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Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)

2026-05-06T18:35:36Z

Tanisha R: Put Up New Details

{{Short description|Film by Lakshmikant Chenna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{plainlist|
* Netru Indru Naalai
* Ninna Nedu Repu}}
| image = Netru Indru Naalai 2008 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster in Tamil
| director = Lakshmikanth Chenna
| producer = Nukarapu Surya Prakash Rao
| writer = Prasanna Kumar (Tamil dialogues)
| screenplay = Lakshmikanth Chenna
| story = Lakshmikanth Chenna
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]]
* [[Rekha Vedavyas|Akshara]]}}
| cinematography = Vincent
| editing = Lokesh
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|10|9}}
| studio = SPR Entertainments (india) Pvt.Ltd.
| distributor =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Tamil
* Telugu}}
| music = Anil
}}
'''''Netru Indru Naalai ''''' ({{translation|Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by Lakshmikanth Chenna. The film stars [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas]] (credited as Akshara).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2007 |title=The name is Akshara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-name-is-akshara/articleshow/2533568.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260321050338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-name-is-akshara/articleshow/2533568.cms |archive-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=23 August 2024 }}</ref> The film was simultaneously made in Telugu as '''''Ninna Nedu Repu'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=Press meet – Ninna Nedu Repu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-ninnanedurepu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823181807/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-ninnanedurepu.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en |access-date=23 August 2024 }}</ref> The music was composed by Anil, and the film released on 9 October 2008.

==Plot==
A dejected youth Vetri (Vijay in Telugu) decides to end his life on a railway track. On the tracks, he sees the dead body of a youth called Kishore and takes away his mobile phone. The call he attends over the phone brings him fortune. He gets richer, and money starts coming to him from all quarters. On other hand, a new girl named Swapna, who knew Kishore but never met him, also enters Vetri's life. Fate takes a different turn. A baddie in the city, Poorana, calls up and threatens Vetri. How he manages to put together the pieces of his new life and escape from the deadly goons forms rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] as Vetri / Vijay
* [[Rekha Vedavyas|Akshara]] as Swapna
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Aasha (cameo appearance)
* [[Soumya Bollapragada]] as Neelu
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Poorana
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dharmanna
* [[Karunas]] as Thamizh (Tamil)
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Pandu (Telugu)
* Dinesh as Kishore
* Apoorva as Vetri / Vijay's mother
* Malladi Raghava as Vetri / Vijay's father
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Swapna's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Vetri / Vijay's houseowner
* Jayavani as the wife of Vetri / Vijay's houseowner
* [[Lakshmipati (actor)|Lakshmipati]] as Kishore's houseowner
* [[Uttej]] as Vamsi Krishna
* [[Madhunandan]] as Vetri / Vijay's friend
}}

==Music==
The music was composed by Anil R. and released by [[Aditya Music]].
;Tamil tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netru Indru Naalai |url=https://gaana.com/album/netru-indru-naalaitamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607121714/https://gaana.com/album/netru-indru-naalaitamil |archive-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=7 June 2019 }}</ref>
*"Kase" – [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Nithin
*"Netru Indru" – Deepu
*"Oru Naalo" – [[Ranjith (Singer)|Ranjith]]
*"Aasai" – Priya, [[Sayanora Philip|Sayonara]]
*"Ethetho" – Gowtham

;Telugu tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ninna Nedu Repu |url=https://gaana.com/album/ninna-nedu-repu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716033605/https://gaana.com/album/ninna-nedu-repu |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:28
| title1 = Ninna Nedu Repu
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra1 = Deepu
| length1 = 2:37
| title2 = Vayasey Theliyani
| lyrics2 = Krishna Chaitanya
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Nithin
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Oohallo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = Gautham Bharadwaj, Harshika
| length3 = 1:47
| title4 = Thadi Vedi
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = Ranjith, Harshika
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Jil Jil Javani
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = [[Sayanora Philip|Sayonara]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length5 = 3:43
| title6 = Theme
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 2:14
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was ready for release in February 2008 but was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2008 |title=Delay factor worries all |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/delay-factor-worries-all/articleshow/2759045.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823182038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/delay-factor-worries-all/articleshow/2759045.cms |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "In this age of networking and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], it's a bit hard to swallow that the boy and girl had not swapped pictures. A couple of minuses like that, however, doesn't stop the film from being moderately entertaining".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Netru Indru Naalai Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indru-naalai/movie-review/4022454.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indru-naalai/movie-review/4022454.cms |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The movie has a message in the end, but the manner it is conveyed makes for interesting viewing. A definite change from the usual mindless violence or mushy love stories of recent times".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netru Indru Naalai |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14773399&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102013658/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14773399&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2008-11-02 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nattika Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T10:08:22Z

Tanisha R: Made A Post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nattika
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
| state = [[Kerala]]
| map_image = Nattika beach.JPG
| map_caption = [[Nattika]] Beach
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors = 1,96,781 (2016)
}}
'''Nattika''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.thrissurkerala.com/general/assembly-constituencies
|website = www.thrissurkerala.com
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA was [[C. C. Mukundan]] of Ex [[Communist Party of India]]
([[CPI]])Member.

==Local self-governed segments==
Nattika Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thrissur District
|access-date = 9 March 2021
|archive-date = 12 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312073152/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Nattika]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|2
|[[Valapad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|3
|[[Thalikulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|4
|[[Anthikad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|5
|[[Avinissery]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|6
|[[Chazhoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|7
|[[Cherpu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|8
|[[Paralam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|9
|[[Thanniyam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thrissur]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| K. S. Achuthan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1957 - 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| [[K. T. Achuthan]]
| 1960 - 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| T. K. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| V. K. Gopinathan
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| 1970 - 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="2" | [[P. K. Gopalakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1977 - 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| Sidharthan Kattungal
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| rowspan="3" |[[Krishnan Kaniyamparambil]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| rowspan="2" |[[T. N. Prathapan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| colspan=6 align=center|<small>[[Delimitation Commission of India|''Major boundary changes'']]</small>
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[Geetha Gopi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[C. C. Mukundan]]
|Incumbent
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nattika}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Geetha Gopi]]
|votes = 58979
|percentage = 37.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adv. Sunil Laloor
|votes = 51886
|percentage = 32.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[C. C. Mukundan]]
|votes = 45216
|percentage = 28.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Girijan A.A
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1454
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7093
|percentage = 4.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nattika (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. C. Mukundan]]|votes=72,930|percentage=47.49|change={{increase}}0.85|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adv. Sunil Laloor|votes=44,499|percentage=28.98|change={{increase}}0.12|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Lojanan Ambatt|votes=33,716|percentage=21.96|change={{decrease}}0.4|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=903|percentage=0.60|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vimal Mallika Vijayan|votes=367|percentage=0.24|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=C. S. Jitheshkumar|votes=617|percentage=0.4|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Sivarathnan Alathi|votes=595|percentage=0.39|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=28,431|percentage=18.51|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,53,554|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{increase}}0.85}}

{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
There were 1,96,781 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nattika (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Geetha Gopi]]|votes=70,218|percentage=46.65|change={{decrease}}3.56|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. V. Dasan|votes=43,441|percentage=28.86|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=T. V. Babu|votes=33,650|percentage=22.36|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=903|percentage=0.60|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Arumughan Snehatheeram|votes=534|percentage=0.35|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=A. K. Santosh|votes=530|percentage=0.35|change={{decrease}}0.12}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. K. Prasad|votes=502|percentage=0.33|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star|candidate=N. M. Pushpangadhan|votes=253|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Chandran Vakeel|votes=168|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ninu K. B.|votes=163|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Gandhiyan Party|candidate=Sivadas N.|votes=150|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=26,777|percentage=17.79|change={{increase}}5.28}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}3.56}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,50,512|percentage=76.49|change={{increase}}4.87}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,79,535 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nattika (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Geetha Gopi]]|votes=64,555|percentage=50.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vikas Chakrapani|votes=48,501|percentage=37.72|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sarju Thoykkavu|votes=11,144|percentage=8.67|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dinesh Kumar E. V.|votes=1,636|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. S. Vasanthy|votes=826|percentage=0.64|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. K. Subramanian|votes=600|percentage=0.47|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=N. V. Mani|votes=513|percentage=0.40|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. K. Chandran|votes=497|percentage=0.39|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Pushpakaran|votes=310|percentage=0.24|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,054|percentage=12.51|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,28,582|percentage=71.62|change=}}

{{Election box end}}

===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nattika]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopalakrishnan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,604 |percentage=39.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,125 |percentage=38.21% |change=38.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdullakutty Sahib |party=Independent politician |votes=7,160 |percentage=12.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Divakaran Andezeth |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,404 |percentage=9.77% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=479 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,293 |percentage=72.29% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,491 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil

2026-05-02T14:47:54Z

Tanisha R: started some page added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Kushtagi Assembly constituency]] in [[Koppal district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/doddanagouda-hanamagouda-patil-kushtagi-candidate-s10a060c011/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kushtagi">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kushtagi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1060.htm?ac=60 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411171019/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1060.htm?ac=60 |archivedate=11 April 2025 |accessdate=11 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patil is from [[Kushtagi]], Koppal district. His father Hanamagouda Patil is a farmer. He completed his Class 12 at Government P.U. College, Kushtagi in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KUSHTAGI(KOPPAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7507 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patil won Kushtagi Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,915 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Amaregouda Linganagouda Patil Bayyapur of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 9,646 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kushtagi Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil Wins From Kushtagi |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kushtagi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601779 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] on BJP ticket but lost the next election in 2018 polls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kushtagi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/kushtagi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99186393.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Karnataka Election: Kushtagi Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno60-10-3dhacno60.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doddanagouda Hanamagouda, Patil}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Kundadam

2026-04-30T22:10:29Z

Tanisha R: Done

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kundadam
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes = 10°50'58.1"N 77°26'49.8"E
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total = 71,781<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tamil nadu - District census handbook - Tirupper | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3332_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUPPUR.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114011325/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3332_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUPPUR.pdf | archive-date=2015-11-14}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Kundadam block
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Indian English|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638702
| area_code_type = [[STD Code]]
| area_code = 04258
| registration_plate = TN 78
| website = {{URL|https://tiruppur.nic.in/directory/kundadam/}}
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type = [[Town Panchayat]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=List of Town Panchayats | url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027122315/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf | archive-date=2011-10-27}}</ref>
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| nicknames = Kundrai, Kundrapuram, Kundrai Managar, Kundridam
| settlement_type = Historical town
| image_skyline = Kundadam-Kalabairavar-temple.jpg
| image_alt = Kundadam KalaBhairavar Temple
| image_caption = Kundadam KalaBhairavar Temple
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.8501|N| 77.4458|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| named_for =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[South India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dharapuram taluk|Dharapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| official_name = Kundadam
}}
'''Kundadam''' is a small town located in [[Dharapuram taluk]] of [[Tiruppur district]] in Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the headquarters of the Kundadam Panchayat Union in [[Tiruppur district]]. It is located 16 km away from [[Dharapuram]] in [[Coimbatore]]-[[Dharapuram]] highway. In the classical Tamil texts, this town is named as Kundrai, Kundrapuram, Kundrai Managar and Kundridam.<ref>{{cite journal|title=குண்டடம் திருத்தல வரலாறு|author=முனைவர்.கா.நாகராசு |journal=சிவசாந்தலிங்கர்|year=2017|volume=20|issue=5|pages=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Kundadam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/erode/kundadam |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> The town houses famous temples including Varatharājaperumāl Temple, Kala Bairavar Temple, Kongu Vatuganādha Swāmy Temple, Koṅgar Chinnamman Temple and Vadivudaimangai Udanurai Konguvidangkisuvarar Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-03 |title=குண்டடம் ஸ்ரீ காலபைரவர் கோவில் {{!}} Kundadam bairavar temple |url=https://aanmeegam.co.in/temples/kundadam-bairavar-kovil/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Aanmeegam |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples in Kundadam |url=https://www.justdial.com/Erode/Temples-in-Kundadam/nct-10475644}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu VadukanathaSwamy Temple – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/arulmigu-vadukanathaswamy-temple-kundadam-tiruppur/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Kundadam's economy is based on Agriculture.Coconut is the major part of cultivation in Kundadam and also one of the large supplier of Onion to nearby districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=If all was well, Kundadam onions could have contained price rise in three districts, say TN farmers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/13/if-all-was-well-kundadam-onions-could-have-contained-price-rise-in-three-districts-say-tn-farmers-2075561.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Being proximer to Tiruppur, it also houses some Textile based industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Textile Manufacturers in Kundadam |url=https://www.justdial.com/Erode/Textile-Manufacturers-in-Kundadam/nct-10477448}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
Kundadam was a part of Coimbatore district and later Erode district and now [[Tiruppur district]]. Kundadam comes under [[Dharapuram taluk]], [[Tiruppur district]] and headquarters of [[Kundadam block]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2008-10-11 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> It falls under [[Dharapuram (state assembly constituency)|Dharapuram state assembly constituency]] and [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22101.htm?ac=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 |publisher=Electro Commission of India}}</ref>

[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] are the major political parties in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title="பாஜக தன் தனித்துவத்தை நிரூபித்துவிட்டது"- அண்ணாமலை பெருமிதம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/bharatiya-janata-party-has-proved-its-uniqueness-annamalai-proud |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref>

This town also houses a police station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam Police Station {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/public-utility/kundadam-police-station/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam Police Station {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/public-utility/kundadam-police-station/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kundadam also has got a Cattle market.

== Connectivity ==
Nearby Bus terminal is [[Dharapuram|Dharapuram city]] bus terminal. There are buses available 24/7 to [[Coimbatore]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Palladam]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Madurai]], [[Oddanchatram]], and [[Dindigul]]. It is also connected to nearby towns like [[Kangeyam]], [[Uthiyur]], SuriyaNallur, Koduvai and [[AvinashiPalayam]] via town buses. Nearby Railway station is [[Tiruppur railway station]] and nearby airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance between Dharapuram and Kundadam is 14 KM / 9.2 miles |url=http://distancebetween2.com/dharapuram/kundadam |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=distancebetween2.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kundadam,+Tamil+Nadu+638702/Coimbatore+International+Airport+-+CJB,+Airport+Road,+Peelamedu+-+Pudur+Main+Rd,+Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu+641014/data=!4m8!4m7!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba9bba366496023:0x9080407e67d8027a!1m2!1m1!1s0x3ba857bc9b5ea9af:0x317ea10df48c4678!3e0?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieo72XoZX3AhVHTmwGHTuwBuYQox16BAgJEBE |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Kundadam to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dharapuram]]
* [[Tiruppur]]
* [[Uthiyur]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

Bawana Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T17:38:06Z

Tanisha R:

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bawana
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North West Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 7
}}
'''Bawana (SC)''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]].
The Bawana constituency is a part of [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Chand Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | Surender Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Gugan Singh Ranga|Gugan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Ved Parkash (MLA)|Ved Parkash]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| 2017^
| [[Ram Chander (politician)|Ram Chander]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections]]:Bawana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]|votes=119,515|percentage=51.99|change={{Increase}}9.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]|votes=88,040|percentage=38.30|change={{decrease}}10.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Surender Kumar|votes=18,713|percentage=8.14|change={{Increase}}1.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,346|percentage=0.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=31,475|percentage=13.69|change={{Increase}}7.86}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,28,510|percentage=59.7|change={{decrease}}2.27}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Bharatiya Janata Party|loser= Aam Aadmi Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections]]: Bawana <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=General Legislative Election 2020 - Delhi - Election Commission of India |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603054910/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]|votes=95,715|percentage=48.38|change=–9.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravinder Kumar|votes=84,189|percentage=42.55|change=+11.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Surender Kumar|votes=12,803|percentage=6.47|change=–1.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ranjit Ram|votes=1,941|percentage=0.98|change=–0.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Abhipsa Chauhan|votes=1,227|percentage=0.62|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,046|percentage=0.53|change=+0.07}}
{{Election box majority|votes=11,526|percentage=5.83|change=–21.15}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,98,040|percentage=61.97|change=+0.16}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=–9.76}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

===2017 By Poll results===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> {{Election box begin|title=By-election, 2017: Bawana}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Chander (politician)]]
|votes = 59,886
|percentage = 45.39
|change = –12.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ved Parkash
|votes = 35,834
|percentage = 27.16
|change = –4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surender Kumar
|votes = 31,919
|percentage = 24.19
|change = +16.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,413
|percentage =000
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,052
|percentage = 18.23
|change = –8.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,950
|percentage = 44.79
|change = –17.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = –12.75
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Bawana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ved Parkash]]
|votes = 1,08,928
|percentage = 58.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gugan Singh
|votes = 58,371
|percentage = 31.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surender Kumar
|votes = 14,749
|percentage = 7.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gajanand
|votes = 3,641
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 866
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,557
|percentage = 26.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,87,416
|percentage = 61.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Bawana]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=7 |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215205/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Gugan Singh]]
| votes = 68,407
| percentage = 41.10
| change = +6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Manoj
| votes = 42,768
| percentage = 25.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Surender Kumar
| votes = 42,054
| percentage = 25.26
| change = –23.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Manak Chand
| votes = 9,017
| percentage = 5.42
| change = –8.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sher Singh
| votes = 634
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Kavita
| votes = 616
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Dal (Integrated)
| candidate = Amod Paswan
| votes = 489
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pawan Kumar
| votes = 336
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Vimal Verma
| votes = 330
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Rajesh
| votes = 308
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Pragatisheel Congress
| candidate = Dharam Raj
| votes = 279
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 1,217
| percentage = 0.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,639
| percentage = 15.40
| change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 166,797
| percentage = 61.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +6.45
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Bawana<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Surender Kumar
| votes = 60,544
| percentage = 48.33
| change = –2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Chand Ram
| votes = 43,402
| percentage = 34.65
| change = –1.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ramchander
| votes = 17,848
| percentage = 14.25
| change = +8.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Phool Kumar
| votes = 1,597
| percentage = 1.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harbir Singh
| votes = 1,363
| percentage = 1.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Pragatisheel Congress
| candidate = Rekha Devi
| votes = 516
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,142
| percentage = 13.66
| change = –1.00
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 125,270
| percentage = 52.6
| change = –0.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = –2.48
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Bawana<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Surender Kumar|votes=50,327|percentage=50.81|change=–8.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raj Kumar|votes=35,805|percentage=36.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sanjay Kumar|votes=5,423|percentage=5.47|change=+2.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Neelam Kinner|votes=1,851|percentage=1.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ved Prakash|votes=1,703|percentage=1.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Hem Chander|votes=1,348|percentage=1.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Satpal Bharti|votes=1,294|percentage=1.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sudha Devi|votes=605|percentage=0.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Chan Kaur|votes=532|percentage=0.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Phool Kumar|votes=163|percentage=0.16|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,522|percentage=14.66|change=–23.13}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=99,051|percentage=52.97|change=+9.16}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = –8.37
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Bawana<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Surender Kumar
| votes = 40,241
| percentage = 59.18
| change = +30.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash Ranga
| votes = 14,543
| percentage = 21.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Hem Chander
| votes = 8,588
| percentage = 12.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ram Palat Gautam
| votes = 2,282
| percentage = 3.36
| change = +1.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Talewar
| votes = 980
| percentage = 1.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Janata Congress
| candidate = Ram Milan
| votes = 578
| percentage = 0.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Naresh Kumar
| votes = 413
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Rani Lajwanti
| votes = 192
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Manav Samaj Party
| candidate = Banwari Lal
| votes = 185
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,698
| percentage = 37.79
| change = +33.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 68,002
| percentage = 43.81
| change = –14.23
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +30.47
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Bawana<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Chand Ram
| votes = 18,383
| percentage = 35.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Rajender Singh
| votes = 16,188
| percentage = 31.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Om Prakash Ranga
| votes = 14,876
| percentage = 28.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Udai Singh Kataria
| votes = 1,059
| percentage = 2.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = R P Gautam
| votes = 754
| percentage = 1.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Delhi Poorvanchal Party
| candidate = Roshan Lal Khondia
| votes = 385
| percentage = 0.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Krishan
| votes = 126
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tulsi Ram Lukar
| votes = 44
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,195
| percentage = 4.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 51,815
| percentage = 58.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==See also==
* [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.797|77.047|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Pistha (2022 film)

2026-04-26T02:06:38Z

Tanisha R: Put Up New Post

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pistha
| image = Pistha (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = M. Ramesh Baarathi
| producer = Sambasivam
| writer = M. Ramesh Baarathi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Metro Shirish]]
*[[Mrudula Murali]]
*[[Sathish]]
}}
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = M. Vijay
| editing = M. Ramesh Baarathi
| studio = One Man Productions
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|07}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pistha''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by M. Ramesh Baarathi and starring [[Metro Shirish]] and [[Mrudula Murali]]. It was released on 7 October 2022.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Metro Shirish]] as Sandhai Saravanan
*[[Mrudula Murali]] as Selvi
*[[Arundhati Nair]] as Nandhinee
*[[Sathish]] as Sathish
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Namo Narayana]] as Mahal Owner
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Mark Babu
*Chandini as Bride alliance
*[[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Kamal Haasan (Saravanan's father)
*[[Swaminathan]] as Gemini Ganesan (Saravanan"s grandfather)
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as catering owner
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Saravanan's relative
*[[Supergood Subramani]]
*[[Rangammal]]
}}

==Production==
Ramesh Bharathi, the editor of ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' (2016), announced that he would work with actor [[Shirish Saravanan|Shirish]] on a comedy entertainer titled ''Pistha'' in July 2017.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The shoot began during August 2017, with a number of notable supporting actors including [[Sathish]], [[Yogi Babu]] and [[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]] joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2017 |title=Pistha is full of celebration, love and comedy: Shirish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pistha-is-full-of-celebration-love-and-comedy-shirish/articleshow/59819631.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pistha-is-full-of-celebration-love-and-comedy-shirish/articleshow/59819631.cms |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Senthil joins Pistha |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230817/senthil-joins-pistha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142809/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230817/senthil-joins-pistha.html |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Production progressed slowly, with a five-year delay between the film's start and release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Shirish takes a rural avatar for Pistha |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310519/shirish-takes-a-rural-avatar-for-pistha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081546/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310519/shirish-takes-a-rural-avatar-for-pistha.html |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

Prior to the film's release, it was marketed as the 25th film of music composer [[Dharan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2017 |title='Pistha' is "Metro" Shirish's Next |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/pistha-is-metro-shirishs-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081544/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/pistha-is-metro-shirishs-next/ |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2019 |title=Dharan brings Yuvan on board for his 25th film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dharan-brings-yuvan-on-board-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/70910195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dharan-brings-yuvan-on-board-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/70910195.cms |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Music==
*"Azhagula Rasathi" - [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
*"Vaa Vaa" - Ranina Reddy, Ramesh

==Reception==
The film was released on 7 October 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a mixed review, noting that "the effort should have been better".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=Pistha |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pistha-24843 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081608/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pistha-24843 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film a negative review, writing it was "a below average mindless rural entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pistha Movie Review: A below average mindless rural entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pistha/movie-review/94699083.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011080044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pistha/movie-review/94699083.cms |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film also received mixed reviews from critics at ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Dinamalar]]'' and ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=பிஸ்தா: திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/880228-pistha-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081544/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/880228-pistha-movie-review.html |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=பிஸ்தா - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : பிஸ்தா - கிளைமாக்சில் மட்டும் - Pistha |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/2435/Pistha/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=பிஸ்தா: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/cinema-review-pistha-809712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011081544/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/cinema-review-pistha-809712 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11467972}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]

{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Delp

2026-04-25T04:03:20Z

Tanisha R: started new entry with sources!

'''Delp''' may refer to:

==People==
*[[Delp (surname)]]
*[[Wilhelm Delp Styer]] (1893–1975), United States Army lieutenant general during World War II

==Other uses==
* [[Delp, Indiana]], an unincorporated community
* [[8282 Delp]], a minor planet in the asteroid belt
* [[Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme]] (DELP), a Government Scheme in India

{{disambiguation}}

Binod Jaiswal

2026-04-24T23:16:52Z

Tanisha R: started a page more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Binod Kumar Jaishwal
| office = MLC in [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 8 April 2022
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| parents = Saligram prasad (father)
| constituency = [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
| image =
}}

'''Binod Jaiswal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He has been a member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] since 10 March 2022, representing [[Siwan district|Siwan]]. He is a member [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/video/bihar-mlc-elections-result-big-victory-for-rjd-candidate-vinod-jaiswal-in-siwan/1145955|title=Bihar MLC Elections Result: सीवान में RJD प्रत्याशी विनोद जायसवाल को बड़ी जीत|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/siwan/bihar-mlc-chunav-2022-rjd-candidate-vinod-jaiswal-won-siwan-mlc-seat/videoshow/90710218.cms|title=Siwan News: विनोद जायसवाल ने दिवंगत शहाबुद्दीन को दिया जीत का श्रेय, राजद कार्यकताओं ने मनाया जश्न|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/siwan/bihar-mlc-results-vinod-jaiswal-rjd-won-siwan-exclusive-interview-watch-video/videoshow/90758228.cms|title=Siwan News : 'ये शहाबुद्दीन की जीत है', MLC चुनाव में सफलता के बाद बोले विनोद जायसवाल|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-mlc-election-results-2022-live-updates-cm-nitish-kumar-jdu-bjp-rjd-bihar-mlc-chunav-winner-news-2096858|title=बिहार MLC चुनाव 2022 संपन्न, यहां पढ़ें- किस सीट से किस पार्टी के उम्मीदवार ने मारी बाजी|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|date=8 April 2022|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Binod}}
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Samalkot Junction railway station

2026-04-24T06:44:59Z

Tanisha R: Adding article

{{Short description|Railway junction station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Samarlakota Junction
| type = [[Commuter rail|Commuter]], [[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] and [[Regional rail]] station
| image = File:Nameboard of Samalkot Junction.jpg
| image_caption = Samalkot Junction railway station Nameboard
| address = Samarlalkota, Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.045319|N|82.169169|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = {{plainlist|
* [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
* [[Samarlakota–Kakinada Port branch line]]
}}
| distance =
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 6 {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| train_operators = South Coast Railway zone
| connections =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| parking = Yes available
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SLO
| zone = {{abbrlink|SCoR|South Coast Railway zone}}
| division = {{abbrlink|Vijayawada|Vijayawada railway division}}
}}
| classification = Non-Suburban Grade-3 (NSG-3)
| opened = {{Start date|1899|df=y}}
| closed = 
| former =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| services =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| route_map = {{Howrah–Chennai main line}}
| style = Indian Railways
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Samarlakota railway station''' (station code:SLO)<ref>{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=Portal of Indian Railways|access-date=31 May 2017|page=2|format=PDF}}</ref> is an [[Indian Railways]] station in [[Samarlakota]] of [[Kakinada district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It lies on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] and a junction station for [[Samarlakota–Kakinada Port branch line]], administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]] (formerly [[South Central Railway zone]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |page=7 |format=PDF |date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
Between 1893 and 1896, {{convert|1288|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[East Coast State Railway]], between [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] and {{stnlnk|Cuttack}} was opened for traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|publisher=South Eastern Railway|access-date=2013-01-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1|archive-date=1 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900-1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Samarlakota is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-3 (NSG-3)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–3 category station earns between {{₹|20}}–{{₹|100}} [[crore]] and handles {{Nowrap|5–10 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Station amenities ==
Samarlakota is one of the 38 stations in the division to be equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title=SCR introduces mobile paper ticketing facility in 38 stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SCR-introduces-mobile-paper-ticketing-facility-in-38-stations/article17099376.ece |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2017 }}</ref>

== Halting trains ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Train No.
!Train Name
!Source
!Destination
!Arrival
!Departure
!Halt
!Running
!Towards
|-
|18190
|Ernakulam - Tatanagar Express
|Ernakulam Jn.
|Tatanagar Jn.
|08:23
|08:25
|2 min
|Thu, Mon
|Duvvada, Vizianagaram Jn., Rayagada, Sambalpur, Rourkela
|-
|12805
|Janmabhoomi SF Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|Lingampalli
|08:34
|08:35
|1 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Vijayawada Jn., Tenali Jn., Guntur Jn., Nalgonda, Secunderabad Jn.
|-
|13352
|Allepy - Dhanbad Express
|Alappuzha
|Dhanbad Jn.
|08:34
|08:35
|1 min
|All Days
|Visakhapatnam Jn., Rayagada, Sambalpur, Rourkela, Ranchi, Bokaro Steel City
|-
|12718
|Ratnachal SF Express
|Vijayawada Jn.
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|09:23
|09:25
|2 min
|All Days
|Tuni, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam Jn.
|-
|17240
|Simhadri Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|Guntur Jn.
|09:34
|09:35
|1 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru, Vijayawada Jn., Guntur Jn.
|-
|17249
|Tirupati - Kakinada Town Express
|Tirupati
|Kakinada Town
|09:48
|09:50
|2 min
|All Days
|Kakinada Town
|-
|12803
|Nizamuddin Swarna Jayanti SF Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|Hazrat Nizamuddin
|10:18
|10:20
|2 min
|Mon, Fri
|Vijayawada Jn., Warangal, Balharshah, Nagpur, Itarsi Jn., Bhopal Jn., Virangana Lakshmibai, Gwalior Jn., Agra Cantt., Mathura Jn., H. Nizamuddin
|-
|12835
|Yesvantpur SF Express
|Hatia
|Yesvantpur Jn.
|10:58
|11:00
|2 min
|Wed, Mon
|Vijayawada Jn., Nellore, Tirupati, Chittor, Katpadi Jn., Jolarpettai, Yesvantpur Jn.
|-
|13351
|Dhanbad - Allepy Express
|Dhanbad Jn.
|Alappuzha
|11:14
|11:15
|1 min
|All Days
|Vijayawada Jn., Ongole,Kavali,Nellore, MGR Chennai Central, Arakkonam Jn., Katpadi Jn., Salem Jn., Erode Jn., Coimbatore Jn., Palakkad, Ernakulam Jn.
|-
|12804
|Visakhapatnam Swarna Jayanti SF Express
|Hazrat Nizamuddin
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|11:18
|11:20
|2 min
|Thu, Mon
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|-
|17239
|Simhadri Express
|Guntur Jn.
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|12:13
|12:15
|2 min
|All Days
|Tuni, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam Jn.
|-
|11019
|Konark Express
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT)
|Bhubaneswar
|12:23
|12:25
|2 min
|All Days
|Visakhapatnam Jn., Palasa, Brahmapur
|-
|17222
|LTT - Kakinada Port Express
|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
|Kakinada Port
|12:35
|12:37
|2 min
|Fri, Mon
|Kakinada Town, Kakinada Port
|-
|17644
|Circar Express
|Kakinada Port
|Chengalpattu
|14:47
|14:49
|2 min
|All Days
|Bhimavaram Town, Gudivada Jn., Vijayawada Jn., New Guntur, Tenali Jn., Ongole, Kavali ,Nellore, Chennai Egmore, Tambaram
|-
|12717
|Ratnachal SF Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|Vijayawada Jn.
|15:06
|15:07
|1 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru
|-
|17250
|Kakinada Town - Tirupati Express
|Kakinada Town
|Tirupati
|15:08
|15:10
|2 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru, Vijayawada Jn., Tenali Jn., Bapatla, Ongole, Kavali , Nellore, Sri Kalahasti, Renigunta Jn.
|-
|18463
|Prasanti Express
|Bhubaneswar
|KSR Bengaluru City Jn.
|15:33
|15:35
|2 min
|All Days
|Vijayawada Jn., Guntur Jn., Nandyal, Guntakal Jn., Gooty Jn., Anantapur, Dharmavaram Jn., Hindupur
|-
|17488
|Tirumala Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|Kadapa
|16:19
|16:20
|1 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru, Vijayawada Jn., Tenali Jn., Bapatla, Ongole, Kavali, Nellore, Gudur Jn., Sri Kalahasti, Tirupati, Rengiunta Jn., Razampeta
|-
|12806
|Janmabhoomi SF Express
|Lingampalli
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|16:23
|16:25
|2 min
|All Days
|Tuni, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam Jn.
|-
|12839
|Chennai Mail
|Howrah Jn.
|MGR Chennai Central
|16:29
|16:30
|1 min
|All Days
|Rajamundry, Vijayawada Jn., Tenali Jn., Bapatla, Ongole, Nellore, Gudur Jn.
|-
|17210
|Seshadri Express
|Kakinada Town
|KSR Bengaluru City Jn.
|17:38
|17:40
|2 min
|All Days
|Bhimavaram Town, Gudivada Jn. Vijayawada Jn., Tenali Jn., Ongole, Kavali, Nellore, Renigunta Jn., Tirupati, Chittor, Katpadi Jn., Jolarpettai, Kuppam, Krishnarajapuram
|-
|15906
|Vivek Express
|Dibrugarh
|Kanniyakumari
|17:54
|17:55
|1 min
|Mon
|Vijayawada Jn., Ongole, Nellore, Renigunta Jn., Katpadi Jn., Salem Jn., Erode Jn., Coimbatore Jn., Palakkad, Ernakulam Town, Thiruvananthapuram Central, Nagarcoil Jn.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Samalkot Junction railway station}}
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/samarlakota-junction-slo/410 Trains at Samarlakota]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Central Railway zone|left=Pithapuram|right=Gudaparti|type=[[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
|line2=South Central Railway zone|left2=|right2=Sarpavaram|type2=[[Samarlakota–Kakinada Port branch line]]}}

{{South Central Railway zone|state=expanded}}
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1893]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Andhra Pradesh]]

National Public School educational institutions

2026-04-21T08:53:23Z

Tanisha R: Made New Data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=March 2025}}
{{Tone|date=March 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
}}
'''The National Public School''' (NPS) is one of India’s educational networks, founded by Dr. K. P. Gopalkrishna in 1959 in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Guin |first1=Moumita |date=21 May 2024 |title=20 Best Schools in Bangalore, India 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/expressdeals/study/best-schools-in-bangalore-india |access-date=29 August 2024 |publisher=newindianexpress}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] included NPS in the top 20 best schools in Bangalore.<ref name=":0" /> NPS schools follow the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum, focusing on creating a supportive, innovative, and technologically advanced learning environment.

== History ==
The National Public School group was founded in 1959 by Dr. K.P. Gopalkrishna, an educationist with a visionary approach to schooling. The first NPS school was established in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, and quickly gained a reputation for its focus on all-round development. The success of the initial school led to the establishment of multiple branches, both within Bangalore and other parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/02/03/forbes-india-bindu-hari-national-public-school-six-lessons.html|title=Six Lessons For Parents|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newer campuses and franchise schools, such as NPS ITPL (established in 2018) and NPS North (opened in 2022), continue to carry forward the group’s legacy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Best CBSE School in North Bangalore, Yelahanka {{!}} National Public School |url=https://npsnorth.com/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=NPS North |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Best CBSE School in ITPL Bangalore, Kadugodi {{!}} National Public School |url=https://npsitpl.com/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=NPS ITPL |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Academic ==
NPS schools are affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]). The academic programs emphasise not only subject proficiency but also skill development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Student Prize 2024: Two students from Karnataka, 1 from Rajasthan among top 50 finalists |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//education/global-student-prize-2024-two-students-from-karnataka-1-from-rajasthan-among-top-50-finalists-3109777 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> NPS integrates a flexible and continuous assessment model that caters to diverse learning styles. The curriculum blends traditional academic rigour with modern pedagogical methods, creating a dynamic environment for students from Kindergarten through Grade 12.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-23 |title=THiS schools record good results in CBSE exams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/this-schools-record-good-results-in-cbse-exams/article68205109.ece |access-date=2024-11-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Academic Achievements ==
Schools under the National Public School Educational Institutions group have consistently reported strong CBSE board exam results.

In 2024, NPS branches contributed to Bengaluru’s Class 10 pass rate of 98.9%,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Bengaluru region shines in CBSE Class 10 board results with 98.90% pass rate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bengaluru-region-shines-in-cbse-class-10-board-results-with-98-90-pass-rate-10001803/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> with several students also securing above 95% in Class 12 exams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=CBSE Class 12 exam results: Bengaluru region secures above 95% pass percentage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/cbse-class-12-exam-bengaluru-above-95-pass-10001888/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> NPS Mysuru recorded a 100% pass rate in Class 10. Past reports have also highlighted excellent results in both Class 10 and 12.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=NPS achieves 100% results in Class 10 results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/nps-achieves-100-results-in-class-10-results/articleshow/121145039.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== List of Schools ==
The NPS group operates numerous schools across Bangalore and other cities. Notable campuses include:

* [[National Public School, Indiranagar]]
* [[National Public School, Rajajinagar]]
* [[National Public School, Koramangala]]
* [[The International School Bangalore]]
* [https://npshsr.com/ National Public School, HSR]
* [https://globalmontessoricentre.in/ GMC HSR]
* [https://www.npsinternationalchennai.com/ NPSI, Chennai (Perumbakkam)]
* [https://www.npschennai.com/ NPS Gopalapuram]
* [https://www.gmcgpr.com/ GMC Gopalapuram]
* [https://www.npsmysore.com/ NPSI Mysore]
* [https://www.nafl.in/ NAFL Basveshwarnagar]
* [https://naflnorth.com/ NAFL North (Urbana)]
* [https://www.npsinternational.com.sg/ NPSI Singapore]
* [https://tta.net.in/ TISB Training Academy]
* [https://www.npshrd.com/ National Public School, Hosur Road]
* [https://npskrpuram.com/ National Public School, KR Puram]
* [https://npsitpl.com/ National Public School, ITPL]
* [https://www.npskalaburagi.com/ National Public School, Kalaburagi]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:International schools in India]]
[[Category:Secondary education in India]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1959]]

Chintapalle Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:59Z

Tanisha R: started first data and citations!

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chintapalle
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 1978
| abolished = 2008
| type= SLA
}}
'''Chintapalle''' was a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was one of 15 constituencies in [[Visakhapatnam district]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]], [[Parvathipuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Parvathipuram]], [[Salur (Assembly constituency)|Salur]], [[Araku Valley (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Araku Valley]], [[Palakonda (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Palakonda]] and [[Rampachodavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Rampachodavaram]].<ref name=delimitation1976/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 1978: Depuru Kondala Rao, [[Janata Party]]<ref name="ECI20180926">{{cite web |title=Party wise comparison since 1978 |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp37.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=2018-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331113935/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp37.htm |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1983: Korabu Venkata Ratnam, [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />
* 1985: MVV Satyanarayana,<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref> [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />
* 1989: [[Balaraju Pasupuleti]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />
* 1994: Goddeti Demudu, [[Communist Party of India]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />
* 1999: MVV Satyanarayana,<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref> [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />
* 2004: Goddeti Demudu,<ref name=election2004/> [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="ECI20180926" />

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chintapalle<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Goddeti Demudu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.87|82.35|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra_Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Fort Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:43Z

Tanisha R: started some post basic info

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fort
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]]
| constituency_no = 77
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1978
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| electors =
}}
'''Fort Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1978 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Jurisdiction==
The places under the constituency:
Chamarajpet (East), Fort, Visveswarapuram, Shankarapuram, Kempegowdanagar, Hanumantanagar and Basaveshwara Temple divisions of [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Delimitation, 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | [[T. R. Shamanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Fort <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. R. Shamanna]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,625 |percentage = 33.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Narasinga Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,209 |percentage = 27.26% |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Thimmarayi Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,262 |percentage = 22.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Subbarama Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,746 |percentage = 16.41% |change = {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,416 |percentage = 5.88% |change = {{decrease}}25.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,201 |percentage = 53.01% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,120}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}19.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Fort <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. R. Shamanna]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,116 |percentage = 53.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. S. Murthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,327 |percentage = 21.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. T. Prabhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,529 |percentage = 16.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,192 |percentage = 9.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,789 |percentage = 31.58% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,522 |percentage = 52.96% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,164}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,069 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.962846|77.575889|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

Dakha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:25Z

Tanisha R: started basic page v1!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dakha
| map_image = 68-Dakha.svg
| mla = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2019
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:187760 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
}}
'''Dakha Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 68) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> Until 2008, Dakha constituency was reserved for SC candidates. Since 2012 election it was opened to all candidates. [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]] is the MLA from Dakha since 2019.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Jagir Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan=2 | Basant Singh ||rowspan=2 |
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal| rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Charanjit Singh ||
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2 | Basant Singh ||rowspan=2 |
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| Malkiat Singh Dakha ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Bikramjit Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Malkiat Singh Dakha ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Darshan Singh Shivalik]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]] ||[[File:Manpreet Singh Ayali.jpg|65px]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]<ref name=election2017/> ||[[File:H. S. Phoolka.jpg|65px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|2019 ByPoll
| rowspan="2" |[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]] ||rowspan=2 | [[File:Manpreet Singh Ayali.jpg|65px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: 68. Dakha<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|votes = {{formatnum:49909}}
|percentage = 34.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Captain Sandeep Singh Sandhu<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:44102}}
|percentage = 30.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr KNS Kang
|votes = {{formatnum:42994}}
|percentage = 30.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1171}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5807}}
|percentage = 4.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:142739}}
|percentage = 75.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:187760}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===By election 2019===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: 68. Dakha<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|votes = 66,297
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sandeep Singh Sandhu
|votes = 51,625
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Insaaf Party
|candidate = Sukhdev Singh Chak
|votes = 8,441
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amandeep Singh Mohie
|votes = 2,804
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 642
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,31,798
|percentage = 71.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser =Aam Aadmi Party
|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2019"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: 68. Dakha<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58923}}
|percentage = 40.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54754}}
|percentage = 37.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Major Singh Bhaini]]
|votes = {{formatnum:28571}}
|percentage = 19.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:981}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4169}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:145306}}
|percentage = 81.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:179549}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

=== 2012 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: 68. Dakha }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:72208}}
|percentage = 52.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jasbir Singh Khangura
|votes = {{formatnum:55820}}
|percentage = 40.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:16388}}
|percentage = 11.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:138356}}
|percentage = 84.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:163484}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner =Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

===Past elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2007||54||Dakha (SC)||Darshan Singh Shivalik||SAD||94807||Malkiat Singh Dakha||INC||79006
|-
|2002||55||Dakha (SC)||Malkiat Singh Dakha||INC||51570||Darshan Singh Shivalik||SAD||42844
|-
|1997||55||Dakha (SC)||Bikramjit Singh||SAD||64605||Malkit Singh Dakha||INC||49495
|-
|1992||55||Dakha (SC)||Malkiat Singh||INC||4404||Ghanaya Lal||BJP||1225
|-
|1985||55||Dakha (SC)||Basant Singh||SAD||39511||Mohinder Singh||INC||23529
|-
|1980||55||Dakha (SC)||Basant Singh||SAD||31560||Jagjit Singh||INC (I)||27113
|-
|1977||55||Dakha (SC)||Charanjit Singh||SAD||31908||Gurcharan Singh||INC||20178
|-
|1972||65||Dakha (SC)||Basant Singh||SAD||25565||Harbans Singh Sayan||INC||23372
|-
|1969||65||Dakha (SC)||Basant Singh||SAD||22641||Jagir Singh||INC||11476
|-
|1967||65||Dakha (SC)||Jagir Singh||INC||18060||Basant Singh||ADS||16903
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.86|75.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Badopal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:40Z

Tanisha R: added info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badopal Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 61,296
|mla = Mehar Chand
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Badopal Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Partap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mehar Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badopal<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,490 |percentage=55.56% |change={{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirthi |party=Independent politician |votes=12,245 |percentage=28.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheo Baksh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,983 |percentage=7.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harphil Singh |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=2,075 |percentage=4.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,486 |percentage=3.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,245 |percentage=26.60% |change= {{increase}}19.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,279 |percentage=70.96% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,296 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badopal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968
|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=18,791 |percentage=52.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,191 |percentage=45.42% |change={{decrease}}20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,600 |percentage=7.29% |change= {{decrease}}36.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,644 |percentage=62.28% |change= {{decrease}}15.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,819 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badopal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,034 |percentage=65.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=9,289 |percentage=22.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bakhsh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=3,346 |percentage=8.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Swarup |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=854 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Karan |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,745 |percentage=43.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,984 |percentage=78.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,040 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.36|74.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Suratgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:26Z

Tanisha R: Adding details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Suratgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-4-Suratgarh.svg
| mla = [[Dungar Ram Gedar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Suratgarh District]]
| established = 1957
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 4
}}

'''Suratgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Suratgarh Constituency covers all voters from [[Suratgarh tehsil]] and part of [[Vijaynagar tehsil]], which includes [[Jaitsar|ILRC Jaitsar]].<ref name="election2011">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111121184132/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suratgarh Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Suratgarh, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/Suratgarh.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Raja Ram|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Manphool Singh
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Yogendra Nath|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Gurusharan Chabbra|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sunil Kumar Bishnoi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Hans Raj|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Sunil Kumar Bishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Amar Chand Middha|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Vijay Laxmi Bishnoi|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ashok Nagpal|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Gangajal Meel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Rajendar Singh Bhadu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Rampratap Kasniyan
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Dungar Ram Gedar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Suratgarh<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dungar Ram Gedar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:116841}}
|percentage = 55.87
|change = {{increase}}25.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Pratap Kashniya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66382}}
|percentage = 31.74
|change = {{decrease}}4.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajender Singh Bhadu
|votes = {{formatnum:9826}}
|percentage = 4.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prithviraj Meel
|party = Jannayak Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:6840}}
|percentage = 3.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahinder Singh Bhadoo
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2153}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = {{decrease}}28.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Liladhar
|votes = {{formatnum:1895}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1717}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50459}}
|percentage = 24.13
|change = {{increase}}18.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209143}}
|percentage = 81.63
|change = {{decrease}}1.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Suratgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rampratap Kasniyan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69032}}
|percentage = 36.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hanuman Meel
|votes = {{formatnum:58797}}
|percentage = 30.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dungar Ram Gedar
|votes = {{formatnum:55543}}
|percentage = 29.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1591}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10235}}
|percentage = 5.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191197}}
|percentage = 83.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.31|73.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Fauna of Gujarat

2026-04-15T20:08:02Z

Tanisha R: started a stub with sources!

{{short description|Native animals of Gujarat}}
'''Gujarat''', a state located in [[Western India]], includes fauna from ecosystems such as the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], the semi-arid forests on the [[Kathiawar|Kathiawar Peninsula]], and the arid salt flats of the [[Rann of Kutch]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Gujarat |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |website=Britannica}}</ref>

It is estimated that [[Gujarat]] is home to more than 500 species of [[mammals]], 2,000 species of [[Bird|birds]], and a wide range{{clarification needed|date=April 2024}} of [[Insect|insects]], [[fish]], [[amphibians]], and [[reptiles]]. The [[Asiatic lion]], an [[endangered species]] of cat, is found in [[Gir National Park]]. Gujarat's coastal areas, including the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] and the [[Gulf of Kutch]], host a nationally important range of species of [[fish]], [[crustaceans]], and [[migratory birds]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=N. V. Subba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdEUAQAAIAAJ&q=marine+life+of+gujarat |title=Fauna of Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat: An Overview |last2=Sastry |first2=D. R. K. |date=2005 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-8171-061-1 |language=en}}</ref> Gujarat's fauna is conserved by [[protected areas]], [[wildlife sanctuaries]], and [[National park|national parks]].

== History ==
In the early 1980s, [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] found [[dinosaur egg]] fossil sites containing hatcheries and remains of at least 13 dinosaur species in [[Balasinor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-11 |title=The wonders of India's Jurassic Park |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8671676.stm |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A prominent find was that of a carnivorous [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] named ''[[Rajasaurus|Rajasaurus narmadensis]],'' which lived in the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.

== Mammals ==
[[File:Golden Jackal at Rajkot 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Golden Jackal at Rajkot]]
In the [[Little Rann of Kutch]], the [[Indian Wild Ass|Indian wild ass]], locally known as [[Ghudkhur|Ghudkhar]], inhabits arid grasslands and scrublands. Also present is the [[Indian Elephant|Indian elephant]], found in [[Gir National Park]], [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]], and other forested areas. [[Sloth bear]]s reside in the [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5mRrgEACAAJ |title=Mammals in Gujarat |date=2013 |publisher=Gujarat Forest Department and Gujarat State Biodiversity Board |language=en}}</ref> The [[Blackbuck]] is commonly seen in [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar|Velavadar National Park]] and the [[Little Rann of Kutch]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kankane |first1=P. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w40a8qTIpC0C&q=mammals+in+gujarat |title=Status Survey of Some Mammals in Gujarat with Special Reference to Chinkara and Desert Cat |last2=Sharma (Entomologist) |first2=Gaurav |last3=Venkataraman |first3=K. |date=2014 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-8171-391-9 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Rhinoceros]] is also present in the [[Wild Ass Sanctuary]] within the Little Rann of Kutch.

Additionally, smaller animal species in Gujarat include the [[Indian grey mongoose|Indian Gray Mongoose]] and the [[White-footed fox|Desert Fox.]]

[[Humpback dolphin|Humpback Dolphins]] and [[Dugong|Dugongs]] are present and are often spotted in both the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf of Kutch IMMA |url=https://www.marinemammalhabitat.org/portfolio-item/gulf-kutch/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Commons category|Mammals of Gujarat}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Biota of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Gujarat]]

Veedekkadi Mogudandi!

