Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T11:05:49Z

TameraWhitham: made new details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Irinjalakuda
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 70
| map_image = Irinjalakudamunicipaloffice.jpg
| map_caption = [[Irinjalakuda]] Municipal Office in Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,91,930 (2021)
| mla = [[Thomas Unniyadan]]
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
}}
'''Irinjalakuda State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="tsr">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.
|access-date = 10 March 2021
|archive-date = 12 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312073152/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[R. Bindu]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==

Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="tsr"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Irinjalakuda]]
|Municipality
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|2
|[[Karalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|3
|[[Kattoor, Thrissur|Kattoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|4
|[[Muriyad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|5
|[[Padiyur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|6
|[[Poomangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|7
|[[Vellookkara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]]
|-
|8
|[[Aloor, Kerala|Aloor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chalakudy taluk|Chalakudy]]
|}

<mapframe width="300" height="300" text="Local bodies of Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency" align="center">
{
"type": "ExternalData",
"service": "geoshape",
"properties": {
"stroke": "#0000ff",
"stroke-width": 2
},
"query": "\nSELECT ?id ?idLabel (concat('[[', ?idLabel, ']]') as ?title) WHERE\n{\n?id wdt:P7938 wd:Q6070028. # is a district\nSERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'.\n?id rdfs:label ?idLabel .\n}\n}"}
</mapframe>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Achutha Menon]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|[[C. K. Rajan]]
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[C. S. Gangadharan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Socialist Party}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|Siddarthan Kattungal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|Jose Thanickal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="4" |[[Lonappan Nambadan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| rowspan="3" |[[Thomas Unniyadan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|[[K. U. Arunan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[R. Bindu]]
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Thomas Unniyadan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|2026 - present
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Irinjalakuda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[Thomas Unniyadan]]
|votes = 66,282
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[R. Bindu]]
|votes = 56,070
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Democratic Alliance
|candidate = Santhosh Cherkalam
|votes = 27,167
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Shaju K. Y.
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,212
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,91,930 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref name="poll2021"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Irinjalakuda<ref name="poll2021">{{Cite web|url=http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf|title=End of Poll - Kerala|website=ceo.kerala.gov.in|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[R. Bindu]]|votes=62,493|percentage=40.27|change={{gain}}0.27|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress |candidate=[[Thomas Unniyadan]]|votes=56,544|percentage=36.44|change={{decrease}}1.74|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jacob Thomas (police officer)|Jacob Thomas]]|votes=33,685|percentage=22.12|change={{increase}}1.75|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=583|percentage=0.38|change={{decrease}}0.19}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,179|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,91,930 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Irinjalakuda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. U. Arunan|votes=59,380|percentage=40.00|change={{decrease}}2.33|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Thomas Unniyadan|votes=57,019|percentage=38.18|change={{decrease}}13.52|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Santhosh Cherkalam|votes=30,420|percentage=20.37|change={{increase}}15.33|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=857|percentage=0.57|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. C. Unnikrishnan|votes=639|percentage=0.43|change={{increase}}0.09|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Davis Chatheli|votes=345|percentage=0.23|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ayyapan Manaykal|votes=314|percentage=0.21|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,711|percentage=1.82|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,49,324|percentage=77.80|change={{increase}}1.81}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,74,214 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Irinjalakuda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Thomas Unniyadan|votes=68,445|percentage=51.70|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. R. Vijaya|votes=56,041|percentage=42.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. C. Venu|votes=6,669|percentage=5.04|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. V. Sivadasan|votes=772|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Subramanian|votes=449|percentage=0.34|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,404|percentage=9.37|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,379|percentage=75.99|change=}}

{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

2021 West Bengal post-poll violence

2026-05-08T05:04:46Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Political riots in West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|talk=NPOV Issues|date=December 2024}}
{{Tone|date=December 2024}}
}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2021 Post-poll violence in West Bengal
| partof = Political unrest in West Bengal
| image = 
| caption =
| date = 2 May 2021 – June 2021
| place = [[West Bengal]], India (notably [[North 24 Parganas]], [[Birbhum]], [[Cooch Behar]], [[Kolkata]], and other districts)
| status = Ongoing investigations
| causes = * Political rivalry between [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
* Alleged electoral fraud and post-election retribution
| methods = * Rioting
* Arson
* Targeted violence
* Looting
* Intimidation
| result = * [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered a CBI investigation into incidents of post-poll violence
* [[National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) reported lapses in law and order
| side1 = * Supporters of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
* Supporters of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
* Supporters of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
| side2 = * Supporters of [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
| leadfigures1 = * [[Dilip Ghosh]] (BJP)
* [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] (INC)
* [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] (CPI(M))
| leadfigures2 = * [[Mamata Banerjee]] ([[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], AITC)
| howmany1 = Unknown number of opposition supporters
| howmany2 = Unknown number of TMC supporters
| casualties1 = More than 300 BJP workers killed; additional opposition workers affected<ref>{{Cite web |title='More than 300 BJP workers killed in Bengal': Amit Shah |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-than-300-bjp-workers-killed-in-bengal-amit-shah/story-m04nCLHfJdsAlWoHu2pHJO.html |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref>
| casualties2 = At least 5 AITC workers killed
| arrests = Multiple arrests made; exact numbers vary by district
| fatalities = At least 62 confirmed deaths
| injuries = Dozens reported; exact numbers unconfirmed
}}

The violence occurred after the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], where the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC), led by [[Mamata Banerjee]], secured a third consecutive term in power, defeating the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-04 |title=Around 400 BJP Workers Have Fled Bengal & Entered Assam Out Of Fear: Minister Himanta Sarma |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/bjp-workers-entered-assam-fleeing-homes-amid-post-poll-violence-in-bengal-himanta-biswa-sarma-1456824 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025756/https://news.abplive.com/news/bjp-workers-entered-assam-fleeing-homes-amid-post-poll-violence-in-bengal-himanta-biswa-sarma-1456824 |url-status=live }}</ref> The political rivalry between the ruling AITC and the opposition BJP played a central role in the violent incidents that followed, escalating tensions between party supporters in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/violent-political-clashes-rock-west-24172468|title=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=BJP workers who fled 2021 post-poll violence in Bengal fear of returning home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-victims-bjp-workers-fear-return-home-1941017-2022-04-23 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Major events ==

Politically motivated violence in [[West Bengal]] took place since before the 2021 West Bengal elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2021|title=উলটপুরাণ! বর্ধমানে ঘরছাড়া BJP কর্মীদের বাড়ি ফেরালেন তৃণমূল নেতা|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/tmc-leader-helps-bjp-workers-to-come-back-home-in-east-bardhaman_380761.html|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163730/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/tmc-leader-helps-bjp-workers-to-come-back-home-in-east-bardhaman_380761.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, 2 [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) workers were killed in Bengal. The party had blamed [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (BJP) for it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=2 Trinamool workers killed in Bengal, party blames BJP as clashes trigger tension |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/trinamool-congress-workers-killed-bengal-bjp-tmc-clash-1543557-2019-06-06 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Indian Home Minister and BJP member [[Amit Shah]] said that more than 300 BJP members were killed due to the political violence as of December 2020 and that "investigation in those cases hasn't moved an inch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-20 |title=‘More than 300 BJP workers killed in Bengal’: Amit Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-than-300-bjp-workers-killed-in-bengal-amit-shah/story-m04nCLHfJdsAlWoHu2pHJO.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

After the announcement of results of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], declaring that the incumbent [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] government would be returning to power for the third time, violence broke out in some parts of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2021 |editor-last=Srinivasan |editor-first=Chandrashekar |title=Bengal Post-Poll Violence: CBI, Special Team To Probe Cases, Says Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-post-poll-violence-case-to-be-handed-over-to-cbi-special-investigation-team-to-be-set-up-says-calcutta-high-court-2513874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171036/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-post-poll-violence-case-to-be-handed-over-to-cbi-special-investigation-team-to-be-set-up-says-calcutta-high-court-2513874 |archive-date=2021-08-19 |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Calcutta High Court orders CBI, SIT probes into Bengal post-poll violence |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/calcutta-high-court-orders-cbi-sit-probes-into-bengal-post-poll-violence/article35991848.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916210332/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/calcutta-high-court-orders-cbi-sit-probes-into-bengal-post-poll-violence/article35991848.ece |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal post poll violence: CBI to probe murder and rape cases, Calcutta High Court says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/calcutta-hc-orders-cbi-probe-into-bengal-post-poll-violence-case/articleshow/85448719.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/calcutta-hc-orders-cbi-probe-into-bengal-post-poll-violence-case/articleshow/85448719.cms |archive-date=2021-08-19 |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In reality it was continuation of the violence which took place across the state during the election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Tanmay |date=2021-04-02 |title=A look back at the history of Bengal's political violence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/a-look-back-at-the-history-of-bengal-s-political-violence-101617365703925.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007073001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/a-look-back-at-the-history-of-bengal-s-political-violence-101617365703925.html |archive-date=2021-10-07 |access-date=2021-10-07 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] claimed that at least six of its workers were killed during attacks by workers of the ruling All India Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Many claimed dead in post-poll violence in Bengal, Centre, Guv seek report, Mamata appeals for calm|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-targets-mamata-banerjee-for-violence-in-bengal/articleshow/82373247.cms|access-date=2021-05-04|archive-date=2021-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503182037/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-targets-mamata-banerjee-for-violence-in-bengal/articleshow/82373247.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Five AITC workers were also allegedly killed in these attacks.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=2021-05-05 |title=Here's How BJP Bengal Unit President Dilip Ghosh Created Grounds For Post-Poll Violence |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-heres-how-bjp-bengal-unit-president-dilip-ghosh-created-grounds-for-post-poll-violence/382022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505045935/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-heres-how-bjp-bengal-unit-president-dilip-ghosh-created-grounds-for-post-poll-violence/382022 |archive-date=2021-05-05 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Violence in West Bengal: 11 killed in Bengal post-poll violence, Centre seeks report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-killed-in-bengal-post-poll-violence-centre-seeks-report/articleshow/82378005.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504011926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-killed-in-bengal-post-poll-violence-centre-seeks-report/articleshow/82378005.cms|archive-date=2021-05-04|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The governor summoned the Director of General Police and Kolkata Police Commissioner to discuss the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Governor raises concern over post-poll violence, summons top police officials |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bengal-governor-raises-concern-over-post-poll-violence-summons-top-police-officials20210503172525/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503182037/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bengal-governor-raises-concern-over-post-poll-violence-summons-top-police-officials20210503172525/ |archive-date=2021-05-03 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=ANI News}}</ref> Congress leader [[Jitin Prasada]] alleged that [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] members were attacked and even women and children weren't spared from the attacks by AITC. He called out Mamata Banerjee to stop this violence immediately.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Place For Violence, Mamata Banerjee Should Stop It: Congress |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-violence-no-place-for-violence-mamata-banerjee-should-stop-it-congress-2427956 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303181735/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-violence-no-place-for-violence-mamata-banerjee-should-stop-it-congress-2427956 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Himadri |date=5 May 2021 |title=Bengal: How BJP Leaders Used Fake News to Build a Communal Narrative on Post-Poll Violence |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-bjp-tmc-twitter-fake-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108224338/https://thewire.in/communalism/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-bjp-tmc-twitter-fake-news |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=9 January 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=No place for violence in democracy, Mamata Banerjee should control it: Congress |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-place-for-violence-in-democracy-mamata-banerjee-should-control-it-congress/articleshow/82388569.cms |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303181733/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-place-for-violence-in-democracy-mamata-banerjee-should-control-it-congress/articleshow/82388569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Leaders of [[CPI (M)]] alleged that their workers had also been attacked by the [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-violence-news-live-updates-j-p-nadda-on-two-day-visit-to-west-bengal/liveblog/82381095.cms|title=West Bengal violence live: Cong, Left slam post-poll violence 'unleashed by TMC'|website=The Times of India|access-date=2021-09-15|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507053311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-violence-news-live-updates-j-p-nadda-on-two-day-visit-to-west-bengal/liveblog/82381095.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Khanakul]], a AITC worker was reportedly hacked to death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-04 |title=11 killed in Bengal post-poll violence, Centre seeks report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-killed-in-bengal-post-poll-violence-centre-seeks-report/articleshow/82378005.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Union Ministry of Home Affairs sought a report from the [[Government of West Bengal]] over incidents of post-election brutality against opposition political workers in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=MHA seeks report on post-poll violence in Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/mha-seeks-report-on-post-poll-violence-in-bengal-101620099255474.html|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504033447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/mha-seeks-report-on-post-poll-violence-in-bengal-101620099255474.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Udayan Guha]], AITC candidate from Dinhata and former Dinhata MLA was attacked by miscreants in Dinhata on 6 May. Guha suffered a hand fracture and other injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-udayan-guha-attacked-dinhata-bjp-1799537-2021-05-06|title=TMC leader Udayan Guha attacked in Dinhata, party blames BJP|first=Ananya|last=Bhattacharya|date=May 6, 2021|website=India Today|access-date=2021-09-15|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908235302/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-udayan-guha-attacked-dinhata-bjp-1799537-2021-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref> AITC blamed BJP for this attack. FIR was lodged against 15 men and among them 4 were arrested by 10 May.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=293997&P=0&nPID=20210511|title=উদয়নের উপর হামলায় মূল অভিযুক্তরা অধরা, গ্রেপ্তারের দাবিতে সরব তৃণমূল|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627222831/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=293997&P=0&nPID=20210511|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly one month after undergoing surgery, Guha returned to Dinhata from Kolkata. He questioned the role of the police, as those accused in the attack on him were still elusive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2021|url=https://classified.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=298257&P=0&nPID=20210605|title=দিনহাটায় ফিরলেন উদয়ন|website=classified.bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630051646/https://classified.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=16&nID=298257&P=0&nPID=20210605|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May, after taking oath as the Chief Minister for a third term, [[Mamata Banerjee]] reinstated state police officers who were transferred by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=May 6, 2021 |title=Mamata Banerjee news: On Day 1 in office, Didi brings back cops EC had transferred |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/on-day-1-in-office-didi-brings-back-cops-ec-had-transferred/articleshow/82416776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029055721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/on-day-1-in-office-didi-brings-back-cops-ec-had-transferred/articleshow/82416776.cms |archive-date=2021-10-29 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> On 10 May, a five-judge special bench of [[Calcutta High Court]] expressed satisfaction over the action taken by the newly formed Mamata Banerjee government in West Bengal to restore normality after post-results violence in pockets of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattoraj |first=Subrata |last2=Ghosh |first2=Dwaipayan |date=2021-05-11 |title=Bengal: HC 'appreciates' state's efforts to stem post-poll violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hc-appreciates-states-efforts-to-stem-post-poll-violence/articleshow/82539231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511000953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hc-appreciates-states-efforts-to-stem-post-poll-violence/articleshow/82539231.cms |archive-date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Senior minister in Assam government [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] claimed that hundreds of BJP worker's families had crossed the West Bengal-Assam border to seek shelter in Assam away from the violence against them. He called this violence as "ugly dance of Democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2021 |first=Hemanta Kumar |last=Nath |title=BJP workers flee Bengal amid post-poll violence, seek shelter in Assam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-workers-flee-bengal-post-poll-violence-seek-shelter-assam-1798910-2021-05-05 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025757/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-workers-flee-bengal-post-poll-violence-seek-shelter-assam-1798910-2021-05-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many women, including a minor girl, were allegedly raped by AITC workers as their family members voted against them. Allegedly, a 60-year-old woman was raped and her daughter-in-law was beaten up by AITC goons; their account moved to Supreme court.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Aneesha |date=2021-07-14 |title=Bengal rape survivors of post-poll violence narrate horror, move Supreme Court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-rape-survivors-post-election-violence-supreme-court-horror-details-application-1814546-2021-06-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110501/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-rape-survivors-post-election-violence-supreme-court-horror-details-application-1814546-2021-06-14 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=India Today}}</ref>

In September 2021, Manas Dhurjati Saha, BJP candidate from [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]] who was allegedly beaten up by AITC workers and sustained serious head trauma died in hospital. The BJP demanded a CBI probe into the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=Bengal BJP candidate hurt in post-poll violence succumbs |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-bjp-candidate-hurt-post-poll-violence-succumbs-1503010511.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025755/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-bjp-candidate-hurt-post-poll-violence-succumbs-1503010511.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Jayatri |title=BJP leader, who was attacked on counting day during Bengal polls, succumbs to injuries |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-leader-who-was-attacked-on-counting-day-during-bengal-polls-succumbs-to-injuries/articleshow/86431255.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304025757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-leader-who-was-attacked-on-counting-day-during-bengal-polls-succumbs-to-injuries/articleshow/86431255.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May, a BJP worker had died due to [[Cardiac arrest]] and AITC workers helped his family cremate him but BJP workers did not even respond to help pleas. There were multiple other instances where after the natural death of BJP workers, AITC workers and leaders helped them to cremate or bury them respectfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Pranab |date=10 May 2021 |title=Trinamool workers help cremate BJP leader as saffron camp looks away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/10/trinamoolworkers-help-cremate-bjp-leader-as-saffron-camp-looks-away-2300595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164247/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/10/trinamoolworkers-help-cremate-bjp-leader-as-saffron-camp-looks-away-2300595.html |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Tiyasha |date=May 4, 2021 |title=Bengal Polls 2021 : ত্রাতা কুণাল ঘোষ, ভোট পরবর্তী হিংসায় ঘরছাড়া বিজেপি কর্মীদের ঘরে ফেরালেন |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/tmc-leader-kunal-ghosh-comes-to-the-rescue-of-bjp-worker-hounded-by-anti-socials/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163729/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/tmc-leader-kunal-ghosh-comes-to-the-rescue-of-bjp-worker-hounded-by-anti-socials/ |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=মিষ্টিমুখ করিয়ে বিজেপি কর্মীদের দোকান খুলে দিল তৃণমূল|url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/tmc-opens-shop-of-bjp-workers-359529.html|website=TV9 Bangla|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163731/https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/tmc-opens-shop-of-bjp-workers-359529.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Abhisek |date=May 8, 2021 |title=করোনা আতঙ্কে এগিয়ে এলেন না কেউ, BJP নেতার শেষকৃত্য সারলেন তৃণমূল কর্মীরাই |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/tmc-workers-done-last-rites-of-bjp-leader-in-purba-bardhaman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163731/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/tmc-workers-done-last-rites-of-bjp-leader-in-purba-bardhaman/ |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>

In Bankra Mishra Para in [[Domjur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domjur]], defector BJP workers were purified by sprinkling Ganga water in the presence of the All India Trinamool Congress MLA [[Kalyan Ghosh (politician)|Kalyan Ghosh]] himself before joining AITC which attracted criticism from BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seal |first=Kishore |date=25 June 2021 |title=BJP কর্মীদের গঙ্গাজল ছিটিয়ে ঘরে ফেরালেন তৃণমূল বিধায়ক |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/howrah-news/tmc-welcomes-bjp-workers-after-washing-their-hands-with-gangajal/articleshow/83835440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629185324/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/howrah-news/tmc-welcomes-bjp-workers-after-washing-their-hands-with-gangajal/articleshow/83835440.cms |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=eisamay.indiatimes.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2021|title=Domjur BJP Workers Join TMC:ঘরে গঙ্গাজল ছিটিয়ে তৃণমূলে ফিরলেন হাওড়ার ডোমজুড়ের ৩৫ জন বিজেপি কর্মী|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/domjur-bjp-workers-return-to-tmc-by-spraying-ganga-water-on-their-houses-in-howrah-820630|website=bengali.abplive.com|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164247/https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/domjur-bjp-workers-return-to-tmc-by-spraying-ganga-water-on-their-houses-in-howrah-820630|url-status=live}}</ref> Another 200 members from BJP who had joined the party shortly before the elections rejoined the AITC claiming that "BJP wasn't on their side in the day of danger" and returned to their AITC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2021|title=ঘরে ফিরলেন ৩০০ বিজেপি কর্মী, যোগ তৃণমূল কংগ্রেসের|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=299375&P=7&nPID=20210612|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170736/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=299375&P=7&nPID=20210612|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an organizational meeting of the BJP, two factions of the party clashed with each other in the presence of [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] and [[Sukanta Majumdar]]. The protesters alleged that the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|state BJP]] leadership did not come to their rescue when they were assaulted by AITC workers in post-poll violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Sujit |date=22 October 2021 |title='No One Came To Our Rescue': Protests Erupt amid Bengal BJP Meet Aimed at Stopping Defections |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/no-one-came-to-our-rescue-protests-erupt-amid-bengal-bjp-meet-aimed-at-stopping-defections-4353554.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029102337/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/no-one-came-to-our-rescue-protests-erupt-amid-bengal-bjp-meet-aimed-at-stopping-defections-4353554.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=News18}}</ref>

As of April 2022, at least 303 BJP workers and local leaders who left Bengal in 2021 were yet to return to their homes. They were waiting for state's assurances before moving back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-victims-bjp-workers-fear-return-home-1941017-2022-04-23|title=BJP workers who fled 2021 post-poll violence in Bengal fear of returning home|first=Suryagni|last=Roy|date=April 23, 2022|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Casualties ==

* '''BJP’s Claims''': The BJP alleged that at least six of its workers were killed in post-poll violence, claiming that AITC supporters were behind the attacks. Several BJP workers were reportedly injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-post-poll-violence-claims-cases-deaths-bjp-tmc-1790290-2021-05-03|title=India Today}}</ref>

* '''AITC’s Claims''': The AITC, on the other hand, claimed that five of its workers were killed and accused the BJP of inciting violence. AITC's allegations focused on the BJP’s provocative behavior towards party offices and workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-least-14-bodies-found-in-bengal-during-post-poll-violence-tmc-bjp-claim-deaths-2416951|title=NDTV}}</ref>

== Violence and Attacks ==

* '''Types of Violence''': The violence included physical assaults, attacks on party offices, vandalism, and arson. Several political party workers were subjected to physical harm, and there were reports of homes and properties being damaged. The intensity of the violence raised concerns over the safety of political activists, especially in rural areas of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-poll-rage-west-bengal-sees-spike-in-political-violence-101621136306138.html|title=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

* '''Widespread Nature''': The violence was reported across various districts in West Bengal, particularly in rural areas where political tensions were high. Reports of unrest from districts such as [[South 24 Parganas]] and [[Howrah district]] indicated the extent of the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/04/political-violence-bengal-poll-results.html|title=The Week}}</ref>

== Political Reactions ==

* '''State Government''': The AITC government, under Mamata Banerjee, condemned the violence but denied any involvement from its supporters. The party argued that the violence was orchestrated by BJP supporters in retaliation to their defeat. Banerjee herself called for peace and denounced the attacks on party workers.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bengal-post-poll-violence-mamata-banerjee-denies-allegations-blames-bjp-for-inciting-unrest-2898186 DNA India]</ref>

* '''Opposition’s Response''': The BJP blamed the AITC for orchestrating the violence and claimed it was an attempt to intimidate opposition workers and suppress dissent. The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Ministry]] was urged to intervene, though no direct action was taken.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-post-poll-violence-hm-asks-cm-take-action-1790424-2021-05-03 India Today]</ref>

== Legal and Administrative Actions ==

The [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal Governor]], Jagdeep Dhankhar, called for an investigation into the incidents, asking the state police to take action. The [[Human rights commission|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) also intervened and sent a team to investigate the violence, concerned about human rights violations, particularly the attacks on women and children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nhrc-takes-suo-motu-notice-of-post-poll-violence-in-bengal/article34440628.ece|title=The Hindu}}</ref> Despite multiple reports, the investigation made limited progress in addressing accountability.

=== Media and Public Perception ===

The media coverage of the violence was intense, with national and international outlets reporting on the scale of the violence and the political implications for the state. [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] and [[Reuters]] reported on the escalating nature of the violence, especially in regions outside [[Kolkata]]. Public opinion was divided, with supporters of the AITC accusing the BJP of exaggerating the incidents, while BJP supporters claimed that the violence was systematic and targeted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/3/india-bengal-poll-violence-leads-to-deaths-of-bjp-workers|title=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

== Human Rights and Gendered Impact ==

There were numerous reports of women being targeted in the violence, which drew significant criticism from human rights organizations. Cases of sexual violence were also reported, adding a grave dimension to the post-poll violence. The [[UN Women]] and other groups called for swift action to prevent such attacks and protect women involved in the political struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-targeted-in-bengal-post-poll-violence-human-rights-groups-say-1790797|title=NDTV}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

Following the violence, there were calls for judicial inquiry, and protests broke out in parts of the state. The situation remained tense for several weeks after the elections, with ongoing political and social repercussions. [[Protests in India]] against the violence were held across the state, including in [[Kolkata]], calling for justice for the victims and an end to the political instability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-sets-up-panel-to-probe-post-poll-violence-101621316134679.html|title=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Investigation ==

The BJP leadership of [[East Burdwan]] had submitted a list to the police demanding the return of refugee workers of their party. According to police sources, most of the people mentioned in the lists, provided by the BJP in each police station in the district, have been sent back to their home. DSP (Headquarters) Souvik Patra said "There are many on the list who have gone out (of the state) for work. They works all year in the outlying states. They have also been included in this list. It is being represented as if they are not able to return home." Aminul Islam Khan, SDPO of South Burdwan (Sadar), said "Those who do not want to return home are also being put on the list of refugee people."<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=300524&P=2&nPID=20210618|title=বহু পরিযায়ী শ্রমিকের নাম ঘরছাড়াদের তালিকায় | পূর্ব বর্ধমানে কাঠগড়ায় বিজেপি নেতৃত্ব|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628021935/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=300524&P=2&nPID=20210618|url-status=live}}</ref>

BJP members had also brought an elderly man, who had gone to attend his grandson's initiation ceremony, to the National Human Rights Commission in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=303108&P=7&nPID=20210630|title=লক্ষ্য কমিশনের কাছে 'অত্যাচারিত'র সংখ্যা বাড়িয়ে দেখানো | নাতির উপনয়নে আসা প্রৌঢ়কেও কলকাতায় নিয়ে গেল বিজেপি|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712010305/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=303108&P=7&nPID=20210630|url-status=live}}</ref>

BJP alleged that their workers had been tortured by AITC activists of [[Bhagabanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagabanpur]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]. But it was later learned that in reality AITC supporters were oppressed by BJP workers under the influence of [[Rabindranath Maity]], BJP [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the said constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 April 2021|title=ঘরছাড়া বহু তৃণমূল নেতা, বিজেপির বিরুদ্ধে জরিমানা আদায় {{!}} ভগবানপুরে কাঠগড়ায় বিজেপি|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=289952&P=1&nPID=20210418|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026152630/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=289952&P=1&nPID=20210418|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 June 2021|title=ভূপতিনগরে তৃণমূল নেতার বাড়িতে বোমা-বন্দুক নিয়ে হামলা বিজেপির|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=302274&P=1&nPID=20210626|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026152628/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=302274&P=1&nPID=20210626|url-status=live}}</ref> A huge crowd attended AITC's rally in Bhagabanpur on 10 July to protest against BJP, state irrigation minister [[Somen Mahapatra]] calling it a "reign of terror".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 July 2021|title='সন্ত্রাস করতে এলে পাল্টা সন্ত্রাস' ভূপতিনগরে বিজেপিকে হুঁশিয়ারি মন্ত্রী সৌমেন মহাপাত্রের|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=305394&P=1&nPID=20210711|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026152629/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=17&nID=305394&P=1&nPID=20210711|url-status=live}}</ref>

Frances Haugen, a former [[Facebook]] employee, revealed before the [[United States Senate]] that [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] users, groups and pages had used Facebook to spread violence and communal unrest across West Bengal by promoting anti-Muslim narratives on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=RSS, West Bengal and Duplicate Accounts: What the Facebook Whistleblower Complaint Touches Upon|url=https://thewire.in/tech/facebook-whistleblower-frances-haugen-complaints-sec-hate-speech-misinformation-india|work=The Wire|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030211136/https://thewire.in/tech/facebook-whistleblower-frances-haugen-complaints-sec-hate-speech-misinformation-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2021|title=Facebook aware of anti-Muslim content in India, but took little action, alleges whistleblower|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1007049/facebook-aware-of-anti-muslim-content-in-india-but-took-little-action-alleges-whistleblower|work=Scroll.in|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011165323/https://scroll.in/latest/1007049/facebook-aware-of-anti-muslim-content-in-india-but-took-little-action-alleges-whistleblower|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 2021|title=বাংলায় হিংসার বার্তা ছড়ানোর কারিগর সঙ্ঘ {{!}} মার্কিন সেনেটে বিস্ফোরক তথ্য পেশ|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=323393&P=1&nPID=20211007|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007154502/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=323393&P=1&nPID=20211007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=RSS groups, pages promote anti-Muslim narratives: Facebook whistleblower|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rss-groups-pages-promote-anti-muslim-narratives-facebook-whistleblower-156229|work=The News Minute|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102141144/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rss-groups-pages-promote-anti-muslim-narratives-facebook-whistleblower-156229|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 January 2022, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] rejected 21 cases of molestation and rape after it failed to gather enough evidence. But it continues to investigate 39 cases of rape and molestation, 52 cases of murder or unnatural death and has submitted 10 charge sheets for murders/unnatural deaths.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|title=Post Poll Violence: ভোট পরবর্তী অশান্তির ২১টি ধর্ষণ-অভিযোগের প্রমাণ মেলেনি, হাই কোর্টে জানাল সিবিআই|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/post-poll-violence-in-west-bengal-evidence-of-21-rape-allegations-did-not-match-cbi-says-in-calcutta-high-court-dgtl/cid/1321816|work=Anandabazar Patrika Online|language=bn|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103212230/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/post-poll-violence-in-west-bengal-evidence-of-21-rape-allegations-did-not-match-cbi-says-in-calcutta-high-court-dgtl/cid/1321816|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|title=West Bengal post-poll violence: CBI sends back 21 cases of molestation and rape to state formed SIT after failing to gather enough evidence|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-sends-back-21-cases-of-molestation-and-rape-to-state-formed-sit-after-failing-to-gather-enough-evidence|work=The Free Press Journal|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103213305/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-sends-back-21-cases-of-molestation-and-rape-to-state-formed-sit-after-failing-to-gather-enough-evidence|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Devesh K.|last=Pandey|date=2022-01-04|title=Investigating 39 cases of rape, attempt to rape during Bengal post-poll violence: CBI to HC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/investigating-39-cases-of-rape-attempt-to-rape-during-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-to-hc/article38106126.ece|access-date=2022-01-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104083912/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/investigating-39-cases-of-rape-attempt-to-rape-during-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-to-hc/article38106126.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January 2022, 7 people were sent to judicial custody for 14 days for conspiring and murdering BJP worker Manik Moitra during the post poll violence. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] had earlier filed a charge sheet against six accused in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Chandra|last1=Pabdet|date=January 28, 2022|title=West Bengal post-poll violence: CBI arrests 7 for BJP worker's murder, sent to judicial custody till Feb 11|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-arrests-murder-bjp-worker-1905951-2022-01-28|access-date=2022-01-29|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128204225/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-cbi-arrests-murder-bjp-worker-1905951-2022-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal post-poll violence: Seven held by CBI in BJP worker's death case|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/28/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-seven-held-by-cbi-in-bjp-workers-death-case-2412454.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2022-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129082442/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/28/west-bengal-post-poll-violence-seven-held-by-cbi-in-bjp-workers-death-case-2412454.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:May 2021 in India]]
[[Category:June 2021 in India]]
[[Category:2021 riots]]
[[Category:2020s political riots]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:Political riots in India]]
[[Category:Politico-Religious violence in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2021]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:2021 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:May 2021 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2021 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Politico-Religious violence in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political riots in India]]

Bolpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:38:58Z

TameraWhitham: stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bolpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bolpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bolpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Chandranath Sinha]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| constituency_no = 286
| established = 1951
| electors = 201,049
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bolpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 286, Bolpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Bolpur]] municipality, [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Block]] and [[Raipur, Birbhum|Raipur Supur]], Ruppur and Sattor [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bolpur Sriniketan]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Bolpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 41 [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bolpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandranath Sinha]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:114915}}
|percentage = 46.65
|change = {{decrease}}3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Ghosh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:101727}}
|percentage = 41.30
|change = {{increase}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bapi Soren
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:18390}}
|percentage = 7.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rathin Sen
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2411}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Syed Sarwardi (Bapon)
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samiran Das
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samarjit Barman
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mihir Kumar Banerjee
|party = RAJSP
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Das
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saurav Mudi
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:3554}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:13188}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25286.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Bolpur}}

In the 2021 elections, [[Chandranath Singha|Chandranath Sinha]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Dr. Anirban Ganguly of BJP.

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Chandranath Singha|Chandranath Sinha]]
|votes = 116,443
|percentage = 50.57
|change = -4.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Anirban Ganguly
|votes = 94,163
|percentage = 40.89
|change = +31.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Tapan Hore
|votes = 9,965
|percentage = 4.33
|change = -26.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,337
|percentage = 1.45
|change = -0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Paradise Party
|candidate = Siddhartha Banerjee
|votes = 1,938
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jiten Ray
|votes = 1,239
|percentage = 0.54
|change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Mihir Kumar Banerjee
|votes = 1,169
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Sona Murmu
|votes = 702
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Samarjit Barman
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.29
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Mulnibasi Party of India
|candidate = Sk. Sirajul Hoque
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.27
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 230,260
|percentage = 88.83
|change = +4.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Bolpur}}

In the 2016 elections, [[Chandranath Singha|Chandranath Sinha]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Tapan Hore of RSP.

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Chandranath Singha|Chandranath Sinha]]
|votes = 113,258
|percentage = 54.80
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Tapan Hore]]
|votes = 63,231
|percentage = 30.60
|change = -10.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Ghosh
|votes = 19,553
|percentage = 9.46
|change = +5.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,712
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mangal Mardi
|votes = 1,752
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suresh Das
|votes = 1,573
|percentage = 0.76
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Mulnibasi Party of India
|candidate = Sekh Matiur Rahaman
|votes = 948
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Samarjit Barman
|votes = 832
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Md. Saddakkas
|votes = 802
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 206,661
|percentage = 84.61
|change = -3.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Chandranath Singha of Trinamool Congress defeated Tapan Hore of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bolpur<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25286.htm|title = Bolpur|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-28|archive-date = 16 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050913/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25286.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=286| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072715/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=286| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Bolpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bolpur |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030419/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Chandranath Sinha]]
|votes = 89,394
|percentage = 50.51
|change = +16.03#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Tapan Hore]]
|votes = 72,767
|percentage = 41.11
|change = -17.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Ghosh
|votes = 6,381
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Marjina Khatun
|votes = 3,291
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samiran Das
|votes = 2,100
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Lakshmiram Kisku
|votes = 1,836
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Subrata Bhakat
|votes = 1,224
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 176,993
|percentage = 88.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = +33.42#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the 2006, 2001, 1996 and 1991 state assembly elections Tapan Hore of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Bolpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Chittaranjan Rakshit of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, Dr. Sushobhan Banerjee of Trinamool Congress in 2001, Shibshankar Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and Dr. Sushobhan Banerjee of Congress in 1991. Tarapada Ghosh of RSP defeated Dr. Sushobhan Banerjee of Congress in 1987. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In a by-election necessitated by the death of sitting MLA Jyotsna Kumar Gupta, Dr. Sushovan Banerjee of Congress won the seat in 1984. Jyotsna Kumar Gupta of RSP defeated Dr. Sushobhan Banerjee of Congress in 1982 and Gourhari Chandra of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp284.htm | title = 284 - Bolpur Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-10-01 }}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Harashankar Bhattacharya of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1971. Prasanta Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971. Panna Lal Dasgupta, Independent, won in 1969. R.K. Sinha, Independent, won in 1967. Radha Krishna Singha of RSP won in 1962. Amarendra Nath Sarkar of Congress won in 1957. Hanseswar Roy and Bhusan Hansdah, both of Congress, jointly won the Bolpur seat in 1951.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

INS Kora

2026-05-05T17:35:51Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Indian Navy corvette}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}{{italic title|string=Kora}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Kora entering Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.jpg
| image_caption = INS Kora entering Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Kora''
| namesake = "Sword"
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down = 10 January 1990
| launched = 23 September 1992
| acquired =
| commissioned = 10 August 1998
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: P61
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Kora|corvette}}
| displacement = 1,400 tons full load
| length = {{convert|91.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|10.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 diesel motors with {{cvt|14400|hp}}
*2 shafts
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|4000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn|km/h}}
| complement = 134 (incl 14 officers)
| sensors = *1 × MR 352 Pozitiv-E radar
*Bharat 1245 navigation radar
*Bharat Vympel IPN-10 combat data system
| EW =
| armament = *16 × [[Kh-35|Kh-35 Uran-E SSM]]
*2 × [[Strela 2|Strela-2M]] (SA-N-5) SAM
*1 × 76.2 mm [[AK–176]]M gun
*2 × 30 mm [[AK-630]] guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]] or [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Kora''''' is the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Kora|corvette|0}} of 1,350-tonne guided missile [[corvette]]s in active service with the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-kora>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_kora.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082545/http://indiannavy.nic.in/corvettes_kora.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The vessel was built at [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE) and outfitted at [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL).

