagal-makes-tv-debut-with-total-hublak/amp|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
* Amarnath Kharade<br />
* Sachin Hagavane-Patil<br />
* Nilima Kamane<br />
* Mahesh Jadhav<br />
* Kiran Mane<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/total-hublaak/0-6-2841 ''Total Hublak''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kutumba_Rao&diff=511376Kutumba Rao2024-04-29T17:18:58Z<p>TanjaFreese: creating new bio!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kutumba Rao''' or '''Kutumbarao''' is an Indian ([[Telugu name|Telugu]]) name and may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]], prolific Indian writer<br />
* [[Turlapaty Kutumba Rao]], Indian writer<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kutumbam (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{Disambiguation}}<br />
[[Category:Indian given names]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu names]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikandarpur_Kotla&diff=535804Sikandarpur Kotla2023-11-29T21:06:09Z<p>TanjaFreese: New Initial Data First Draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{other uses|Sikandarpur|Kotla (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sikandarpur Kotla<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Kotla block Sikandarpur Kotla.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Sikandarpur Kotla in Kotla block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.28064|N|78.46515|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.504<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1452<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 283203<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sikandarpur Kotla''' ({{IAST|Sikandarpur Koṭlā}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,452, in 248 households.<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Sikandarpur Kotla had a population of 1,452, in 248 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|102}} This population was 56.0% male (813) and 44.0% female (639).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 104 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 214 (117 male and 97 female), making up 14.7% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 104 --> 790 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 54.4% of the total.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 105 --><ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|104-5}}<br />
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The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sikandarpur Kotla as having a population of 689 people (383 male and 306 female), in 113 households and 100 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|188-9}}<br />
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The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sikandarpur Kotla as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 519 people (285 male and 234 female), in 91 households and 81 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 900 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}<br />
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== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Sikandarpur Kotla had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 102-3 --> Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 104 --> The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 105, 7 --> Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 106 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102-7}}<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{Firozabad district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heer_and_Ranjha&diff=502476Heer and Ranjha2023-08-23T09:47:56Z<p>TanjaFreese: Redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Heer Ranjha]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palasdari_Dam&diff=523873Palasdari Dam2023-08-09T16:04:24Z<p>TanjaFreese: Created a redirect</p>
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[[Category:Dams in Raigad district]]</div>TanjaFreesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Jharkhand&diff=477011Districts of Jharkhand2008-11-18T07:39:02Z<p>TanjaFreese: new the place from scratch</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of districts of Jharkhand]]</div>TanjaFreese