2026-04-15T20:06:51Z

Tanisha R:

{{Short description|2001 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title =
| name = Veedekkadi Mogudandi...!
| image = Veedekkadi Mogudandi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| producer = Yalamanchali Sai Babu
| writer =
| screenplay = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
| story = [[K. Subash|Subhash]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]]<br />[[Sruthi Raj]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = Ekanath
| editing =
| studio = Sri Saibaba Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|11|15|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veedekkadi Mogudandi...!''''' ({{translation|What kind of a husband is he!}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news139.html|title=Venu with six new directors|date=8 June 2001|work=Idlebrain|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502090526/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news139.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news200.html|title=Jagapathi Babu faces identity crisis|date=1 March 2002|work=Idlebrain|access-date=2 May 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904050834/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news200.html}}</ref> The film stars [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] and [[Sruthi Raj]]. The film's musical score is by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], and the film released on 15 November 2001. It was an average grosser at the box office.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date= |title=Reviews of 2001 Released Movies |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020210063024/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html|archive-date= 10 February 2002}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sriram, a staunch believer in astrology, learns from a prediction that his wife will die during childbirth. Fearing this outcome, he decides never to marry. His father and elder brother attempt to change his mind, as elder brother's wife is unable to conceive, leaving the family without heirs. Despite their efforts, Sriram uses various tricks to avoid marriage.

Eventually, the family arranges Sriram's marriage to Sruth. In an attempt to escape the wedding, Sriram falsely claims he is already married, but Sruthi persists and marries him regardless. After the marriage, Sriram continues to avoid consummating the relationship. Sriram's elder brother intervenes by giving him aphrodisiac tablets, leading to Sruthi becoming pregnant and giving birth to a healthy child. This experience causes Sriram to abandon his belief in astrology.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] as Sriram
* [[Sruthi Raj]] as Sruthi (Voice dubbed by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* [[Geetu Mohandas]] as Sruthi's younger sister
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Sriram's father
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Sriram's elder brother
* [[Ahuti Prasad|Ahuti Prasad]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as the astrologer
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Sruthi's cousin
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Sruthi's father
* [[AVS (actor)|A. V. S.]] as Sastry
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as doctor
* [[Raja Ravindra]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Mukku Raju]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* Devi
* Priyanka
* Subharani
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the return of E. V. V. Satyanarayana to the comedy genre after ''[[Ammo! Okato Tareekhu]]'' and ''[[Maa Aavida Meeda Ottu Mee Aavida Chala Manchidi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news135.html|title=EVV is back to his elements|date=23 March 2001|work=Idlebrain|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134148/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's story was written by Tamil film director [[K. Subhash]] and it was launched on 15 May 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/clappeda.html|title=EVV to direct Venu|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011105081204/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/clappeda.html|archive-date=5 November 2001}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paalu Ready
| length1 = 4:03
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Thaluku Thaluku
| length2 = 5:33
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Paadave Koyila
| length3 = 4:05
| extra3 = Sriram Prabhu, Raadhika
| title4 = Ayyo Babu
| length4 = 5:05
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Raadhika
| title5 = Julie Laila Sushma
| length5 = 6:01
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title6 = Maghuvani Nammakura
| length6 = 4:58
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| total_length = 28:50
}}

== Reception ==
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The strength of the film is its dialogue by Marudhuri Raja and his associates, which is the main vehicle of humour. Comedy is EVV's forte and director seems to be comfortable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=15 November 2001 |title=Movie review – Veedekkadi Mogudandi – by Gudipoodi Srihari |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-veedekkadi.html |website=The Hindu |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502084805/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-veedekkadi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.25/5 and opined, "This is a 'must-watch' film for all the [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana|EVV]] movie lovers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=15 November 2001 |title=Movie review – Veedekkadi Mogudandi? |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veedekkadi.html |website=Idlebrain |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430011132/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veedekkadi.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.25|5}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news176.html|title=RP Patnaik to score for Chiranjeevi|date=20 November 2001|work=Idlebrain|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502090526/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news176.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1575706}}
{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:2001 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

120 Bahadur

2026-04-14T22:06:41Z

Tanisha R: added a entry

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Razneesh Ghai}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 120 Bahadur
| image = 120 Bahadur.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Razneesh 'Razy' Ghai
| writer = Rajiv G. Menon{{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Dialogues by | data1 = [[Sumit Arora]]}}
| story =
| producer = Farhan Akhtar<br />[[Ritesh Sidhwani]]<br /> Amit Chandra
| starring = [[Farhan Akhtar]]<br/>[[Raashii Khanna]]<br/>[[Vivan Bhatena]]<br/>[[Ankit Siwach]]
| narrator = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| cinematography = [[Tetsuo Nagata]]
| editing = [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />[[Salim–Sulaiman]]<br />Amjad Nadeem Aamir<br />'''Score:'''<br />Satish Raghunathan
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]<br/>Trigger Happy Studios
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2025 |title=''120 Bahadur'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/120-bahadur-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmzmzmx |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} ₹80–90 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office: पहले वीकेंड पर मस्ती 4 से आगे निकली 120 बहादुर, बजट से रह गई है इतनी दूर |publisher=NDTV |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/120-bahadur-surpasses-masti-4-in-opening-weekend-in-box-office-know-both-film-budget-9688513 |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|20}} crore<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/120-bahadur/box-office/|access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''120 Bahadur''''' ({{translation|120 Bravehearts}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Historical film|historical]] [[war film]] directed by Razneesh ‘Razy’ Ghai and produced by [[Excel Entertainment]] and Trigger Happy Studios. The film stars [[Farhan Akhtar]] as [[Shaitan Singh|Major Shaitan Singh]] and [[Raashii Khanna]] in a [[Special appearance]] as Shugan Kanwar, the wife of Shaitan Singh. The film recounts the [[Battle of Rezang La]], considered one of the major events of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and fought on 18 November 1962, when 120 soldiers of the Charlie Company, 13 [[Kumaon Regiment]], made up of [[Ahir]]s, defended their post against a 3000-strong Chinese Army contingent, inflicting on them over 1300 casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=
Explained: The Ahir Regiment demand|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-ahir-regiment-demand-7833461/|access-date=2025-08-25 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2022 }}</ref>

The film portrays [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Shaitan Singh|Shaitan Singh Bhati]], who was posthumously conferred the [[Param Vir Chakra]] which is India's highest military honour, for his bravery in the Battle of Rezang La.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title=Farhan Akhtar shares behind-the-scenes picture of '120 Bahadur' shoot in Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farhan-akhtar-shares-behind-the-scenes-picture-of-120-bahadur-shoot-in-ladakh/articleshow/113348171.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=120 Bahadur': Farhan Akhtar returns to acting, will play Major Shaitan Singh PVC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/farhan-akhtar-major-shaitan-singh-pvc-120-bahadur-battle-of-rezang-la-2593438-2024-09-04 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 21 November 2025 and was featured in the Gala Premiere section of the [[56th International Film Festival of India|56th IFFI]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-09 |title=BREAKING: The Family Man Season 3, Gustaakh Ishq, Vadh 2, 120 Bahadur, Tere Ishk Mein, Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders to have gala premiers at 56th IFFI Goa : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-family-man-season-3-gustaakh-ishq-vadh-2-120-bahadur-tere-ishk-mein-raat-akeli-hai-bansal-murders-gala-premiers-56th-iffi-goa/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics with praise for the performances and war sequences but some criticised the screenplay.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=120 Bahadur|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/120_bahadur|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> The film was declared [[Tax exemption|tax-free]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='120 Bahadur' made tax-free in Delhi: Movie based on Kumaon Regiment during 1962 Battle of Rezabg La|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/125629464.cms|access-date=2025-11-28 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur: After Delhi, Rajasthan Becomes Second State To Grant Tax-Free Status To War Drama Movie
|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/120-bahadur-after-delhi-rajasthan-becomes-second-state-to-grant-tax-free-status-to-war-drama-movie-10282783|access-date=2025-11-28 |work=[[The Daily Jagran]]}}</ref> It was a [[box-office bomb]], grossing ₹20 crores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Farhan Akhtar's '120 Bahadur' becomes his sixth film to miss Rs 3 Crore opening day mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-becomes-his-sixth-film-to-miss-rs-3-crore-opening-day-mark/articleshow/125499605.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-27 |title=Gujarati film 'Laalo -Krishna Sada Sahaayate' outperforms 'Eko', '120 Bahadur ', 'Mastiii 4' and 'De De Pyaar De 2' on Wednesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/gujarati-film-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-outperforms-eko-120-bahadur-mastiii-4-and-de-de-pyaar-de-2-on-wednesday/articleshow/125606281.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
During 1962, rising tensions between [[India]] and [[China]] escalate in the icy heights of [[Ladakh]]. [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Shaitan Singh|Shaitan Singh Bhati]], takes command of Charlie Company, 13 [[Kumaon Regiment]] — a battalion of 120 determined soldiers. His loving yet anxious wife, Shagun Kanwar, prays for his safe return even as she understands the sacrifices that lie ahead. Under Shaitan Singh, the unit is led by experienced soldiers like Ramlal, the cheerful and spirited [[rifleman]]; the respected [[Jemadar]] Surja Ram and Jemadar Hariram Singh, both steady and seasoned leaders; the dedicated [[radio operator]] Ramchander Yadav, and the young Nanha, who dreams of glory but fears the war ahead.

As winter closes in and Chinese forces begin massing along the border, Charlie Company is sent to hold Rezang La — an exposed, freezing mountain pass with no artillery support. Major Shaitan Singh strengthens positions, assigning Jemadar Saab and others to forward firing posts, while [[Sepoy]]s Nihal Singh and Dharampal Dahiya help fortify machine gun nests. Ramlal, Jairam “Kaka”, and Baingan share moments of lighthearted banter, hiding their fear behind humor. At headquarters, Brigadier Raina and Lt. Col. Dhingra do what they can, but both know the grim truth — the men will have to hold on their own until support arrives, if it ever does.
Faced with eminent rout the seniors give Shaitan Singh and his men option to retreat, but that is when Shaitan Singh utters the famous words -''Hum Peeche Nahi Hatenge''. The Chinese attack begins before dawn in a terrifying bombardment. Waves of enemy infantry crash upon the Indian posts in the freezing darkness. Wave after wave the Chinese attacks are repulsed by the Charlie Company despite taking heavy casualties. By mid-afternoon it turns into a [[last stand]] with Shaitan Singh and others refusing to abandon their positions. By the days end, only 6 of the 120 soldiers of Charlie Company are able to survive the Chinese onslaught.

In the emotional aftermath, the six survivors, including Ramchander Yadav and Nihal Singh, recount the battle to commanders. Brigadier Raina and Lt. Col. Dhingra are shaken by the scale of the sacrifice. Major Shaitan Singh who succumbs to his wounds is later awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest war-time gallantry award; while several soldiers receive other war-time gallantry awards posthumously. The final scenes show families receiving the news — Shaitan Singh's wife, and others, holding back tears but proud of their loved ones. Film closes with a tribute to all 120 soldiers who turned [[Rezang La]] into a symbol of unmatched courage, duty, and national pride.

== Cast ==
* [[Farhan Akhtar]] as [[Shaitan Singh|Major Shaitan Singh Bhati]], [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]], [[Company (military unit)|company commander]] of Charlie Company, [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon Regiment]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Shugan Kanwari Singh, wife of Shaitan Singh ([[Special appearance]])
* [[Ankit Siwach]] as [[Sepoy]] Ramlal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Ankit Siwach: Wearing the uniform for 120 Bahadur felt like a dream realised|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-wearing-the-uniform-for-120-bahadur-felt-like-a-dream-realised/articleshow/124683681.cms |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vivan Bhatena]] as [[Jemadar]] Surja Ram, [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Platoon leader|platoon commander]] of 7th platoon, Charlie company
* Dhanveer Singh as [[Jemadar]] Hariram Singh, [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Platoon leader|platoon commander]] of 8th platoon, Charlie company
* Sahib Verma as Nanha
* Sparsh Walia as [[Sepoy]] (later [[Junior commissioned officer|Honorary Captain]]) Ramchander Yadav, [[radio operator]] of Maj Shaitan Singh
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as [[Brigadier]] (later [[General officer|General]]) [[Tapishwar Narain Raina|T.N. Raina]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Brigade|brigade commander]] of 144 mountain brigade
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as [[Lieutenant colonel]] (later [[Colonel]]) H.S. Dhingra, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[commanding officer]] of [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon Regiment]]
* Ashutosh Shukla as [[Sepoy]] Dharampal Singh Dahiya, [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Nursing assistant]] of [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] attached to Charlie company, [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon Regiment]]
* Atul Singh as [[Sepoy]] (later [[Havildar]]) Nihal Singh, [[Sena Medal|SM]]
* Brijesh Karanwal as [[Havildar]] Jairam Kaka, cook of Charlie company, [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon Regiment]]
* Azzy Bagria as [[Havildar]] Ram Singh, Driver of Charlie company, [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon Regiment]]
* Devendra Ahirwar as Baingan
* Digvijay Pratap as [[Jemadar]] (later [[Junior commissioned officer|Honorary Captain]]) Ram Chander, [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Platoon leader|platoon commander]] of 9th platoon, Charlie company
* Marcus Mok as General Gao
* Chien Ho Liao as Chinese sergeant
* Thutan Gombu as Chinese sniper
* Rayomand Jagus as [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|President of India]]

== Production ==
The film has been produced by [[Excel Entertainment]] and Trigger Happy Studios, with Rucha Pathak, Kassim Jagmagia, Vishal Ramchandani, and Jigyasa Sharma as co-producers, Arhan Bagati as the associate executive producer, and Sunitha Ram as the executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar, team of ' 120 Bahadur' unveil Rezang La memorial stamp |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-team-of-%E2%80%98120-bahadur%E2%80%99-unveil-rezang-la-memorial-stamp/3093401 |access-date=2025-11-19 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

===Development===
The first-look poster of the film was released on 18 November 2024, as a tribute on the 62nd anniversary of the Battle of Rezang La, which is recognised as a legendary battle fought on the freezing heights of Eastern Ladakh.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=120 Bahadur first look: Farhan Akhtar plays a fierce soldier, pays tribute to Rezang La heroes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120-bahadur-first-look-farhan-akhtar-plays-a-fierce-soldier-pays-tribute-to-rezang-la-heroes-9675910/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Based on the true story, the film marks the return to acting for Farhan Akhtar after three years of ''[[Toofaan]]'' (2021). In the film he portrays the role of Major Shaitan Singh Bhati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=120 Bahadur first look: Farhan Akhtar plays a fierce soldier, pays tribute to Rezang La heroes|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120-bahadur-first-look-farhan-akhtar-plays-a-fierce-soldier-pays-tribute-to-rezang-la-heroes-9675910/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> While music is being composed by [[Amit Trivedi]]; the lyrics have been penned by acclaimed poet and lyricist, [[Javed Akhtar]] who is also father of Farhan Akhtar. While [[Tetsuo Nagata]], a Japanese-born French cinematographer has been recruited as [[Director of photography|DOP]] for the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-21 |title=120 Bahadur Cast List {{!}} 120 Bahadur Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/120-bahadur/cast/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Farhan Akhtar drops new 120 Bahadur poster |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-drops-new-120-bahadur-poster/cid/2064375 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]] has been recruited as [[editor]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025|title='120 Bahadur' teaser: Farhan Akhtar plays Major Shaitan Singh in this intense retelling of the Battle of Rezang La|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/120-bahadur-teaser-farhan-akhtar-plays-major-shaitan-singh-in-this-intense-retelling-of-the-battle-of-rezang-la/article69896831.ece|access-date=2025-08-16 |website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>

The film's dialogue have been written by Sumit Arora and screenplay is by Rajiv G Menon.<ref name="teaser">{{Cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar's '120 Bahadur' Teaser Out Now: Actor embodies Major Shaitan Singh in Battle of Rezang La leading Indian soldiers against 3000 Chinese troops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-teaser-out-now-actor-embodies-major-shaitan-singh-in-battle-of-rezang-la-leading-indian-soldiers-against-3000-chinese-troops/articleshow/123115575.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In order to recreate the battle scene with authenticity, the makers of the film brought in [[Snow Business (company)|Snow Business]] to recreate vast snow-covered landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Farhan Akhtar's 120 Bahadur ropes in team behind The Witcher, House of the Dragon for war scenes in snow {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-ropes-in-team-behind-gladiator-the-witcher-house-of-the-dragon-for-war-scenes-snow-business-101752748779735.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> For developing authentic looking action sequences for the film and to keep the theme intact, the producers roped in the same action team that worked on a recent [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[World War 1]] film. During shooting in Ladakh, a team of over 600 was present to manage fighting and explosive scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=From sub-zero filming to strong team of 600 people:Inside Farhan Akhtar's '120 Bahadur' shoot; read 5 interesting facts about , the 1962 war epic |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/entertainment/news/from-sub-zero-filming-to-strong-team-of-600-people-135564146.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> To prepare for the film, lead actor Farhan Akhtar who is essaying the role of Major Shaitan Singh Bhati, and other actors underwent a significant transformation, with military-style training including [[hand-to-hand combat]] and acclimatisation for high altitude.<ref name="shot">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=Farhan Akhtar Shot In Minus 10 Degrees Celsius In Ladakh For 120 Bahadur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-shot-in-minus-10-degrees-celsius-in-ladakh-for-120-bahadur-8972756 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Choreography]] has been done by Vijay Ganguly.<ref name="120 Bahadur Cast & Crew">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=120 Bahadur Cast & Crew|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/120-bahadur/cast/|access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
The film marks [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s return to acting after three years since ''[[Toofaan]]'', as he portrays the role of [[Shaitan Singh]]. [[Raashii Khanna]] plays the female lead opposite him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=120 Bahadur Teaser Out: Netizens Hail Farhan Akhtar's Return In Gripping War Epic Based On 1962 Indo-China Battle |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/120-bahadur-teaser-out-netizens-hail-farhan-akhtars-return-in-gripping-war-epic-based-on-1962-indo-china-battle-2941818.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref> The cast also includes Sparsh Walia, [[Ankit Siwach]], [[Vivan Bhatena]], Dhanveer Singh,<ref name="teaser" /> and Sahib Verma in key roles, along with [[Eijaz Khan]] and [[Ajinkya Deo]]. [[Mrunal Thakur]], [[Paresh Rawal]], and [[Hussain Dalal]] are also part of the cast.
Most of the actors playing soldiers are first-time performers who had never faced the camera before and were trained through a grueling six-month program by an international action team.<ref name="cinemaexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Farhan Akhtar's 120 Bahadur was made with the action team of Oscar-winning film; director Razy calls it 'a grueling process' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/06/farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-was-made-with-the-action-team-of-oscar-winning-film-director-razy-calls-it-a-grueling-process?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 4 September 2024, in [[Ladakh]] with logistical support of [[Indian Army]] and has been shot majorly in Ladakh, with some scenes in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=120 बहादुर: रेजांग ला के परमवीर मेजर शैतान सिंह की वीरता पर बनेगी फिल्म, फरहान अख्तर ने शुरू की शूटिंग |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-120-bahadur-film-made-on-bravery-of-paramveer-major-shaitan-singh-rejang-la-farhan-akhtar-starts-shooting-23791997.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur teaser: Farhan Akhtar commands the screen in this epic tribute to Indian Army's bravery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/120-bahadur-teaser-farhan-akhtar-commands-the-screen-in-this-epic-tribute-to-indian-armys-bravery-101754379214390.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> A large part of the film has been shot in the high hills of Ladakh at a height of 14,000 feet where actors battled not just temperatures of -10 degrees [[Celsius]] but also a lack of oxygen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur teaser: Watch Farhan Akhtar as Major Shaitan Singh in story of 120 soldiers vs 3000 Chinese troops |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/120-bahadur-teaser-farhan-akhtar-major-shaitan-singh-bhati-2025-08-05-1002119 |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=[[India TV News]]}}</ref> In late January the final schedule of the film was held in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan over 10 days where flashback scenes related to Farhan's character Shaitan Singh were shot. The 15-day Mumbai schedule was concluded in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Farhan Akhtar to head to Jaipur to shoot flashback scenes for 120 Bahadur |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-farhan-akhtar-head-jaipur-shoot-flashback-scenes-120-bahadur/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Filming in harsh terrain of Ladakh was difficult, even Eijaz Khan considered a fit actor suffered breathing trouble on the 2nd day of the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eijaz Khan Recalls Ladakh Shoot For 120 Bahadur: 'Felt Like I Was Having A Heart Attack'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/eijaz-khan-recalls-ladakh-shoot-for-120-bahadur-felt-like-i-was-having-a-heart-attack-ws-l-9486307.html|access-date=2025-08-15 |publisher=[[News 18]]}}</ref> During the filming, the actors were trained by the team that worked in ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (2022 film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' in body language, hand-to-hand combat, weapons handling, as well as on how to operate a [[.303 rifle]].<ref name="cinemaexpress.com"/>

=== Post-production===
The film's [[post-production]] work included editing, sound design, and VFX, which started soon after shooting was over.<ref name="filmfare.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Farhan Akhtar's 120 Bahadur Teaser to Be Screened With Hrithik Roshan's War 2|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-teaser-to-be-screened-with-hrithik-roshans-war-2_-75604.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] gave his [[voice-over]] for the opening sequence of the film. His voice has been added in post-production. It was revealed during an episode of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' when Farhan Akhtar and his father [[Javed Akhtar]] participated as celebrity contestant and requested Amitabh Bachchan to give voice over of opening sequence as a request.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Amitabh Bachchan to give voiceover for Farhan Akhtar's 120 Bahadur|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/08/amitabh-bachchan-to-give-voiceover-for-farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 17: Amitabh Bachchan accepts Farhan Akhtar's heartfelt request to narrate his war film 120 Bahadur|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaun-banega-crorepati-17-amitabh-bachchan-accepts-farhan-akhtar-heartfelt-request-to-narrate-war-film-120-bahadur/069eed27e7220 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=OTTPLay|language=en}}</ref> The [[background music]] has been given by Satish Raghunathan while sound mixing has been done by Pranav Shukla.<ref name="120 Bahadur Cast & Crew"/>

=== Film title dispute ===
Even before the release of the film, controversy erupted over the title of the film. Rumblings against the film title were ongoing ever since the film was announced in [[social media]] by producers with [[protest]]s organized by members of the [[Yadav]] community in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]. They blocked roads, demanding a change in film title. The protesters wanted the title of the film to be changed to ''120 Veer Ahir'' in order to reflect the contribution of the Yadav community in the 1962 War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-22 |title='Change it to 120 Veer Ahir': Yadav community protests against title of Farhan Akhtar's film '120 Bahadur' in Gurgaon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/change-it-to-120-veer-ahir-yadav-community-protests-against-title-of-farhan-akhtars-film-120-bahadur-in-gurgaon/articleshow/124036589.cms |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The protestors have threatened to expand the agitation after 26 October 2025 if the name was not changed. They demanded that the martyrs should be named, and a tribute should be paid to them at the end of the film, otherwise they will boycott the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Change it to 120 Veer Ahir: Yadav community protests against Farhan's Film '120 Bahadur' in Gurgaon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/124036589.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The Times of India| date=22 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> After protests in Haryana and [[Rajasthan]] against the title of the film, other demonstrations were organized in [[Uttar Pradesh]] on the same lines threatening to stop the release in Uttar Pradesh and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=फतेहपुर मंडाव में फिल्म '120 बहादुर' पर जताई आपत्ति:रेजांगला युद्ध की वीरगाथा में छेड़छाड़ का आरोप, अहीर रेजिमेंट की मांग उठी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/mau/fatehpur-mandao/news/nationwide-protests-against-the-film-120-bahadur-135999810.html|access-date=2025-09-24 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]]|language=hi}}</ref> In August 2025, Ahir Janjagrati Foundation of Rajasthan had sent a [[legal notice]] to Farhan Akhtar and others for downplaying the contribution of Ahir Yadav community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan's Yadav Community Sends Legal Notice To Farhan Akhtar Over Film '120 Bahadur'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/rajasthans-yadav-community-sends-legal-notice-to-farhan-akhtar-over-film-120-bahadur |website=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2025, hundreds of protestors in Gurgaon, Bal Kishan Yadav, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader and councillor from [[Manesar]], explaining : "Our community is here today to ensure our valiant efforts are reflected in history instead of being wiped out as is being attempted. The character Farhan Akhtar plays (Major Shaitan Singh) did lead the 100+ [[Ahir]]s but our sacrifice should not be forgotten by promoting only the [[Chauhan (Koli clan)|Chauhan]] community.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Hundreds take to streets against Farhan-starrer movie: 'Doesn't credit sacrifice of Ahir soldiers in 1962 war' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ahirs-march-from-gurgaon-to-delhi-border-seek-renaming-of-farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-10328169/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswal |first=Sujata |date=2025-10-26 |title=Ahir community took to streets to protest Farhan Akhtar's "120 Bahadur;" Click here for full story |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/mumbai/ahir-community-took-to-streets-to-protest-farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur-click-here-for-full-story |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Dynamite News |language=en}}</ref> A group of ahir yadav leaders in Gurgaon, have threatened to stall the release of the film in Harayana, if the name of the film is not changed to '120 Veer Ahir' and claimed the title is an insult to their martyred. The protestors on 28 October 2025 also blocked the [[NH-48]] with protest march for several hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वशिष्ठ |first= नीरज|title='हरियाणा में रिलीज नहीं होने देंगे फिल्म...', '120 बहादुर' के विरोध में अहीर नेताओं का पैदल मार्च, NH-48 पर लगा भीषण जाम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/ahir-leaders-foot-march-against-120-bahadur-gurugram-ntc-rpti-2367675-2025-10-26|access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Aajtak |date= 26 October 2025|language=hindi}}</ref> Some even demanded the setting up of separate Ahir Regiment. Ahir community members on 9 November 2025 threatened to file [[First information report|FIRs]] against Farhan Akhtar, if name is not changed. The Ahirs under the banner of Sanyukt Ahir Regiment Morcha have threatened to stop the screening of the film, demanding that the film name must be changed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वशिष्ठ |first= नीरज|title=Ahir community calls for boycott of 120 Bahadur: 'Will file FIRs against Farhan Akhtar… won't let film run in theatres' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ahir-community-calls-for-boycott-of-film-120-bahadur-10355736/|access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Indian Express|date= 9 November 2025|language=hindi}}</ref> In a sort of reply to accusations [[Farhan Akhtar]] while promoting the film on ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' revealed the reason, why he named the film ''120 Bahadur''.<ref name="Verma">{{Cite web |last=Verma|first= Ashish|title=Aap Ki Adalat: Farhan Akhtar reveals why he named his latest movie '120 Bahadur' and not 'Major Shaitan Singh' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/aap-ki-adalat-farhan-akhtar-reveals-why-he-named-his-latest-movie-120-bahadur-and-not-major-shaitan-singh-2025-11-08-1016527|access-date=2025-11-18|website=India TV News|date= 8 November 2025|language=En}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed an 11th hour [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] filed by the Sanyukt Ahir Regiment Morcha, saying the film distorts historical facts and demanding a change in the film's name. The court further said, if any change or correction is required, it should be done on over-the-top (OTT) release, clearing the film's release as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi High Court dismisses plea claiming 120 Bahadur 'distorts history', Farhan Akhtar film to release as scheduled|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/delhi-high-court-dismisses-plea-claiming-120-bahadur-distorts-history-farhan-akhtar-film-to-release-as-scheduled-101763605308872.html|access-date=2025-11-20|website=Hindustan Times|date=20 November 2025 |language=En}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The first-look poster of the film was released on 18 November 2024, as a tribute on the 62nd anniversary of the Battle of Rezang La, which is recognised as a legendary battle fought on the freezing heights of Eastern Ladakh.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> The official teaser of the film was released on 5 August 2025 in Mumbai, where Narpat Singh, the son of Shaitan Singh was also present.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=120 Bahadur teaser launch: Raashii Khanna on collaborating with Excel Entertainment: "Mera experience bahut accha NAHIN raha as they spoiled me..."; reveals, "Did an ad with Farhan Akhtar 10 years ago; now I'm sharing the big screen with him" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/120-bahadur-teaser-launch-raashii-khanna-collaborating-excel-entertainment-mera-experience-bahut-accha-nahin-raha-spoiled-reveals-ad-farhan-akhtar-10-years-ago/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 August 2025 }}</ref> An official poster of the film was released a day earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=120 Bahadur teaser: Farhan Akhtar leads epic retelling of 1962 Rezang La battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/120-bahadur-teaser-farhan-akhtar-major-shaitan-singh-biopic-1962-rezang-la-war-2766533-2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The teaser was attached with [[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']] in theatres.<ref name="filmfare.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Exclusive Update on 120 Bahadur Teaser: Farhan Akhtar Set to Reveal Initial Preview On...|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-120-bahadur-teaser-war-2-article-152383705|access-date=2025-08-15 |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]|language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on 5 November 2025. The trailer was launched by actor [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] at an event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Yash To Launch 120 Bahadur Trailer Starring Farhan Akhtar As Major Shaitan Singh|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/yash-to-launch-120-bahadur-trailer-starring-farhan-akhtar-as-major-shaitan-singh-ws-kl-9684318.html|access-date=2025-11-06 |publisher=News 18|language=en}}</ref> The music album was launched on 6 November 2025 at a gala event at Royal Opera Hotel in Mumbai where all those associated with film including [[Javed Akhtar]] and singers were present.<ref name="mayapuri.com">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title='120 Bahadur' का हुआ म्यूज़िक लॉन्च, Farhan, Javed Akhtar और Sukhwinder सहित कई हुए शामिल|url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/music-launch-of-120-bahadur-took-place-many-including-farhan-javed-akhtar-and-sukhwinder-attended-10627726|access-date=13 November 2025 |website=Mayapuri}}</ref> As part of marketing campaign the film makers decided to have special paid preview shows for the viewers on 18 November 2025 to commemorate the 63rd anniversary of the [[Battle of Rezang La]]. A total of 30 paid preview shows were held across the country on Rezang La Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2025 |title=120 Bahadur to Hold Nationwide Paid Previews on Rezang La Day|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/120-bahadur-to-hold-nationwide-paid-previews-on-rezang-la-day-79259.html|access-date=19 November 2025 |publisher=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=120 Bahadur: Farhan Akhtar's Film To Have Special Previews Before Its Release? Details Inside|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/120-bahadur-farhan-akhtars-film-to-have-special-previews-before-its-release-details-inside-ws-l-9709473.html|access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=News 18}}</ref> The film was also promoted on ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]''.<ref name="Verma"/> The teaser release function was held at a multiplex in Mumbai, where the teaser was also released on [[IMAX]]. The second teaser was released on 28 September 2025 to rave reviews. The teaser released on 96th [[birth anniversary]] of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] features the song ''Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon'' which she had sung live for the [[film]] [[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|''Haqeeqat'']], also based on the same battle during 1962 war, as a tribute to the fallen soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=120 Bahadur Teaser 2: Farhan Akhtar Honours 1962 War Heroes With Lata Mangeshkar's Iconic Song|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/120-bahadur-second-teaser-features-lata-mangeshkars-song-ae-mere-watan-ke-logon-1503492799.html|access-date=2025-09-28|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viswanath |first1=Gita |date=2025-11-09 |title=The "Nation" in War: A Study of Military Literature and Hindi War Cinema|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-5938-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJoxBwAAQBAJ&q=haqeeqat+1964&pg=PA91|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> The filmmakers and distributors have decided to go for limited release strategy in around 900-1000 screens only for its target, the elite audience. In mass-dominated B and C centres, [[AA Films]], the distributors will either skip the release or go for limited shows in single-screen theatres and multiplexes.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC passes 120 Bahadur with ZERO cuts; makers of Farhan Akhtar-starrer go for strategic, limited release|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-passes-120-bahadur-zero-cuts-makers-farhan-akhtar-starrer-go-strategic-limited-release/|access-date=2025-11-19 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|120 Bahadur (soundtrack)}}
While, the film's [[soundtrack]] has been composed by [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and Amjad Nadeem Aamir with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]], the entire background score for the film has been composed by Satish Raghunathan.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4HusFmN4uw |title=120 Bahadur {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Farhan Akhtar {{!}} Raashii Khanna {{!}} 21st November |date=2025-11-06 |last= |publisher=[[Excel Entertainment|Excel Movies]] |time=2:40–2:42 |access-date=2025-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218140719/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4HusFmN4uw |archive-date=2025-12-18 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The album was preceded by the first single "Dada Kishan Ki Jai" which released at a launch event held at Lucknow on 25 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Farhan Akhtar Unveils Patriotic Anthem ‘Dada Kishan Ki Jai’ From ‘120 Bahadur’ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-unveils-patriotic-anthem-dada-kishan-ki-jai-from-120-bahadur-2977358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028160902/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-unveils-patriotic-anthem-dada-kishan-ki-jai-from-120-bahadur-2977358.html |archive-date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=‘Dada Kishan Ki Jai’: Sukhwinder Singh adds power to patriotic song from Farhan Akhtar's 120 Bahadur |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/29/dada-kishan-ki-jai-sukhwinder-singh-adds-power-to-patriotic-song-from-farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114184913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Oct/29/dada-kishan-ki-jai-sukhwinder-singh-adds-power-to-patriotic-song-from-farhan-akhtars-120-bahadur |archive-date=2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[120 Bahadur (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] was launched on 31 October at a launch event held at [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]] in [[Mumbai]], with the involvement of the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Makers of 120 Bahadur starring Farhan Akhtar to host a grand music album launch at the iconic Royal Opera House on October 31 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/makers-120-bahadur-starring-farhan-akhtar-host-grand-music-album-launch-iconic-royal-opera-house-november-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104062313/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/makers-120-bahadur-starring-farhan-akhtar-host-grand-music-album-launch-iconic-royal-opera-house-november-4/ |archive-date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=120 Bahadur Full Album Released: Javed Akhtar Pens Heartfelt Lyrics For Son Farhan's War Drama |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/102030/120-bahadur-full-album-released-javed-akhtar-pens-heartfelt-lyrics-for-son-farhans-war-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229112510/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/102030/120-bahadur-full-album-released-javed-akhtar-pens-heartfelt-lyrics-for-son-farhans-war-drama |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[Mashable India]] |language=en-in}}</ref>

==Special stamp==
[[File:120 bahadur special stamp.png|thumb|120 Bahadur special stamp released in New Delhi]]
The makers launched a customised 'My Stamp' to honour the brave soldiers who fought in the [[Battle of Rezang La]] during the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 India-China war]]. This special customised 'My Stamp' was unveiled by [[Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] in [[New Delhi]]. The special [[Postage stamp|customised stamp]] has been designed and issued by the [[Department of Posts]]. Besides the defense minister, film director Razneesh 'Razy' Ghai, Farhan Akhtar, Jitendra Gupta, Director General Postal Services, Ritesh Sidhwani, Arhan Bagati, and Amit Chandra were also present during the unveiling of the special stamp.<ref>{{Cite web |title='120 Bahadur': Who are the Rezang La heroes honoured with special stamp|date=13 November 2025 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/120-bahadur-who-are-the-rezang-la-heroes-honoured-with-special-stamp-19759584.htm|access-date=2025-11-13 |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> The special [[commemorative stamp]] based on the Rezang La War Memorial in [[Ladakh]] was unveiled on 12 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Minister Rajnath Singh unveils Rezang La memorial stamp along with Farhan Akhtar and the team of '120 Bahadur'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/125297652.cms|access-date=2025-11-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2025 }}</ref> The special stamp was released just 6 days before the 63rd anniversary of the legendary battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makers of 120 Bahadur launch customised 'My Stamp' honouring Rezang La War memorial; unveiled by Rajnath Singh ahead of battle's 63rd anniversary'|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/makers-120-bahadur-launch-customised-stamp-honouring-rezang-la-war-memorial-unveiled-rajnath-singh-ahead-battles-63rd-anniversary/|access-date=2025-11-13 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 November 2025 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released in India on 21 November 2025, just 3 days after 63rd anniversary of the battle.<ref name=":0" /> The film was Farhan Akhtar's first ever [[IMAX]] release as an actor. The film was also screened at the Gala Premiere Section at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]] on 21 November 2025, on the day of its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: The Family Man Season 3, Gustaakh Ishq, Vadh 2, 120 Bahadur, Tere Ishk Mein, Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders to have gala premiers at 56th IFFI Goa|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-family-man-season-3-gustaakh-ishq-vadh-2-120-bahadur-tere-ishk-mein-raat-akeli-hai-bansal-murders-gala-premiers-56th-iffi-goa/|access-date=2025-11-12 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 November 2025 }}</ref> The film had paid previews on 18 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=120 Bahadur to hold paid previews 3 DAYS before release; Excel Entertainment & Trigger Happy Studios announce historic nationwide screenings on Nov 18, 2025|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/120-bahadur-hold-paid-previews-3-days-release-excel-entertainment-trigger-happy-studios-announce-historic-nationwide-screenings-nov-18-2025/|access-date=16 November 2025|website=[[bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 November 2025 }}</ref> The film has become the first movie in the history of Bollywood that will be released simultaneously in over 800 defence theatres across India exclusively for the members of India's defence community. This was enabled by PictureTime's mobile cinema network in collaboration with GenSync Brat Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar starrer 120 Bahadur creates history; becomes first film ever to release in Defence theatres across India|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-starrer-120-bahadur-creates-history-becomes-first-film-ever-release-defence-theatres-across-india/|access-date=17 November 2025|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 November 2025 }}</ref> The film is being distributed by [[AA Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur teaser launch: Farhan Akhtar backs Aanand L Rai, Dhanush in Raanjhanaa AI controversy: "When the creator of the film is unhappy with his or her work being changed, I will always support the creator" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/120-bahadur-teaser-launch-farhan-akhtar-backs-aanand-l-rai-dhanush-raanjhanaa-ai-controversy-creator-film-unhappy-work-changed-will-always-su/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film is one of the rare films that has been released by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] without any cuts. The filmmakers and distributors have decided to go for limited release strategy with release in around 900-1000 screens only for its target, the elite audience. In mass-dominated B and C centres, AA Films, the distributors will either skip the release or go for limited shows only in single-screen theatres and multiplexes.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama"/>

It is the first film ever to be screened at Rezang La War Memorial Auditorium in [[Chushul]] village, [[Ladakh]] on 22 November 2025 organised by mobile theatre company PictureTime. The screening is to be held at an altitude of 16,452 ft making it the highest-altitude film screening ever attempted.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Farhan Akhtar starrer 120 Bahadur makes history: First film ever to screen at Rezang La War Memorial at 16,452 ft|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/farhan-akhtar-starrer-120-bahadur-makes-history-first-film-ever-screen-rezang-la-war-memorial-16452-ft/|access-date=2025-11-21 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The special screening event will feature 14 shows of the film that will be open to soldiers stationed in the area as well as local residents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur makes history with first-ever screening at Rezang La War Memorial|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/120-bahadur-film-screening-rezang-la-war-memorial-ladakh-farhan-akhtar-2823629-2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-21 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Several schools and residential societies are booking entire shows allowing students and residents to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential societies join schools in organising theatre visits for 120 Bahadur|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/residential-societies-join-schools-organising-theatre-visits-120-bahadur/|access-date=2025-11-26 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The film has been declared [[Tax exemption|tax-free]] in [[Delhi]]. The [[Chief Minister]] of Delhi [[Rekha Gupta]] has issued an order declaring the film tax-free in Delhi from 28 November 2025. This is likely to help boost ticket sales for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कैसे टैक्स फ्री होती हैं फिल्में? 120 Bahadur को लेकर दिल्ली सीएम रेखा गुप्ता ने लिया बड़ा फैसला|url=https://hindi.news24online.com/entertainment/120-bahadur-tex-free-in-delhi-cm-rekha-gupta-announcement-know-who-makes-a-film-tax-free/1407316/|access-date=2025-11-28 |publisher=News 24}}</ref> The film has also been made tax-free in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= 120 Bahadur: After Delhi, Rajasthan Becomes Second State To Grant Tax-Free Status To War Drama Movie|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/120-bahadur-after-delhi-rajasthan-becomes-second-state-to-grant-tax-free-status-to-war-drama-movie-10282783|access-date=2025-12-07 |work=[[The Daily Jagran]]}}</ref> Interestingly, producer and actor Farhan Akhtar had hoped the film is made tax-free across India.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Farhan Akhtar hopes '120 Bahadur' will be made tax-free in India|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-hopes-120-bahadur-will-be-made-tax-free-in-india/|access-date=2025-11-28 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film had an opening day collection {{INR}} 2.38 crore and total worldwide collection of {{INR}} 7.06 crore in the opening weekend. Collections after two weeks on third weekend stood at {{INR}} 20.00 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/120-bahadur/box-office/access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

===Reviews===
The film received positive reviews. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|73||11|consensus= |ref=yes}}

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a positive review of the movie. "...''120 Bahadur'' is a sincere, technically proficient tribute that gives both heart and mind their due on the battlefield. It aligns the beats and the attitude and swagger that are very much of today, without diluting the details of the military manoeuvre in a punishing environment," he wrote. "It may not be a genre-defining epic, but ''120 Bahadur'' deserves your time and attention."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |editor-first1=Nicole |editor-last1=Hasham |date=2019-09-16 |title=Climate change is the defining issue of our time – we're giving it the attention it deserves |url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aa.cgc395nws |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |doi=10.64628/aa.cgc395nws |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'', gives the film a modest 3 out of 5 rating saying "The film is fitting tribute to the martyrs of the Battle of Rezang La, with all actors including Farhan Akhtar, Sparsh Walia, Ankit Siwach, Sahib Verma, and Dhanveer Singh seemingly disappearing into their characters. Cinematography by Tetsuo Nagata is breathtaking. But despite all the hype, lack of cohesiveness between emotional portions and raw battle scenes means '120 Bahadur' never quite climbs to the heights it aims for".<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur review: Farhan Akhtar-led war drama salutes bravery but lacks impact|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/120-bahadur-review-rezang-la-bravery-farhan-akhtar-war-drama-2823018-2025-11-20|access-date=2025-11-20 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Taher Ahamed of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the movie 4 out of 5 stating "the movie is paced well, with a strong on-screen presence combined with exceptional cinematography. It does not go over the top at tugging your heart, but makes the right impact, as you respect and admire the courage of the bravehearts."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahamed |first=Taher |title='120 Bahadur' movie review: A poignant depiction of war |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/120-bahadur-movie-review-a-poignant-depiction-of-war-3806411 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suti of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', gives the film a modest 3 out of 5 rating saying "The film pays befitting tribute to the martyrs of the Battle of Rezang La, but lacks emotional connect. Such as a song filmed on Farhan and Raashi's character about their married life, almost feels out of place. The cinematography by Tetsuo Nagata captures Ladakh's harsh terrain with striking clarity, is a strong point in the first half; but the war sequence in second half is where film peaks. Farhan Akhtar does justice but the sauveness associated with him keeps all reminding Farhan is acting a character. Sparsh Walia as the radio operator, and Raashii Khanna do justice to their roles. But a tighter screenplay was needed."<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur review: Farhan Akhtar-led war drama salutes bravery but lacks impact|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/120-bahadur-review-farhan-akhtar-leads-from-the-front-in-this-heartfelt-tribute-rezang-la-battle-indo-china-war-101763570720163.html|access-date=2025-11-20 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Jaya Dwivedie of [[India TV]] said, "120 Bahadur is a film that salutes bravery, celebrates their sacrifices and brings the famous battle to big screen, but lacks emotion and cinematic intensity. The visuals are superb, but no emotional connect. Yet the film must be seen, as it reminds us how heroes stand on the border, not on screen."<ref>{{Cite news |title=120 Bahadur X review: How is Farhan Akhtar's war drama based on battle of Rezang La|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/120-bahadur-x-review-how-is-farhan-akhtar-s-war-drama-based-on-battle-of-rezang-la-2025-11-21-1018522|access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|1962: The War in the Hills|''1962: The War in the Hills''}}
* {{anl|Haqeeqat (1964 film)|''Haqeeqat''}} on same battle
* {{anl|Sino-Indian war}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15911108}}

[[Category:2020s action war films]]
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Sonpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:44Z

Tanisha R: Adding a info.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Sonpur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 122-Sonpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Vinay Kumar Singh 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|122]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 290,014
|reservation = 
|abolished = 
}}
{{About|the assembly constituency in Bihar|its eponymous assembly constituency In Odisha|Sonepur Assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Sonpur, Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Sonpur Vidhan Sabha Saran Bihar.jpg|thumb|Sonpur Vidhan Sabha Saran Bihar]]
'''[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]''' Assembly constituency, often spelt Sonepur, is in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="election2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101026/jsp/bihar/story_13101255.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604001414/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101026/jsp/bihar/story_13101255.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2016|title=Roll of the dais Sonepur Assembly constituency}}</ref>

[[Ram Sundar Das]], sitting MLA from Sonpur 1977–1980, served as Bihar's Chief Minister briefly in 1979.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 122 Sonpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Sonpur community development block|Sonpur]] and [[Dighwara]] C.D. blocks.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><ref name="election2016-1">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/Bihar_Delimitation.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/Bihar_Delimitation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/Bihar/Order%20%26%20Notification_English_.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712181547/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/Bihar/Order%20%26%20Notification_English_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sonpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 20 [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1952||Jagadish Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Ram Binod Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Sheo Bachan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||[[Ram Sunder Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]|| rowspan="2" |Raj Kumar Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]||[[Vinay Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]||[[Vinay Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]||[[Vinay Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Sonepur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:90842}}
|percentage = 45.59
|change = +6.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:86075}}
|percentage = 43.2
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Chandan Lal Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:11977}}
|percentage = 6.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3156}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change = -1.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2606}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4767}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199240}}
|percentage = 68.7
|change = +9.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Sonpur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:73247}}
|percentage = 43.11
|change = -11.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66561}}
|percentage = 39.18
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:8667}}
|percentage = 5.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5541}}
|percentage = 3.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suman Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3055}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hem Narayan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3044}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pinki Kumari Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1942}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dharamveer Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1603}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1546}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -1.82
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6686}}
|percentage = 3.93
|change = -19.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169896}}
|percentage = 58.96
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
*[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]] (RJD): 86,082 votes
* Vinay Kumar Singh (BJP): 49,686 votes

{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonpur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Dr. Ramanuj Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:86082}}
|percentage = 54.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:49686}}
|percentage = 31.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3606}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:3265}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Singh Alias Bhola Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2312}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2172}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4290}}
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36396}}
|percentage = 23.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156884}}
|percentage = 58.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
* Lalu Prasad Yadav (Janata-Secular): 45,041 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sonepur-bihar-assembly-constituency|title = Sonepur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency}}</ref>
* Jawahar Prasad Singh (Indira Congress): 35,874 votes
* Ram Sunder Das (Janata Party): 10,396 votes

===1977===
* Ram Sunder Das (JNP): 40,747 votes<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1977}}</ref>
* Rameshwar Prasad Rai (IND): 15,411 votes

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|25|42|N|85|11|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

Guru Jambheshwar

2026-04-04T16:30:10Z

Tanisha R: started basic info needs work

{{Short description|Founder of Bishnoi Vaishnava tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Jambhes‌hwar‌
| image = Jambheshwar painting, Jambheshwar photo.jpg
| caption = Depiction of Guru Jambheshwar (Jambhoji)
| religion = [[Sanatan Dharm]]‌ ([[Hinduism]])
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| sect =
| alias = Jambhoji‌
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1451
| birth_place = [[Pipasar]], [[Nagaur District]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = 1536
| death_place = Mukam, [[Bikaner district]], Rajasthan, India
| resting_place = [[Mukti Dham Mukam]], [[Mukam, Rajasthan | Mukam]], [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha tehsil]], [[Bikaner district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality =
| parents = Lohat Panwar (father)<br/>
Hansa Devi (mother)
| known_for = Founding the [[Bishnoi Panth]]‌
| honorific prefix = [[Guru]]‌
| honorific suffix =
| native_name = [[:hi:गुरु जम्भेश्वर|गुरु‌ जम्भेश्वर]]‌
| native_name_lang = hi
| region = [[Thar Desert]]‌
| movement = [[Bhakti Movement]]‌
}}
'''Guru Jambheshwar''', also known as '''Guru Jambhoji''', (1451–1536) was a [[Sādhaka|sadhak]], [[yogi]], [[saint]] and the founder of the [[Bishnoi|Bishnoi Panth]],<ref>Read Jambhsagar Page 1</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Jambhojifalse |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref> a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] sect noted for its devotion to [[Vishnu]], emphasis on non-violence, and ethos of environmental conservation in the arid regions of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Gopal Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150310 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Art And Culture In India Vol. 9 |date=2003 |pages=336-337}}</ref> In 1485, inspired by a severe drought, he laid down 29 guiding principles—spanning personal conduct, devotional practice, and ecological stewardship—and composed 120 verses (Shabadwani), through which he shaped a faith centered on compassion for all living beings.