She is equipped with [[Kh-35|3M-24 anti-ship missiles]] as a primary weapon, with two [[Strela-2M]] anti-air missiles as defensive weapons.<ref name=GS1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/p-kora.htm|title=Project 25A Kora Class|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>

== History ==
''Kora'' was on a goodwill visit to [[Singapore]] in 2001.<ref name=GS1 />

On 31 October 2014, ''Kora'' was in collision with the cargo ship MV ''Madeleine Rickmers'' in the [[Bay of Bengal]] off the coast of [[Vishakhapatnam]].<ref name="Collision">{{cite web |url=http://www.shipwrecklog.com/log/2014/10/ins-kora-damaged/ |title=INS Kora Damaged |first=Paul |last=Hancock |publisher=Shipwrecklog |date=31 October 2014 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> ''Kora'' participated in the 2015 [[SLINEX]] training exercises from 27 October to 1 November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-slinex-15-navy-ships-enter-trincomalee|title=Exercise SLINEX-15 - Navy Ships enter Trincomalee {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref> Kora took part in LIMA in 2017.

The ship has taken part extensively in various exercises in the South China Sea. She and {{INS|Ranvijay}}, a {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer|1}}, participated in bilateral exercises with [[Vietnam People's Navy|Vietnam Navy]] and [[Philippine Navy]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|title=India and Vietnam conduct joint 'sea phase' naval exercise in the South China Sea|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/india-and-vietnam-conduct-joint-sea-phase-naval-exercise-in-the-south-china-sea/article35990118.ece|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Frontline|date=19 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Abhishek Bhalla |date=August 24, 2021 |title=Indian Navy's INS Ranvijay, INS Kora carry out maritime exercise with Philippines|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-ins-ranvijay-ins-kora-maritime-exercise-philippines-1844465-2021-08-24|access-date=2021-09-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A frigate from the Philippines, {{BRP|Antonio Luna|FF-151|6}} took part in the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval drills between BRP Antonio Luna Philippine frigate and Indian Navy|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2021/naval-drills-between-brp-antonio-luna-philippine-frigate-and-indian-navy|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Navy Recognition|date=24 August 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

''Kora'' along with {{INS|Khanjar}} was on a visit to [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata]] between 28 and 30 November 2025 as part of the [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Week]] celebrations. The ships were open for public visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Warships for public viewing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/warships-for-public-viewing/articleshow/125623022.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frontline guided missile corvettes make port call in Kolkata to mark Navy Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/11/28/ces16-def-warships-visit.html|website=The Week|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|INS Kora (P61)}}
{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kora (P61)}}
[[Category:1992 ships]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Kora-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Balaji Vishwanath

2026-05-05T13:52:25Z

TameraWhitham: starting initial page needs work - done

{{Short description|Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1713 to 1720}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Peshwa|Shrimant Peshwa]]
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Balaji Vishwanath
| image = His Highness Balaji Vishwanath Peshwa.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Balaji Vishwanath
| office1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 6th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| term_start1 = 16 November 1713
| term_end1 = 12 April 1720
| monarch1 = [[Shahu I]]
| predecessor1 = [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
| successor1 = [[Baji Rao I]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1662|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_name = Balaji Vishwanath Bhat
| birth_place = [[Shrivardhan]], [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1720|04|12|1662|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Saswad]], [[Maratha Empire]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| spouse = Radhabai
| children = [[Baji Rao I]] [[Chimaji Appa]] Bhiubai Joshi Anubai Ghorpade <ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |author=G.S.Chhabra |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19 |year=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |pages=19–28 }}</ref>
 Bhikaji Ranoji
| father = Vishwanath Pant Bhat (Also known as Parshuram)
| mother = Unknown
| image_size = 230px
}}

'''Balaji Vishwanath Bhat''' (1 January 1662 – 12 April 1720) was the first of a series of hereditary [[Peshwa]]s hailing from the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Bhat]] family who gained effective control of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] and other Mughal vassals during the early 18th century. Balaji Vishwanath assisted a young Maratha king [[Shahu I|Shahu]] to consolidate his grip on a kingdom that had been racked by civil war and persistently intruded on by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Aurangzeb]].

==Early life and career ==
Balaji Vishwanath Bhat was born into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Chitpavan|Konkanastha Chitpavan Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|last=Burman|first=J. J. Roy|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&q=bajirao+chitpavan&pg=PA400|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|last1=Singer|first1=Milton B.|last2=Cohn|first2=Bernard S.|date=1970-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202369334|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|last=Rao|first=Anupama|date=2009-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|language=en}}</ref> The family hailed from the coastal [[Konkan]] region of present-day [[Maharashtra]] and were the hereditary [[Deshmukh]] for [[Shrivardhan]] under the [[Janjira State|Siddi of Janjira]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bharathi|first=K.S.|title=Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (Vol. 22 : The Political Thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8069-582-7|pages=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkaM5HBfiN8C&q=%22Balaji+Vishwanath%22+deshmukh&pg=PA10}}</ref> He went out in search of employment to the upper regions of western ghats and worked as a mercenary trooper under various Maratha generals. According to Kincaid & Parasnis, Balaji Vishwanath entered the Maratha administration during the reign of [[Sambhaji]] or the regency of his brother, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]]. Later, he served as an accountant for the Maratha general, [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], at [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira]].<ref>{{citation |work=New history of the Marathas Vol 2|title='Rise of Balaji Vishwanath'|page=18|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/page/n30/mode/1up?view=theater|year=1946|editor-last1=Sardesai|editor-first1=G S}}</ref> Between 1699 and 1702, he served as the ''Sar-subhedar'' or head-administrator at [[Pune]] and from 1704 to 1707 as Sarsubedar of Daulatabad. By the time Dhanaji died, Balaji had proven himself as an honest and able officer. Balaji fell out with Dhanaji's son and successor, Chandrasen Jadhav and went over to the newly released Maratha ruler [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] who took note of his abilities and appointed Balaji as his Peshwa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Administrative Service - IAS Exam |url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-the-peshwas-1713-1818-medieval-india-history-notes |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Prepp |language=en}}</ref> ({{circa}}1708).<ref>{{citation| title = Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1803 | author = Jasvant Lal Mehta | date = January 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA66 | isbn = 1-932705-54-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=392–396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

== Role during Maratha Civil War ==
Since the death of [[Shivaji]], his two sons Sambhaji and Rajaram continued the Maratha war against the Mughal Empire. [[Aurangzeb]] entered the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in 1686, hoping to put an end to the fledgling Maratha state. Aurangzeb spent the next 27 years in the Deccan in ceaseless warfare against the Marathas. Despite the cruel executions of Sambhaji and early death of Rajaram, Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]] continued the resistance while Sambhaji's son [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] was captured at a very young age and held captive of the Mughals. Aurangzeb died at [[Ahmednagar]] in 1707 at the age of eighty-eight, with the Mughal armies exhausted and the treasury empty. The ensuing war of succession in the Mughal Empire resulted in accession of the aged Prince Mu'azzam, who ascended the Mughal throne under the title of [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]].<ref>{{citation|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|first=B.N.|last=Puri|date=December 2003|isbn=978-81-207-2508-9|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=199}}</ref>

In the intrigues following the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal governor of the Deccan released Shahu from captivity, hoping to keep the Marathas locked in an internecine struggle between the partisans of Shahu, and [[Tarabai]], the widow of Rajaram who governed in the name of her son Shivaji and denounced Shahu as an impostor substituted by the Mughals for the son of Sambhaji.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Tarabai sent the Maratha Senapati Dhanaji Jadhav to attack Shahu. Balaji Vishwanath was despatched by Dhanaji Jadhav to meet secretly with Shahu and verify his ''bona fides''. Balaji is believed to have persuaded his master to support the cause of Shahu. Dhanaji's forces met Shahu's at Khed, in Pune District. Instead of attacking Shahu, Dhanaji Jadhav declared him to be the rightful successor to the Maratha throne. Dhanaji's confidence in Balaji Vishwanath, however, aroused the jealousy of his son and successor, Chandrasen Jadhav.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=392–396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

After the death of Dhanaji Jadhav in June 1708, Shahu appointed Dhanaji's son Chandrasen Jadhav as Senapati, but the rivalry between Chandrasen and Balaji led the former to intrigue with Tarabai, while seeking an opportunity to eliminate Balaji. A dispute over the conduct of a junior officer in Balaji's employ led Chandrasen to attack Balaji, who fled to the fortress of Purandar. Chandrasen besieged Purandar whereupon Balaji fled again to Pandavgad whence he sent an emissary to plead for help from his sovereign. Shahu had Balaji Vishwanath brought under escort to his capital Satara and asked Chandrasen to make the case against Balaji Vishwanath before him. Instead of obeying Shahu Chandrasen defected to the cause of Tarabai in April 1711. Haibatrao Nimbalkar, who Shahu had dispatched against Chandrasen, also defected to Tarabai, and Shahu's fortunes were an at their lowest. Bereft of his experienced generals, Shahu turned to Balaji Vishwanath, who undertook to raise a new army in the cause of Shahu. For his efforts, Shahu bestowed Balaji with the title of Senakarte or Organiser of Maratha armies (20 August 1711).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

Balaji next turned against Tarabai and her own armory of intrigue.<ref>See Kincaid & Parasnis p151</ref> The fall of [[Tarabai]] at Kolhapur in 1712 was the outcome of a conspiracy hatched by Balaji Vishwanath in connivance with the disgruntled elements of Tarabai's court. Balaji Vishwanath induced Rajaram's other widow, Rajasbai to conduct a coup against [[Shivaji II]], the son of Tarabai and install her own son, [[Sambhaji II]], on the throne of Kolhapur. This brought the ruling house of Kolhapur under protection and subordination of Shahu at that time.

==Appointment as Peshwa==
[[File:Balaji Vishwanath's handwritten letter 01.jpg|thumb|Handwritten letter of Balaji Vishwanath]]
Next Shahu turned to subdue the Angre clan. Tukoji Angre had commanded Chattrapati Shivaji's navy, and was succeeded in 1690 by his son [[Kanhoji Angre]]. Kanhoji received from Tarabai the title of "Sarkhel" Admiral of the Maratha fleet. The conflict between Tarabai and Shahu offered Kanhoji an opportunity to effectively free himself of the suzerainty of either. He captured the major trading center of [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] and the neighboring forts of Rajmachi and Lohgad. Shahu sent a large force under his ''Peshwa'' or Prime Minister, [[Bahiroji Pingale]]. Kanhoji defeated Pingale and imprisoned him at Lohagad, and started to advance towards Shahu's capital Satara. Shahu commanded Balaji again to raise another army to subdue Kanhoji. Balaji preferred the path of negotiation and was appointed as Shahu's [[plenipotentiary]] to negotiate with the admiral. Balaji and Kanhoji met at [[Lonavala]]. The newly appointed Peshwa appealed to the old sailor's patriotism for the Maratha cause. Angre agreed to become the ''Sarkhel'' (admiral) of Shahu's navy with control of the Konkan. Balaji and Angre then jointly attacked the Muslim Siddis of Janjira. Their combined forces captured most of the Konkan coast, including Balaji's birthplace of Shrivardhan, which became part of the Angre fiefdom. Delighted with Balaji's success, Shahu dismissed [[Bahiroji Pingale]] and appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa on 16 November 1713.<ref>Kincaid & Parasnis, p.156</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

==Northward expansion==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}
There existed a power vacuum in the [[Mughal empire]], caused by the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, and that of his successor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]], leading to continual internecine conflict within the imperial family and the leading Mughal grandees. [[Farrukhsiyar]] came to the throne in 1713 with the help of the two powerful nobles, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Abdullah Khan. Claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]], the [[Sayyid Brothers]] had turned king-makers in the Mughal court. Soon after, differences arose between them and the Emperor Farruksiyar. And while the Mughals were intriguing in the civil war between the factions of Shahu and Tarabai, the Marathas themselves became a major factor in the quarrels between the Emperor and the Sayyids.
To rid himself of the tutelage of the Sayyids in 1718, Farrukhsiyar dispatched Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan as Viceroy of the [[Deccan]] with orders to restore Mughal authority over the south. Hussain Ali Khan found himself harried by the Marathas who resorted to their traditional guerilla tactics. Unable to defeat the Marathas in a pitched battle and weary of chasing after constantly marauding Maratha horsemen, Hussain Ali Khan sought to make peace with the Marathas.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In July 1718, Balaji negotiated a Maratha-Mughal treaty with Hussain Ali Khan, demanding the Maratha right of "''Chauth''" (literally: 1/4th of revenues) and "''Sardeshmukhi''" (an additional 10% of revenues) of the old Mughal provinces of the Deccan. To this Balaji Vishwanath added the demand of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi over the rich provinces of Gujarat and Malwa, and the restoration of Chattrapati Shivaji's conquests in Karnataka, in return for which Balaji promised that Shahu would acknowledge the nominal overlordship of the Mughal Emperor, and the Marathas would provide a force of 15,000 armed horsemen to the Mughal Empire.To these demands, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan readily agreed, with a view to utilize the Maratha soldiers to their advantage in their struggle with the Emperor.
Farrukhsiyar refused to ratify this treaty, and sought to depose and murder the Sayyids. The plot was betrayed to Sayyid Abdullah Khan who was in Delhi, who succeeded in neutralizing other powerful Mughal nobles like [[Asaf Jah I]] (also known as Chin Qilich Khan and Nizam-ul-Mulk) and Sarbuland Khan (governor of Patna) with promises of rich governorships of Malwa and Kabul respectively. In September 1718, accompanied by Balaji Vishwanath, and supported by (now) sixteen thousand strong Maratha horsemen commanded by Parsoji Bhosale, Hussain Ali Khan arrived in Delhi. Most of Farrukhsiyar's supporters fled but the Emperor's partisans resisted but were overcome at the cost of two thousand Maratha soldiers.

Farrukhsiyar was dethroned, blinded and imprisoned by the Sayyid's, who substituted in his place a more pliable puppet, [[Rafi Ul-Darjat|Rafi-ul-darjat]] in February 1719. This hapless prince was dying of tuberculosis and was in turn replaced after a reign of only three months by his older brother Rafi Ud-Daulah.) Rafi-ul-Darjat duly ratified the Maratha treaty. Shahu and his successors were recognized by the Mughal Emperors as the rightful heirs to Chattrapati Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

==Conflict with Sambhaji II==
[[Shahu I]] wanted to establish his rule in the Northern part of Kolhapur territory. After he defeated [[Shivaji II]] of Kolhapur in 1714, [[Sambhaji II]] son of Rajasbai became the Chhatrapati of Kolhapur. He ruled his territory with the advice of the [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]. In 1716, Ramchandra Pant died in [[Panhala]]. Now, Sambhaji began to raid the territory of Shahu with the help of [[Udaji Chavan]] and [[Yashwantrao Thorat]]. The Shirol was under Chavan and the Ashta, Yelvi, Walwa and the [[jagir]] in Warana valleys was under Yashwantrao.

===Battle of Panhala===
After Balaji Vishwanath returned from Delhi with imperial ''sanads'', he decided to march against Sambhaji. He captured Ashta, Yelvi and other villages in the Warana valley, and went on to attack Panhala. At that time Yashwantrao Thorat was in Bijapur territory. He got the news that Balaji Vishwanath captured his jagir in Warana valley and went to attack on Panhala fort. He immediately took some troops with him and went towards [[Panhala fort]]. The forces of Peshwa Balaji and Yashwantrao came in front of each other near Panhala fort. This battle was fought in 1719. Yashwantrao Thorat was defeated and killed in the battle. This battle is known as 'Battle of Panhala'.

==Personal life==
[[File:Balaji Vishwanath and his son Bajirao Hunting.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Depiction of Balaji Vishwanath hunting along with his son [[Bajirao I|Bajirao]]]]
Balaji married Radhabai Barve and had two sons, [[Baji Rao I]] and [[Chimaji Appa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haig L |first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1 |title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans |date=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=9781343884571 |location=Cambridge UK |pages=396 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> He also had two daughters. The older, Bhiubai married Abaji Joshi of Baramati, brother of the banker Balaji Naik famed as Bajirao I's most tormenting creditor. The younger, Anubai married Venkatrao Ghorpade of [[Ichalkaranji]]. Their heirs ruled the state of [[Ichalkaranji]] till 1947.

==Ancestral family==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
In the book written by Pramod Ok, पेशवे घराण्याचा इतिहास, he wrote about Peshwa's family. He creates Peshwa main family tree on page no. 19. According to him, there were 2 brothers of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath - Antaji and Krishanaji. Their father was Parshuram Shivaji. His grandfather was Mahadaji and his great-grandfather was Visaji Bhatt.

==Death==
Balaji returned in triumph from Delhi to Satara, having also secured the release after decades of Mughal captivity, the mother (Yesubai), wife (Savitribai) and half-brother (Madan Singh) of Shahu. Weary from his labors and the tiresome journey back from the imperial capital, Balaji Vishwanath's health began to fail. In October 1719 he obtained leave from Shahu to retire to the village of [[Saswad]] near Pune that had been granted by Shahu to the Peshwa. Balaji Vishwanath died on 12 April 1720. He was succeeded by his elder son, the celebrated [[Baji Rao I]], who was appointed ''Peshwa'' by Chattrapati Shahu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath (cropped).jpg|thumb|Statue of Balaji Vishwanath at [[Shrivardhan]], [[Maharashtra]]]]
Balaji Vishwanath also laid the foundation for the complex administrative system of the Marathas that held sway for a century after his death. The Maratha tax collection system from a wide swathe of nominally Mughal provinces was based on a widespread network of agents and collectors. "To it as much as to their victories in the field the Marathas owed the spread of their empire".<ref>Kincaid & Parasnis, p181</ref><ref>Nayeem, M.A., 1977. The Working of the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi System in the Mughal Provinces of the Deccan (1707-1803 AD). The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 14(2), pp.153-191.</ref> The mechanism of revenue collected was supported by credit facilities from established banking families.

==In popular culture==
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] portrays Balaji Vishwanath in the television series [[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|''Peshwa Bajirao'']].<ref>{{citation |title=Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/peshwa-bajirao-review-anuja-sathe-shines-as-radha-bai-in-the-period-drama-lifetv-957061-2017-01-25
|work=[[India Today]] |date=25 January 2017 }}</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
| title = [[Peshwa]]
| years= 1713–1720
| after= [[Baji Rao I]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
* [[Peshawe Family]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Palsokar R. D & Reddy T. Rabi. ''Bajirao I:an outstanding cavalry general'', Reliance Pub. House, 1995
* [https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha02kincuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Kincaid, Charles Augustus & Parasnis D.B. "A History of the Maratha People, Volume II (1918)]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_476.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India], v.2, Pg 441
* Cox, Linda. ''The Chitpavans'', Illustrated Weekly of India, 22 February 1970
* Mehta, J.L. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Advanced_study_in_the_history_of_modern.html?id=d1wUgKKzawoC "Advanced Study in the history of Modern India 1707–1813]", New Dawn Press Group 2005.

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwanath, Balaji}}
[[Category:1662 births]]
[[Category:1720 deaths]]
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Goods and Services Tax 2.0

2026-05-04T14:23:32Z

TameraWhitham: adding

{{copy edit|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|2025 upgraded tax system in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Goods and Services Tax 2.0 (India)
| seal = GST 2.0 India.png
| seal_size = 152px
| abbreviation = GST 2.0
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| formed = {{Start date|2025|09|22|df=yes}}
| preceding_agency = GST (India), 2017
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi, India]]
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Ministry of Finance]]
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Finance]] [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL||http://www.gst.gov.in}}
| map = File:India-map-en.svg
| map_caption = All states of New GST 2.0
}}
'''Goods and Services Tax 2.0''', also known as '''GST 2.0''' is a [[Upgrade|upgraded version]] of the original Indian GST system, officially launched in 22 September 2025 to streamline indirect [[tax]]ation across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Sushil |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 Rollout Tomorrow, Sept 22: Full List Of What Gets Cheaper, What Costs More |work=[[News 18]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Rajesh |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST Rates Live: On GST 2.0 launch eve, Modi pitches for 'Make in India' – What gets cheaper from tomorrow? |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |pages=2}}</ref> The [[reform]] was introduced to simplify the [[tax]] structure, reduce compliance burdens for [[business]]es, and make taxation more transparent for [[consumer]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bakshi |first=Harish |date=21 September 2025 |title=NDTV Explains What Gets Cheaper Under GST 2.0 Reforms |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebber |first=Nistula |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 implementation a 'festival of savings', first step towards economic self-reliance, PM says in address to nation |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=1}}</ref>

The initiative was led by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], aiming to modernize the tax [[administration system]] using digital tools and data-driven monitoring.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khatri |first=Paarth |date=21 September 2025 |title=Jeep announces price cut of upto ₹4.84 lakh after GST 2.0 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |pages=2}}</ref> GST 2.0 maintained the core principles of a unified tax on [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services]] while revising [[tax rate]]s, removing unnecessary exemptions, and ensuring smoother inter-state [[trade]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Vivek |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 impact: Companies rush to hire temporary staff; rate cuts expected to boost festive buying |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anubhav |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: These lifesaving drugs and medicines get cheaper from Monday after rate cuts — Check full list |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |pages=2}}</ref>

The profile of GST 2.0 highlights its focus on [[Technology|technological]] integration, fair taxation, and fostering a [[business-friendly]] environment while maintaining [[revenue]] efficiency for the [[Government of India|government]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vallabh |first=Gourav |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 will be a catalyst for an inclusive Atmanirbhar Bharat |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Aman |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST rates take effect September 22: Navigate GST 2.0 with our guide and interactive dashboard |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lobo |first=Sam |date=21 September 2025 |title=Full List Of Cars And Bikes That Get Cheaper Under GST 2.0 |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=4}}</ref>

== History ==
The concept of GST 2.0 in [[India]] emerged in early 2025 as a continuation and upgrade of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] system implemented in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last='Biswas' |first='Samannay' |date=25 September 2025 |title=FM Sitharaman on GST 2.0: 'Bachat Utsav Ensures Savings Reach Consumers' |work=[[Times Now]] |pages=2}}</ref> The main aim of GST 2.0 was to simplify the tax structure, reduce compliance burden on businesses, and adjust tax rates according to economic needs.<ref>{{Cite news |last='Bhatia' |first='Chetra' |date=24 September 2025 |title=Nainar Nagendran on GST 2.0 impact, alliances and Tamil Nadu campaign |work=[[India Today]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Pandey' |first='Chitra' |date=22 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 gives booster shot to coal sector |work=[[DD News]] |pages=2}}</ref>

The idea was first proposed by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] after reviewing the impact of the 2017 GST framework. Several committees were formed to analyze which [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services]] should have lower or higher tax rates, ensuring fairness and promoting [[economic growth]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='D'Souza' |first=Rohan |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST rates HIGHLIGHTS: 90% of GST benefits will flow to end customers, govt. estimates |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Dev |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 in action: How govt is making Diwali savings real for consumers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |pages=2}}</ref>

By mid-2025, the new rates were announced and [[official]]ly came into effect across [[India]]. The rollout included detailed guidelines for [[business]]es, online portals for filing returns, and public awareness campaigns to help citizens understand the changes. GST 2.0 was widely seen as an effort to make [[India]]'s indirect [[Tax|tax system]] more adaptive, transparent, and [[Efficiency|efficient]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anubhav |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: These lifesaving drugs and medicines get cheaper from Monday after rate cuts — Check full list |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shinde |first=Shilpa |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: Individual Health Insurance Premiums To Be GST-Free From Tomorrow |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=2}}</ref>

Following the implementation of GST 2.0, the [[Government of India|government]] closely monitored its impact on different sectors. Industries like [[manufacturing]], [[retail]], and [[Service (economics)|services]] experienced changes in compliance procedures, while consumers noticed adjustments in prices for everyday [[goods]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Prakash |date=21 September 2025 |title=PM Modi Address Highlights: GST 2.0 makes essentials, homes, vehicles, and travel affordable |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=2}}</ref> The [[feedback]] loop allowed authorities to make small tweaks to rates, making the system more flexible than the previous [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Jeevan |date=21 September 2025 |title=Piyush Goyal Urges Industry To Pass On GST 2.0 Benefits To Consumers |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Archis |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 'savings festival' begins tomorrow; PM pushes swadeshi, self-reliance |work=[[Business Standard]] |pages=1}}</ref>

Moreover, GST 2.0 focused heavily on [[digitization]]. [[Electronic invoicing|E-invoicing]], automated return filing, and improved tracking [[Mechanism of action|mechanisms]] were introduced to reduce [[tax]] evasion and enhance transparency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Om |date=21 September 2025 |title=PM मोदी का आज देश के नाम संबोधन, GST 2.0 और आत्मनिर्भरता का करेंगे जिक्र! |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rane |first=Jagdeep |date=21 September 2025 |title=What You Need To Know About GST 2.0 As Tax Cuts Kick In On Monday |work=[[Zee News]] |pages=2}}</ref> Training programs and workshops were conducted across the [[country]] to help [[business]]es adapt smoothly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Shiv |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: कल से लागू होंगी जीएसटी की नई दरें; अब तक किन-किन कंपनियों ने घटाये दाम; जानें सबकुछ |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |pages=2}}</ref> This period marked a significant step in [[India]]'s journey toward a more modern and [[Efficiency|efficient]] taxation [[Framework Computer|framework]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Raju |date=21 September 2025 |title='Band-Aid On Deep Wounds': Congress Slams PM Modi's Speech On GST 2.0; Mamata Claims Credit For Rate Cuts |work=[[ABP Group|ABP]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Waghela |first=Nitin |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: How Will It Impact Middle-Class Residing In Mumbai? |work=[[Republic World]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== List of items (Slab Tax) ==
There are 4 levels of list of Items of GST 2.0 :

* Level 1: Items with 0% GST (Low) :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Sl. No
! Item/Category
! Items
! Previous GST Rate
! New GST Rate
|-
| 1
| [[Food]]s (Daily)
| [[Milk]], [[Bread]], [[Fruits]] and [[Vegetables]]
| 5%
| 0%
|-
| 2
| Individual Items & [[Life Insurance Corporation|Life Insurance]]
| N/A
| 18%
| 0%
|-
| 3
| [[Stationery|Stationary]] Items
| [[Book]]s, [[Pen]], [[Pencil]] and [[Eraser]]
| 12%
| 0%
|}
* Level 2: Items with 5% GST (Low) :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Sl. No
! Item/Category
! Items
! Previous GST Rate
! New GST Rate
|-
| 1
| [[Medical diagnosis|Medical & Diagnostic]]
| [[Thermometer]], [[Biomaterial|Medical grade]] oxygen, All diagnostic kits & reagents, [[Metformin|Glumetor]] & [[Test script|test strips]]
| 12%
| 5%
|-
| 2
| [[Eye care in India|Eye Care]]
| Corrective [[Glasses|spectacles]]
| 5%
| 5%
|-
| 3
| Agriculture Equipment
| [[Tractor]] types & parts, Tractor, Specified [[Biopesticide|bio pesticides]], [[Micronutrient|micro nutrients]], [[Drip irrigation|Drip irrigation system]] & [[Fire sprinkler system|sprinklers]], [[Agriculture|Agricultural]], [[horticulture]] or forestry machines for soil preparation, [[Cultivation theory|cultivation]], [[harvest]]ing & [[threshing]]
| 12%-18%
| 5%
|-
| 4
| [[Personal care products|Personal Care]] & [[Hygiene]]
| [[Hair]], [[Oil]], [[Shampoo]], [[Toothpaste]], [[Soap|Toilet soap]] bar, [[Toothbrush|Tooth brushes]], [[Shaving cream]]
| 18%
| 5%
|-
| 5
| [[Dairy]] & [[Snack]]s
| [[Butter]], [[Ghee]], [[Cheese]] & dairy spreads, Pre-packaged namkeens, bhuija & [[mixture]]s
| 5%
| 5%
|-
| 6
| [[Household]] Items
| Utensils, [[Sewing machine]] & parts
| 12%
| 5%
|-
| 7
| [[Infant|Baby]] & [[Clinical test data exclusivity|Clinical Items]]
| [[Baby bottle|Feeding bottles]], [[Napkin]]s for babies & [[Doctor of Audiology|clinical doctors]]
| 5%
| 5%
|}
* Level 3: Items with 12% GST (Low) :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Sl. No !! Item/Category !! Items !! Previous GST !! New GST
|-
| 1 || [[Car|Automobiles]]|| [[Petrol]] & Petrol Hybrid, [[Gas cylinder|LPG]], [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] Cars (not exceeding 1200 cc & 4000 mm) || 28% || 18%
|-
| 2 || [[Car|Automobiles]]|| [[Diesel engine|Diesel]] & Diesel Hybrid (not exceeding 1500 cc & 4000 mm) || 28% || 18%
|-
| 3 || [[Car|Automobiles]]|| 3 wheeled vehicles || 28% || 18%
|-
| 4 || [[Motorcycle]]s|| [[Motorcycle|Motor cycles]] (350 cc & below) || 28% || 18%
|-
| 5 || [[Transporter vehicle|Transport Vehicles]]|| [[Motor vehicle]] for [[Freight transport|transport of goods]]|| 28% || 18%
|-
| 6 || [[Home appliance|Home Appliances]]|| [[Air conditioning|Air conditioners]]|| 28% || 18%
|-
| 7 || [[Electronics]]|| [[Television]] (above 32") including [[LED]] & [[LCD]] TVs || 28% || 18%
|-
| 8 || [[Electronics]]|| [[Computer monitor|Monitors]] & [[Projector]]s|| 28% || 18%
|-
| 9 || [[Home appliance|Home Appliances]]|| [[Dish washing machine]]s|| 28% || 18%
|}
* Level 4: Items with 40% GST (High) :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Sl. No
! Item/Category
! Items Name
! Previous GST Rate
! New GST Rate
|-
| 1
| [[Luxury goods|Luxury]] & [[Leisure]]
| Private( [[helicopter]], [[Airplane]]), [[Alcoholism|Alcohol]], [[beer]], [[wine]], [[Soft drink]]s, [[Superbike racing|Super bikes]], large [[car]]s, [[Tobacco]], [[cigarette]]s, [[Pan masala]], [[Yacht]]s and Luxury items
| 28%-30%
| 40%
|}

== Revenue Tax ==
''GST 2.0 (India) Revenue Estimate for 2025'' :

===Estimates Revenue Loss Due to Rate Cuts===

The [[Government of India|government]] anticipates a [[revenue]] loss of approximately ₹93,000 [[crore]] resulting from the reduction in GST rates across various sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poojary |first=Anand |date=21 September 2025 |title=Want GST 2.0 to be Good and Simple Tax not Growth Supporting Tax: Cong |work=[[Udayavani]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallik |first=Zen |date=22 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 Rollout Today, Sept 22: Full List Of What Gets Cheaper, What Costs More |work=[[News18]] |pages=2}}</ref>

===Additional Revenue from Higher Tax Slabs===

Conversely, the introduction of a 40% GST slab is expected to generate an additional ₹45,000 [[crore]] in [[revenue]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upsani |first=Siddharth |date=21 September 2025 |title=PM Modi says 'GST savings festival' begins tomorrow: with lower prices, how household budgets are set for boost |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Salman |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST Rates Live Updates: PM Modi's Strong Message - Pride Lies In 'Made in India' Goods |work=[[ET Now]] |pages=1}}</ref>

===Net Revenue Impact===

Considering both the [[revenue]] loss and the additional revenue, the net impact is estimated to be a loss of around ₹48,000 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathore |first=Vishal |date=20 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 a tax revolution, says FM Nirmala Sitharaman |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=1}}</ref>

===Boost to consumer spending===

Despite the [[Net income|net revenue]] loss, the [[reform]]s are projected to stimulate consumer spending. According to [[State Bank of India|SBI]] [[Research]], the direct consumption boost is estimated at ₹70,000 [[crore]], with total additional [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] demand reaching ₹1.98 [[lakh]] [[crore]] due to the multiplier effect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Ali |date=20 September 2025 |title=Amul passes on Full GST 2.0 Reduction Benefit to Customers; 700+ products to get cheaper |work=[[Udayavani]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jagdish |date=21 September 2025 |title=Rajasthan govt to host week-long 'GST Savings Festival' from Sept 22-29 |work=[[Business Standard]] |pages=2}}</ref>

== GST collection mechanism ==
The [[Value-added tax|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) in 2025 continues to function as a unified [[indirect tax]] system, applied on the supply of [[goods and services]] at every stage of production and distribution. [[Business]]es registered under GST [[Tax collector|collect tax]] from their customers at the applicable rate and remit it to the [[Government of India|government]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Ashish |date=22 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 comes into effect: What's getting cheaper and costlier from today |work=[[India Today]] |pages=2}}</ref> This system ensures that the [[tax]] is levied only on the value added at each stage, preventing [[cascading tax]]es and promoting transparency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Amit |date=19 September 2025 |title=घर में कीजिए दादागिरी, जमकर कीजिए शॉपिंग', अमित शाह का महिलाओं को जीएसटी 2.0 को लेकर मैसेज |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mansukiya |first=Esha |date=19 September 2025 |title=Green hydrogen costs declined, may reduce further with GST cuts but USD 1-2/kg target remains distant: Report |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |pages=2}}</ref>

Registered [[business]]es are allowed to claim input tax credit for the GST paid on their purchases. This mechanism effectively reduces the [[Tax incidence|tax burden]] on the final consumer while ensuring that the [[Government of India|government]] collects revenue efficiently.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rajeev |date=22 August 2025 |title=GST tax slab revamp explained: What may get cheaper, costlier and change |work=[[ABP Group|ABP]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Anshu |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 Rate Cuts: Patanjali Foods reduces MRPs across categories-See new price list |work=[[Zee Business]] |pages=2}}</ref> With the introduction of [[technology]]-driven compliance, the process of [[Calculation|calculating]], [[Payment|paying]], and claiming GST has become largely automated, minimizing errors and disputes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gourh |first=Prince |date=22 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 आज से लागू: क्या हुए बदलाव, दुकानदारों पर पड़ेगा कोई असर? यहां जानिए हर सवाल का जवाब |work=[[Jagran]] |pages=2}}</ref>

All GST [[payment]]s and filings are managed through a central [[online portal]]. Businesses submit periodic returns detailing sales, purchases, and taxes paid, while the portal facilitates refunds, adjustments, and [[Real-time strategy|real-time]] monitoring by tax authorities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=Sudhirnda |date=19 September 2025 |title=ಜಿಎಸ್‌ಟಿ 2.0 ಜಾರಿಯಿಂದ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸರಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ನಷ್ಟ? ತಜ್ಞರ ಲೆಕ್ಕಾಚಾರ ಏನು? |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |pages=2}}</ref> This digital framework not only streamlines tax administration but also enhances [[Compliance (psychology)|compliance]] and [[accountability]] across the economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Roshan |date=20 September 2025 |title=Punjab: Verka dairy products get cheaper after GST cut |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics]]

'''Revenue Collection (as per 2025)''' :

* [[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics|Statistical Details of GST Revenue Collected]]

'''Reply''' :

* [[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics|Statistical Details of GST Returns filed]]

== GST returns and filing ==
GST returns are the statements that [[taxpayers]] submit to the [[Government of India|government]] to report their [[sales]], purchases, and the GST collected or paid. In 2025, the filing process has been [[streamlined]] for both [[business]]es and individuals, making it easier to comply. Registered taxpayers must file returns regularly to avoid penalties and ensure smooth [[Value-added tax|input tax credit]] claims.

There are different types of GST returns depending on the taxpayer's category, such as GSTR-1 for outward supplies, GSTR-3B for monthly summary reporting, and GSTR-9 for [[Annual Filing Season Program|annual filing]]. Each return captures details of the transactions, the GST liability, and the taxes paid or receivable.

The government has also introduced simplified online filing platforms in 2025, allowing automated [[data entry]], [[Reconciliation ecology|reconciliation]], and faster processing. This reduces errors, ensures transparency, and strengthens compliance, benefiting both the [[Administration (law)|administration]] and taxpayers.