==Biography==
‌Jambheshwar was born into a [[Panwar]] [[Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Jambhoji |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1794 |language=en |quote=He was a Panwar Rajput. His father's name was Lohat and mother's Hamsa alias Kesar.}}</ref> family in the village of Pipasar in [[Nagaur]] in 1451.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAC5AAAAIAAJ&q=Guru%20Jambheshwar| title=Guru Jambheshwar VividhAayaam | date=18 August 1996 | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation| isbn=9788170189015 }}{{Vn|date=October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBA0-NPwY1UC&q=Jambhoji+ |title=Cultural Forum |date=1968 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |pages=59 |language=en |quote=This sect was started by Jambhoji in Samvat 1542. He was a Panvar Rajput of the village Pipasar in Nagaur Pargana.}}</ref> He was the only child of Lohat Panwar and Hansa Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jambheshwar: Founder of Bishnoi caste, Environmental inspiration |url=https://www.bishnoi.co.in/2012/05/about-shri-guru-jambeshwar-bhagwan.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Bishnoi - Encyclopedia of Bishnoi Caste and Bishnoi Movement |language=en |quote=He was only child to his parents, Lohatji Panwar and Hansa Devi}}</ref> For the first seven years of his life, Guru Jambeshwar was considered silent and introverted. He spent 27 years of his life as a [[Herder|cow herder]].<ref>Jambhsagar Page 9-13</ref>

== Founding Bishnoi Panth ==
Aged 34, Guru Jambheshwar founded the [[Bishnoi]] sub-sect of [[Vaishnavism]]<ref>Worshippers of Vishnu fall under the vaishnava sect of hinduism</ref> at Samrathal Dhora. His teachings were in the poetic form known as Shabadwani.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |first=Pankaj |last=Jain |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-40940-591-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYcGDAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2017}} He preached for the next 51 years, travelling across the country, and produced 120 Shabads, or verses, of Shabadwani.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The sect was founded after the big draught in [[Rajasthan]] in 1485.<ref>Jambhsagar Page 24-26</ref> He had laid down 29 principles to be followed by the sect. Killing animals and felling trees were banned. The [[Prosopis cineraria|Khejri]] tree (''Prosopis cineraria''), is also considered to be sacred by the Bishnois.
[[File:Bishnoi_Temple_at_Samrathal_Dhora.jpg|thumb|Bishnoi Temple at Samrathal Dhora]]
Bishnoi panth revolves around 29 rules. Of these, eight prescribe to preserve [[biodiversity]] and encourage good [[animal husbandry]], seven provide directions for healthy social behaviour, and ten are directed towards personal hygiene and maintaining basic good health. The other four commandments provide guidelines for worshipping [[Vishnu]]<ref>6th Rule of [[Bishnoi]]s tells about worshipping Vishnu</ref> daily.

==Legacy and commemoration==
The Bishnoi have various temples, of which they consider the most holy to be "Mukti Dham mukam "in the village of [[Mukam, Rajasthan|Mukam]] in [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]] [[tehsil]], [[Bikaner district]], Rajasthan. It is there where the most sacred Bishnoi temple is built over [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] of Guru Jambeshwar.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |first=Pankaj |last=Jain |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-40940-591-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYcGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/RajasthanTourism/Pages/Major-Attractions.aspx |title=Major Attractions |accessdate=2014-07-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806050818/http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/RajasthanTourism/Pages/Major-Attractions.aspx |archivedate=6 August 2014 }}{{Cn|date=October 2024}}</ref> [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology|Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology]] at [[Hisar city|Hisar]] in the state of [[Haryana]] is named after him.

[[File:Mukti_Dham_Mukam_Temple.jpg|thumb|Bishnoi Temple in Mukam, Nokha.]]

==See also==
*[[Bhakti movement]]
*[[Chipko movement]]
*[[Khejarli massacre|Khejarli Massacre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}12. about Guru Jambheshwar [https://news29.co/guru-jambheshwar/ News29.co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003221257/https://news29.co/guru-jambheshwar/ |date=3 October 2022 }}{{Authority control}}

{{Animal welfare}}
{{Vegetarianism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jambeshwar Bhagwan (Preacher)}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1451 births]]
[[Category:1536 deaths]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

Chittem Rammohan Reddy

2026-04-04T04:14:06Z

Tanisha R: started new info more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Chittem Rammohan Reddy
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly<br>Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Chittem Narsi Reddy]]
| successor3 = K. Dayakar Reddy
| constituency3 = [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
| office2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 3 December 2023
| constituency2 = [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
| predecessor2 = K. Dayakar Reddy
| successor2 = [[Vakiti Srihari]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhanwada]], [[Narayanpet district]] [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = [[Chittem Narsi Reddy]], Sumithra Reddy
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Sucharitha
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}
'''Chittem Rammohan Reddy''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He represented as MLA from [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]] constituency in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He first won the seat in 2005 and retained it in the 2014 and 2018 Elections.<ref name="Telangana election results 2018: Most ‘2014 defectors’ get re-elected on TRS ticket, but speaker decimated">{{cite news |title=Telangana election results 2018: Most ‘2014 defectors’ get re-elected on TRS ticket, but speaker decimated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-election-results-2018-most-2014-defectors-get-re-elected-on-trs-ticket-but-speaker-decimated/articleshow/67055769.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607162954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-election-results-2018-most-2014-defectors-get-re-elected-on-trs-ticket-but-speaker-decimated/articleshow/67055769.cms |archive-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Telangana election results: Here is the full list of winners">{{cite news |title=Telangana election results: Here is the full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/telangana-election-results-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407250-2018-12-11 |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135352/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/telangana-election-results-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407250-2018-12-11 |archive-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srihari, Vakiti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Telangana-BRS-politician-stub}}

Telugu states

2026-03-29T12:46:03Z

Tanisha R: Adding new stub.

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{short description|Collective term for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana}}{{About|the ethnographic region of Telugu people in India|the preceding political entity before bifurcation|Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Telugu states
| native_name =
| other_name = తెలుగు రాష్ట్రాలు (Telugu Rāṣṭrālu)
| native_name_lang = te
| settlement_type = Ethno Region
| image_skyline = File:Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam
| motto =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = States
| subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist|
* '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]'''
* '''[[Telangana]]'''
* '''[[Yanam]]'''
}}
| subdivision_type2 = Largest city
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Major cities ([[2011 Census of India]])<ref name="Indian cities by population">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Indian cities by population}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3 = {{plainlist|
* [[Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Warangal]]
* [[Guntur]]
* [[Tirupati]]
* [[Nellore]]
}}

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 275,052
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_note =
| population_total = 84,580,777
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| blank_name_sec1 = Official languages
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] (Official)}}
| official_name =
}}
The '''Telugu states''' refer to the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] where [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is spoken as the primary language. The predominant population of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] ethnic-group reside in these states. When put together, the region is bordered by [[Maharashtra]] to the north, [[Karnataka]] to the west, [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]] to the northeast, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south and the [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Yanam district]] enclave of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] to the east.

The [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|unified state of Andhra Pradesh]] was established in 1956 through the merger of the Telugu-speaking [[Andhra State]] with the Telangana region of the former [[Hyderabad State]] under the [[States Reorganisation Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haseeb |first=Ahssanuddin |date=2024-09-20 |title=How Andhra Pradesh Emerged from the Madras Presidency? - A Historic Transition |url=https://hydkhabar.com/2024/09/how-andhra-pradesh-emerged-from-the-madras-presidency-a-historic-transition/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Hyderabad Khabar News |language=English}}</ref> The referential term of Telugu states has been in use ever since the [[bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]] in 2014, into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Based on the 2023 population estimates, Telangana has a population of 38,272,000, and Andhra Pradesh has 53,340,000 bringing the combined population of the Telugu states to 91.62 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Rajeev |date=2024-07-03 |title=Indian States by Population {{!}} State wise Population of India 2024 {{!}} |url=https://www.noidabusinessguide.com/indian-states-by-population/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Know Noida City |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Telangana|History of Andhra Pradesh}}

Following the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, Telugu-speaking population was divided between [[Hyderabad State]] and [[Madras State]]. To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Struggle for Andhra state – AP state portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190824/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vishalandhra was the term used in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_India_and_Her_States_An/gzpuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Vishalandhra&dq=Vishalandhra&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Deep & Deep|date=1996|isbn=978-81-7100-730-1|language=en|first=Verinder|last=Grover|first2=Ranjana|last2=Arora}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956]], the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States reorganisation act]] created [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the [[Hyderabad State]] with [[Hyderabad]] as the capital on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence|title=Post-independence era, then and now|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=3 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

==Language==
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is spoken across the Telugu states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition-73014|title=Making Telugu compulsory: Mother tongues, the last stronghold against Hindi imposition}}</ref> As of 2022, [[Urdu]] has also gained official status in both the states. Telugu stands alongside [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Indian English|English]] as one of the few languages with primary official language status in more than one [[states and union territories of India|Indian state]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metroindia.com/news/article/07/08/2015/schools-colleges-called-for-a-shutdown-in-telugu-states/11019|title=Schools, Colleges called for a shutdown in Telugu states|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122302/http://metroindia.com/news/article/07/08/2015/schools-colleges-called-for-a-shutdown-in-telugu-states/11019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is one of eleven languages designated a [[Languages of India#Classical|classical language of India]] by the country's government.<ref name="antiquity">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India |accessdate=31 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archivedate=16 December 2008 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Culture of Telangana}}

Given the proximity of the two states and the shared language, there are quite a few similarities between the states like cuisine (see [[Telugu cuisine]], [[Andhra cuisine]] and [[Hyderabadi cuisine]]) and cinema (see [[Telugu cinema]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu language]]
[[Category:South India| ]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Damodar Goutam Sawang

2026-03-28T22:21:22Z

Tanisha R: started a data needs work!

{{short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix =
|honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|image = 
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name = Damodar Gautam Sawang
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|07|10}}<ref name="MHA">Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. [http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/LST-IPS-O.pdf LIST OF IPS-OFFICERS WHOSE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RECORDS ARE NOT AVAILABLE]. Retrieved 2015-12-27</ref>
|birth_place = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]]
|alma_mater =
|known_for =
|notable_works =
|service_label =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|service_years = [[Indian Police Service]], 1986<ref name="MHA"/>-''present''
|badge_number = 19861086<ref name="MHA"/>
|awards = '''2002''', Police Medal for Meritorious Service<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/raug2002/14082002/r140820024a.doc. 2002 Medals]</ref><br/>'''2003''', Police Medal for Gallantry<ref name="CRPF">[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/raug2003/15082003/r150820032.html 2003 Medals]</ref><br/>'''2005''', CRPF Director General's Commendation Disc<ref>[http://www.oneindia.com/2007/02/28/crpf-will-have-210-battalions-by-2010-igp-1174118502.html ''CRPF will have 210 battalions by 2010'', 7 March 2007]</ref><br/>'''2015''', President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/republicday/pdf/p_police_2015.pdf |title=President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518180758/http://knowindia.gov.in/republicday/pdf/p_police_2015.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|memorials =
|other_work =
|website =
|module =
}}
'''Damodar Gautam Sawang''' is a former Indian police officer. He is a former chairman of [[Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission]] and former [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission |url=https://psc.ap.gov.in/(S(w2fwys4mav4be4mz5lucmpnw))/HomePages/Biography_of_Commission.aspx |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=psc.ap.gov.in |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719210544/https://psc.ap.gov.in/(S(yvmauiifftg1upm2s22mlyzz))/HomePages/Biography_of_Commission.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sawang served as the [[Director General of Police]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] from 31 May 2019 to 15 February 2022.

Sawang is a Regular Recruit<ref name="MHA"/> of the [[Indian Police Service]] belonging to the 1986<ref name="MHA"/> batch and allocated to the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]<ref name="MHA"/> cadre. After the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Sawang was retained<ref>[http://persmin.gov.in/ais1/docs/aptg-ips_AsOn_10Oct2014.pdf Government of India]</ref> in the residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] State.<ref name="MHA"/>

Many police officers have been groomed<ref>[http://www.umeshchandra.org/warangal.html Umesh Chandra]</ref> by Sawang during his posting in Warangal, including [[Stephen Raveendra]].<ref name="MHA"/>{{S-start}}
{{S-civ|pol}}
{{Succession box
| title = Director General of Vigilance and Enforcement Department, <br/>[[Vijayawada]] City
| service_years = July 2018 - 31 May 2019
| before = A.R. Anuradha
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Commissioner of Police]], [[Vijayawada]]
| service_years = July 2015<ref name="Witness"/>- July 2018
| before = A. B. Venkateswara Rao<ref name="Witness">{{cite web | title=Damodar Gautam Sawang, IPS, transferred as Police Commissioner | publisher=Vijayawada City AP | date=7 July 2015 | url=http://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/NewsView.aspx?id=40914 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153313/http://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/NewsView.aspx?id=40914 | archive-date=27 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| after = Dwaraka Thirumalarao
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Additional Director General of Police,<br/>Andhra Pradesh Special Police
| service_years = May 2012<ref name="Prasada">{{cite news | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 May 2012 | location=Hyderabad | title=Prasada Rao appointed DG of ACB | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/prasada-rao-appointed-dg-of-acb/article3436883.ece}}</ref>-July 2015<ref name="Witness"/>
| before = Aruna Bahuguna
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Commissioner, [[UN Police]],<br/>[[United Nations Mission in Liberia]]
| service_years = 2009<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/09/liberia-when-the-mob-prevails/ ''Inter Press Service News Agency'']</ref>-2012<ref name="Prasada"/>
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Inspector General of Police]] <br/>(Law and Order),<br/>[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
| service_years = 2008<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The New Indian Express | title=Andhra sorts out power tussle at anti-terror unit, appoints new IG | location=Hyderabad | date=17 April 2008 | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/andhra-sorts-out-power-tussle-at-antiterror-unit-appoints-new-ig/298184/ | first=Sreenivas | last=Janyala | accessdate=9 June 2020 }}</ref>-2009
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]],<br/>[[Central Reserve Police Force]]<ref name="CRPF"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naxalwatch.blogspot.in/2008/04/anti-naxal-unit-chief-is-new-head-of.html |title=Naxal Watch |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202223/http://naxalwatch.blogspot.in/2008/04/anti-naxal-unit-chief-is-new-head-of.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| service_years = 2005-2008
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]], <br/>APSP Battalion, [[Kurnool]]
| service_years = 2004<ref name="Shakeup">{{cite news | newspaper=Times of India | location=Hyderabad | date=13 June 2004 | title=Major shake-up in police machinery | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Major-shake-up-in-police-machinery/articleshow/735293.cms}}</ref>-2005
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]], <br/>Special Intelligence Branch<ref name="Shakeup"/>
| service_years = 2003<ref name="Shifted"/><ref name="Suresh"/>-2004<ref name="Shakeup"/>
| before = T. A. Tripathi<ref name="Shifted"/>
| after = J. Purnachandra Rao<ref name="Shakeup"/>
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]],<br/>Warangal Range,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/05/06/stories/2002050603480300.htm | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=DIG tells police to work for new image | date=6 May 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> <br/>[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
| service_years = 2001<ref name="Reshuffle"/>-2003<ref name="Shifted">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/18-senior-IPS-officials-shifted/articleshow/35006742.cms ''Times of India'', 1 January 2003]</ref><ref name="Suresh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2003/Jan/21-1-2003.html |title=Suresh Mehrotra |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105041637/http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2003/Jan/21-1-2003.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]],<br/>Home Guards,<ref name="Reshuffle">{{cite news | newspaper=Times of India | title=Minor reshuffle of IPS officers | date=16 November 2001 | url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Minor-reshuffle-of-IPS-officers/articleshow/665255925.cms}}</ref> <br/>[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
| service_years = -2001<ref name="Reshuffle"/>
| before =
| after =
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Superintendent of Police]], <br/>[[Warangal District]]
| service_years = 12.11.1992-19.5.1994<ref name="Warangal"/>
| before = D. T. Naik<ref name="Warangal">[http://warangalpolice.gov.in/Leaders.aspx Warangal Police, ''Our Leaders'']</ref><br/>25.8.1990-24.7.1991<ref name="Warangal"/>
| after = Sudeep Lakhtakia<ref name="Warangal"/><br/>13.6.1994-3.2.1996<ref name="Warangal"/>
}}
{{s-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawang, Damodar Gautam}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]

Letters to Auntie Fori

2026-03-28T19:19:26Z

Tanisha R: Made New Details - done

{{Short description|Collection of letters by Sir Martin Gilbert}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Letters to Auntie Fori
| image = Letters to Auntie Fori book cover.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Martin Gilbert|Sir Martin Gilbert]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = UK
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[History]]
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Orion Publishing Group]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 2002
| media_type =
| pages = 460
| awards =
| isbn = 0-75381-693-8
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Letters to Auntie Fori''''' (2002) is a collection of letters collated in a book by [[Martin Gilbert|Sir Martin Gilbert]] to [[Fori Nehru]], explaining the history of Jewish people over the course of 5,000 years. It was published by [[Orion Publishing Group]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ivry |date=2 May 2017 |title=Shobha Nehru, A Quiet Witness To History, Dies At 108 |url=https://forward.com/culture/370650/shobha-nehru-a-quiet-witness-to-history-dies-at-108/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124143825/https://forward.com/culture/370650/shobha-nehru-a-quiet-witness-to-history-dies-at-108/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Fori Nehru]] met [[Martin Gilbert]] in 1958.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> He was a friend of her son Ashok, from university days, and later historian and official biographer of [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> When Gilbert arrived at the Nehru home that year he was unwell, and he later recounted that she successfully nursed him to recovery with rice and yoghurt.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> They continued to keep in touch but did not see each other again until 40 years later in 1998.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> He referred to the Nehru's as Auntie Fori and [[Braj Kumar Nehru|uncle Birju]], and until 1998 had no idea she was from [[history of the Jews in Hungary|Budapest's Jewish community]].<ref name=Gilbert2002>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0aDAAAQBAJ |title=The Story of the Jewish People: Letters to Auntie Fori |date=2002 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=0-75381-693-8 |location=London |pages=xiii-xvii |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=Barry2017>{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |title=Shobha Nehru Dies at 108; Escaped Holocaust and Married Into Indian Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/world/asia/shobha-nehru-death.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303115257/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/world/asia/shobha-nehru-death.html|archive-date=3 March 2022|work=The New York Times |date=29 April 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She asked him to recommend a book about the history of Jews.<ref name=Gilbert2002/><ref name=Alderman2012>{{cite news |last1=Alderman |first1=Geoffrey |date=26 April 2002 |title=Diaspora tales |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/27/historybooks.highereducation |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124143546/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/27/historybooks.highereducation |archive-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> In response, he wrote her one letter every week for 140 weeks, each addressed "Dear Auntie Fori", tracing the course of Jewish history over 5,000 years.<ref name=Gilbert2002/><ref name=Gilbert2020>{{cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Sir Martin's Letters to Auntie Fori |url=https://www.martingilbert.com/blatt/auntie-fori/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124063714/https://www.martingilbert.com/blatt/auntie-fori/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Sir Martin Gilbert}}</ref> The letters were collectively published in the book titled ''Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith''.<ref name=Gilbert2002/><ref name=Gilbert2020/>

==Layout==
The book is divided into four parts, preceded by acknowledgments and an introduction, and followed by an epilogue, appendix, bibliography, maps, and an index.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |title=Letters to Auntie Fori : the 5000-year history of the Jewish people and their faith |date=2002 |publisher=New York : Schocken Books |isbn=978-0-8052-4188-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/letterstoauntief0000gilb/mode/2up}}

[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about Jews and Judaism]]
[[Category:Collections of letters]]

{{jewish-hist-book-stub}}

Sakshi TV

2026-03-23T21:49:37Z

Tanisha R: general corrected citations per sources additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language TV news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sakshi TV
| key_people = Y. S. Bharathi Reddy {{small|(Chairperson)}}
| founder = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009|03|01|p=y|df=yes}}
| picture_format = [[4:3]]/[[16:9]]
| owner =
| parent = Indira Television Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complaints Redressal |url=http://special.sakshi.com/nba/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Sakshi TV}}</ref>
| network = [[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Media Group]]
| availability =
| image = Sakshi tv.jpg
| caption = Façade of Sakshi TV building
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| area = India
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India<ref>{{Cite web |date= 15 June 2017|title=Contact us {{!}} మమ్మల్ని సంప్రదించండి |url=https://www.sakshi.com/contact-us |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.sakshi.com|Sakshi.com}}
}}

'''Sakshi TV''' ({{Translation|The Witness}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ngwainmbi |first=Emmanuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHk2DwAAQBAJ&dq=sakshi+tv&pg=PA134 |title=Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-56215-5 |page=134 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language 24-hour news channel. It was launched on 1 March 2009, by Indira Television Ltd. owned by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2009 |title=Sakshi TV aims to break clutter in the Telugu news space |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/23644_sakshi-tv-aims-to-break-clutter-in-the-telugu-news-space |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2012 |title=After CBI squeeze, govt stops ads to Sakshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/after-cbi-squeeze-govt-stops-ads-to-sakshi/articleshow/13087597.cms |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It is currently run under the chairmanship of Y. S. Bharathi Reddy, wife of Jagan Mohan Reddy.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Sakshi Media Group appoints Vinay Maheshwari as Executive Director & CEO |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/sakshi-media-group-appoints-vinay-maheshwari-as-executive-director-ceo-93997.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-12 |title=Congress might soon join the list of political parties owning news channels |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FjzHw2LkyE3Qcbp2iCTsGN/Congress-might-soon-join-the-list-of-political-parties-ownin.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sakshi (media group)|media group]] also owns the Telugu daily newspaper, [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Behl |first=Vinod |date=20 March 2009 |title=India's first HDTV channel Sakshi launched |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/indias-first-hdtv-channel-sakshi-launched-34233.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

The channel is widely regarded as a propaganda outlet for Jagan Mohan Reddy and his political party{{Em dash}}[[YSR Congress Party]] (YCP).{{Refn|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-25 |title=All you wanted to know about who owns the South Indian news channels you watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/all-you-wanted-know-about-who-owns-south-indian-news-channels-you-watch-22639 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |quote=The channel is actively used by Jagan Mohan Reddy for political propaganda, especially against his political rivals. When he was arrested the channel ran consistent campaign claiming Jagan was innocent.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vCICwAAQBAJ&dq=sakshi+tv+propaganda&pg=PT102 |title=Media at Work in China and India: Discovering and Dissecting |last2=Sen |first2=Ronojoy |date=2015-09-29 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-545-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Usha M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVklDAAAQBAJ&dq=sakshi+tv&pg=PT40 |title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant |last2=Ranganathan |first2=Maya |date=2014-11-26 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-464-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-28 |title=YSR gets a much-needed "off" on Sakshi TV |url=https://indianjournalismreview.com/2011/04/28/ysr-gets-a-much-needed-off-on-sakshi-tv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415092904/https://indianjournalismreview.com/2011/04/28/ysr-gets-a-much-needed-off-on-sakshi-tv/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Indian Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=13 April 2017 |title=Who wants to own Telugu news channels? |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/story_popup/who-wants-to-own-telugu-news-channels-10046 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Hoot |quote=The channel has clearly been an instrument in promoting the political interests of Jaganmohan Reddy and the YSRCP.}}</ref>|name=prop}} It has been criticized for its biased coverage of the political rivals of Reddy and YCP.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=27 July 2012 |title=Congress in Andhra Pradesh mulls its own TV channel, newspaper |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/congress-in-andhra-pradesh-mulls-its-own-tv-channel-newspaper-111255-2012-07-25 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=In the last one year, Jagan launched an offensive against the Congress government and the party through his media house - Sakshi television channel and Telugu daily.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Oskarsson |first=Patrik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd90DwAAQBAJ&dq=sakshi+tv&pg=PA179 |title=Landlock: Paralysing Dispute over Minerals on Adivasi Land in India |date=2018-09-19 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-251-2 |pages=141, 179 |language=en}}</ref> Sakshi TV has been found to be in breach of the News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) code of ethics on various occasions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=News Broadcasters Association - Fifth Annual Report 2011-12 |url=https://www.nbdanewdelhi.com/assets/uploads/pdf/Fifth_Annual_Report_2011-12.pdf |access-date=25 October 2022 |quote=NBSA therefore held that Sakshi TV was in breach of NBA Code of Ethics and Guidelines particularly the provisions relating to accuracy, impartiality, objectivity, neutrality and privacy in reporting.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2014 |title=NBSA hauls up CNN-IBN, Aaj Tak and Sakshi TV for breach of guidelines |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/nbsa-hauls-up-cnn-ibn-aaj-tak-and-sakshi-tv-for-breach-of-140701 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref> On 20 January 2022, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] denied security clearance to the channel citing intelligence reports. {{As of|2022|2}}, the channel is functional following a temporary stay it obtained from the [[Telangana High Court]].

==History==
The channel started airing on 1 March 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /> It is promoted by Indira Television Ltd., with [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], son of then [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|Y. S. Rajashekhara Reddy]], as the Chairman.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lakshman |first=Ganesh |date=9 May 2012 |title=Owner of Sakshi TV and newspaper Y S Jaganmohan Reddy files case challenging the freezing of the Sakshi accounts. The CBI is directed to file its counter and the matter posted to Thursday. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/owner-of-sakshi-tv-and-newspaper-y-s-jaganmohan-reddyfiles-case-challenging-the-freezing-of-the-sakshi-accounts-the-cbi-is-directed-to-file-its-counter-and-the-matter-posted-to-thursday-/articleshow/13065702.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> According to a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] [[chargesheet]] filed against Jagan Mohan Reddy, the investments in his media companies were [[quid pro quo]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times News Network |first1=TNN |title=60 entities pumped Rs 1,172 cr into Sakshi: CBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/60-entities-pumped-rs-1172-cr-into-sakshi-cbi/articleshow/13087677.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=17 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> bribes by those people who had benefited from their unfair deals with his father's government.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |date=28 May 2012 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy: Understanding his tale of dynasty and megabucks |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jaganmohan-reddy-understanding-his-tale-of-dynasty-and-megabucks/articleshow/13581929.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=4 July 2012 |title=CBI files supplementary chargesheet against Jagan in disproportionate assets case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/cbi-files-supplementary-chargesheet-against-jagan-107937-2012-07-02 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2012 |title=A timeline of the Jaganmohan Reddy case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ysr-congress-chief-jaganmohan-reddy-case-timeline-103538-2012-05-26 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Knieper |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXbXDgAAQBAJ&dq=sakshi+tv&pg=PA19 |title=The Visual Politics of Wars |last2=Saleh |first2=Ibrahim |date=2017-05-11 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-9381-7 |page=19 |language=en}}</ref>

The channel was initially named Indira Priyadarsini.<ref name=":3" /> According to Ramakrishna Reddy, the first Editor-in-Chief of the channel, it was renamed to cash in on the popularity of the [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] newspaper which was launched a year before the channel by Jagan Mohan Reddy.<ref name=":3" /> At its launch, the channel claimed to be the first [[High-definition television|HDTV]] channel in the country. It was marketed as being primarily targeted at the youth.<ref name=":3" />

Of the nearly {{INRConvert|40|c|lk=on}} the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]] spent on advertising in [[electronic media]] for the years 2009-12, Sakshi TV got advertisements worth over {{INRConvert|17|c|lk=}}. This was attributed to the undue preferential treatment Sakshi TV and ''Sakshi'' newspaper received during the chief ministership of Rajasekhara Reddy.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":13" />

It is currently run under the chairmanship of Y. S. Bharathi Reddy, wife of Jagan Mohan Reddy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-25 |title=All you wanted to know about who owns the South Indian news channels you watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/all-you-wanted-know-about-who-owns-south-indian-news-channels-you-watch-22639 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":14" /> In January 2019, [[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Media Group]] appointed Vinay Maheshwari as its Executive Director and CEO.<ref name=":10" /> Maheshwari exited the company in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=India TV ropes in Vinay Maheshwari as Group CEO |url=https://www.afaqs.com/people-spotting/india-tv-ropes-in-vinay-maheshwari-as-group-ceo |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>

On 20 January 2022, the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] denied security clearance to Sakshi TV, along with a Malayalam channel [[MediaOne TV|MediaOne]], based on intelligence inputs received from various [[Central Government of India|central government]] agencies.<ref name=":18">{{cite news |last1=Bukka |first=SumaBala |date=24 February 2022 |title='సాక్షి' టీవీకి అనుమతులు రద్దు... సెక్యూరిటీ క్లియరెన్స్ కు నో.. |language=te |work=[[Asianet News Network]] |agency= |url=https://telugu-asianetnews-com.translate.goog/andhra-pradesh/sakshi-tv-permits-cancel-by-ministry-of-information-and-broadcasting-r7sp9g?_x_tr_sl=te&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Not bound to disclose why security clearance refused: Union Govt. of India to Supreme Court |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/02/security-clearance-to-media-one-centre-response-to-sc.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The channel had filed a [[writ]] petition at [[Telangana High Court]] and, {{As of|2022|2|lc=y}}, it is surviving on a temporary stay until further hearing and another extension of the same on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hon'ble High Court |first1=Telangana State |title=WRIT PETITION NO: 3324 OF 2022 AND 333s OF 2022 |url=http://tshcstatus.nic.in/hcorders/2022/206300033352022_5.pdf |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Hon'ble High Court of Telangana - Official Website}}</ref><ref name=":18" />{{Update inline|date=April 2023}}

== Content ==
Sakshi TV broadcasts regional, national, and international news. It also has programmes on restaurant reviews, automobiles, cookery and entertainment.<ref name=":0" />

== Criticism ==
Sakshi TV is widely perceived as a propaganda outlet for Jagan Mohan Reddy.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /> It has been criticized for its biased coverage of the political rivals of Reddy and his party [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":7" /> The channel has been found to be in breach of the News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) code of ethics on various occasions.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy's death and conspiracy theory ===
In January 2010, Sakshi TV broadcast a [[conspiracy theory]] by the American journalist [[Mark Ames]] in the Russian online tabloid ''[[The eXile]]'', on the death of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], father of Jagan Mohan Reddy, in a [[Death of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|helicopter crash on 2 September 2009]]. It alleged that Ambani brothers – [[Mukesh Ambani]] and [[Anil Ambani]] – of [[Reliance Group]] orchestrated the death.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |date=2010-01-09 |title=RIL to file criminal complaint against Telugu TV channel |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/2UquRXLgXxu8ytJMMgbgGI/RIL-to-file-criminal-complaint-against-Telugu-TV-channel.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2010 |title=TV5 Journalists Arrest Sparks Furore |url=https://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/tv5-journalists-arrest-sparks-furore-176.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=fullhyderabad}}</ref> [[TV5 (Telugu)|TV5]] channel broke the story while Sakshi TV and [[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]] relayed the report aired by TV5.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2010 |title=Reliance attack: Cases slapped against three TV channels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reliance-attack-cases-slapped-against-three-tv-channels/articleshow/5426422.cms |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42" />

The report led to massive attacks against the business establishments owned by the two Ambani brothers in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-08 |title=Two editors of TV 5 arrested in Hyderabad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Two-editors-of-TV-5-arrested-in-Hyderabad/article16836721.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ashok |date=2010-01-08 |title=AP channel booked over YSR report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ap-channel-booked-over-ysr-report/story-yuiZRLlaDn9Fkap03Sj9iI.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2010 |title=Police arrests TV5 editors, Editors Guild condemns irresponsible reporting |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/jan/jan54.php |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref> On 8 January 2010, criminal cases were filed against Sakshi TV and NTV while two senior journalists of TV5 were arrested.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-10 |title=Journalists protest TV5 editors' arrest |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/journalists-protest-tv5-editors-arrest-110011000036_1.html |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref> [[Editors Guild of India]] asked the channels to desist from "irresponsible reporting" and condemned the reporting as sensational and against the principles of journalism.<ref name=":82" />

== See also ==
* [[Sakshi (media group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sakshi.com/}}

{{Telugu Language Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakshi Tv}}
[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Shahpur, Jharkhand

2026-03-22T19:02:47Z

Tanisha R: Adding entry.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahpur
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = RiverKoyalView.jpg
| photo2a = Leopoldina. Reihe 1, Heft 09, 1873-1874 (IA leopoldina09kais).pdf
| photo2b = Satsang Vihar Daltonganj, Palamou, Jharkhand.jpg
}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| image_map = India Jharkhand locator map.svg
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palamu district]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| official_name =
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| nickname = One of the historical cities in Jharkhand
| image_caption = Road in Shahpur
| settlement_type = City and Town
| map_caption = Shahpur is in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
}}

'''Shahpur''' is a city and a town in [[Palamu district|Palamu District]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], near [[Medininagar|Medininagr (Daltonganj)]]. It is a twin city of [[Medininagar]] and is one of the [[History of Jharkhand|historical cities]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. This city is connected by Medininagr through the Shahpur Bridge and is bordered and separated by the Koyal River. Shahpur has many historical places, landmarks, and monuments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pin Code: SHAHPUR, PALAMAU, JHARKHAND, India, Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/JHARKHAND/PALAMAU/S/SHAHPUR|access-date=2020-12-21|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahpur Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Shahpur, Palamau, Jharkhand, India|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/jharkhand/palamau/shahpur|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In this city's name, Shah is a [[Persians|Persian]] title given to Iran's peoples, kings, and lords. This name is widely used in the names of cities in many countries, including [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], and [[Afghanistan]], among others.

Pur is a [[placename]] element found in the names of cities in the [[Indian subcontinent]], especially those in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and the eastern regions of [[Pakistan]]. Examples include the cities of [[Jaipur]] and [[Nagpur]].

== Historical significance ==
Shahpur was built during [[Medininagar (Daltonganj)|Daltonganj]]'s time. It has various historical landmarks, including the most famous [[Shahpur Fort]]. It is one of the oldest forts in the country, built during the time of the kings, lords, and the British. There is also a shrine located here.

== Education ==

=== Schools ===

* Mission Public School
* Patel Raman High School
* Red Rose Public School
* Sahodaya High School
* Sanskar Academy
* RMPSI Public School
* Rotary School Chainpur

== Economy ==
The economy of Shahpur is dependent on tourism, trade and commerce. There are transport connections between Shahpur and Daltonganj. Daltonganj and the government fulfill the needs of Shahpur. Shahpur has various stores and banks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STATE BANK OF INDIA SHAHPUR, JHARKHAND IFSC Code: Find STATE BANK OF INDIA SHAHPUR MICR Code, IFSC Code on The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-state-bank-of-india,state-jharkhand,district-palamu,branch-shahpur,ifsccode-SBIN0011815.cms|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

[[Authorised]] traders in Shahpur include Jaiswal Traders, Shree Durga Traders, etc. They trade various types of cement, building materials, etc. A water supply pump is located in Shahpur at North Koel River.

== Tourist attractions ==

* Shahpur Fort
* Hazrat Karim Shah Wali Data Mazar
* Shiv Mandir
* Jama Masjid Shahpur
* Koyal River
* Shahpur Bridge

== See also ==

* [[Medininagar|Medininagar (Daltonganj)]]

== References ==
<references />{{Palamu district}}

{{morecat|date=September 2025}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Palamu district]]

Travancore Legislative Council

2026-03-21T22:30:13Z

Tanisha R: Adding new data.

{{Short description|Governing body of the princely state of Travancore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

The '''Travancore Legislative Council''' was the governing body of the [[Travancore|Travancore princely state]] from 1888 to 1932. This legislature was the first opportunity in [[History of India|post-medieval India]] for non-royal natives to interfere, at least to some extent, with the sovereignty of princely states or imperial powers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V |first=Nidheesh C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XE4EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD&pg=PA31 |title=ആധുനിക തിരുവിതാംകൂർ - മാർത്താണ്ഡ വർമ്മ മുതൽ ശ്രീ ചിത്തിര തിരുനാൾ വരെ |publisher=Nidheesh C V |language=ml}}</ref> [[Moolam Thirunal|Shri Moolam Tirunal Rama Varma]], the Maharaja (King) of Travancore, is considered as the first Indian ruler to implement the concept of public participation in governance through the formation of this council. After passing through many stages of evolution, this assembly later became the basic framework of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]] and is considered to became the core of the legislative system of [[Kerala]] itself, which became a state in [[History of Republic of India (1947–present)|independent India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aśōkan |first=Ke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psG1AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD |title=കുമാരനാശാൻ |date=1982 |publisher=Kēraḷa Hist̲ar̲i Asōsiyēṣan |language=ml}}</ref>

==Formation==
The Travancore Legislative Council came into existence on 30 March 1888 through an order issued by Maharaja Shri Moolam Tirunal. The proclamation stipulated a committee of eight members, including not less than two non-official members, for a term of three years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subayyāpiḷḷa |first=Pi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oca1AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD |title=പി. എസ്. നടരാജപിള്ള |date=1991 |publisher=Sāmskārika Pr̲asiddhīkaraṇavakupp, Kēraḷasarkkār |language=ml}}</ref> On 23 August 1888, in the first meeting chaired by the then Dewan T. Ram Rao himself, there were five official members and three non-official members. The council was chaired by the Diwan. Provision was made to appoint a vice-chairman temporarily in his absence.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjYzzgEACAAJ |title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=2020 |publisher=Gyan |isbn=978-81-212-4525-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Objectives==
Such a council was formed for the first time among the six hundred princely states that existed in India. The role of the council was to advise the king and his staff on legislation. The rules framed by the committee came into force after receiving the approval of the King. The King himself had the final authority to enact such laws. The council had no authority to check whether the said laws were being effectively implemented or to take any further action. But even with those limitations, the Travancore Legislative Council is considered now as a first step towards a democratic process involving the public.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pavanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToIRAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD |title=Paricayaṃ |date=1968 |publisher=Janayugom Books |language=ml}}</ref>

==Development and evolution==
At the same time as the formation of the council, important historical changes were also taking place in Travancore in the community and social sphere. It was in the same year that [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayanaguru]] performed [[Shiva]] pratishtha at [[Aruvippuram|Aruvipuram]]. In 1891, a huge petition signed by about ten thousand people was presented to the Maharaja. Known as the [[Malayali Memorial]] or the Travancore Memorial, this massive petition protested against the policy of considering only foreign [[Brahmin]]s, mainly from [[Tamil Nadu]] in government service and demanded that the common people also get representation in government jobs. [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[G. P. Pillai|G. P Pillai]], historian [[C. V. Raman Pillai|C.V. Ramanpilla]], KP Shankaramenon, K.C Shadananan Nair and other social reformers like [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Palpu]] and youths of different castes and religions were behind this petition. The Tamil Brahmin community, not amused by the presentation of the Malayali memorial, soon submitted a counter-memorial to the king, refuting all its arguments.

During this time, [[Swami Vivekananda]], who visited Kerala, had heard from Palpu about the customs of untouchability in Kerala. Vivekananda suggested Palpu to unite the community under a real ascetic as a solution to the problems experienced by the Ezhava community. Along with this, in May 1895, Dr. Palpu himself submitted a petition to Dewan Shankarasubbayar. Also, in September 1896, a huge petition signed by 13176 members of the [[Ezhava]] community was also presented to the Maharaja under his leadership. The petition was known as Ezhava Memorial Petition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Planning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&dq=ezhava+memorial&pg=PA56 |title=Kerala Development Report |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Swami Vivekananda, who came to Kerala for his second visit, started efforts to bring the caste problem in Kerala to the attention of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. As the customs and caste system that existed in Kerala became a serious topic of discussion in the British Parliament, the Kingdom of Travancore was forced to find some solution in this regard. As a result, [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranashan]], [[Ayyankali]] and others were nominated to the council. In 1919 a significant change took place in the Legislative Council. The membership of the council was increased to 25, giving more representation, power and responsibilities to the people. A provision was made to appoint three of the 11 non-official members by nomination and the remaining eight by direct election of the people. Firstly, the committee members had an opportunity to discuss the annual budget and ask questions. A maximum of three questions per person was fixed in one session. Also, members had no right to ask sub-questions or move motions. Later, after the amendments of 1922, these rights were also granted.

In October 1921, the council was again developed and the new composition was 22 nominees out of 50 and 7 non-officials. Only those who paid Rs.5 as land tax or labor tax and graduates got the right to vote for members.

In 1922, women were allowed to vote and be elected. With this doctor [[Mary Poonen Lukose]] became the first woman to be nominated to any legislative assembly in India.Elections to the council were held on 22 April 1922, 14 May 1925, 27–28 May 1928 and 20, 23 May 1931. It was during this jurisdiction that the Nair Regulation of 1925 and the Ezhava Regulation were passed.

In 1930 the council's powers were once again extended. With this, the council got full freedom of expression.

The regulation issued by [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Srichitra Tirunal Maharaja]] on 28 October 1932 led to the complete dismantling of the existing legislative system. It was decided that the Praja Sabha and the Legislative Council should function as two chambers of the legislature. With that, the Travancore Legislative Council was abolished and replaced by an Upper House called the Srichithira State Council as part of the new bicameral system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-20 |title=HISTORY OF KERALA LEGISLATURE |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776 |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820113005/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776 |archive-date=20 August 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cochin Legislative Council]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:1888 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislatures in Indian princely states]]

Meghranjani Medhi

2026-03-14T22:59:15Z

Tanisha R: Made Stub

{{Short description|Indian Kathak dancer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Meghranjani|Medhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghranjani Medhi
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = Megharanjani.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father = Joy Prakash Medhi
| mother = Marami Medhi
| spouse = Neil Das
| children =
| occupation = [[Kathak]] dancer, actress
| known for =
| awards = [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]]
}}
'''Meghranjani Medhi''' is an Indian [[Kathak]] dancer and actress from Assam. In 2024 she received the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for Kathak.

==Biography==
Meghranjani Medi was born in Assam to singer, composer, and music director Joy Prakash Medi and Kathak dancer Marami Medhi.<ref name="yeti">{{cite news |title=Meghranjani Medhi - Kathak Dancer Artistic Journey from Tradition to Global Stages - YetiNews |url=https://yetinews.com/lifestyle/meghranjani-medhi-kathak-dancer-artistic-journey-from-tradition-to-global-stages/ |date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She began learning Kathak dance from her mother at the age of three.<ref name="yeti"/> She later trained under the eminent Kathak dancers like [[Lucknow gharana]] guru [[Birju Maharaj|Pandit Birju Maharaj]] and [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur gharana]] guru [[Rajendra Gangani|Pandit Rajendra Gangani]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Medhi |first1=Marami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX_REAAAQBAJ&dq=meghranjani+medhi&pg=PA157 |title=Kathak Volume-1 A Theoretical & Practical Guide |last2=Talukdar |first2=Debasish |date=2022-09-17 |publisher=anshika publication |isbn=978-93-5780-420-2 |language=en}}</ref> After completing Nrtiya Nipun degree in Kathak from Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyapith, Lucknow, she done her master's degree in Kathak dance from Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya under Khairagarh University.<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, she completed Nrtiya Nipun degree in [[Sattriya dance]] from Sageet Satra Pariksha Parishad, Assam.<ref name=":0" />

Currently, Meghranjani lives in Guwahati, Assam with her husband, Neil Das, who is also an artist.<ref name="yeti"/>

==Dance career==
Meghranjani started learning Kathak dance from her mother at the age of three and completed her Nritya Nipun degree in Kathak dance from Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyapeeth, Lucknow in 2009.<ref name="Portal">{{cite web |title=Meghranjani Medhi – Making Waves With Her Dance and Acting |url=https://www.assamportal.com/2016/04/meghranjani-medhi.html |website=Assam Online Portal |language=en |date=22 April 2016}}</ref> She has received scholarships from the Department of Culture, Government of India and the [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT) and was selected as an empanelled Artist for Kathak by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) in 2012.<ref name="Portal"/>

Meghranjani, who performed with her mother all over India has also performed solo Kathak recitals at many prestigious events in India and abroad, including the Sadhana Festival of Dance in New Delhi, Kathak Mahotsav organized by [[National Institute of Kathak Dance]], Pragjyoti International Dance Festival (in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014), [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]] (2014), [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] (2015), Sarjaya Festival of Dance & Music (2013), Panch Tattva Festival, Mumbai, and World Dance Day in Chennai.<ref name="Portal"/> She toured Egypt, Israel, Palestine and the UAE under the ICCR and also performed at the Fleck Dance Theatre of the [[Harbourfront Centre]] in [[Toronto]] in June 2011.<ref name="Portal"/>

Together with her mother, Meghranjani runs a dance school named Sur Sangam in Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance chose me, says Kathak exponent Meghranjani Medhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dance-chose-me-says-kathak-exponent-meghranjani-medhi/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Meghranjani started her acting career with the video film ''Lakhimi'' and later acted in films like ''Abhimani Mon'', ''Poornima'', ''Janmoni'' (Volume-I & II), ''Rumal'' and ''Kasijun''.<ref name="Portal"/> Her first full-length feature film was ''Anuradha'', which released in 2015.<ref name="Portal"/> Apart from this, she acted in the television mega serial ''Tumi Dusokut Kajol Lole'' and several TV commercials.<ref name="Portal"/>

==Awards and honors==
Meghranjani has won the gold medal at the Guwahati University Inter-College Youth Festival for three consecutive years starting in 2007.<ref name="Portal"/> She received the Nebcus Media Award as the Best Actress for the video film ''Jaanmoni'' in 2010–2011.<ref name="Portal"/> She received the Nirod Chaudhary Award for Best Actress for her performance in her first full-length feature film, ''Anuradha''.<ref name="Portal"/> In 2024 she received the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] for Kathak for the year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2024-02-28 |title=Meghranjani Medhi among 12 to receive Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/meghranjani-medhi-among-12-to-receive-sangeet-natak-akademi-award-1522840 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |title=5 Assam Artists Among 82 Conferred with Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/5-assam-artists-among-82-conferred-with-ustad-bismillah-khan-yuva-puraskar-7600653 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 January, she received the Kala Sadhak - The One Devoted to Art award.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2025 |title=Kathak dancer Meghranjani Medhi honoured with prestigious 'Kala Sadhak' award |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/kathak-dancer-meghranjani-medhi-honoured-with-prestigious-kala-sadhak-award-1160162-2025-01-24 |work=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medhi, Meghranjani}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anti-ship missile

2026-03-11T16:12:01Z

Tanisha R: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Missile used to attack ships}}
{{See also|Anti-ship ballistic missile}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
[[Image:Jelcz P662D43 z wyrzutnia.JPG|thumb|[[Polish Navy]]'s land based [[Naval Strike Missile]] coastal defense system launcher and TRS-15M Odra [[3D radar]] in the background]]
[[File:YJ missiles 2025 V-J Parade CNS.png|thumb|Chinese [[YJ-15]], [[YJ-17]], [[YJ-19]] and [[YJ-20]] anti-ship missiles at the [[2025 China Victory Day Parade]]<ref name="China enhances A2/AD posture in Indo-Pacific with new anti-ship effectors">{{cite web |title=Feature: China enhances A2/AD posture in Indo-Pacific with new anti-ship effectors|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-and-national-security-analysis/china-a2ad-posture-in-indo-pacific-enhanced |website=Janes |date=2024-02-05 |access-date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260209223619/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-and-national-security-analysis/china-a2ad-posture-in-indo-pacific-enhanced |archive-date=2026-02-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Exocet AM39 P1220892.jpg|thumb|France [[MBDA]] [[Exocet]] anti-ship missile under a [[Dassault Rafale]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole fighter]]]]
[[File:Missile Rocketsan Teknofest2023 (1).jpg|thumb|Turkish [[Roketsan]] [[Atmaca]] anti-ship missile at [[Teknofest]] in 2023]]

An '''anti-ship missile''' ('''AShM'''<ref name="Ronald O'Rourke 14">{{cite web
| url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33153/263
| title= China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress
| author=Ronald O'Rourke
| date=10 November 2022
| publisher=Congressional Research Service
| quote="...a supersonic Anti-Ship Missile (AShM)"
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013815/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33153/263#page18
| archive-date=5 July 2023
| url-status=live
| page=14
| access-date=2024-04-30
}}</ref> or '''ASM''')<ref name="Peter Ong">{{cite web
| url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/will-the-u-s-navy-replace-the-destroyers-harpoon-anti-ship-missiles-with-naval-strike-missiles/
| title=Will The U.S. Navy Replace The Destroyers’ Harpoon Anti-Ship Missiles With Naval Strike Missiles?
| author=Peter Ong
| date=27 August 2021
| publisher=Naval News
| quote="...the aging Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles (ASM)"
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528140343/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/will-the-u-s-navy-replace-the-destroyers-harpoon-anti-ship-missiles-with-naval-strike-missiles/
| archive-date=28 May 2023
| url-status=live
| access-date=2024-04-30
}}</ref> is a [[guided missile]] that is designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the [[sea-skimming]] variety, and many use a combination of [[inertial navigation system|inertial guidance]] and [[active radar homing]]. A large number of other anti-ship missiles use [[infrared homing]] to follow the heat that is emitted by a ship; it is also possible for anti-ship missiles to be guided by radio command all the way.

Many anti-ship missiles can be launched from a variety of weapons systems including [[Surface combatant|surface warship]]s (also referred to as '''ship-to-ship missiles'''), [[submarine]]s, [[bomber]]s, [[fighter plane]]s, [[anti-submarine warfare|patrol plane]]s, [[helicopter]]s, [[shore battery|shore batteries]], land vehicles, and, conceivably, even [[infantry]]men firing shoulder-launched missiles. The term '''[[surface-to-surface missile]]''' (SSM) is used when appropriate. The longer-range anti-ship missiles are often called anti-ship [[cruise missile]]s. Several countries are also developing [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]s.

==Etymology==
[[File:BrahMos MAKS2009.jpg|thumb|right|[[BrahMos]], a [[supersonic cruise missile]], capable of being launched from multiple platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ship-based Weapon Complex System - BrahMos.com |url=https://www.brahmos.com/content.php?id=15# |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.brahmos.com}}</ref> ]]

Both "AShM"<ref name="Ronald O'Rourke 14"/> and "ASM"<ref name="Peter Ong"/> are utilized interchangeably as an acronym for "anti-ship missile." "AShM" may be the preferred acronym when confusion with "[[air-to-surface missile]]" (commonly abbreviated as "ASM") may occur.

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}

During the [[Cold War]], the [[Soviet Union]] turned to a [[sea denial]] strategy concentrating on [[submarine]]s, [[naval mine]]s and the AShM. One of the first products of the decision was the [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2 Styx]] missile. Further products were to follow, and they were soon loaded onto the [[Soviet Air Force]]'s [[Tu-95 Bear]] and [[Tu-22|Tu-22 Blinder]] bombers, in the case of the air-launched [[KS-1 Komet]].

[[File:Hiddensee P-20 missile.jpg|thumb| P-15 unloaded from missile tube aboard the [[German corvette Hiddensee|USNS Hiddensee]]]]

In 1967, the [[Israeli Navy]]'s destroyer {{INS|Eilat|1955|2}} was the first ship to be sunk by a ship-launched missile—a number of Styx missiles launched by Egyptian {{sclass|Komar|missile boat}}s off the [[Sinai Peninsula]].