== See also ==
* [[Goods and Services Tax]]
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India)]]
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.gst.gov.in/}}
*[https://ewaybill.nic.in/ e-Way Bill System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109144414/https://ewaybill.nic.in/ |date=9 November 2019 }} at ewaybill.nic.in. National Informatics Centre.
*[http://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst/index CBIC GST Law]
*[http://gstcouncil.gov.in GST Council]

{{Taxation in India}}
{{Economy of India}}
[[Category:2017 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Taxation in India]]
[[Category:Value added taxes|India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]

Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)

2026-04-28T11:44:03Z

TameraWhitham: cleanup

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Labour and Employment
| native_name = 
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Ministry of Labour and Employment
| headquarters = Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]]
| minister1_name = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| minister2_name = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| minister2_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| chief1_name = Vandana Gurnani, IAS
| website = {{URL|http://labour.gov.in}}
| formed =
| employees =
| budget = 1.5 Billion USD or ₹13,221.73 crore (2023–24 est.)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/budget-2023-cut-in-allocations-to-social-security-schemes-tus-unhappy/article66459642.ece#:~:text=The%20allocation%20to%20the%20Ministry,workers%20decreased%20in%20this%20Budget | title=Budget 2023 | Social security cuts irk trade unions | newspaper=The Hindu | date=February 2023 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Ministry of Labour & Employment''' is one of the oldest and most important Ministries of the [[Government of India]].<ref>https://ncib.in/pdf/ncib_pdf/Labour%20Act.pdf Labour Laws consolidated</ref>This is an India's federal ministry which is responsible for enforcement of labour laws in general and legislations related to a worker's [[Social Security in India|social security]].<ref name=":0">https://www.labour.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/06/671d6613c2e3bb2bd09b4700265e2c9b.pdf<nowiki/>Annual report 2024-25</ref><ref name="MLE Report 2011-2012"/> The Ministry aims to create a healthy work environment for higher production and productivity and to develop and coordinate vocational skill training and employment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="MLE Report 2011-2012"/> However, Skill Development responsibilities, such as [[Industrial Training Institute|Industrial Training]] and [[Apprenticeship]] responsibilities were transferred to the [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]] from 9 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/national-skill-development-mission/|title=National Skill Development Mission|website=www.pmindia.gov.in}}</ref> The Ministry launched the National Career Service portal on 20 July 2015 to help bridge the gap between job providers and job seekers. [[Jagjivan Ram]] was the first Labour Minister of independent India, serving in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet from 1947 to 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Jagjivan Ram {{!}} Indian Politician, Spokesman for the Dalits {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jagjivan-Ram |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Role and Working==

===Functions===
The thrust areas of the ministry are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labour.nic.in/main/subject.htm|title=Thrust Areas of Ministry of Labour & Employment, Govt. of India}}</ref>
* Labour Policy and legislation
* Safety, health and welfare of labour
* Social security of labour
* Policy relating to special target groups such as women and child labour
* Industrial relations and enforcement of labour laws in the Central sphere
* Adjudication of industrial disputes through Central Government Industrial Tribunals cum Labour Courts and National Industrial Tribunals
* Workers' Education
* Labour and Employment Statistics
The results of recession<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=61994|title=Press release SIXTH QUARTERLY SURVEY REPORT ON EFFECT OF ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN ON EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA (JANUARY TO MARCH 2010)}}</ref> on employment in the eight selected sectors textiles including apparels, leather, metals, automobiles, gems & jewellery, transport, IT/BPO and handloom / powerloom were monitored starting from Oct–Dec 2008. The overall employment in the eight selected sectors covered in the quarterly surveys has increased by 10.66 lakh (0.16%). In IT/BPO sector the increase in the employment is maximum (6.9 lakh) during the year 2009–10.
* Emigration of Labour for employment abroad
* Employment services and vocational training
* Administration of Central Labour & Employment Services
* International co-operation in labour and employment matters
* The ministry of Labor and Employment Govt. Of India has Introduce E-Shram Card For UN- organize Sector Employees Social And Economical improvement During The COVID-19 Pandemic Session on 1 August 2021.

== Divisions and Sections ==

*Organisation and Method Section with RTI Work
*Administration Division
*Budget and Accounts Division
*CLS-II(CGIT-cum-LCs/NITs) Affairs Division
*Central Labour Service Section
*Central Labour Service (Vigilance) Section
*Chief Controller of Accounts Division
*Section dealing with Child, Bonded and Women Labour
*Coordination Division
*Directorate General Labour Welfare
*Economic and Statistical Analysis Section
*Finance Division
*Industrial Relations Section
*Industrial Safety and Health Section
*Section dealing with deputation for International Labour Conference of the International Labour Organisation (ILO)
*Labour Documents and Reference Centre
*Media Cell
*Parliament Unit
*RTI & Legal Cell
*Monitoring & Evaluation Unit
*Public Grievances Cell
*Result Framework Documents Cell
*Vigilance Cell
*Social Security Cell
*Wage Boards Management Section
*Wage Cell

==Organisations==
<ref name="MLE Report 2011-2012">{{cite web |url=http://labour.nic.in/annrep/annrep1112/English_AR_2011-12/Annual%20Report%20English%201-33.pdf |title=Ministry of Labour and Employment Annual Report for Year 2011–2012 |access-date=6 June 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Labour and Employment}}</ref>

===Attached offices===
* Directorate General of Employment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labour.nic.in/organizationsofmole/directorate-general-employment-training-dget |title=Directorate General of Employment (DGE) | Ministry of Labour & Employment |publisher=Labour.nic.in |date=2018-04-19 |access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>
* [[Office of the Chief Labour Commissioner (CLC)(Central)]]
*Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute (DGFASLI)
* Labour Bureau

===Subordinate offices===
* [[Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS)]]
* [[Labour Welfare Organisation|Labour Welfare Organisations (LWOs)]]
* Indian Labour Archives (ILA)

===Statutory/Autonomous Organisations===
* [[Employees' State Insurance|Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)]]
* [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India|Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)]]
* [[V. V. Giri National Labour Institute (VVGNLI)]]

===Autonomous bodies===
* [[Central Government Industrial Tribunals and Labour Courts]]
* [[Central Labour Institute]]
* Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Academy of Social Security(PDNASS)
* Dattopant Thengadi National Board for Workers Education and Development(DTNBWED)

==Cabinet Ministers==

*'''Note:''' I/C {{ndash}} Independent Charge
*'''Key:''' {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram stamp (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MCA for [[Bihar Province|Bihar]]}}
| 15 August 1947
| 13 May 1952
| {{ayd|1947|8|15|1952|5|13}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Pathapatnam]]}}
| 13 May 1952
| 7 September 1954
| {{ayd|1952|5|13|1954|9|7}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Khandubhai Kasanji Desai official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1975) MP for [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mehsana West]]}}
| 10 September 1954
| 16 April 1957
| {{ayd|1954|9|10|1957|4|16}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour and Employment
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
| rowspan="7"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State)
| 16 April 1962
| 15 November 1962
| {{ayd|1962|4|16|1962|11|15}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
| 1 September 1963
| 24 January 1964
| {{ayd|1963|9|1|1964|1|24}}
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Damodaram Sanjivayya 2008 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1972) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 24 January 1964
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="4"| {{ayd|1964|1|24|1966|1|24}}
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| 9 June 1964
| 11 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 March 1967
| {{ayd|1966|1|24|1967|3|13}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 13 March 1967
| 15 November 1969
| {{ayd|1967|3|13|1969|11|15}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| 15 November 1969
| 18 February 1970
| {{ayd|1969|11|15|1970|2|18}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Damodaram Sanjivayya 2008 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1972) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 18 February 1970
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|1970|2|18|1971|3|18}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:R.K. Khadilkar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raghunath Keshav Khadilkar]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1979) MP for [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]}} (Minister of State)
| 18 March 1971
| 5 February 1973
| {{ayd|1971|3|18|1973|2|5}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:K. V. Raghunatha Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2002) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State)
| 5 February 1973
| 9 November 1973
| {{ayd|1973|2|5|1973|11|5}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:K. V. Raghunatha Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2002) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State)
| 9 November 1973
| 24 March 1977
| {{ayd|1973|11|9|1977|3|24}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ravindra Varma]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]}}
| 26 March 1977
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|3|26|1979|7|28}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[File:Fazlur Rahman Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''Fazlur Rahman''' {{small|MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
| 30 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|7|30|1980|1|14}}
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Assam Governor Janaki Ballabh Patnaik at Platinum Jubilee of Assam Legislative Assembly (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2015) MP for [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]}}
| 16 January 1980
| 7 June 1980
| {{ayd|1980|1|16|1980|6|7}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 8 June 1980
| 19 October 1981
| {{ayd|8 Jun 1980|19 Oct 1981}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. D. Tiwari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}}
| 19 October 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|19 Oct 1980|15 Jan 1982}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bhagwat Jha Azad.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 15 January 1982
| 2 September 1982
| {{ayd|15 Jan 1982|2 Sep 1982}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Veerendra_Patil_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Veerendra Patil]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]}}
| 2 September 1982
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2 Sep 1982|26 Dec 1984}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Tanguturi Anjaiah.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. Anjaiah|Tanguturi Anjaiah]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 31 December 1984
| 20 January 1986
| {{ayd|31 Dec 1984|20 Jan 1986}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:P. A. Sangma official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 20 September 1986
| 6 February 1988
| {{ayd|20 Sep 1986|6 Feb 1988}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Makhan Lal Fotedar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Makhan Lal Fotedar]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 6 February 1988
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|6 Feb 1988|14 Feb 1988}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagdish Tytler in Mumbai on January 6, 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagdish Tytler]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 14 February 1988
| 25 June 1988
| {{ayd|14 Feb 1988|25 Jun 1988}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B.dubey(3).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 25 June 1988
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|25 Jun 1988|2 Dec 1989}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]}}
| 6 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|6 Dec 1989|10 Nov 1990}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vazhappady_K._Ramamurthy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]]''' {{small|(1940{{ndash}}2002) MP for [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 21 June 1991
| 30 July 1991
| {{ayd|21 Jun 1991|30 Jul 1991}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 30 July 1991
| 10 July 1992
| {{ayd|30 Jul 1991|10 Jul 1992}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:P. A. Sangma official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 10 Feb 1995)
| 10 July 1992
| 15 September 1995
| {{ayd|10 Jul 1992|15 Sep 1995}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gaddam_Venkatswamy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[G. Venkatswamy]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]}}
| 15 September 1995
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|15 Sep 1995|16 May 1996}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[File:Balwant Singh Ramoowalia (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Balwant Singh Ramoowalia]]''' {{small|(born 1942) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1 Jun 1996|29 Jun 1996}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
| [[File:M.Arunachalam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]}}
| 29 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| {{ayd|29 Jun 1996|21 Apr 1997}}
| [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Prime Minister)
| 21 April 1997
| 1 May 1997
| {{ayd|21 Apr 1997|1 May 1997}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
| [[File:M.Arunachalam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]}}
| 1 May 1997
| 9 June 1997
| {{ayd|1 May 1997|9 Jun 1997}}
| [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:M. P. Veerendra Kumar DS.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 9 June 1997
| 19 March 1998
| {{ayd|9 Jun 1997|19 Mar 1998}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Satyanarayan Jatiya (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|19 Mar 1998|13 Oct 1999}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 13 October 1999
| 22 November 1999
| {{ayd|13 Oct 1999|22 Nov 1999}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Satyanarayan Jatiya (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]}}
| 22 November 1999
| 1 September 2001
| {{ayd|22 Nov 1999|1 Sep 2001}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| [[File:Sharadyadavjdu.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sharad Yadav]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]}}
| 1 September 2001
| 1 July 2002
| {{ayd|1 Sep 2001|1 Jul 2002}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sahib Singh Verma (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sahib Singh Verma]]''' {{small|(1943{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]}}
| 1 July 2002
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|1 Jul 2002|22 May 2004}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Labour and Employment
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| [[File:Sis Ram Ola (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sis Ram Ola]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 27 November 2004
| {{ayd|23 May 2004|27 Nov 2004}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="5"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| rowspan="8"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|70px]]
| '''[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]}}
| 27 November 2004
| 24 August 2006
| {{ayd|27 Nov 2004|24 Aug 2006}}
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1932) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Prime Minister)
| 24 August 2006
| 24 October 2006
| {{ayd|24 Aug 2006|24 Oct 2006}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Oscar Fernandes at launch of the Pilot Project for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims on Gurgaon-Jaipur Stretch of NH-8.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Oscar Fernandes]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Karnataka]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 24 October 2006
| 3 March 2009
| {{ayd|24 Oct 2006|3 Mar 2009}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:GKVasan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[G. K. Vasan]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Tamil Nadu]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 3 March 2009
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|3 Mar 2009|22 May 2009}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]''' {{small|(born 1942) MP for [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 17 June 2013
| {{ayd|28 May 2009|17 Jun 2013}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| [[File:Sis Ram Ola (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sis Ram Ola]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}}
| 17 June 2013
| 15 December 2013{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|17 Jun 2013|15 Dec 2013}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Oscar Fernandes at launch of the Pilot Project for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims on Gurgaon-Jaipur Stretch of NH-8.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Oscar Fernandes]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Karnataka]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 15 December 2013
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|15 Dec 2013|26 May 2014}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|27 May 2014|9 Nov 2014}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The ILO Deputy Director General (Policy) International Labour Organization, Ms. Deborah Greenfield meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 9 November 2014
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|9 Nov 2014|3 Sep 2017}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|3 Sep 2017|7 Jul 2021}}
|-
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Union Minister Bhupender Yadav.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhupender Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|7 Jul 2021|9 Jun 2024}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Mansukh Mandaviya Profile (4x5).png|70px]]
| '''[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour and Employment
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 4 September 1963
| 24 January 1964
| {{ayd|4 Sep 1963|24 Jan 1964}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kotha Raghuramaiah.png|70px]]
| '''[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1979) MP for [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]}}
| 9 June 1964
| 13 June 1964
| {{ayd|9 Jun 1964|13 Jun 1964}}
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagannath Rao Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Jagannath Rao]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Chatrapur]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 14 February 1966
| {{ayd|24 Jan 1966|14 Feb 1966}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lalit Narayan Mishra 1976 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1975) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 13 March 1967
| 14 November 1967
| {{ayd|13 Mar 1967|14 Nov 1967}}
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Bhagwat Jha Azad.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|14 Feb 1969|18 Mar 1971}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Larang Sai]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 14 August 1977
| rowspan="2"| 28 July 1979
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|14 Aug 1977|28 Jul 1979}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Desai ministry|Desai]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ram Kripal Sinha]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[T. Anjaiah]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| 8 June 1980
| 11 October 1980
| {{ayd|8 Jun 1980|11 Oct 1980}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 19 October 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|19 Oct 1980|15 Jan 1982}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour and Rehabilitation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mohsina Kidwai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohsina Kidwai]]''' {{small|(born 1932) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
| 11 September 1982
| 29 January 1983
| {{ayd|11 Sep 1982|29 Jan 1983}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''Dharmavir''' {{small|MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 January 1983
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|29 Jan 1983|17 Dec 1984}}
|-
| 4 November 1984
| 22 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakishan Malviya]]''' {{small|(1943{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 4 July 1989
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|4 Jul 1989|2 Dec 1989}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|
| '''[[Ram Ji Lal Suman]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]}}
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|21 Nov 1990|21 Jun 1991}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Muni Lall]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 1 July 2002
| {{ayd|13 Oct 1999|1 Jul 2002}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Khurja Lok Sabha constituency|Khurja]]}}
| 1 July 2002
| 29 January 2003
| {{ayd|1 Jul 2002|29 Jan 2003}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 29 January 2003
| 24 May 2003
| {{ayd|29 Jan 2003|24 May 2003}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}
| 24 May 2003
| 8 September 2003
| {{ayd|24 May 2003|8 Sep 2003}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State of Labour and Employment
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Sekhar Sahu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]}}
| 29 January 2006
| 24 October 2006
| {{ayd|29 Jan 2006|24 Oct 2006}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:HarishRawat.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Harish Rawat]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|28 May 2009|19 Jan 2011}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:കൊടിക്കുന്നിൽ സുരേഷ്.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|28 Oct 2012|26 May 2014}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vishnu Deo Sai, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|27 May 2014|9 Nov 2014}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Rameswar Teli (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rameswar Teli]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MP for [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|7 Jul 2021|9 Jun 2024}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shobha Karandlaje with PM Modi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shobha Karandlaje]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Central Labour Service|Central Labour Service (CLS)]]
* [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=April 2023|section}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121222211656/http://labour.nic.in/welcome.html Official Website of the Ministry of Labour and Employment]
* [http://www.ncs.gov.in National Career Service Portal]
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=21 Official Ministry Press Releases]
* [http://labour.nic.in/main/workdistribution.pdf Organisation Chart of the Ministry of Labour and Employment]
* [http://labour.nic.in/annrep/annrep1112/English_AR_2011-12/Annual%20Report%20English%201-33.pdf Ministry of Labour Annual Report for Year 2011–2012]
* [http://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/lang--en/index.htm International Labour Organisation], UN
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909135544/http://labour.nic.in/cwl/childlabour.htm Child Labour in India] and [http://labour.nic.in/women/WomenCell.pdf Women Labour in India]
* [http://labour.nic.in/main/relsites.htm Related Websites to Ministry of Labour]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120927105657/http://labourbureau.gov.in/schemes.html Official Labour Statistics]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government ministries of India|Labour]]
[[Category:Labour ministries|India, Labour]]
[[Category:Labour in India]]
[[Category:Employment in India]]

Pascal of Bollywood

2026-04-23T20:03:00Z

TameraWhitham: Done

{{short description|French actor and singer (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pascal of Bollywood
| image = PASCAL OF BOLLYWOOD.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Pascal of Bollywood at [[Tharangambadi]]- [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Pascal Heni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|4|25}}
| birth_place = [[Batignolles]], [[Paris]], [[France]]
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood music]]
| occupation =
| instrument =
| years_active = 1990–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}
'''Pascal of Bollywood''' (born '''Pascal Heni'''; 1963) is a French actor and singer who gained fame in India as the first Westerner to reinterpret the songs of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Culture Is Celebrated|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAOhct75dVe8&refer=culture|accessdate=19 September 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=9 August 2006|author=Iain Millar}}</ref> He is best known for his Hindi and [[French language|French]] cover of [[Edith Piaf]]'s "[[La Vie en rose]]".

==Biography==

Pascal Heni was born in Paris in 1963 into a family of [[pied-noir]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pascal of Bollywood|url=http://www.rfimusique.com/musiquefr/articles/060/article_15244.asp|accessdate=19 September 2012|newspaper=RFI|date=11 November 2004|language=French|archive-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411042343/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiquefr/articles/060/article_15244.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> His artistic career began at the age of 15 years with courses in drama and theater. While traveling in [[Malaysia]] in 1987 he heard the Hindi song "[[Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana]]" from the film ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' and became fascinated with Bollywood music. Upon his return to France he began studying [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] and emulating the style of [[Kishore Kumar]], his favorite singer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Torcato|first=Ronita|title=A Frenchman in Bollywood|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/A-Frenchman-in-Bollywood/articleshow/1117932.cms|accessdate=19 September 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=22 May 2005}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Heni has been in a relationship with French botanist [[Patrick Blanc]] since 1985.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hohenadel|first=Kristin|title=All His Rooms Are Living Rooms|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/garden/03blanc.html?_r=1|newspaper=New York Times|date=3 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Quinn|first=Karl|title=Blanc Canvas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/garden/03blanc.html?_r=1|newspaper=The Age|date=18 July 2008}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Albums===
*1990 ''N'êtes pas très bavard ce soir''
*1993 ''La vie c'est mouvant''
*1997 ''Casino des Trépassés''
*1998 ''Paradiso, canto XXXIII''
*2000 ''Hôtel de Bondeville''
*2002 ''Concerts Evolutifs''
*2003 ''Zindagi ek safar hai suhana''
*2004 ''Pascal of Bollywood''
*2005 ''Les Amours Jaunes''
*2007 ''Folies Musicales''
*2009 ''Retour au nom de jeune homme''
*2010 ''Pascal of Massilia''
*2011 ''Purgatorio, canto XVII''
*2011 ''An Evening in Paris Remix''

===Compilation albums===
*2004 ''Indomania'' by Béatrice Ardisson (France)
*2005 ''The Best Of'' by Claude Challe (France)
*2005 ''High Society, Amor'' (Italy)
*2006 ''City Hippy'' by Pathaan (England)
*2007'' Francophonic GM record'' (Poland)
*2007 ''Musique fantastique'' by DJ Guuzbourg (Netherlands)
*2007 ''Pieprz i Wanilia'' by Stanisław Trzciński (Poland)
*2008 ''Various Kampengrooves 2'' (Germany)
*2008 ''Cafe Latino Vol. 6'' a Special Night Lounge
*2009 ''Love from Jaipur'' by Béatrice Ardisson (France)
*2011 ''Original Chill Lounge Session''
*2013 ''Montecarlo Nights New Classics Vol.6'' (Italy)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180816221743/http://www.pascalofbollywood.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/pascalheniofficial Myspace Pascal Héni official]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pascal of Bollywood}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:French male singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French expatriates in India]]
[[Category:French expatriate actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Musicians from Val-de-Marne]]

Mentioned in dispatches

2026-04-20T18:00:34Z

TameraWhitham: created some data needs work...

{{short description|Military distinction of merit}}

To be '''mentioned in dispatches''' (or '''despatches''') describes a member of the [[Military|armed forces]] of a nation whose name appears in an official report written by a [[Officer (armed forces)|superior officer]] and sent to the high command, in which their gallant or meritorious action in the face of the enemy is described.

In some countries, a service member's name must be mentioned in dispatches as a condition for receiving certain decorations.

Being mentioned in dispatches entitles a recipient to wear a small metallic device, but does not include an entitlement to [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]].

== United Kingdom, British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations ==
=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:Victory Medal 1914-18 with Mention in Despatches (British) Oak Leaf Cluster.jpg|thumb|160px|right|A [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] 1914–18 with a Mention in Dispatches device]]

Servicemen and women of the [[United Kingdom]] or the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] who are mentioned in dispatches are not awarded a medal for their actions, but receive a certificate and wear an oak leaf device on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal. A smaller version of the oak leaf device is attached to the ribbon when worn alone.<ref name= Abbott/>

Prior to 2014, only one device could be worn on a ribbon, irrespective of the number of times the recipient was mentioned in dispatches.<ref name=JSB>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/honours-and-awards-in-the-armed-forces-jsp-761|title=Honours and Awards in the Armed Forces (JSP 761) (V5.0 Oct 16). Paras 12.02 and 12.19|work=MoD Joint Services Publication|date=4 October 2016 |access-date = 2018-02-19}}</ref><ref name=Duckers/> Where no campaign medal is awarded, the oak leaf is worn directly on the coat after any medal ribbons.<ref>{{cite web|title=British (Imperial) Mention in Despatches and Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct|url=http://www.vvaa.org.au/mid-qc.htm|publisher=Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref> In the [[British Armed Forces]], the despatch is published in the ''[[London Gazette]]''.<ref name= Abbott/>

Prior to 1914, no decoration existed to signify a mention in dispatches, although sometimes a medal for gallantry could be awarded in its place.<ref name= Abbott/>

For 1914–1918 and up to 10 August 1920, the device consisted of a spray of oak leaves in bronze worn on the ribbon of the [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]].<ref name=Duckers>{{Cite book|author=Peter Duckers.|title=British Gallantry Awards 1855 – 2000.|pages=54–55. Published by Shire Publications, Oxford, 2010}}{{ISBN|978-0-7478-0516-8}}.</ref> Those who did not receive the Victory Medal wore the device on the [[British War Medal]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.|title=British Battles and Medals.|page=229. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref> Established in 1919, it was retroactive to August 1914. An example of the frequency of being mentioned in dispatches is twenty-five out of 1,000 members of the [[Royal Newfoundland Regiment]] were so honored in the First World War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_commendations.asp |title=The Newfoundland Regiment and the Great War: Commendations |publisher=The Rooms Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=5 Aug 2017}}</ref> In all, 141,082 mentions were recorded in the ''London Gazette'' between 1914 and 1920.<ref name= Abbott/>

From 1920 to 1993, the device consisted of a single bronze oak leaf, worn on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal, including the [[War Medal 1939–1945|War Medal]] for a mention during the Second World War.<ref name= Abbott>{{Cite book|author= P E Abbott & J M A Tamplin.|title=British Gallantry Awards. ''1981''|pages=296–300. Published by Nimrod Dix & Co, London, 1981}}{{ISBN|0-902633-74-0}}</ref> The [[Canadian Armed Forces]] still use the bronze oak leaf device.

Since 1993 changes have been made in respect of the United Kingdom armed forces:

For awards made from September 1993, the oak leaf has been in silver.<ref name=Lgazette>{{London Gazette|issue=56878|page=3354|date=17 March 2003|supp=y}}</ref> The criteria were also made more specific, it now being defined as an operational gallantry award for acts of bravery during active operations.<ref name=MoD>{{cite web|title=Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility|url=https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility |publisher=Ministry of Defence Medal Office|access-date =11 June 2018}}</ref>

From 2003, in addition to British campaign medals, the device can be worn on [[United Nations]], [[NATO]] and [[EU]] medals.<ref name=Mussell>{{Cite book|author=John Mussell (ed).|title=Medal Yearbook 2015.|page=108. Published by Token Publishing Ltd. Honiton, Devon}}</ref>

[[File:Mentioned in despatches.jpg|thumb|right|Formal notice of a soldier in the [[Motor Machine Gun Service]] mentioned in dispatches, by [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Sir John French]] for gallantry at the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]], signed by [[Secretary of State for War]] [[Winston Churchill]].]]

Prior to 1979, a mention in dispatches was one of three awards that could be made [[posthumous recognition|posthumous]]ly, the others being the [[Victoria Cross]] and [[George Cross]]. The 1979 reform allowed all gallantry decorations to be awarded posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recommendations for Honours and Awards 1935 – 1990|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/wo373.asp|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref>

Examples of soldiers who were mentioned with unusual frequency include the British First World War Victoria Cross recipient [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|John Vereker]], later Field Marshal Viscount Gort, a total of nine times, as was the Canadian general [[Arthur Currie|Sir Arthur Currie]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Obituary of General Sir Arthur Currie, The (London) Times, Friday, December 01, 1933|url = http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/transcripts/transcriptDisplay.asp?Type=N&transNo=303 | access-date = 2008-09-15}}</ref> The Australian general [[Gordon Bennett (general)|Gordon Bennett]] was mentioned in dispatches a total of eight times during the First World War, as was Field Marshal [[John Dill|Sir John Dill]].

Below are illustrations of the device being worn on a variety of campaign medal ribbons:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Victory Medal MID ribbon bar.svg|80px]] || [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] || First World War
|-
|[[File:Naval General Service Medal 1915 BAR MID.svg|80px]] || [[Naval General Service Medal (1915)|Naval General Service Medal]] || Campaign Service (1920–1962)
|-
|[[File:General Service Medal 1918 BAR MID.svg|80px]] || Army & RAF [[General Service Medal (1918)|General Service Medal]] || Campaign Service (1920–1962)
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 w MID BAR.svg|80px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] || Second World War
|-
|[[File:Korea Medal BAR MID.svg|80px]] || [[Korea Medal]] || Korean War
|-
|[[File:General Service Medal 1962 BAR MID.svg|80px]] || [[General Service Medal (1962)|General Service Medal]] || Campaign Service (1962–1993)
|-
|[[File:Vietnam Medal BAR MID.svg|80px]] || [[Vietnam Medal]] || Vietnam War
|-
|[[File:Gulf Medal BAR MID.svg|80px]] || [[Gulf Medal]] || Gulf War
|-
|align=center|[[File:Mention in despatches silver ribbon device.png|60px]] || Silver oak leaf device || Awards since 1993
|}

=== Australia ===
Australian service personnel are no longer eligible to be mentioned in dispatches. Since 15 January 1991, when the [[Australian Honours System]] was established, the MiD has been replaced by the Australian decorations: the Commendation for Gallantry and the Commendation for Distinguished Service. Similarly, the equivalents of the MiD for acts of bravery by civilians and by soldiers not engaged with the enemy have also been reformed. The reformed and comprehensive system is now as follows:
* The [[Commendation for Gallantry]] is now the fourth level decoration for gallantry.
* The [[Commendation for Brave Conduct]] recognises acts of bravery carried out by soldiers not directly fighting the enemy and by civilians in war or peace.
* The [[Commendation for Distinguished Service]], a third level distinguished service decoration, recognises distinguished general service, for exemplary performance in fields such as training, maintenance and administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/awards/medals/commendation_distinguished_service.cfm|title=Commendation for Distinguished Service|work=It's an Honour.gov.au|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2009-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/awards/medals/commendation_gallantry.cfm|title=Commendation for Gallantry|work=It's an Honour.gov.au|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2009-05-27}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Commendation for Gallantry (Australia) ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Commendation for Gallantry]]
|-
|[[File:Commendation for Brave Conduct (Australia) ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Commendation for Brave Conduct]]
|-
|[[File:Commendation for Distinguished Service (Aust) ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Commendation for Distinguished Service]]
|}

<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boyle|first1=James|title=Sgt.|journal=La Presse|date=1918}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
A mention in dispatches – in French, {{lang|fr|citation à l'ordre du jour}} – gives recognition from a senior commander for acts of brave or meritorious service, normally in the field. The mention in dispatches is among the [[list of awards presented by the governor general of Canada]].<ref>[http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/cfao/018-04_e.asp Canadian Forces Administrative Order 18-4 Recommendations for Canadian Orders, Decorations and Military Honours] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315215410/http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/cfao/018-04_e.asp |date=2007-03-15 }}</ref>
Recipients receive a bronze oak leaf insignia, worn on the ribbon of the relevant mission medal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mention in Dispatches |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/medals/medals-chart-index/mention-dispatches.html |website=www.canada.ca |date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Historically, MID was awarded during both [[World War]]s and the [[Korean War]], later reintroduced in 1990. {{As of|2024|11}}, 283 MIDs had been awarded, each accompanied by a citation certificate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search the Collection {{!}} Canadian War Museum |url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/archive/3177192 |website=www.warmuseum.ca}}</ref>
Master Corporal [[Graham Ragsdale]]'s performance during [[Operation Anaconda]] in southeastern Afghanistan was mentioned in dispatches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/134-469 |website=The Governor General of Canada |language=en}}</ref>

=== India ===
Mention in dispatches has been used since 1947 to recognize distinguished and meritorious service in operational areas and acts of gallantry which are not of a sufficiently high order to warrant the grant of gallantry awards.<ref name=India>{{cite web|title = Mention in Dispatches|publisher = [[Indian Army]]|url = http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=bKaNf3MCcXHk7Y+tjh7A4Q==&ParentID=dmws5VbQfmdTjOOneXni7g==|access-date = 5 October 2014 }}</ref>

Eligible personnel include all [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] personnel including personnel of the [[Paramilitary forces of India|Reserve Forces]], [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]], Militia and other lawfully constituted [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]], members of the [[Military Nursing Service|Nursing Service]] and civilians working under or with the armed forces.<ref name=India/>

Personnel can be mentioned in dispatches posthumously and multiple awards are also possible. A recipient of a mention in a dispatch is entitled to wear an emblem, in the form of a lotus leaf on the ribbon of the relevant campaign medal. They are also issued with an official certificate from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=India/>

=== Pakistan ===
Under the current Pakistani military honours system, the [[Imtiazi Sanad]] is conferred upon any member of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] who is mentioned in dispatches for an act of gallantry that does not qualify for a formal gallantry award.<ref name=honours>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentd7a2.html?pId=300|title=Honours and Awards|publisher=Pakistan Army|access-date=2009-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134322/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentd7a2.html?pId=300|archive-date=2018-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Imtiazi Sanad.png|150px|thumb|The [[Imtiazi Sanad]] of the Pakistan Armed Forces]]

=== South Africa ===

In 1920 the [[Minister of Defence and Military Veterans (South Africa)|Minister of Defence]] of the [[Union of South Africa]] was empowered to award a multiple-leaved bronze [[Oak leaf cluster|oak leaf emblem]] to all servicemen and servicewomen mentioned in dispatches during the [[First World War]] for valuable services in action. The emblem, which was regarded as a decoration, was worn on the ribbon of the [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal (Union of South Africa)]]. Only one emblem was worn, irrespective of the number of times a recipient had been mentioned.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite book|last = Alexander|first = EGM|author2=Barron, GKB|author3=Bateman, AJ|title = South African Orders, Decorations and Medals |publisher = Human and Rousseau Publishers|year = 1986|location = Cape Town|pages = 160|isbn = 0-7981-1895-4}}</ref>

The [[Afrikaans]] rendition of ''mentioned in dispatches'' is {{lang|af|Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte}}.

In 1943, the [[South African Defence Force|Union Defence Force]] confirmed the availability of the British award, the bronze oak leaf, for acts of bravery, in contact with the enemy, which fell just short of the standard required for the granting of a decoration, or for valuable services not necessarily in immediate contact with the enemy.

The mention in dispatches (MiD) was one of only four awards which could be made posthumously. The others were the [[Victoria Cross]], the [[George Cross]], and the [[Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct|King's Commendation]] (South Africa). The oak leaf emblem was worn on the ribbon of the [[War Medal 1939–1945]].

The [[King's Commendation (South Africa) (1939–45)]] was denoted by a bronze [[Protea cynaroides|King Protea]] flower emblem worn on the ribbon of the [[Africa Service Medal]], for valuable services in connection with the [[Second World War]]. It could be awarded posthumously and was the equivalent of a mention in dispatches for services rendered away from the battlefield.<ref name="Alexander"/>

The MiD and the King's Commendation (SA) were the only decorations that could be approved by the South African Minister of Defence without reference to the King.<ref name="Alexander" />

==France==
[[File:Croix de guerre 1914-1918 française.jpg|160px|thumb|upright|A {{Lang|fr|Croix de Guerre}} (awarded to [[Théophile Marie Brébant|Col. Brébant]]) with four acknowledgments: 1 bronze palm 1 silver gilt star 1 silver star 1 bronze star]]
Since the French Revolution, France has had the custom of declaring deserving citizens or groups to have {{lang|fr|[[bien mérité de la Patrie]]}} ("well deserved the recognition of the Country"). This sentiment is continued to this day in the formulation of the citations that accompany medals.

In the French military, mentions in dispatches – or more accurately, mention in orders ({{lang|fr|citation dans les ordres}}) – are made by senior commanders, from the level of a Regimental commanding officer to the Commander-in-Chief, in the orders they give to their unit, recognizing the gallantry of an action performed some time before. There are two kinds of mentions: mentions with cross, for bravery in presence of the enemy, and mentions without cross, for bravery not in presence of the enemy.

===Mentions with cross===
The citations are given for acts of gallantry by any member of the French military or its allies and are, depending on the degree, roughly the equivalent of the US [[Bronze Star Medal]] or [[Silver Star]] and the UK Mention in Dispatches or [[Military Cross]] and, formerly, the [[Military Medal]].

Mentions made during the two World Wars or colonial conflicts were accompanied with awards of a {{Lang|fr|[[Croix de Guerre]]}} or a {{lang|fr|[[Croix de la Valeur Militaire]]}}, with attachments on the ribbon depending on the mention's degree : the lowest degree is represented by a bronze star while the highest degree is represented by a bronze palm.
* a bronze star for those who had been mentioned at the [[regiment]] or [[brigade]] level.
* a silver star for those who had been mentioned at the [[Division (military)|division]] level.
* a silver gilt star for those who had been mentioned at the [[army Corps|corps]] level.
* a bronze palm for those who had been mentioned at the [[army]] level.
* a silver palm represents five bronze ones.
* a silver gilt palm for those who had been mentioned at the [[Free French Forces]] level (World War II only).

A unit can also be mentioned in dispatches. The unit standard is then decorated with the corresponding Croix. After two mentions, the men of the unit are entitled to wear a [[fourragère]].