In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] the [[Indian Navy]] conducted two raids using {{sclass2|Osa|missile boat|1}}s employing the Styx on the Pakistani naval base at [[Karachi]]. These raids resulted in the destruction or crippling of approximately two thirds of the [[Pakistani Navy]]. Major losses included two [[destroyer]]s, a [[fleet oiler]], an [[ammunition ship]], approximately a dozen [[merchant ship]]s, and numerous smaller craft. Major shore-based facilities, including fuel storage tanks and naval installations were also destroyed. The Osas returned to base without loss.

The [[Battle of Latakia]] in 1973 (during the [[Yom Kippur War|Yom Kippur/]]Ramadan War) was the scene of the world's first combat between missile boats. In this battle, the Israeli Navy destroyed [[Syria]]n warships without suffering any damage, using [[electronic countermeasures]] and ruses for defence. After defeating the [[Syrian Navy]] the Israeli missile boats also sank a number of Egyptian warships, again without suffering any damage in return, thus achieving total naval supremacy for the rest of the war.

Anti-ship missiles were used in the 1982 [[Falklands War]]. The British warship {{HMS|Sheffield|D80|6}}, a [[Type 42 destroyer]], was struck by a single air-launched [[Exocet]] and later sank as a result of the damage. The container ship {{ship||Atlantic Conveyor}} was hit by two Exocets and burnt out and subsequently sank while under tow. {{HMS|Glamorgan|D19|6}} was damaged when she was struck by an MM38, a ship-launched version of the Exocet, fired from a launcher taken from the [[Argentine Navy]] destroyer [[USS Hank|ARA ''Comodoro Seguí'']] and mounted on a trailer by Navy technicians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fuerzasnavales.com/itb.html |title=An interview with CL (R) Ing. Julio Pérez, chief designer of Exocet trailer-based launcher |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010742/http://www.fuerzasnavales.com/itb.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but she had taken evasive action that limited the damage.

[[File:USS Stark.jpg|thumb|left|''Stark'' listing following two hits by [[Exocet]] missiles.]]
In 1987, a US Navy [[guided-missile frigate]], {{USS|Stark|FFG-31|6}}, was hit by an Exocet anti-ship missile fired by an Iraqi [[Mirage F-1]] fighter plane. ''Stark'' was damaged, but she was able to steam to a friendly port for temporary repairs.

In October 1987, ''Sungari'', an American-owned [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] steaming under the Liberian flag, and {{MV|Sea Isle City||2}}, a Kuwaiti tanker steaming under the American flag, were hit by Iranian HY-2 missiles.

[[File:AGM-84 Harpoon launched from USS Leahy (CG-16).jpg|thumb|[[RGM-84 Harpoon]] firing from {{USS|Leahy|CG-16|6}} in 1983]]
In 1988 AShMs were fired by both American and Iranian forces in [[Operation Praying Mantis]] in the [[Persian Gulf]]. During this naval battle, several Iranian warships were hit by American AShMs (and by the US Navy's [[Standard missile]]s—surface-to-air missiles which were doing double-duty in the anti-ship role). The US Navy hit the Iranian Navy frigate [[Iranian frigate Sahand (1969)|Sahand]] with three [[AGM-84 Harpoon|Harpoon]] missiles, four AGM-123 [[AGM-123 Skipper II|Skipper]] rocket-propelled bombs, a [[AGM-62 Walleye|Walleye]] TV-guided bomb, and several {{convert|1,000|lb|abbr=on|0}} "[[Mark 83 bomb|iron bombs]]". Despite the large number of munitions and successful hits, ''Sahand'' did not sink until fire reached her [[Magazine (artillery)#Naval magazines|ammunition magazine]], causing it to detonate, sinking the vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-prayingmantis.shtml|title=Photos of Sahand on fire|author=Bradley Peniston|publisher=Navybook.com|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614190554/http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-prayingmantis.shtml|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same engagement, American warships fired three Standard missiles at an Iranian Navy [[corvette]]. This corvette had such a low profile above the water that a Harpoon missile that arrived several minutes later could not lock onto it with its targeting radars.

In 2006, Lebanese [[Hezbollah]] fighters fired an AShM at the Israeli corvette {{INS|Hanit}}, inflicting battle damage, but the warship managed to return to Israel in one piece and under its own power. A second missile in the same salvo struck and sank an Egyptian merchant ship.

[[File:Neptune R-360 missile, Kyiv 2021, 05.jpg|thumb|right|[[R-360 Neptune|R-360 Neptune anti-ship missile]]]]
On 13 April 2022, the Ukrainian government claimed to have hit the [[Russian cruiser Moskva|Russian cruiser ''Moskva'']] with two [[R-360 Neptune]] missiles, resulting in [[sinking of the Moskva|its sinking]]. The Russian government did not confirm the attack, but admitted that the ship sank after a fire.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843 |access-date=15 April 2022 |date=15 April 2022 |title=Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea}}</ref> If Ukrainian claims are true, ''Moskva'' might be the largest warship ever disabled or destroyed by a missile, according to Carl Schuster, a retired [[United States Navy|US Navy]] captain and former director of operations at the [[United States Indo-Pacific Command|US Pacific Command]]'s Joint Intelligence Center.<ref name="CNN 14apr22">{{cite news |last1=Lendon |first1=Brad |title=Russian navy evacuates badly damaged flagship in Black Sea. Ukraine claims it was hit by a missile |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/14/europe/russia-navy-cruiser-moskva-fire-abandoned-intl-hnk-ml/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414164050/https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/14/europe/russia-navy-cruiser-moskva-fire-abandoned-intl-hnk-ml/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Threat posed==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:X-15c.gif|thumb|Attack against an aircraft carrier using a [[Kh-15|Kh-15S]]]]
[[File:Ракетный удар гвардейского ракетного крейсера «Варяг» и поражение судна-мишени класса «крейсер».ogv|thumb|Video of Russian [[P-1000 Vulkan]] missile destroying a target ship]]

Anti-ship missiles are a significant threat to surface ships, which have large [[radar]], radio, and thermal signatures that are difficult to suppress. Once acquired, a ship cannot outrun or out-turn a missile, the warhead of which can inflict significant damage. To counter the threat posed, the modern surface combatant has to either avoid being detected, destroy the missile launch platform before it fires its missiles, or decoy or destroy all of the incoming missiles.

Modern navies have spent much time and effort developing counters to the threat of anti-ship missiles since the Second World War. Anti-ship missiles have been the driving force behind many aspects of modern ship design, especially in navies that operate aircraft carriers.

The first layer of antimissile defence by a modern, fully equipped [[aircraft carrier]] [[task force]] is always the long-range [[air-to-air missile|missile-carrying]] fighter planes of the aircraft carrier itself. Several fighters are kept on [[combat air patrol]] (CAP) 24 hours a day, seven days a week when at sea, and many more are put aloft when the situation warrants, such as during wartime or when a threat to the task force is detected.
[[File:Mansup (13-09-2024).gif|thumb|right|Brazilian frigate [[HMS Battleaxe (F89)|''Rademaker'']] firing a [[MANSUP]] anti-ship missile in September 2024]]
These fighters patrol up to hundreds of miles away from the task force and they are equipped with airborne radar systems. When spotting an approaching aircraft on a threatening flight profile, it is the responsibility of the CAP to intercept it before any missile is launched. If this cannot be achieved in time, the missiles themselves can be targeted by the fighters's own weapons systems, usually their air-to-air missiles, but ''in extremis'', by their rapid-fire cannon.

However, some AShMs might "leak" past the task force's fighter defences. In addition, many modern warships operate independently of carrier-based air protection and they must provide their own defences against missiles and aircraft. Under these circumstances, the ships themselves must utilize multilayered defences which have been built into them.

For example, some warships, such as the [[US Navy]]'s {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} [[guided missile cruiser]]s, the {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|0}} [[guided missile destroyer]]s, and the [[Royal Navy]]'s Type 45 guided missile destroyer, use a combination of radar systems, integrated computer fire-control systems, and agile [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAM) to simultaneously track, engage, and destroy several incoming anti-ship missiles or hostile [[warplane]]s at a time.

The primary American defensive system, called the [[Aegis Combat System]], is also used by the navies of Japan, Spain, Norway, South Korea, and Australia. The Aegis system has been designed to defend against mass attacks by hostile anti-ship missiles or warplanes.

Any missiles that can elude the interception by medium-ranges SAM missiles can then be either deceived with electronic countermeasures or decoys; shot down by short-range missiles such as the Sea Sparrow or the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM); engaged by the warship's main gun armament (if present); or, as a last resort, destroyed by a [[close-in weapon system]] (CIWS), such as the American [[Phalanx CIWS]], Russian [[Kashtan CIWS]], or the Dutch [[Goalkeeper CIWS]].

===Current threats and vulnerabilities===
[[File:YJ17 2025 V-J Parade CNS.png|thumb| [[YJ-17]] is a hypersonic [[anti-ship ballistic missile]], featuring a [[hypersonic glide vehicle]] (HGV) warhead]]
To counter these defence systems, countries such as Russia are developing or deploying missiles that slowly cruise at a very low level (about five meters above sea level) to within a short range of their target and then, at the point when radar detection becomes inevitable, initiate a supersonic, high-agility sprint (potentially with anti-aircraft missile detection and evasion) to close the terminal distance. Missiles, such as the [[SS-N-27|SS-N-27 Sizzler]], that incorporate this sort of threat modality are regarded by US Navy analysts as potentially being able to penetrate the US Navy's defensive systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=a5LkaU0wj714&refer=home|title=Navy Lacks Plan to Defend Against 'Sizzler' Missile|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119102801/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=a5LkaU0wj714&refer=home|archive-date=19 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

Recent years have seen a growing amount of attention being paid to the possibility of [[ballistic missile]]s being re-purposed or designed for an anti-ship role. Speculation has focused on the development of such missiles for use by China's [[People's Liberation Army Navy]]. Such an [[anti-ship ballistic missile]] would approach its target extremely rapidly, making it very difficult to intercept.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensereview.com/chinese-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-asbm-kill-weapon-flummoxes-us-navy/|title=Chinese Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM) 'Kill Weapon' Flummoxes U.S. Navy|author=David Crane|date=6 April 2009|publisher=DefenseReview.com (DR): An online tactical technology and military defense technology magazine with particular focus on the latest and greatest tactical firearms news (tactical gun news), tactical gear news and tactical shooting news.|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113185848/http://www.defensereview.com/chinese-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-asbm-kill-weapon-flummoxes-us-navy/|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to China's development of anti-ship missiles and other [[anti-access/area denial]] capabilities, the United States has developed the [[AirSea Battle]] doctrine.

==Countermeasures and defences==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}
{{See also|Countermeasure}}
[[File:USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53) launches RIM-174 June 2014.JPG|thumb|American [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM]] [[surface-to-air missile]] used to counter anti-ship missile threats. The missile can also used as an anti-ship missile for Secondary role.]]
[[File:9M317M surface-to-air-missiles.webm|thumb|Russian naval [[Buk missile system|9M317M]] surface-to-air-missile launching from [[vertical launching system]]]]
[[Image:AN-SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite on USS CG-70 Lake Erie at Osaka (2014 April 13).jpg|thumb|[[AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare suite|AN/SLQ-32 (V)3 electronic warfare suite]] aboard [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS ''Lake Erie'']].]]
Countermeasures against anti-ship missiles include
* [[Surface-to-air missile]]s
* [[Close-in weapon system]]s (CIWS), including the Soviet-or Russian-made [[AK-630]] or [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]], Turkish [[Aselsan GOKDENIZ]], German [[Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun|Millennium Gun]] or the [[Phalanx CIWS|Phalanx]] and [[Goalkeeper CIWS|Goalkeeper]]. These are automated gun systems mounted on the deck of a ship that use radar to track the approaching missile, and then attempt to shoot it down during its final approach to the target.
* [[Anti-aircraft gun]]s such as the [[5-54 Mark 45|Mk 45 {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on|0}} naval gun]] or the [[AK-130]]
* [[Electronic warfare]] equipment (such as [[AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite]])
* [[Decoy]] systems (such as [[chaff (radar countermeasure)|chaff]], the US Navy's [[Mark 36 SRBOC]] system), and [[flare (countermeasure)|flare]]s, or more active decoys such as the [[Nulka]]

Ships that employ some [[stealth ship|stealth technology]] can reduce the risk of detection and make themselves a harder target for the missile through the use of passive countermeasures including:
* reduction of their [[radar cross section]] (RCS) and hence radar signature.
* limiting the ship's [[infrared signature|infrared]] and [[acoustic signature]].

===History of combat interceptions===

====Gulf War====
On February 25, 1991, during the first [[Gulf War]], the Phalanx-equipped {{USS|Jarrett|FFG-33|6}} was a few miles from {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} and the destroyer {{HMS|Gloucester|D96|6}}. The ships were attacked by an Iraqi [[Silkworm missile]] (often referred to as the Seersucker), at which ''Missouri'' fired its [[Mark 36 SRBOC|SRBOC]] [[chaff (radar countermeasure)|chaff]]. The Phalanx system on ''Jarrett'', operating in the automatic target-acquisition mode, fixed upon ''Missouri''{{'}}s chaff, releasing a burst of rounds. From this burst, four rounds hit ''Missouri'' which was {{convert|2|to|3|mi|km|spell=in}} from ''Jarrett'' at the time. There were no injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm |title=Tab-H Friendly-fire Incidents |publisher=Gulflink.osd.mil |access-date=2010-04-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408060501/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm| archive-date=8 April 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Sea Dart missile]] was then launched from HMS ''Gloucester'', which destroyed the Iraqi missile, achieving the first successful engagement of a missile by a missile during combat at sea.

====2016 attacks off the coast of Yemen====
On 9 October 2016, {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|2}}, operating near the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait, was targeted by two missiles fired from Houthi-controlled territory. Both missiles fell short and crashed into the water.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/09/us-navy-ship-uss-mason-targeted-in-failed-missile-attack-from-yemen.html |title=US Navy ship targeted in failed missile attack from Yemen |website=CNBC|date=9 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-10/missiles-fired-from-yemen-target-u-s-navy-ship-in-failed-attack|title=Missiles Fired From Yemen Target U.S. Navy Ship in Failed Attack|publisher=Bloomberg|date=10 October 2016|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The Houthi insurgency denied launching the attack on the warship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/10/politics/yemen-us-navy-targeted/|title=Yemen: Missiles target U.S. warship, Pentagon says|last1=Browne|first1=Ryan|last2=Crawford|first2=Jamie|date=10 October 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The [[United States Naval Institute]] reported that ''Mason'' fired two [[RIM-66 Standard|SM-2 Standard]] missiles and one [[RIM-162 ESSM]] missile to intercept the two missiles, and deployed her [[Nulka]] missile decoy. One of two U.S. defence officials cited anonymously added that it was not clear whether the incoming missiles had been shot down or crashed into the water on their own.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/10/11/uss-mason-fired-3-missiles-to-defend-from-yemen-cruise-missiles-attack|title=USS Mason Fired 3 Missiles to Defend From Yemen Cruise Missiles Attack|last=LaGrone|first=Sam|website=USNI News|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|date=11 October 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> This marked the first recorded instance of ship-based [[anti-air]] missiles being fired from vertical launching cells in combat in response to an actual inbound missile threat.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Navy Successfully Thwarts Attack With First Engagement of Missile Defense System |url=https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/u-s-navy-successfully-thwarts-attack-with-first-engage-1787678550 |publisher=Foxtrot Alpha |date=11 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

On 12 October 2016 {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|2}} was again targeted by missiles fired from Yemeni territory, while it was operating in the Bab el-Mandeb strait.<ref name="2nd attack">{{Cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/10/12/pentagon-respond-appropriate-manner-new-missile-attack-uss-mason-yemen|title=Pentagon Pledges to Respond in 'Appropriate Manner' After New Yemen Missile Attack on USS Mason|last=LaGrone|first=Sam|date=12 October 2016|website=USNI News|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> ''Mason'' was not hit by the two missiles, which were fired from near the southern Yemen city of [[Al Hudaydah]].<ref name="2nd attack" /> While the Navy was not certain whether the first incoming missile was intercepted or instead just fell into the sea, officials said ''Mason'' successfully intercepted the second missile at a distance of about {{convert|8|mi}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/aegis-defense-system-helped-stop-missile-attack-on-uss-mason-1.433974|title=Aegis defense system helped stop missile attack on USS Mason|last=Copp|first=Tara|publisher=Stars and Stripes|date=13 October 2016|access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> marking the first time in history a warship destroyed an inbound anti-ship missile with a [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] in actual self-defence. On 13 October 2016, the U.S. attacked three [[radar]] sites in Houthi-held territory which had been involved in the earlier missile attacks, with [[Tomahawk (missile family)|cruise missiles]] launched from ''Nitze''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-missiles-idUSKCN12C294|title=U.S. military strikes Yemen after missile attacks on U.S. Navy ship|last=Stewart|first=Phil|publisher=Reuters|date=12 October 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The Pentagon assessed that all three sites were destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37639565|title=Yemen conflict: U.S. strikes radar sites after missile attack on ship|work=BBC News|date=13 October 2016|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

On 15 October 2016, {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|2}} was targeted in a third attack by Houthi rebels based in Yemen, by five anti-ship [[cruise missile]]s while operating in the [[Red Sea]] north of the Bab el-Mandeb strait. ''Mason'' fired a radar [[decoy]], an [[infrared]] decoy, and several [[SM-2 Standard]] missiles in response, either neutralizing or intercepting four of the five incoming missiles. The Navy reported the fifth incoming missile as neutralized by a radar decoy launched from ''Nitze'', after ''Mason'' alerted her to the threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2017/11/03/four-ship-crews-receive-combat-action-ribbon|title=Four ship crews receive Combat Action Ribbon |last=Ziezulewicz|first=Geoff|date=3 November 2017|website=Navy Times|access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref>

====2023 Houthi missile attacks====
On 26 December 2023, the [[USS Laboon|USS ''Laboon'']] shot down three ASBMs in the [[Red Sea]] fired by [[Houthi]] rebels with multiple SM-6s. This was its first intercept of a ballistic missile in combat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/12/26/navy-defends-against-17-houthi-attacks-red-sea-shipping-over-just-10-hour-period.html|title="Massive One-Day Barrage of Houthi Attacks on Shipping Fended Off by Navy Destroyer, Fighter"|first1=Konstantin|last1=Toropin|date=December 26, 2023|work=[[Military.com]]}}</ref>

On 30 December 2023, Danish container ship Maersk Hangzhou issued a distress call after coming under fire from four small ships commanded by Iranian-backed Houthi rebels from Yemen. Attempts were also made to board Maersk Hangzhou by force, while a contracted security team defended the ship. {{USS|Gravely|DDG-107|2}} and aircraft carrier {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|2}} responded to a distress call from the container ship. Verbal commands were radioed to the Houthi ships, while helicopters from Eisenhower were dispatched. After taking small arms fire, U.S. Navy helicopters returned fire, sinking three of the four Houthi ships. There was no damage to U.S. equipment or personnel. In the process of responding to the distress call, ''Gravely'' shot down two anti-ship ballistic missiles fired from Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1741381969936834951 |title= Iranian-backed Houthi small boats attack merchant vessel and U.S. Navy helicopters in Southern Red Sea |author= US Central Command |date= 31 December 2023 |website= X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Tanyos | first=Faris | title=Missile fired from Houthi-controlled Yemen strikes merchant vessel in Red Sea, Pentagon says | website=CBS News | date=30 December 2023 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/missile-from-houthi-controlled-yemen-strikes-merchant-vessel-red-sea-uss-gravely-shoots-down-anti-ship-missiles/ | access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

On Jan. 9, at approximately 9:15&nbsp;p.m. (Sanaa time), Iranian-backed Houthis launched a complex attack of Iranian designed one-way attack UAVs (OWA UAVs), anti-ship cruise missiles, and an anti-ship ballistic missile from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen into the Southern Red Sea, towards international shipping lanes where dozens of merchant vessels were transiting. Eighteen OWA UAVs, two anti-ship cruise missiles, and one anti-ship ballistic missile were shot down by a combined effort of F/A-18s from {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|2}}, {{USS|Gravely|DDG-107|2}}, ''USS Laboon (DDG 58)'', USS {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|2}}, and the United Kingdom’s {{HMS|Diamond (D34)}}. This is the 26th Houthi attack on commercial shipping lanes in the Red Sea since Nov. 19. There were no injuries or damage reported.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US CENTCOM Statement on 26th Houthi attack on commercial shipping lanes in the Red Sea |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/3639970/us-centcom-statement-on-26th-houthi-attack-on-commercial-shipping-lanes-in-the/}}{{Source-attribution}}</ref>

On 14 January 2024, an anti-ship missile was fired in the direction of ''Laboon'' from a Houthi-controlled portion of Yemen, according to [[CENTCOM]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |title=Yemen Houthi rebels fire missile at US warship in Red Sea in first attack after American-led strikes|url=https://apnews.com/article/houthis-us-yemen-israel-palestinians-gaza-fa2aefc86ae002e73081e6ac1b772610 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |date=14 January 2024}}</ref> Two weeks later, on 30 January 2024, the [[USS Carney|USS ''Carney'']] shot down an ASBM in the [[Gulf of Aden]] fired by Houthi rebels with an SM-6.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.twz.com/sea/navys-sm-6-missile-used-in-combat-report |title="Navy's SM-6 Missile Used In Combat: Report"|first1=Thomas| last1=Newdick|first2=Joseph|last2=Trevithick|date=February 1, 2024|work=The War Zone}}</ref>

On 30 January 2024, ''USS Gravely'' used its [[Phalanx CIWS]] to shoot down an incoming anti-ship cruise missile fired by the Houthis. U.S. officials said that the missile came within a mile of the destroyer.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Liebermann |first1=Oren |last2=Bertrand |first2=Natasha |date=31 January 2024 |title=US warship had close call with Houthi missile in Red Sea |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/31/politics/us-warship-close-call-houthi-missile/index.html |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> No damage or injuries were reported.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Ella |last2=Epstein |first2=Jake |date=31 January 2024 |title=A Houthi missile got so close to a US destroyer the warship turned to a last resort gun system to shoot it down: report |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/houthi-missile-close-us-warship-close-in-weapon-system-2024-1 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

On February 6, 2024 at 4:30&nbsp;p.m., while patrolling in the Gulf of Aden, ''USS Laboon (DDG 58)'', operating near M/V Star Nasia, intercepted and shot down an anti-ship ballistic missile fired by the Iranian-backed Houthis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranian-Backed Houthi Terrorists conduct Multiple Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile Attacks in the Southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3668425/iranian-backed-houthi-terrorists-conduct-multiple-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-a/}}</ref> Later in the month, on 20 February 2024 at 12:30&nbsp;a.m., while operating in the [[Gulf of Aden]], ''Laboon'' detected and shot down one anti-ship cruise missile fired by the Houthis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feb. 19 and early morning Feb. 20 Red Sea Update |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3681040/feb-19-and-early-morning-feb-20-red-sea-update/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. Central Command |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

==Comparison==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2025}}
{{See also|List of anti-ship missiles}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Name
!Year
! data-sort-type="number" | Weight
! data-sort-type="number" | Warhead
! data-sort-type="number" | Range
! data-sort-type="number" | Speed
!Propulsion
!Launch platform
!Guidance
!Force
!Comments
|-
| [[Zircon (missile)|Zircon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rg.ru/2015/10/26/reg-szfo/raketa-anons.html|title=Крейсер "Адмирал Нахимов" получит гиперзвуковые ракеты|date=26 October 2015|access-date=31 January 2016|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230620/http://rg.ru/2015/10/26/reg-szfo/raketa-anons.html|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>||Expected for (2018-<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/royal-navy-new-queen-elizabeth-class-aircraft-carriers-not-stop-russia-zircon-missiles-hypersonic-a7651781.html|title=Russia has created an 'unstoppable' 4,600mph missile|date=27 March 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929092156/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/royal-navy-new-queen-elizabeth-class-aircraft-carriers-not-stop-russia-zircon-missiles-hypersonic-a7651781.html|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2020)<ref name=zirkon-tass>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/defense/870751|access-date=2016-05-13|title=Russia's hypersonic Zircon missile to go into serial production in 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523204745/http://tass.ru/en/defense/870751|archive-date=2016-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref>||Size 4 pcs instead of 1 P-700 for 1 launcher||{{cvt|300|-|400|kg|lb|disp=br()}}<br>[[conventional weapons|conventional]] or [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]]||{{cvt|400|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (export)<br/> >{{cvt|1000|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (domestic)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2732278|title=Для гиперзвуковых крылатых ракет в России создано принципиально новое топливо|website=vesti.ru|access-date=2017-05-25|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529064513/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2732278|archive-date=2017-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref>||Minimum 4700&nbsp;km/h (Mach 5 to 6) <ref name=zirkon-tass/> potentially up to Mach 8 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2877959|title=На испытаниях российская ракета "Циркон" достигла восьми скоростей звука|website=vesti.ru|access-date=2017-04-15|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415204539/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2877959|archive-date=2017-04-15|url-status=live}}</ref>||Liquid fuel scramjet||Surface, submarine||{{dunno}}||Russia||
|-
| [[3M-54 Kalibr|3M-54E Klub]] (SS-N-27 "Sizzler")||2006||{{cvt|2300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|220|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M||Turbojet||Surface, sub, shipping container||Inertial, active radar||Russia||
|-
| [[3M-54 Kalibr|3M-54E1 Klub]] (SS-N-27 "Sizzler")||2006||{{cvt|1780|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|400|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|300|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M||Turbojet||Surface, sub, shipping container||Inertial, active radar||Russia||
|-
| [[3M-54 Kalibr]] (SS-N-27 "Sizzler")||1993||{{cvt|1300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|660|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M||Turbojet||Surface, sub, shipping container||Inertial, active radar||Russia||Used in combat
|-
| [[P-500 Bazalt|P-1000 Vulkan]]||1987||{{cvt|6300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||700 and 1000 (appx.) &nbsp;km (or 800&nbsp;km<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601050731-ddon.htm |title=Никому в мире и не снилось: почему ракете "Вулкан" до сих пор нет равных на планете |publisher=Tvzvezda.ru |date=2018-01-01 |access-date=2018-11-21 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235505/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601050731-ddon.htm |archive-date=2018-09-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>)||{{cvt|3825|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel ramjet||Surface||Inertial, active radar homing/anti radar, mid course correction||USSR/Russia||
|-
| [[P-800 Oniks]] (SS-N-26)||2002||{{cvt|3000|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|250|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|800|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (Oniks-M) <br /> {{cvt|600|km|nmi}} (Domestic version for Russia)||{{cvt|3600|km/h|kn}}||Ramjet||Surface, air||Active-passive, radar||Russia||
|-
| [[P-700 Granit]]||1983||{{cvt|7000|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|750|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|625|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|2550|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel ramjet||Surface||Inertial, active radar homing/anti radar, mid course correction||USSR/Russia||
|-
| [[P-500 Bazalt]] (SS-N-12 SANDBOX)||1975||{{cvt|4500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||1000&nbsp;kg / 350 kt nuclear||{{cvt|550|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|3060|km/h|kn}}||Liquid fuel rocket||Surface, submarine||Semi-active, terminal active radar||USSR||
|-
| [[P-270 Moskit]] (SS-N-22 SUNBURN)||1984||{{cvt|4500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|320|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|120|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|3600|km/h|kn}}||Ramjet||Surface, air||Active radar, infrarred||USSR||
|-
| [[P-120 Malakhit]] (SS-N-9 SIREN)||1972||{{cvt|2953|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|110|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||Mach 0.9||Turbojet, solid fuel||Surface||Inertial, mid course correction, active radar||USSR||Used in combat
|-
| [[P-70 Ametist]] (SS-N-7 STARBRIGHT)||1967||{{cvt|3500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|65|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1050|km/h|kn}}||Solid rocket||Sub||Inertial, terminal homing||USSR||
|-
| [[P-15 Termit]] (SS-N-2 STYX)||1960||{{cvt|3100|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|454|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|80|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1100|km/h|kn}}||Liquid fuel rocket||Surface||Active radar, infrarred||USSR||Used in combat
|-
| [[P-5 Pyatyorka]] (SS-N-3 "Shaddock")||1959||{{cvt|5000|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1000|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|750|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1000|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Surface||Inertial, mid course correction, active radar||USSR||
|-
| [[Kh-15 (missile)|Kh-15]] (AS-16 Kickback)||1980||{{cvt|1200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||150&nbsp;kg conventional/nuclear||{{cvt|300|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|6125|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Air||Inertial/Active radar||USSR/Russia||
|-
| [[Kh-35]] (AS-20 KAYAK)||2003||{{cvt|520|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|145|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|130|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|970|km/h|kn}}||Turbofan||Surface, air||Inertial, active radar||USSR/Russia/North Korea||
|-
| [[Kh-22]] (AS-4 Kitchen)||1968||{{cvt|5820|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||1000&nbsp;kg conventional/nuclear||{{cvt|400|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|4000|km/h|kn}}||Liquid-fuel rocket||Air||Inertial||USSR/Russia||
|-
| [[KSShch]] (SS-N-1 "Scrubber")||1958||{{cvt|2300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||Nuclear||{{cvt|40|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1150|km/h|kn}}||Liquid-fuel rocket||Surface||Inertial||USSR||
|-
| [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM|SM-6]]||2013||{{cvt|1500|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|64|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|370|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|4287.7|km/h|kn}}||two stage/solid rocket booster||[[surface combatants|surface ships]], [[transporter erector launcher]]||[[Inertial guidance]], [[active radar homing]], [[semi active radar homing]]||United States||(The anti-ship version will enter service in 2023.)
|-
| [[AGM-158C LRASM]]||2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Ship-Missiles/LRASM_a002407001.aspx|access-date=2010-11-14|title=LRASM / Long Range Anti-Ship Missile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206042717/http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Ship-Missiles/LRASM_a002407001.aspx|archive-date=2010-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref> / 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/arming-new-platforms-will-push-value-missiles-market|access-date=2016-05-13|title=Arming New Platforms Will Push Up Value Of Missiles Market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410051620/http://aviationweek.com/defense/arming-new-platforms-will-push-value-missiles-market|archive-date=2016-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref>||~900&nbsp;kg||450&nbsp;kg||{{cvt|370|-|560|km|nmi|disp=br()}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/about-us/blogs-announcement/|title=About the FlightGlobal Group - Blogs Announcement - flightglobal.com|website=Flightglobal.com|access-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415133952/https://www.flightglobal.com/about-us/blogs-announcement/|archive-date=2018-04-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-12-15/us-navys-new-anti-ship-missile-makes-progress |title=US Navy's New Anti-Ship Missile Makes Progress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010702/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-12-15/us-navys-new-anti-ship-missile-makes-progress |archive-date=2018-04-14 |url-status=dead |website=Ainonline.com |date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/a-bridgehead-too-far-csbas-aggressive-risky-strategy-for-marines/ |title=A Bridgehead Too Far? CSBA's Aggressive, risky Strategy For Marines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011026/https://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/a-bridgehead-too-far-csbas-aggressive-risky-strategy-for-marines/ |archive-date=2018-04-14 |url-status=dead |website=Breakingdefense.com |date=15 November 2016}}</ref>||High subsonic||Turbojet||Air, ship||Passive radar and infrared homing||United States||
|-
| [[AGM-123 Skipper II]]||1985||{{cvt|582|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|450|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|25|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1100|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuelled||Air||Laser-guided||United States||Used in combat
|-
| [[Tomahawk (missile family)|BGM-109 Tomahawk]]||1983||{{cvt|1200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|450|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1666|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (Block V) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2021/03/17/us-navy-set-to-take-delivery-of-the-latest-version-of-its-tomahawk-missile/|title=US Navy set to receive latest version of the Tomahawk missile|date=17 March 2021}}</ref>||{{cvt|880|km/h|kn}}||Turbofan||Air, surface, submarine||[[GPS]], [[TERCOM]], [[DSMAC]]||United States||(Previous anti-ship version withdrawn from service in 1994, new anti-ship version will enter service in 2023.)
|-
| [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]]||1977||{{cvt|691|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|221|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|280|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|864|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet engine||Air, surface, submarine||Radar (B3: midcourse update)||United States||Used in combat
|-
| [[AGM-65 Maverick|AGM-65F Maverick]]||1972||{{cvt|300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|140|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|30|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1,150|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Air||Laser, infrarred||United States||Used in combat
|-
| [[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]]||1944||{{cvt|1000|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|727|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|37|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|260|–|390|km/h|kn}}||None||Air||Active radar||United States||Used in combat
|-
| [[Missile Moyenne Portée|MMP]]||2017||{{cvt|15|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|5|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||Solid propellant||Surface||Infrared||France||
|-
| [[Sea Venom (missile)|ANL/Sea Venom]]||2017||120&nbsp;kg
(260&nbsp;lb)
|{{cvt|30|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|20|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1040.4|km/h|kn}})||Two-stage solid-propellant rocket motor||Air (helicopter), Surface||Infrared||France/United Kingdom||
|-
| [[AS.34 Kormoran]]||1991||{{cvt|630|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|220|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|35|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1101|km/h|kn}}||Rocket||Air||Inertial, active radar||France/Germany||
|-
| [[AS 15 TT|AS.15TT/MM.15]]||1985||{{cvt|96|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|30|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|15|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1008|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Air||Inertial||France||
|-
| [[ARMAT]]||1984||{{cvt|550|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|160|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|120|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1100|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Air||Passive radar||France||
|-
| [[Otomat|Otomat/Milas]]||1977||{{cvt|770|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|210|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|360|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (min.)||{{cvt|1116|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Surface, air||Inertial, GPS, active radar||France/Italy||
|-
| [[Exocet]]||1975||{{cvt|670|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|165|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|180|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1134|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant (Block 1, block 2), turbojet (Block 3)||Air, surface, submarine||Inertial, active radar||France||Used in combat
|-
| [[Martel (missile)|AS.37/AJ.168 Martel]]||1970||{{cvt|550|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|60|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1070|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Air||Passive radar, TV||France/United Kingdom||Used in combat
|-
| [[Malafon]]||1966||{{cvt|1330|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|13|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|808|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Ship, surface||MCLOS (radio link)||France||
|-
| [[SS.12/AS.12]]||1960||{{cvt|76|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|28|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|7|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|370|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuelled||Air, surface||Wire-guided [[MCLOS]]||France||Used in combat
|-
| Malaface||1954||{{cvt|1430|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|700|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|40|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|808|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Surface||MCLOS (radio link)||France||
|-
| BHT-38||1940||{{cvt|160|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||None ([[glide bomb]])||Air||MCLOS (radio link)||France||
|-
| [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]]||1985||{{cvt|580|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|230|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|110|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (min.)||{{cvt|1000|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Air||Inertial, active radar||United Kingdom||
|-
| [[Sea Skua]]||1983||{{cvt|145|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|28|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|25|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|950|km/h|kn}}||Solid fuel||Air||Semi-active radar||United Kingdom||Used in combat
|-
| [[RBS-15]]||1985||{{cvt|800|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1101|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Air, surface||Inertial, GPS, radar||Sweden||
|-
| [[Saab Rb 08|RB 08]]||1966||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|70|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||Subsonic||Turbojet||Surface||Radio link active radar||Sweden/France||
|-
| [[RB 04]]||1962||{{cvt|600|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|32|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||Subsonic||Solid propellant||Air||Active radar||Sweden||
|-
| [[Naval Strike Missile]]||2009||{{cvt|410|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|125|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|250|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||High subsonic||Turbojet and solid fuel booster||Air, surface||Inertial, GPS, terrain-reference, imaging IR, target database||Norway||
|-
| [[Penguin (missile)|Penguin]]||1972||{{cvt|385|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|130|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|55|km|nmi |disp=br()}} (min.) ||{{cvt|1468|km/h|kn}}||Solid propellant||Air, surface, submarine||Inertial, laser, infrarred||Norway||
|-
| [[Fritz X]]||1943||{{cvt|1362|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|320|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|5|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1235|km/h|kn}}||None ([[glide bomb]])||Air||Manual (radio link)||Germany||Used in combat
|-
| [[Henschel Hs 293]]||1943||{{cvt|1045|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|295|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|5|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|828|km/h|kn}}||Liquid-propellant, then gliding||Air||MCLOS (radio link)||Germany||Used in combat
|-
| [[Blohm & Voss BV 246]]||1943||{{cvt|730|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|435|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|210|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|450|km/h|kn}}|||None (glide bomb)||Air||Manual (radio link)||Germany||
|-
| [[Neptune (cruise missile)|RK-360MC Neptune]]||2021||{{cvt|870|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|300|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||Subsonic||Turbofan||Ground based TEL||{{dunno}}||Ukraine||Used in combat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/15/1093026912/russian-moskva-warship-sunk-ukraine|title = A Russian warship in the Black Sea was sunk by Ukrainian missiles, U.S. Official says|website = NPR|date = 15 April 2022|last1 = Treisman|first1 = Rachel}}</ref>
|-
| [[BrahMos-II]]||2030s||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|1000|km|nmi |disp=br()}} <br /> {{cvt|400|km|nmi |disp=br()}}(export version)||{{cvt|6125|–|8575|km/h|kn}}||Scramjet||Ship, surface, air, submarine||{{dunno}}||India/Russia||
|-
| [[BrahMos]]||2006||{{cvt|2500|kg|lb|disp=br()}} (air), {{cvt|3000|kg|lb|disp=br()}} (ground)||{{cvt|300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|800|km|nmi |disp=br()}} or {{cvt|290|km|nmi |disp=br()}}(Export version) ||{{cvt|3675|km/h|kn}}||Ramjet||Ship, surface, air, submarine||[[Inertial navigation system|INS]], [[SatNav]], [[Active radar homing|ARH]]||India/Russia||
|-
| [[Çakır (missile)]]||2023||{{cvt|275|-|330|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|70|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|-|200|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|919|-|1040|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Ship, surface, air||Inertial, IIR, RF, Hybrid (IIR+RF)||Turkey||
|-
|[[Atmaca]]||2017||{{cvt|750|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|220|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|250|km|nmi|disp=br()}}<br />+{{cvt|280|km|nmi|disp=br()}} (KARA Atmaca)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/products/kara-atmaca-surface-surface-cruise-missile|title = Roketsan - KARA ATMACA Surface-To-Surface Cruise Missile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/product/atmaca-anti-ship-missile/|title=ATMACA ANTI-SHIP MISSILE – Roketsan|access-date=2021-06-19|archive-date=2021-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205025326/https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/product/atmaca-anti-ship-missile/|url-status=dead}}</ref>||{{cvt|1042|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Ship, surface, air||Inertial/GPS+RA+DL+IIR||Turkey||
|-
| [[SOM (missile)]]||2006||{{cvt|600|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|230|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||SOM-A:{{cvt|250|km}} SOM-J:{{cvt|185|km}}||{{cvt|1153|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Air||Inertial / GPS, terrain referenced navigation, automatic target recognition, imaging infrared||Turkey||
|-
| [[XASM-3]]||2016||{{cvt|940|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|150|km|nmi |disp=br()}}(original version)<br />{{cvt|400|km|nmi |disp=br()}}(extended range)||{{cvt|3707|km/h|kn}}||Ramjet||Air||Inertial / GPS, mid-course correction, active/passive radar||Japan||
|-
| [[Type 12 surface-to-ship missile|Type 12]]||2015||{{cvt|700|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||?||{{cvt|200|km|nmi|disp=br()}}(original version)<br />{{cvt|400|km|nmi|disp=br()}}(ship/air-launched and improved version)<br />{{cvt|900|km|nmi|disp=br()}}(upgrade in development)<br />{{cvt|1500|km|nmi|disp=br()}}(future version)||?||Turbojet||Ship, TEL, Air||Inertial, GPS, AESA||Japan||
|-
| [[Type 93 air-to-ship missile|Type 93]]||1993||{{cvt|530|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|170|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||Turbojet||Air||Inertial and IR Image||Japan||
|-
| [[Type 91 air-to-ship missile|Type 91]]||1991||{{cvt|510|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|260|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||Turbojet||Air||Inertial, mid course correction, active radar||Japan||
|-
| [[Type 80 air-to-ship missile|Type 80]]||1982||{{cvt|600|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|50|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||Turbojet||Air||Infarred||Japan||
|-
| [[Ohka]]||1943||{{cvt|2140|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1200|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|36|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|630|km/h|kn}}||Solid-propellant||Air||Manned ([[suicide attack]])||Japan||Used in combat
|-
| [[Hsiung Feng III]]||2007||{{cvt|1470|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|400|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|3,062|km|nmi}}||Ramjet||Ship, surface, air||Inertial / Active radar||Taiwan||Proven in mishap
[[Hsiung Feng III missile mishap]]
|-
| [[Hsiung Feng IIE]]||2011||{{cvt|1600|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{dunno}}||{{cvt|600-2,000|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1,041|km|nmi}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Ship, surface, air||Inertial/GPS/TERCOM||Taiwan||
|-
| [[Hsiung Feng II]]||1990||{{cvt|685|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|180|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|20-250|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1,041|km|nmi}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Ship, surface, air||Inertial midflight / Dual active radar plus infrared homing||Taiwan||
|-
| [[Hsiung Feng I]]||1978-2012||{{cvt|537.5|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|40|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|833|km|nmi}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Ship, surface, air||Inertial / Radar beam riding plus terminal semi-active homing||Taiwan||
|-
| [[Gabriel missile|Gabriel]]||1962||{{cvt|522|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|60|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|840|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Air, surface||Active radar||Israel||Used in combat
|-
|[[Sea Breaker]]
|2021
|400 kg (880 lb)
|113 kg (249 lb)
|300 km (160 nmi)
|?
|Turbojet
|Ship, Surface, Air
|GPS/INS/TERCOM+IIR
|Israel
|
|-
| [[Hae Sung|Hae Sung-I]] (SSM-700K)||2005||{{cvt|718|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1013|km/h|kn}}||Turbojet||Ship, surface||Inertial, active radar||South Korea||
|-
|[[Noor (missile)|Noor]]
|2005
|{{cvt|750|kg|lb|disp=br()}}
|{{cvt|165|kg|lb|disp=br()}}
|{{cvt|30-220|km|nmi|disp=br()}}
|{{cvt|1110-1728|km/h|kn}}
|Turbojet engine
|Air, Surface, Ship
|Inertial, Active radar homing
|Iran
|Used in combat
|-
|[[Zafar (anti-ship missile)|Zafar]]
|2012
|{{cvt|120|kg|lb|disp=br()}}
|{{cvt|30|kg|lb|disp=br()}}
|{{cvt|25|km|nmi|disp=br()}}
|0.8 M
|Turbojet
|Surface, Ship
|Active radar
|Iran
|
|-
| P15 & Silkworm KN1||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||{{dunno}}||Turbofan||Surface, coastal||Inertial, active radar||North Korea/USSR/Russia||
|-
| [[Mansup|MANSUP]]||2009||{{cvt|380|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|74-100|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|870|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Ship, surface||Inertial, active radar||Brazil||
|-
|-
| [[Mansup|MANSUP-ER]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2023/11/13/grupo-edge-apresenta-o-missil-antinavio-mansup-er-no-dubai-air-show/ | title = Grupo EDGE apresenta o míssil antinavio MANSUP-ER no Dubai Air Show | website = Poder Naval | date = 14 November 2023 | language = pt }}</ref>||2023||{{cvt|380|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200|km|nmi |disp=br()}}||{{cvt|950|km/h|kn}}||Turbofan||Ship, surface||Inertial, active radar||Brazil||
|-
|| [[NASM-SR]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul George |first=Justin |date=18 May 2022 |title=Smaller, slower than BrahMos, but deadly: Why desi anti-ship missile matters |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/05/18/smaller-slower-than-brahmos-but-deadly-why-desi-anti-ship-missile-matters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519072519/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/05/18/smaller-slower-than-brahmos-but-deadly-why-desi-anti-ship-missile-matters.html |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>||Expected for 2024||{{cvt|375|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|100|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|55|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|980|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Air||[[Inertial navigation system|INS]], [[SatNav]], [[Infrared homing#Imaging systems|IIR]]||India||
|-
|| [[NASM-MR]]<ref name=":0"/>||Expected for 2025||{{cvt|750|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|150-250|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|980|km/h|kn}}||Solid-fuel rocket||Air||INS, SatNav, IIR||India||
|-
|| [[Nirbhay|LR-AShCM]]||2023||{{cvt|1450|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|200-300|kg|lb|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1000|km|nmi|disp=br()}}||{{cvt|1110|km/h|kn}}||Turbofan||Ship, Surface, Air, Submarine||INS, SatNav, Hybrid ([[Active radar homing|ARH]], [[Electro-optical guidance|EO]] + IIR)||India||
|-
|[[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|LRAShM]]
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|{{dunno}}
|>{{cvt|1500|km|nmi|disp=br()}}
|>{{cvt|8|Mach|kn}}
|Solid-fuel rocket
|Ship, Surface
|{{dunno}}
|India
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Anti-ship missiles}}
* [https://www.ausairpower.net/Warship-Hits.html Warship Vulnerability (tabulated shipping losses)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612161124/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rnss.htm List of SSSR/Russian anti-ship missiles]

{{Missile types}}

[[Category:Anti-ship missiles| ]]
[[Category:Types of missile]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]
[[Category:German inventions of the Nazi period]]

Arya Poonkani

2026-03-07T14:18:09Z

Tanisha R: added pg

{{short description|Regional Hindu goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_(41).jpg
| caption = A theyyam performer with face art of Arya Poonkani theyyam
| name = Arya Poonkani
| god_of =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| mantra =
| weapon =
| consort =
| children =
| abode =
| mount =
| spouse =
| region = [[North Malabar]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Arya Poonkani''', also known as '''Aryakkarakani''', is a female deity worshiped in the [[North Malabar]] region in [[Kerala]], India. Arya Poonkani is worshipped and performed as Arya Poonkani [[Theyyam]]. With the theyyam of Arya Poonkani, [[Bappiriyan Theyyam]] is also performed in the shrine.

==Myth==
According to the myths, Arya Poonkani was born as the daughter of Aryapattar and Aryapattathi.<ref name="samayam">{{Cite web |title=മലബാറിലെ 'ബപ്പിരിയൻ' തെയ്യത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/spirituality/bappiriyan-theyyam-in-north-kerala/articleshow/53896801.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=The times of India |language=ml |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226085711/https://malayalam.samayam.com/spirituality/bappiriyan-theyyam-in-north-kerala/articleshow/53896801.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As she grew up, she became obsessed with ornaments and jewels.

Arya Poonkani and her brothers, who were travelling in search of pearls for her marriage, got caught in a storm and were separated by a shipwreck.<ref name="samayam"/> They took hold of the wreckage of the wrecked ship and spent seven days at sea, and on the eighth day they all came ashore. When they reached the shore, they separated from each other.

Arya Poonkani, worried by the sea, sees Bappiriyan, a Muslim sailor going in a small boat in the sea. At first he ignores Arya Poonkani's call for help, but she surprises him with her magical skills and takes Bappiriyan with her to rush his brothers.<ref name="janmabhumi">{{Cite web |last=സന്തോഷ് |first=യു പി |title=ബപ്പിരിയന്‍ തെയ്യം |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news857452 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.janmabhumi.in |date=13 May 2019 |publisher=[[Janmabhumi]] |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226085721/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news857452 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally they find her brothers in Venmalatinkara, but they were not ready to go with her and decided to settle there.<ref name="janmabhumi"/> Then Arya Poonkani and Bappiriyan continues the journey and reaches the Kooran hills on the North [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]].<ref name="janmabhumi"/> There they are enshrined in the [[Thaliparamba]] Kaithakeel temple.<ref name="janmabhumi"/> After the shrine in Thaliparamba, many other shrines built across the North Malabar region.

==Theyyam==
Aryakarakanni is a theyyam with very beautiful facial art and slow movements. Unlike most of the other theyyam who perform without any footwear, Arya Poonkani theyyam appear wearing a traditional footwear made of wood.<ref name="samayam"/> Bappiriyan the sailor, is also performed as theyyam from where Arya Poonkani theyyam is performed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മതമൈത്രിയുണർത്തി മാപ്പിളപ്പൊറാട്ടുകൾ ഉറഞ്ഞാടി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/kannur-1.8222396 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=14 January 2023 |language=ml |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226151244/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/kannur-1.8222396 |url-status=live }}</ref> The myth of Bappiriyan, who is believed to be a Muslim and Arya Poonkani, a Hindu goddess is an example of Hindu-Islamic religious harmony in Kerala.<ref name="samayam"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Poonkani}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Bala Nagamma (1959 film)

2026-03-06T06:02:26Z

Tanisha R: adjusted intro to improve readability and added references

{{short description|1959 film directed by Vedantam Raghavaiah}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bala Nagamma
| image = Bala Nagamma (1959 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
| screenplay = Vedantam Raghavayya
| story = [[Samudrala Jr.]]
| producer = B. S. Raju<br />D. S. Raju<br />P. Venkatapathi Raju
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Anjali Devi]]<br />[[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = N. S. Prakash
| music = [[T. V. Raju]]
| studio = Sri Venkata Ramana Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1959|10|9}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Bala Nagamma''''' is a 1959 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[swashbuckler film]] directed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] with music composed by [[T. V. Raju]]. It is a remake of the 1942 Telugu film of [[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|the same name]].<ref name="thehindu" />

== Plot ==
The film begins with Queen Bhulakshmi, wife of King Nava Bhoja, penances [[Shiva]] for progeny. Ultimately, she acquires the boon, and according to the Lord's mandate, she procures a fruit from the tree by stepping on an anthill. At this, enraged Nagendra is about to kill her, but she begs for life until her motherhood. After a while, Bhulakshmi is blessed with seven daughters and decides to repent. Anyhow, Nava Bhoja bars and attempts to shield her but gets a victim of a snake bite and dies. Now, the King coercively knits a shrew, Manikyamba, who oppress the kids. Plus, she molds Nava Bhoja, a henpecked husband, via a witchcraft paste and goads him to slaughter the girls. Generous father cannot make it, so he quits them in the forest, where the Bhulakshmi aura rears them.