{| class="wikitable centre"
! First World War
! Colonial Wars 1920–1926
! Second World War
! [[First Indochina War|Indochina]], [[Malagasy Uprising|Madagascar]], [[Korean War|Korea]], [[Suez Crisis]], [[Gulf War|Gulf]] and [[Kosovo War|Kosovo]]
! [[Tunisian independence|Tunisia]], [[Algerian War|Algeria]], every military operation where TOE Cross is not awarded
|- valign=top
![[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|100 px]] [[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|1914–1918 War Cross]]
![[File:Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg|100 px]] [[Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures|TOE War Cross]]
![[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|100 px]] [[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)|1939–1945 War Cross]]
![[File:Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg|100 px]] [[Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures|TOE War Cross]]
![[File:Croix de la Valeur Militaire ribbon.svg|100 px]] [[Cross for Military Valour]]
|-
|}

===Mentions without cross===
Since 2004, mentions for bravery not involving actual combat with the enemy are awarded with a gold {{lang|fr|Médaille de la Défense nationale}} (National Defence Medal) and with the same attachments as the {{lang|fr|Croix de guerre}}. Before 2004, these mentions were recorded in the service member record, but not recognized with any decoration.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/haig_despatches.htm Primary Documents: Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches as British Commander-in-Chief, 1916–19]

{{Former Australian Honours}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations]]
[[Category:Military slang and jargon]]

Khera Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:40Z

TameraWhitham: made a info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khera
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 25,383
|mla = Shanta Kumar
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Khera Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Shanta Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khera<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanta Kumar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,166 |percentage=43.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,151 |percentage=35.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,535 |percentage=21.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,015 |percentage=8.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,852 |percentage=47.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,383 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.02|76.77|display=title|region:IN}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Solan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Gudur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T01:27:59Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gudur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (120-Gudur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gudur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
| mla = [[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 236,496
}}
'''Gudur''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]]<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref> reserved constituency in [[Tirupati district]] and [[Nellore district]]s of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Pasam Sunil Kumar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 236,496 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
! Mandal
! District
|-
| [[Gudur mandal, Nellore district|Gudur]]
| Nellore
|-
| [[Chillakur mandal, Nellore district|Chillakur]]
| Nellore
|-
| [[Kota mandal, Nellore district|Kota]]
| Nellore
|-
| [[Vakadu mandal, Tirupati district|Vakadu]]
| Tirupati
|-
| [[Chittamur mandal, Tirupati district|Chittamur]]
| Tirupati
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Pelleti Gopalakrishna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|Pelleti Gopalakrishna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pelleti Gopalakrishna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[V. Ramachandra Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Patra Prakasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Ogi Masthanaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Patra Prakasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Patra Prakasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pellati Gopalakrishna Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,175 |percentage=40.94% |change=40.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Katamareddy Raja Rami Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=15,052 |percentage=33.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chani Chinna Subbiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,376 |percentage=16.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guddeti Veerasubramahyam |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=2,658 |percentage=5.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatiparthi Peter Luthar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,137 |percentage=2.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,123 |percentage=7.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,398 |percentage=63.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,116 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Patra Prakasa Rao]]
|votes = 62,809
|percentage = 52.28
|change = +11.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Vukkala Rajeswaramma]]
|votes = 53,978
|percentage = 44.93
|change = -6.70
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,831
|percentage = 7.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 120,132
|percentage = 71.79
|change = +6.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Balli Durga Prasda Rao]]
|votes = 64,330
|percentage = 42.09
|change = -2.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Panabaka Krishnaiah]]
|votes = 53,092
|percentage = 34.74
|change = -17.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Babu Ravindra Manapati]]
|votes = 27,318
|percentage = 17.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,238
|percentage = 7.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 152,836
|percentage = 72.55
|change = +0.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
|votes = 80,698
|percentage = 48.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dr.Bathala Radha Jyothsna Latha]]|votes=71,650|percentage=42.63|change=+0.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,048|percentage=5.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=168,083|percentage=78.11|change=+5.46}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
|votes = 1,09,759
|percentage = 59.58
|change = +11.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]|votes=64,301|percentage=34.90|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=45,459|percentage=24.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,84,230|percentage=77.90|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
|votes = 102675
|percentage = 52.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Meriga Muralidhar]]
|votes = 81483
|percentage = 41.88
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. U. Ramakrishna Rao
|votes = 3308
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 3129
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21192
|percentage = 10.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 194565
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.14|79.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Chickpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:26Z

TameraWhitham: stub

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Chikkapete
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 169
| map_image = 169-Chickpet constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|established = 1956
|electors = {{formatnum:221216}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = [[Uday Garudachar]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = R. V. Devaraj
}}

'''Chikkapete Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || G. E. Hoover || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Y. Ramachandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Perikal. M. Mallappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. M. Naganna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Paksha Party}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | A. Lakshmisagar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Perikal. M. Mallappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Dr. Jeevaraj Alva || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] {{efn|Due to resignation of Dr. Jeevaraj Alva}}|| P. S. Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[P. C. Mohan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Dr. D. Hemachandra Sagar
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || R. V. Devraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Uday Garudachar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|} {{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chickpet">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chickpet |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10169.htm?ac=169 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411181214/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10169.htm?ac=169 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uday Garudachar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,299 |percentage = 44.48% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. R. Ananth |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,186 |percentage = 35.07% |change = {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. F. Babu @ Yousuf Shariff |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,931 |percentage = 16.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Imran Pasha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,588 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,287 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,113 |percentage = 9.40% |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,137 |percentage = 58.38% |change = {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,216 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref name="Chickpet Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Chickpet Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/chickpet-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99405012.cms |accessdate=11 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411181914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/chickpet-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99405012.cms |archivedate=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uday Garudachar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,312 |percentage = 44.46% |change = {{increase}}13.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Devraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,378 |percentage = 38.30% |change = {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujahid Pasha. A |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 11,700 |percentage = 9.08% |change = {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. D. Hemachandra Sagar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,286 |percentage = 4.88% |change = {{decrease}}18.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,340 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,934 |percentage = 6.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,993 |percentage = 57.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,920}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,686 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Devraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,714 |percentage = 43.14% |change = {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Prakash |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,655 |percentage = 30.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Narayana Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,382 |percentage = 23.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujahid Pasha. A |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 4,821 |percentage = 4.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khamar Taj |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 953 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,059 |percentage = 12.60% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,832 |percentage = 57.98% |change = {{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,647}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,711 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. D. Hemachandra Sagar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,252 |percentage = 40.23% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Devraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,971 |percentage = 32.95% |change = {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Z. Muzammil Ahmed Khan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,662 |percentage = 23.65% |change = {{increase}}18.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra Kumar Jain |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 640 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. R. Ananth |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,281 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,057 |percentage = 47.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,057}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,620 |ref = |change = {{increase}}134.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. C. Mohan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,404 |percentage = 47.10% |change = {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathya Narayana Swamy. M |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,167 |percentage = 42.18% |change = {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perikal. M. Mallappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,384 |percentage = 5.25% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padma. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 973 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsingh Patel. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 360 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saifuddin Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 309 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,237 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{decrease}}5.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,445 |percentage = 50.18% |change = {{decrease}}8.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,445}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,564 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. C. Mohan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,636 |percentage = 39.26% |change = {{increase}}22.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. P. Sharma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,047 |percentage = 28.62% |change = {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Prakash |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 11,628 |percentage = 22.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thangavelu |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 3.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Kuppaswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,766 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munirathnam |party = Independent politician |votes = 574 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mahendran |party = Independent politician |votes = 446 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,589 |percentage = 10.63% |change = {{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,567 |percentage = 58.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,567}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,207 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Prakash |party = Janata Dal |votes = 14,430 |percentage = 29.64% |change = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perikal. M. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,800 |percentage = 26.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Devraj |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 9,691 |percentage = 19.91% |change = {{increase}}18.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahaveer |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,217 |percentage = 16.88% |change = {{decrease}}11.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayana Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 986 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Murhty |party = Independent politician |votes = 699 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Srikanth |party = Janata Party |votes = 361 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,630 |percentage = 3.35% |change = {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,692 |percentage = 62.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,680}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,876 |percentage = 3.70% |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,434 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Jeevaraj Alva |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,761 |percentage = 28.27% |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perikal. M. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,801 |percentage = 26.43% |change = {{decrease}}28.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Prakash |party = Janata Dal |votes = 11,257 |percentage = 21.56% |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Krishna Raju |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 8,131 |percentage = 15.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,355 |percentage = 4.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Sridhar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 866 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 960 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{decrease}}33.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,177 |percentage = 63.26% |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,211}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 930 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,060 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}27.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Perikal. M. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,167 |percentage = 55.27% |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. A. Lakshmisagar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,237 |percentage = 20.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kailash |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,740 |percentage = 13.22% |change = {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uday Garudachar]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,884 |percentage = 5.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. K. Satya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subramani |party = Independent politician |votes = 535 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Govindaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 454 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,930 |percentage = 35.18% |change = {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,895 |percentage = 58.08% |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,967}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 3.64% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,074 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Lakshmisagar |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,544 |percentage = 53.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. R. Ananth |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,206 |percentage = 38.50% |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushotham |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,237 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subramani |party = Independent politician |votes = 618 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Ramaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 553 |percentage = 1.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,338 |percentage = 15.06% |change = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,528 |percentage = 50.17% |change = {{decrease}}12.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,090}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 438 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,763 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Lakshmisagar |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,113 |percentage = 57.08% |change = {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Thiwary |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,692 |percentage = 32.12% |change = {{increase}}30.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Dayanand |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 4.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Ponnuswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Ramaniklal |party = Independent politician |votes = 605 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas |party = Independent politician |votes = 313 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,421 |percentage = 24.97% |change = {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,739 |percentage = 62.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,745}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 994 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,410 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Lakshmisagar |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,459 |percentage = 43.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Thiwary |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,756 |percentage = 32.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Dasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,462 |percentage = 12.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gnanamba Vatal Nagaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,773 |percentage = 6.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 710 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}29.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayana Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 472 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,703 |percentage = 10.44% |change = {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,927 |percentage = 64.77% |change = {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,052}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,907 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Paksha Party |swing = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Naganna |party = Janata Paksha Party |votes = 8,936 |percentage = 35.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalapanda Thimmaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,714 |percentage = 30.67% |change = {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vatal Nagaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,549 |percentage = 22.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Krishna Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,478 |percentage = 5.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shankaranarayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 578 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 211 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 4.86% |change = {{decrease}}9.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,665 |percentage = 46.99% |change = {{decrease}}14.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,149}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,620 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Paksha Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Perikal. M. Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,884 |percentage = 39.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Naganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,835 |percentage = 25.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,390 |percentage = 24.16% |change = {{decrease}}20.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Thiwary |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,068 |percentage = 8.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramachandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 469 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,049 |percentage = 14.54% |change = {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,156 |percentage = 61.01% |change = {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,259 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,777 |percentage = 44.49% |change = {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Naganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,430 |percentage = 26.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. E. Hoover |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,775 |percentage = 15.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Thoppalan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,891 |percentage = 7.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundaiah Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,353 |percentage = 5.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,347 |percentage = 17.94% |change = {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,124 |percentage = 58.34% |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,226}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,067 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chickpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. E. Hoover |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,537 |percentage = 51.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Anantharaman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,825 |percentage = 48.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 712 |percentage = 3.50% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,362 |percentage = 47.17% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,171 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.971|77.576|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Bhimavaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:43Z

TameraWhitham: starting a entry v1 - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhimavaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (59-Bhimavaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Bhimavaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 59
| mla = [[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 246,342
}}
'''Bhimavaram''' is a constituency in [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=4 June 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=20, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Ramanjaneyulu Pulaparthi(Anjibabu)]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 246,342 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The mandals and wards that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Mandal !! Wards
|-
|1
|[[Bhimavaram mandal]] || ([[Bhimavaram]] (M+OG), [[Bhimavaram]] (M) – Ward No. 1 to 27, [[Chinaamiram|China-Amiram]] (OG) (Part) – Ward No. 28, Rayalam (R) (OG) (Part) – Ward No. 29)
|-
|2
|[[Veeravasaram]] || {{center|–}}
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Bhupathiraju Subbaraju
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan="2" |Nachu Venkata Ramaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kalidindi Vijayayanarasimha Raju
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Penumatsa Venkata Narasimha Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Subhash Chandra Bose Alluri|Alluri Subhash Chandra Bose]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=3 | Penumatsa Venkata Narasimha Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1995 by-election
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Grandhi Srinivas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu (Anji Babu)]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Grandhi Srinivas
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu (Anji Babu)]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupathiraju Subbaraju |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=33,743 |percentage=71.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimmda Sangaiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,595 |percentage=20.26% |change=20.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pidakala Satyanandam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,028 |percentage=8.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,148 |percentage=50.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,366 |percentage=72.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,063 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Grandhi Srinivas]]
|votes = 63,939
|percentage = 51.03
|change = +16.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Venkata Narasimha Raju Penumatsa]]
|votes = 56,034
|percentage = 44.72
|change = -17.67
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,905
|percentage = 6.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 125,302
|percentage = 72.74
|change = +8.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramanjaneyulu Pulaparthi (Anjibabu)]]
|votes = 63,862
|percentage = 40.40
|change = -10.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Vegesna Suryanarayana Raju]]
|votes = 41,763
|percentage = 26.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gadiraju Satyanarayana Raju @ Babu]]
|votes = 39,818
|percentage = 25,19
|change = -19.53
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,099
|percentage = 13.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158,071
|percentage = 81.28
|change = +8.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ramanjaneyulu Pulaparthi (Anjibabu)]]
|votes = 90,772
|percentage = 51.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Grandhi Srinivas]]
|votes = 77,046
|percentage = 43.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,726
|percentage = 7.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 175,871
|percentage = 77.94
|change = -3.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Grandhi Srinivas]]|votes=70,642|percentage=36.78|change=-7.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Pawan Kalyan]]|votes=62,285|percentage=32.33|change=+28.14}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ramanjaneyulu Pulaparthi (Anjibabu)]]|votes=54,036|percentage=28.14|change=-23.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,357|percentage=4.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=192,061|percentage=77.94|change=+0.00}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =YSR Congress Party
|loser =Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhimavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Ramanjaneyulu Pulaparthi (Anjibabu)]]|votes=1,30,424 |percentage=63.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Grandhi Srinivas]]|votes=63,450 |percentage=31.11|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ankem Seetaramu|votes=3,252 |percentage=1.59|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,210 |percentage=0.59|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jaibhim Rao Bharat Party|candidate=BASWANI PAVAN KUMAR|votes=575 |percentage=0.28|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=66,974|percentage=32.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,03,983|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|16.54|81.52|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Supratim Sarkar

2026-04-12T13:54:09Z

TameraWhitham: added a article with sources

{{Short description|43rd Commissioner of the Kolkata Police}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Supratim Sarkar
| office = 43th [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]]
| term_start = 31 January 2026
| term_end = 16 March 2026
| predecessor = Manoj Kumar Verma
| successor = Ajay Kumar Nand
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| alma_mater = {{ubl}}
| education = {{hlist|[[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]}}
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|05|30}}
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed=yes
| service = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service_label = Service
| department = [[West Bengal Police]]
| service_years = 1997–
| status = ''Active''
| badge_number=19971025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm|title=IPS CIVIL LIST 2014|date=2014|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015141805/http://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| awards =
}}
}}

'''Supratim Sarkar''' is an Indian police officer who served as the 43th [[Commissioner of the Kolkata Police]]. Sarkar has previously served in several key positions in [[Kolkata Police]], including [[Joint Commissioner of Police|joint commissioner]] (traffic) and [[Joint Commissioner of Police|joint commissioner]] (headquarters) and [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|deputy commissioner]] (South). Sarkar also served in [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG).

== Early life and career ==
Born in 1971, Supratim Sarkar is a 1997 batch West Bengal cadre [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Civil List of Indian Police Service |date=2005 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |page=485 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Police |url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/WBP_IPS.aspx |website=[[West Bengal Police]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

Prior to his appointment as [[Commissioner of the Kolkata Police]], Sarkar was serving as [[Additional director general of police|additional director general]] at [[South Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal: Piyush Pandey is new acting DGP, Supratim Sarkar appointed as Kolkata's top cop during major reshuffle |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/west-bengal-piyush-pandey-is-new-acting-dgp-supratim-sarkar-appointed-as-kolkatas-top-cop-during-major-reshuffle-1503549192.html |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=31 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Peeyush Pandey is new acting West Bengal DGP, major rejig ahead of Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/peeyush-pandey-is-new-acting-west-bengal-dgp-major-rejig-ahead-of-assembly-polls/article70573185.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

While serving as commissioner at [[Bidhannagar City Police]], Sarkar was transferred following outrage over the Baguiati Double Murder case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talukder |first1=Ritam |title=বাগুইআটিকাণ্ডের জের, অপসারিত বিধাননগরের সিপি সুপ্রতিম সরকার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/kolkata-news-bidhannagar-cp-supratim-sarkar-removed-from-the-post-due-to-baguiati-murder-case-920609 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=15 September 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=বিধাননগরের পুলিশ কমিশনার সুপ্রতিম সরকারকে সরিয়ে দিল নবান্ন, বাগুইআটি-কাণ্ডের জের? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/cp-bidhannagar-commiserate-supratim-sarkar-removed-from-his-post-dgtl/cid/1370246 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

Sarkar is also a writer who penned numerous books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Arshad |title=The cop with a nice turn of phrase |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-the-cop-with-a-nice-turn-of-phrase-2607291 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=22 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Monalisa |title=Supratim Sarkar calls for presence and politeness; new police chief steps into office |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/supratim-sarkar-calls-for-presence-and-politeness-new-police-chief-steps-into-office-prnt/cid/2145256 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Supratim}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malayalam numerals

2026-04-10T21:16:51Z

TameraWhitham: created initial article w/ refs...

{{Short description|System in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Numeral systems}}
'''Malayalam numerals''' are the [[numeral system]] of the [[Malayalam script]], primarily used in [[Kerala]]. It is one of several [[Indian numerals|Indian numeral]] systems. This system is archaic and nowadays the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] is used commonly.<ref name="shiju">{{Cite web|url=https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/|title=മലയാള അക്കങ്ങൾ|last=Alex|first=Shiju|date=2013-08-22|website=ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര|language=ml|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> However, it is still found in many documents of cultural or historical importance.

==Base numbers==
Below is a list of Malayalam numerals with their Hindu–Arabic equivalents as well as their respective Malayalam translations and transliterations.<ref name="shiju"/>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;width:30%;"
|-
!Malayalam numeral || [[Hindu–Arabic numeral]] || [[Malayalam]] word || Romanization of Malayalam|| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
|{{lang|ml|൦}} || 0 || {{lang|ml|പൂജ്യം}} || pūjyaṁ || {{IPA|/pu:d͡ʒjɐm/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൧}} || 1 || {{lang|ml|ഒന്ന്}} || onnŭ || {{IPA|/on̪n̪ɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൨}} || 2 || {{lang|ml|രണ്ട്}} || raṇḍŭ || {{IPA|/ɾɐɳɖɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൩}} || 3 || {{lang|ml|മൂന്ന്}} || mūnnŭ || {{IPA|/mu:n̪n̪ɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൪}} || 4 || {{lang|ml|നാല്}} || nālŭ || {{IPA|/n̪ɐ:lɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൫}} || 5 || {{lang|ml|അഞ്ച്}} || añjŭ || {{IPA|/ɐɲd͡ʒɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൬}} || 6 || {{lang|ml|ആറ്}} || āṟŭ || {{IPA|/ɐ:rɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൭}} || 7 || {{lang|ml|ഏഴ്}} || ēḻŭ || {{IPA|/e:ɻɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൮}} || 8 || {{lang|ml|എട്ട്}} || eṭṭŭ || {{IPA|/eʈʈɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൯}} || 9 || {{lang|ml|ഒമ്പത്}} || ombadŭ || {{IPA|/ombɐd̪ɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൰}}/{{lang|ml|൧൦}} || 10 || {{lang|ml|പത്ത്}} || pattŭ || {{IPA|/pɐt̪t̪ɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൱}}/{{lang|ml|൧൦൦}} || 100 || {{lang|ml|നൂറ്}} || nūṟŭ || {{IPA|/n̪u:rɨ̆/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൲}}/{{lang|ml|൧൦൦൦}} || 1000 || {{lang|ml|ആയിരം}} || āyiraṁ || {{IPA|/ɐ:jiɾɐm/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൳}} || {{frac|1|4}} || {{lang|ml|കാൽ}} || kāl || {{IPA|/kɐ:l/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൴}} || {{frac|1|2}} || {{lang|ml|അര}} || ara || {{IPA|/ɐɾɐ/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൵}} || {{frac|3|4}} || {{lang|ml|മുക്കാൽ}} || mukkāl || {{IPA|/mukkɐ:l/}}
|-
|{{lang|ml|൷}} || {{frac|1|8}} || {{lang|ml|അരക്കാൽ}} || arakkāl || {{IPA|/ɐɾɐkkɐːl/}}
|}

Originally, a number like "11" would have been written as "൰൧" and not "൧൧" to match the Malayalam word for 11 and "10,00,000" as "൰൱൲" similar to the [[Tamil numerals|Tamil numeral system]]. Later on this system got reformed to be more similar to the Hindu–Arabic numerals so 10,00,000 in the reformed numerals it would be {{lang|ml|൧൦൦൦൦൦൦}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Numbers in Malayalam |url=https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/malayalam.htm |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Numbers in Malayalam {{!}} Learn Malayalam numbers 1-100, 1000,... - Learn Entry |url=https://www.learnentry.com/english-malayalam/vocabulary/numbers-in-malayalam/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Old system ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"
!11!!20!!21!!30!!110!!10,099
|- style="font-size:large" lang="ml"
|൰൧||൨൰
|൨൰൧||൩൰||൱൰
|൰൲൯൰൯
|}
Suppose the number is "2013". It is read in Malayalam as "'''രണ്ടായിരത്തി പതിമൂന്ന്'''" (raṇḍāyiratti padimūnnŭ). It is split into:

* രണ്ട് (raṇḍŭ) : 2 - '''൨'''
* ആയിരം (āyiram) : 1000 - '''൲'''
* പത്ത് (pattŭ) : 10 - '''൰'''
* മൂന്ന് (mūnnŭ) : 3 - '''൩'''

Combine them together to get the Malayalam number '''൨൲൰൩'''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="shiju" />

===Fractions===
In Malayalam, you can transcribe any fraction by affixing ({{Transliteration|ml|-il}}) after the denominator followed by the numerator, so a fraction like {{frac|7|10}} would be read as '''{{lang|ml|പത്തിൽ ഏഴ്}}''' ({{Transliteration|ml|pattil ēḻŭ}}) 'out of ten, seven' but fractions like {{frac|1|2}} {{frac|1|4}} and {{frac|3|4}} have distinct names ({{Transliteration|ml|ara}}, {{Transliteration|ml|kāl}}, {{Transliteration|ml|mukkāl}}) and {{frac|1|8}} ({{Transliteration|ml|arakkāl}}) 'half quarter'.<ref name=shiju/>{{fix|text=how do you write fractions other than ൴, ൵ like {{frac|7|13}} in the old and new system?|date=July 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Numerals]]

Pradeep Bhandari

2026-04-10T02:15:14Z

TameraWhitham: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradeep Bhandari
| image =
| caption = Bhandari in 2023
| birth_place = [[Indore, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| education = [[Manipal Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|[[News presenter|News Anchor]]|Politician|[[Psephologist]]}}
| years_active =
| office = [[Spokesperson|National Spokesperson]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 23 July 2024
| term_end =
| title =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| module =
}}
'''Pradeep Bhandari''' is an Indian BJP journalist, politician,<ref name="Newslaundry"/> news anchor and psephologist,<ref name="bestmediainfo"/> He was the [[news director]] of [[ITV Network (India)|India News]] channel of [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Network]].<ref name="Samachar4media"/> Earlier, he worked as the consulting editor of [[Republic Bharat TV]].<ref name="Newslaundry"/> He is the founder and editor-in-chief of '''Jan Ki Baat''', a digital media platform.<ref name="Samachar4media"/> On 10 March, 2024 Bhandari joined as consulting editor for [[Zee News]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradeep Bhandari joins Zee News as Consulting Editor - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/people-movement-news/pradeep-bhandari-joins-zee-news-as-consulting-editor-133041.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

He is currently serving as the [[Spokesperson|National Spokesperson]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अब भाजपा के प्रवक्ता होंगे प्रदीप भंडारी, जेपी नड्डा ने दी जिम्मेदारी; मीडिया में रखेंगे पक्ष |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-pradeep-bhandari-will-bjp-national-spokesperson-jp-nadda-appoints-him-10526176.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

==Education==
He completed his bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering, from [[Manipal Institute of Technology]] in 2012.<ref>Pradeep Bhandari | LinkedIn https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C5103AQGHn86li3yLQA/profile-displayphoto-shrink_800_800/0/1561890259853?e%3D2147483647%26v%3Dbeta%26t%3DldBbLZbqQkOCogcR3RHbgdDf5-mwgws1jGdcmmIpTj4&imgrefurl=https://in.linkedin.com/in/pradip-bhandari-jankibaat&h=800&w=800&tbnid=BokartRoLm3nIM&q=pradeep+bhandari+education&tbnh=143&tbnw=143&usg=AI4_-kRND-OfKRZvk0OLiZqYvZlRXfOe7g&vet=1&docid=WuRjMMbjJkPYdM&hl=en-US&client=ms-android-samsung-gs-rev1&kgs=aabc4363476b3943&shndl=-1&shem=mslc&source=sh/x/srp/img/m1/4</ref>

== Career ==
In August 2022, he was appointed as the news director of [[ITV Network (India)|India News]], a [[Hindi]] news channel under the [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Network]]. He founded ''Jan Ki Baat'', a digital media company known for predicting elections through opinion and exit polls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Headlines Tripura & Jan Ki Baat's Opinion Poll/ Exit poll exactly matched with Poll Results |url=https://tripuranewslive.com/tripura-headlines-tripura-jan-ki-baats-opinion-poll-exit-poll-exactly-matched-with-poll-results/ |publisher=Tripura News Live |date=3 March 2023}}</ref> He has made predictions for over 39 Indian elections.<ref name="Samachar4media">{{cite news |title=अब iTV नेटवर्क में बड़ी भूमिका निभाएंगे वरिष्ठ टीवी पत्रकार प्रदीप भंडारी |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/industry-briefing-news/senior-journalist-pradeep-bhandari-gets-the-role-of-news-director-in-india-news-national-58134.html |publisher=Samachar4media |date=22 August 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Will Asianet News-Jan Ki Baat opinion poll predictions come true? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/karnataka-election-2023-will-asianet-news-jan-ki-baat-opinion-poll-predictions-come-true-ajr-rt3tno |publisher=[[Asianet Communications|Asianet]] |date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Why Narendra Modi Could Win 2024 With Bigger Mandate |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-why-narendra-modi-could-win-2024-with-bigger-mandate-8756386.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On [[India news]], Pradeep Bhandari hosts a prime-time show called "Janta Ka Mukadama," which airs 60 minutes a day, at 8 pm weekdays.<ref name="bestmediainfo">{{cite news |title=India News launches new prime-time show 'Janta ka Mukadama' |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/07/india-news-launches-new-prime-time-show-janta-ka-mukadama |publisher=Best Media Info |date=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Samachar4media"/>

He gained prominence in 2020 for his reporting on the [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]'s [[Death of Sushant Singh Rajput|death case]] and was noted for his unusual reporting style.<ref name="Newslaundry"/>

Bhandari worked as the consulting editor at [[Republic TV|Republic Media Network]], before resigning in February 2021.<ref name="resign">{{cite news |title=Pradeep Bhandari quits Republic Bharat |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/pradeep-bhandari-quits-republic-bharat-110797.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=9 February 2021}}</ref> He hosted a popular show, "Lalkaar," on Republic TV.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Ruhail |title=Truth Vs Counter Truth: Mapping the media divide on Kashmir |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/truth-vs-counter-truth-mapping-the-media-divide-on-kashmir-98874.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=16 August 2019}}</ref> Later, Bhandari joined [[Zee News]] as [[consulting editor]]. He resigned from Zee amid rumours of a ban on his live coverage of [[Modi|PM Modi]], [[Yogi Adityanath]] and [[Amit Shah|HM Amit Shah]].

He has also taught at Pink Flower Public School and served as the Youth Wing Co-ordinator of the Thalassemia and Child Welfare Group NGO.<ref name="resign"/>

In July 2024, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] national president [[J. P. Nadda|J.P. Nadda]] appointed Bhandari as a national spokesperson of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=JP Nadda appoints journalist Pradeep Bhandari as BJP's national spokesperson - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/jp-nadda-appoints-journalist-pradeep-bhandari-as-bjp-national-spokesperson-19447847.htm |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In September 2020, Bhandari then worked as a consulting editor with [[Republic TV]], was attacked by journalists associated with [[NDTV]] and [[ABP News]] outside the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] office in [[Mumbai]] during coverage of the drug probe involving [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaurasia |first1=Shikha |last2=Jha |first2=Karishma |title=Mumbai: Republic TV Journalist Alleges He Was Assaulted By 'Goons' From NDTV, ABP |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/mumbai-republic-tv-journalist-alleges-he-was-assaulted-by-goons-from-ndtv-abp/ |publisher=Punekar News |date=24 September 2020}}</ref> A video of the attack went viral on social media{{cn|date=August 2024}} in which Pradeep Bhandari was seen being pushed by a man who also attempted to slap him. The incident took place in front of a [[Mumbai Police]] team who were trying to intervene. The cause of the confrontation remains unclear as per the report of ''[[Indian Express]]''.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news |title=Journalist Pradeep Bhandari assaulted in Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalist-pradeep-bhandari-assaulted-in-mumbai/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 September 2020}}</ref> However, according to ''[[Newslaundry]]'', the altercation was allegedly triggered by Bhandari's provocative comments towards other journalists and his intrusion into another journalist's camera frame.<ref name="Newslaundry">{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Prateek |title=Republic Bharat versus everyone else: Eyewitnesses tell us what happened outside NCB office today |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/09/24/republic-bharat-versus-everyone-else-eyewitnesses-tell-us-what-happened-outside-ncb-office-today |publisher=[[Newslaundry]] |date=24 September 2020}}</ref> Later in a tweet, he called the journalists who attacked him "goons" and alleged that the individuals were "frustrated" with his coverage of the drug case being investigated by the [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]].<ref name="IndianExpress"/>

In October 2020, Bhandari was named in a civil suit filed in the [[Delhi High Court]] by 38 production houses and film bodies. The suit alleged that Bhandari, along with [[Arnab Goswami]] and other journalists from [[Republic TV]] and [[Times Now]], made "derogatory" remarks against the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Bhadra |title=Salman, Aamir, SRK & KJo production houses move court against Arnab Goswami, Navika Kumar |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/salman-aamir-srk-kjo-production-houses-move-court-against-arnab-goswami-navika-kumar/522188/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Irresponsible reporting': Bollywood producers file suit against Republic, Times Now over 'drug mafia' coverage |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/12/irresponsible-reporting-bollywood-producers-file-suit-against-republic-times-now-over-drug-mafia-coverage |publisher=[[Newslaundry]] |date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, [[Republic TV]] reported its editor Pradeep Bhandari, was illegally detained by the [[Mumbai Police]] at the [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]] Police Station despite being granted anticipatory bail by a Mumbai session court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Uchil |first1=Bhavna |title=Khar police's plea to cancel relief to Republic ex-scribe rejected |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/khar-polices-plea-to-cancel-relief-to-republic-ex-scribe-rejected |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Mumbai Police sources denied the allegation and stated that Bhandari was only being questioned in connection with a complaint filed against him for disobedience to an order by a public servant, assault or criminal force to deter a public servant from carrying out his duty and violating the Bombay Police Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Republic Claims Pradeep Bhandari 'Illegally Detained'; Cops Deny |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/republic-tv-claims-pradeep-bhandari-illegally-detained-by-mumbai-police-cops-deny |publisher=[[The Quint]] |date=17 October 2020}}</ref>

In February 2023, the [[Indian National Congress]]'s [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee|Tripura]] in-charge [[Ajoy Kumar]] filed a police complaint against Pradeep Bhandari, for predicting a victory for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], accusing him of violating the Model Code of Conduct.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Congress recordsdata grievance in opposition to Jan Ki Baat founder Pradeep Bhandari for publishing opinion ballot |url=https://www.reportwire.in/tripura-congress-files-complaint-against-jan-ki-baat-founder-pradeep-bhandari-for-publishing-opinion-poll/#sidr-nav |publisher=Report Wire |date=15 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen Gupta |first1=Dipankar |title=Tripura Elections: Motha Chief's 'Quitting' Speech, Case Against Opinion Poll Mark End to Campaign |url=https://www.newsclick.in/tripura-elections-motha-chiefs-quitting-speech-case-against-opinion-poll-mark-end-campaign |publisher=News Click |date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In October 2021, an article published on ''[[Newslaundry]]'', written by Akhauri Avtans Chitransh criticized the reporting style of Pradeep Bhandari. The article claimed that he uses colloquial language and profanity in his reporting on television.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avtans Chitransh |first1=Akhauri |title=प्रदीप भंडारी मार्का पत्रकारिता: पत्रकारीय पेशे में कितनी नैतिकता है और कितना पाखंड |url=https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2021/10/18/news-channel-anchor-pradeep-bhandari-india-news-journalism |publisher=[[Newslaundry]] |date=18 October 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref> According to another source cited by ''[[Newslaundry]]'', Bhandari's reporting style has been characterized as "provocative".<ref name="Newslaundry"/>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Bhandari |first=Pradeep |title=Modi Mandate 2019: Dispatches from Ground Zero |date=March 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Rupa Publications]] |isbn=9789353339975 |pages=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7aTzQEACAAJ|author-link=Pradeep Bhandari}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bhandari |first1=Pradeep |title=Modi 3.0: Bigger, Higher, Stronger |date=April 19, 2024 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=9788119750320 |author-mask=8|pages=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxSt0AEACAAJ}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Pradeep}}
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Psephologists]]

[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]

[[Category:People from Indore]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:National spokespersons of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Arjuna Ratha

2026-03-28T23:53:11Z

TameraWhitham: starting basic stub more to come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Arjuna Ratha
| image = Arjuna's ratha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Arjuna Ratha
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]],
| district = [[Kancheepuram district]]
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa}} 650<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture of India |isbn=9780852297629 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=315 }}</ref> [[Common era]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Student Britannica India 7 Vols |page=5 |author=Ramchandani, Indu |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=9780852297629 }}</ref>
| creator =
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Arjuna Ratha''' is a monument from the [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava Period]] at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in [[Kancheepuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Dated to the seventh century, it is an example of early Dravidian architecture and of [[monolithic architecture|monolith]] [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] dating from the late 7th century during reign of King [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–680 AD) of the [[Pallava Kingdom]]. One of the [[Pancha Rathas]],<ref name="Allen1991">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Margaret Prosser|title=Ornament in Indian Arch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA139|access-date=5 January 2013|year=1991|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-399-8|page=139}}</ref> it is believed to have been completed before the [[Dharmaraja Ratha]], and like that and the [[Bhima Ratha]], the stone temple is a replica of an earlier wooden version which preceded it.<ref name="Allen1991"/><ref name="MoffettFazio2003">{{cite book|last1=Moffett|first1=Marian|last2=Fazio|first2=Michael W.|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence|title=World History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT75|access-date=9 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-371-4|page=75}}</ref> It is one of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=World Heritage|access-date=2007-02-08}}</ref>

==Geography==
The structure is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram) on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal in the [[Indian Ocean]], in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of [[Chennai]] (previously known as Madras), the capital city,<ref name=Gunther>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |access-date=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|first=Michael D. |last=Gunther}}</ref> while [[Chengalpattu]] is about {{convert|20|miles}} distant.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Pancha Rathas}}
Like the other four Pancha Rathas, this stone edifice is a replica of a wooden version which preceded it.<ref name="MoffettFazio2003" /> The monument is incomplete.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art history |first=Marilyn |last=Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref>

==Architecture==
All of the Pancha Rathas are aligned in a north–south direction and share a common plinth which is north–south oriented and has a gentle slope. They have no precedent in Indian architecture and have proved to be "templates" for building larger temples in the South Indian tradition of Dravidian temple architecture.<ref name=Rathas>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic Mamallapuram|access-date=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of the British Library}}</ref> Though cut out of monolithic rocks, they are carved in the form of structural temples in regular building form and hence termed as "quasimonolithic temple form".
[[File:The Arjuna Ratha.jpg|left|thumb|A close view of carvings on the external wall of the Arjuna Ratha.]]

===Layout===
The ratha is a simple structure, resembling a small palace or pavilion. It is carved over an elongated stone rock formation, a protrusion above the sand near the coast (which has a gradually rising slope from the north end to the southern end) of a moulded plinth, with a square plan similar to the Dharmaraja Ratha. It faces west and measures {{convert|11.5|x|16|ft}} and is {{convert|20|ft}} in height. It is on the same ''upapitha'' (secondary platform) as the [[Draupadi Ratha]] next to it.<ref name=Front>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=A monumental effort |access-date=30 December 2012 |date=8 November 2003 |publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of [[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

===Features===
This ratha is similar in form to the Dharmaraja Ratha except that it has one less tier at the top, and has an octagonal dome with a stone lion carved in the front yard. It is a monolithic rock-cut ratha with a ''garbhagriha'' (sanctum sanctorum), a ''dvitala'' (two-tiered) [[Vimana]] (flying aircraft) with a ''mukhamandapa'' (inner porch). It has two levels and has one shrine. It is also square in plan. In many ways, it rhythmically mirrors the Dharmaraja ratha. For example, the decoration and structure of cornice, ''[[Gavaksha|kudus]]'' and the ''haras'' are similar.<ref name=ramaswami39/> The shikhara of the Arjuna ratha, however, is octagonal.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fergusson|first1=James|title=The Cave Temples of India|last2=Burgess|first2=James|publisher=W.H. Allen & Company|year=1880|pages=122–123}}</ref><ref name="Williams1981p57"/> The walls of the ratha are carved into panels with fourteen sculptures. Four of these are dvarapalas, one Vishnu, a [[rishi]] (sage) with a student, a Kartikeya (Murugan) which could alternatively be Indra, one Shiva with Nandi, and the rest are human beings shown in different stages of their life including couples.<ref name=ramaswami39/> The Arjuna ratha has a lion and Nandi bull on each side between it and the Draupadi ratha that follows next, but their orientation suggests that this ratha was not meant for Shiva.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> According to Susan Huntington, it is unclear for whom this temple was meant and she states it could be [[Ayyappa]] (Dharma-shasta).<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> The tower consists of a round ''shikara''. The monument looks odd on its side, partly because its original pillars were lost and have been replaced with modern era restorative pillars that do not fit with the texture or style of the original creation.<ref name=ramaswami39>{{cite book|author= NS Ramaswami|title = 2000 years of Mamallapuram| year=1989| publisher= Navrang|pages=39–43}}</ref> There is a standing elephant to the northwest of the Arjuna ratha.<ref name=ramaswami44>{{cite book|author= NS Ramaswami|title = 2000 years of Mamallapuram| year=1989| publisher= Navrang|pages=43–44}}</ref><ref name="Williams1981p57">{{cite book|author=Susan L Huntington|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|publisher=BRILL|year=1981|isbn=90-04-06498-2|editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams|pages=57–64|chapter=Chapter: Iconographic Reflections on the Arjuna Ratha}}</ref>

Surface ornamentation is a prominent feature in the ratha.<ref name="Michell1988">{{cite book|author= Michell, George|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81|access-date=3 January 2013|date=15 September 1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=81–82}}</ref>

The ''adhisthana'' (platform of the main deity) is in simple ''[[Padabandha]]'' style.<ref name=Sites>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp|title= World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram, Group of Monuments Mahabalipuram (1984), Tamil Nadu| access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> It has slit-niches between finely carved pillars displaying deities such as [[Vishnu]], [[Murugan|Skanda]] on an elephant and [[Shiva]] as Siva-Vrishabhantika (riding a [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull), and figures such as [[Parthihara]]s, a [[Siddha]], a [[Chowri]] bearer, [[apsara]]s and others.<ref name=Sites/> The central sculpture is a depiction of Shiva crossing his legs and leaning on Nandi.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam04.html|title=Arjuna Ratha|publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com|access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> One of the sculptures in the south wall is known as the "[[Ardhanareeswara]]", representing masculinity through the twist in the brows and the holding hands and femininity in the subtle raise of Uma's hips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=741|title=The Five Rathas of Mahabalipuram|publisher=Varalaaru|access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> On this wall the depiction of two ladies is also of note.<ref name="AA"/>

It has a life-size Nandi sculpture facing west.<ref name=Nandi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam05.html|title=Nandi|access-date=20 February 2013|publisher= Art-and-archaeology.com}}</ref> Dvarapalas or guards are not carved at the entry facade but are seen on the exterior faces of the ratha due to lack of space inside the shrine.<ref name=Tatva>{{Cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|title=Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part III|work=2. Arjuna Ratha|publisher=Indian History and Architecture, Puratattva.in|date=23 August 2010|access-date=20 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225063607/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nandi at Pancha Rathas.jpg|[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] sculpture behind Arjuna Ratha
File:Draupadi and Arjuna temples.jpg|[[Draupadi]] and Arjuna rathas on the same ''upapitha'' (secondary platform)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Rathas]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Ain-i-Akbari

2026-03-26T06:59:30Z

TameraWhitham: improved references also and improved wording

{{Short description|16th-century Mughal Empire document}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Basawan - The Young Emperor Akbar Arrests the Insolent Shah Abu’l-Maali, page from a manuscript of the Akbarnama - 1919.898 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|thumb|200px|The Court of Akbar, an illustration from a manuscript of the [[Akbarnama]]]]
The '''''Ain-i-Akbari''''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|آئینِ اکبری}}}}), or the "'''Administration of Akbar'''", is a detailed document regarding the administration of the [[Mughal Empire]] under Emperor [[Akbar]], written by his court historian, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fazl]], in the [[Persian language]]<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.5</ref> between 1589 and 1596.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ain-I-Akbari.Vol.1 |url=https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00128_en_ainiakbari_vol01 |publisher=University of Exeter |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> It forms Volume III and the final part of the much larger document, the ''[[Akbarnama]]'' (''Account of Akbar''), also by Abu'l-Fazl, and is itself in three volumes.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/abulfazl/000_intro_fwp.html Introduction to ''Akbaranama'' and ''Ain-e-Akbarinoob''] [[Columbia University]]</ref>

==Contents==
[[File:Manuscript painting of the author and advisor, Abul Fazl, seated on a terrace with the completed chronicles before him, from an illustrated 'Ain-i-Akbari' manuscript commissioned by the Sikh Empire.jpg|thumb|Manuscript painting of the author and advisor, Abul Fazl, seated on a terrace with the completed chronicles before him, from an illustrated 'Ain-i-Akbari' manuscript commissioned by the [[Sikh Empire]]]]
The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' is the third volume of the ''Akbarnama'' containing information on Akbar's reign in the form of administrative reports, similar to a [[gazetteer]]. In [[Heinrich Blochmann|Blochmann]]'s explanation, "it contains the 'āīn' (i.e. mode of governing) of Emperor Akbar, and is the administrative report and statistical return of his government as it was about 1590."<ref name=Blochmann>Blochmann, H. (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, preface (first edition)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |title=Preface |access-date=2008-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=2018-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' is divided into five books. The first book called manzil-Abadi deals with the imperial household and its maintenance, and the second called sipah-abadi, with the servants of the emperor, military and civil services. The third entitled mulk-abadi teals with imperial administration, containing judiciary and executive regulations. The fourth contains information on Hindu philosophy, science, social customs, and literature. The fifth contains sayings of Akbar,<ref name="Blochmann"/> along with an account of the ancestry and biography of the author.

==Volumes==

=== Volume 1: ''Manzil-Abadi'' ===

The ''Manzil-Abadi'' ("place establishment") volume has a total of 90 'Ain' or Regulations dealing with and describing the different segments of administration and occupations at that time. The various ains include the one on the imperial mint, its workmen and their process of refining and extracting gold and silver, the [[dirham]] and the [[dinar]] etc. There are also portions dedicated to the [[Mughal Harem|Imperial Harem]] (Ain 15), the royal seals (Ain 20), the imperial kitchen (Ain 23), and its recipes and the rules relating to the days of abstinence (Ain 26). The volume contains a detailed description of items such as fruits, vegetables, perfumes, carpets, etc., and also of art and painting. Ain-i-Akbari is an excellent resource for information on the maintenance of the Mughal army during Akbar's reign. Ain 35 deals with the use and maintenance of [[artillery]], the upkeep and branding of royal horses, camels, mules and elephants, and also describes the details of the food given to animals. The volume also has regulations pertaining to laborers' wages, housebuilding estimates, etc.<ref name="bol">{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=The Ain i Akbari |url=https://archive.org/stream/ainiakbari00jarrgoog/ainiakbari00jarrgoog_djvu.txt |publisher=printed for the Asiatic Society of Bengal}}</ref>

=== Volume 2: ''Sipah-Abadi'' ===

The ''Sipah-Abadi'' ("military establishment") volume describes the treatment of the servants of the throne, the military and civil services, and the attendants at the court, who with their literary genius or musical skill received a great deal of encouragement from the emperor and similarly commended the high value of their work. It also gives a detailed account of the functioning of the [[Mansabdari System]].

=== Volume 3: ''Mulk-Abadi'' ===

The ''Mulk-Abadi'' ("government establishment") volume is entirely devoted to regulations for the judicial and executive departments, the establishment of a new and more practical era, the survey of the land, the tribal divisions, and the rent-roll of the finance minister. The brilliant land revenue collection during the Mughal times organized by Akbar with Raja Todar Mal, called [[Raja Todar Mal's Bandobast]] is explained in detail in this 4th book of the Ain-I-Akbari. A detailed account on the administration, land revenue collection and tribal divisions of each of the 15 [[Subhas/Subas]], or provinces of Akbar's empire is given.

=== Volume 4 (law and social conditions) ===

The fourth book describes the social condition and literary activity, especially in philosophy and law, of the Hindus, who form the bulk of the population, and in whose political advancement the emperor saw the guarantee of the stability of his realm. There are also a few chapters on the foreign invaders of India, on distinguished travelers, and on Muslim saints and the sects to which they belong.

=== Volume 5 (things spoken and done by Emperor Akbar) ===

The fifth book contains moral sentences and epigrammatical sayings, observations, and rules of wisdom of the emperor collected by Abu'l Fazl.

== Ain-i-Akbari by Syed Ahmad Khan ==
In 1855, [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] finished his scholarly, well-researched and illustrated edition of Abul Fazl's ''[[Ain-e-Akbari|Ai'n-e Akbari]]'', that itself was an extraordinarily difficult book. Having finished the work to his satisfaction, he brought it to [[Mirza Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]] believing that he would appreciate his labours. He approached the great Ghalib to write a ''taqriz'' (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged but wrote a short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-e Akbari and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product. Ghalib practically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wasting his talent on 'dead things' and lavished praise on the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the a’ins in this world.

Ghalib seemed to be acutely aware of changes in world polity due to the actions of the [[great power]]s, especially in Indian polity. Syed Ahmad might well have been piqued at Ghalib's admonitions, but realised the forces that impinged the publication.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan gave up an active interest in history and archaeology. Although he did edit another two historical texts over the next few years, neither of them bore the scope of the ''Ai'n'': a vast and triumphant document on the governance of Akbar.

==Notable Ains==
'''The Mustard of Man (Ain 76 Book 1)''' 
The business which Akbar Majesty transacts is multifarious. A large number of men were appointed on the days assembly of expenditure was announced. Their merits are inquired into and the coin of knowledge passes the current. Some pray his majesty to remove religious doubt; other again seek his advice for settling a worldly matter; other want medicines for their cure. Like these many other requests were made.
The salaries of large number of men from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Europe]], [[Hindustan]] and [[Kashmir]] are fixed in a manner described below, and the men themselves are taken before His Majesty by the paymasters. Formerly it had been custom for man to come with horses and accoutrements; but now only men appointed to the post of Ahadi were allowed to bring horses. The salary is proposed by the officer who bring them, which is then increased or decreased, though it is generally increased; for the market of His Majesty is never dull. The number of men brought before His Majesty depends on number of men available. Every Monday all such horsemen are mustered as were left from the preceding week. With the view of increasing army and zeal of officers, His Majesty gives to each who brings horsemen, a present of two dams for each horsemen.

'''Regulation regarding education (Ain 25 Book 2)''' 
His Majesty orders that every school boy must learn to write the letters of the [[alphabet]] first and then learn to trace their several forms. He ought to learn the shape and name of each letter, which may be done on two days, after which the boy should proceed to write joined letter. They may be practiced for a week after which boy should learn some prose and poetry by heart, and then commit to memory some verses to the praise of God, or moral sentences, each written separately. Care is to be taken that he learns everything by himself but the teacher must assist him a little.

==Translations==
Ain-i-Akbari was one of the first Persian texts to be translated into the English language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohn|first=Bernard S.|url=|title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-4008-4432-6|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=61|language=en|chapter=Law and the Colonial state in India}}</ref> The original Persian text was translated into English in three volumes. The first volume, translated by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] (1873) consisted of Books I and II. The second volume, translated by Col. Henry Sullivan Jarrett (1891), contained Book III, and the remaining volume, also translated by Jarrett (1896), Books IV and V. These three volumes were published by the [[Asiatic Society]] of [[Calcutta]] as a part of their ''Bibliotheca Indica'' series.<ref name="Blochmann"/><ref>Jarrett, H.S. (tr.) (1949, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. II, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, editor's introduction</ref><ref>Jarrett, H.S. (tr.) (1948, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. III, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, editor's introduction</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mughal Karkhanas]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Qutni]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0DtbAAAAQAAJ ''Ayeen Akbery'' (1684)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=WjhbAAAAQAAJ ''The Ain i Akbari, Volume 3'' (1894)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wJBHAAAAYAAJ ''Supplement to the first volume of Gladwin's Ayeen Akberi'' (1918)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=kasJuaFwClgC ''Ayeen Akbery, Or, The Institutes of the Emperor Akber, Volume 1'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 ''Ain-e-Akbari'', English translation, by ''H. Blochmann'' and ''Colonel H. S. Jarrett'', 1873 – 1907. The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.] at [[Packard Humanities Institute]]
* [https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi01indigoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Ain-e-Akbari'', Vol. 3, English tr. by ''Colonel H. S. Jarrett''. The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. 1948]
Persian text of the A'in-i Akbari in three parts:
* [https://archive.org/details/AbuAl-fazlsAin-iAkbariInPersianVol1Part1of2 Abu al-Fazl's A'in-i Akbari in Persian, Vol 1, Part 1 (of 2)]
* [https://archive.org/details/AbuAl-fazlsAin-iAkbariInPersianVol1Part2of2 Abu al-Fazl's A'in-i Akbari in Persian, Vol 1, Part 2 (of 2)]
* [https://archive.org/details/Ain-iAkbariOfAbuAl-fazlVolume2Ahval-iHindustan A'in-i Akbari of Abu al-Fazl, Volume 2, Ahval-i Hindustan]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal literature]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:16th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Works by Syed Ahmed Khan]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:16th-century Persian books]]

Ayyubid dynasty

2026-03-26T01:40:25Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Sultanate in Egypt and Levant from 1174 to 1341}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt
| native_name = {{native name|ar|الأيوبيون}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Ayyūbīyūn}}
| common_name = Ayyubids
| status = Sovereign state {{bulletedlist|Nominal vassal of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]{{sfn|Jackson|1996|p=36}}}}
| government_type = [[Sultan]]ate (princely confederation)
| year_start = 1171
| event_start = [[Saladin in Egypt|Established by Saladin]]
| year_end = 1260a
| p1 = Fatimid Caliphate
| p2 = Zengid dynasty
| p3 = Kingdom of Jerusalem
| p4 = Zurayids
| p5 = Kingdom of Georgia
| p6 = Shah-Armens
| p7 = Artuqids
| s1 = Mamluk Sultanate
| border_s1 = no
| s2 = Rasulid dynasty
| s3 = Emirate of Hasankeyf
| s4 = Principality of Donboli
| s5 = Emirate of Şirvan
| s6 = Emirate of Kilis
| s7 = Emirate of Bingöl
| image_map = Ayyubid_Sultanate_1193_AD.jpg
| image_map_caption = Ayyubid [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultanate of Egypt]] (in pink) at the death of [[Saladin]] in 1193
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Cairo]] (1171–1174; 1218–1250)
* [[Damascus]] (1174–1218)
* [[Aleppo]] (1250–1260)}}
| common_languages = [[Arabic]]b (majority of population, poetry, numismatics){{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}}<ref name="France122-123">{{harvnb|France|1998|pp=122–123}}</ref> [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (native language of the ruling family){{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}}{{sfn|Öpengin|2021|p=612}} [[Persian language|Persian]] (spoken by some sultans){{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="Magill809">{{harvnb|Magill|1998|p=809}}</ref><ref name="France84">{{harvnb|France|1998|p=84}}</ref>
| religion = {{plainlist|
* [[Sunni Islam]] (official)
* {{small|[[Madhab|School]]: [[Shafi'i]]}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Rumee |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law |year= 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=311 |isbn=978-0-19-166826-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=ayyubid+shafi%27i&pg=PA311}}</ref>
* {{small|[[Islamic theology|Creed]]: [[Ash'ari]]}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eliade |first1=Mircea |title=Kalam |journal=The Encyclopedia of Religion |year=1987 |volume=8 |page=238 |isbn=978-0-02-909790-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyIkAAAAYAAJ&q=ayyubid+ash%27ari}}</ref>
| currency = [[Dinar]], [[Dirham]]
| leader1 = [[Saladin]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1174–1193
| leader2 = [[Al-Aziz Uthman|Al-Aziz]]
| year_leader2 = 1193–1198
| leader3 = [[Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad|Al-Mansur]]
| year_leader3 = 1198–1200
| leader4 = [[Al-Adil I]]
| year_leader4 = 1200–1218
| leader5 = [[Al-Kamil]]
| year_leader5 = 1218–1238
| leader6 = [[Al-Adil II]]
| year_leader6 = 1238–1240
| leader7 = [[As-Salih Ayyub]]
| year_leader7 = 1240–1249
| leader8 = [[Shajar al-durr]]
| year_leader8 = 1250–1250
| leader9 = [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf]] (last)
| year_leader9 = 1250–1254
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| stat_year1 = 1190 est.
(high-end estimate of peak area)
| stat_area1 = 2000000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="TurchinAdamsHall223">{{harvnb|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}</ref><ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| stat_year2 = 12th century
| stat_pop2 = 7,200,000 (estimate)c
| stat_year3 = 1200 est.
(Low-end estimate of peak area)
| stat_area3 = 1700000
| ref_area3 = {{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=495}}
| footnotes = aThe Ayyubids controlled the Levant until 1260 despite losing Egypt to the Mamluks in 1250. A branch of the Ayyubid dynasty ruled [[Hasankeyf]] until the early 16th century. bFor details of the languages spoken by the Ayyubid rulers and their subjects, see {{section link|#Religion, ethnicity and language}} below. cThe total population of the Ayyubid territories is unknown. This population figure only includes Egypt, [[Syria (region)|Syria]], [[Upper Mesopotamia]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]. Other Ayyubid territories, including coastal areas of Yemen, the [[Hejaz]], [[Nubia]] and [[Cyrenaica]] are not included.
}}

The '''Ayyubid dynasty''' ({{langx|ar|الأيوبيون|al-Ayyūbīyūn}}), also known as the '''Ayyubid Sultanate''', was a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] [[Kurds|Kurdish]] dynasty that founded the medieval [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultanate of Egypt]], which was established by [[Saladin]] in 1171, following his abolition of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. Saladin had originally served the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengid]] ruler [[Nur al-Din Zengi|Nur al-Din]], leading the latter's army against the [[Crusader invasions of Egypt|Crusaders in Fatimid Egypt]], where he was made [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier]]. Following the death of his Zengid suzerain Nur al-Din in 1174, Saladin was proclaimed as the first Sultan of Egypt by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], and rapidly expanded the new sultanate beyond [[Lower Egypt|Egypt]] to encompass most of [[Syria (region)|Syria]], in addition to [[Hejaz]], [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]], northern [[Nubia]], [[Tripolitania]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]]. Saladin's military campaigns set the general borders and sphere of influence of the sultanate of Egypt for the almost 350 years of its existence. Most of the [[Crusader states]] fell to Saladin after his victory at the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187, but the Crusaders reconquered the Syrian coastlands in the 1190s.

After Saladin's death in 1193, his sons contested control of the sultanate, but Saladin's brother [[al-Adil]] ultimately became sultan in 1200. All of the later Ayyubid sultans of Egypt were his descendants. In the 1230s, the emirs of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and the Ayyubid realm remained divided until Sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]] restored its unity by subduing most of Syria, except [[Aleppo]], by 1247. By then, local Muslim dynasties had driven out the Ayyubids from Yemen, the Hejaz, and parts of [[Mesopotamia]]. After his death in 1249, as-Salih Ayyub was succeeded in Egypt by his son [[al-Mu'azzam Turanshah]]. However, the latter was soon overthrown by his [[Mamluk]] generals who had repelled a Crusader invasion of the [[Nile Delta]]. This effectively ended Ayyubid power in Egypt. Attempts by the emirs of Syria, led by [[an-Nasir Yusuf]] of Aleppo, to wrest back Egypt failed. In 1260, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] [[Siege of Aleppo (1260)|sacked Aleppo]] and conquered the Ayyubids' remaining territories soon after. The [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]], who expelled the Mongols, maintained the Ayyubid principality of [[Hama]] until deposing its last ruler in 1341.

Despite their relatively short tenure, the Ayyubid dynasty had a transformative effect on the region, particularly Egypt. Under the Ayyubids, Egypt, which had previously been a formally Shia [[caliphate]], became the dominant Sunni political and military force, and the economic and cultural centre of the region, a status that it would retain until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. Throughout the sultanate, Ayyubid rule ushered in an era of economic prosperity, and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the [[Islamic world]]. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening [[Sunni Muslim]] dominance in the region by constructing numerous ''[[madrasa]]s'' (Islamic schools of law) in their major cities.

==Name==
In medieval Islamic sources, the Ayyubids were referred to as the "Kurdish regime/dynasty" ({{langx|ar|دولة الکردية|Dawlat al-Kurdiyya}}),{{sfn|Bajalan|Karimi|2017|pp=19–21}} the "dynasty/regime of the Kurds" ({{langx|ar|دولة الأکراد|Dawlat al-Akrād|links=no}}),{{sfn|Bajalan|Karimi|2017|pp=19–21}}<ref>van den Bent, J. M. C. (2020). Mongols in Mamluk eyes: Representing ethnic others in the medieval Middle East. P. 27.</ref> or as the "Kurdish Kingdom" ({{langx|ar|المملکة الحصينة الأکرادية|al-Mamlaka al-Ḥasina al-Akrādiyya|links=no}} ).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pohl |first1=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3BEEAAAQBAJ |title=Empires and Communities in the Post-Roman and Islamic World, C. 400–1000 CE |last2=Kramer |first2=Rutger |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-006794-6 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> For example, [[Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Khazraji]], a writer at the end of the Ayyubid period, wrote a history entitled {{Transliteration|ar|Tar'īkh al-Dawlat al-Akrād wal-Atrāk}}, which translates as "The History of the State of the Kurds and of the Turks". The "Kurds" refer to the Ayyubids while the "Turks" refer to the Mamluks who succeeded them in 1250.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cahen |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ec5mAAAAMAAJ&q=T%C3%A2r%C3%AEkh+dawlat+al-akr%C3%A2d+wa%E2%80%99l-atr%C3%A2k |title=La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche |date=1940 |publisher=P. Geuthner |page=68 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Radpey |first=Loqman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cevjEAAAQBAJ&dq=dawlat+al-akrad&pg=PA134 |title=Towards an Independent Kurdistan: Self-Determination in International Law |date=2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-82238-7 |page=134 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Satō |first=Tsugitaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC&pg=PA43 |title=State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʻs, and Fallahun |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-10649-9 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> The dynasty is also referred to as the "Ayyubid Kurds" ({{langx|ar|الأکراد الأيوبية|links=no}} {{transliteration|ar| al-Akrād al-Ayyūbiyya}}) and "Kurdish rulers of Egypt".{{sfn|Bajalan|Karimi|2017|pp=19-21, 31–32}}

==History==
{{See also|List of Ayyubid rulers}}

===Origins===
[[File:Eagle of Saladin Sketch from Cairo Citadel.png|thumb|Late 19th-century sketch of the "[[Eagle of Saladin]]" on the walls of the [[Cairo Citadel]], Egypt. It was historically described as having two heads, now missing. It is commonly identified as Saladin's emblem, though historical sources do not confirm this.{{sfn|Rabbat|1995|p=24}}]]

The progenitor of the Ayyubid dynasty, [[Najm ad-Din Ayyub|Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Shadhi]], belonged to the Kurdish Rawadiya tribe, itself a branch of the large [[Hadhabani]] tribe.<ref>The biographer [[Ibn Khallikan]] wrote, "Historians agree in stating that [Saladin's] father and family belonged to [[Dvin (ancient city)|Duwin]]. ... They were Kurds and belonged to the Rawādiya [sic], which is a branch of the great tribe al-Hadāniya": Minorsky (1953), p. 124.</ref> the Rawadiya branch of the Hadhbani Kurds get their name either for serving as auxiliaries to the [[Rawwadid dynasty]], or from the Iranian term Rawand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Boris |url=https://books.google.iq/books?vid=ISBN9782296001053&redir_esc=y |title=Saladin et les Kurdes: perception d'un groupe au temps des croisades |date=2006 |publisher=Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-00105-3 |pages=92 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AYYUBIDS |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyub's ancestors settled in the town of [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]], in northern [[Armenia]].<ref name="Humphreys1987">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1987}}</ref> The Rawadiya were part of the political-military elite of the town.

Circumstances became unfavorable in Dvin when Turks seized the town. Shadhi left with his two sons Ayyub and [[Asad ad-Din Shirkuh]].<ref name="Humphreys1987"/> His friend Mujahid ad-Din Bihruz—the military governor of northern Mesopotamia under the [[Seljuks]]—welcomed him and appointed him governor of [[Tikrit]]. After Shadhi's death, Ayyub succeeded him in governance of the city with the assistance of his brother Shirkuh. Together they managed the affairs of the city well, gaining them popularity from the local inhabitants.<ref name="Ali27">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=27}}.</ref> In the meantime, [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Imad ad-Din Zangi]], the ruler of [[Mosul]], was defeated by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]s under Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] and Bihruz. In his bid to escape the battlefield to Mosul via Tikrit, Zangi took shelter with Ayyub and sought his assistance in this task. Ayyub complied and provided Zangi and his companions boats to cross the [[Tigris River]] and safely reach Mosul.<ref name="Ali28">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=28}}.</ref>

As a consequence for assisting Zangi, the Abbasid authorities sought punitive measures against Ayyub. Simultaneously, in a separate incident, Shirkuh killed a close confidant of Bihruz on charges that he had sexually assaulted a woman in Tikrit. The Abbasid court issued arrest warrants for both Ayyub and Shirkuh, but before the brothers could be arrested, they departed Tikrit for Mosul in 1138.<ref name="Ali28"/> When they arrived in Mosul, Zangi provided them with all the facilities they needed and he recruited the two brothers into his service. Ayyub was made commander of [[Ba'albek]] and Shirkuh entered the service of Zangi's son, [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]]. According to historian Abdul Ali, it was under the care and patronage of Zangi that the Ayyubid family rose to prominence.<ref name="Ali28"/>

===Establishment in Egypt===
{{See also|Saladin in Egypt}}
[[File:Al-Nasir I Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin). AH 564-589 (1169-1193 CE) Æ Dirham (30.1mm, 13.28 g, 6h). Without mint-name. Dated AH 586 (AD 1190-91). Sultan sitting facing, cross-legged, on high-backed throne (obverse).jpg|thumb|A [[dirham]] in the name of [[Saladin]], dated 587 AH (1190/91 CE). Saladin is shown wearing the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turk]] ''[[sharbush]]'' hat, his rallying sign.<ref name="DN">{{harvnb|Nicolle|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 26]}}: "This copper dirham, minted at Mayyafariqin in 587 AH (1190/01 AD) shows Saladin wearing the sharbush hat of a Saljuq-style Turkish ruler."</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite thesis |last1=Lesley Baker |first1=Patricia |title=A History of Islamic Court Dress in the Middle East |date=1988 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033676 |publisher=SOAS, London University |page=119 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33676/1/11010439.pdf |type=phd |quote=By the end of the 12th century, the wearing of the [[sharbush]] demonstrated support for Salah al-Din. Under the later Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and Syria it formed part of the [[khil'a]] given to an amir on his investiture. }}</ref> Legend ''"The Victorious King, Righteousness of the World and the Faith, [[Saladin|Yusuf ibn Ayyub]]"''.<ref name="DN"/><ref name="BAL">{{cite book |last1=Balog |title=The Coinage of the Ayyubids |date=1980 |publisher=Royal Numismatic Society |location=London |page=Coin 182}}, also Whelan Type III, 258-60; Album 791.4</ref>]]
In 1164, Nur al-Din dispatched Shirkuh to lead an expeditionary force to prevent the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s from establishing a strong presence in an increasingly anarchic [[Lower Egypt|Egypt]]. Shirkuh enlisted Ayyub's son, [[Saladin]], as an officer under his command.<ref name="Shillington438">{{harvnb|Shillington|2005|p=438}}</ref> They successfully drove out Dirgham, the [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier of Egypt]], and reinstated his predecessor [[Shawar]]. After being reinstated, Shawar ordered Shirkuh to withdraw his forces from Egypt, but Shirkuh refused, claiming it was Nur al-Din's will that he remain.<ref name="LyonsJackson8">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=8}}</ref> Over the course of several years, Shirkuh and Saladin defeated the combined forces of the Crusaders and Shawar's troops, first at [[Bilbais]], then at a site near [[Giza]], and in [[Alexandria]], where Saladin would stay to protect while Shirkuh pursued Crusader forces in [[Lower Egypt]].<ref name="LyonsJackson14">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=14}}</ref>

Shawar died in 1169 and Shirkuh became vizier, but he too died later that year.<ref name="LyonsJackson25">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=25}}</ref> After Shirkuh's death, Saladin was appointed vizier by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] caliph [[al-Adid]] because there was "no one weaker or younger" than Saladin, and "not one of the [[emir]]s obeyed him or served him", according to medieval Muslim chronicler [[Ibn al-Athir]].<ref name="LyonsJackson28">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=28}}</ref> Saladin soon found himself more independent than ever before in his career, much to the dismay of Nur al-Din who attempted to influence events in Egypt. He permitted Saladin's elder brother, [[Turan-Shah]], to supervise Saladin in a bid to cause dissension within the Ayyubid family and thus undermining its position in Egypt. Nur al-Din satisfied Saladin's request that he be joined by his father Ayyub. However, Ayyub was sent primarily to ensure that Abbasid suzerainty was proclaimed in Egypt, which Saladin was reluctant to undertake due to his position as the vizier of the Fatimids. Although Nur al-Din failed to provoke the Ayyubids into rivalry, the extended Ayyubid family, particularly a number of local governors in Syria, did not entirely back Saladin.<ref name="Lev96-97">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|pp=96–97}}</ref>

[[File:Ayyubid dynasty battle scene, Fustat, Cairo, Egypt, 12-13th century CE.jpg|thumb|Fatimid or Ayyubid dynasty battle scene, [[Fustat]], Cairo, Egypt, 12–13th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayyubid dynasty battle scene |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1938-0312-0-1 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |publisher=British Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |title=Painting in the Fatimid Period: A Reconsideration |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 2022 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=730–742, Fig. 5 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000359 |language=en |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicolle |first1=David |title=Men-at-arms series 171 – Saladin and the saracens |date=1997 |publisher=Osprey publishing |url=https://www.ghazali.org/saladin/maas-171.pdf |page=13}}</ref>]]
Saladin consolidated his control in Egypt after ordering Turan-Shah to [[Battle of the Blacks|put down a revolt]] in [[Cairo]] staged by the [[Fatimid army]]'s 50,000-strong [[Nubia]]n regiments. After this success, Saladin began granting his family members high-ranking positions in the country and increased Sunni Muslim influence in Shia Muslim-dominated Cairo by ordering the construction of a college for the [[Maliki]] [[fiqh|school of jurisprudence]] of [[Sunni Islam]] in the city, and another for the [[Shafi'i]] school, to which he belonged, in [[al-Fustat]].<ref name="LyonsJackson41">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=41}}</ref> In 1171, al-Adid died and Saladin took advantage of this power vacuum, effectively taking control of the country. Upon seizing power, he switched Egypt's allegiance to the [[Baghdad]]-based Abbasid Caliphate which adhered to Sunni Islam.<ref name="Shillington438"/>

===Expansion===
====Conquest of North Africa and Nubia====
Saladin went to Alexandria in 1171–72 and found himself facing the dilemma of having many supporters in the city, but little money. A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that [[Al-Muzaffar Umar|al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar]], Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition against the coastal region of [[Barqa]] ([[Cyrenaica]]) west of Egypt with a force of 500 cavalry. To justify the raid, a letter was sent to the [[Bedouin]] tribes of Barqa, rebuking them for their robberies of travelers and ordering them to pay the alms-tax (''[[zakat]]''). The latter was to be collected from their livestock.<ref name="Lev101">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|p=101}}</ref>

[[File:Ayyubid expansion 1174-1193.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Ayyubid expansion 1174–1193, including the campaigns of [[Saladin]], [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush|Qaranqush]] and [[Turan-Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riley-Smith |first1=Jonathan Simon Christopher |title=The atlas of the Crusades |date=1991 |publisher=New York : Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2186-4 |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofcrusadesc00jona/page/58/mode/1up}}</ref>]]
In late 1172, [[Aswan]] was besieged by former Fatimid soldiers from [[Nubia]] and the governor of the city, [[Banu Kanz#Conflict with the Ayyubids|Kanz al-Dawla]]—a former Fatimid loyalist—requested reinforcements from Saladin who complied. The reinforcements had come after the Nubians had already departed Aswan, but Ayyubid forces led by Turan-Shah advanced and conquered northern Nubia after capturing the town of [[Qasr Ibrim|Ibrim]]. Turan-Shah and his Kurdish soldiers temporarily lodged there. From Ibrim, they raided the surrounding region, halting their operations after being presented with an armistice proposal from the [[Moses Georgios of Makuria|Makurian king]]. Although Turan-Shah's initial response was [[war hawk|hawkish]], he later sent an envoy to Dongola, who upon returning, described the poverty of the city and of Nubia in general to Turan-Shah. Consequently, the Ayyubids, like their Fatimid predecessors, were discouraged from further southward expansion into Nubia due to the poverty of the region, but required Nubia to guarantee the protection of Aswan and [[Upper Egypt]].<ref name="Lev100">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|p=100}}</ref> The Ayyubid garrison in Ibrim withdrew to Egypt in 1175.<ref name="Fage583">{{harvnb|Fage|1978|p=583}}</ref>

Throughout the 1170s, the Ayyubids continued to push west as well. [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush]], a commander under al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, led most of these expeditions on the frontier. He captured [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] in 1172 and conquered [[Cyrenaica]] before 1174.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|pp=123–125}} He subsequently conquered [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] with an army of [[Turkish people|Turks]] and Kurds, joined by Arab troops from some of the region's Bedouin tribes. The exact date of Tripoli's capture is uncertain, but happened sometime in the 1170s or early 1180s.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|pp=131, 137–138}} While some Ayyubid forces fought the Crusaders in the Levant, Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of [[Ifriqiya]] (present-day [[Tunisia]]) from the [[Almohads]] by 1185–1186. By this point, Qaraqush had also entered into alliance with the [[Banu Ghaniya]], led by Ali ibn Ghaniya, another enemy of the Almohads.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=141}}{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=99}} The Almohad caliph [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] reconquered Ifriqiya from 1187 to 1188, defeating both of them.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|pp=142–146}}{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=100}} The Ayyubids made no further attempts to intervene in the Maghreb after this.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|pp=153}}

====Conquest of Arabia====
[[File:Arabic trebuchet circa 1170 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Arabic [[trebuchet]], with its counterweight, in the ''Tabṣira'' by Murḍi Ibn cālī Ibn Murḍi al-Ṭarsūsī written for [[Saladin]], late Fāṭimid or early Ayyūbid Egypt, c.1170 CE ([[:Commons:Category:Bodleian Library MS Huntington 264|Ms. Hunt.264]], f.117, Bodleian Library, Oxford, UK).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=NIcolle |first1=David |title=The Iconography of a Military Elite (Part II) |journal=Mamluk Studies Review |date=2016 |volume=XIX |page=255, photograph 56 |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/757/files/MamlukStudiesReview_XIX_2016.pdf}}</ref> This is the only manuscript directly attributable to the Ayyubids, although early manuscripts such as the ''[[Kalīla wa-Dimna]]'' (BNF Arabe 3465) are also generally considered as Ayyubid.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brac de La Perrière |first1=Éloïse |last2=EL Khiari |first2=Aïda |last3=Vernay-Nouri |first3=Annie |title=Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-46710-1 |pages=98, caption of figure 4.1; 118 |quote=It would be reasonable to ascribe BnF Arabe 3465 to the early thirteenth-century Ayyubid cultural area.}}</ref>]]
In 1173, Saladin sent Turan-Shah to conquer [[Southern Arabia|Yemen]] and the [[Hejaz]]. Muslim writers Ibn al-Athir and later [[al-Maqrizi]] wrote that the reasoning behind the conquest of Yemen was an Ayyubid fear that should Egypt fall to Nur al-Din, they could seek refuge in a faraway territory. In May 1174, Turan-Shah conquered [[Zabid]] and later that year captured [[Aden]].<ref name="HoutsmaWensinck884">{{harvnb|Houtsma|Wensinck|1993|p=884}}</ref> Aden became the principal maritime port of the dynasty in the Indian Ocean and the principal city of Yemen,<ref name="Margariti29"/> although the official capital of Ayyubid Yemen was [[Ta'iz]].<ref name="McLaughlin131">{{harvnb|McLaughlin|2008|p=131}}</ref> The advent of the Ayyubids marked the beginning of a period of renewed prosperity in the city which saw the improvement of its commercial infrastructure, the establishment of new institutions, and the minting of its own coins.<ref name="Margariti29">{{harvnb|Margariti|2007|p=29}}</ref> Following this prosperity, the Ayyubids implemented a new tax which was collected by [[galley]]s.<ref name="Lofgren181">{{harvnb|Lofgren|1960|p=181}}</ref>