Years pass, and King Ramavardhi, the ruler of Panuganti, is the sibling of Bhulakshmi, who sends his seven sons to detect his niece. Whereat, the younger Karyavardhi, spots the last girl, Balanagamma, and they crush. Now, the seven sisters' splices, their cousins, Karyavardhi & Balanagamma, are blessed with a baby boy, Balavardhi. Besides, Mayala Marathi, the splenetic wizard, resides on the outskirts of his ghost den. Once, he challenges his paramour Sangu to nab a gorgeous in the universe and picks Balanagamma. At the same time, Karyavardhi proceeds to the battlefield, drawing a chalk outline for protection and designating his acolyte, Thalari Ramudu, as a guard. However, Marathi's chicanery abducts Balanagamma by transforming her into a dog. Knowing it, Karyavardhi onslaughts with his men on Marathi, whom he turns as the status and even incinerates Sangu. Spotting it, Balanagamma attempts suicide, and Bhulakshmi's aura secures her, stating that her son will safeguard her at the age of 12. Hereupon, Balanagamma tactically resisted Marathi for 12 years.

As time passes, Balavardhi learns about Marathi's atrocity. Ergo pledges to relieve his parents and steps in with Thalari Ramudu. Amid this, he shields a kingdom from a tiger hunt and conjoins its princess. Following, seeking guidance from Nagendra, Balavardhi intrudes into Marathi's palace through a florist, Tambala Pedi. He is acquainted with his mother and, with wit, extracts the life secret of Marathi, i.e., amalgamated beyond the seven seas; one pillar is the floor and in the parrot's neck. Balavardhi acquires it after an adventurous journey. At last, he ceases Marathi, making his father & family normal. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with a family reunion.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Karyavardhi
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Bala Nagamma
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Mayala Marathi
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Thalari Ramudu
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]] as Navabhoja Raju
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Tippadu
*A. V. Subba Rao as Ramavardhi
*Lanka Satyam as Puliraju
*[[Raja Sulochana]] as Sangu
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Bhulakshmi Devi
*Suryakala as Manikyala Devi
*''Master'' Satyanarayana as Balavardhi}}

== Production ==
''Bala Nagamma'' was remade from the 1942 film of [[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|the same name]]. [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and Lanka Satyam, who appeared in the 1942 film, returned in the remake.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bala Nagamma
| type = film
| artist = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1959
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 32:30
| label =
| producer = [[T. V. Raju]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

;Telugu Songs
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[T. V. Raju]], while the lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]].<ref name="indiancine.ma" />

[[Playback singer]]s are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]] and [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !!length
|-
|1 || "Jayamu Jayamu Venkataramana" || Ghantasala || rowspan=13|Samudrala Jr || 1:12
|-
|2 || "Jaya Jaya Girijaaramana" || P. Leela || 3:12
|-
|3 || "Laali Laali" || P. Leela || 2:47
|-
|4 || "Yentho Yentho Vinthale" || S. Janaki & K. Rani || 2:51
|-
|5 || "Virisindi Vintha Haayi" || Ghantasala & Jikki || 2:58
|-
|6 || "Andamu Anadamu" || P. Susheela || 3:41
|-
|7 || "Jo Jo Raja" || P. Susheela || 3:32
|-
|8 || "Intiloni Pooru Inthintha" || Pithapuram Nageswara Rao || 3:06
|-
|9 || "Yetuluntio Babu" || P. Susheela || 3:23
|-
|10 || "Neekelaraa Ee Vedana" || P. Susheela || 3:15
|-
|11 || "Appudu Ne Thippadandi" || Pithapuram Nageswara Rao || 2:33
|-
|12 || "Anilo Vairula Dorbalambanachi" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|13 || "Bale bale Phalarasam" || Ghantasala ||
|}

;Tamil Songs
Music by Pamarthi. Lyrics by Kuyilan and Kambadasan.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Bale Bale Palarasam"|| Dr. Sirkazhi S. Govindarajan|| || 3:16
|-
| "Jaya Jaya Girijaa Ramanaa" || P. Leela || || 03:12
|-
| "Thaale Laale En Premai" || P. Leela || || 02:47
|-
| "Thaalo Thaalo Oonjale" || K. Rani & P. Leela || || 02:51
|-
| "Viraigindra Vennilaavey" || Ghantasala & Jikki || Kuyilan || 02:58
|-
| || P. Susheela || || 03:41
|-
| "Aararo Ennaasai Raajaa" || R. Balasaraswathi Devi || || 03:16
|-
| || || || 03:06
|-
| "Irul Neengumo Baabu" || P. Susheela || || 03:23
|-
| "Nee Kelaiyaa" || P. Susheela || || 03:15
|-
| || || || 02:33
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' in its review dated 11 March 1960 reviewing the Tamil-dubbed version noted the theme "will not be without fascination for our Tamil folk on account of the touch of the super-natural dominating the theme" but praised S. V. Ranga Rao as "providing major attraction".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1960 |title=Bala Nagamma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600311&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=26 November 2011 |title=Balanagamma (1942) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/balanagamma-1942/article2662737.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228103732/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/balanagamma-1942/article2662737.ece |archive-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Balanagamma (Vedantam Raghavaiah) 1959 |url=https://indiancine.ma/IZN/player/GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225210354/https://indiancine.ma/IZN/player/GF |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=25 February 2018 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0256632}}
{{Vedantam Raghavaiah}}

[[Category:1950s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vedantam Raghavayya]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 fantasy films]]

Superman (1997 film)

2026-03-03T21:16:47Z

Tanisha R: slightly corrected section based on references also and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Superman
| image = Superman (1997 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie screenshot
| director = [[Rafi–Mecartin]]
| producer = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]<br />[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]<br />Azeez
| writer = Rafi–Mecartin
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jayaram]]<br />[[Shobana]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Anandakuttan
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = Kavyachandrika
| distributor = Kavyachandrika Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|04|11}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Superman''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film|action]] [[heist film]] written and directed by [[Rafi–Mecartin]], starring [[Jayaram]] and [[Shobana]]. It was produced and distributed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and Azeez under the banner of Kavyachandrika.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=July 2021}}
Nithya, a deputy police commissioner, is assigned a corruption case involving the Home Minister and his friend, a businessman named Rajan Phillip. Unknown to her, a criminal nicknamed Superman helps her in the investigation.

Superman, whose real name is Hareendran, nurtures a vendetta against the Home Minister and uses Nithya to trap his enemies. In the process, Superman uses the judiciary as his weapon and frames the men responsible for his tragic past. He provides vital information to the police for the same. In order to collect evidence, Superman himself breaks the law; but as it is for the greater good, Nithya looks the other way.

==Cast==
*[[Jayaram]] as Hareendran / Hari "Superman"
*[[Shobana]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police#India|DCP]] Nithya [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Jagadish]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Balachandran, Hareendran's Friend
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|City Police Commissioner]] Rajagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kochunni, Hareendran's Friend
*[[Janardanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Nithya's Valyachan
*[[Sreejaya Nair]] as Nalini, Balachandran's Wife
*[[Paravoor Ramachandran]] as MSV
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Rajan Philip
*[[Spadikam George]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jagannathan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Adv. Raman Nair, Hareendran's Father
*[[Zeenath]] as Bhavani, Hareendran's Mother
*[[Vinduja Menon]] as Hareendran's Sister
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Advocate
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Swarnalatha, Jagannathan's Wife
*[[James (Malayalam actor)|James]] as Chakkachampparambil Joy
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as [[Home Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
*[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Himself (As Newsreader)
* Titanium Sasi as a Police Constable

==Reception==
The film was a huge success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2016 |title=When Jayaram Tried His Hands At Mass Hero Roles! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/jayaram-in-action-roles/articlecontent-pf143005-221054.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426110402/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/jayaram-in-action-roles/articlecontent-pf143006-221054.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> The majority of the scenes were shot in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The climax sequences involved a number of CCTV cameras (which were not popular at the time) and visuals were filmed at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark Campus Trivandrum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=December 15, 2016 |title=Screen appeal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/Screen-appeal/article16833313.ece |access-date=September 5, 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asok |first=Akshaya |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Times When Technopark Turned Into A Film Set |url=https://www.pinklungi.com/times-when-technopark-turned-into-a-film-set/ |access-date=September 5, 2025 |website=PinkLungi}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Superman
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = October 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label = Kavyachandrika Audios<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio cassette back cover |url=https://scontent.fcok6-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.6435-9/148366527_3834930333296813_7771282384860170209_n.jpg?_nc_cat=105&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=aa7b47&_nc_ohc=pzjYxAlw5wAQ7kNvwHd4PHX&_nc_oc=AdmXxU1OrG_GH24_aRgvKbxLas4zFGjUUZd9v74uMgBwphjFdnPRJsJit9PuhMADHgU&_nc_zt=23&_nc_ht=scontent.fcok6-1.fna&_nc_gid=QpAJXo4lS9GV32sLFpYMrg&oh=00_Afb50d_Rq9X-bDd3GDjmVJnpbEzoGbTpF1FRF00VFICBbA&oe=68E1F6C8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214152112/https://scontent.fbom23-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/148366527_3834930333296813_7771282384860170209_o.jpg?_nc_cat=105&ccb=3&_nc_sid=b9115d&_nc_ohc=CxZTuaNQWG4AX-Lk7eW&_nc_ht=scontent.fbom23-1.fna&oh=ef8381cef62abe90d628c0f821ffbbef&oe=604FFA95 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><br />Wilson Audios<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superman Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/superman/4JX-4tsPjYw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=January 1997 }}</ref>
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[S. P. Venkatesh]] scored the music and the lyrics were written by [[S. Ramesan Nair]] and I. S. Kundoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superman (1997) - MSIDb |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?4443 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> The audio cassettes were distributed by Kavyachandrika Audios. Later, the audio rights for cassette, CD and digital release were acquired by Wilson Audios.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Track List
!#
!Track Title
!Singers
!Lyrics
|-
|1
|"Aavaram Poovinmel"
|[[Biju Narayanan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|[[S. Ramesan Nair]]
|-
|2
|"Onathumbi Paadoo"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Ria |date=September 1, 2025 |title=ഓണപ്പാട്ടുകളിൽ ചിലപ്പോഴൊക്കെ പാടിയെത്തുന്ന ‘ഓണത്തുമ്പി’; പാട്ടുതീരുംമുൻപേ മാഞ്ഞുപോയതെന്തേ |trans-title=Onathumbi Paadu Onam song memories |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/songs-of-the-day/2025/09/01/onathumbi-paadu-onam-song-memories.html |access-date=September 5, 2025 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref>
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|S. Ramesan Nair
|-
|3
|"Marumozhi Thedum Kilimakale"
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|S. Ramesan Nair
|-
|4
|"Onathumbi Paadoo"
|Sujatha Mohan
|S. Ramesan Nair
|-
|5
|"Hole Hole Manthrikan Njaan"
|M. G. Sreekumar
|I. S. Kundoor
|-
|6
|"Thappu Thaalangal"
|M. G. Sreekumar
|I. S. Kundoor
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0334440|Superman}}

{{Rafi Mecartin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Superman (1997 Film)}}
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1990s legal thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rafi–Mecartin]]

Aaha (1998 film)

2026-03-03T18:16:19Z

Tanisha R: added stub

{{for|the 1997 Tamil film|Aahaa..! (1997 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaha...!
| image = Aahaa 1998 poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| writer = Suresh Krishna<br />[[Posani Krishna Murali]] <small> (dialogues)</small>
| director = [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]]
| producer = [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Sanghavi]]|[[Jayasudha]]|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = Shankar
| based_on = ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' (Tamil)(1997)
| studio = Great India Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|11|20}}
| runtime = 145 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aaha...!''''' ({{translation|Wow...!}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] produced by [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] on Great India Entertainments and directed by [[Suresh Krissna]]. It stars [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sanghavi]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Bhanupriya]] and music composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AAHAA REVIEWS |url=http://andhratoday.com/movie/AAHA.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990202201756/http://andhratoday.com/movie/AAHA.htm |archive-date=1999-02-02 |access-date= |website=andhratoday.com}}</ref> The film is remake of Krishna's own [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaminryot News 4 December 1998 |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Dec/4-Dec-1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913085703/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Dec/4-Dec-1998.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-13 |website=www.zaminryot.com}}</ref> The film released to positive reviews and won a [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Award]].

==Plot==
"Pepsi" Parasuram is paterfamilias to a conjoined jollity family with two sons, Raghuram & Sriram. Raghuram is his dear son, who is wedded to benevolent Rajeswari, and the couple has a naughty son, Ajay. Sriram spends his life with frolic, which his father contempts, thinks, and calls him a ''useless fellow.'' Rajeswari shares, beyond her relationship, close intimacy in the house. Since she is an ailed heart patient, they always try to keep her cheerful. Anyhow, Parasuram is perturbed as his daughter Gayatri's alliances frequently fail because of her handicaps. Once, Sriram visits a function where he falls for a girl, Janaki, the daughter of a cook, Rama Rao. Owing to his friendly bond, Sriram shares everything with Rajeswari. Accordingly, he moves further and gains her heart when Rajeswari approaches Rama Rao and invites him to fix the match. At that juncture, the family hides and bluffs about Rama Rao's profession. However, the truth breaks out, and Parasuram mortifies him and infuriates Rama Rao quits.

Meanwhile, Sriram sets a fine companion, Prashanth, to Gayatri, about which his father is green. Simultaneously, Raghuram makes secret telephonic conversations with a woman. Overhearing it, Sriram suspects something fishy behind and spots him with his old sweetheart, Geeta. Here, he rages on Geeta and questions his brother when he replies that Geeta is a dying patient for which she walked away from his life and returned after five years to spend her last days with him. Listening to it, Sriram also had a glorious time and shared affection with Geeta. Now, he requests Raghuram to be quiet because Rajeswari cannot tolerate it. Besides, Rama Rao falls into debt when Sriram guards him and allows him to start a business; therein, he understands his virtue.

Later, Sriram carries the terminally ill Geeta to the hospital when Parasuram & Janaki misconstrue him, viewing it. Geeta leaves her last breath in Raghuram's lap to keep up his brother's integrity and safeguard his sister-in-law. Sriram accuses himself when the family detests him. Hence, a crack arises between love birds, and Janaki leaves the town. Being conscious of it, Raghuram retrieves her shortly before Gayatri's wedding. Tragically, the train he is traveling on meets with an accident, and Sriram receives the death news of his brother. Whereat, he thresholds the pain and maintains silence until Gayatri's espousal. However, Parasuram insists on stopping the wedlock until the Raghuram's arrival, when Sriram divulges the truth and forces him to accomplish the task. Soon after the wedding, Parasuram unveils the plight; when Rajeswari is about to collapse, Raghu backs along with Janaki. Plus, he discloses the factuality and seeks an apology from Rajeswari. At last, Parasuram realizes the eminence of Sriram and embraces him. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Sriram & Janaki.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Sriram
* [[Sanghavi]] as Janaki
*[[Jayasudha]] as Rajeswari
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Raghuram
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Geeta
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Parasuram
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rama Rao
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Viswanadham
* Ram Gopalan as Sitaram
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]]
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Prashanth
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Govind
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]] as Krishna
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]] as Ganapati
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Parvati
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Gayatri
* Radhabai as Parasuram's mother
* Madhavisri
* Uma Sharma
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendra]] as Ajay
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as narrator
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The cast features [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and [[Raghuvaran]] reprising their roles from the original. [[Bhanupriya]] however, played [[Jayasudha]]'s role in the original, while in the remake she played [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]'s role.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aahaa...!
| type = film
| artist = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:49
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| prev_title = [[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Swapnalokam]]
| next_year = 1999
}}

Music composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. Lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]. Music released on [[Aditya Music]] Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:49
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Priyuraali Address
| extra1 = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Aahvanamandi Andam
| extra2 = Ramani Maharshi, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Manasaina
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Suvvi Suvvi
| extra4 = [[P. Unni Krishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length4 =5:00
| title5 = Antyakshari
| extra5 = Various
| length5 = 5:32
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "All kudos to the director for making the movie quite gripping right through, devoid of any redundant scenes. The climax scene that is the life and soul of a movie is excellently depicted". The reviewer, however, concluded that "the efforts of the technicians, actors and the director come to a naught, as the movie has no special feature to appeal to the audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] (1998) – [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] – "Priyuraali Address"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1633161}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Yaaradi Nee Mohini

2026-03-03T04:23:59Z

Tanisha R: added info

{{Short description|2008 film by Mithran Jawahar}}
{{for|the TV series|Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yaaradi Nee Mohini.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mithran Jawahar]]
| producer = K. Vimalageetha
| writer = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Aadavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule]]''|Selvaraghavan}}
| starring = [[Dhanush]]<br />[[Nayanthara]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />[[D. Imman]] (1 song)<br />[[Dharan Kumar]] (2 songs)
| cinematography = Siddharth Ramaswamy
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| studio = R. K. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|04|04|ref1=}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yaaradi Nee Mohini''''' ({{translation|Who are you, beautiful woman?}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Mithran Jawahar]] in his directorial debut. It is a remake of the 2007 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' and stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Nayanthara]] in lead roles, whilst [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[K. Viswanath]], [[Karunas]], and [[Saranya Mohan]] play supporting roles and slightly different climax.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=Yaaradi Nee Mohini on Sun TV today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yaaradi-nee-mohini-on-sun-tv-today/articleshow/43707667.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520080921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yaaradi-nee-mohini-on-sun-tv-today/articleshow/43707667.cms |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music was scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].

''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'' was released on 4 April 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2008 |title=''Yaradi Nee Mohini'' censored |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14631682 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331123542/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14631682 |archive-date=31 March 2008 |access-date=28 March 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film became highly successful at the box office, emerging as one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=Sonia Aggarwal to Sneha: Five actresses who shared screen space with Dhanush more than once |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-aggarwal-to-sneha-five-actresses-who-shared-screen-space-with-dhanush-more-than-once/articleshow/75642404.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718210757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-aggarwal-to-sneha-five-actresses-who-shared-screen-space-with-dhanush-more-than-once/articleshow/75642404.cms |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vasudevan is a youth from a middle-class family. He makes several bids to obtain employment, but all go in vain due to his poor English language skills and inadequate educational qualifications. All his friends become settled in life, but he continues to struggle to find work. Vasu has two faithful friends, Cheenu and Ganesh. His father, who is a teacher, is always critical of him for being an irresponsible person. This adds to his woes.

At this juncture, Vasu glimpses a woman named Keerthi and immediately falls in love with her. He learns that she works for a software solutions firm. Luckily for him, Vasu secures employment at the same firm after completing several interviews. Keerthi eventually turns out to be a short-tempered young woman. On a business trip, Vasu accompanies her and two other colleagues to [[Australia]]. There, he reveals his feelings of love for her. She immediately turns him down, saying that she comes from an Orthodox family, and that her marriage has already been arranged with her uncle's son.

A depressed Vasu returns to India thereafter. Unable to see his son in depression, his father decides to meet Keerthi, but she abuses him for recommending his son's love and accidentally slaps Vasu and his father. Later that night, Vasu's father dies of a heart attack. To help change Vasu's mood, Cheenu persuades him to come to his family house in the country. Coincidentally, on the train journey, Keerthi is revealed to be Cheenu's fiancée. However, their grandfather's thoughts of getting them married earlier are put aside because Cheenu and Keerthi leave the house to have their own identities. This causes heartache for their grandfather.

With the passing of a few days, Keerthi and Cheenu's parents decide to get them married to appease their grandfather. After several turns of events, Keerthi realises that she is in love with Vasu instead. Vasu asks her to forget him because he believes that it would create problems in their happy family. Cheenu overhears their midnight conversation. During the wedding, Cheenu tries to force Vasu and Keerthi to confess their relationship to everyone. But when they hesitate to do so, Cheenu stops the marriage himself, by lying to his elders that he has a secret wife in [[Chennai]]. When Cheenu comes under fire from his relatives, Vasu tells them the truth and is driven out of the house. He is joined only by the grandma of the house, who agrees to accompany him as she reminds him of his late father.

In time, the rest of Cheenu and Keerthi's family come to stay with him for a few days. But Cheenu's grandfather refuses to enter the house, telling Vasu he is still angry with him and needs time to change himself somehow. The film ends when Vasu and Keerthi become a couple and live together happily.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dhanush]] as Vasudevan "Vasu"
*[[Nayanthara]] as Komalavalli (Keerthi)
*[[Karthik Kumar]] as Cheenu
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Vasu's father
*[[K. Viswanath]] as Krishnamoorthy, Keerthi's grandfather
*[[Karunas]] as Ganesh
*[[Saranya Mohan]] as Anandhavalli (Pooja)
*[[Sukumari]] as Sharadha, Krishnamoorthy's wife
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Mani
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Godavari
*[[Manobala]] as Balu
*[[Crane Manohar]] as a villager
*Nandha Saravanan as a villager
*[[Rachana Maurya]] (special appearance in the song "Nenjai Kasakki")
*Japan Kumar (special appearance in the song "Nenjai Kasakki")
*[[Ragasya]] (special appearance in the song "Oh Baby")
}}

== Production ==

[[Mithran R. Jawahar]], an associate of [[Selvaraghavan]], made his directorial debut with this film, which is a remake of Selvaraghavan's Telugu film ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007), while [[Jyothika]] was offered the female lead role, but she opted out of the contract due to her wedding arrangements and plans. She was later replaced by [[Nayanthara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandhasamy |first=Suresh |date=17 June 2023 |title=தனுஷுக்கு ஜோடியாக நடிக்க இருந்த வாய்ப்பை தவறவிட்ட ஜோதிகா.. தட்டி தூக்கிய டாப் நடிகை – எந்த படம் தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Jyotika missed the chance to act opposite Dhanush |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/jyothika-missed-the-opportunity-to-act-opposite-dhanush/225223/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926181412/https://kalakkalcinema.com/jyothika-missed-the-opportunity-to-act-opposite-dhanush/225223/ |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Kalakkal Cinema |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2020 |title=Yaaradi Nee Mohini |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yaaradi-nee-mohini-review--pclw70jchhbfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008012558/https://www.sify.com/movies/yaaradi-nee-mohini-review--pclw70jchhbfg.html |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's original climax was ambiguous whether the lead characters reunite; post-release, it was changed to show them definitively reuniting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=Mohini Vs Santhosh |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14651669&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423190719/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14651669&cid=2363 |archive-date=23 April 2008 |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yaaradi Nee Mohini
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2008|02|09}}
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]<br />[[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Vaazhthugal]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

The music of ''Yaaradi Nee Mohini'' was scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who had composed the music for the original film as well. The first release of the soundtrack, released on 9 February 2008, contained five tracks, which were all retained from the original version with the song "Manasa Manninchamma" missing initially. Later, a version of "Paalakattu Pakkathile" from ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]'' (1970), remixed by [[D. Imman]], was recorded and included in the film;<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2008 |title=Looking for meaty roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/looking-for-meaty-roles/articleshow/3624319.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119151655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Looking-for-meaty-roles/articleshow/3624319.cms |archive-date=19 November 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the producers decided to bring out a second release. This release features 16 tracks, including the earlier released five songs, two more versions of the song "Engeyo Paartha" (sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and Naveen, respectively), two more remixes of the song "Paalakattu Pakkathile" (remixed by [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]), the Tamil version of "Manasa Manninchamma", "Penne Ennai Kodu", the song "The Person Is The Loser", which runs during the opening credits apart from four "film score tracks". The lyrics were provided by [[Na. Muthukumar]].

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:02
| all_writing =
| all_music =
| title1 = Engeyo Paartha
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length1 = 5:27
| title2 = Oh! Baby Oh! Baby
| extra2 = Naveen Madhav, [[Haricharan]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], Bhargavi
| length2 = 5:44
| title3 = Oru Naalaikkul
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length3 = 5:45
| title4 = Vennmegam
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Nenjai Kasakki
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Suchitra]]
| length5 = 5:11
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Second release
| extra_column = Singers
| title6 = Penne Ennai Kodu
| music6 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 = 4:32
| title7 = The Person Is The Loser
| music7 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra7 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length7 = 2:00
| title8 = Palakattu (D.Imman's Mix)
| music8 = D. Imman
| extra8 = [[Haricharan]], [[Suchitra]] & Vinaya
| length8 = 4:49
| title9 = Engeyo Paartha (2)
| music9 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra9 = Karthik, Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length9 = 5:20
| title10 = Yaaradi Nee Mohini Theme 1 (BGM)
| music10 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra10 = [[Instrumental]]
| length10 = 0:31
| title11 = Yaaradi Nee Mohini Theme 2 (BGM)
| music11 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra11 = Instrumental
| length11 = 1:10
| title12 = Yaaradi Nee Mohini Theme 3 (BGM)
| music12 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra12 = Instrumental
| length12 = 0:33
| title13 = Yaaradi Nee Mohini Theme 4 (BGM)
| music13 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra13 = Instrumental
| length13 = 0:35
| title14 = Palakattu (Dharan's Mix) feat Dr.Burn
| music14 = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]
| extra14 = Jaidev, Vinaya & Dr. Burn (Rap)
| length14 = 4:56
| title15 = Engeyo Paartha (3)
| music15 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra15 = Naveen & Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length15 = 5:32
| title16 = Palakattu (Dharan's Mix)
| music16 = Dharan
| extra16 = Jaidev & Vinaya
| length16 = 5:00
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sify'' wrote, "If you like feel-good love stories mixed with a lot of comedy and sentiments then, Yaaradi Nee Mohini is an ideal treat for the entire family. All credits go to debutant director Jawahar, Selvaraghavan?s long time associate for remaking his guru?s Telugu super-hit Adavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule into Tamil. It is a well packaged film that will appeal to a broad spectrum of audiences".<ref name="B" /> ''Rediff'' wrote "The movie is another example of a familiar story making a good watch simply because it's been made differently".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 April 2008 |title=Yaaradi Nee Mohini is fun |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/07ssynm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610052844/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/07ssynm.htm |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Jawahar has tried to retain the essence of the original Telugu film but could not inherit his [mentor's] screenplay mastery . [It is] the same old story of romance and family sentiments, but the treatment and casting is what makes the film tick".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=Yaradi Nee Mohini : Romps home |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/April08/04article01.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620113455/http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/April08/04article01.aspx |archive-date=20 June 2008 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Alferdo of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting but felt the music and cinematography has no life, panned the inclusion of a fight scene as forced while also finding the scenes as predictable, screenplay becoming dull and climax being draggy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆல்பர்டோ |date=20 April 2008 |title=யாரடி நீ மோகினி! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-04-20/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260114151513/https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-04-20/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=14 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was one of the most successful Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top box-office hits of 2008 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-box-office-hits-of-2008-imagegallery-events-jdwmUpdhidasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710061108/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-box-office-hits-of-2008-imagegallery-events-jdwmUpdhidasi.html |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> 

== Accolades ==
Dhanush was nominated for the [[Vijay Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2009 |title=Vijay Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijay-awards/article3021585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207050215/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijay-awards/article3021585.ece |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mithran Jawahar}}
{{Selvaraghavan}}

[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mithran R. Jawahar]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

80s Buildup

2026-03-03T02:31:51Z

Tanisha R: added a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 80s Buildup.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kalyaan]]
| writer = Kalyaan
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
*[[Radhika Preethi]]
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
}}
| cinematography = Jacob Rathinaraj
| editing = M. S. Bharathi
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''80s Buildup''''', or more simply as '''''Buildup''''', is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[period film|period]] [[supernatural film|supernatural]] [[comedy film|comedy]] film written and directed by [[Kalyaan]]. Produced by [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] under the production banner [[Studio Green]], the film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Radhika Preethi]] in the lead roles, and [[R. Sundarrajan]] and [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in supporting roles. The film was released theatrically on 24 November 2023.

==Plot==
Kathir and Manja Kili are siblings from a wealthy Zamindar family, who revel in each others' misfortunes. A diamond smuggler, en route to delivering diamonds to his customer, Bhai, stops near the Zamindar palace to steal an antique sword containing a treasure map. He dispatches his henchmen, disguised as museum representatives to retrieve the sword. Kathir's grandfather, Naathamuni, an ardent fan of [[Rajinikanth]], demands diamonds in exchange for the sword. Naathamuni mistakes them for sugar cubes and swallows them. Further, he is electrocuted by a repaired table fan and dies instantly.

Kathir, a die-hard fan of [[Kamal Haasan]], is celebrating at Devi Theatre when he receives the news from Kaali, a horse-cart owner. As Naathamuni's soul departs, the God of Death, [[Yama]], accompanied by his assistant [[Chitragupta]], arrives to escort him to the afterlife. Before departing, Naathamuni is granted the opportunity to fulfill five wishes. He reveals that he will disclose his wishes at two-hour intervals, and Chitragupta acknowledges this as his first wish, granting it accordingly. Naathamuni's second wish is to reunite with his youthful love, Manja Kili, after whom he named his granddaughter. As relatives begin to arrive for the funeral, Kathir and Manja Kili engage in a wager. Kathir must make their distant cousin, Devi, fall in love with him before their grandfather's final rites. If Kathir loses, he and his friends will be forced to wear half-sarees for the next three months.

Kathir asks Kaali to retrieve Kathir's uncle, Banglore Manohar from the railway station and detain him as long as possible, thereby pushing the final rites to the next day. Much to Manja Kili's annoyance, Kathir impresses Devi by reciting a poem, offering her a dress to change into, providing her with food, and claiming to have cooked it himself. Vichithragupta, another assistant of Lord Yama arrives to inform the group that, according to fate, another death is imminent. Meanwhile, in pursuing the diamonds the smugglers bring Gopal, a mortuary worker, in women's attire to impersonate Naathamuni's past love, Manja Kili. However, Kathir's drunkard father mistakenly believes Gopal to be an actual woman and becomes infatuated with him. Gopal awaits an opportunity to retrieve the diamonds from Naathamuni's corpse. English Thirudan, a thief specializing in utensils, jewelry, and even children's undergarments, infiltrates Kathir's house. Kathir with English Thirudan's help steals Devi's diary and returns it to her, who appreciates his honesty.

Idaivelai "Velai", arrives at the funeral home. Manjakili, Kathir's sister, provokes Velai, who had been seeking revenge against Kathir for escaping a fake boxing match. During the fight, Kathir initially suffers beatings, but Naathamuni's soul gets his third wish granted, and possessing Kathir's body confronts Velai making Kathir emerge victorious. Following this, Naathamuni's soul visits the theater to admire [[Silk Smitha]]. Once the soul departs, Kathir realizes his unexpected triumph over Velai. Bangalore Manohar, arrives at the railway station, accompanied by his new wife, Ammulu. Kaali, without disclosing the news of Naathamuni's passing and enchanted by Ammulu's beauty, Kaali intentionally delays their arrival at the funeral house.

The diamond smuggling gang switches off the power, but Thangam, Kathir's friend, foils their plan. Gopal turns on the fan but gets electrocuted and thrown away. The smuggling gang rescues Gopal and escapes. As night falls, when Kathir and Devi briefly step out, the diamond smugglers steal away Naathamuni's corpse. Naathamuni's soul is granted another wish by Lord Yama, allowing him to retrieve his own body and return it to the house. Also, Bhai, the customer who was supposed to receive the diamonds, arrives to retrieve them, but Kathir engages in a fierce battle with Bhai and his men but ultimately escapes. Manjakili manipulates her father into proceeding with Naathamuni's final rites, despite the customary practice of waiting until dawn. As part of his wish, Naathamuni sees his youthful love, Manjakili, who is now the wife of the crematorium worker. As she beats Naathamuni's corpse, which has begun to expand due to the heat, and his soul is overcome with distress, Naathamuni makes his final wish to depart to eternity. Lord Yama grants his wish, and Naathamuni's soul, along with Lord Yama and his assistants, departs.

The next morning, Kathir is disheartened, feeling defeated in the bet with his sister. To extend the time for their bet, Kathir tricks his grandmother, Arukaani, into switching on the repaired table fan. Meanwhile, Bangalore Manohar is still en route to the funeral house but has almost reached Bangalore. The diamond thieves plan to retrieve the diamonds from Naathamuni's ashes from the house. Through English Thirudan, the diamond smugglers discover that the sword they had been seeking is fake.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Kathir
*[[Radhika Preethi]] as Devi
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Naathamuni Thevan, Kathir's grandfather
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as [[Yama|Lord Yama Dharma Raja]]
*Sangeetha as Manja Kili, Kathir's sister
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gopal, a mortuary worker
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Kathir and Manja Kili's Father
*[[Munishkanth]] as [[Chitragupta]]
*[[Redin Kingsley]] as Vichitragupta
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as a diamond thief
*[[Manobala]] as Parameshwaran "Paramu", diamond thief's aide
*[[Rajendran|Mottai Rajendran]] as a diamond thief's aide
*[[Mayilswamy]] as Kaali, horse-cart owner
*Thangadurai as Thangam, Kathir's friend
*[[Swaminathan]] as Kathir's uncle
*[[Kalairani]] as Arukkaani, Kathir's grandmother
*Subhashini Kannan as Devi's mother
*[[Ashwin Raja]] as Kathir's friend
*Mippu Samy as Kathir's friend
*[[Arjai]] as Idaivelai "Velai"
*[[Cool Suresh]] as English Thirudan, a thief
*[[Vinod Sagar]] as Baasha, diamond thief's driver
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as [[Constable]] Mani
*[[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as Bangalore Manohar, Kathir's uncle
*Soundar as Bujanlaal Seth
*Nikhila Sankar as Manja Kili's friend
*Mullaiyarasi as Manja Kili's friend
*Roja Sholapur as Ammulu, Manohar's wife
*Caroline Hiltrud as Velai's wife
}}

== Production ==
The film was written by [[Kalyaan]] with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in mind during 2022, with production on the film beginning by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=November 23, 2023 |title=Director Kalyaan: I can never write a film that everybody likes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Nov/23/director-kalyaan-i-can-never-write-a-film-that-everybody-likes-49824.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[Studio Green]], the film brought together a number of comedic actors including [[Manobala]] and [[Mayilswamy]], who died before the release of the film. The film was first announced to the media in October 2023, only a month before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Santhanam's next titled 80s Buildup |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/18/santhanams-next-titled-80s-buildup-48738.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Radhika Preethi, who had previously worked on films such as ''Raja Loves Radhe'' (2018) and ''[[Embiran]]'' (2019), appeared in the leading female role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Poove Unakkaga fame Radhika Preethi to make her Tamil movie debut along with actor Santhanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poove-unakkaga-fame-radhika-preethi-to-make-her-tamil-movie-debut-along-with-actor-santhanam/articleshow/104687744.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kalyan revealed that the film would be set in the 1980s,and would feature Santhanam as huge fan of [[Kamal Haasan]], while his grandfather would be a [[Rajinikanth]] fan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2023 |title=80s Buildup gets U certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/11/80s-buildup-gets-u-certificate-49450.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Santhanam's next titled '80s Buildup' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/oct/19/santhanams-next-titled-80s-buildup-2625122.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release on 24 November 2023 across [[Tamil Nadu]]. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that it was "a comedy with potential that misfires" and that "there is a laugh riot hiding within the plot of ''80s Buildup'', but unfortunately, director Kalyaan fails to find it".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=24 November 2023 |title=80s Buildup Movie Review : A comedy with potential that misfires |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/80s-buildup/movie-review/105479785.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "if you are looking for an activity to test your mental endurance to the maximum, well, this Santhanam film hits the mark", in a negative review.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=24 November 2023 |title='80s Buildup' movie review: This Santhanam comedy is as fun as a funeral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/80s-buildup-movie-review-this-santhanam-comedy-is-as-fun-as-a-funeral/article67569640.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote the film was "a lazy, offensive talkathon masquerading as comedy" and that "every scene in the film is a reminder that there has been very little to no work done on the writing front to entertain or respect its audience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=November 24, 2023 |title=80s Build Up Movie Review: A lazy, offensive talkathon masquerading as comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Nov/24/80s-build-up-movie-review-a-lazy-offensive-talkathon-masquerading-as-comedy-49856.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s supernatural films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Supernatural comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Tiwa Autonomous Council

2026-03-01T20:44:34Z

Tanisha R: improved article for consistency per standard format

{{Short description|Legislature in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| body =
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader1 = Jiban Chandra Konwar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bjp-formally-takes-charge-of-tiwa-autonomous-council/articleshow/80139667.cms|title=Assam: BJP formally takes charge of Tiwa Autonomous Council|author=Kangkan Kalita|date=6 January 2021|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Deputy Chief Executive Member
| leader2 = Tulsi Bardoloi
| leader3_type = Speaker
| leader3 =
| leader4_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader4 =
| members = 36 Councillors
| structure1 = Tiwa, Assam Autonomous Council 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (35)'''
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (33)
* {{Color box|#99CCFF}} [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] (2)
'''Opposition (1)'''
* {{Color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = 2020
| next_election1 = 2026
| meeting_place = [[Morigaon]], [[Assam]]
| website =
}}

The '''Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)''' is one of the [[Autonomous regions of India]] for the welfare and protection of the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa people]] in the Indian State of [[Assam]]. It was formed in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/institutional-overlap-518502|date=2020-12-29|title=Institutional overlap|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Sentinelassam|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tiwa (Lalung)]]
* [[Tiwa language (India)]]
* [[Matak Autonomous Council]]
* [[Kamatapur Autonomous Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Assam]]
[[Category:Tiwa (India)]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Gohain Kamal Ali

2026-02-27T08:56:21Z

Tanisha R: refined article to improve readability and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Road in Cooch Beher, West Bengal}}
[[File:Gohai Kamal Ali.jpg|thumb|A section of Gohain Kamal Ali today]]
'''Gohain Kamal Ali''' was an [[Embankment (earthworks)|embanked]] road that connected the capital of the [[Koch dynasty]], [[Cooch Behar]] in [[North Bengal]] to the heart of [[Agomani]] in [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] and [[Narayanpur,_Assam|Narayanpur]] in [[Lakhimpur district]] in [[Assam]], and ran along the foot of the [[Mountains of Bhutan|Bhutan hills]] and the [[Daphla Hills|Dafla (Nishi) hills]].<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=54}}</ref> This was constructed under the supervision of Gohain Kamal, the step-brother of the king, [[Nara Narayan]] and was completed in 1547.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=208}}</ref> This was the road that the Koch general [[Chilarai]] used soon after for his invasion of the [[Ahom kingdom]], and attacked the Ahom fort at Pichala, which was not a success,<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=208}}</ref> but a later movement in 1562 was greatly successful.

In 1562 Nara Narayan encamped at Chandikabehar, [[Mangaldai]], he demarcated the region north of the road as where the ''[[Koch people|Koch]]'' and the ''[[Mech people|Mech]]'' people were to follow their tribal customs, and the region south where [[Brahmin|Brahminic]] rites were to be followed.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=55}}</ref>

[[File:Southern border of Bhutan1985.jpg|thumb|280px|Southern boundary of Bhutan in '''blue''' before the [[Duar War]] of 1865]]

From the early 17th century, the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] pushed south and took control of the fertile plains down to Gohain Kamal Ali road.<ref>"Taking advantage of [the collapse of Koch Hajo], the Bhutias pushed their southern boundary towards the plains and occupied the land up to the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=13}}</ref><ref>"During the period of political uncertainty caused by the Ahom-Mughal conflict in the middle of the seventeenth century, the Bhutias had taken possession of the whole of the fertile plain south of their hills as far as the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=59}}</ref> Ahom King [[Gaurinath Singha]] (1780–1795) had fixed this road as the northern boundary of [[Darrang district|Darrang]].<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1994|p=579}}</ref> The Kingdom of Bhutan controlled the [[Dooars|Duar]]s of [[Koch Hajo]] and [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Behar]] north of Gohain Kamal Ali under the jurisdiction of ''[[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]] and [[Paro Province|Paro]] [[Penlop]]'', till the [[Duar War]]s in 1865 when the [[British Raj|British]] removed the Bhutanese influence from the Duars under the [[Duar War#Treaty of Sinchula|Treaty of Sinchula]] and the [[Dooars#Eastern Dooars|Eastern Duars]], [[Dooars#Kamrup Dooars|Kamrup Duars]], [[Dooars#Darrang Dooars|Darrang Duars]] were merged with [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]] district of Assam and the [[Dooars#Western Dooars|Western Dooars]] to [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]] and later to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|place=New Delhi |year=1986}}
* {{Citation
| last = Nath
| first = D
| title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515-1615
| publisher=Mittal Publications
| place=Delhi
| year=1989
}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Nityananda |title=Historical Geography of Medieval Assam |date=1994 |publisher=EBH Publishers (India) |isbn=9789383252701}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:History of Cooch Behar]]

Kodikunnil Suresh

2026-02-26T10:09:00Z

Tanisha R:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{family name hatnote|Kodikunnil|Suresh|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Kodikunnil Suresh
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| image = കൊടിക്കുന്നിൽ സുരേഷ്.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2019
| order =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2009|05|31|df=yes}}
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[C. S. Sujatha]]
| constituency1 = [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara, Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 6 October 1999
| term_end2 = 13 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Chengara Surendran]]
| successor2 = [[Chengara Surendran]]
| constituency2 = [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor, Kerala]]
| term_start3 = 28 November 1989
| term_end3 = 4 December 1997
| predecessor3 = K. K. Kunhambu
| successor3 = [[Chengara Surendran]]
| constituency3 = [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor, Kerala]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of State for Labour and Employment]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister4 = *[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
*[[Shish Ram Ola]]
*[[Oscar Fernandes]]
| term_start4 = 28 October 2012
| term_end4 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Harish Rawat]]
| successor4 = [[Vishnudeo Sai]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|06|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Kodikunnil]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Bindu Suresh|1994}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| minister_from1 =
| minister1 =
| office2 =
| term =
}}

'''Kodikunnil Suresh''' (born 4 June 1962) is an Indian politician and [[Congress Working Committee]] Member (Special Invitee). He is the working-president of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC). He filed his nomination for [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Loksabha Speaker post]] as the candidate of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] and contested the [[2024 Lok Sabha Speaker Election]].<ref name="Lok Sabha Speaker election: Kodikunnil Suresh of Congress files nomination as INDIA bloc candidate">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=25 June 2024 |title=Lok Sabha Speaker election: Kodikunnil Suresh of Congress files nomination as INDIA bloc candidate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-speaker-nomination-kodikunnil-suresh-india-bloc-candidate-om-birla-nda-nominee/article68330787.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625085722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-speaker-nomination-kodikunnil-suresh-india-bloc-candidate-om-birla-nda-nominee/article68330787.ece |archivedate=25 June 2024 |accessdate=25 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Congress' Kodikunnil Suresh files nomination for LS Speaker post, forcing first-ever contest since 1946 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2024/06/25/kodikunnil-suresh-congress-speaker-post-election.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=NDA candidate Om Birla elected Speaker of Lok Sabha for 2nd consecutive term |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/om-birla-ls-speaker-1.9670006 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |quote=New Delhi: Om Birla, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) candidate and Member of Parliament from Kota, Rajasthan, was elected as the Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha on Wednesday. The motion, moved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and seconded by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, was adopted through a voice vote amidst resounding 'Ayes' and 'Noes' echoing in the house. Pro-tem Speaker Bhartruhari Mahtab officially declared Om Birla as the Speaker of the lower house. Interestingly, the opposition, which had nominated K Suresh as the candidate for the INDIA bloc, chose not to press for a division vote.}}</ref> He is the [[Whip (politics)|chief Whip]] of Congress Parliamentary Party in Loksabha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-14 |title=Congress retains Gaurav Gogoi, K Suresh as Lok Sabha deputy leader, chief whip |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-retains-gaurav-gogoi-k-suresh-as-lok-sabha-deputy-leader-chief-whip-101720946537481.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was a former Union Minister of State for Labour and Employment. He is a member of the [[Lok Sabha|Eighteenth Lok Sabha]] representing [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/kerala17.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Polling Booth: Election' 96: Kerala/Adoor |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2010-07-08}}</ref> He has been elected as a member of [[Lok Sabha]] eight times.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-21 |title=Kerala CM, Oppn. flay Centre for ignoring Kodikunnil for pro tem Speaker post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-oppn-flay-centre-for-ignoring-kodikunnil-for-pro-tem-speaker-post/article68316988.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has also served as the Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC).

==Early life and education==
He was born in Kodikunnil, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] to a poor family, as the youngest son of Kunjan and Thankamma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Suresh Kodikunnil {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/suresh-kodikunnil|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> He did his [[Pre-university course|pre-degree]] from [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]] and graduation in [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] from [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time in 1989 and thereafter he won consecutively in the 1991, 1996 and 1999 General Elections to the Lok Sabha from [[Adoor Lok Sabha constituency|Adoor constituency]] for four straight terms.

However he was defeated in the 1998 and 2004 general elections.

Kodikunnil served as the member of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] and member of [[All India Congress Committee]].<ref name=":0" />
He also serves as Kerala Pradesh congress committee General Secretary, DCC President Kollam.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kodikunnil-to-be-kollam-dcc-working-president/article8302662.ece Kodikunnil to be Kollam DCC working president]</ref>

In the [[2009 Indian general election|general election to the Lok Sabha in 2009]], he contested from [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency]] and defeated R. S. Anil of the [[Communist Party of India]] with a margin of 48,048 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralanext.com/news/2009/05/16/article126.asp |title=Kodikunnil Suresh wins in Mavelikkara |access-date=2009-05-20 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520171634/http://www.keralanext.com/news/2009/05/16/article126.asp |archive-date=20 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 19 September 2018, he was appointed as working-president of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC).