Turan-Shah drove out the remaining [[Hamdanid sultans|Hamdanid]] rulers of [[Sanaa]], conquering the mountainous city in 1175.<ref name="HoutsmaWensinck884"/> With the conquest of Yemen, the Ayyubids developed a coastal fleet, ''al-asakir al-bahriyya'', which they used to guard the sea coasts under their control and protect them from pirate raids.<ref name="DumperStanley10">{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=10}}</ref> The conquest held great significance for Yemen because the Ayyubids managed to unite the previous three independent states (Zabid, Aden, and Sanaa) under a single power. However, when Turan-Shah was transferred from his governorship in Yemen in 1176, uprisings broke out in the territory and were not quelled until 1182 when Saladin assigned his other brother [[Tughtakin ibn Ayyub|Tughtekin Sayf al-Islam]] as governor of Yemen.<ref name="HoutsmaWensinck884"/> The Ayyubid ''[[na'ib]]'' (deputy governor) of Yemen, Uthman al-Zandjili, conquered the greater part of [[Hadramaut]] in 1180, upon Turan-Shah's return to Yemen.<ref name="Brice338">{{harvnb|Brice|1981|p=338}}</ref>

From Yemen, as from Egypt, the Ayyubids aimed to dominate the [[Red Sea]] trade routes which Egypt depended on and so sought to tighten their grip over the Hejaz, where an important trade stop, [[Yanbu]], was located.<ref name="Salibi55">{{harvnb|Salibi|1998|p=55}}</ref> To favor trade in the direction of the Red Sea, the Ayyubids built facilities along the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade routes to accompany merchants.<ref name="DalyPetry217-218">{{harvnb|Daly|Petry|1998|pp=217–218}}</ref> The Ayyubids also aspired to back their claims of legitimacy within the [[Caliphate]] by having sovereignty over the [[Islam]]ic holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref name="Salibi55"/> The conquests and economic advancements undertaken by Saladin effectively established Egypt's hegemony in the region.<ref name="DalyPetry217-218"/>

====Conquest of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia====
{{Saladin|}}

Although still nominally a vassal of Nur al-Din, Saladin adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy. This independence became more publicly pronounced after Nur al-Din's death in 1174.<ref name="Shillington438"/> Thereafter, Saladin set out to conquer Syria from the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]]; and on November 23 he was welcomed in [[Damascus]] by the governor of the city. By 1175, he had taken control of [[Hama]] and [[Homs]] but failed to take [[Aleppo]] after besieging it.<ref name="Lane-Poole141">{{Harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|p=141}}</ref> Control of Homs was handed to the descendants of Shirkuh in 1179 and Hama was given to Saladin's nephew, al-Muzaffar Umar.<ref name="Lane-Poole189476">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1894|p=76}}</ref> Saladin's successes alarmed Emir [[Ghazi II Saif ud-Din|Saif al-Din]] of [[Mosul]], the head of the Zengids at the time, who regarded Syria as his family's estate and was angered that it was being usurped by a former servant of Nur al-Din. He mustered an army to confront Saladin near Hama. Although heavily outnumbered, Saladin and his veteran soldiers decisively defeated the Zengids.<ref name="Lane-Poole141"/> After his victory, Saladin proclaimed himself king and suppressed the name of [[as-Salih Ismail al-Malik]] (Nur al-Din's adolescent son) in [[Friday prayers]] and Islamic coinage, replacing it with his own name. The Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mustadi]], graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and gave him the title of "Sultan of Egypt and Syria".<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p142-146">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=142–146}}</ref>

In the spring of 1176, another major confrontation occurred between the Zengids and the Ayyubids, this time at the [[Tell Sultan|Sultan's Mound]], {{convert|15|km|mi}} from Aleppo. Saladin again emerged victorious, but Saif al-Din managed to narrowly escape. The Ayyubids proceeded to conquer other Syrian cities in the north, namely [[Ma'arat al-Numan]], [[A'zaz]], Buza'a, and [[Manbij]], but failed to capture Aleppo during a second siege. An agreement was laid out, however, whereby [[Gumushtigin]], the governor of Aleppo, and his allies at [[Hisn Kayfa]] and [[Mardin]], would recognize Saladin as the sovereign of the Ayyubids' possessions in Syria, while Saladin allowed for Gumushtigin and as-Salih al-Malik to continue their rule over Aleppo.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p146-148">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=146–148}}</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Palmer Cup ruler (British Museum).jpg
| image2 = Palmer cup right attendants (British Museum).jpg
| footer=Northern Mesopotamian illustrative art at the time of Ayyubid control: the ''[[Palmer Cup]]'' (1200–1215).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Contadini |first1=Anna |title=Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18630-9 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA55sqqsaoQC&pg=PA11 |language=en |quote=A case in point is the Ayyubid enamelled beaker known as the Palmer Cup}}</ref> The ruler and attendants are similar to those found in the manuscript ''[[Kitab al-Dariyaq]]'' or metalworks from the [[Mosul]] or North [[Jazira region|Jazira]] area. They wear [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]]-type clothes,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Behrens-Abouseif |first1=Doris |title=Dress and Dress Code in Medieval Cairo: A Mamluk Obsession |chapter=Chapter 12: Mamluk Dress between Text and Image |isbn=9789004684980 |date=2024 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1163/9789004684980_013}}</ref> together with the typical ''[[sharbush]]'' headgear.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Contadini |first1=Anna |title=Poetry on Enamelled Glass: The Palmer Cup in the British Museum.' In: Ward, R, (ed.), Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East |publisher=British Museum Press |date=1998 |pages=58–59 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299579571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Contadini |first1=Anna |title=Text and Image on Middle Eastern Objects: The Palmer Cup in Context (in A Rothschild Renaissance: A New Look at the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum) |date=2017 |publisher=British Museum Research Publications |page=130 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317006955 |quote=The iconography of its figures is very similar to that on the Palmer Cup, in the design of their robes, in the headgear (sharbūsh) and in the way that walking figures are rendered, with one leg straight and the other slightly bent, with a slim foot slightly raised from the ground. Although the candlestick does not have a date, it is securely datable to the early 13th century, as it clearly belongs to a group of metalwork that has now been established as of that period and coming from the Mosul or North Jaziran area. These elements also confirm the early 13th-century date of the Palmer Cup and further support the region of provenance.}}</ref>
}}
While Saladin was in Syria, his brother [[al-Adil]] governed Egypt,<ref name="Lev22">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|p=22}}</ref> and in 1174–75, [[Kanz al-Dawla]] of Aswan revolted against the Ayyubids with the intention of restoring Fatimid rule. His main backers were the local Bedouin tribes and the Nubians, but he also enjoyed the support of a multitude of other groups, including the [[Armenians]]. Coincidental or possibly in coordination, was an uprising by Abbas ibn Shadi who overran [[Qus]] along the [[Nile River]] in central Egypt. Both rebellions were crushed by al-Adil.<ref name="Lev100-101">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|pp=100–101}}</ref> For the rest of that year and throughout early 1176, Qaraqush continued his raids in western North Africa, bringing the Ayyubids into conflict with the Almohads who ruled the [[Maghreb]].<ref name="Lev101"/>

In 1177, Saladin led a force of some 26,000 soldiers, according to Crusader chronicler [[William of Tyre]], into southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] after hearing that most of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]'s soldiers were besieging [[Harem, Syria]] west of Aleppo. Suddenly attacked by the [[Knights Templar|Templar]]s under [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]] near [[Ramla]], the Ayyubid army was defeated at the [[Battle of Montgisard]], with the majority of its troops killed. Saladin encamped at Homs the following year and a number of skirmishes between his forces, commanded by [[Farrukh Shah]], and the Crusaders occurred.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p155-156">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=155–156}}</ref> Undeterred, Saladin invaded the Crusader states from the west and defeated Baldwin at the [[Battle of Marj Ayyun]] in 1179. The following year, he destroyed the newly built Crusader castle of [[Daughters of Jacob Bridge|Chastellet]] at the [[Battle of Jacob's Ford]]. In the campaign of 1182, he sparred with Baldwin again in the inconclusive [[Battle of Belvoir Castle (1182)|Battle of Belvoir Castle]] in [[Kawkab al-Hawa]].<ref name="Smail35-36">{{harvnb|Smail|1995|pp=35–36}}</ref>

In May 1182, Saladin captured Aleppo after a brief siege; the new governor of the city, Imad al-Din Zangi II, had been unpopular with his subjects and surrendered Aleppo after Saladin agreed to restore Zangi II's previous control over [[Sinjar]], [[Raqqa]], and [[Nusaybin]], which would thereafter serve as vassal territories of the Ayyubids.<ref name="LyonsJackson195">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=195}}</ref> Aleppo formally entered Ayyubid hands on 12 June. The day after, Saladin marched to Harim, near the Crusader-held [[Antioch]] and captured the city when its garrison forced out their leader, Surhak, who was then briefly detained and released by al-Muzaffar Umar.<ref name="LyonsJackson202-203">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|pp=202–203}}</ref> The surrender of Aleppo and Saladin's allegiance with Zangi II had left [[Izz ad-Din Mas'ud|Izz al-Din al-Mas'ud]] of Mosul the only major Muslim rival of the Ayyubids. Mosul had been subjected to a short siege in the autumn of 1182, but after mediation by the Abbasid caliph [[an-Nasir]], Saladin withdrew his forces. Mas'ud attempted to align himself with the [[Artuqid]]s of [[Mardin]], but they became allies of Saladin instead. In 1183, [[Irbil]] too switched allegiance to the Ayyubids. Mas'ud then sought the support of Pahlawan ibn Muhammad, the governor of [[Whole Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], and although he did not usually intervene in the region, the possibility of Pahlawan's intervention made Saladin cautious about launching further attacks against Mosul.<ref name="BosworthDonzelHeinrichsPellat781">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1991|p=781}}</ref>

An arrangement was negotiated whereby al-Adil was to administer Aleppo in the name of Saladin's son [[al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din|al-Afdal]], while Egypt would be governed by al-Muzaffar Umar in the name of Saladin's other son [[al-Aziz Uthman|Uthman]]. When the two sons were to come of age they would assume power in the two territories, but if any died, one of Saladin's brothers would take their place.<ref name="LyonsJackson221">{{harvnb|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=221}}</ref> In the summer of 1183, after ravaging eastern [[Galilee]], Saladin's raids there culminated in the [[Battle of Al-Fule (1183)|Battle of al-Fule]] in the [[Jezreel Valley]] between him and the Crusaders under [[Guy of Lusignan]]. The mostly hand-to-hand fighting ended indecisively. The two armies withdrew to a mile from each other and while the Crusaders discussed internal matters, Saladin captured the [[Golan Heights|Golan Plateau]], cutting the Crusaders off from their main supplies source. In October 1183 and then on 13 August 1184, Saladin and al-Adil besieged Crusader-held [[Al Karak|Karak]], but were unable to capture it. Afterward, the Ayyubids raided [[Samaria]], burning down [[Nablus]]. Saladin returned to Damascus in September 1184 and a relative peace between the Crusader states and the Ayyubid empire subsequently ensued in 1184–1185.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p177-181">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=177–181}}</ref>

Saladin launched his last offensive against Mosul in late 1185, hoping for an easy victory over a presumably demoralized Mas'ud, but failed due to the city's unexpectedly stiff resistance and a serious illness which caused Saladin to withdraw to [[Harran]]. Upon Abbasid encouragement, Saladin and Mas'ud negotiated a treaty in March 1186 that left the Zengids in control of Mosul, but had to cede the eastern region beyond [[Little Zab|lesser Zab]] to [[Shahrizor]] to direct Ayyubid control, and under the obligation to supply the Ayyubids with military support when requested.<ref name="BosworthDonzelHeinrichsPellat781"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Minorsky |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzg8AAAAIAAJ&q=prehistory+of+Saladin |title=Studies in Caucasian History: I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin |date=1953 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-05735-6 |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref>

====Conquest of Palestine and Transjordan====
[[File:Battle of Cresson.jpg|thumb|right|Virtually the entire [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] passed into Ayyubid hands after their victory against the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s in the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187; illustration from ''[[Passages d’outremer|Les Passages faits Outremer par les Français contre les Turcs et autres Sarrasins et Maures outremarins]]'', c. 1490]]

Saladin besieged [[Tiberias]] in the eastern Galilee on 3 July 1187 and the Crusader army attempted to attack the Ayyubids by way of [[Kafr Kanna]]. After hearing of the Crusaders' march, Saladin led his guard back to their main camp at [[Kafr Sabt]], leaving a small detachment at Tiberias. With a clear view of the Crusader army, Saladin ordered al-Muzaffar Umar to block the Crusaders' entry from [[Hittin|Hattin]] by taking a position near [[Lubya]], while [[Gökböri]] and his troops were stationed at a hill near [[Al-Shajara, Palestine|al-Shajara]]. On 4 July the Crusaders advanced toward the [[Horns of Hattin]] and charged against the Muslim forces, but were overwhelmed and [[Battle of Hattin|defeated decisively]]. Four days after the battle, Saladin invited al-Adil to join him in the reconquest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Galilee]] and Lebanese coast. On 8 July the Crusader stronghold of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] was captured by Saladin, while his forces seized [[Nazareth]] and [[Saffuriya]]; other brigades took [[Haifa]], [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]] and Nablus, while al-Adil conquered [[Migdal Afek|Mirabel]] and [[Jaffa]]. On 26 July, Saladin returned to the coast and received the surrender of [[Sarepta]], [[Sidon]], [[Beirut]], and [[Jableh]].<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p219">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|p=219}}</ref> In August, the Ayyubids conquered [[Ramla]], [[Deir al-Balah|Darum]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Bayt Jibrin]], and [[Latrun]]. [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]] was taken on 4 September.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p223">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|p=223}}</ref> In September–October 1187, the Ayyubids [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|besieged Jerusalem]], taking possession of it on 2 October, after negotiations with [[Balian of Ibelin]].<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p230">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|p=230}}</ref>

Karak and [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Mont Real]] in [[Oultrejordain|Transjordan]] soon fell, followed by [[Safad]] in the northeastern Galilee. By the end of 1187 the Ayyubids were in control of virtually the entire Crusader kingdom in the [[Levant]] with the exception of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], which held out under [[Conrad of Montferrat]]. In December 1187, an Ayyubid army consisting of the garrisons of Saladin and his brothers from Aleppo, Hama, and Egypt besieged Tyre. Half of the Muslim naval fleet was seized by Conrad's forces on 29 December, followed by an Ayyubid defeat on the shoreline of the city. On 1 January 1188, Saladin held a war council where a withdrawal from Tripoli was agreed.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p239-240">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=239–240}}</ref>

====Third Crusade====
[[Pope Gregory VIII]] called for a [[Third Crusade]] against the Muslims in early 1189. [[Frederick Barbarossa]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Philip Augustus]] of France, and [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] of England formed an alliance to reconquer Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the Crusaders and the Ayyubids fought near Acre that year and were joined by the reinforcements from Europe. From 1189 to 1191, Acre was besieged by the Crusaders, and despite initial Muslim successes, it fell to Crusader forces. A [[Massacre at Ayyadieh|massacre]] of 2,700 Muslim prisoners of war ensued, and the Crusaders then made plans to take Ascalon in the south.<ref name="Lane-Poole1906p289-307">{{harvnb|Lane-Poole|1906|pp=289–307}}</ref>

As the Ayyubids faced a Crusader naval blockade in Acre and a steady flow of Crusader reinforcements arriving by sea, Saladin sought assistance from the Almohads, who had one of the largest navies in the Mediterranean.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=146}} In 1189–1190, he sent letters to Yaqub al-Mansur requesting naval support in Palestine, which the Almohad caliph declined. Various explanations for this refusal have been suggest by historians, including the Almohads' focus on [[al-Andalus]], ideological differences between the two Muslim states, and the distrust caused by [[Almohad–Ayyubid war of 1187–1188|Qaraqush's invasion of Ifriqiya]].{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=|pp=146–153}}

The Crusaders, now under the unified command of Richard, defeated Saladin at the [[Battle of Arsuf]], allowing for the Crusader conquest of Jaffa and much of coastal Palestine, but they were unable to recover the interior regions. Instead, Richard signed a [[Treaty of Ramla|treaty]] with Saladin in 1192, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a coastal strip between Jaffa and Beirut. It was the last major war effort of Saladin's career, as he died the next year, in 1193.

===Quarrels over the sultanate===
[[File:Maqama 09 Abu Zayd and his wife before the Kadi of Alexandria, Egypt (Kadi detail).jpg|thumb|The [[Qadi]] of [[Alexandria]] in 1200–1210, according to the ''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'' (BNF 3929)]]
Rather than establishing a centralized empire, Saladin had established hereditary ownership throughout his lands, dividing his empire among his kinsmen, with family members presiding over semi-autonomous fiefs and principalities.<ref name="Shillington438"/> Although these princes (''emirs'') owed allegiance to the Ayyubid sultan, they maintained relative independence in their own territories.<ref name="MeriBacharach84">{{harvnb|Meri|Bacharach|2006|p=84}}</ref> Upon Saladin's death, [[Malik az-Zahir|az-Zahir]] took Aleppo from al-Adil per the arrangement and [[al-Aziz Uthman]] held Cairo, while his eldest son, al-Afdal retained Damascus,<ref name="RichardBirrell240">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=240}}</ref> which also included Palestine and much of [[Mount Lebanon]].<ref name="Burns179">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=179}}</ref> Al-Adil then acquired [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]] (Upper Mesopotamia), where he held the Zengids of Mosul at bay. In 1193, Mas'ud of Mosul joined forces with Zangi II of Sinjar and together the Zengid coalition moved to conquer al-Jazira. However, before any major results could be achieved, Mas'ud fell ill and returned to Mosul, and al-Adil then compelled Zangi to make a quick peace before the Zengids suffered territorial losses at the hands of the Ayyubids.<ref name="BosworthDonzelHeinrichsPellat781"/> Al-Adil's son [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa|al-Mu'azzam]] took possession of Karak and Transjordan.<ref name="RichardBirrell240"/>

Soon, however, Saladin's sons squabbled over the division of the empire. Saladin had appointed al-Afdal to the governorship of Damascus with the intention that his son should continue to see the city as his principal place of residence to emphasize the primacy of the ''[[jihad]]'' (struggle) against the Crusader states. Al-Afdal, however, found that his attachment to Damascus contributed to his undoing. Several of his father's subordinate ''emirs'' left the city for Cairo to lobby Uthman to oust him on claims he was inexperienced and intended to oust the Ayyubid old guard. Al-Adil further encouraged Uthman to act in order prevent al-Afdal's incompetence putting the Ayyubid empire in jeopardy. Thus, in 1194, Uthman openly demanded the sultanate. Uthman's claim to the throne was settled in a series of assaults on Damascus in 1196, forcing al-Afdal to leave for a lesser post at [[Salkhad]]. Al-Adil established himself in Damascus as a lieutenant of Uthman, but wielded great influence within the empire.<ref name="Burns179"/>

{{Continental Asia in 1210 CE|right|The Ayyubid and contemporary Asian polities {{circa}} 1215||Map of Ayyubids.png}}
When Uthman died in a hunting accident near Cairo, al-Afdal was again made sultan (although Uthman's son al-Mansur was the nominal ruler of Egypt), al-Adil having been absent in a campaign in the northeast. Al-Adil returned and managed to occupy the [[Citadel of Damascus]], but then faced a strong assault from the combined forces of al-Afdal and his brother az-Zahir of Aleppo. These forces disintegrated under al-Afdal's leadership and in 1200, al-Adil resumed his offensive.<ref name="Burns180">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=180}}</ref> Upon Uthman's death, two clans of ''[[mamluks]]'' (slave soldiers) entered into conflict. They were the Asadiyya and Salahiyya, both of which Shirkuh and Saladin had purchased. The Salahiyya backed al-Adil in his struggles against al-Afdal. With their support, al-Adil conquered Cairo in 1200,<ref name="RichardBirrell241">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=241}}</ref> and forced al-Afdal to accept internal banishment.<ref name="Burns180"/> He proclaimed himself Sultan of Egypt and Syria afterward and entrusted the governance of Damascus to al-Mu'azzam and al-Jazira to his other son [[al-Kamil]].<ref name="RichardBirrell241"/> Also around 1200, a ''[[sharif]]'' (tribal head related to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]), [[Qatada ibn Idris]], seized power in Mecca and was recognized as the ''emir'' of the city by al-Adil.<ref name="Salibi55"/>

Al-Afdal attempted unsuccessfully to take Damascus his final time. Al-Adil entered the city in triumph in 1201.<ref name="Burns180"/> Thereafter, al-Adil's line, rather than Saladin's line, dominated the next 50 years of Ayyubid rule.<ref name="Burns180"/> However, az-Zahir still held Aleppo and al-Afdal was given [[Samosata]] in Anatolia.<ref name="RichardBirrell241"/> Al-Adil redistributed his possessions between his sons: al-Kamil was to succeed him in Egypt, [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus|al-Ashraf]] received al-Jazira, and [[al-Awhad Ayyub|al-Awhad]] was given [[Diyar Bakr]], but the latter territory shifted to al-Ashraf's domain after al-Awhad died.<ref name="RichardBirrell241"/>

Al-Adil aroused open hostility from the [[Hanbali]] lobby in Damascus for largely ignoring the Crusaders, having launched only one campaign against them. Al-Adil believed that the Crusader army could not be defeated in a direct fight. Prolonged campaigns also involved the difficulties of maintaining a coherent Muslim coalition. The trend under al-Adil was the steady growth of the empire, mainly through the expansion of Ayyubid authority in al-Jazira and incorporation of [[Shah-Armens|Shah-Armen]] domains (in [[eastern Anatolia]]). The Abbasids eventually recognized al-Adil's role as sultan in 1207.<ref name="Burns180"/>

By 1208 [[Kingdom of Georgia]] challenged Ayyubid rule in eastern Anatolia and besieged Khilat (possessions of al-Awhad). In response al-Adil assembled and personally led large Muslim army that included the emirs of Homs, Hama and Baalbek as well as contingents from other Ayyubid principalities to support al-Awhad. During the siege, Georgian general [[Ivane Mkhargrdzeli]] accidentally fell into the hands of the al-Awhad on the outskirts of Khilat and was released in 1210, only after the Georgians agreed to sign a [[Thirty Years' Truce]]. The truce ended the Georgian menace to Ayyubid Armenia,<ref>{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=130–131}}.</ref> leaving the [[Lake Van]] region to the Ayyubids of [[Damascus]].

A Crusader military campaign was launched on 3 November 1217, beginning with an offensive towards Transjordan. Al-Mu'azzam urged al-Adil to launch a counter-attack, but he rejected his son's proposal.<ref name="RichardBirrell297">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=297}}</ref> In 1218, the fortress of [[Damietta]] in the [[Nile Delta]] was [[Siege of Damietta (1218)|besieged]] by the Crusaders. After two failed attempts, the fortress eventually capitulated on 25 August. Six days later al-Adil died of apparent shock at Damietta's loss.<ref name="RichardBirrell300">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=300}}</ref>

Al-Kamil proclaimed himself sultan in Cairo, while his brother al-Mu'azzam claimed the throne in Damascus. Al-Kamil attempted to retake Damietta, but was forced back by [[John of Brienne]]. After learning of a conspiracy against him, he fled, leaving the Egyptian army leaderless. Panic ensued, but with the help of al-Mu'azzam, al-Kamil regrouped his forces. By then, however, the Crusaders had seized his camp. The Ayyubids offered to negotiate for a withdrawal from Damietta, offering the restoration of Palestine to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with the exception of the forts of Mont Real and Karak.<ref name="RichardBirrell301">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=301}}</ref> This was refused by the leader of the [[Fifth Crusade]], [[Pelagius of Albano]], and in 1221, the Crusaders were driven out of the Nile Delta after the Ayyubid victory at [[El Mansoura, Egypt|Mansura]].<ref name="Shillington438"/>

===Disintegration===
====Loss of territories and ceding of Jerusalem====

[[File:Al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik and Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Al-Kamil]] (right) and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] signed a treaty restoring [[Jerusalem]] to the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s for ten years; from ''[[Nuova Cronica]]'', mid-14th century]]

In the east, the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] under [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] captured the town of [[Ahlat|Khilat]] from al-Ashraf,<ref name="RichardBirrell315">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=315}}</ref> while the traditionally loyalist [[Rasulid dynasty|Rasulids]] began to encroach on Ayyubid holdings in [[Arabia]]. In 1222 the Ayyubids appointed the Rasulid leader Ali ibn Rasul as governor of Mecca. Ayyubid rule in Yemen and the Hejaz was declining and the Ayyubid governor of Yemen, Mas'ud ibn Kamil, was forced to leave for Egypt in 1223. He appointed Nur ad-Din Umar as his deputy governor while he was absent.<ref name="Ali84"/> In 1224 a local dynasty gained control of [[Hadramaut]] from the Ayyubids, whose control of it had been weakened due to their troubled situation in Yemen proper.<ref name="Brice338"/> Following Mas'ud ibn Kamil's death in 1229, Nur ad-Din Umar declared his independence and discontinued the annual tribute payment to the Ayyubids in Egypt.<ref name="Ali84">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=84}}</ref>

Under [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], a [[Sixth Crusade]] was launched, capitalizing on the ongoing strife between al-Kamil of Egypt and al-Mu'azzam of Syria.<ref name="Shillington438"/> Subsequently, al-Kamil offered Jerusalem to Frederick to help prevent a Syrian invasion of Egypt, but Frederick refused. Al-Kamil's position was strengthened when al-Mu'azzam died in 1227 and was succeeded by his son [[an-Nasir Dawud]]. Al-Kamil continued negotiations with Frederick in Acre in 1228, leading to a truce signed in February 1229. The agreement gave the Crusaders control over an unfortified Jerusalem for over ten years, but also guaranteed Muslim control over Islamic holy places in the city.<ref name="MeriBacharach84"/> Although the treaty held little military significance, an-Nasir Dawud used it as a pretext to provoke the sentiments of Syria's inhabitants. A Friday sermon by a popular preacher at the [[Umayyad Mosque]] "reduced the crowd to violent sobbing and tears".<ref name="Burns184">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=184}}</ref>

The settlement with the Crusaders was accompanied by a proposed redistribution of the Ayyubid principalities whereby Damascus and its territories would by governed by al-Ashraf, who recognized al-Kamil's sovereignty. An-Nasir Dawud resisted, incensed by the Ayyubid-Crusader truce.<ref name="Burns184"/> Al-Kamil's forces reached Damascus to enforce the proposed agreement in May 1229. The [[Siege of Damascus (1229)|ensuing siege]] levied significant pressure on the inhabitants, but they rallied to an-Nasir Dawud, having been supportive of his father's stable rule and angered at the treaty with Frederick. After one month, an-Nasir Dawud sued for peace and was granted a new principality, centered around Karak, while al-Ashraf, the governor of Diyar Bakr, assumed the governorship of Damascus.<ref name="Burns185">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=185}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s were advancing towards al-Jazira.<ref name="RichardBirrell322">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=322}}</ref> The descendants of Qatada ibn Idris challenged Ayyubid rule in Mecca. The Rasulids took advantage of this to end Ayyubid suzerainty in the Hejaz and bring the region under their control, which they accomplished in 1238 when Nur al-Din Umar captured Mecca.<ref name="Salibi55"/><ref name="Ali84"/>

====Syro-Egyptian divide====
[[File:Bassin du sultan al-Adil II Abu Bak (Combat scene).jpg|thumb|Basin of Ayubbid Sultan [[Al-Adil II]], Syria, 1238–1240, combat scene.<ref>{{cite web |last1=al-Mawsili |first1=Ahmad ibn 'Umar al-Dhaki |title=Bassin au nom du sultan al-'Adil II Abu Bakr |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010329191 |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1238}}</ref>]]
Al-Ashraf's rule in Damascus was stable, but he and the other ''emirs'' of Syria sought to assert their independence from Cairo. Amid these tensions, al-Ashraf died in August 1237 after a four-month illness and was succeeded by his brother [[as-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus|as-Salih Ismail]]. Two months later, al-Kamil's Egyptian army arrived and besieged Damascus, but as-Salih Ismail had destroyed the suburbs of the city to deny al-Kamil's forces shelter.<ref name="Burns186">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=186}}</ref> In 1232, al-Kamil installed his eldest son [[as-Salih Ayyub]] to govern Hisn Kayfa, but upon al-Kamil's death in 1238, as-Salih Ayyub disputed the proclamation of younger brother [[al-Adil II]] as sultan in Cairo. As-Salih Ayyub eventually occupied Damascus in December 1238, but his uncle Ismail retrieved the city in September 1239. Ismail's cousin an-Nasir Dawud had Ismail detained in Karak in a move to prevent the latter's arrest by al-Adil II. Ismail entered into an alliance with Dawud who released him the following year, allowing him to proclaim himself sultan in place of al-Adil II in May 1240.

Throughout the early 1240s, as-Salih Ayyub carried out reprisals against those who supported al-Adil II, and he then quarreled with an-Nasir Dawud who had reconciled with as-Salih Ismail of Damascus. The rival sultans as-Salih Ayyub and Ismail attempted to ally with the Crusaders against the other.<ref name="RichardBirrell328">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=328}}</ref> In 1244, the breakaway Ayyubids of Syria allied with the Crusaders and confronted the coalition of as-Salih Ayyub and the Khwarizmids at [[Hirbiya]], near Gaza. A large [[Battle of La Forbie|battle ensued]], resulting in a major victory for as-Salih Ayyub and the virtual collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.<ref name="RichardBirrell330">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=330}}</ref>

====Restoration of unity====
In 1244–1245, as-Salih Ayyub had seized the area approximate to the modern-day [[West Bank]] from an-Nasir Dawud; he gained possession of Jerusalem, then marched on to take Damascus, which fell with relative ease in October 1245.<ref name="RichardBirrell330"/> Shortly afterward, Sayf al-Din Ali surrendered his exposed principality of [[Ajlun]] and its fortress to as-Salih Ayyub. The rupture of the alliance between the Khwarizmids and as-Salih Ayyub ended with the virtual destruction of the former by [[al-Mansur Ibrahim]], the Ayyubid ''emir'' of Homs, in October 1246.<ref name="RichardBirrell330"/> With the Khwarizimid defeat, as-Salih Ayyub was able to complete the conquest of southern Syria.<ref name="Humphreys288">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=288}}</ref> His general Fakhr ad-Din went on to subdue an-Nasir Dawud's territories. He sacked the lower town of Karak, then besieged its fortress. A stalemate followed with neither an-Nasir Dawud or Fakhr ad-Din strong enough to dislodge the other's forces. A settlement was eventually reached whereby an-Nasir Dawud would retain the fortress, but cede the remainder of his principality to as-Salih Ayyub. Having settled the situation in Palestine and Transjordan, Fakhr ad-Din moved north and marched to [[Bosra]], the last place still held by Ismail. During the siege, Fakhr ad-Din fell ill, but his commanders continued the assault against the city, which fell in December 1246.<ref name="Humphreys290">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=290}}</ref>

By May 1247, as-Salih Ayyub was master of Syria south of [[Lake Homs]], having gained control over [[Banias|Banyas]] and Salkhad. With his fellow Ayyubid opponents subdued, except for Aleppo under [[an-Nasir Yusuf]], as-Salih Ayyub undertook a limited offensive against the Crusaders, sending Fakhr ad-Din to move against their territories in the Galilee. [[Tiberias]] fell on 16 June, followed by [[Mount Tabor]] and [[Kawkab al-Hawa]] soon thereafter. Safad with its Templar fortress seemed out of reach, so the Ayyubids marched south to Ascalon. Facing stubborn resistance from the Crusader garrison, an Egyptian flotilla was sent by as-Salih Ayyub to support the siege and on 24 October, Fakhr ad-Din's troops stormed through a breach in the walls and killed or captured the entire garrison. The city was razed and left deserted.<ref name="Humphreys290"/>

As-Salih Ayyub returned to Damascus to keep an eye on developments in northern Syria. [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs|Al-Ashraf Musa of Homs]] had ceded the important stronghold of [[Salamiyah]] to as-Salih Ayyub the previous winter, perhaps to underline their patron-client relationship. This troubled the Ayyubids of Aleppo who feared it would be used as a base for a military take-over of their city. An-Nasir Yusuf found this intolerable and decided to annex Homs in the winter of 1248. The city surrendered in August and an-Nasir Yusuf's terms forced al-Ashraf Musa to hand over Homs, but he was allowed to retain nearby [[Palmyra]] and Tell Bashir in the [[Syrian Desert]]. As-Salih Ayyub sent Fakhr ad-Din to recapture Homs, but Aleppo countered by sending an army to [[Kafartab|Kafr Tab]], south of the city.<ref name="Humphreys293-295">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=293–295}}</ref> An-Nasir Dawud left Karak for Aleppo to support an-Nasir Yusuf, but in his absence, his brothers al-Amjad Hasan and az-Zahir Shadhi detained his heir al-Mu'azzam Isa and then personally went to as-Salih Ayyub's camp at [[al-Mansourah]] in Egypt to offer him control of Karak in return for holdings in Egypt. As-Salih Ayyub agreed and sent the [[eunuch]] Badr al-Din Sawabi to act as his governor in Karak.<ref name="Humphreys297">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=297}}</ref>

===Fall===
====Rise of the Mamluks and fall of Egypt====
[[File:Basin, Syria, c. 1240 AD, brass inlaid with silver - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC04710.jpg|thumb|Basin made for Ayyubid Sultan [[As-Salih Ayyub]], [[Damascus]], Syria, 1247–1249. Brass inlaid with silver. Freer Gallery of Art.<ref name="Basin">{{cite web |title=Basin |url=https://asia.si.edu/object/F1955.10/ |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203191346/https://asia.si.edu/object/F1955.10/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Basin, Syria, c. 1240 AD, brass inlaid with silver - Freer Gallery of Art (horseman playing Polo).jpg|thumb|Horseman playing [[Polo]] (detail). [[Damascus]], Syria, 1247–1249. Brass inlaid with silver. Freer Gallery of Art.<ref name="Basin"/>]]
In 1248, a Crusader fleet of 1,800 boats and ships arrived in [[Cyprus]] with the intent of launching a [[Seventh Crusade]] against the Muslims by conquering Egypt. Their commander, [[Louis IX]], attempted to enlist the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] to launch a coordinated attack on Egypt, but when this failed to materialize, the Crusader force sailed to Damietta and the local population there fled as soon as they landed. When as-Salih Ayyub, who was in Syria at the time, heard of this, he rushed back to Egypt, avoiding Damietta, instead reaching Mansurah. There, he organized an army and raised a commando force which harassed the Crusaders.<ref name="Ali35">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=35}}</ref>

As-Salih Ayyub was ill and his health deteriorated further due to the mounting pressure from the Crusader offensive. His wife [[Shajar al-Durr]] called a meeting of all the war generals and thus became commander-in-chief of the Egyptian forces. She ordered the fortification of Mansurah and then stored large quantities of provisions and concentrated her forces there. She also organized a fleet of war galleys and scattered them at various strategic points along the Nile River. Crusader attempts to capture Mansurah were thwarted and King Louis found himself in a critical position. He managed to cross the Nile to launch a surprise attack against Mansurah. Meanwhile, as-Salih Ayyub died, but Shajar al-Durr and as-Salih Ayyub's [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri Mamluk]] generals, including [[Baibars|Rukn al-Din Baybars]] and [[Aybak]], countered the assault and inflicted heavy losses on the Crusaders. Simultaneously, Egyptian forces cut off the Crusader's line of supply from Damietta, preventing the arrival of reinforcements. As-Salih Ayyub's son and the newly proclaimed Ayyubid sultan [[Al-Muazzam Turanshah|al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah]] reached Mansurah at this point and intensified [[Battle of Mansurah (1250)|the battle]] against the Crusaders. The latter ultimately surrendered at the [[Battle of Fariskur (1250)|Battle of Fariskur]], and King Louis and his companions were arrested.<ref name="Ali36">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=36}}</ref>

Al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah alienated the Mamluks soon after their victory at Mansurah and constantly threatened them and Shajar al-Durr. Fearing for their positions of power, the Bahri Mamluks revolted against the sultan and killed him in April 1250.<ref name="MeriBacharach84"/> Aybak married Shajar al-Durr and subsequently took over the government in Egypt in the name of [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|al-Ashraf II]] who became sultan, but only nominally.<ref name="RichardBirrell349">{{harvnb|Richard|Birrell|1999|p=349}}</ref>

====Dominance of Aleppo====
Intent on restoring the supremacy of Saladin's direct descendants within the Ayyubid family,<ref name="Tabbaa29-30">{{harvnb|Tabbaa|1997|pp=29–30}}</ref> an-Nasir Yusuf was eventually able to enlist the backing of all of the Syria-based Ayyubid ''emirs'' in a common cause against Mamluk-dominated Egypt. By 1250, he took Damascus with relative ease and except for Hama and Transjordan, an-Nasir Yusuf's direct authority stood unbroken from the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]] in northern Mesopotamia to the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. In December 1250, he attacked Egypt after hearing of al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah's death and the ascension of Shajar al-Durr. An-Nasir Yusuf's army was much larger and better-equipped than that of the Egyptian army, consisting of the forces of Aleppo, Homs, Hama, and those of Saladin's only surviving sons, Nusrat ad-Din and Turan-Shah ibn Salah ad-Din.<ref name="Humphreys316">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=316}}</ref> Nonetheless, it suffered a major defeat at the hands of Aybak's forces. An-Nasir Yusuf subsequently returned to Syria, which was slowly slipping out of his control.<ref name="Tabbaa29-30"/>

The Mamluks forged an alliance with the Crusaders in March 1252 and agreed to jointly launch a campaign against an-Nasir Yusuf. King Louis, who had been released after al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah's murder, led his army to Jaffa, while Aybak intended to send his forces to Gaza. Upon hearing of the alliance, an-Nasir Yusuf immediately dispatched a force to [[Tell al-Ajjul]], just outside Gaza, to prevent the junction of the Mamluk and Crusader armies. Meanwhile, the rest of the Ayyubid army was stationed in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]. Realizing that a war between them would greatly benefit the Crusaders, Aybak and an-Nasir Yusuf accepted Abbasid mediation via Najm ad-Din al-Badhirai. In April 1253, a treaty was signed whereby the Mamluks would retain control over all of Egypt and Palestine up to, but not including, Nablus, while an-Nasir Yusuf would be confirmed as the ruler of Muslim Syria. Thus, Ayyubid rule was officially ended in Egypt.<ref name="Humphreys322-323">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=322–323}}</ref> After conflict arose between the Mamluks and the Ayyubids reignited, al-Badhirai arranged another treaty, this time giving an-Nasir Yusuf control of the Mamluks' territories in Palestine and [[al-Arish]] in Sinai. Instead of placing Ayyubids in charge, however, an-Nasir Yusuf handed Jerusalem to a Mamluk named Kutuk while Nablus and [[Jenin]] were given to Baibars.<ref name="Humphreys328">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=328}}</ref>

For over a year after the settlement with the Mamluks, calm settled over an-Nasir Yusuf's reign, but on 11 December 1256 he sent two envoys to the Abbasids in Baghdad seeking formal investiture from the caliph, [[al-Musta'sim]], for his role as "Sultan". This request was connected to an-Nasir's rivalry with Aybak, as the title would be useful in future disputes with the Mamluks. However, the Mamluks had sent their envoys to Baghdad previously to precisely ensure that an-Nasir Yusuf would not gain the title, putting al-Musta'sim in a difficult position.<ref name="Humphreys328"/>

In early 1257, Aybak was killed in a conspiracy, and was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, [[al-Mansur Ali]], while [[Qutuz|Saif ad-Din Qutuz]] held an influential position. Soon after al-Mansur Ali's ascendancy rumors of another conspiracy to which an-Nasir Yusuf had an alleged connection emerged. The accused conspirator, al-Mansur Ali's vizier, Sharaf ad-Din al-Fa'izi, was strangled by Egyptian authorities. The Bahri Mamluks in Syria led by Baibars pressured an-Nasir Yusuf to intervene by invading Egypt, but he would not act, fearing the Bahri dynasty would usurp his throne if they gained Egypt.

====Karak asserts independence====
[[File:Ayyubids 1257.png|thumb|right|200px|Ayyubid territories in 1257. Area in bright red controlled by [[an-Nasir Yusuf]], while the area under dark red was under the nominal control of al-Mughith Umar of Kerak]]

Relations between an-Nasir Yusuf and the Bahri Mamluks grew tense after the former refused to invade Egypt. In October 1257, Baibars and his fellow Mamluks left Damascus or were expelled from the city and together they moved south to Jerusalem. When the governor Kutuk refused to aid them against an-Nasir Yusuf, Baibars deposed him and had al-Mugith Umar, the emir of Karak, pronounced in the ''[[khutba]]'' at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque (building)|al-Aqsa Mosque]]; over the years, al-Mugith Umar had allowed the political dissidents of Cairo and Damascus, who sought protection from either the Mamluk and Ayyubid authorities, a safe haven within his territory.<ref name="Humphreys330-31"/>

Soon after gaining Jerusalem, Baibars conquered Gaza and an-Nasir Yusuf sent his army to Nablus in response. A battle ensued and the Mamluks ultimately fled across the [[Jordan River]] to the [[Balqa (region)|Balqa]] area. From there they reached [[Zoara|Zughar]] at the southern tip of the [[Dead Sea]] where they sent their submission to Karak. Al-Mughith Umar's new relationship with Baibars solidified his independence from an-Nasir Yusuf's Syria. To ensure his independence, al-Mughith Umar began to distribute the territories of Palestine and Transjordan among the Bahri Mamluks.<ref name="Humphreys330-31">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=330–331}}</ref> The new allies assembled a small army and headed for Egypt. In spite of initial gains in Palestine and al-Arish, they withdrew after seeing how overwhelmingly outnumbered they were by the Egyptian army. Al-Mughith Umar and Baibars were not discouraged, however, and launched an army 1,500 regular cavalry to Sinai at the beginning of 1258, but again were defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt.<ref name="Humphreys332">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|p=332}}</ref>

====Mongol invasion and collapse of the empire====
{{Main|Mongol invasions of the Levant}}

[[File:Mongol raids in Syria and Palestine 1260.svg|thumb|right|250px|The Mongol conquest of Ayyubid Syria]]

The Ayyubids had been under the nominal sovereignty of the Mongol Empire after a Mongol force targeted Ayyubid territories in Anatolia in 1244. An-Nasir Yusuf sent an embassy to the Mongol capital [[Karakorum]] in 1250, shortly after assuming power. These understandings did not last, however, and the Mongol Great Khan, [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]], issued a directive to his brother [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]] to extend the realms of the empire to the Nile River. The latter raised an army of 120,000 and in 1258, sacked Baghdad and slaughtered its inhabitants, including Caliph al-Musta'sim and most of his family after the Ayyubids failed to assemble an army to protect the city.<ref name="Burns195-196">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|pp=195–196}}</ref> That same year the Ayyubids lost Diyar Bakr to the Mongols.<ref name="DumperStanley128">{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=128}}</ref>

An-Nasir Yusuf sent a delegation to Hulagu afterward, repeating his protestations to submission. Hulagu refused to accept the terms and so an-Nasir Yusuf called on Cairo for aid. This plea coincided with a successful coup by the Cairo-based Mamluks against the remaining symbolic Ayyubid leadership in Egypt, with strongman [[Qutuz]] officially taking power. Meanwhile, an Ayyubid army was assembled at [[Barzeh, Syria|Birzeh]], just north of Damascus to defend the city against the Mongols who were now marching towards northern Syria. [[Siege of Aleppo (1260)|Aleppo was soon besieged]] within a week and in January 1260 it fell to the Mongols. The [[Great Mosque of Aleppo|Great Mosque]] and the [[Citadel of Aleppo]] were razed and most of the inhabitants were killed or sold [[slavery in the Ayyubid Sultanate|into slavery]].<ref name="Burns197"/> The destruction of Aleppo caused panic in Muslim Syria; The Ayyubid emir of Homs, al-Ashraf Musa, offered to ally with Mongols at the approach of their army and was allowed to continue governance of the city by Hulagu. Hama also capitulated without resisting, but did not join forces with the Mongols.<ref name="Grousset362">{{harvnb|Grousset|2002|p=362}}</ref> An-Nasir Yusuf opted to flee Damascus to seek protection in Gaza.<ref name="Burns197">{{harvnb|Burns|2005|p=197}}</ref>

Hulagu departed for Karakorum and left [[Kitbuqa]], a [[Nestorian Christian]] general, to continue the Mongol conquest. Damascus capitulated after the arrival of the Mongol army, but was not sacked like other captured Muslim cities. However, from Gaza, an-Nasir Yusuf managed to rally the small garrison he left in the Citadel of Damascus to rebel against the Mongol occupation. The Mongols retaliated by launching a massive artillery assault on the citadel and when it became apparent that an-Nasir Yusuf was unable to relieve the city with a newly assembled army, the garrison surrendered.<ref name="Burns197"/>

The Mongols proceeded by conquering Samaria, killing most of the Ayyubid garrison in Nablus, and then advanced south, as far as Gaza, unhindered. An-Nasir Yusuf was soon captured by the Mongols and used to persuade the garrison at Ajlun to capitulate. Afterward, the junior Ayyubid governor of [[Banias|Banyas]] allied with the Mongols,<ref name="Grousset362"/> who had now gained control of most of Syria and al-Jazira, effectively ending Ayyubid power in the region. On 3 September 1260, the Egypt-based Mamluk army led by Qutuz and [[Baibars]] challenged Mongol authority and decisively defeated their forces in the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]], outside [[Zir'in]] in the [[Jezreel Valley]]. Five days later, the Mamluks took Damascus and within a month, most of Syria was in Bahri Mamluk hands.<ref name="Burns197"/> Meanwhile, an-Nasir Yusuf was killed in captivity.<ref name="AbulafiaMcKitterickFouracre616">{{harvnb|Irwin|1999|p=616}}</ref>

===Remnants of the dynasty===
{{see also|Emirate of Hasankeyf}}
Many of the Ayyubid ''emirs'' of Syria were discredited by Qutuz for collaborating with the Mongols, but since al-Ashraf Musa defected and fought alongside the Mamluks at Ain Jalut, he was allowed to continue his rule over Homs. Al-Mansur of Hama had fought alongside the Mamluks from the start of their conquest and because of this,<ref name="AbulafiaMcKitterickFouracre616"/> Hama continued to be ruled by the Ayyubid descendants of al-Muzaffar Umar. After al-Ashraf Musa's death in 1262, the new Mamluk sultan, Baibars, annexed Homs. The next year, al-Mughith Umar was tricked into surrendering Karak to Baibars and was executed soon after for having previously sided with the Mongols.<ref name="AbulafiaMcKitterickFouracre616"/>

The last Ayyubid ruler of Hama died in 1299 and Hama briefly passed through direct Mamluk suzerainty. However, in 1310, under the patronage of the Mamluk sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad]], Hama was restored to the Ayyubids under the well-known geographer and author [[Abu'l-Fida|Abu al-Fida]]. The latter died in 1331 and was succeeded by his son [[al-Afdal Muhammad]], who eventually lost the favor of his Mamluk overlords. He was removed from his post in 1341 and Hama was formally placed under Mamluk rule.<ref name="DumperStanley163">{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=163}}</ref>

In southeastern Anatolia, the Ayyubids continued to rule the [[Emirate of Hasankeyf|principality of Hisn Kayfa]] and managed to remain an autonomous entity, independent of the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]], which ruled northern Mesopotamia until the 1330s. After the breakup of the Ilkhanate, their former vassals in the area, the [[Artuqid]]s, waged war against the Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa in 1334, but were decisively defeated, with the Ayyubids gaining the Artuqids' possessions on the left bank of the [[Tigris River]].<ref name="Singh203-204">{{harvnb|Singh|2000|pp=203–204}}</ref> In the 14th century, the Ayyubids rebuilt the castle of Hisn Kayfa which served as their stronghold. The Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa were vassals of the Mamluks and later the [[Dulkadirids]] until being supplanted by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the early 16th century.<ref name="AyliffeDubinGawthropRichardson913">{{harvnb|Ayliffe|Dubin|Gawthrop|Richardson|2003|p=913}}</ref>

==Military==
Fundamentally, [[Saladin]]'s army, which grew out of [[Nur al-Din Zengi|Nur ad-Din's]] army, was mainly based on Kurdo-Turkic troops, alongside some Fatimid and Arab tribal contingents. Kurds made up one-third of Saladin's army and were mostly organized in tribal units and corps, such as [[al-Hakkariyya]], al-Mehraniyya (branch of [[Hadhabani (tribe)|Hadhbāni]]), [[Humaydi (tribe)|al-Humaydiyya]] and [[Zerzar|al-Zarzariyya]].{{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}} In 1181, Saladin's Egyptian army was composed of 111 amirs, 6,976 ''tawashi'' (cavalrymen) and 1,153 ''qara-ghulam''s (second grade cavalrymen). In addition to the dominant contribution of Egypt, each urban centre in the [[Levant]] and the [[Upper Mesopotamia|Jazira]] maintained contingents depending on its resources, which were called by Saladin when needed. The estimated total of 16,000 regular cavalry were directly subject to Saladin's command, in addition to 4000 troops which the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]] of Mosul and the other Zengid principalities supplied. It was with the large bulk of this army, some 12,000 cavalrymen, that Saladin defeated the Crusader forces at [[Battle of Hattin|Hattin]] and achieved his later victories.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=416}}

Not much is known about how the Ayyubids graded their officer corps. A number of military titles appear in inscriptions on some Ayyubid buildings, including [[Emir|''amir'']], ''amir al-kabir'', [[Ispahsalar|''supasalar'']] and [[Amirspasalar|''amir supasalar'']]. These might refer to different ranks.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=373}}

The Ayyubid army largely consisted of free-born soldiers, but the sultan, princes and amirs also acquired their own personal [[Mamluk]] contingents.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=416}} These included, for instance, the ''Asadiyya'' (named after [[Shirkuh|Asad ad-Din Shirkuh]]), the ''Salahiyya'' (after Saladin), the ''<nowiki/>'Adiliyya'' (after [[Al-Adil I|Adil I]]), the ''Kamiliyya'' (after [[al-Kamil]]), and others. The lack of unity and the rivalries between these contingents eventually weakened the Ayyubid army.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=|pp=29–30}} Furthermore, a few traces of ethnic hostility may have existed between [[Kurds]], who were free-born, and [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] who generally made up the Mamluk contingents. Although the army was paid by a monthly salary called ''jāmakiyya'', the amirs were often assigned an ''[[iqta']]'' (fiefdom) by the sultan or other rulers. From the income of these ''iqta'', they were required to provide a specific number of fully equipped and trained cavalrymen when the sultan called them to arms.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=373}}

==Government==
{{See also|List of Ayyubid rulers|l1=List of Ayyubid rulers and related family trees}}

===Structure===
[[File:Ayyubid Az Zahir 1204 Aleppo.jpg|thumb|right|An Ayyubid coin minted in Aleppo bearing the name of Emir [[az-Zahir Ghazi|al-Zahir]] ]]

Saladin structured the Ayyubid empire around the concept of collective sovereignty i.e. a confederation of principalities held together by the idea of family rule. Under this arrangement there existed numerous "petty sultans" while one family member, ''as-Sultan al-Mu'azzam'', reigned supreme. After the death of Saladin, this coveted position became open to whoever was strong enough to seize it. Subsequent rivalry between the Ayyubids of Syria and Egypt reached a point where the rulers of each territory would at times collude with Crusaders against the other.<ref name="Jackson36"/> Ayyubid rule differed in these two regions. In Syria, each major city was ruled as a relatively independent principality under an Ayyubid family member, while in Egypt the long tradition of centralized rule enabled the Ayyubids to maintain direct control over the province from Cairo.<ref name="HouraniRuthven131">{{harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2002|p=131}}</ref> It was [[Baghdad]], seat of the [[Caliphate]], however, that exercised cultural and political hegemony over the Ayyubid territories, particularly those in Southwest Asia. For instance, the ''[[qadi]]'' ("chief justice") of Damascus was still appointed by the Abbasids during Ayyubid rule.<ref name="Jackson36">{{harvnb|Jackson|1996|p=36}}</ref>

Political power was concentrated in the Ayyubid household which was not necessarily characterized only by blood relation; slaves and intimates could acquire great, and even supreme power within it. It was a common occurrence for the mothers of young Ayyubid rulers to act as independent powers or in a few cases, rulers in their own right. [[Eunuch (court official)|Eunuchs]] exercised substantial power under the Ayyubids, serving as attendants and [[atabeg]]s within the household or as ''emirs'', governors, and army commanders outside the household. One of Saladin's most important supporters was the eunuch [[Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad]] who helped him depose the Fatimids, dispossess their properties, and construct the wall of Cairo's citadel. Following the death of al-Aziz Uthman, he became the regent of his son al-Mansur and effectively ruled over Egypt for a short time before the arrival of al-Adil. Later sultans appointed eunuchs as deputy sultans and even awarded them sovereignty over certain cities, such as Shams al-Din Sawab who was given the [[Upper Mesopotamia|Jazira]]n cities of [[Amid]] and Diyar Bakr in 1239.<ref name="DalyPetry239-240">{{harvnb|Daly|Petry|1998|pp=239–240}}</ref>

The Ayyubids had three principal means of recruiting the educated elites whom they needed to administer their cities and towns. Some of these local leaders, known as ''[[shaykh]]s'', entered the service of an Ayyubid ruling household and thus their bids for power were supported from Ayyubid household revenues and influence. Others were paid directly out of revenues made from the ''[[divan|diwan]]'', a high governmental body of the state. The third method was assignment to the ''shaykhs'' of the revenues of charitable endowments, known as ''[[waqf]]s''.<ref name="DalyPetry231">{{harvnb|Daly|Petry|1998|p=231}}</ref> The Ayyubids, like their various predecessors in the region, had relatively few state agencies by which they could penetrate their cities and towns. To link themselves with the educated elite of their cities, they relied on the political usage of patronage practices. The assignment of ''waqf'' revenue to this elite was similar to the assignment of fiefs (''iqta'at'') to the commanders and generals of the army. In both cases, it enabled the Ayyubids to recruit a dependent, but not administratively subordinate elite.<ref name="DalyPetry232">{{harvnb|Daly|Petry|1998|p=232}}</ref>

[[File:Governor of Rahba. Maqamat of al-Hariri, Baghdad 1237.jpg|thumb|The Governor of [[al-Rahba]]. Ayyubid period. ''[[Maqamat of al-Hariri]]'', Baghdad (1237). The red beard denotes foreigness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |title=Arab painting |date=1977 |publisher=New York : Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-0081-0 |pages=114–115 |url=https://archive.org/details/arabpainting0000etti/page/114/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
Following their conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, the Ayyubids under Saladin may have been the first to establish the position of ''[[amir al-hajj]]'' (commander of the pilgrimage) to protect the annual [[Hajj]] caravans leaving Damascus for [[Mecca]] with the appointment of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub to the office.<ref name="Sato134">{{harvnb|Sato|2014|p=134}}</ref>

===Seat of government===
The seat of Ayyubid government from Saladin's rule from the 1170s up to al-Adil's reign in 1218 had been Damascus. The city provided a strategic advantage in the constant war with the Crusaders and allowed the sultan to keep an eye on his relatively ambitious vassals in Syria and al-Jazira. Cairo was too remote to serve as a base of operations, but had always served as the economic foundation of the empire. This rendered the city a critical constituent in the repertoire of the Ayyubid possessions.<ref name="Jackson36"/> When Saladin was proclaimed sultan in Cairo in 1171, he chose the Fatimid-built Lesser Western Palace (part of a larger palace complex in Cairo isolated from the urban sprawl) as the seat of government. Saladin himself resided in the former Fatimid vizier palace, Turan-Shah took up a former Fatimid prince's living quarter, and their father occupied the Pearl Pavilion which was situated outside Cairo overlooking the city's canal. The successive Ayyubid sultans of Egypt would live in the Lesser Western Palace.<ref name="Lev11">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|p=11}}</ref>

After al-Adil I seized the throne in Cairo and with it the sultanate of the Ayyubid oligarchy, the period of rivalry between Damascus and Cairo to become capital of the Ayyubid empire commenced. Under al-Adil and al-Kamil, Damascus continued as an autonomous province whose ruler reserved the right to designate his own heir, but during as-Salih Ayyub's rule, military campaigns against Syria reduced Damascus to a vassal of Cairo.<ref name="Jackson37">{{harvnb|Jackson|1996|p=37}}</ref> In addition, Ayyub established new rules both in administration and government to centralize his regime; he conferred the most prominent positions of the state to his close confidants, instead of his Ayyubid relatives. His wife Shajar al-Durr, for example, managed the affairs of Egypt while he was in Syria. Ayyub officially delegated his authority to his dead son Khalil and made al-Durr act formally on Khalil's behalf.<ref name="VermeulenDeSmetVanSteenbergen211-212">{{harvnb|Vermeulen|De Smet|Van Steenbergen|2001|pp=211–212}}</ref>

===Iqta' system===
{{Main|Iqta'}}

Saladin established the ''iqta'<nowiki/>'' system that remained in practice until the end of Ayyubid rule. The ''iqta'' system of the Ayyubids was modeled after the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] system, but was more centralized. An Ayyubid fief holder had two different kinds of fiefs: a special one (''khassa''), for his own personal needs, and another one called ''iqta'<nowiki/>'', for the maintenance of his troops. Ayyubid [[feudalism]] in Egypt differed from the feudal system in the other parts of the sultanate ([[Syria (region)|Syria]] and [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Al-Jazirah]]), as the Ayyubid feudal lords in Syria had more power and independence than their Egyptian counterparts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&dq=ayyubid+Feudal&pg=PA28 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> The ''iqta''' was held mainly by Ayyubid dynasty members, Kurds or Mamluks. The Kurdish fief holders consisted of four tribes, the [[al-Hakkariyya]], [[Humaydi (tribe)|al-Humaydiyya]], al-Mihraniyya and [[Zerzar|al-Zarzariyya]]. However, during the reign of [[al-Salih Ayyub]], the [[Qaymariyya (tribe)|al-Qaymariyya]] became the dominant Kurdish tribe within the Ayyubid military oligarchy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sato |first=Tsugitaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGZjEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+iqta+system+of+Egypt+and+Syria+under+the+Ayyubids&pg=PA42 |title=State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqta's and Fallahun |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49318-6 |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Religion, ethnicity and language===
[[File:Minaret of the Aleppo Citadel Mosque Aleppo Syria.jpg|thumb|right|Minaret of the Great Mosque of the Aleppo Citadel, built by [[az-Zahir Ghazi]] in 1214]]

By the 12th century, [[Islam]] was the dominant religion in the Middle East. It is not certain, however, if it was the religion of the majority outside the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Arabic was the language of high culture and of the urban population, although other languages dating to pre-Islamic rule were still being used to a certain extent.<ref name="HouraniRuthven96-97">{{harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2002|pp=96–97}}</ref> Most Egyptians were speaking Arabic by the time the Ayyubids took power there.<ref name="Goldschmidt48">{{harvnb|Goldschmidt|2008|p=48}}</ref>

[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] was the mother tongue of the Ayyubids,{{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}} at the time of their departure from Dvin. Sultan Saladin spoke both Arabic and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and likely [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as well.<ref name="Magill809"/><ref name="France84"/> There was a strong ethnic consciousness between the Ayyubids and other Kurds. According to the historian [[R. Stephen Humphreys]], Saladin obtained the Fatimid vizierate partly on the strength of it.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=|pp=29–30}} Kurdish ethnic consciousness was reinforced by the existence of ethnic friction. After Shirkuh's death, Saladin's close associate Diya' al-Din Isa al-Hakkari, a Kurd, visited the leaders of each faction contending for power to try to win them over to the election of Saladin, and to one Kurdish emir, Qutb al-Din Khusrau ibn al-Talal, he used the following argument: "Verily, everybody is for Saladin except you and al-Yaruqi [a Turkmen amir from the north Syrian Yürük tribe]. What is needed now, above all, is an understanding between you and Saladin, especially because of his Kurdish origin, so that the command does not go from him to the Turks." Within a few months of Saladin's election, all the Turkish amirs had returned to Syria to save the Turks, although no conflict happened.<ref>{{cite book |last1=ibn Shaddad |first1=Baha ad-Din |title=The Life of Saladin |year=2014 |publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |location=Minnesota |isbn=978-1-4021-9246-3 |page=420 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baha-al-Din |access-date=8 December 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512151617/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baha-al-Din |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Ayyubid period represents the climax of Kurdish integration in Egypt and Syria, to the extent that the Ayyubid dynasty appeared as Kurdish dynasty par excellence. The Ayyubids acted as a Kurdish dynasty, functioning as a tribal catalyst. Kurds from various tribes and social status occupied high positions within the Ayyubid realm, from military to religious elites. The Ayyubids reinforced the nexus between the Sultanate and their Kurdish kinsmen, while the Kurds maintained their tribal ethos, solidarities and link to their original homeland.{{sfn|Öpengin|2021|p=30-31}} While the Ayyubid military was very ethnically diverse, elite units were dominated by Kurds, and Saladin's personal guard was generally reserved for Kurds.<ref>Andrew S. Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (State University of New York Press, 1972), pp. 44–45</ref><ref>Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260 (SUNY Press, 1977), p. 23</ref><ref>Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), pp. 116–117</ref> [[Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari]] wrote that many [[Lurs]] had migrated from [[Lorestan province|Luristan]] to the Levant and Egypt and had a significant presence there, although Saladin saw them as a potential challenge to his elite Kurdish troops and eventually ordered the massacre of all Lurs, after which the Luri population in the Levant and Egypt had vanished.<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 5, 1986, pp. 822</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Kalila_wa_Dimna_BNF_Arabe_3465,_folio_34r.jpg
| image2 = Kalila-wa-Dimna_1.jpg
| footer = The first known illustrated manuscript of ''[[Kalīla wa-Dimna]]'' (BNF, Arabe 3465), written in Arabic c.1220 in Egypt or Syria, is generally considered as an Ayyubid work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brac de La Perrière |first1=Éloïse |last2=EL Khiari |first2=Aïda |last3=Vernay-Nouri |first3=Annie |title=Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-46710-1 |pages=98, caption of figure 4.1; 118 |quote=It would be reasonable to ascribe BnF Arabe 3465 to the early thirteenth-century Ayyubid cultural area.}}</ref>
}}

According to Yasser Tabbaa, an anthropologist specializing in medieval Islamic culture, the Ayyubid rulers who reigned in the late 12th-century were far removed from their Kurdish origins, and unlike their Seljuq predecessors and their Mamluk successors, they were firmly "Arabized."<ref name="Tabbaa31"/> [[Arabic culture]] and language<ref name="Angold391">{{harvnb|Angold|2006|p=391}}</ref> formed the main component of their identity instead of their Kurdish heritage.<ref name="FageOliver37-38">{{harvnb|Fage|Oliver|1977|pp=37–38}}</ref> Arabic surnames were much more prevalent among the Ayyubids, a tribe that had already been partially assimilated into the Arabic-speaking world before its members came to power, than non-Arabic names. However, the Ayyubids continued their connection with their original homeland, that is Iranic culture. As it is evident that [[Al-Adil I|Al-Adil]] along with his son and successor, [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa]] spoke [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and maybe even [[New Persian|Persian]].{{sfn|Humphreys|1987|p=164–167}} As Al-Mu'azzam Isa ordered the translation of [[Shahnameh]] into Arabic, the translation was completed in 1224 by the well-known writer Fath ibn Ali al-Bundari.{{sfn|Minorsky|1953|pp=137}} Some Iranic romanticism can be detected in names such as [[Nur ad-Din Shahanshah|Shahan-Shah]], [[Bahramshah|Bahram-Shah]], [[Farrukh Shah|farrukh-Shah]] and ''[[Turan-Shah]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1953|pp=136}}'' Under the Ayyubids, many scholars note that [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] gained a privileged status but admit that there is a paucity of evidence due to the lack of written documents in [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] from the Ayyubid period.''{{sfn|Öpengin|2021|pp=612–613}}'' The Ayyubid Military class often spoke Kurdish and Turkish rather than Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UP-vjDzbB8C |title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives |date=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-57958-210-4 |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref> Most of the Ayyubid rulers spoke fluent Arabic and a number of them, such as az-Zahir Ghazi, al-Mu'azzam Isa and the minor emirs of Hama, composed [[Arabic poetry]].''<ref name="Humphreys189-190">{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=189–190}}</ref>'' [[Al-Salih Ayyub]], however, did not write poetry, but was a patron of two great Arab poets, [[Baha al-Din Zuhayr]] and Ibn Matrouh.''<ref name="France122-123" />''

Kurds and free-born Kurdish mercenaries<ref>Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. p. 164. {{ISBN|978-90-04-09790-2}}</ref> dominated the cavalry and nomadic [[Turkmen people|Turcomans]] and Arabs filled the ranks of the infantry. These groups typically settled in the pastoral areas outside the cities, the centers of cultural life, and as such they were relatively isolated from the Arabic-dominant urban environment. This isolation allowed them to preserve their traditions.<ref name="Tabbaa31">{{harvnb|Tabbaa|1997|p=31}}</ref> Like their Fatimid predecessors, the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt maintained a substantial force of ''[[mamluk]]s'' (military slaves). By the first half of the 13th century ''mamluks'' were mostly drawn from [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] Turks and [[Circassians]] and there is strong evidence that these forces continued to speak [[Kipchak language|Kipchak Turkish]].<ref name="Catlos425">{{harvnb|Catlos|1997|p=425}}</ref><ref name="Flinterman16-17">{{harvnb|Flinterman|2012|pp=16–17}}</ref>

[[File:Coptic Gospel, Damietta, Egypt, 1179-80.jpg|thumb|Miniatures from a [[Copts|Coptic]] Gospel (BNF Copte 13), Damietta, Egypt, Ayyubid period, 1179–80.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brac de La Perrière |first1=Éloïse |last2=EL Khiari |first2=Aïda |last3=Vernay-Nouri |first3=Annie |title=Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-46710-1 |page=107}}</ref>]]
In Egypt, there were large communities of [[Coptic Christian]]s, [[Melkite]]s, [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Armenians]], and [[Black African]]s.<ref name="Lev192" /> Coptic Christians, who had formed the majority of Egypt's population during the early Islamic period, remained a substantial minority.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Kenneth S. |date=2013 |title=Coptic Language and Identity in Ayyūbid Egypt |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09503110.2013.799953 |journal=Al-Masāq |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=222–239 |doi=10.1080/09503110.2013.799953 |issn=0950-3110|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The native [[Coptic language]] had by this point largely ceased to be spoken but continued as a literary and liturgical language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Werthmuller |first=Kurt J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrxIBXFUGV8C |title=Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218–1250 |publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-977-416-345-6 |pages=16, 125 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The translation of [[Coptic literature]] into Arabic, which had begun in preceding centuries, also accelerated during the 13th century, engendering a "Coptic Renaissance" that enabled Coptic identity to be preserved within a wider Arabic cultural environment.<ref name=":0" />

Under the Fatimids, non-Muslims in Egypt generally prospered, with the exception of Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]]'s reign. However, with Shirkuh's ascendancy to the vizier position, a number edicts were enacted against the non-Muslim population. With the advent of the Syrian expeditionary force (consisting of [[Oghuz Turks]] and Kurds) into Egypt, waves of maltreatment of minorities occurred, irrespective of religion.<ref name="Lev192" /> These incidents occurred while Shirkuh and Saladin were viziers to the Fatimid caliph.<ref name="Lev192" />

At the beginning of Saladin's reign as sultan in Egypt, upon the encouragement of his adviser, [[Qadi al-Fadil]], Christians were prohibited from employment in the fiscal administration, but various Ayyubid emirs continued to allow Christians to serve in their posts. A number of other regulations were imposed, including the bans on alcohol consumption, religious processions, and the ringing of church bells. Conversion of formerly high-ranking Christians and their families to Islam took place throughout the early period of Ayyubid rule.<ref name="Lev187-189">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|pp=187–189}}</ref> According to historian Yaakov Lev, the [[persecution of non-Muslims]] had some permanent effects on them, but nonetheless, the effects were local and contained.<ref name="Lev192">{{harvnb|Lev|1999|p=|pages=187–193}}</ref> To manage Mediterranean trade, the Ayyubids permitted Europeans—mainly Italians, but also French and [[Catalan people|Catalan]]s—to settle in [[Alexandria]] in large numbers. However, in the aftermath of the [[Fifth Crusade]], 3,000 merchants from the area were arrested or expelled.<ref name="DalyPetry231"/>

The majority of Syria's population in the 12th century consisted of [[Sunni Muslim]]s, typically from Arab or Kurdish backgrounds. There were also sizable Muslim communities of [[Twelver Shia]]s, [[Druze]]s, and [[Alawite]]s. The [[Ismaili]] presence was small and most were of [[Persian people|Persian]] origin, having migrated from [[Alamut]]. They mostly resided in the mountainous area near the northern Syrian coastline.<ref name="Willey41">{{harvnb|Willey|2005|p=41}}</ref> Large Christian communities existed in northern Syria, Palestine, Transjordan and Upper Mesopotamia. They were [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]-speaking and indigenous to the area, mostly belonging to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. They lived in villages of Christian or mixed Christian and Muslim population, monasteries, and in small towns where they appear to have been on friendly terms with their Muslim neighbors. Ideologically, they were led by the [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref name="Baer2-3">{{harvnb|Baer|1989|pp=2–3}}</ref>

In Yemen and Hadramaut, much of the population adhered to [[Shia Islam]] in its [[Zaydi]] form. The inhabitants of Upper Mesopotamia were made up of Sunni Muslim Kurds and Turks, although there was a significant [[Yazidi]] minority in that region as well. Jews were spread throughout the [[Islamic world]] and most Ayyubid cities had Jewish communities due to the important roles Jews played in trade, manufacture, finance, and medicine. In Yemen and some parts of Syria, Jews also lived in rural towns. The Ayyubid ''emir'' of Yemen in 1197–1202, al-Malik Mu'izz Isma'il, attempted to forcibly convert the Jews of Aden, but this process ceased after his death in 1202. Within the Jewish community, particularly in Egypt and Palestine, there existed a minority of [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]].<ref name="HouraniRuthven96-97"/>

The Ayyubids generally employed Kurds, Turks, and people from the [[Caucasus]] for the higher-ranking posts of the military and bureaucratic fields. Not much is known about the foot soldiers of the Ayyubid army, but the numbers of cavalrymen are known to have fluctuated between 8,500 and 12,000. The cavalry was largely composed of free-born Kurds and Turks whom Ayyubid ''emirs'' and sultans purchased as military slaves or ''mamluks''; in the early days of the Ayyubids, there was also a large contingent of [[Turkmen people|Turkoman]]s. In addition, there existed Arab auxiliaries, former Fatimid units such as the [[Nubian people|Nubians]], and separate Arab contingents—notably from the [[Banu Kinanah|Kinaniyya tribe]], who were largely devoted to the defense of Egypt. Rivalry between Kurdish and Turkish troops occurred occasionally when leading positions were at stake and towards the end of Ayyubid rule, Turks outnumbered Kurds in the army. Despite their Kurdish background, the sultans remained impartial to both groups.<ref name="DalyPetry226">{{harvnb|Daly|Petry|1998|p=226}}</ref>

===Population===
There is no accurate figure for the population of the various territories under Ayyubid rule. Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones suggest that in the 12th century, Syria had a population of 2.7 million, Palestine and Transjordan had 500,000 inhabitants, and Egypt had a population of under 5 million.<ref name="Shatzmiller57-58">{{harvnb|Shatzmiller|1994|pp=57–58}}</ref> Josiah C. Russel states that in this same period there were 2.4 million people in Syria living in 8,300 villages, leaving a population of 230,000–300,000 living in ten cities, eight of which were Muslim cities under Ayyubid control. The largest were [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] (pop. 24,000), Damascus (pop. 15,000), Aleppo (pop. 14,000), and Jerusalem (pop. 10,000). Smaller cities included Homs, Hama, Gaza, and [[Hebron]].<ref name="Shatzmiller59-60">{{harvnb|Shatzmiller|1994|pp=59–60}}</ref>

Russel estimated the Egyptian village population to be 3.3 million in 2,300 villages, a high density for rural populations in the time period. He attributes it to the high productivity of Egyptian soil which allowed for increased agricultural growth. The urban population was much lower, 233,100, consisting of 5.7% of the total Egyptian population. The largest cities were Cairo (pop. 60,000), Alexandria (pop. 30,000), [[Qus]] (pop. 25,000), Damietta (pop. 18,000), [[Fayyum]] (pop. 13,000), and [[Bilbeis]] (pop. 10,000). Numerous smaller cities dotted the Nile River. Among the latter were [[Damanhur]], [[Asyut]], and [[Tanta]]. Cities in Egypt were also densely populated, mainly because of greater urbanization and industrialization than elsewhere.<ref name="Shatzmiller59-60"/>