He continued to win in [[2009 Indian general election]], [[2014 Indian general election]], [[2019 Indian general election]] and [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>[https://hindi.asianetnews.com/national-news/congress-senior-most-mp-kodikunnil-suresh-nominated-as-18th-lok-sabha-pro-tem-speaker-dvg/articleshow-9wprpkr कांग्रेस सांसद के.सुरेश बनाए गए प्रोटेम स्पीकर, 18वीं लोकसभा के लिए नवनिर्वाचित सांसदों को दिलाएंगे शपथ!]</ref> and is currently the longest serving Lok Sabha MP as he has remained MP for 29 years, winning the elections 8 times. The position of pro tem speaker, assigned for administering the oath taking ceremony of the elected MPs, is traditionally given to the senior most member. However, this tradition was broken in 2024 after [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]] was elected as pro tem speaker. In response, the INDIA alliance nominated K. Suresh as candidate for post of speaker, triggering an election for the post for the first time since independence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/lok-sabha-speaker-election-om-birla-k-suresh-nda-bjp-jdu-tdp-jds-apna-dal-india-congress-samajwadi-party-dmk-tmc-ysr-congress-434701-2024-06-26|title=Om Birla vs K Suresh: Lok Sabha Speaker election today. Here's how the numbers stack up}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/today-in-politics-nda-om-birla-india-bloc-suresh-speaker-post-cbi-kejriwal-custody-9415380/|title=NDA's Birla vs INDIA bloc's Suresh in rare battle for Speaker post; CBI set to seek Kejriwal custody}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/06/25/om-birla-vs-k-suresh-lok-sabha-set-for-first-speaker-election-in-decades.html|title=Om Birla vs K. Suresh: Lok Sabha set for first Speaker election in decades}}</ref>

==Controversies==
His victory in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] was declared void by the [[Kerala High Court]] over the allegation that his caste certificate was fake, and that he was a [[Christianity in Kerala|Christian]]. This verdict was later reversed by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=election>{{cite news|title=Apex court upholds Kodikunnil Suresh's election|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/13/stories/2011051360680100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519175742/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/13/stories/2011051360680100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2011|access-date=28 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=Verdict>{{cite web|title=Kodikunnil Suresh @ J.Monian vs N.S.Saji Kumar|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1532276/|work=Supreme Court Records|publisher=Indian Kanoon|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef| before = [[C. S. Sujatha]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Mavelikara]] | years = 2009 – present}}
{{s-inc | }}
{{end}}
{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{17th LS members from Kerala}}
{{16th LS members from Kerala}}
{{15th LS members from Kerala}}
{{13th LS members from Kerala}}
{{11th LS members from Kerala}}
{{10th LS members from Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Kodikunnil}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

2001 Gujarat earthquake

2026-02-23T17:20:25Z

Tanisha R: slightly rework section after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Earthquake in India and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 2001 Gujarat earthquake
| timestamp = 2001-01-26 03:16:40
| anss-url = usp000a8ds
| isc-event = 1763683
| local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|26}}
| local-time = 08:46 am IST
| image = Gujarat Earthquake Relief by RSS Volunteers.jpg
| map2 = {{Location map | India Gujarat#India
|relief = yes
|lat=23.419
|long=70.232
|mark=Bullseye1.png
|marksize=50
|position = top
|width = 260
|float = right
|caption = }}
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}
| intensity = {{MMI|XII|MSK-64|X}}
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]],<br />[[Intraplate earthquake|Intraplate]]
| depth = {{Convert|17.4|km}}
| duration = 85 seconds
| location = {{Coord|23.388|N|70.326|E|}}<ref name="ISC-GEM" />
| countries affected = [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] and [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]
| pga = 0.11 ''[[peak ground acceleration|g]]''
| aftershocks = 107 >{{M|w|4.0}} (as of 31/12/2001)<br>Strongest: {{M|wc|5.8}} on 28 January
| casualties = 20,023 fatalities, 166,951 injuries
| caption = Buildings after the earthquake
}}

An [[earthquake]] struck India and Pakistan on 26 January 2001 at {{tooltip|08:46 am IST|03:16 UTC}}. The [[epicentre]] was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in [[Bhachau]] [[Taluka]] of [[Kutch district]] in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15-years-of-Gujarat-earthquake-A-trauma-etched-in-Gujarats-memory/articleshow/50730183.cms|title=15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> The earthquake had a maximum [[Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/>

The [[intraplate earthquake]] measured 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and occurred at a depth of {{cvt|17.4|km}}.<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|date=27 June 2022|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 9.1}}</ref> The earthquake killed at least 20,023 people, injured another 166,000 and destroyed about 400,000 buildings in Gujarat and the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]].<ref name="APR2001UPDATE"/><ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report|publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program|url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|archive-date=20 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake|website=Academia|date=January 2001|url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref> The vast majority of deaths and damage were observed in [[Kutch district]], while nearly 1,600 additional deaths occurred in the cities of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Surendranagar]], [[Surat]], [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="UNDMT"/>
==Tectonic setting==
{{See also|Geology of India}}
[[Gujarat]] lies 300–400 km from the plate boundary between the [[Indian plate]] and the [[Eurasian plate]], but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing [[continental collision]] along this boundary. During the break-up of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Jurassic]], this area was affected by [[rift]]ing with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and development of new low-angle [[thrust fault]]s. The related [[fold (geology)|folding]] has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maurya|first1=D. M.|last2=Chowksey|first2=Vikas|last3=Patidar|first3=A. K.|last4=Chamyal|first4=L. S.|title=A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=445|issue=1|pages=237–268|doi=10.1144/sp445.7|year=2017|bibcode=2017GSLSP.445..237M|s2cid=132318339}}</ref>

The [[focal mechanism]] of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on [[inversion (geology)|reactivated]] rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]] is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.
==Earthquake==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:80%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Estimated number of people exposed to shaking levels<ref name=EXPO-CAT>{{citation|title=EXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=December 1, 2008|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2007-12|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]] !! Population exposure
|-
{{MMI|9|format=wikitable}}
|244k
|-
{{MMI|8|format=wikitable}}
|1,520k
|-
{{MMI|7|format=wikitable}}
|7,002k
|-
{{MMI|6|format=wikitable}}
|20,836k
|-
|}

[[File:2001 Gujarat earthquake (M 7.7) shakemap.pdf|thumb|USGS Shakemap]]

The earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.<ref name="Bodin">{{Cite journal|last1=Bodin|first1=P.|last2=Horton|first2=S.|year=2004|title=Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001|url=http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=94|issue=3|pages=818–827|bibcode=2004BuSSA..94..818B|doi=10.1785/0120030176|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Li Liu Yang pp. 255–264">{{Cite book|last1=Li|first1=Q.|title=Plate Boundary Zones|last2=Liu|first2=M.|last3=Yang|first3=Y.|date=2002|publisher=American Geophysical Union|isbn=978-1-118-67044-6|editor-last=Stein|editor-first=S.|series=Geodynamics Series|volume=30|pages=255–264|chapter=The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate?|doi=10.1029/gd030p0255|issn=2329-1540|editor-last2=Freymueller|editor-first2=J.T.}}</ref> No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001|access-date=18 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> On the [[moment magnitude scale]], the [[International Seismological Centre]] said it measured a magnitude of 7.6,<ref name="ISC-GEM"/> while the [[United States Geological Survey]] put it at 7.7.<ref name="ANSS">{{cite anss|M 7.7 – 17 km NW of Bhachāu, India|2001|usp000a8ds}}</ref>

===Rupture propagation===
A finite fault model from the USGS estimated that the [[earthquake rupture]] had an area of {{cvt|141|km|mi}} x {{cvt|18|km|mi}}, lasting approximately 25 seconds. Slip was mostly concentrated around the northern patches of the rupture, with a maximum slip of {{cvt|9.695|m|ft}} recorded in the village of [[Chobari]]. The full rupture also extended through the cities of Bhuj and [[Rapar]], although slip in these areas was extremely minor.<ref name="ANSS"/> Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible [[surface ruptures]] could be identified in the [[Epicenter|epicentral]] area.<ref name=sudhirjain/>

===Ground motion===
The earthquake had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity]] of IX-XII (''Violent''-''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/> It also registered X (''Devastating'') on the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]], with the maximum intensity observed over an east-northeast elongated zone of approximately {{cvt|2,100|km2|mi2}}; much of Gujarat recorded tremors of VII (''Very Strong'') or higher. [[Ahmedabad]] recorded a maximum [[peak ground acceleration]] of 0.11 ''g''. Shaking from the earthquake lasted several minutes, with stronger ground motion lasting at least 85 seconds. Numerous rockfalls and landslides occurred in the [[Bhuj]] and [[Bhachau]] areas. There was extensive evidence of [[soil liquefaction]] at the [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]], coastal areas of the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and numerous [[sand boil]]s in dry lakebeds northeast of [[Bhuj]]. After the earthquake, these sand boils had fountains of saline [[groundwater]] rising {{cvt|2-3|m|ft}}. Widespread [[subsidence]] and lateral spreading also occurred at [[Port of Kandla|Kandla]] and [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]] ports.<ref name=sudhirjain/><ref name=asoce/>
===Aftershocks===
By 31 December 2001, there were 107 aftershocks exceeding {{M|w|4.0}} which were recorded by the USGS, including 9 events measuring {{M|w|5.0}} or higher; most aftershocks occurred south of the epicenter near [[Bhachau]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS earthquake catalog|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=22.51256,68.56842&extent=24.22693,71.90826&range=search&sort=largest&baseLayer=terrain&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22endtime%22:%222001-12-31T23:59:40.500Z%22,%22latitude%22:23.419,%22longitude%22:70.232,%22maxradiuskm%22:250,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22starttime%22:%222001-01-05T03:16:40.500Z%22%7D%7D}}</ref> The largest aftershock occurred on 28 January, had a magnitude of {{M|wc|5.8}} and was located {{cvt|15|km|mi}} west-southwest of [[Rapar]].<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.8 - 15 km WSW of Rāpar, India|2001|usp000a8hm}}</ref>

==Damage and casualties==
[[File:Old Bhuj Temple.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The partially collapsed [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan Mandir]] [[Hindu temple]] in [[Bhuj]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:6px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:90%;"
|+Casualties by district
! scope="col"| Area
! scope="col"| Deaths<ref name="UNDMT">{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update #25|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-25|date=23 March 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"| Injuries<ref name="DEATHTOLL">{{Cite web|title=Casualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake|url=http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010807123437/http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|archive-date=7 August 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
![[Kutch district|Kutch]]
|18,416
|39,765
|-
![[Ahmedabad]]
|752<ref name="NIDM"/>
|4,030
|-
![[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|433
|10,567
|-
![[Jamnagar]]
|119
|4,592
|-
![[Surendranagar]]
|113
|2,851
|-
![[Surat]]
|46
|157
|-
![[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|38
|1,686
|-
![[Banaskantha]]
|32
|2,770
|-
![[Navsari]]
|17
|51
|-
![[Bharuch]]
|9
|44
|-
![[Porbandar]]
|9
|90
|-
![[Gandhinagar]]
|8
|240
|-
![[Junagadh]]
|8
|87
|-
![[Bhavnagar]]
|4
|44
|-
![[Vadodara]]
|1
|256
|-
![[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|1
|20
|-
|}
The [[United States Geological Survey]]'s [[PAGER]]-CAT catalog reported 20,023 fatalities.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> Additionally, 166,836 injuries were recorded,<ref name="USGS"/> a total of 28 million people across [[Gujarat]] were affected, and 442 villages lost at least 70% of houses.<ref name="NIDM"/> In [[Kutch District]], 90% of homes were damaged or destroyed, with 24% of the housing stock affected overall in Gujarat; most affected buildings were non-engineered, unreinforced [[stonemasonry]], although many reinforced concrete buildings also collapsed. Water outages were widespread due to liquefaction and [[soil compaction]], with many [[pumping stations]] and two water towers collapsing in the affected area. However, damage to highways and bridges was relatively minor.<ref name=asoce>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat (Kutch) India Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance|url=https://www.geengineeringsystems.com/ewExternalFiles/Bhuj_M7.4_2001.pdf|last1=Eidinger|first1=John|date=April 1, 2001|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]}}</ref>

[[Bhuj]], one of the closest cities to the epicenter, was devastated, with roughly 10,000 people killed<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=In Quake, Unity Overcame Diversity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/10/world/in-quake-unity-overcame-diversity.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|author=John F. Burns}}</ref> and 95% of buildings destroyed or uninhabitable after the quake;<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/gujarat-earthquake-emergency-update-dec-2002|title=Gujarat earthquake emergency update Dec 2002|author=Save the Children|access-date=29 August 2024|date=20 December 2002}}</ref> 38,653 homes partially or fully collapsed in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2001 Gujarat Earthquake: How the state bounced back from the worst disaster ever|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/offbeat-news/article/2001-gujarat-earthquake-how-the-state-bounced-back-from-the-worst-disaster-ever-23331440|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=23 January 2024|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> The quake also destroyed eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the historic [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan temple]] and historic forts, [[Prag Mahal]] and [[Aina Mahal]]. The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them either collapsed or were seriously damaged; only 10% were undamaged.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rabindra|first1=Vasavada|last2=Edmund|first2=Booth|year=2001|title=Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21244|journal=Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie|volume=21|issn=0170-9518}}</ref> Bhuj's district hospital collapsed, killing about 193 people inside,<ref name="NIDM"/> while at the city's main [[telephone exchange]] building, 50% of its walls collapsed, damaging interior electrical controls and resulting in many casualties.<ref name=asoce/>

Over 1.2 million houses in 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, as well as 12,000 schools, 2,000 health facilities, many historic buildings and tourist attractions;<ref name="IIFEAD"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat earthquake victims to receive more support to rebuild lives|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-victims-receive-more-support-rebuild-lives|date=2 May 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|title=Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226144339/http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> 400,000 of the damaged homes completely collapsed.<ref name="APR2001UPDATE">{{cite news|title=Earthquake in South Asia – India and Pakistan Affected Update Apr 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/earthquake-south-asia-india-and-pakistan-affected-update-apr-2001|date=11 April 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=CRS}}</ref> Across [[Bhachau]], over 5,000 people died and 9,000 houses were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="IIFEAD">{{cite journal|author1=David Sanderson|author2=Anshu Sharma|title=Winners and losers of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake|url=https://www.slurc.org/uploads/1/0/9/7/109761391/winners_and_losers_from_the_2001_gujarat_earthquake.pdf|date=January 2007|access-date=29 August 2024|doi=10.1177/0956247808089155|journal=Environment & Urbanization|volume=20|pages=177–186|doi-access=free|publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]]}}</ref> In [[Chobari]], the closest settlement to the epicenter, all 3,200 houses were razed and 648 residents were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearest settlement to the Epicentre of 2001 earthquake: Chobari still bears scars of devastation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nearest-settlement-to-the-epicentre-of-2001-earthquake-chobari-still-bears-scars-of-devastation-7161558/|date=26 January 2021|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Over 400 were also feared dead in [[Rapar]].<ref name=geer/> Adhoi village lost 354 residents, including 25 students at a school. Much of [[Vondh]] was also razed and 400 people died there.<ref name="IIFEAD"/> All 208 houses in the village of [[Visnagar]] were also destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 – Visnagar, Gujarat getting new life|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-2001-visnagar-gujarat-getting-new-life|date=12 June 2003|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IDRF}}</ref> In [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], over 2,000 people died, including 204 who were killed at a [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjar remembers its dead children|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anjar-remembers-its-dead-children/articleshow/421065389.cms|date=26 January 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There were also nearly 2,000 deaths in [[Gandhidham]], where 30 high-rise buildings collapsed,<ref>{{cite news|title=What The Quake Means For Gujarat Inc|url=https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20010221/cover2.html|date=29 January 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> and in nearby [[Kandla]], roads and facilities at the [[Port of Kandla]] were badly affected.<ref name=asoce/><ref name=geer/> At the [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]], extensive subsidence caused the main access road and port to drop below [[sea level]] at high tide, preventing goods from being imported; lateral spreading caused a newly built reinforced concrete wharf to collapse into the sea.<ref name=asoce/> Ten people were killed and all 940 homes were badly damaged in Dhori village, including 914 which were completely razed by the quake, along with multiple health centers, schools, a water tower, the mosque and three Hindu temples.<ref name=nyt/> In [[Khavda]], 240 people died, thousands more were injured, 20% of homes collapsed and 40% of others were moderately damaged. There were also 225 deaths in [[Ratnal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India/Gujarat: Earthquake Appeal No. 04/2001 Situation Report No. 6|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/indiagujarat-earthquake-appeal-no-042001-situation-report-no-6|date=6 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IFRC}}</ref>

In [[Ahmedabad]], 1,021 apartments and 82 houses collapsed, and 752 people were killed.<ref name="NIDM">{{cite report|title=The Kutch Earthquake 2001|url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/KUTCH%202001.pdf|year=2012|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]]|author=Pramod K. Mishra|isbn=978-81-8347-000-1}}</ref> Collapsing multistory buildings also caused deaths in [[Morbi]] and [[Surat]].<ref name=sudhirjain>{{cite web|title=Preliminary Observations on the Origin and Effects of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat, India) Earthquake|url=https://sudhirjain.info/INL_005.pdf|date=April 2001|access-date=5 February 2025|publisher=[[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]}}</ref> Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. The [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] provided emergency support which was later augmented by the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society]]. A temporary [[Red Cross]] hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wqqxXqv7EC&pg=PA3|title=Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000|last=Eidinger|first=John M.|date=2001|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=9780784475065}}</ref>

There were also 19 deaths in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update 26 Jan 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-26-jan-2001|date=26 January 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=Childreach}}</ref> The [[Badin District|Badin]]-[[Tharparkar]] area recorded 12 deaths, 115 injuries, 1,989 collapsed homes and 43,643 damaged homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake|url=https://pdma.gos.pk/earthquake/|year=2022|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[Government of Sindh]]}}</ref> Liquefaction from the earthquake resulted in [[sugarcane]] farms being flooded, affecting crops in the village of Kadhan.<ref name=geer>{{cite web|title=The Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001|url=https://geerassociation.org/components/com_geer_reports/geerfiles/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.htm|date=February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance}}</ref>

== Reconstruction ==
Four months after the earthquake the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA35|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref>

The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure.<ref name=":0" />

=== Housing ===
The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the [[retrofitting]] of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to [[In situ|in-situ]] reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA36|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref> The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf|title=The Gujarat Earthquake 2001|last=Sinha|first=Anil|year=2003|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

=== City planning ===
The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Byahut|first=Sweta|date=Fall 2014|title=Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|volume=80|issue=4|page=440|doi=10.1080/01944363.2014.989132|s2cid=154043360|via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref> The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes.<ref name=":1" /> This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byahut|first1=Sweta|last2=Mittal|first2=Jay|year=2016|title=Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India|journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development|volume=143|article-number=05016012|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354}}</ref> The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.<ref name=":1" />

== Relief ==
[[File:Hinduja Hospital's Medical Relief Camp at Bhuj after the 2001 Gujarat Earthquakes.jpg|thumb|[[Hinduja Hospital]]'s relief camp at Bhuj]]
[[File: U.S. Air Force personnel unload relief supplies destined for earthquake victims in India from a C-5A Galaxy at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001]]

The [[Government of Gujarat]] created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]] also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.<ref name=":2" />

Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.
{| class="wikitable"
|+International assistance<ref name=":2" />
!Country
!Relief Offered
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|US$550,000
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|20,000 tons of rice and a 12-member medical team
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|US$920,000
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|US$2 million
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|US$602,000
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|US$270,000 in financial aid relief supplies
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|150 member emergency aid mission
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|US$3 million in financial aid and US$1.14 million worth of relief supplies and equipments<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/hakusyo/02_hakusho/ODA2002/html/column/cl02004.htm II-4 インド地震における緊急援助], ODA Bluebook 2002, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]].</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|US$250,000
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal}}
|Relief materials and financial aid
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|US$2.5 million through [[UNICEF]]
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|US$200,000 grant
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Relief material and supplies
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ba'athist Syria}}
|Medical and other relief supplies
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|US$100,000
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|Relief material and supplies
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|£10 million
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|Relief supplies up to US$5 million
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|Relief material and supplies
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Assistance from organisations<ref name=":2" />
!Organisations
!Relief Given
|-
|[[American Red Cross]] of [[Central New Jersey]]
|Grant program of US$10,000 with all proceeds going to the [[American Red Cross]] Indian Earthquake Relief Fund
|-
|[[CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]]
|Relief Materials
|-
|[[HelpAge India]]
|Relief materials to rural areas and [[Mobile hospital|Mobile Medicare Units]] (MMUs)
|-
|[[Oxfam]]
|Food distribution. shelters, temporary bathing facilities, and relief materials
|-
|[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]
|£10 million, 350-bed hospital, water and sanitation units, [[telecommunication]]s team, and a [[British Red Cross]] logistics team
|-
|[[World Health Organization]]
|US$1.2 million
|-
|Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)
|Rehabilitation of water supply and storage for villages nearby Bhachau.
|-
|Department of International Development (DFID-UK)
|Financing of relief funds for local and international NGO working on relief works in rural Kutch.
|}

==Memorials==
[[File: Smritivan 2001 Gujarat earthquake memorial garden in Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Smritivan|right]]
[[Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum|Smritivan]], a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of [[Bhujia Hill]] in [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acres, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.<ref name=Ray>{{cite news|title=Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html|first=Joydeep|last=Ray|date=16 April 2004|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html|title=Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019|date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch – See pics of museum|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html|access-date=30 August 2022|publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

[[Veer Balak Smarak]] in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] is a memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.<ref name="ht1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2022|title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-veer-balak-memorial-in-gujarat-details-here-101661663487296.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="etv">{{Cite web|title=અંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/features-of-veer-balak-memorial-in-anjar-pm-modi-kutch-visit-aug-2022/gj20220825192526303303652|access-date=5 September 2022|website=ETV Bharat News|date=25 August 2022|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Webdunia|title=આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે|url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-the-veer-baldik-memorial-in-anjar-kutch-122082600006_1.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=gujarati.webdunia.com|language=gu}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted the 2001 earthquake effects in Ahmedabad in its plot.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2001]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="PAGER-CAT">{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001] – Amateur Seismic Centre
*[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Gujarat2001.html 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India] – University of Colorado
*[http://home.iitk.ac.in/~ramesh/gujrat/gujarat.htm Gujarat Earthquake of January 26, 2001] – [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/idfonline/albums/72157638040076306 Israel Defence Forces relief efforts]
*{{EQ-isc-link|1763683}}
*{{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2001-0033-ind}}

{{Earthquakes in 2001}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Earthquake, 2001}}
[[Category:2001 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2001 disasters in India|Gujarat earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Gujarat|2001]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat|2016 earthquake]]
[[Category:2000s in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:January 2001 in India]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]

Sneha Paliyeri

2026-02-12T02:47:43Z

Tanisha R: Adding new bio.

{{short description|Indian dubbing artist}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sneha Paliyeri
| image =
| birth_name = Sneha M
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Voice artist]], [[Actress]]
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist]] in 2017 for [[Eeda]], 2018 [[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/11/sneha-the-voice-that-conjured-the-magic-of-kannur-slang-in-eada.html | title=Sneha, the voice that conjured the magic of Kannur slang in 'Eeda'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-best-dubbing-artist-sneha-paliyeri-1.3606702 |title = ലില്ലിയുടെ സഹനങ്ങളെ പ്രേക്ഷകനിലേക്ക് എത്തിച്ച ഡബ്ബിങ്ങിലെ സ്‌നേഹശബ്ദം| date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>
}}

'''Sneha Paliyeri''' also known as '''Sneha M''' is a dubbing artist (voice artist) in [[Malayalam]] films. She is also a film actress, stage performer, theatre artist and professionally a teacher. She was born in [[Kannur]], a district of [[Kerala]]. Her parents, Padmanabhan and Jayanthi, are both teachers. She married Naveen Kumar. She is a post-graduate in physics and a BEd<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2018/03/13/state-award-winner-sneha-dubbing-artist.html |title = ഈട കേട്ടത് ഈ ശബ്ദം}}</ref>

==Career==
Paliyeri participated in the youth festival venues of the [[Kannur University]] Interzone Youth Festival, with mono act performance for seven years. She also acted in several plays. She appeared in the films ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' directed by Thomas Kutty, ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' directed by [[Prajesh Sen]], and ''[[Thuramukham]]'' (2020) directed by [[Rajeev Ravi]].She also appeared in webseries titled ''Instagraamam''.

==Filmography==
'''As dubbing artist'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Actress
|-
|2017
|''[[Eeda]]''
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Lilly (2018 film)|Lilly]]''
|[[Samyuktha Menon]]
|-
|rowspan='3'|2019
|''[[Marconi Mathai]]''
|[[Athmiya Rajan]]
|-
|''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]''
|[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal|Riddhi Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]''
|rowspan='2'|[[Ambili (film)|Tanvi Ram]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Kappela]]''
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Year
! Film
! For
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan='2'|''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist]]''
|2017
| ''[[Eeda]]''
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-best-dubbing-artist-sneha-paliyeri-1.3606702|title = ലില്ലിയുടെ സഹനങ്ങളെ പ്രേക്ഷകനിലേക്ക് എത്തിച്ച ഡബ്ബിങ്ങിലെ സ്‌നേഹശബ്ദം| date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Lilly (2018 film)|Lilly]]''
| [[Samyuktha Menon]]
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/11/sneha-the-voice-that-conjured-the-magic-of-kannur-slang-in-eada.html]
[https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2018/03/13/state-award-winner-sneha-dubbing-artist.html]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paliyeri, Sneha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kannur]]

2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi

2026-02-05T04:08:38Z

Tanisha R: added a entry

{{short description|Virus super spreader event}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| date = 1–21 March 2020
| venue = [[Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque]]
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]], Delhi
| type = Religious congregation
| participants = 4500–9000
| organisers = [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]]
| website =
}}

A [[Tablighi Jamaat]] religious congregation that took place in Delhi's [[Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque]] in early March 2020 was a [[COVID-19]] [[super-spreader]] event,<ref name="WaPoSuperSpreader2Apr">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-delhi/2020/04/02/abdc5af0-7386-11ea-ad9b-254ec99993bc_story.html|title=India confronts its first coronavirus 'super-spreader' – a Muslim missionary group with more than 400 members infected|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|last3=Irfan|first3=Shams|date=2 April 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> with more than 4,000 confirmed cases<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-30-per-cent-of-coronavirus-cases-linked-to-delhi-mosque-event-government-2206163|title=30 Per Cent Of Coronavirus Cases Linked To Delhi Mosque Event: Government|date=4 April 2020|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> and at least 27 deaths linked to the event reported across the country. Over 9,000 missionaries may have attended the congregation, with the majority being from various states of India,<ref name="TOI 2 April">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: About 9,000 Tablighi Jamaat members, primary contacts quarantined in country, MHA says |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-about-9000-tablighi-jamaat-members-primary-contacts-quarantined-in-country-mha-says/articleshow/74948832.cms}}</ref><ref name="HT 2 April">{{cite news |title=How Nizamuddin markaz became Covid-19 hotspot; more than 8,000 attendees identified |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-nizamuddin-markaz-became-a-hotspot-for-covid-19-8-000-people-identified/story-zedKlaDNTPpbDLdMsgExAM.html}}</ref> and 960 attendees from 40 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=379 Indonesians among foreigners from 40 countries attended Tablighi Jamaat gathering: Sources |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/379-indonesians-among-foreigners-from-40-countries-attended-tablighi-jamaat-gathering-sources20200403152720/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=ANI}}</ref> On 18 April, 4,291 confirmed cases of COVID-19 linked to this event by the Union Health Ministry represented a third of all the confirmed cases of India.<ref name="ABP 18 April">{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat Responsible For 30% Total Coronavirus Cases in India: Health Ministry |author=ABP News Bureau |newspaper=ABP News |date=18 April 2020 |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/tablighi-jamaat-responsible-for-30-total-coronavirus-cases-in-india-health-ministry-1201263}}</ref><ref name="PTI 18 April">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Coronavirus | Nearly 4,300 cases were linked to Tablighi Jamaat event, says Health Ministry |date=18 April 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-nearly-4300-cases-were-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-event-says-health-ministry/article31376202.ece }}</ref> Around 40,000 people, including Tablighi Jamaat attendees and their contacts, were quarantined across the country.<ref name="ABP 18 April"/>

The Tablighi Jamaat has received widespread criticism from the Muslim community for holding the congregation despite a ban on public gatherings being issued by the [[Government of Delhi]] on 13 March.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat draws widespread condemnation from Muslim society |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/academics-among-muslims-condemn-the-act-of-tablighi-jamaat-in-nizamuddin/article31218658.ece |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref>

Criminal cases were registered against the congregation attendees in the courts across India. However, in a landmark judgement in August 2020, the Bombay High Court quashed three FIRs against 35 petitioners – 29 of them foreign nationals – who attended a Tablighi Jamaat congregation in Delhi's Nizamuddin in March and travelled from there to different parts of India. The court observed: "A political government tries to find the scapegoat when there is pandemic or calamity and the circumstances show that there is probability that these foreigners were chosen to make them scapegoats."<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/971195/unjust-and-unfair-what-three-high-courts-said-about-the-arrests-of-tablighi-jamaat-members 'Unjust and unfair': What three High Courts said about the arrests of Tablighi Jamaat members]</ref> Some of the Muslims with chargesheets neither attended the Delhi congregation nor were they inclined to the Tablighi ideology, as evidenced in the case of eight individuals with chargesheets, whose case was dismissed by the Saket district court on 25 August 2020.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/eight-tablighis-discharged-delhi-court-says-no-evidence-to-show-presence-at-markaz-6568468/ Eight Tablighis discharged, Delhi court says no evidence to show presence at Markaz], ''The Indian Express''.</ref> The [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|Sharad Bobde]] observed "evasiveness" in that the [[Government of India]]'s affidavit filed in response to petitions challenging the discriminatory and communal coverage of the Tablighi Jamaat incident by some sections of the media. He termed the statements in the document as "unnecessary, nonsensical" averments.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-slams-centre-on-tablighi-affidavit/article32801548.ece Supreme Court slams Centre on Tablighi affidavit]</ref> On 16 December 2020, The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of a Delhi Court, Arun Kumar Garg, acquitted the 36 foreign nationals from 14 countries of all the charges levelled against them. They were facing charges under Section 188 (disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant), Section 269 (negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), Section 3 (disobeying regulation) of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 and Section 51 (obstruction) of Disaster Management Act, 2005.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/tablighi-case-court-acquits-36-foreigners/article33340829.ece Tablighi case: court acquits 36 foreigners]</ref>

Senior BJP leaders like [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] attributed Tablighi Jamaat congregation for a spike in cases of COVID-19 in the country, a claim which was disputed by experts from [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College]] in [[Indore]] saying that they have no data to link the spread of the pandemic to the congregation.<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-no-data-to-link-tablighi-jamaat-to-covid-19-spread-/1803064 'No data to link Tablighi Jamaat to COVID-19 spread']</ref> On the other hand, according to the first report in India tabled before Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan by the Department of Biotechnology in July 2020 on the genome of SARS-CoV-2 has found that a particular variant of the virus brought into the country mainly by travellers from Europe had become the most prominent across the country.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-europe-variant-dominant-6534857/ Variant of coronavirus brought in by travellers from Europe most dominant in India]</ref> India's first COVID-19 patient was a Keralite student from a state-run university in Wuhan city of China, the centre of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/how-india-first-coronavirus-patient-from-kerala-fought-illness-recovered-2189818 "Wasn't Easy To Remain Isolated," Recalls India's 1st Coronavirus Patient]</ref>

==Timeline==
===Nizamuddin Markaz events===
The Nizamuddin Markaz's calendar shows three events scheduled during March: ''Aalmi Mashwara'' (international executive committee meeting)<ref name=Bhat>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/not-a-tableegi-virus/|title=Not a Tableegi Virus|author=Raja Muzaffar Bhat|date=3 April 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> during 8–10 March, and provincial gatherings ''Andhra Pradesh jod'' during 15–17 March and ''Tamil Nadu jod'' during 22–24 March.<ref name=facebook>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NizamuddinIjtema/|title=Nizamuddin Ijtema|website=Facebook|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}<ref name="delhimarkaz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimarkaz.com/|title=Reconstruction of Ummah|website=delhimarkaz.com|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}<ref name="news-communique.com">{{cite web|url=https://news-communique.com/index.php/2020/04/05/panic-grips-tablighi-jamaat-ijtema-maulana-saad-on-the-run/|title=Panic Grips Tablighi Jamaat Ijtema: Maulana Saad On The Run|date=5 April 2020|website=News-Communique.com}}</ref>{{efn|Media reports have variously mentioned a "congregation" held on 11–13 March,<ref name=Beg>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-corona-outbreak-afflicted-by-communal-virus-blaming-tablighi-jamaat-could-be-misdirected/349784|title=Communal Corona? Is It Justified To Blame Tablighi Jamaat For Nizamuddin Outbreak?|first1=Mirza Arif|last1=Beg|date=31 March 2020 |website=Outlook}}</ref> 13–15 March,<ref name=Mustafa>
{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/coronavirus-criminal-liability-of-tablighi-jamaat|title=The Coronavirus Spread and the Criminal Liability of the Tablighi Jamaat|first1=Faizan|last1=Mustafa|date=16 April 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref>
or other dates, which however do not appear on the Markaz's calendar.}} There is no indication of an ''[[ijtema]]'' held in March.<ref name="Mahurkar no">
{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/the-new-threat-from-tablighi-jamaat-1661938-2020-04-01|title=Tablighi Jamaat's defiance spreads concern|first1=Uday|last1=Mahurkar|date=1 April 2020|website=India Today|quote=There was no formal convention as previously believed, but there was a bigger than usual gathering of preachers this month.}}
</ref> An ''ijtema'' would have been too large a gathering for the Markaz building to hold.<ref name=Bhat/>{{efn|A Delhi provincial ijtema was held during 22–24 February at Shahi Eidgah.<ref name=facebook/><ref name="delhimarkaz.com"/><ref name="news-communique.com"/>}}

The ''Aalmi'' ''Mashwara'' probably attracted 1500 persons from different states of India as well as various countries in Asia and Europe.<ref name=Bhat/> The [[Andhra Pradesh]] gathering would have also attracted similar numbers from Andhra Pradesh, [[Telangana]] and the neighbouring states.<ref name=Mustafa/> In addition to these, the Markaz receives a regular year-round traffic of visitors from India and abroad who come for preaching activity and are dispatched to various locations in India. It is common for them to stop at the Markaz for a few days at the beginning and end of their travel.<ref name=Bhat/>

The activities at the Markaz apparently went unhindered until 22 March, when a [[Janata curfew]] was observed throughout India at the instance of prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]. At the end of the Janata Curfew, a lockdown came into effect in Delhi. The group said that it was able to move out around 1,500 people on the following days with some difficulty.<ref name=Beg/><ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-health-coronavirus-india-islam-insight.html|title=The Religious Retreat That Sparked India's Major Coronavirus Manhunt|date=2 April 2020|work=The New York Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403162139/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-health-coronavirus-india-islam-insight.html|archive-date=3 April 2020|agency=Reuters}}</ref> On 24 March, when a nationwide lockdown came into effect, the Markaz received a notice from the [[station house officer|SHO]] of the Hazrat Nizamuddin Police Station (which is the next door neighbour of the Markaz) asking for the closure of the building. The following day, a [[tehsildar]] with a medical team visited the Markaz and many of the visitors were examined. On 26 March, the group was called for a meeting with the [[District Magistrate (India)|District Magistrate]]. From 27 March onward, small groups of visitors were taken for medical check-ups. On 29 March, the Markaz responded to a notice from the [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] of Lajpat Nagar stating that it had abided by all orders and did not allow any new visitors to enter the premises during the lockdown.<ref name=Beg/><ref name="Hindu cordoned off">{{cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coronavirus-200-people-from-nizamuddin-develop-symptoms-area-cordoned-off/article31204617.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} 200 people in Nizamuddin develop symptoms; area cordoned off|date=30 March 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

On 30 March, the authorities evacuated the building and sent about 2300 inmates to hospital wards and quarantines.<ref name="WaPoSuperSpreader2Apr" /> Mawlāna [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]], the head of the Markaz, was not found in the building. He later responded to police enquiries stating that he was self-isolating at an unknown location.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Government measures===
Delhi is a [[Union territory]] with a legislature, which in effect means that it has a [[dyarchy#India|divided government]]. Most governmental functions are under the control of the [[Government of Delhi|elected government]], while law and order is under the control of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi|lieutenant governor]]. The [[Delhi Police]] reports directly to the Union Home Ministry, rather than any branch of the Delhi government. The parties in power in Delhi and the Union are rivals, adding to frictions and lack of coordination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article7367199.ece|title=National Capital Territory of Delhi: Towards a Unique Diarchy (...and Away from a Monarchy)|last1=Saikumar|first1=Rajgopal|website=The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy|date=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="IANS blame game">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/authorities-playing-blame-game-over-nizamuddin-markaz/1787031|title=Authorities playing blame game over Nizamuddin Markaz|website=Outlook|date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

For its part, the Union government ordered thermal screening of passengers arriving from [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and other Asian countries from the end of February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-coronavirus-convid-19-india-airports-to-screen-passengers-from-4-countries-nepal-indonesia-vietnam-and-malaysia/347751|title=Coronavirus: Indian Airports To Now Screen Passengers From Four More Countries Including Nepal|website=Outlook|date=23 February 2020}}</ref> From 4 March, thermal screening was extended to passengers from all countries.<ref name="CaravanUnfounded16Apr">{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/modis-speech-unfounded-half-truths-at-best-blatant-denial-of-accountability-at-worst|title=Modi's speech: Unfounded half-truths at best, blatant denial of accountability at worst|last1=Penkar|first1=Ahan|date=16 April 2020|website=The Caravan}}</ref> None of the foreign attendees of the Tablighi events were caught by these measures.<ref name="Mustafa"/> As of 13 March the central government had maintained that there was no health emergency in the country. There were no restrictions on gatherings until this date.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Sruthi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tablighi-jamaat-and-covid-19-the-story-so-far/article31225065.ece|title=Tablighi Jamaat and COVID-19: The story so far|date=1 April 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/delhis-nizamuddin-hotspot-coronavirus|title=Questions Remain About How Delhi's Nizamuddin Became a Coronavirus Hotspot|date=31 March 2020|website=The Wire|quote=Going by the spread of the coronavirus, however, it appears that the Delhi government's advisory itself came too late.}}</ref> Home quarantine for international arrivals was not mandated until 17 March.<ref name="CaravanUnfounded16Apr"/>

On 13 March, the Delhi government issued an order prohibiting sports gatherings, conferences and seminars with over 200 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/covid-19-govt-bans-ipl-in-delhi-till-further-orders/article31058763.ece|title=COVID-19: Govt. bans IPL in Delhi till further orders|date=13 March 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The order has been described as being vaguely worded. A second order was issued on 16 March, banning all gatherings over 50 people. The government also ordered the closure of gyms, clubs and spas.<ref name="IANS blame game"/><ref name="Newslaundry">{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-and-nizamuddin-tv-news-returns-to-bigotry-with-a-bang|title=Coronavirus and Nizamuddin: TV news returns to bigotry with a bang|last1=Tiwari|first1=Ayush|website=Newslaundry|date=1 April 2020}}</ref> But it was not until 24 March that the Delhi Police sought the closure of the Nizamuddin Markaz.<ref name="Hindu cordoned off"/>

On 16 March, the same day the Delhi order was issued, ten Indonesians who had attended the ''Aalmi Mashwara'' event in Nizamuddin were being isolated in Hyderabad. Eight of the ten men eventually tested positive for COVID-19. The Home Ministry stated that it informed all the state governments about this development on 21 March.<ref name="Wire questions">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/delhis-nizamuddin-hotspot-coronavirus|title=Questions Remain About How Delhi's Nizamuddin Became a Coronavirus Hotspot|website=The Wire|date=31 March 2020|quote=Going by the spread of the coronavirus, however, it appears that the Delhi government's advisory itself came too late.}}</ref> On 21 March again, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] officials informed the Union Health Ministry's control room that a 65-year-old patient, who had been to the Nizamuddin Markaz, had tested positive for COVID-19. They said that he possibly contracted the virus from Indonesian or Thai Tablighi members in Delhi.<ref name="Hindu identify">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaita|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2100-foreigners-visited-india-for-tablighi-activities-this-year-says-mha/article31219576.ece|title=MHA tells States to track foreign Tablighi members|date=31 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

As late as 5 April, various government agencies were trying to blame each other with none of them taking responsibility for the lapses.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|last2=Ravi|first2=Sidharth|last3=Babu|first3=Nikhil M.|date=5 April 2020|title=Who is to blame for virus going viral from Nizamuddin?|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/who-is-to-blame-for-virus-going-viral-from-nizamuddin/article31264902.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Spread===
A cluster spread became apparent in the following days as cases traced back to the event were reported in several states. In Telangana, five people who attended the event died on 30 March. Dozens of people tested positive in other places such as Andhra Pradesh, [[Tamil Nadu]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. State governments scrambled to trace the whereabouts of the attendees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi area under watch: Officials link 5 Telangana deaths to Nizamuddin mosque, trace 1,600 people |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/parts-of-delhis-nizamuddin-west-cordoned-off-after-covid-19-cases-traced-to-area-6338798/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

As of 3 April, more than 950 confirmed cases were detected across 14 states and union territories in the country, including 97 percent of the total cases confirmed in the country on 2 and 3 April (647 out of 664 cases).<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |title=647 COVID-19 Cases in Last 2 Days Linked To Islamic Sect Meet in Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/647-coronavirus-cases-found-in-last-two-days-linked-to-islamic-sect-gathering-in-delhi-says-governme-2205635 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=647 coronavirus positive cases in two days linked to Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/647-coronavirus-positive-cases-in-two-days-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat/articleshow/74967407.cms |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Tamil Nadu was the worst affected state, as 364 of the 411 people who tested positive had attended the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=102 new Covid-19 cases in Tamil Nadu; state's tally reaches 411 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/102-new-covid-19-cases-in-tamil-nadu-state-s-tally-reaches-411-11585922977996.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Livemint}}</ref> 259 of the 386 cases in Delhi<ref>{{cite news |title=2 more deaths in Delhi, one a Tablighi Jamaat man; 93 new Coronavirus cases reported |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-more-covid-deaths-in-delhi-one-a-tablighi-jamaat-man-93-new-cases-reported/articleshow/74975751.cms |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and 140 of the 161 cases in Andhra Pradesh were linked to the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: AP reports first death; 140 of 161 cases linked to Markaz Nizamuddin |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-ap-reports-first-death-140-of-161-cases-linked-to-markaz-nizamuddin-11585899097389.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Livemint}}</ref> All nine deaths reported in Telangana until 2 April were of people who had returned from the congregation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three more Covid-19 deaths in Telangana, all linked to Markaz event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/three-more-covid-19-deaths-in-telangana-all-linked-to-markaz-event/story-X0xlWmGltcOvrQClVdEzAI.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The Srinagar man who died on 26 March was identified as a [[super-spreader]] as he travelled by road, rail and air from Delhi to Srinagar via Uttar Pradesh, as officials feared that he may have spread it to several people along the way.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Delhi Police books Tablighi Jamaat head as Nizamuddin centre emerges as hotspot; 1,339 workers quarantined, says MHA |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-delhi-police-books-tablighi-jamaat-head-as-nizamuddin-centre-emerges-as-hotspot-1339-workers-quarantined-says-mha-8211721.html |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

===Tracing of attendees===
By 2 April, [[Maharashtra]], Telangana and [[Karnataka]] traced down 1,325, 1,064 and 800 attendees of the event respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat: 1,325 of 1,400 attendees traced in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-two-from-pune-district-who-went-to-nizamuddin-conclave-test-positive/article31234627.ece |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine Delhi returnees die in Telangana, 21 new COVID-19 cases |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/nine-delhi-returnees-die-in-telangana-21-new-covid-19-cases-reported-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/74946154.cms |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Pune Mirror |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404112831/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/nine-delhi-returnees-die-in-telangana-21-new-covid-19-cases-reported-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/74946154.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1,500 from Karnataka attended Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/apr/02/15k-from-ktaka-attended-jamaat-2124607.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Tamil Nadu identified and quarantined 1,103 of the 1,500-odd participants from the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: How difficult was tracking the Jamaat event attendees from Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/coronavirus-how-difficult-was-tracking-the-jamaat-event-attendees-from-tamil-nadu-820525.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh reportedly detected around 800 of the 1,085 people of the state who attended the congregation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi attendees' motive under police scanner |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/tablighi-attendees-motive-police-scanner |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=The Sunday Guardian}}</ref> Gujarat Police identified 72 attendees from the state who attended the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/72-tabligh-attendees-traced-in-gujarat-one-dead-of-covid-19/article31228520.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} 72 Tabligh attendees traced in Gujarat; one dead of COVID-19|date=1 April 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh managed to track and quarantine 1,205 people who participated in the congregation by 5 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=1,205 Tablighi Jamaat attendees quarantined so far in UP: Govt official |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1205-tablighi-jamaat-attendees-quarantined-uttar-pradesh-1663604-2020-04-05 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> On 4 April, it was reported that the [[Delhi Police]] had found more than 500 foreign preachers "hiding in 16–17 places" in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 500 Foreigners Who Attended Tablighi Jamaat Found Hiding in Delhi Mosques |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/over-500-foreigners-who-attended-tablighi-jamaat-found-hiding-in-delhi-mosques-2563791.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=News18}}</ref>

=== Reopening of the mosque ===
After a two-year hiatus, the mosque was reopened for worship in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=After 2-year hiatus, Nizamuddin Markaz reopens for Shab-e-Barat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/after-2-year-hiatus-nizamuddin-markaz-reopens-for-shab-e-barat-378637/ |work=The Tribune, India |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>

==Cases linked==
According to health authorities, until 2 April, among 2000 positive cases in India nearly 400 cases can be epidemiologically traced to the Tablighi Jamaat cluster.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/one-in-indias-five-covid-19-patients-is-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-and-its-delhi-event/393993/ |title=One in India's five Covid-19 patients is linked to Tablighi Jamaat and its Delhi event |last1=Yadavar |first1=Swagata |date=2 April 2020 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/400-covid-19-cases-with-linkage-to-tablighi-jamaat-found-health-ministry/articleshow/74951562.cms |title=400 COVID-19 cases with linkage to Tablighi Jamaat found: Health Ministry|date=2 April 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> By 3 April 647 cases are reported which are related to this cluster.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/647-positive-cases-from-14-states-in-last-two-days-are-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-health-ministry/articleshow/74967407.cms |title=647 coronavirus positive cases from 14 states in last two days are linked to Tablighi Jamaat: Health Ministry |date=3 April 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> By 4 April, 1,023 cases with links to this cluster were reported which is about 30% of total cases in the country.<ref name="PTI 4 April">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/covid-19-positive-cases-links-tablighi-jamaat-reported-17-states-health-ministry-1663313-2020-04-04 |title=1,023 Covid-19 positive cases with links to Tablighi Jamaat reported from 17 states: Health ministry |agency=Press Trust of India |website=India Today |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> On 18 April, Union Health Ministry said 4,291 out of 14,378 confirmed cases in 23 Indian states and union territories have been linked to this event, around a third of all cases.<ref name="ABP 18 April"/><ref name="PTI 18 April"/>

Following are some of the positive cases from different states as reported in media.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!State or UT
!Positive Cases
!Deaths
!Ref(s)
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|9
|{{ndash}}
|<ref name="ToI400Linkage2Apr">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/400-covid-19-cases-with-linkage-to-tablighi-jamaat-found-health-ministry/articleshow/74951562.cms|title=400 COVID-19 cases with linkage to Tablighi Jamaat found: Health Ministry|date=2 April 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|280
|1
|<ref name="DainikJagranSpike3Apr">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-295-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-test-positive-for-covid19-960-foreign-attendees-blacklisted-by-mha-10010317|title=COVID-19 pandemic: Nizamuddin Markaz trail widens with sharp spike in cases in Telangana, Delhi and UP|date=3 April 2020|website=Jagran English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=ANI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/266-cases-of-coronavirus-in-andhra-pradesh-243-of-them-tablighi-jamaat-attendees-their-contacts-120040601133_1.html|title=266 cases of coronavirus in Andhra Pradesh, 243 of them Tablighi Jamaat attendees, their contacts|date=6 April 2020|work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/steady-rise-in-covid-19-cases-in-andhra-telangana/story-0Up74k9GaTerNL7vETJHKJ.html|title=Steady rise in Covid-19 cases in Andhra, Telangana|date=7 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|1
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-arunachal-pradesh-registers-first-covid-19-case-after-31-year-old-tablighi-jamaat-attendee-tests-positive-8219381.html|title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Arunachal Pradesh registers first COVID-19 case after 31-year-old Tablighi Jamaat attendee tests positive|website=Firstpost|date=2 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Assam]]
|33
|1
|<ref name="ToI400Linkage2Apr" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-assam-2-new-cases-1663282-2020-04-04|title=Coronavirus: 2 more cases bring Assam total to 25|date=4 April 2020|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|{{ndash}}
|1
|
|-
|Delhi
|1080
|5
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CMODelhi/status/1251190807106777089/photo/1|title=Delhi Health Bulletin and Testing Status – 17th April 2020 #DelhiFightsCoronapic.twitter.com/cXaItp9hNn |last1=Delhi|first1=C. M. O.|date=17 April 2020|website=@CMODelhi|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|12
|1
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tablighi-jamaat-had-major-role-in-spreading-the-virus-says-nitin-patel-6352548/|title=Tablighi Jamaat had major role in spreading the virus, says Nitin Patel|date=8 April 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|106
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-lockdown-may-increase-in-four-districts-of-south-haryana-due-to-tablighi-jamaties-20175872.html|title=तब्‍लीगी जमातियों के कारण दक्षिण हरियाणा के चार जिलों में बढ़ सकता है लॉकडाउन|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nearly-80-covid-19-patients-in-haryana-attended-tablighi-jamaat-event-minister-11586437662084.html|title=Nearly 80% Covid-19 patients in Haryana attended Tablighi Jamaat event: Minister|date=9 April 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref>
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|21
|{{ndash}}
|<ref name="DaijiworldSuperSpreaders">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=691949|title=Tablighi super spreaders cause Covid-19 explosion in India|website=Daijiworld.com|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-coronavirus-more-than-hundreds-sample-taken-by-health-department-in-himachal-pradesh-20175294.html|title=Coronavirus: हिमाचल प्रदेश में कोरोना वायरस के 126 सैंपल की जांच रिपोर्ट नेगेटिव|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1248218082482454529|title=At present, 21 #COVID19 positive cases are in isolation wards. It's sad that all these cases are linked with Jamaat, some of them are those who had attended the Markaz event in Delhi & others are those who had come in contact with the attendees: Himachal Pradesh CM Jairam Thakurpic.twitter.com/xRYJC7uvXK|last=ANI|date=9 April 2020|website=@ANI|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|22
|2
|<ref name="ToI400Linkage2Apr" />
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{ndash}}
|{{ndash}}
|<ref name="ET647Cases3April">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/647-positive-cases-from-14-states-in-last-two-days-are-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-health-ministry/articleshow/74967407.cms|title=647 coronavirus positive cases from 14 states in last two days are linked to Tablighi Jamaat: Health Ministry|date=3 April 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|107
|1
|<ref name="DainikJagranSpike3Apr" /><ref name="karunadu4apr2">{{cite web|url=https://karunadu.karnataka.gov.in/hfw/kannada/nCovDocs/04-04-2020(English).pdf|title=Media Bulletin|website=Department of health and family welfare services, Karnataka|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404141415/https://karunadu.karnataka.gov.in/hfw/kannada/nCovDocs/04-04-2020%28English%29.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2020|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1248216465792053250|title=16 more #COVID19 cases reported in Karnataka in the last 24 hours, including 10 cases with close contact to other patients & three with travel history to Delhi. Total number of coronavirus cases in the state stands at 197: Karnataka Health Departmentpic.twitter.com/TQr6u0BZBb|last=ANI|date=9 April 2020|website=@ANI|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID −19 Government of Karnataka – Official Dashboard|url=http://covid19dashboard.karnataka.gov.in/|website=covid19dashboard.karnataka.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515091620/http://covid19dashboard.karnataka.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala|Kerala]]
|15
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/08/more-tablighi-meet-returnees-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-southern-states-2127548.html|title=More Tablighi meet returnees test positive for COVID-19 in southern states|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|71
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/36-year-old-covid-19-patient-dies-in-chhindwara-mp-cases-tally-rises-to-155-including-9-deaths-604352|title=36-year-old COVID-19 patient dies in Chhindwara; MP case tally rises to 158 including 11 deaths|last1=Mamtany|first1=Sidhant|date=4 April 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/coronavirus-covid-19-count-bhopal-604877|title=Bhopal COVID-19 count rises by 23 in a single day, reaches 40|last1=Joshi|first1=Manas|date=5 April 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|23
|2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saharasamay.com/nation-news/676621404/maharashtra-sees-60-new-coronavirus-cases-total-1-078.html|title=Maharashtra sees 60 new coronavirus cases, total 1,078|website=Sahara Samay|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|{{ndash}}
|{{ndash}}
|
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|2
|{{ndash}}
|<ref name="ToI400Linkage2Apr" />
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|26
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-corona-virus-attack-intensified-in-punjab-and-20-positive-cases-confirmed-in-a-single-day-20173900.html|title=पंजाब में तेज हुआ कोरोना वायरस का हमला, एक ही दिन में 20 पॉजिटिव केस की पुष्टि, छह जमाती|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|43
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/coronavirus-in-rajasthan-tablighi-jamaat-members-tested-positive-across-various-districts-positive-cases-of-covid-19-touches-200|title=Coronavirus in Rajasthan: Tablighi Jamaat members tested positive across various districts; positive cases of COVID-19 touches 200|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|1113
|2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1250419244992323584/photo/2|title=38 more #COVID19 cases reported in Tamil Nadu today, of these 34 are those who attended "single source event in Delhi" & their contacts. Total coronavirus cases in the state now at 1242, including 1113 who attended "single source event in Delhi" & their contacts: State Governmentpic.twitter.com/l13BMlb5Rn|last=ANI|date=15 April 2020|website=@ANI|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|388
|11
|<ref name="DaijiworldSuperSpreaders" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/tablighi-jamaat-event-india-worst-coronavirus-vector-200407052957511.html |title=How Tablighi Jamaat event became India's worst coronavirus vector |publisher=Al Jazeera |first1=Akash|last1=Bisht|first2=Sadiq|last2=Naqvi|date=7 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1248255802680299521|title=471 positive reported cases so far, out of these 388 related to Markaz. Today 665 samples were tested & only 18 positive cases were found – indicates a decrease in cases. People related to Markaz, who returned on 25, 26 & 27 March, are also being tested today: Telangana Health Minpic.twitter.com/Dehwl87xIr|last=ANI|date=9 April 2020|website=@ANI|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}
|-
|[[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|1138
|{{ndash}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANINewsUP/status/1253697991673704453|title=111 new #COVID19 cases reported today till 6 pm in the state. Total cases rise to 1621 including 226 cured/discharged. 1370 are active cases and 25 deaths have been reported: State Health Departmentpic.twitter.com/hwWgr3yfZi|last1=UP|first1=ANI|date=24 April 2020|website=@ANINewsUP|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=pic.twitter.com/ueEPJsQwyR|url=https://twitter.com/News24X7_/status/1256597069780877312|last=अनुराग|date=2 May 2020|website=@News24X7_|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|24
|{{ndash}}
|<ref name="ET647Cases3April" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-uttarakhand-dgp-warns-tablighi-members-dgp-6348933/|title=Uttarakhand DGP warns Tablighi members: 'Report to authorities by April 6 or face murder bid charge if any case reported'|date=6 April 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-coronavirus-outbreak-for-more-patients-found-coronavirus-positive-in-uttarakhand-20175471.html|title=coronavirus: उत्तराखंड में तीन जमातियों समेत चार कोरोना पॉजिटिव, 35 पहुंची संख्या|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Total
!4,514*
!27*
!
|-
! colspan="4" |''<small>*These numbers are not complete as some States do not report hotspot sources for cases</small>''
|}

=== March ===
* On 18 March, Eight Indonesians of Tablighi Jamaat were tested positive in [[Karimnagar]] in Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-high-alert-in-telangana-after-8-indonesians-test-positive-for-covid-19-1657355-2020-03-19|title=Coronavirus in India: High alert in Telangana after 8 Indonesians test positive for Covid-19|date=19 March 2020|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|website=India Today|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/covid-19-telanganas-karimnagar-reports-eight-covid-19-positive-cases-city-under-lockdown-815287.html|title=COVID-19: Telangana's Karimnagar reports eight COVID-19 positive cases; city under lockdown|date=19 March 2020|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> They had arrived from Hazrat Nizammudin, Delhi on 14 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/karimnagar-six-secondary-contacts-of-indonesian-preacher-shifted-to-isolation-ward|title=Karimnagar: Six secondary contacts of Indonesian preacher shifted to isolation ward|website=Telangana Today|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> Security agencies had traced the link of these cases to Nizamuddin Markaz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/markaz-leadership-resisted-then-nsa-ajit-doval-dropped-by-at-2-am/story-RhL243HMbRgTGBbriNIVzL.html|title=Markaz leadership resisted, then NSA Ajit Doval dropped by at 2 am|date=1 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 21 March, two Thai Nationals in [[Erode]], Tamil Nadu were reported as positive case number 5 and 6. They had attended this congregation in Delhi in early March.<ref>{{cite news|last1=M|first1=Serena Josephine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/25-of-67-patients-directly-or-indirectly-linked-to-thai-nationals/article31212197.ece|title=25 of 67 patients directly or indirectly linked to Thai nationals|date=30 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/tamil-nadu-reports-17-fresh-coronavirus-cases-tally-now-67-819262.html|title=Tamil Nadu reports 17 fresh coronavirus cases; tally now 67|date=30 March 2020|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 26 March, Jammu and Kashmir reported first death to the pandemic, a 65-year-old who had attended this congregation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tracking-covid-19-super-spreader-from-j-k-to-tablighi-event-in-delhi-and-back-via-up/articleshow/74911674.cms?from=mdr|title=Tracking COVID-19 'super spreader': From J-K to Tablighi event in Delhi and back via UP|date=31 March 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> At that time, more than 40 of 48 cases in the region was tracked back to this patient.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
* On 31 March 57 new cases were reported in Tamil Nadu. 80 out of total 124 cases in the state are linked to Tablighi Jamaat cluster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-reports-57-new-covid-19-cases-in-one-day-79-attended-tablighi-jamaat-state-tally-at-124-1661904-2020-03-31|title=Tamil Nadu reports 57 new Covid-19 cases in one day, 79% attended Tablighi Jamaat. State tally at 124|last1=Lobo|first1=Shalini|date=31 March 2020|website=India Today|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

=== April ===
* First positive case from [[Dharavi]] in [[Mumbai]] who eventually died on 1 April, has hosted 10 Tablighi Jamaat members between 22 and 25 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/coronavirus-in-mumbai-dharavi-man-covid-19-patient-hosted-10-tablighi-jamaat-members-nizamuddin-604366|title=Coronavirus in Mumbai: Dharavi man who died due to COVID-19 hosted 10 Tablighi Jamaat members|last1=Jaiswal|first1=Priya|date=4 April 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/dharavi-man-who-died-hosted-10-tablighi-jamaat-members/articleshow/74976875.cms|title=Dharavi man who died hosted 10 Tablighi Jamaat members|last1=Marpakwar|first1=Chaitanya|last2=Dalvi|first2=Vinay|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=4 April 2020|last3=Marpakwar|first3=Lata MishraChaitanya|last4=Dalvi|first4=Vinay|last5=Mishra|first5=Lata|date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 1 and 2 April Tamil Nadu reported 110 and 74 positive cases respectively, all of them had related to this cluster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-new-coronavirus-cases-linked-nizamuddin-event-tabligh-1662243-2020-04-01|title=Tamil Nadu reports 110 new coronavirus cases, all linked to Nizamuddin event|first1=Shalini|last1=Lobo|date=1 April 2020|website=India Today|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 3 April 100 cases in Tamil Nadu and 42 in Uttar Pradesh are related to this cluster.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-reports-102-new-covid-19-cases-total-rises-411-121781|title=Tamil Nadu reports 102 new COVID-19 cases, total rises to 411|date=3 April 2020|work=The News Minute|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/44-new-positive-covid-19-cases-in-up-42-attended-nizamuddin-event|title=44 new positive COVID-19 cases in UP, 42 attended Nizamuddin event|last=AuthorANI|website=Telangana Today|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 4 April, in Tamil Nadu 73 people who had taken part in congregation are tested positive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/coronavirus-tn-reports-74-new-cases-total-goes-up-to-485/article31258036.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} TN reports 74 new cases; total goes up to 485|date=4 April 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 April 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In Assam, 25 out of 26 cases reported until this date had taken part in this event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-coronavirus-infected-man-met-111-search-for-silent-carrier-on-2206264|title=Assam Coronavirus-Infected Man Met 111, Search For "Silent Carrier" On|website=NDTV.com|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>
* On 5 April, Tamil Nadu positive cases reached 571 in which 522 are related to this hotspot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stopcorona.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Media-Bulletin-05-04-20-COVID-19-6-PM.pdf|title=TamilNadu Media Bulletin 05.04.2020 6 pm|website=tn.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405215542/https://stopcorona.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Media-Bulletin-05-04-20-COVID-19-6-PM.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> In Uttar Pradesh, out of 139 out of 283 cases reported until this date has linkage to this cluster and in Delhi it is 320 out of 503 total cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-coronavirus-death-in-up-old-aged-man-from-varanasi-coronavirus-positive-died-third-from-up-20166377.html|title=CoronaVirus death in UP : उत्तर प्रदेश में कोरोना वायरस से तीसरी मौत, अब तक 284 पॉजिटिव|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/delhi-new-covid19-cases-coronavirus-lockdown-604836|title=58 new COVID-19 cases reported in Delhi, tally rises to 503|last1=Pathak|first1=Analiza|date=5 April 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}
* On 9 April 97 new cases, all linked to the Tablighi Jamaat event, were reported in Delhi, bringing the total number linked to this cluster to 430 in Delhi, out Of 669 for all cases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-delhi-93-new-covid-19-cases-in-delhi-linked-to-mosque-event-426-of-669-o-2208733 |title=93 New COVID-19 Cases in Delhi Linked To Mosque Event, 426 Of 669 Overall |publisher=NDTV |date=9 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Legal action===
The Union Home Ministry instructed state governments to track down the 824 foreign attendees of the congregation, asking them to screen, quarantine and deport such individuals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Home Ministry asked States to identify 824 foreign Tablighi members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-ministry-to-blacklist-800-tablighi-preachers-from-indonesia-for-violation-of-visa-rules/article31214048.ece |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 2 April, the Home Ministry identified 960 foreigners who took part in the event and blacklisted their visas for violation of [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]] (by violating visa norms by entering India with a tourist visa and indulging illegally in [[missionary]] work) and the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]], and asked the DGPs of respective states and union territories to initiate legal action against them.<ref>{{cite news |title=960 foreigners linked to Tablighi Jamaat blacklisted, visas cancelled by MHA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/foreigners-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-blacklisted-visas-cancelled-by-mha-1662648-2020-04-02 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref>

The Delhi government ordered an FIR against Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi, the head of Nizamuddin faction of the Tablighi Jamat, on 30 March.<ref name="standard">{{cite news |title=Nizamuddin congregation: Arvind Kejriwal orders FIR against maulana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-120033100007_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=30 March 2020|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |title=Nizamuddin congregation: Arvind Kejriwal orders FIR against maulana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-1661514-2020-03-30 |website=India Today |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> On 1 April, the Delhi Police launched an investigation into a leaked audio clip in which Kandhlawi was allegedly heard asking his followers to not be afraid of the COVID-19 pandemic and to gather in mosques to pray. He was also heard saying, "This is not the time when you leave your prayers or meeting people just because doctors are saying. When [[Allah]] has given this disease, then no doctor or medicine can save us."<ref>{{cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=It's time to stay in mosques, Allah will save us: Tablighi Jamaat chief told followers in leaked audio|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/it-s-time-to-stay-in-mosques-allah-will-save-us-tablighi-jamaat-chief-told-followers-in-leaked-audio-1662297-2020-04-01|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> One media outlet claimed that Kandhlawi was charged on 16 April with [[manslaughter]] over the gathering;<ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2020|title=India coronavirus: Tablighi Jamaat leader on manslaughter charge over Covid-19 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52306879}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2020 |author=Ahmed, Zubair |title=India coronavirus: Tablighi Jamaat gives blood for plasma therapy |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52452468 |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref> while another media outlet stated that no charges were ever laid against him.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2022 |author=Lama, Prawesh |title=Two years after Markaz sealing, little headway in case against Maulana Saad |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/two-years-after-markaz-sealing-little-headway-in-case-against-maulana-saad-101647540758471.html |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>

According to reports, around 160 attendees who were quarantined at a railway facility in Delhi "misbehaved" and "spat on" doctors and healthcare personnel who were attending to them. They also allegedly raised objection to the food served and roamed around the facility in violation of the norms of the isolation ward.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat attendees misbehave with staffers, spit at doctors at Delhi quarantine units |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-tablighi-jamaat-attendees-misbehave-staffers-spit-doctors-delhi-quarantine-units-1662322-2020-04-01 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> Attendees quarantined at a facility in [[Ghaziabad]] reportedly roamed around naked in the facility and made lewd comments and directed vulgar signs at the nurses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tabligh-members-undergoing-treatment-not-cooperating-doctors-to-delhi-govt/articleshow/74969727.cms?from=mdr|title=Tabligh members undergoing treatment not cooperating: Doctors to Delhi govt|date=3 April 2020|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat patients making vulgar signs, roaming nude inside hospital: Ghaziabad CMO tells police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tablighi-jamaat-patients-making-vulgar-signs-roaming-nude-inside-hospital-ghaziabad-cmo-tells-police-1662659-2020-04-02 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> However, a medical officer with the Delhi government, who also helped evacuate the Nizamuddin Markaz, told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that she did not face any incidents of misbehaviour from the suspects. She stated that they mostly kept to themselves, reading ''namaaz'', and seemed unaware of what was happening beyond their world.<ref>{{cite news|title='Tablighi Jamaat members didn't misbehave during evacuation'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/tablighi-jamaat-members-didnt-misbehave-during-evacuation/article31303434.ece|date=9 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] condemned the actions and invoked the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] against them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/ghaziabad-tabligh-jamaat-members-misbehave-with-nurses-up-govt-to-invoke-nsa/articleshow/74967055.cms|title=Ghaziabad: Tablighi Jamaat members misbehave with nurses; UP govt to invoke NSA|date=3 April 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In [[Bihar]], stones were pelted at police officers who had gone for tracking Tablighi Jamaat attendees.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 held in Bihar's Madhubani for pelting stones at cops tracking Tabligi Jamaat attendees |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/01/3-held-in-bihars-madhubani-for-pelting-stones-at-cops-tracking-tabligi-jamaat-attendees-2124401.html |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On 6 April, news sources reported that some television anchors and journalists were being threatened by Tablighi Jamaat members for covering the "role of Tablighi Jamaat in the spread of coronavirus."<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Journos Receive 'Threats' Over Tablighi Jamaat-Coronavirus Report, NBA Expresses Concern |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tv-journos-receive-threats-over-tablighi-jamaat-coronavirus-report-nba-expresses-concern-2566227.html |access-date=6 April 2020 |work=News18}}</ref>

On 14 April, [[Patna Police]] arrested 28 preachers (17 of whom were foreigners)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/11-malaysians-among-28-foreign-nationals-jailed-violating-visa-norms-1502877451.html|title=11 Malaysians among 28 foreign nationals jailed for violating visa norms|last1=Chaurasia|first1=Manoj|date=14 April 2020|website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-17-foreign-preachers-sent-to-jail-for-violating-visa-norms-during-covid-19-pandemic-1666840-2020-04-14|title=Bihar: 17 foreign preachers sent to jail for violating visa norms during Covid-19 pandemic|first1=Amitabh|last1=Srivastava|date=14 April 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> and on 23 April, Tablighi members (including foreigners from Bangladesh and Malaysia) were arrested at [[Thane]], Maharashtra. All were arrested for not following lockdown rules and visiting mosques.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/thane-21-foreigners-who-had-attended-tablighi-meet-arrested/articleshow/75325950.cms|title=Thane: 21 foreigners who had attended Tablighi meet arrested | Thane News|date=23 April 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

As of 8 May, 3,013 members of the Tablighi Jamaat were still waiting for their release, despite being under the long quarantine period and testing negative.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Cheena |title=India: 3,000 Muslims forced to quarantine after 40 days |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-3-000-muslims-forced-to-quarantine-after-40-days/1833654 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) had initiated a preliminary inquiry into the financial affairs of the Jamaat for "dubious cash transactions" and for concealing foreign funding from the government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tiwary |first1=Deeptiman |title=CBI begins preliminary inquiry into Tablighi Jamaat financial affairs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-initiates-inquiry-into-financial-affairs-of-tablighi-jamaat-over-dubious-cash-transactions-6433216/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref> However, the union government submitted before the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] that there was no need for a probe by the CBI in connection with the congregation.<ref>{{cite news |title=No need for CBI probe in Tablighi Jamaat congregation case: Centre tells SC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-need-for-cbi-probe-in-tablighi-jamaat-congregation-case-centre-tells-sc/articleshow/76214761.cms |work=[[Times of India]]|date=5 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

The [[Karnataka High Court]] placed a 10-year restriction on visiting India on at least nine foreigner Tablighi Jamaat members who had attended the Nizamuddin Markaz event. However, this order was struck down by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in response to a plea by one of the attendees for its repeal. The court directed the [[Government of India]] that in the event of these participants applying for visa to visit India, their applications be treated on merits uninfluenced by the state high court's order.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sc-does-away-with-10-year-travel-restriction-on-9-foreigner-tablighi-jamaat-members/2132420/ SC does away with 10 year travel restriction on 9 foreigner Tablighi Jamaat members]</ref>

==== Acquittals ====
On 15 December 2020, the [[Delhi High Court]] acquitted 36 foreigners who were detained for allegedly violating COVID-19 norms after the prosecution failed to "prove the presence of accused inside the Markaz premises" and due to the contradictory statements given by the witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Tablighi case: All foreigners freed, court slams police, says no proof|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tablighi-case-all-foreigners-freed-court-slams-police-says-no-proof-7106554/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

===Reconciliation efforts===
In a letter issued on 19 April, Maulana Saad urged all the Tablighi Jamaat members that had survived COVID-19 to [[Coronavirus disease 2019#Passive antibodies|donate their blood plasma]] for the treatment of others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/covid-19-survivors-should-donate-blood-plasma-tablighi-jamaat-leader-maulana-saad-1669558-2020-04-21|title=Covid-19 survivors should donate blood plasma: Tablighi Jamaat leader Maulana Saad|work=India Today|date=21 April 2020}}</ref> Hundreds of recovered Tablighi Jamaat members came forward or expressed willingness to donate their blood plasma in an organised way in Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tablighi-jamaat-attendees-in-tn-coordinate-to-donate-plasma-feel-struggles-should-not-go-unnoticed-2589765.html|title=Tablighi Jamaat Attendees in TN Coordinate to Donate Plasma, Feel Struggles Should not go Unnoticed|website=News18|date=23 April 2020|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/recovered-tablighi-jamaat-members-coronavirus-cluster-will-donate-plasma-help-infected-people/|title=Recovered Tablighi Jamaat Members, Once a COVID-19 Cluster, Want to Donate Plasma to Help Infected People|last1=Sanjay|first1=Satviki|date=22 April 2020|website=Vice|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/delhi/coronavirus-covid-19-plasma-therapy-trials-in-delhi-encouraging-says-arvind-kejriwal/cid/1767759|title=Plasma therapy trials in Delhi encouraging, says Kejriwal|first1=Furquan|last1=Ameen|date=24 April 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=After COVID-19 Recovery, 300 Tablighi Jamaat Members Sign Up To Donate Plasma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/after-covid-19-recovery-300-tablighi-jamaat-members-sign-up-to-donate-plasma-546866 |website=[[NDTV India]] |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds Of Recovered Tablighi Jamaat Members Donate Blood Plasma For COVID-19 Patients |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-coronavirus-hundreds-of-recovered-tablighi-jamaat-members-donate-blood-plasma-for-serious-covid-19-patients/351604 |website=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> However, in late April, the Union Health Ministry stated that there was no concrete evidence yet to support plasma therapy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-evidence-yet-to-support-that-plasma-therapy-can-be-used-for-covid-19-treatment-health-ministry/articleshow/75428710.cms|title=Plasma therapy: No evidence yet to support that plasma therapy can be used for Covid-19 treatment: Health ministry|date=28 April 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> In response to this, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] stated that the Delhi government would not stop plasma therapy trials since the "initial results have been promising".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swati Bhasin |first1=Sharad Sharma |title="Won't Stop Plasma Therapy Trial": Arvind Kejriwal After Centre's Caution |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/coronavirus-cases-delhi-arvind-kejriwal-after-centre-caution-wont-stop-plasma-therapy-trial-2221565 |website=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref> As of 1 May 2020, the plasma of over 300 recovered attendees was extracted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Government Issues Notice to IAS Officer for Tweet on Tablighi Jamaat Members |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karnataka-government-issues-notice-to-ias-officer-for-tweet-on-tablighi-jamaat-members-2601601.html |website=[[News18]] |date=May 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Since the plasma donation was done during the daytime in the month of [[Ramadan]], the donors broke their fast during the process.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohammad Ali |first1=Qaiser |title=150 Tablighi Jamaat Members Break Ramzan Fast To Donate Plasma For Covid Treatment |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-150-tablighi-jamaat-members-break-ramzan-fast-to-donate-plasma-for-covid-treatment/352059 |website=[[Outlook India]] |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> In some quarantine facilities, female Jamaat members donated their plasma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Poorvi |title=Recovered Women Tablighis Donate Blood Plasma For COVID-19 Patients |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/recovered-women-tablighis-donate-plasma |website=[[SheThePeople.TV]] |date=May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> One of the Tablighi donated multiple times.<ref>{{cite web |title=कोरोना हारेगा: तब्लीगी जमात के सदस्य ने कहा- दो बार प्लाज्मा डोनेट किया, 10 बार करना पड़ा तो भी पीछे नहीं हटूंगा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/if-i-am-needed-to-donate-plasma-ten-times-i-will-do-so-says-tablighi-jamaat-member-127265317.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=2 May 2020 |publisher=Bhaskar.com |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> They considered [[blood donation]] as their duty towards the nation.<ref>[https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/tablighi-jamaat-plasma-donors-speak-to-the-quint-covid19-coronavirus 'It's Only Blood, Ready to Die for Nation': Tablighi Plasma Donor]</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the Delhi event, at least three mosques of the Tablighi Jamaat were turned into quarantine centres. These included the Jama Masjid Moazzampura in Mallepally and the Masjid-e-Alamgir in Shanti Nagar, both of which are located in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed |title=Ready to donate plasma for therapy: Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ready-to-donate-plasma-for-therapy-tablighi-jamaat/article31439242.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

===Related casualties===
In [[Prayagraj]] in Uttar Pradesh, a man was shot dead for making remarks against Tablighi Jamaat.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/up-man-shot-dead-at-tea-shop-for-blaming-tablighi-jamaat-for-coronavirus-spread-1663552-2020-04-05|title=UP man shot dead at tea shop for blaming Tablighi Jamaat for coronavirus spread|work=India Today|first1=Kumar|last1=Abhishek|date=5 April 2020}}</ref> In Una district in Himachal Pradesh, a man hanged himself due to taunts from fellow villagers for having come in contact with Tablighi Jamaat missionaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/himachal-man-commits-suicide-after-insults-over-coronavirus-spread-post-tablighi-congregation-65978|title=Taunted over coronavirus spread after Tablighi meet, Himachal man commits suicide|work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)|first1=Lalit|last1=Mohan|date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Several truckers belonging to the Muslim community were allegedly beaten up in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], following which they fled to neighbouring [[Assam]], leaving their vehicles behind, on 5 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/muslim-truckers-beaten-up-in-arunachal-concern-over-supplies-of-essential-items-2565619.html |title=Muslim Truckers 'Beaten Up' in Arunachal, Concern Over Supplies of Essential Items |date=5 April 2020 |website=News18 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> A Muslim man in Delhi was beaten up by a mob which accused him of spreading coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2=Shaikh|date=13 April 2020|title=Coronavirus conspiracy theories targeting Muslims spread in India|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-targeting-muslims-spread-in-india|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

===Discrimination against Muslims===
Some social media users projected Muslims as the spreaders of COVID-19 in the light of Tablighi event in Delhi. As a result, Muslim vegetable vendors were barred from selling on the streets at many places by the locals in India, including Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Amit |title=How fake news, rumours are driving call for ban on Muslim vendors in NW Delhi |url=https://www.asiavillenews.com/article/how-fake-news-rumours-are-driving-call-for-ban-on-muslim-vendors-in-nw-delhi-shastri-nagar-38855 |website=Asia Ville News |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501025224/https://www.asiavillenews.com/article/how-fake-news-rumours-are-driving-call-for-ban-on-muslim-vendors-in-nw-delhi-shastri-nagar-38855 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Alok |title=Abused, Stopped From Selling Vegetables, Allege Muslim Vendors in UP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-uttar-pradesh-abused-stopped-from-selling-vegetables-allege-muslim-vendors-in-up-2210963 |website=[[NDTV India]] |publisher=NDTV |date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Vendors in UP's Mahoba Approach Admin, Say People Refused to Buy Veggies from Them |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/muslim-vendors-in-up-approach-mahoba-admin-say-people-refused-to-buy-veggies-from-them-2576383.html |work=News 18 |date=13 April 2020}}</ref> and Karnataka, especially [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohammad |first1=Akram |title=Muslim vendors barred after social media misinformation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/muslim-vendors-barred-after-social-media-misinformation-823066.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

The [[Hindu Mahasabha]] national secretary<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindu Mahasabha office-bearer, husband arrested in Aligarh for 'inflammatory' statement|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/hindu-mahasabha-office-bearer-husband-arrested-in-aligarh-for-inflammatory-statement-822514.html |date=7 April 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and two [[BJP]] MLAs from Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{cite web|title="Was I Wrong?" BJP MLA Says Boycott Muslim Vegetable Sellers, Defiant|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-on-camera-bjp-mla-suresh-tiwari-says-boycott-muslim-vegetable-vendors-defends-himself-2219589|last1=Pandey|first1=Alok|date=28 April 2020|website=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2020|title=Caught on camera: UP BJP MLA Brij Bhushan Rajput threatens to beat up Muslim vegetable vendor|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/video/960643/caught-on-camera-up-bjp-mla-threatens-to-beat-up-muslim-vegetable-vendor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Another UP BJP MLA targets Muslim vendors|url=https://sabrangindia.in/decoding-hate/another-bjp-mla-targets-muslim-vendors|date=1 May 2020|website=Sabrang India}}</ref> were arrested for their discriminatory remarks about Muslims and members of the Jamaat. Muslims and their families were attacked in parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Hannah |last1=Ellis-Petersen |author2=Shaikh Azizur Rahman |title=Coronavirus conspiracy theories targeting Muslims spread in India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-targeting-muslims-spread-in-india |work=The Guardian |date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/youths-assault-neighbour-6-of-them-arrested/articleshow/75018533.cms |title=Gurugram: Youths assault neighbour, 6 of them arrested |work=The Times of India|date=6 April 2020 |first=Bagish |last=Jha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Helen Regan, Priyali Sur |first1=Vedika Sud |title=India's Muslims feel targeted by rumors they're spreading Covid-19 |date=24 April 2020 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/23/asia/india-coronavirus-muslim-targeted-intl-hnk/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> In some cases, Muslim women were attacked<ref>{{cite web|title=India Is Scapegoating Muslims for the Spread of the Coronavirus|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/india-muslims-coronavirus-scapegoat-modi-hindu-nationalism/?_ga=2.85499097.1379180018.1588511286-645003925.1588511286|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|date=22 April 2020|website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> and pregnant Muslim women were denied timely healthcare, ultimately leading to the loss of their babies' lives.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Mohammed|date=5 April 2020|title=Pregnant woman refused attention in government hospital, alleges Rajasthan Minister|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pregnant-woman-refused-attention-in-government-hospital-alleges-rajasthan-minister/article31261893.ece|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Angad|first1=Abhishek|date=19 April 2020|title=In Jharkhand, pregnant woman says told to clean up blood, loses child|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-jharkhand-pregnant-woman-says-told-to-clean-up-blood-loses-child-6368865/|access-date=3 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Multiple cases of healthcare professionals discriminating against Muslims were reported across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 April 2020|title=Meerut hospital issues advertisement asking Muslim patients to get tested for COVID-19|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/private-hospital-issues-advertisement-asking-muslim-patients-to-get-tested-for-covid-19/article31381182.ece|access-date=3 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Web Desk|first1=NH|title=COVID {{sic|pos|tive|nolink=y}} muslims are terrorists, should be killed, says Principal of Kanpur Medical College|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/covid-postive-muslims-are-terrorists-should-be-killed-says-principal-of-kanpur-medical-college|access-date=4 June 2020|website=[[National Herald]]|date=6 January 2020 |publisher=Nationalheraldindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Deep|date=2020-06-08|title=Rajasthan hospital faces probe after anti-Muslim WhatsApp posts by staff|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-private-hospital-muslims-treatment-churu-police-investigation-6447120/|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> In one such case in Ahmedabad, Hindu and Muslim coronavirus patients were allegedly separated from each other.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jha|first1=Satish|date=15 April 2020|title=Govt hospital in Ahmedabad allegedly separates Hindu, Muslim coronavirus patients; govt denies|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/govt-hospital-in-ahmedabad-allegedly-separates-hindu-muslim-coronavirus-patients-govt-denies-825586.html|access-date=3 May 2020|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=TRIVEDI|first1=DIVYA|title=Targeting a community|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article31374077.ece|access-date=3 May 2020|work=[[The Hindu|Frontline]]|date=20 April 2020 }}</ref> Muslim students, too, faced discrimination while appearing for the class XII Board exams.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim students appearing for exams made to sit separately: Muslim community were portrayed as super-spreaders of COVID-19 following the Tablighi Jamaat incident|url=https://www.siasat.com/muslim-students-appearing-exams-made-sit-separately-1900736/|access-date=11 June 2020|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]|date=10 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh: Congress MLA Arif Masood says Muslim students forced to write exam outside the examination hall|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-congress-mla-arif-masood-says-muslim-students-forced-to-write-exam-outside-the-examination-hall|access-date=11 June 2020|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> According to media reports, in the wake of coronavirus spread, Muslims converted to [[Hinduism]] in several villages of Haryana, for a variety of reasons.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed Ali |title=After Mob Attacks and Trade Boycott, Muslims Being Forced to Convert to Hinduism in Delhi and Haryana Villages |url=http://www.indiatomorrow.net/eng/after-mob-attacks-and-trade-boycott-muslims-being-forced-to-convert-to-hinduism-in-delhi-and-haryana-villages |website=IndiaTomorrow.net |publisher=India Tomorrow |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sameer |title=Over 250 Muslims convert to Hinduism |url=https://www.siasat.com/over-250-muslims-convert-hinduism-1886843/ |website=[[The Siasat Daily|Siasat Urdu daily]] |date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Siasat Newspaper Website |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukesh |first1=Kumar |title=Haryana: 40 Muslim families convert to Hinduism – Gurgaon News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-40-muslim-families-convert-to-hinduism/articleshow/75639892.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Clarion |title= Under Threat 12 Muslim Families 'Convert' to Hinduism in Haryana |url=https://clarionindia.net/under-threat12-muslim-families-convert-to-hinduism-in-haryana/ |website=Clarion India |publisher=Clarion |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Six Muslim families convert in Haryana's Jind district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/six-muslim-families-convert-in-haryanas-jind-district/article31419177.ece|date=23 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

====Islamophobic smear campaign====

Several media houses were accused for instigating communal Islamophobic sentiments by blaming Indian COVID-19 outbreak on Tablighi Jamaat and spreading misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Even a Pandemic Is Communalised|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/covid-19-tablighi-jamaat-hindu-muslim|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-30|title=Coronavirus: The human cost of fake news in India|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53165436|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=“The Tablighi Jamaat phase saw hate speech directed against one entire community-Muslims-with very visible impact on the ground such as calls for economic and social boycott and physical violence against Muslims. Hate speech in this period was in some instances clear incitement to genocide and sought to reduce Muslims to second class citizenship.”|author=|title=|source=Report: Wages of Hate – Journalism in Dark Times}}

Mainstream India media propagated conspiracy of Muslims deliberately spreading coronavirus called <nowiki>''Corona Jihad''</nowiki>. The most notorious incident was [[Arnab Goswami]] of [[Republic TV]] falsely portraying an assembly of [[Labour in India|migrant workers]] at [[Bandra railway station]] demanding from the government to make arrangements for them to return home during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] as an assembly of Muslims gathered purportedly on the orders of the ''[[imam]]'' of a local mosque in an attempt to deliberately spread the [[COVID-19|viral infection]] among Hindus in an act of [[biological terrorism]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2020-05-03 |title=Bandra migrants protest: Case filed against Arnab Goswami for allegedly spreading communal hatred |url=https://scroll.in/latest/960942/bandra-migrants-protest-case-filed-against-arnab-goswami-for-allegedly-spreading-communal-hatred |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch|Human rights watch]] condemned this islamophobic campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-01|title=CoronaJihad is Only the Latest Manifestation: Islamophobia in India has Been Years in the Making|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/01/coronajihad-only-latest-manifestation-islamophobia-india-has-been-years-making|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=It Was Already Dangerous To Be Muslim in India. Then Came the Coronavirus|url=https://time.com/5815264/coronavirus-india-islamophobia-coronajihad/|access-date=2020-12-21|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schultz|first2=Kai|last3=Raj|first3=Suhasini|date=2020-04-12|title=In India, Coronavirus Fans Religious Hatred|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/world/asia/india-coronavirus-muslims-bigotry.html|access-date=2020-12-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Attacks on Muslims ====
Hindu extremists blocked Muslim vegetable vendors from selling their produce. A Muslim couple was blocked from entering hospital before taking corona test. Muslims across India were attacked in the name of COVID-19 surge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=2020-04-07|title=Attacks on Muslims in the Name of COVID-19 Surge Across India|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/coronavirus-muslims-attacked-covid19-karnataka-haryana|access-date=2020-12-16|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became first Indian state for setting up detention centers for 129 foreign nationals who had stayed in Nizammuddin center at Delhi. All cases were based on anti-Islamic sentiments and based on facts or evidences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID, Communal Reporting and Centre's Attempt to Use Independent Media as Alibi for Inaction|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tablighi-jamaat-communal-reporting-ib-ministry-coronavirus|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Wire}}</ref>

====Action against Aaj Tak ====
Between 4 and 5 April 2020, TV channel [[Aaj Tak]] had broadcast reports about Tablighi Jamaat. A complaint was filed with the News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) in which Aaj Tak was accused of intending to "develop hatred in the minds of the people against a particular community" during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. On 16 June 2021, the NBSA directed that Aaj Tak's broadcasts be taken down from all Internet platforms that linked a COVID-19 outbreak with Tablighi Jamaat in 2020, citing potential "errors in the figures telecast". The NBSA said that the media has "complete freedom to report on the Covid pandemic", but "such reporting must be done with accuracy, impartiality and neutrality", and added "NBSA noted that the broadcaster had admitted that there may have been chances that there were some miscalculations as pointed out by the complaint, which were inadvertent, and the broadcaster had no intention to communalize the issue or malign any community."<ref name="Tablighi Jamaat">{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=N. L. |date=25 June 2021 |title=NBSA directs Aaj Tak to remove certain Tablighi Jamaat broadcasts from website, YouTube |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/25/nbsa-directs-aaj-tak-to-remove-certain-tablighi-jamaat-broadcasts-from-website-youtube |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Newslaundry}}</ref>

===Reactions===
Union Minister for Minority Affairs [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] urged people to not hold the entire Muslim community for the "crime" of one group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entire Muslim community can't be held responsible for one group's 'crime': Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi on Tablighi Jamaat row|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/entire-muslim-community-cant-be-held-responsible-for-one-groups-crime-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-on-tablighi-jamaat-row/articleshow/75319334.cms|date=23 April 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref> However, he further criticized the Tablighi Jamaat for organizing the events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tablighi Jamaat is a Talibani crime, not negligence: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tablighi-jamaat-is-a-talibani-crime-not-negligence-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi/articleshow/74940835.cms|last1=Venugopal|first1=Vasudha|date=2 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

Responding to the spate of attacks on Muslims in Karnataka in the wake of Tablighi event, Chief Minister [[B.S. Yediyurappa]] issued a stern warning, stating, "The entire Muslim community cannot be held responsible for an isolated incident that happens somewhere. I've given strict orders that action must be taken against the people responsible for violence against Muslims."<ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka C.M. issues stern warning against attacks on Muslims|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article31287816.ece|last1=Ahmed Sayeed|first1=Vikhar|date=8 April 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Maharashtra Home Minister [[Anil Deshmukh]] criticised the [[Delhi Police]] for inaction. He questioned why the Tabligh event at Nizamuddin was allowed to go ahead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Alok |title=Maharashtra denied permission for Ijtema near Mumbai in mid-March |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-denied-permission-for-jamaat-event-in-march/article31241107.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> Former Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] criticized the Tablighi Jamaat attendees and demanded their tracking and screening.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Trust of India |title=Tablighi returnees from Delhi are like human bombs, says Devendra Fadnavis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/tablighi-returnees-from-delhi-are-like-human-bombs-says-devendra-fadnavis/story-kjn8IuVuaVkywt2IjcOBFI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020|author1-link=Press Trust of India }}</ref> The incumbent Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Uddhav Thackeray]] warned against communalising the fight against coronavirus, saying, "This COVID-19 sees no religion".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Chandrashekar |title="Didn't Let What Happened in Delhi...": Uddhav Thackeray On Mosque Event |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-india-covid19-sees-no-religion-uddhav-thackerays-warning-as-virus-spreads-2206130 |website=[[NDTV India]] |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

Gujarat Chief Minister [[Vijay Rupani]] blamed the Tablighi Jamaat event for the sharp rise in the number of coronavirus cases in the state.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Web Desk |first1=India Today |title=At E-Agenda Aaj Tak, Rupani fourth BJP CM to blame Tablighi Jamaat for Covid-19 surge |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/e-agenda-aaj-tak-vijay-rupani-tablighi-jamaat-covid-19-1673639-2020-05-02 |work=India Today |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> However, the opposition Congress blamed [[Namaste Trump]] event organised by the state BJP government on 24 February as principal reason for the spread of coronavirus in the state and demanded an independent probe by a [[Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) into the matter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Congress blames 'Namaste Trump' event for 800 deaths in Gujarat, BJP calls it 'baseless' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/962954/covid-19-congress-blames-namaste-trump-event-for-800-deaths-in-gujarat-bjp-calls-it-baseless |work=scroll.in}}</ref> On 24 February, US President [[Donald Trump]] along with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] took part in a road show in Ahmedabad which was attended by thousands of people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namaste Trump event to blame for over 800 coronavirus deaths in Gujarat: Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/namaste-trump-event-blame-coronavirus-deaths-gujarat-congress-1681848-2020-05-26 |work=Indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Namaste Trump" Event Spread Coronavirus in Gujarat: State Congress |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/namaste-trump-event-spread-coronavirus-in-gujarat-state-congress-2224387 |website=[[NDTV India]] |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Michael J. Ryan (doctor)|Michael Ryan]], executive director of the [[World Health Organization]]'s Health Disaster Program, said in response to a question regarding the incident that patients infected with coronavirus should not be classified on the basis of race, religion or opinion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-09 |title=Delhi Minorities Commission asks Health Department to drop mention of Tablighi Jamaat from COVID-19 charts |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-minorities-commission-asks-health-department-to-drop-mention-of-tablighi-jamaat-from-covid-19-charts-120040901930_1.html |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref>

Princess [[Hend bint Faisal Al-Qasimi]], a member of the royal family of the [[United Arab Emirates]], called out a series of "Islamophobic posts" on Twitter which targeted the Tablighi Jamaat's congregation and linked it to the spread of coronavirus in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnan |first1=Revathi |title='Will not go unnoticed': UAE royal slams posts by man who abused Tablighis over Delhi event |url=https://theprint.in/world/will-not-go-unnoticed-uae-royal-slams-posts-by-man-who-abused-tablighis-over-delhi-event/402873/ |website=The Print |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=TP |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

The Tamil Nadu BJP spokesman Narayanan Thirupathy thanked the Tablighi attendees who donated their plasma, on behalf of his party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Express News Service |title=BJP welcomes Tablighi participants' wish to donate plasma |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/apr/22/bjp-welcomes-tablighi-participants-wish-to-donate-plasma-2133574.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh state government filed an FIR against [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] and [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] for a report on the spread of coronavirus post the Jamaat congregation while recalling UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath's plans, as late as 18 March, to proceed with a religious fair at Ayodhya and his flouting of the national lockdown and social distancing norms by taking part in a religious ceremony along with others on 25 March. More than 4,600 jurists, academics, actors, artists, writers and people from all walks of life endorsed a statement expressing shock at the action of the Uttar Pradesh government. These included two former Chiefs of Naval Staff, Admiral [[Laxminarayan Ramdas|Ramdas]], and Admiral [[Vishnu Bhagwat]] who have also signed the statement, along with [[Yashwant Sinha]], former external affairs and finance minister of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=4,600+ Jurists, Scholars, Actors, Artists, Writers Condemn UP Police's Charges Against The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/rights/the-wire-siddharth-varadarajan-up-police-fir |website=The Wire |publisher=TW |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

Editors of the [[English Wikipedia]] deleted and later restored an entry about the incident called "2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi", which project co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] said "was incredibly poorly written and had zero sources".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chitra|first=Rachel|title=On Wikipedia, Quora & Twitter, battle rages against communalisation of Covid-19, Jamaat event|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/on-wikipedia-quora-twitter-battle-rages-against-communalisation-of-covid-19-jamaat-event/articleshow/75287309.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423205800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/on-wikipedia-quora-twitter-battle-rages-against-communalisation-of-covid-19-jamaat-event/articleshow/75287309.cms|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jena|first1=Smrutisnat|date=19 April 2020|title=Wikipedia Founder Responds To Angry Indians Who Ask Him If He Knows How Wikipedia Works|language=en|work=[[ScoopWhoop]]|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/wikipedia-founder-responds-to-indians-asking-him-if-he-read-wikipedia/|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423205801/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/wikipedia-founder-responds-to-indians-asking-him-if-he-read-wikipedia/|archive-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Wales responded to accusations on Twitter stating that [[Wikipedia]] did not accept payment for the article's deletion.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaur|first1=Viraj|date=18 April 2020|title=Twitter Users Accuse Wikipedia of Taking Bribes, Founder Responds|work=[[The Quint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/wikipedia-founder-responds-to-allegations-of-taking-money-to-delete-article-on-tablighi-jamaat|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422044635/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/wikipedia-founder-responds-to-allegations-of-taking-money-to-delete-article-on-tablighi-jamaat|archive-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 April 2020|title=Wikipedia's befitting reply to 'bribe to delete Tablighi' page|url=https://www.siasat.com/wikipedias-befitting-reply-bribe-delete-tablighi-page-1876290/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419090621/https://www.siasat.com/wikipedias-befitting-reply-bribe-delete-tablighi-page-1876290/|archive-date=19 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>

A reference book for the second year MBBS students published in 2021 in Maharashtra had been withdrawn after objections were raised over some part its contents that allegedly linked the Tablighi Jamaat's congregation in New Delhi to the outbreak of coronavirus in India. The authors tendered an apology for linking the two events.<ref>{{cite web |title=MBBS book that linked Tablighi event to COVID-19 outbreak withdrawn |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/19/mbbs-book-that-linked-tablighi-event-to-covid-19-outbreak-withdrawn-2278722.html |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=TNIE |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> This follows a representation by the [[Students Islamic Organisation of India]] (SIO).<ref>{{cite web |title=Authors of MBBS book linking Tablighi Jamaat to Covid-19 spike promise revision |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/authors-of-mbbs-book-linking-tablighi-jamaat-to-covid-19-spike-promise-revision-101616133259889.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2021 |publisher=HT |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

In November 2021, Delhi High Court reprimanded Delhi Police for failing to prove any offence committed in their initial status report, and reminding the Police that since a nationwide lockdown was imposed, giving Jamaat members a shelter to stay was not a crime and a humane step.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahsan |first1=Sofi |title='What is the offence committed?': Delhi HC asks police on those who provided shelter to Tablighis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/what-is-offence-committed-delhi-hc-police-on-those-who-provided-shelter-to-tablighis-7619633/ |access-date=15 November 2021 |agency=Indian Express |date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

Maharashtra Minister [[Aslam Shaikh]] said the same people who accused the Tablighi Jamaat of spreading COVID-19 in the country have allowed thousands of people to gather at Kumbh Mela.<ref>{{cite web |title='They are same people who defamed Tablighi Jamaat': Maharashtra minister slams Kumbh Mela amid COVID-19 surge |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/they-are-same-people-who-defamed-tablighi-jamaat-maharashtra-minister-slams-kumbh-mela-amid-covid-19-surge/744343 |website=Times Now Digital |date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Times Now |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia]]
* [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.delhimarkaz.com/|name=Official website of the Nizamuddin Markaz}}

{{Tablighi Jamaat}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:March 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion]]
[[Category:History of religion in India]]

Thanniyam

2026-01-12T11:44:54Z

Tanisha R:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thanniyam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|25|0|N|76|8|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9743
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680565
| registration_plate = KL-08/75
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Thanniyam ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Thanniyam had a population of 9,743 with 4,430 males and 5,313 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanniyam Census Town City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627869-thanniyam-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thrissur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Killing of Amit Chakraborty

2026-01-01T23:27:05Z

Tanisha R:

{{short description|2014 killing in Dubrajpur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{notability|date=September 2022}}
}}

'''Amit Chakraborty''', a sub-inspector of [[Dubrajpur]], [[West Bengal]], was injured by bomb splinters during a clash between supporters of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Trinamool Congress]] at Aoulia-Gopalpur village in 2014. He succumbed to injuries after 50 days.

In 2018, all 18 accused were acquitted in Suri court. The judge accused the [[West Bengal Police]] for carrying out a lax and incompetent investigation, due to which the accused were acquitted due to lack of evidence. The widow of Amit Chakraborty accused political pressure on the police, for not investigating the case properly.<ref>{{cite web |title=18 let off in 2014 killing of Bengal cop |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/18-let-off-in-2014-killing-of-bengal-cop/cid/1675917 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=18 accused in 2014 SI killing acquitted for ‘faulty probe’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/18-accused-in-2014-si-killing-acquitted-for-faulty-probe/articleshow/66701138.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref>

In 2014, he was injured in the stomach, when he and three other police officers were allegedly attacked by TMC men with a bomb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata S-I injured in TMC-CPM clash dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/west-bengal/kolkata-s-i-injured-in-tmc-cpm-clash-dies/ |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> Bengal police denied the accusation of not taking action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengal police defends inaction in Birbhum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-police-defends-inaction-in-birbhum/articleshow/44966023.cms?}}</ref> After the acquittal of 18 accused, [[CID West Bengal]] took over the investigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=অমিত খুনের রায়ের কপি নিল সিআইডি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/cid-became-active-in-the-murder-case-of-amit-chakrabarty-1.903092 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> In 2016, Birbhum public prosecutor, on behalf of the West Bengal government, appealed on the court to free all accused before judgment. After protests from police, the victim's family, and opposition, the West Bengal government withdrew the appeal.<ref>{{cite web |title=সুর বদলে নিজের আর্জি প্রত্যাহার করলেন পিপি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/public-prosecutor-withdraws-plea-in-amit-chakrabarty-murder-case-1.289312 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> Most of the accused were Trinamool Congress leaders and supporters.<ref>{{cite web |title=পুলিশ খুনেও মামলা তোলার আর্জি সরকারের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/government-withdraws-case-on-police-murder-1.278492 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

[[Government of West Bengal]] was criticized for the appeal to withdraw all cases and free all accused; a majority of them were TMC members.<ref>{{cite web |title=এ বার হয়তো বিচার পাবেন, আশায় পুতুল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/victim-s-wife-been-waiting-for-justice-in-amit-murder-case-1.289089 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> The police made the deceased police officer Amit Chakraborty as the main witness in his own murder case. Police accepted their mistake on the court.<ref>{{cite web |title=মৃত পুলিশ অফিসারই সাক্ষী! সিউড়ি আদালতে শোরগোল |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/dead-man-made-witness-in-dubrajpur-si-murder-case/ |website=www.sangbadpratidin.in|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Amit}}
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2014 murders in India]]

P. Krishna Pillai

2025-12-15T02:22:43Z

Tanisha R: basic added information further and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian Communist politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Krishna Pillai
| image = P. Krishna Pillai.jpg
| imagesize =
| honorific_prefix = [[Comrade]]
| office1 = 1st Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]], Kerala State Council
| term_start1 = 1942
| term_end1 = 1948
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| office2 = Secretary of the [[Congress Socialist Party]], [[Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 1934
| term_end2 = 1939
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = ''Position abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1906|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]]
| residence = [[Vaikom]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1948|08|19|1906|08|19}}
| death_place = [[Muhamma]], [[Alleppey]], Travancore
| constituency =
| office =
| salary =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| occupation =
| parents = {{Ubl|Narayanan Nair|Parvathy Amma}}
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes = Founder of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist]] movement in Kerala
| date =
| year =
| source =
| caption =
}}

'''P. Krishna Pillai''' (19 August 1906 at [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]] – 19 August 1948 at [[Muhamma]], [[Alappuzha District|Alleppey]]) was a former [[Indian National Congress]] leader and [[Communism|communist]] revolutionary from [[Kerala]], India. He was one of the founding leaders of the [[Communist Party of India]] in Kerala, and a poet.<ref name='frontline_1'/><ref>{{Cite web |title=വിപ്ലവ സ്മരണകളിൽ പി.കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള; സഖാവ്‌ തന്നെ പേരായ കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് ഇതിഹാസം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/08/19/remembering-p-krishna-pillai-on-his-115th-birth-anniversary.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=വിപ്ലവ സ്മരണകളിൽ പി.കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള; സഖാവ്‌ തന്നെ പേരായ കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് ഇതിഹാസം |language=ml}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Krishna Pillai Memorial at Chellikandathil House Hideout of.JPG|left|thumb|Krishna Pillai Memorial at Chellikandathil House]]
P. Krishna Pillai was born in a middle-class family of [[Vaikom]]. He lost both his parents at an early age and consequently had to drop out of school at the fifth grade. Leaving his home in 1920, he travelled extensively in the north of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=എന്റെ ശരീരമാകെ തളരുകയാണ്, എന്തു സംഭവിക്കുമെന്ന് എനിക്കറിയാം, സഖാക്കളേ മുന്നോട്ട് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/p-krishna-pillai-death-anniversary-6be73e49 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

When he returned home two years later, he found Kerala seething with social unrest. Subsequently, he took part in a number of popular movements. He was an active volunteer of [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] (1924) and [[Salt Satyagraha]] march from [[Kozhikode]] to [[Payyanur]] (1930).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=സഖാവ്: പി. കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള ഓർമയായിട്ട് ഇന്ന് 75 വർഷം |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/edit-page/p-krishnapillai-75th-death-anniversary-1.8832067 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

==Political life==
Krishna Pillai who began his political life as a [[Gandhian]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in his early youth had gradually transformed into a socialist with communist leanings. And when in 1934 Congress Socialist workers formed the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in [[Bombay]], Krishna Pillai was appointed its secretary in Kerala, all the while functioning under the banner of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഓർമകളേ മുന്നോട്ട് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2023/08/19/memoir-of-p-krishna-pillai-one-of-the-founding-leaders-of-the-communist-party-of-india-in-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=ഓർമകളേ മുന്നോട്ട് |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sreekumar |first=Anand |date=2025-06-01 |title=Communist literary internationalism and worldmaking in the twentieth century: Kerala and the Soviet Union |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305748825000416 |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=88 |pages=108–117 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2025.05.002 |issn=0305-7488|doi-access=free }}</ref>

By 1936, Krishna Pillai who until then had concentrated his political activities to the [[Malabar district|Malabar]] region now campaigned in the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Travancore]]. In 1938, he organized the famous worker's strike in [[Alappuzha]] (Alleppey), which turned out to be a great success and one of the inspiring factors behind the [[Punnapra-Vayalar Struggle]] of 1946 and the eventual downfall of the rule of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] in Travancore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=അക്രമികളെ അക്രമംകൊണ്ട് നേരിട്ട, കടുത്ത ചീത്തവിളിയോട് അതേ സ്വരത്തില്‍ പ്രതികരിച്ച കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/p-krishna-pillai-communist-party-ems-mathrubhumi-books-8fb7a861 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

The successful transformation of the Malabar unit of the Congress Socialist Party into the Kerala unit of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) was mainly due to the untiring work of Krishna Pillai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ഉടുപ്പിൽ അവർ ഉറപ്പിച്ചു; കൃഷ്‌ണപിള്ള കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റായി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles-periodicals/rekhamoolam-1-p-krishnapillai-44027 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>The formal formation of the CPI unit in Kerala was on 26 January 1940. Years later in 1948 when the CPI accepted the [[Calcutta Thesis]] which included in it the express need for an armed struggle against the Indian state, CPI faced a nationwide ban and most of its leaders including Krishna Pillai were forced into hiding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title='ഈ വരമ്പിലൂടെ കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള നടന്നുപോയിരുന്നു'; ഈ മനുഷ്യന്‍ നടന്നെത്താത്ത ഏതു പ്രദേശമുണ്ട് കേരളത്തില്‍? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/pkrishna-pillai-communist-leader-book-excerpt-mathrubhumi-books-18ce875b |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:P. Krishnapillai Memorial Speech by Pinarayi Vijayan.JPG|left|thumb|P. Krishna Pillai Memorial Speech by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] on 2013 at Chellikandathil House, [[Alappuzha]] ]]
While hiding in a worker's hut in [[Muhamma]], Krishna Pillai sustained a snakebite and succumbed to it, aged just 42.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പി കൃഷ്‌ണപിള്ള കണ്ടെത്തിയ പോരാളി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/v-s-achuthanandan-10478/p-krishnapillai-with-v-s-achuthanandan-39539 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Samuthirakani]] portrays Pillai in the 2014 film ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|title=Ode to a brave patriot|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=13 November 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name='frontline_1'>{{cite web | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2117/stories/20040827003109700.htm | title=A man and a movement | publisher=Frontline.in | volume=21 | issue=17 | date=14-27 August 2004}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|P. Krishana Pillai|P. Krishna Pillai}}
*Prakash Karat: [http://pd.cpim.org/2006/0827/08272006_krishnapillai%20centenary.htm Kerala's 'First Communist'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205224359/http://pd.cpim.org/2006/0827/08272006_krishnapillai%20centenary.htm |date=5 February 2012 }}
*R. Krishnakumar: [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2117/stories/20040827003109700.htm A man and a movement]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, P. Krishna}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:People from Vaikom]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Nakkheeran

2025-11-27T11:36:52Z

Tanisha R: reworked formatting for consistency after review

{{short description|Tamil-language publication}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox magazine
| logo = Nakkeeran_Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor = [[Nakkeeran Gopal]]
| editor_title = Editor
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = [[News]], [[politics]]
| frequency = Weekly
| format =
| circulation =
| publisher = Nakkheeran Publications
| paid_circulation =
| unpaid_circulation =
| circulation_year =
| total_circulation =
| founder =
| founded = 1988
| firstdate = {{start date|1988|4|20|df=y}}
| finaldate = 
| finalnumber =
| company =
| country = [[India]]
| based =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| website = {{URL|nakkheeran.in}}
| issn =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Nakkheeran''''' is a [[Tamil language]] biweekly [[magazine]] published in [[Chennai]]. [[Nakkeeran Gopal|Nakkheeran Gopal]] is the founder and [[Editor-in-chief|editor]] of the magazine. It was established in 1988 and the first issue came out on 20 April 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/about-us|title=About Us|website=Nakkheeran|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> The magazine is known for its investigative journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/07/25/stories/13250177.htm|title=Investigative journalism|date=25 July 2000|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Publications group==
The magazine is part of Nakkheeran Publications, which also publishes Balajothidam, OMM Saravanabava, Iniya Udhayam and Pothu Arivu Ulagam magazines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/publishers/Nakkheeran-Publications|title=Get your Digital Access to Magazines|work=Magzter|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://nakkheeran.in/}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1988]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Political magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language magazines]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]

{{news-mag-stub}}

Bramhani Industries

2025-11-25T05:41:47Z

Tanisha R: started basic details added tags!

{{Short description|Indian iron and steel company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Brahmani Industries Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = Private
| industry = Steel
| founded =
| founder = [[G. Janardhana Reddy]]
| headquarters = {{ubl|Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|India}}
| area_served = India
| key_people = [[Obulapuram Mining Company]]<br>[[G. Janardhana Reddy]]
| products = Iron and steel
| production =
| parent = [[Obulapuram Mining Company]]
| website =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| num_employees =
}}

'''Bramhani Industries Limited''' also known as ''Brahmani Steels'' and ''Bramhani Steels'' is an Indian iron and steel company promoted by [[Obulapuram Mining Company]] and [[G. Janardhana Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bramhani.com/directors.aspx| title=Bramhani Steels Board of Directors| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214030054/http://www.bramhani.com/directors.aspx| archivedate=2009-12-14}}</ref> The company is building a 1.7 metric tonnes per annum steel plant in [[Kadapa]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bramhani.com/aboutproject.aspx| title=Bramhani Steels - About project| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727234135/http://www.bramhani.com/aboutproject.aspx| archivedate=2010-07-27}}</ref> The company has announced plans to source state of the art steel equipment from China.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/brahmani-to-source-machinery-from-china-for-kadapa-plant-107051601049_1.html|date=5 February 2013|first=B Dasarath|last=Reddy|title=Brahmani to source machinery from China for Kadapa plant|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=23 May 2019}}</ref> The company has also proposed to build a 6 million metric ton steel plant in [[Bellary]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/04/stories/2010060453150400.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608161145/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/04/stories/2010060453150400.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2010-06-08|title=Brahmani Steels signs MoU for Rs. 36,000-crore project| location=Chennai, India| work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-06-04}}</ref> [[Jindal South West Ltd.|JSW steel]] is said to be in talks for partial ownership of OMC.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/metals--mining/JSW-Reddys-deal-hinges-on-iron-ore/articleshow/6076534.cms| title=JSW, Reddys deal hinges on iron ore|accessdate= 2010-06-24 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2010-06-22}}</ref> [[Bramhani steels]] and [[Obulapuram Mining Company|Obulapuram]] are linked to [[illegal mining in India|illegal mining of Iron ore in Karnataka]].<ref name="z334">{{cite web | title=India mining scandal: G Janardhana Reddy remanded | website=BBC News | date=2011-09-05 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14783930 | access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

==Political connections and resource allotment==
Brahmani steels is reportedly in profit before producing any steel, owing to iron-ore sales from captive mines allotted by the Andhra Pradesh Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/gali-steel-factory-profit-it-begins-981|title=Gali steel factory in profit before it begins|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014722/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/gali-steel-factory-profit-it-begins-981|archivedate=2010-12-06}}</ref> Former [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister]] [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] allotted {{convert|10670|acre|km2}} of land to [[Brahmani steels]] at a rate of Rs 18,500 per acre in [[Kadapa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/YSR-gives-10000-acres-to-Brahmani/articleshow/2105186.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-07/hyderabad/27994664_1_visakhapatnam-steel-plant-vizag-steel-jammalamadugu| url-status=live| archive-date=2011-08-11| work=[[The Times of India]]|title=YSR gives 10,000 acres to Brahmani| date=2007-06-07}}</ref> There is also an ongoing controversy in the allotment of water to Brahmani Steels in Kadapa at the expense of [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Project]] (RTPS).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Row-over-allocation-of-water-to-Brahmani-Steels/articleshow/5639195.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811085114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-04/hyderabad/28139870_1_rtps-tdp-members-reservoir| url-status=live| archive-date=2011-08-11| work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Row over allocation of water to Brahmani Steels| date=2010-03-04}}</ref> [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], the son of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] and the claimant of his political legacy, is reported to have a business interest in Brahmani.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/links-with-jagan-put-reddy-in-spot-60632-2009-11-11|title=Links with Jagan put Reddy in spot|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207195113/http://bramhani.com/ Bramhani Industries Limited website]

{{Steel industry of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bramhani Industries Limited}}
[[Category:Steel companies of India]]
[[Category:Illegal mining in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Corruption in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]

IBSA Dialogue Forum

2025-11-22T17:05:14Z

Tanisha R:

{{Short description|Commonly known as IBSA, a three-country alignment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

[[File:IBAS - G3.png|right|thumb|300px|[[India]], [[Brazil]], and [[South Africa]]]]
[[File:IBSA-leaders-2011.jpg|thumb|300px|Pretoria (South Africa) – [[Dilma Rousseff]] ([[President of Brazil]]), [[Jacob Zuma]] ([[President of South Africa]]), and [[Manmohan Singh]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]), pose for photo]]

The '''IBSA Dialogue Forum''' ([[India|'''I'''ndia]], [[Brazil|'''B'''razil]], [[South Africa|'''S'''outh '''A'''frica]]) is an international tripartite grouping for promoting [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]] among these countries. It represents three important poles for galvanizing [[South–South cooperation]] and greater understanding between three important continents of the developing world namely, Africa, Asia, and South America. The forum provides the three countries with a platform to engage in discussions for cooperation in the field of agriculture, trade, culture, and defence among others.

The IBSA Dialogue Forum plays an increasingly important role in the foreign policies of [[Foreign relations of India|India]], [[Foreign relations of Brazil|Brazil]], and [[Foreign relations of South Africa|South Africa]]. It has become instrumental for promoting ever closer coordination on global issues between three large multicultural and multiracial democracies of Asia, South America and Africa, and contributed to enhancing trilateral India-Brazil-South Africa cooperation in sectoral areas.

{{TOC limit}}

==Origin==
After the co-operation between India (South Asia), Brazil (South America), and South Africa (Africa). The Declaration at the trilateral meeting in [[Brasília]], called for removing protectionist policies and trade distorting practices by improving the multilateral trade system.

On 6 June 2003, [[Yashwant Sinha]] (External affairs minister of India), [[Celso Amorim]] (Foreign minister of Brazil) and [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]] (Foreign minister of South Africa) met in Brasilia, where the IBSA Dialogue forum was formalized through the adoption of the "Brasilia Declaration".<ref name=aboutibsa>{{cite web|title=About IBSA |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about_us.html |access-date=17 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913163515/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about_us.html |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The IBSA Dialogue forum facilitates regular consultations at senior officials level, government (summit) levels as well as amongst academics, intellectuals and other members of the [[civil society]].<ref name=aboutibsa/> By some experts, it is also seen as an endeavor to challenge the international system by Pivotal Middle Powers through peaceful convincing, instead of other means.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MehmetOzkan1.pdf |title=A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS |access-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528001401/http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/volume%20xi/spring/mehmetozkan.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Brasilia Declaration===
[[File:IBSA-leaders.jpg|thumb|250px|Indian PM [[Manmohan Singh]] with South African President [[Thabo Mbeki]] and Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] during the IBSA Summit, 2007.]]
On 6 June 2003, the Brasilia Declaration was signed by the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa. They agreed on the urgent need for reforms in the United Nations, especially the [[Security Council]]. The declaration was of the view that the United Nations Security Council should reflect the current world scenario. It also touched upon the subjects of [[international terrorism]], trans-national crime and illegal arms dealing, stating that such threats to international peace must effectively tackled with respect for the sovereignty of States and for International Law.<ref name=brasilia>{{cite web|title=Brasilia Declaration |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/brasil_declaration.htm |access-date=17 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915141009/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/brasil_declaration.htm |archive-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Ministers highlighted their priorities on promotion of social equity and inclusive growth by reiterating the need for tackling hunger and poverty by means of effective implementation of government schemes. The declaration also highlights the need for promoting family-run farms, [[food security]], health, education, human rights and [[environmental protection]]. They recalled that social empowerment makes better use of human potential, contributing to economic development in a significant manner.<ref name=brasilia/> The ministers also stressed the importance of elimination of [[racial discrimination]] and [[gender bias]] while framing {{clarify|This sentence is incomplete|date=September 2022}}

While welcoming the benefits that have been achieved through [[globalization]] and free market trade in the developing countries, the ministers expressed their concerns that a large part of the world has not benefited from it. In this context, they reiterated their commitment to pursue and implement policies which are inclusive, integrative and equitable. Toward this end, they reaffirmed their stand to carry out negotiations on [[Doha Development Round|Doha round of talks]], through which the developed countries might eliminate some of their protectionist and trade-distorting practices, thereby providing a level playing field for the developing countries in the field of international trade.<ref name=brasilia/>

The Ministers recommended to their respective Chiefs of State and/or Government the convening of a summit-level meeting of the three countries. They also decided to further intensify dialogue at all levels, when needed, to organize meetings of top officials and experts responsible for issues of mutual interest. They agreed to hold regular meetings and dialogues on issues of common interest. They further agreed to establish a Trilateral Joint Commission. The Foreign Ministries will be the pivots of the Trilateral Joint Commission and the meetings will be co-chaired by the three Foreign Ministers. The secretariat facilities shall be coordinated by the Secretary in charge of this area in the Foreign Ministry of the host country.<ref name=brasilia/>

==Objectives==
The IBSA Dialogue Forum aims to promote South-South cooperation and build consensus on issues of international importance. It also aims at increasing the trade opportunities among the three countries, as well as facilitate the trilateral exchange of information, technologies and skills to complement each other strengths. Subsequently, it promotes the international [[poverty alleviation]] and [[Social change|social development]] with main focus being on equitable development. It also aims to explore avenues to promote cooperation in broad range of areas, which include agriculture, [[climate change]]/global warming, culture, [[Defense (military)|defence]], education, energy, health, [[information society]], [[Science, technology and society|science and technology]], [[Social change|social development]], trade and investment, tourism and transport.<ref name=aboutibsa/>

==IBSA summits==
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Date !! Host country!! Host leader !! Location held
|-
| [[2006 IBSA summit|2006]] || September, 2006 || {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] || Brasília
|-
| [[2007 IBSA summit|2007]] || October, 2007 || {{flagcountry|South Africa}} || [[Thabo Mbeki]] || Pretoria
|-
| [[2008 IBSA summit|2008]] || October, 2008 || {{flagcountry|India}} || [[Manmohan Singh]] || New Delhi
|-
| [[2010 IBSA summit|2010]] || 15 April 2010 || {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] || Brasília
|-
| [[2011 IBSA summit|2011]] || 18 October 2011 || {{flagcountry|South Africa}} || [[Jacob Zuma]] || Pretoria
|- style="background-color: Pink"
| [[2013 IBSA summit|2013]] || 16 May 2013 (canceled) || {{flagcountry|India}} || [[Manmohan Singh]] || New Delhi
|-
| [[2025 IBSA summit|2025]] || 23 November 2025 || {{flagcountry|South Africa}} || [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] || Johannesburg
|}

==Areas of cooperation==

===Agriculture===
A Joint Development Project has been undertaken in [[Guinea Bissau]]. It aims to improve production, promote and develop small-scale agro-industry. It also seeks to improve and diversify horticultural crops. IBSA Ministers of Agriculture met in Rome on 22 November 2005 on the margins of a [[FAO]] Conference. This was followed by a meeting of IBSA Senior Officials in Agriculture in New Delhi on 18 & 19 January 2006. The meeting discussed a preparation of a draft [[Memorandum of Understanding]] which provides for development of plans for research and capacity building.<ref name=areacoop>{{cite web|title=Areas of Cooperation |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/areas_cooperation.htm |access-date=2007-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913025432/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/areas_cooperation.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Education===
The three countries have recognised Education as a vital instrument for achieving social equity. India is the lead country in the education sector.<ref name=areacoop/> Three major areas of cooperation have been identified for collaboration namely, Open and [[distance education]], higher and professional education and finally, universal education with focus on [[gender equality]]. Each of the three countries are to host one Round Table conference on one of the themes. India chose universal education, Brazil chose higher and professional education while South Africa chose open and distance education.<ref name=areacoop/>

===Energy===
The working group aims to promote clean and efficient sources of energy such as [[Biofuel|bio-fuels]]. It also gives an opportunity to exchange information about renewable energy and use of [[non-conventional energy]] sources.<ref name=areacoop/>

===Science & technology===
Science & technology has been identified as one of the key areas of tri-lateral cooperation. The following is a list of approved areas of research cooperation and the corresponding lead countries:
*HIV/AIDS and [[Nanotechnology]]- India
*[[Malaria]] and [[Oceanography]]- Brazil
*[[Tuberculosis]] and [[Biotechnology]]- South Africa
Activities in each area are implemented by Area coordinators, who are experts in their respective disciplines. Workshops in the above-mentioned disciplines have been held in the three countries regularly.<ref name=areacoop/>

===Trade===
The IBSA economic ministers met in New Delhi in March 2005 and agreed on a mechanism to identify and eliminate non-tariff barriers which impede mutual trade.<ref name=areacoop/> Some of the mechanisms considered include customs cooperation, sharing of expertise in the field of energy, agriculture, [[food processing]], tourism and financial and banking services. It has been decided to promote cooperation in the [[Small and medium enterprise|SME]] sector. For this purpose, common terms of reference have been developed which can aid in development of this sector. As, all the three countries have a large number of small-scale enterprises, it is expected that cooperation in this sector can have profound development implications.<ref name=areacoop/>

===Transport===
The Working group aims at cooperation between the three countries in the areas of air link expansions, training and knowledge exchange in airports and airspace management, port management, including capacity building in [[shipbuilding]]. Discussions on air and maritime agreements are also being considered. Development of trans-shipment facilities for creation of a South-South highway, which integrates sub-regional connection between [[Mercosur]], [[Southern African Customs Union]] and Indian regions, is a priority area for the Working group.<ref name=areacoop/>

==Declarations and communiqué==

===New Delhi agenda for cooperation===
Yashwant Sinha, Celso Amorim and Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa respectively, met in New Delhi on 4 and 5 March 2003 for the first meeting of the Trilateral Commission of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. The following issues were discussed:

====United Nations reforms====
The ministers were of the view that the current composition of the UN Security Council is not representative of the current world scenario. They highlighted the need for bringing about reforms which would make the Security council reflect the contemporary realities. Toward this end, they emphasised the need for expansion of Security council membership in the permanent as well as non-permanent categories.<ref name=ndcoop>{{cite web|title=New Delhi declaration |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/n_delhi_agen_annexure_c.htm |access-date=2007-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913163243/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/n_delhi_agen_annexure_c.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Peace and security====
The ministers took stock of the global security situation and renewed their commitments towards non-proliferation of [[weapons of mass destruction]]. They agreed to intensify their cooperation at the [[IAEA]] with a view to ensure growth and development of use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes under appropriate safeguards. On the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israel–Palestine issue]], the three countries urged an early resumption of dialogue on the basis of UN Security council resolutions, [[Arab League]] peace Initiative and the [[Quartet on the Middle East|Quartet]] roadmap. They reaffirmed their support to the settlement postulated in the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1937|UN Security Council Resolution 1397]] of two sovereign states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side within secured and recognised borders.<ref name=ndcoop />

The three countries also had common views with respect to [[Iraq]]. They stressed the need to maintain the unity & integrity of Iraq and called for transfer of full sovereignty to the Iraqi people. They were of the view that United Nations need to play a vital role in this context. They also emphasised the urgency of reconstruction in Iraq under a democratically elected sovereign government.<ref name=ndcoop />

====Social development====
The three countries recognised the need to put people in the centre of development. Toward this end, the ministers emphasised the need to formulate people-centric policies which would ensure equitable development. As the three countries have a rich cultural history, strengthening of cultural ties by organising a trilateral cultural fair of music, dance and cinema in Brazil was also discussed.<ref name=ndcoop /> Recalling the Brasilia declaration, the ministers agreed upon the sharing of expertise in diverse areas such as food security, health, education, human rights etc. The Ministers also endorsed a proposal by Brazil to host a seminar on "Economic Growth with Social Equity" with the aim to promote better knowledge among IBSA members of their national policies and strategies to promote economic and social development.<ref name=ndcoop />

===Cape Town ministerial communiqué===
The foreign ministers of the three countries met in Cape Town on 10 and 11 March 2005 for the second meeting of the Trilateral Commission of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. The following issues were discussed:

====Millennium review summit====
The ministers reiterated their commitments toward achieving the [[Millennium Development Goals]] by 2015 as their core strategy in their collective fight against hunger, poverty, and other problems ailing their society. The ministers emphasised that South-South cooperation was essential for achievement of MDGs and they reaffirmed their cooperation under the auspices of IBSA to achieve these targets.<ref name=capetown>{{cite web|title=Cape Town Ministerial Communiqué |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/cape_town_ministerial.htm |access-date=2007-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914120518/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/cape_town_ministerial.htm |archive-date=14 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====New Partnership for Africa's Development====
The ministers resolved to support the economic development of the African Union and strengthen the IBSA partnership in the implementation of New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). Numerous opportunities exist in the fields of trade & commerce, energy, education, health and the ministers pledged to explore opportunities for trilateral cooperation in these areas.<ref name=capetown/>

====Latin and South American integration====
The ministers expressed their support for creation of an Asian-African business summit which would focus on promoting and strengthening the African private sector. They also made a decision to explore ways for closer cooperation with South America. The ministers also welcomed the efforts towards integration in the Latin America and Caribbean region and in this regard recognised the significance of the creation of the South American Community of Nations (CASA).<ref name=capetown/>

====World trade organisation====
The ministers agreed to intensify their cooperation in the WTO multilateral trade negotiations in the lead-up to the [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005]] held in Hong Kong. This cooperation aimed to realise the Doha development agenda and to enhance trade opportunities in a free and fair manner with transparent-rules based multilateral trading system.<ref name=capetown/>

====IBSA sectoral cooperation====
The ministers reviewed the working of sectoral working groups and decided to add two new sectors namely, agriculture and culture. In the context of Information Technology, the ministers were of the view that their governments had many [[e-governance]] schemes which had many similarities, because of which they might share some information, best practices and identify projects for cooperation.<ref name=capetown/>

The ministers agreed for strengthening consultations between the Ministries and Departments of Agriculture in support of IBSA and G-20 trade consultation processes. They decided that a meeting of IBSA experts would be convened in India to define areas for research and training in the field of agriculture.<ref name=capetown/> The ministers welcomed the launch of IBSA Business Council, which would work in tandem with the Working group jointly in the areas such as Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises. With regard to promote tourism between the three countries, a mechanism is being explored to examine the possibility of visa waiver or the issuing of visas on arrival for IBSA nationals.<ref name=capetown/> Apart from this cooperation in various other sectors were also explored during this meeting.

====IBSA facility for hunger and poverty alleviation====
The Ministers reviewed the progress made with regard to the operationalisation of the ''IBSA Facility for Hunger and Poverty Alleviation''. They also agreed to commit an additional amount of US$1 million to the IBSA fund and launch of the facility in [[Guinea-Bissau]], which they hoped would raise the profile of the fund amongst private sector and members of [[civil society]]. The Ministers agreed that IBSA would approach the Palestinian Authority with an offer to assist it with its reconstruction efforts.<ref name=capetown/>

===Rio de Janeiro ministerial communiqué===
[[Anand Sharma]], Celso Amorim and Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa respectively, met in Rio de Janeiro on 30 March 2006 for the third meeting of the Trilateral Commission of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. The following issues were raised and discussed:

====United Nations reforms====
The IBSA countries exchanged their views on UN security council reforms and reiterated their stand that representation of developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America as permanent members in the council was essential. They welcomed the creation of [[Peacebuilding commission]] and [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], adding further that now UN reform process must include Security Council reform.<ref name=riocoop>{{cite web|title=Rio de Janeiro declaration |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/rioministerial.htm |access-date=2007-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913163421/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/rioministerial.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Non-proliferation, disarmament and arms control====
The ministers were of the view that multilateral institutions established under various disarmament agreements should be the primary mechanism to achieve the desired objective of disarmament and non-proliferation. They agreed to continue cooperation at IAEA and other forums with regard to peaceful use of atomic energy under suitable safeguards. They also agreed to consider enhancing international civilian nuclear cooperation, with other nations who share similar objectives of non-proliferation. The ministers also hoped for a peaceful resolution to the Iranian nuclear program, within the context of IAEA.<ref name=riocoop/>

====International trade====
The ministers emphasised the need to unite on the issue of Doha round of negotiations. This is supported by increased consultations, by IBSA delegations, in order to strengthen [[NAMA (WTO)|Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA)]], as well as the establishment of the [[NAMA-11]] whose two main principles are supporting flexibilities for developing countries and balance between NAMA and other areas under negotiation.<ref name=riocoop/> The Ministers took note of the broader objectives of the European Union proposed [[Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals|Registration, Evaluation and Authorization and restriction of Chemicals (REACH)]] Legislation, in respect of the protection of human health and the environment. They expressed their concern for the consequences REACH may have on the developing economies of the South. Such consequences will negatively affect the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals in these countries. The ministers urged the EU to give due consideration to these consequences and also ensure that REACH does not become a [[Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade|Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT)]].<ref name=riocoop/>

====IBSA facility fund for hunger and poverty alleviation====
The fundamental character IBSA fund is to disseminate the best practices in alleviation of poverty and hunger. The ministers reaffirmed the importance of participation of institutions— governmental as well as non-governmental—in projects financed by the fund. They also recommended that UNDP, as an administrator of the fund, find means to make it possible.<ref name=riocoop/>

The ministers also received and accepted the recommendations of Technical Monitoring Committee (TMC) to Guinea Bissau. It urged the UNDP Office in Bissau to work closely with the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation in New York, the Coordinator of the project and the Guinean Bissau national authorities. The ministers agreed with the committee's recommendation of signing additional agreements with UNDP in order to clarify rights and obligations of both parties.<ref name=riocoop/>

====IBSA sectoral cooperation====
The member countries made a pledge to promote the production and use of biofuels as a clean and ecofriendly alternative. More emphasis will be placed on exchange of information in areas of energy conservation and hydrogen energy. The ministers stressed the need to boost trade relations among the three nations. Keeping this in perspective, they expressed their satisfaction that Mercosur will be proposing to Southern African Customs Union and India the creation of a Working Group to explore the modalities of a Trilateral Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) among them. Specific areas of agriculture have also been identified for trilateral cooperation. These include research and capacity building, agricultural trade, rural development and poverty alleviation.<ref name=riocoop/>

====IBSA trade and investment forum====
The attending delegations were of the opinion that trade relations between the three nations can strengthen the South-South union. Substitution of imports from northern countries by imports from southern countries was suggested as a feasible solution towards attaining the said objective. Logistics, custom procedures, lack of information and distances were identified as main barriers which needed to be eliminated for the trilateral trade to flourish.<ref name=riocoop/>

The logistics problem was sought to be solved by suggestion of a study to further address the issue. Problems regarding customs procedures were sought to be tackled by ensuring more cooperation among the governmental institutions in order to simplify many regulations and streamlining the process. The private sector was also of the view that number of flights between India, Brazil and South Africa need to be increased, which eliminate the barrier of distances and lack of information no problem.<ref name=riocoop/>

== Agreements and Memorandum of Understanding==
The following agreements have been signed so far:<ref>{{cite web|title=IBSA Announcements |url=http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/announcement.html |access-date=2007-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913222229/http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/announcement.html |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*MoU on Agriculture and Allied Fields
*MoU on Biofuels
*Agreement on Merchant Shipping and Other Maritime Transport Matters
*Action Plan on Trade Facilitation for Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment
*MoU Framework for Cooperation on the Information Society

== BRICS ==
{{Main|BRICS}}

South Africa sought to join the [[BRICS|BRIC]] organisation starting August 2010 and in December 2010 was officially invited to join. South Africa attended the [[3rd BRICS summit|April 2011 summit]], and the group is now known as BRICS, with ''S'' standing for South Africa. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa now represents a superset of the countries that IBSA represents. Some see BRICS and IBSA as potential geopolitical competitors.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/7992964 |title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2nd BRIC summit|2010 BRIC Summit]]
* [[IBSAMAR]] – joint military exercises conducted by the Indian, Brazilian, and South African navies
* [[List of country groupings]]
* [[List of multilateral free trade agreements]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/ Official website of IBSA dialogue forum]
* [http://www.ibsanews.com/ IBSA news, analysis and opinion]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Brazil}}
{{Foreign relations of South Africa}}
{{International power}}
{{South-South}}

[[Category:International economic organizations]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of South Africa]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazil–India relations]]
[[Category:International Blind Sports Federation|Forum]]
[[Category:Trilateral relations]]

List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate

2025-11-03T03:35:52Z

Tanisha R: revise

{{Short description|Indian subdivisions by literacy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{India divisions by}}

This article documents the [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The Indian national census is a key source for literacy data. However, a national census has not been conducted since 2011 in India, thus other data sources have been used since then as a reference.

== Recent estimates ==
[[File:Literacy_rates_as_percentage_of_population_by_States_and_Union_territories_in_2018_(National_Statistical_Commission_2017-18).png|thumb|Literacy rate as per [[National Statistical Commission|NSC]] in 2017-18]]
[[File:Literacy_rates_as_percentage_of_population_by_States_and_Union_territories_in_2011_(Census_2011).png|thumb|Literacy rate as per [[2011 census of India|Census 2011]]]]

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Literacy rates as %age of population aged seven and older
! rowspan="2" | State/{{abbr|UT|Union Territory}}
! colspan="3" | [[2011 Census of India|Census 2011]]{{sfn|Census|2011|pp=110-111}}
! colspan="3" | [[National Statistical Commission|NSC]] survey (2017){{sfn|NSO|2018|pp=43}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Literacy rate of India according to NSC Report 2017-18 |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68 |website=Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India.NSS 75th Round.(July 2017 - June 2018)}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |PLFS report (2024)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
|-
! Total
! Male
! Female
! Total
! Male
! Female
! Total
! Male
! Female
|-
| '''India'''
| '''74.04'''
| 82.14
| 65.46
| '''77.7'''
| 84.7
| 70.3
|'''80.9'''
|87.2
|74.6
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''86.63'''
| 90.27
| 82.43
| '''86.27'''
| 90.11
| 81.84
|'''91.1'''
|95.0
|87.0
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| '''67.02'''
| 74.88
| 59.15
| '''67.40'''
| 80.0
| 59.5
|'''72.6'''
|78.8
|66.8
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| '''65.38'''
| 72.55
| 57.70
| '''66.95'''
| 73.4
| 59.50
|'''84.2'''
|88.0
|80.3
|-
| [[Assam]]
| '''72.19'''
| 77.85
| 66.27
| '''85.9'''
| 90.1
| 81.2
|'''87.0'''
|90.3
|83.6
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| '''61.80'''
| 71.20
| 51.50
|'''69.70'''
| 84.91
| 73.91
|'''74.3'''
|82.3
|66.1
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| '''70.28'''
| 80.27
| 60.24
| '''77.3'''
| 85.4
| 68.8
|'''78.5'''
|86.2
|70.6
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''86.05'''
| 89.99
| 81.19
| '''86.43'''
| 90.54
| 81.38
|'''93.7'''
|96.4
|90.7
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''76.34'''
| 85.17
| 64.32
| '''77.65'''
| 86.46
| 77.65
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''87.10'''
| 91.54
| 79.55
| '''87.07'''
| 91.48
| 87.07
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}{{Efn|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu was formed in 2019 as a union territory after the consolidation of the former union territories Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu, as a single administrative unit.|group=note}}
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|'''87.8'''
|93.6
|80.7
|-
| [[Delhi]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''86.21'''
| 90.94
| 80.76
|'''88.70'''
| 82.40
| 93.70
|'''86.9'''
|91.6
|81.5
|-
| [[Goa]]
| '''88.70'''
| 92.65
| 84.66
| '''87.4'''
| 92.81
| 81.84
|'''93.6'''
|97.0
|90.0
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
|'''78.03'''
|85.75
|69.68
| '''82.4'''
| 89.5
| 74.8
|'''84.6'''
|91.2
|77.5
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| '''75.55'''
| 84.06
| 65.94
| '''80.4'''
| 88.0
| 71.3
|'''84.8'''
|91.4
|77.4
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| '''82.80'''
| 89.53
| 75.93
| '''86.6'''
| 92.9
| 80.5
|'''88.8'''
|94.6
|83.1
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}{{Efn|The data from before 2019 is from when Jammu and Kashmir was a state. It became a union territory in 2019 and Ladakh was separated from it to form its own union territory.|group=note}}
| '''67.16'''
| 76.75
| 56.43
| '''77.3'''
| 85.7
| 68.0
|'''82.0'''
|89.6
|73.8
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| '''66.41'''
| 76.84
| 55.42
| '''74.3'''
| 83.0
| 64.7
|'''76.7'''
|82.8
|70.6
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| '''75.36'''
| 82.47
| 68.08
| '''77.2'''
| 83.4
| 70.5
|'''82.7'''
|88.1
|77.3
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| '''94.00'''
| 96.11
| 91.07
| '''96.2'''
| 97.4
| 95.2
|'''95.3'''
|96.7
|94.0
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''91.85'''
| 95.56
| 87.95
| '''92.28'''
| 96.11
| 88.25
|'''97.3'''
|99.4
|94.8
|-
|[[Ladakh]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}{{Efn|Ladakh became a union territory in 2019. Prior to that it was part of Jammu and Kashmir state.|group=note}}
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|'''-'''
| -
| -
|'''81.0'''
|87.9
|73.1
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| '''69.32'''
| 78.73
| 59.24
| '''73.7'''
| 81.2
| 65.5
|'''75.2'''
|83.1
|67.0
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| '''82.34'''
| 88.38
| 75.87
| '''84.8'''
| 90.7
| 78.4
|'''87.3'''
|92.7
|81.6
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| '''76.94'''
| 83.58
| 70.26
| '''79.85'''
| 86.49
| 73.17
|'''92.0'''
|94.4
|89.7
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| '''74.43'''
| 75.95
| 72.89
| '''75.48'''
| 77.17
| 73.78
|'''94.2'''
|95.1
|93.5
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| '''91.33'''
| 93.35
| 89.27
| '''99.01'''
| 93.72
| 89.40
|'''98.2'''
|99.2
|97.0
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| '''79.55'''
| 82.75
| 76.11
| '''80.11'''
| 83.29
| 80.11
|'''95.7'''
|97.2
|94.1
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| '''72.87'''
| 81.59
| 64.01
| '''77.3'''
| 84.0
| 70.3
|'''79.0'''
|84.9
|73.3
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]{{Ref label|UT|UT}}
| '''85.85'''
| 91.26
| 80.67
| '''86.55'''
| 92.12
| 86.55
|'''92.7'''
|96.9
|88.8
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| '''75.84'''
| 80.44
| 70.73
| '''83.7'''
| 88.5
| 78.5
|'''83.4'''
|87.0
|79.8
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| '''66.11'''
| 79.19
| 52.12
| '''69.7'''
| 80.8
| 57.6
|'''75.8'''
|85.9
|65.8
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| '''81.42'''
| 86.55
| 75.61
| '''82.2'''
| 87.29
| 76.43
|'''84.7'''
|89.3
|79.3
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| '''80.09'''
| 86.77
| 73.44
| '''82.9'''
| 87.9
| 77.9
|'''85.5'''
|90.0
|81.3
|-
| [[Telangana]]{{Efn|Telangana was split from Andhra Pradesh in 2014|group=note}}
| '''-'''
| -
| -
| '''72.8'''
| 80.5
| 65.1
|'''76.9'''
|84.7
|69.4
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| '''87.22'''
| 92.53
| 82.73
| '''87.75'''
| 92.18
| 83.15
|'''93.7'''
|95.7
|91.6
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| '''78.82'''
| 87.40
| 70.01
| '''87.6'''
| 94.3
| 80.7
|'''83.8'''
|90.4
|77.2
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| '''67.68'''
| 77.28
| 57.18
| '''73.00'''
| 81.8
| 63.4
|'''78.2'''
|86.0
|70.4
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| '''76.36'''
| 81.69
| 70.54
| '''80.50'''
| 84.80
| 76.10
|'''82.6'''
|85.8
|79.3
|}
{{note|UT}} Administered as a [[Union territory]] directly by [[Government of India|Union government]].

== Census ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+ Literacy rate as % of population<ref name="censuslist">{{Cite report|year=2011|title=Table 6: State wise Literacy Rates|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|publisher=Office of Registrar General India}}</ref>{{efn|Literacy rates for 1951, 1961 and 1971 Censuses relate to population aged five years and above. The rates for the 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses relate to the population aged seven years and above. The literacy rate for 1951 in case of West Bengal relates to Total Population including 0-4 age group. Literacy rate for 1951 in respect of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Manipur are based on sample population.}}{{efn|India and Manipur figures exclude those of the three sub-divisions viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.}}
! State/UT
! [[1951 Census of India|1951]]
! [[1961 Census of India|1961]]
! [[1971 Census of India|1971]]
! [[1981 Census of India|1981]]
! [[1991 Census of India|1991]]
! [[2001 Census of India|2001]]
! [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 30.30
| 40.07
| 51.15
| 63.19
| 73.02
| 81.30
| 86.63
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| -
| 21.19
| 24.57
| 35.66
| 44.08
| 60.47
| 67.02
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| -
| 7.13
| 11.29
| 25.55
| 41.59
| 54.34
| 65.38
|-
| [[Assam]]
| 18.53
| 32.95
| 33.94
| -
| 52.89
| 63.25
| 72.19
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| 13.49
| 21.95
| 23.17
| 32.32
| 37.49
| 47.00
| 61.80
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]
| -
| -
| 70.43
| 74.80
| 77.81
| 81.94
| 86.05
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 9.41
| 18.14
| 24.08
| 32.63
| 42.91
| 64.66
| 70.28
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| -
| -
| 18.13
| 32.90
| 40.71
| 57.63
| 76.24
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 71.20
| 78.18
| 87.10
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| -
| 61.95
| 65.08
| 71.94
| 75.29
| 81.67
| 86.21
|-
| [[Goa]]
| 23.48
| 35.41
| 51.96
| 65.71
| 75.51
| 82.01
| 88.70
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| 21.82
| 31.47
| 36.95
| 44.92
| 61.29
| 69.14
| 78.03
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| -
| -
| 25.71
| 37.13
| 55.85
| 67.91
| 75.55
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 63.86
| 76.48
| 82.80
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| -
| 12.95
| 21.71
| 30.64
| -
| 55.52
| 67.16
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 12.93
| 21.14
| 23.87
| 35.03
| 41.39
| 53.56
| 66.41
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| -
| 29.80
| 36.83
| 46.21
| 56.04
| 66.06
| 75.36
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| 47.18
| 55.08
| 69.75
| 78.85
| 89.81
| 90.86
| 94.00
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]
| 15.23
| 27.15
| 51.76
| 68.42
| 81.78
| 86.66
| 91.85
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 13.16
| 21.41
| 27.27
| 38.63
| 44.67
| 63.74
| 69.32
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 27.91
| 35.08
| 45.77
| 57.24
| 64.87
| 76.84
| 82.34
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| 12.57
| 36.04
| 38.47
| 49.66
| 59.89
| 70.50
| 76.94
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| -
| 26.92
| 29.49
| 42.05
| 49.10
| 62.56
| 74.43
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| 31.14
| 44.01
| 53.80
| 59.88
| 82.26
| 88.80
| 91.33
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| 10.52
| 21.95
| 33.78
| 50.28
| 61.65
| 66.59
| 79.55
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| 15.80
| 21.66
| 26.18
| 33.62
| 49.09
| 63.08
| 72.87
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| -
| 43.65
| 53.38
| 65.14
| 74.74
| 81.24
| 85.85
|-
| [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| -
| -
| 34.12
| 43.37
| 58.51
| 69.65
| 75.84
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 8.5
| 18.12
| 22.57
| 30.11
| 38.55
| 60.41
| 66.11
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| -
| -
| 17.74
| 34.05
| 56.94
| 68.81
| 81.42
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| -
| 36.39
| 45.40
| 54.39
| 62.66
| 73.45
| 80.33
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| -
| 20.24
| 30.98
| 50.10
| 60.44
| 73.19
| 87.22
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 12.02
| 20.87
| 23.99
| 32.65
| 40.71
| 56.27
| 67.68
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 18.93
| 18.05
| 33.26
| 46.06
| 57.75
| 71.62
| 78.82
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| 24.61
| 34.46
| 38.86
| 48.65
| 57.70
| 68.64
| 76.26
|-
! India
! 18.33
! 28.30
! 34.45
! 43.57
! 52.21
! 64.84
! 74.04
|}

== Literacy by social group ==

=== By caste ===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
|+ Literacy rate % (NSO 2018){{sfn|NSO|2018|pp=43, 252}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Social Group
! colspan="2" |Rural
! colspan="2" |Urban
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
|-
|[[Scheduled Tribe]]
|75.6
|58.8
|91.3
|79.6
|77.5
|61.3
|-
|[[Scheduled Caste]]
|78.0
|60.9
|88.4
|75.3
|80.3
|63.9
|-
|[[Other Backward Class]]
|81.7
|64.2
|91.1
|80.5
|84.4
|68.9
|-
|Others
|87.6
|74.5
|95.0
|88.6
|90.8
|80.6
|-
!India
!81.5
!65.0
!92.2
!82.8
!84.7
!70.3
|}

=== By religion ===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
! rowspan="3" |Religion
! colspan="6" |NSO 2018{{sfn|NSO|2018|pp=43,252}}
! colspan="9" |PLFS 2024<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-332 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (47): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for major religious groups, all India, age-group (years): 7 & above, columns 2, 4, 6}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Rural
! colspan="2" |Urban
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="3" |Rural
! colspan="3" |Urban
! colspan="3" |Total
|-
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
!Total
!Male
!Female
!Total
!Male
!Female
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|[[Hinduism in India|Hindu]]
|81.8
|64.5
|93.4
|83.8
|85.1
|70.0
|77.3
|84.7
|69.8
|89.7
|93.7
|85.4
|80.8
|87.3
|74.2
|-
|[[Islam in India|Muslim]]
|77.4
|64.8
|85.8
|75.6
|80.6
|68.8
|77.1
|83.5
|70.9
|83.7
|87.6
|79.6
|79.5
|85.0
|74.0
|-
|[[Christianity in India|Christian]]
|84.4
|77.0
|95.5
|91.4
|88.2
|82.2
|85.8
|88.0
|83.6
|94.5
|95.9
|93.2
|88.9
|90.8
|87.1
|-
|[[Sikhism in India|Sikh]]
|92.7
|96.4
|94.2
|95.3
|88.9
|90.1
|80.9
|84.3
|77.3
|90.9
|94.7
|87.1
|83.4
|86.9
|79.8
|-
!India
!81.5
!65.0
!92.2
!82.8
!84.7
!70.3
!77.5
!84.7
!70.4
!88.9
!92.9
!84.9
!80.9
!87.2
!74.6
|}

== See also ==
* [[Literacy in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Census|year=2011|title=Chapter 6: State of Literacy|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|publisher=Government of India}}
* {{Cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|year=2018|access-date=2020-11-30|last=NSO}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite report|title=Figures at a glance - Provisional Population Totals, Census of India, 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/ani/PPT_Press_Release_final.pdf|year=2011|access-date=2020-12-01}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/people-in-andhra-pradesh-surprised-at-lowest-literacy-rate-of-64-120090800015_1.html#:~:text=People%20in%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20surprised%20at%20lowest%20literacy%20rate%20of%2064%25,-IANS%20%7C%20Amaravati%20%7C%20Last&text=People%20in%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20are,for%20the%20year%202017%2D18.|title=People in Andhra Pradesh surprised at lowest literacy rate of 64%|publisher=Business Standard}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:States and union territories by literacy rate}}
[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists|Literacy rate]]
[[Category:Literacy in India|States and union territories by literacy rate]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|States and union territories by literacy rate]]
[[Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions|India,literacy]]

List of Odia films of 2005

2025-09-15T05:48:02Z

Tanisha R: Made Info - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2005:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2005 in film|2005]]'''
|-
|''[[Agni Parikshya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Agni Parikshya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431202/|access-date=2019-02-07}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|''[[Arjun (oriya film)|Arjun]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Arjun|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427184/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Hara Patnaik]]|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Rameswari]], [[Gargi Mohanty]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||Remake of Telugu movie ''[[Nijam]]''
|-
|''[[Babu I Love You]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Babu I Love You|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440123/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>|| [[Sanjay Nayak]]|| [[Chandan Kar]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] ||||The Best Actress Award to Archita in 2006
|-
|''Bhagya Chakra''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhagya Chakra|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1409077/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Eithhi Swarga Eithhi Narka]]''|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
| ''[[I Love You (2005 Odia film)|I Love You]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=I Love You|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440195/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Namrata Thapa]] || || Best actor award Anubhav Mohanty; Remake of Telugu super hit movie ''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]''
|-
| ''[[Jai Sriram (2006 film)|Jai Sriram]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jai Sriram|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1454111/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Trupti Biswal]] ||[[Antara Biswas]], [[boby mishra]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Jiwan Mrityu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jiwan Mrutyu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440211/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Raju Misra]] ||[[Amelie Panda]], [[Mihir Das]], Sunil Kumar, [[Lipsa Satpathy]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Nayaka Nuhain Khala Nayaka]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nayak Nuhen Khalanayak|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459944/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Ratan Adikari]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|''[[O My Love]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=O My Love|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407262/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Rajdip]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Hari (actor)|Hari]] |||| The Best Newcomer Award to Archita in 2005
|-
|''[[Om Shanti Om (oriya film)|Om Shanti Om]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Om Shanti Om|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1423972/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Lipi Parida|Lipi]] ||||
|-
|''[[Prathama Prema]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Prathama Prema|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1461266/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Sugena Choudhry]], [[Meghna Misra]] ||||
|-
|''[[Priya Mo Priya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Priya Mo Priya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1461267/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Gudia Mohapatra]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Namrata Thapa]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] ||||Remake of [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
|-
|''[[Topae Sindura Di Topa Luha]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Topae Sindura Di Topa Luha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459973/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]]|| ||Three state film awards in 2005-2006
|-
|''[[Tate Mo Rana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tate Mo Rana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440298/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Tu Mo Akhira Tara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Mo Akhira Tara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440362/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Kuna Tripathy]] ||||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2005 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2005]]
[[Category:Lists of 2005 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian cinema]]

Rayagada, Gajapati

2025-07-24T18:08:05Z

Tanisha R:

{{Short description|Village and administrative subunit in India}}
{{For|the town in Rayagada district of Odisha|Rayagada}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayagada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| Image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9720|N|84.1587|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 26 April 2008
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government (Tier 3)
| governing_body = Rayagada Panchayat Samiti
| leader_title = [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = Dasarathi Gamango
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 707.15
| area_rank = 3rd in [[Gajapati district]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 99568
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 141
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761213
| area_code = 06815
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = 
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Rayagada''' is a village and [[Community Development Block|Community Development Block HQ]] in the [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state in India. The Block had a population of 99,568 in 2020 census.
[[Mohana (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (Sl. No.: 136) is its [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=136|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221008/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=136|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Mohana (136) District: Gajapati|access-date= 5 April 2014}}</ref> This constituency includes Mohana block, R.Udayagiri block, Nuagada block and Rayagada block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|website=eci.nic.in|title=Seats of Odisha|access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gajapati district]]

{{Gajapati-geo-stub}}