==Economy==
[[File:Siria, damasco, versatoio in rame incrostato d'oro e argento firmato husayn ibn muhammad al mawsili (reworked).jpg|thumb|Ayyubid inlaid metal ewer, in the name of Ayyubid Sultan [[An-Nasir Yusuf|al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-din Yusuf]]. 1258–1259, [[Damascus]], Syria. [[Louvre Museum]].]]
[[File:Egyptian vase MBA Lyon 1939-10.jpg|thumb|right|An example of Ayyubid pottery from Egypt]]
Having pushed the Crusaders out of most of Syria, the Ayyubids generally adopted a policy of peace with them. The war with the Crusaders did not prevent Muslims under Ayyubid governance from developing good commercial relations with European states. This led to fruitful interaction between both sides in different fields of economic activity, particularly in agriculture and trade.<ref name="Ali37">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=37}}</ref>

Numerous measures were undertaken by the Ayyubids to increase agricultural production. Canals were dug to facilitate the irrigation of agricultural lands throughout the empire. Cultivation of [[sugarcane]] was officially encouraged to meet the great demand of it by both the local inhabitants and the Europeans. Meanwhile, as a result of the Crusades, several new plants were introduced to Europe, including [[sesame]], [[carob]], millet, rice, lemons, melons, [[apricot]]s, and shallots.<ref name="Ali37"/>

The main factor which boosted industry and trade under the Ayyubids was the new interests Europeans developed when they came into contact with the Muslims. Commodities included incense, scents, fragrant oils, and aromatic plants from [[Arabia]] and India, as well as ginger, [[alum]], and [[aloe]]s. Likewise, Europeans developed new tastes in the matter of fashions, clothing, and home furnishing. Rugs, carpets, and tapestries manufactured in the Middle East and Central Asia were introduced to the West through Crusader-Ayyubid interaction. Christian pilgrims visiting Jerusalem returned with Arab reliquaries for the keeping of relics. In addition, eastern works of art in glass, pottery, gold, silver, etc., were highly prized in Europe.<ref name="Ali37"/>

The European demand for agricultural products and industrial commodities stimulated maritime activity and international trade to an unprecedented extent. The Ayyubids played a leading role in this as they controlled sea-trade routes which passed through the ports of Yemen and Egypt via the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="Ali37"/> The trade policy of the Ayyubids placed them in a position of great advantage; although they cooperated with the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoans]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], they prevented them from having access to the Red Sea. Thus, they kept the trade of the Indian Ocean exclusively in their hands. In the Mediterranean trade, the Ayyubids also profited through taxes and commissions levied upon Italian merchants.<ref name="Ali38">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=38}}</ref>

Upon the development of international trade, the elementary principles of credit and banking were developed. Both Jewish and Italian merchants had regular banking agents in Syria, who transacted business on behalf of their masters. Bills of exchange were also used by them in their dealings with one another and money was deposited in various banking centers throughout Syria. The encouragement of trade and industry provided the Ayyubid sultans with the funds needed for military expenditure as well as for developmental and everyday lifestyle works. Special attention was made to the economic state of the empire under al-Adil and al-Kamil. The latter maintained a strict control over expenditure; it is said that on his death he left a treasury which was equivalent to the budget of one full year.<ref name="Ali38"/>

===Education===
Being well-educated themselves, the Ayyubid rulers became munificent patrons of learning and educational activity. Different ''[[madrasa]]''-type schools were built by them throughout the empire, not only for education, but also to popularize knowledge of Sunni Islam. According to [[Ibn Jubayr]], under Saladin, Damascus had 30 schools, 100 baths, and a large number of [[Sufi]] ''[[dervish]]'' monasteries. He also built several schools in Aleppo, Jerusalem, Cairo, Alexandria, and in various cities in the Hejaz. Similarly, many schools were built by his successors also. Their wives and daughters, commanders, and nobles established and financed numerous educational institutions as well.<ref name="Ali38"/>

Although the Ayyubids were from the [[Shafi'i]] denomination, they built schools for imparting instruction in all four of the Sunni systems of religious-juridical thought. Before the Ayyubid takeover, there were no schools for the Hanbali and Maliki denominations in Syria, but the Ayyubids founded separate schools for them. In the mid-13th century, [[Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad|Ibn Shaddad]] counted in Damascus 40 Shafi'i, 34 [[Hanafi]], 10 Hanbali, and three Maliki schools.<ref name="Ali39">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|p=39}}</ref>

When Saladin restored Sunni orthodoxy in Egypt, 10 ''madrasas'' were established in Cairo during his reign, and an additional 25 during the entire Ayyubid period of rule. Each of their locations had religious, political, and economic significance, in particular those in al-Fustat. Most of the schools were dedicated to the Shafi'i denomination, but others belonged to the Maliki and Hanafi ''[[madhab]]s''. The ''madrasas'' built near the [[Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i|tomb]] of [[Al-Shafi‘i|Imam al-Shafi'i]] were located adjacent to the important centers of pilgrimage and were a major focus of Sunni devotion.<ref name="Yeomans111">{{harvnb|Yeomans|2006|p=111}}</ref>

About 26 schools were built in Egypt, Jerusalem and Damascus by high-ranking government officials, and unusual for the time, commoners also founded in Egypt about 18 schools, including two medical institutions.<ref name="Ali39"/> Most schools were residential whereby both teachers and students resided as a rule. The teachers appointed were jurists, theologians, and traditionalists who received their salary from endowments to the institutions they taught in. Each student was offered a lodging where he would resort, a teacher to instruct him in whatever art he requested, and regular grants to cover all his needs. ''Madrasas'' were considered prestigious institutions in society. Under the Ayyubids, it was not possible to obtain a job in the government without receiving an education from a ''madrasa''.<ref name="Ali39"/>

==Science and medicine==
The facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in different branches of knowledge and learning throughout the territories they controlled. They took special interest in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, and botany. Saladin built and maintained two hospitals in Cairo emulating the well-known Nuri Hospital in Damascus which not only treated patients, but also provided medical schooling. Many scientists and physicians flourished in this period in Egypt, Syria, and [[Iraq]]. Among them were [[Maimonides]], Ibn Jami, [[Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)|Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi]], [[al-Dakhwar]], [[Rashidun al-Suri]], and [[Ibn al-Baitar]]. Some of these scholars served the Ayyubid household directly, becoming the personal physicians of sultans.<ref name="Ali39-41">{{harvnb|Ali|1996|pp=39–41}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Aleppo Madrasa Firdows 0207.jpg|thumb|The [[Firdaws Madrasa]] was built in 1236 under the patronage of [[Dayfa Khatun]], [[Aleppo]]]]
Military architecture was the supreme expression of the Ayyubid period, as well as an eagerness to fortify the restoration of Sunni Islam, especially in a previously [[Shia]]-dominated Egypt by constructing [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ''madrasas''. The most radical change Saladin implemented in Egypt was the enclosure of Cairo and al-Fustat within one city wall.<ref name="Yeomans104-105">{{harvnb|Yeomans|2006|pp=104–107}}</ref> Some of the techniques of fortification were learned from the [[Crusaders]], such as curtain walls following the natural topography. Many were also inherited from the Fatimids like [[machicolations]] and round towers, while other techniques were developed simultaneously by the Ayyubids, particularly concentric planning.<ref name="Peterson26">{{harvnb|Petersen|1996|p=26}}</ref>

Muslim women, particularly those from the Ayyubid family, the families of local governors, and the families of the ''[[ulema]]'' ("religious scholars") took an active role in Ayyubid architecture. Damascus witnessed the most sustained patronage of religious architecture by women. They were responsible for the construction of 15 ''madrasas'', six Sufi hospices, and 26 religious and charitable institutions. In Aleppo, the [[Firdaws Madrasa]], known as the most impressive Ayyubid building in Syria, had regent queen [[Dayfa Khatun]] as its patron.<ref>{{harvnb|Humphreys|1994|p=35}}</ref>
[[File:Ayyubid wall Cairo DSCF1591.jpg|thumb|The 12th-century [[Fortifications of Cairo|Ayyubid wall]] of Cairo, as seen from present-day [[al-Azhar Park]]. This wall was part of an ambitious fortification project begun by Saladin in 1176 that also included the construction of the [[Cairo Citadel]].{{Sfn|Raymond|2000|pp=90–91}}]]
In September 1176, construction of the [[Citadel of Cairo|Cairo Citadel]] began under Saladin's orders. According to [[al-Maqrizi]], Saladin chose the [[Mokattam|Muqattam Hills]] to build the citadel because the air there was fresher than anywhere else in the city, but its construction was not so much determined by the salubrious atmosphere; rather it was out of defensive necessity and example of existing fortresses and citadels in Syria. The walls and towers of the northern section of the citadel are largely the works of Saladin and al-Kamil.<ref name="Yeomans104-105"/> Al-Kamil completed the citadel; he strengthened and enlarged some of the existing towers (such as two of Saladin's towers that were enlarged by totally encasing them in semi-circular units), and also added a number of square towers which served as self-contained keeps. According to Richard Yeomans, the most impressive of al-Kamil's structures was the series of massive rectangular keeps which straddled the walls of the northern enclosure.<ref name="Yeomans109-110">{{harvnb|Yeomans|2006|pp=109–110}}</ref> All of al-Kamil's fortifications can be identified by their embossed, rusticated masonry, whereas Saladin's towers have smooth dressed stones. This heavier rustic style became a common feature in other Ayyubid fortifications, and can be seen in the [[Citadel of Damascus]] and that of [[Bosra]] in Syria.<ref name="Yeomans111"/>

In religious architecture, the Ayyubid period of Egypt marked a new focus on the construction of Sunni [[madrasas]].<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Korn |first=Lorenz |url= |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Ayyūbid art and architecture |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-0034.xml}}</ref> This was partly motivated by a desire to counter the presence of Shia Islam from the previous two centuries of Fatimid rule.{{Sfn|Raymond|2000|p=103}}{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=153}} The first madrasa of this kind in Egypt was founded next to the [[Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i]] by Salah ad-Din.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=153}} The mausoleum itself, a large square building covered by a dome, was built in its current form by al-Kamil in 1211 (though the present dome was reconstructed at a later period).{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=152}} The first madrasas seem to have employed a [[hypostyle]] design similar to mosques, but later madrasas began to use [[iwan]]s (vaulted halls open on one side to a courtyard). The earliest known example of the latter is the Madrasa of al-Kamil, founded in 1225.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book |last=Korn |first=Lorenz |url= |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Ayyūbid art and architecture |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-0034.xml}}</ref>

Decorative techniques and forms in Egypt developed in large part from those of earlier [[Fatimid architecture]], with frequent use of [[Blind arch|blind]] and [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] keel-shaped arches on façades, inclusion of [[Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture|carved stucco decoration]], and the further development of ''[[muqarnas]]'' (also known as "stalactite" sculpting). [[Minaret]]s developed a distinct character, with a square ([[cuboid]]) lower shaft and an octagonal upper shaft topped by a [[Roof lantern|lantern]]-like summit known as ''[[mabkhara]]''.<ref name=":05222" />{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} Arabic inscriptions in architecture began to shift from the traditional [[Kufic]] script to the newer cursive or [[Naskh (script)|Naskhi]] style.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}}
[[File:Madrasa of al-Salih Ayyub (R Prazeres 2019) DSCF4361.jpg|thumb|The [[minaret]] and part of the façade of the [[Madrasa of al-Salih Ayyub]] in Cairo, built in 1242. The decorative niches on the façade reflect an earlier [[Fatimid architecture|Fatimid style]],{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=216}} but the overall form shows an evolution towards later Cairene minarets.<ref name=":0522" />]]
The end of the Ayyubid period was marked by the creation of the first multi-purpose funerary complexes in Cairo. The last Ayyubid sultan, [[As-Salih Ayyub|al-Salih Ayyub]], founded the [[Salihiyya Madrasa|Madrasa al-Salihiyya]] in 1242. His wife, [[Shajar al-Durr|Shajar ad-Durr]], added his mausoleum to it after his death in 1249, and then built [[Mausoleum of Shajar al-Durr|her own mausoleum and madrasa complex]] in 1250 at another location south of the Citadel.<ref name="Ruggles1">{{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKXaDwAAQBAJ |title=Tree of Pearls: The Extraordinary Architectural Patronage of the 13th-Century Egyptian Slave-Queen Shajar al-Durr |publisher=Oxford University Press. |year=2020 |pages=|isbn=978-0-19-087320-2 }}</ref> These two complexes were the first in Cairo to combine a founder's mausoleum with a religious and charitable complex, which would come to characterize the nature of later [[Mamluk architecture|Mamluk royal foundations]].<ref name="Ruggles1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Behrens-Abouseif |first=Doris |author-link=Doris Behrens-Abouseif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyLqAAAAMAAJ |title=Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2007 |isbn=9789774160776 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>

Aleppo underwent major transformations in the Ayyubid period, specifically during the reign of [[Malik az-Zahir|az-Zahir Ghazi]]. Ayyubid architectural achievements focused on four areas: the [[Citadel of Aleppo|citadel]], the waterworks, fortifications, and the extramural developments. The total rebuilding of the city enclosure began when az-Zahir Ghazi removed the [[vallum]] of Nur ad-Din—which by then outlived its temporary need—and rebuilt the northern and northwestern walls—the most susceptible to outside attack—from [[Bab al-Jinan]] to [[Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)|Bab al-Nasr]]. He parceled out the building of the towers on this stretch of the wall to his princes and military officers; each tower was identified with a particular prince who inscribed his name into it. Later, az-Zahir Ghazi extended the eastern wall to the south and east, reflecting his desire to incorporate a dilapidated fortress, Qala'at al-Sharif, outside the city into Aleppo's enclosure.<ref name="Tabbaa19">{{harvnb|Tabbaa|1997|p=19}}</ref> [[Bab Qinnasrin]] was completely rebuilt by an-Nasir Yusuf in 1256. This gate stands today as a masterpiece of medieval Syrian military architecture.<ref name="Tabbaa21-22">{{harvnb|Tabbaa|1997|pp=21–22}}</ref> Cumulatively, Ayyubid architecture left a lasting impression in [[Aleppo]]. The citadel was rebuilt, the water network was expanded, and streets and quarters were provided fountains and baths. In addition, dozens of shrines, mosques, ''madrasas'', and mausoleums were built throughout the city.<ref name="Tabbaa26">{{harvnb|Tabbaa|1997|p=26}}</ref>

The Ayyubid period in Jerusalem following its conquest by Saladin was marked by a huge investment in the construction of houses, markets, public bathes, and pilgrim hostels. Numerous works were undertaken at the [[Temple Mount]].<ref name="DumperStanley209">{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=209}}</ref> Saladin ordered all the inner walls and pillars of the [[Dome of the Rock]] to be covered in [[marble]] and he initiated the renovation of the mosaics on the dome's drum. The ''[[mihrab]]'' of the al-Aqsa Mosque was repaired and in 1217, al-Mu'azzam Isa built the northern porch of the mosque with three gates.<ref>{{harvnb|Ma'oz & Nusseibeh|2000|pp=137–138}}</ref> The [[Dome of the Ascension]] was also built and restoration work was done to the existing free-standing domes of the Temple Mount.<ref name="leStrange154-155">{{harvnb|le Strange|1890|pp=154–155}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Kurdish dynasties and countries]]
* [[List of Sunni dynasties]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages= |language=en}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC |editor-last=Angold |editor-first=Michael |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2}}
* {{citation |last1=Ayliffe |first1=Rosie |last2=Dubin |first2=Marc |last3=Gawthrop |first3=John |last4=Richardson |first4=Terry |title=The Rough Guide to Turkey |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-84353-071-8 |publisher=Rough Guides |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/turkey0000unse}}
* {{Citation |title=Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgjRRuPtfkQC&q=Islamic+Dynasties+of+the+Arab+East |first1=Abdul |last1=Ali |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7533-008-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baadj |first=Amar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ |title=Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries) |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-29857-6 |language=en}}
* {{Citation |title=Ayyubid Metalwork with Christian Images |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7ZIpb-TAgC&q=Christian+communities+Syria+Ayyubid&pg=PA2 |first1=Eva |last1=Baer |publisher=Brill |year=1989 |isbn=978-90-04-08962-4}}
* {{Citation |title=An Historical Atlas of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DYVAAAAIAAJ&q=Historical+Atlas+of+Islam |first1=William Charles |last1=Brice |publisher=Brill |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06116-3}}
*{{cite book |location=Paris |isbn=978-2296001053 |language=English |chapter= |first1=Djene Rhys |last1=Bajalan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kwrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ayyubid+Kurdish+emir&pg=PA31 |title=Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity |last2=Karimi |first2=Sara Zandi |date=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] }}
* {{Citation |title=Damascus: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTs77Ft6FXQC&q=Damascus+A+history |first1=Ross |last1=Burns |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-27105-9}}
* {{Citation |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2O_BQs6Sro0C |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10714-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Catlos |first=Brian |contribution=Mamluks |editor1-last=Rodriguez |editor1-first=Junios P. |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |volume=1,7 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=RA1-PA425 |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge History of Egypt: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CK7It-NrISwC&q=Cambridge+History+of+Egypt+Islamic |first1=M. W. |last1=Daly |first2=Carl F. |last2=Petry |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7533-008-5}}
* {{Citation |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Cities+of+the+Middle+East |editor-last1=Dumper |editor1-first=Michael R.T. |editor2-last=Stanley |editor2-first=Bruce E. |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}
* {{Citation |title=Sidon: A Study in Oriental History |url=https://archive.org/details/sidonstudyinorie00eiseuoft |last=Eiselen |first=Frederick Carl |year=1907 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2: c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 1050 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjBYQCpfCNkC&pg=PA583 |editor-last=Fage |editor-first=J. D. |year=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52121-592-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Flinterman |first=Willem |title=Killing and Kinging |journal=Leidschrift |volume=27 |issue=1 |date=April 2012 |url=http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/killing-and-kinging.pdf |access-date=2015-02-12 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042248/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/killing-and-kinging.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: c. 1050–c. 1600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |editor1-last=Fage |editor1-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Oliver |editor2-first=Roland |year=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6}}
* {{Citation |title=The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvULAQAAMAAJ |last=France |first=John |year=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-624-5}}
* {{Citation |title=A Brief History of Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZwWCit0FwkC&q=Saladin+spoke+Arabic |first1=Arthur |last1=Goldschmidt |year=2008 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0824-7}}
* {{Citation |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA362 |first1=René |last1=Grousset |year=2002 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1}}
* {{New Cambridge Medieval History|volume=5|last=Irwin|first=Robert|chapter=The rise of the Mamluks|pages=607–621}}
* {{Citation |title=A History of the Arab peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&q=A+History+of+Arab+People&pg=RA3-PA407 |first1=Albert Habib |last1=Hourani |first2=Malise |last2=Ruthven |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8}}
* {{Citation |last1=Houtsma |first1=Martijn Theodoor |last2=Wensinck |first2=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&q=Turanshah+brother+Saladin&pg=PA884 |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4}}
* {{Citation |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&q=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols&pg=PP1 |first1=Stephen |last1=Humphreys |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-87395-263-7}}
*{{cite book |editor-first1=Hamit |editor-last1=Bozarslan |editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last2=Gunes |editor-first3=Veli |editor-last3=Yadirgi |chapter=The History of Kurdish and the Development of Literary Kurmanji |first=Ergin |last=Öpengin |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Ayyubids |last=Humphreys |first=R. S. |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2 |pages=164–167 |year=1987}}
* {{EI2 | volume=6 | title=Masūd b. Mawdūd b. Zangī | last=Humphreys|first=R.S.|pages=780–782|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5028}}
* {{Citation |title=Women as Patrons of Religious Architecture in Ayyubid Damascus |last1=Humphreys |first1=Stephen |journal=Muqarnas |year=1994 |volume=11 |pages=35–54 |jstor=1523208 |doi=10.2307/1523208}}
* {{Citation |title=Islamic Law and the State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2kFQqLyqSEC&q=Islamic+Law+and+the+State |first1=Sherman A. |last1=Jackson |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-04-10458-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole |title=Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |location=London |year=1906 |series=Heroes of the Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pIVpjuyw0C}}
* {{Citation |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole |title=The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QS7x1Z7A2cC |year=2004 |orig-year=1894 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-4570-2 |ref=CITEREFLane-Poole1894}}
* {{Saladin in Egypt}}
* {{EI2 | volume=1|last=Lofgren |first=O. |title=ʿAdan | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0014 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Lyons |first1=M. C. |last2=Jackson |first2=D.E.P. |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC |title=Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-31739-9}}
* {{Citation |title=Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC&q=Saladin+spoke+Arabic |first1=Frank Northen |last1=Magill |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-57958-041-4}}
* {{Citation |title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction - And Beyond |last1=Ma'oz |first1=Moshe |last2=Nusseibeh |first2=Sari |year=2000 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-41-18843-4 |ref={{sfnref|Ma'oz & Nusseibeh|2000}}}}
* {{Citation |title=Aden & the Indian Ocean trade: 150 years in the life of a medieval Arabian port |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3jfRTRxPOUC&q=Aden+and+the+Indian+Ocean&pg=PA25 |first1=Roxani Eleni |last1=Margariti |year=2007 |publisher=UNC Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3076-5}}
* {{Citation |title=Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=Ta'izz+Yemen+Ayyubid&pg=PA131 |first1=Daniel |last1=McLaughlin |year=2008 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-212-5}}
* {{Citation |title=Medieval Islamic civilization: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC |first1=Josef W. |last1=Meri |first2=Jeri L. |last2=Bacharach |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nicolle |first1=David |title=Saladin |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-318-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ |language=en }}
* {{citation |last1=Özoğlu |first1=Hakan |title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries |date=2004 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5994-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p032TMrEI5oC |access-date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}
* {{Citation |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2WlM-b_KcC |last1=Petersen |first1=Andrew |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-06084-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rabbat |first=Nasser O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ep8I5jCD8QC&pg=PA24 |title=The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture |publisher=Brill |year=1995 |isbn=978-90-04-10124-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Raymond |first=André |url=https://archive.org/details/cairo0000raym |title=Cairo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-674-00316-3 |pages= |language=en |translator-last=Wood |translator-first=Willard |orig-date=1993}}
* {{Citation |title=The Crusades, c. 1071–c. 1291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KszvJSv7t30C&q=The+Crusades+1071 |first1=Jean |last1=Richard |first2=Jean |last2=Birrell |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-62566-1}}
* {{Citation |title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&q=Modern+History+of+Jordan |first1=Kamal S. |last1=Salibi |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6}}
* {{Citation |first=Tsugitaka |last=Sato |title=Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eBTBQAAQBAJ&q=Fatimids+emir+al-hajj&pg=PA134 |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-28156-1}}
* {{Citation |title=Labour in the Medieval Islamic world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&q=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid&pg=PA65 |first1=Maya |last1=Shatzmiller |publisher=Brill |year=1994 |isbn=978-90-04-09896-1}}
* {{Citation |title=Encyclopedia of African history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&q=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&pg=PP1 |first1=Kevin |last1=Shillington |publisher=CRC Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57958-453-5}}
* {{Citation |title=International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT8EZ7ulytgC&q=Ayyubids+Hisn+Kayfa&pg=PA203 |first1=Nagendra Kumar |last1=Singh |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-261-0403-1}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Citation |title=Crusading Warfare 1097–1193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rljJOEIXOrAC&q=Crusading+Warfare+1097%E2%80%931193 |first1=R.C. |last1=Smail |year=1995 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |isbn=978-1-56619-769-4}}
* {{Citation |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ&q=Lajjun+Guy+le+Strange&pg=PA493 |first1=Guy |last1=le Strange |year=1890 |publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |year=1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=475–504 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |jstor=2600793 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf?t=otc3in |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status=}}
* {{Citation |title=Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30kb0G15IH8C |first1=Yasser |last1=Tabbaa |year=1997 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-01562-0}}
* {{Citation |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |date=December 2006 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=219–229 |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk eras III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk6tAUL5ZWYC&pg=PA61 |first1=Urbaine |last1=Vermeulen |first2=D. |last2=De Smet |first3=J. |last3=Van Steenbergen |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-429-0970-0}}
* {{Citation |title=Eagle's nest: Ismaili castles in Iran and Syria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTyTn4ErwRIC&q=Syria+population+12th+century&pg=PA41 |first1=Peter |last1=Willey |publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies and I.B. Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-464-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Caroline |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2018 |isbn=9789774168550 |edition=7th |location=Cairo |pages= |language=en}}
* {{Citation |title=The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNVBbTuPcPkC&q=Art+and+Architecture+of+Islamic+Cairo&pg=PP1 |first1=Richard |last1=Yeomans |publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85964-154-5}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last1=Mazaheri|first1=Mas‘ud Habibi|last2=Gholami|first2=Rahim|title=Ayyūbids|year=2008|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/ayyubids-COM_0323?s.num=8&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=fatimid+caliph}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ayyubid dynasty}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213156/http://archive.cyark.org/bab-albarqiyya-intro Fatimid-era Ayyubid Wall of Cairo Digital Media Archive] ([[creative commons]]-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from an [[Aga Khan Foundation]]/[[CyArk]] research partnership

{{S-start}}
{{s-royalhouse|Ayyubid dynasty||}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Ruling house of [[Egypt]]|years=1171–1254 ''as [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid autonomy]]''}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Bahri dynasty]]}}
|-
{{S-end}}
{{Ayyubid dynasty}}
{{Muslim dynasties in Mashriq region}}
{{Empires|state collapsed}}
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyubid Dynasty}}
[[Category:Ayyubid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1171 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1260s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Former countries in West Asia]]
[[Category:Former transcontinental empires]]
[[Category:History of North Africa]]
[[Category:History of Nubia]]
[[Category:Medieval Upper Mesopotamia]]
[[Category:History of the Kurdish people]]
[[Category:History of the Levant]]
[[Category:Medieval Cairo]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Jordan]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Palestine]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Syria]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1260]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1171]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1340s]]

Mahesh Bhagwat

2026-03-14T22:04:57Z

TameraWhitham: created some post with sources...

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{autobiography|date=July 2024}}
{{Resume-like|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Muralidhar Bhagwat
| image = Mahesh Bhagwat1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pathardi, District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
| occupation = Indian Police Service officer
| known_for = Anti-human trafficking, community policing and mentorship to UPSC Civil services, Forest services and CAPF aspirants.
| awards = Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report Heroes Award (2017) from US Department of state. Winner of President of India Police medal for Gallantry 2004, Police Medal for meritorious service 2011 and President Police Medal for Distinguished service 2022.
}}

'''Mahesh Muralidhar Bhagwat''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer who received the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]'s Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes Award in 2017.<ref name="tipheroes">{{cite web |url=http://www.tipheroes.org/mahesh-bhagwat/ |title=Mahesh Bhagwat - U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes |website=TIP Heroes |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> He served as 1st and longest commissioner of Police Rachakonda in Hyderabad east side for 6.5 years. He was recently transferred from the post of ADGP Railways, Road Safety and Legal Telangana to ADG Law and order. .<ref name="hindu2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/20-ips-officers-in-the-state-transferred/article67655562.ece |title=20 IPS officers transferred in Telangana in yet another reshuffle |work=The Hindu |date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref><ref name="witness2023">{{cite web |url=http://witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=43847 |title=Mahesh M Bhagwat IPS has been transferred as ADG Railways & Road Safety |website=Witness in the Corridors |date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref><ref name="newstap">{{cite web |url=https://www.newstap.in/top-stories/rachakonda-is-still-a-hotseat-for-mahesh-bhagwat-the-longest-serving-cp-in-telangana-1441328 |title=Rachakonda is still a 'hotseat' for Mahesh Bhagwat, the longest-serving CP in Telangana |website=Newstap |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>

He has also acted as a resource person at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Training Academy in Hyderabad]] and other states, providing training programs on community policing and anti-trafficking efforts.<ref name="salzburg">{{cite web |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/people?cHash=d898ce6b88033e2a9faf0d0daeedd050&userID=42055 |title=Mahesh Bhagwat - People |website=Salzburg Global Seminar |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>

== Education ==

Bhagwat holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering Pune]] and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from [[Osmania University|Osmania University, Hyderabad]].<ref name="news18">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-mahesh-bhagwat-the-ips-officer-who-makes-testing-times-easier-for-other-civil-services-aspirants-5580919.html |title=Meet Mahesh Bhagwat: The IPS Officer Who Makes Testing Times Easier for Other Civil Services Aspirants |work=News18 |date=2022-07-19 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> Bhagwat has done his schooling from ZP school till 4th standard and Sri Tilok Jain Vidyalaya till 10th standard at Pathardi, District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra from 1974 to 1984. Done his intermediate studies from SP College Pune in 1984 to 1986.

== Career and Postings ==

Bhagwat joined the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 1995. Throughout his career, he has held various positions:

=== Early career ===
* 1997-1999: Served in Manipur for two years after completing foundation course in LBSNAA Mussoorie and IPS training at SVPNPA Hyderabad<ref name="newstap" />
* 1999-2014: Transferred to Andhra Pradesh, served in various roles in the unified state as SP Adilabad, Nalgonda, Kadapa and Khammam Districts, DCPs and joint CPs postings in Hyderabad & Cyberabad Police commissionerates; SP & DIG in CID; DIG Eluru Range & DIG ISW.<ref name="newstap" />

=== Telangana State ===

* 2014-2016: Allotted to Telangana state after formation of new state & continue in ISW as IG.<ref name="newstap" />
* July 2016 – 2022: Appointed as the first Commissioner of Police of Rachakonda, a newly formed police commissionerate in Telangana<ref name="salzburg"/>
* 2023-ADG CID then ADG Railway & Road safety
* 2024 Present: Serving as Additional Director General of Police for Law and order holding additional charge of Legal <ref name="newindianexpress2024">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Apr/28/beyond-call-of-duty |title=Beyond call of duty |work=The New Indian Express |date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>
[[File:Mahesh Bhagwat2.jpg|thumb|Mahesh Bhagwat, IPS officer from India, recipient of President's Medal]]

== Publications ==

Mahesh has contributed to eight books on trafficking published by the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)]] and the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, India]]. One of his notable works, Synergy Between Stakeholders, is used as resource material for the anti-trafficking certificate diploma course at [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Delhi]].<ref name="unodc">{{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/sop_investigation_131207.pdf |title=Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) on Investigating Crimes of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation |website=UNODC |date=2007 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/290617/rooting-out-trafficking.html |title=Rooting out trafficking |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

=== Awards ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Organization !! Description !! Reference
|-
| 2004 || Community Policing Award and Homeland Security Special Honour || [[International Association of Chiefs of Police|International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)]], USA || For the community policing project "Police Mekosam" (Police for You) in Naxalite-affected Adilabad district || <ref name="rediff">{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/why-this-police-officer-got-a-us-award/20181016.htm |title=Why this police officer got a US award |work=Rediff.com |date=2018-10-16 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || Weber Savvy Law Enforcement Award and Civil Rights Award || [[International Association of Chiefs of Police|International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), USA]] || For the anti-trafficking project "Aasara" in Nalgonda District, focused on rescuing and rehabilitating victims of traditional caste-based prostitution || <ref name="rediff" />
|-
| 2017 || Trafficking in Persons Report Hero Award || [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] || Recognized for significant contributions to combating human trafficking || <ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/telangana-ips-officer-gets-award-from-us-state-department-1718176 |title=Telangana IPS Officer Mahesh Muralidhar Bhagwat Gets Award From US State Department |work=NDTV |date=2017-08-15 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref><ref name="state2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-of-state-blinken-to-release-the-2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/ |title=Secretary of State Blinken to Release the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report |website=U.S. Department of State |date=2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Recognition as Most Influential Leader in Top 100 Working for Anti-Trafficking || Assent Compliance, Canada || Recognized for leadership in anti-trafficking efforts || <ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Aug/15/rachakondacommissioner-mahesh-bhagwat-bags-presidents-police-medal-2487666.html |title=Rachakonda Commissioner Mahesh Bhagwat bags President's Police Medal |work=The New Indian Express |date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Civil and Human Rights Award || [[International Association of Chiefs of Police|International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), USA]] || For the worksite school project for child laborers rescued from brick kilns in Odisha || <ref name="rediff" />
|-
| 2022 || Smart Policing Award || [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI)]] || For the worksite school project || <ref name="newindianexpress" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tipheroes.org/mahesh-bhagwat/ Mahesh Bhagwat - U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwat, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anti–human trafficking activists]]
[[Category:Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Satish Alekar

2026-03-14T18:00:10Z

TameraWhitham:

{{short description|Indian Marathi playwright, actor and theatre director (born 1949)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Alekar
| image = File:Satish Alekar 01.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Alekar at [[IUCAA]] canteen 'Ballava' in [[Pune]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| other_names =
| years_active = 1971–present
| known_for = [[Jait Re Jait]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Academy]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2012)
| occupation = Playwright, stage actor, director, teacher
}}
'''Satish Vasant Alekar''' (born 30 January 1949<ref>Kartik Chandra Dutt: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=%22Alekar%2C+Satish%22+1949&pg=PA33 Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M]</ref>) is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[playwright]], [[actor]], [[theatre director]] and [[professor]]. A founder member of the Theatre Academy of [[Pune]], and most known for his plays ''Mahanirvan'' (1974), ''Mahapoor'' (1975), ''Atirekee'' (1990), ''Pidhijat'' (2003), ''Mickey ani Memsahib'' (1973), and ''Begum Barve'' (1979), all of which he also directed for the Academy. ''Ek Divas Mathakade'' (2012) and '' Thakishi Samvad'' (2024) these two recent plays were directed by [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] and Anupam Barve respectively. Along with [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] and [[Vijay Tendulkar]], he is considered among the most influential and progressive playwrights in modern [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]] and [[Indian theatre]].<ref name=mi>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/06211922/Fringe-takes-centre-stage.html|title=Fringe takes centre stage: The importance of being Mahesh Elkunchwar and Satish Alekar in Marathi theatre|date=6 February 2009|publisher=Mint |access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref><ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 413]]</ref><ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 156]]</ref>

He has also remained the head of Centre for Performing Arts, [[University of Pune]] (1996–2009), which he founded, after forgoing the Directorship of [[National School of Drama|NSD]]<ref>[[#Ya|Yarrow, p. 168]]</ref> and previously remained an adjunct professor at various universities in US, at the [[Duke University]], Durhum, NC (1994), Performance Studies, [[Tisch School of the Arts]], [[New York University]] as a [[Fulbright Scholar]] (2003),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Playwright-Satish-Alekar-wins-UoP-award/articleshow/1014894.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-08/pune/27854093_1_national-award-theatre-academy-state-awards|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Playwright Satish Alekar wins UoP award|date=8 February 2005|access-date=3 April 2010|first1=Siddhartha D.|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Kashyap}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180850/http://www.usief.org.in/USPSummerSeminar/newsletter/Feb10/ON_FULBRIGHT_IN_THE_FREEZING.htm "On Fulbright in Freezing New York of Spring 2003"], ''USIEF'', 6 February 2010. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</ref> and Dept. Theatre and Film Studies, [[University of Georgia]], Athens, GA (2005).

He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Playwriting|Playwriting]] (Marathi) in 1994, by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. He received the [[Padma Shri]] award in January 2012.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref>
After his retirement Satish Alekar was nominated by [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] as Distinguished Professor on the campus from 2013 to September 2022. He is still on the visiting faculty of the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]] and the [[National School of Drama]] in [[Delhi]].
Recently he is also known for his screen acting in Marathi and Hindi feature films. He is seen in the character roles of films like ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016).

==Early life and education==
Alekar was born in [[Delhi]], India. He but grew up in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] in a [[Marathi Brahmin]] family. He attended the Marathi medium school New English School, Ramanbag which was established by Lokmanya [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. After high school, he attended [[Fergusson College]] for his undergraduate Bsc degree in sciences. He received his master's degree in [[biochemistry]] from [[University of Pune]] in 1972.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Career==
===Theatre===
Alekar gained his first stage experience as an actor in a college play. Impressed by his performance, director [[Bhalba Kelkar]], who had set up the Progressive Dramatic Association, invited him to join it. Alekar wrote and directed his first one-act play ''Jhulta Pool'' in 1969. He became a part of a young circle that [[Jabbar Patel]] had started within the Progressive Dramatic Association.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

This group split with the parent body in 1973 and set up ''Theater Academy'' in [[Pune]]. The split was over [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s play ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal]]''. The senior members decided against its premiere in 1972, and Patel's group decided to produce it under the auspices of its own Theater Academy. Alekar assisted Patel in the direction of Ghashiram Kotwal, and the group has since mounted over 35 plays by him and manage to establish its foothold in experimental Marathi theatre.<ref>[[#Ya|Yarrow, p. 163]]</ref>

Alekar conceived of and implemented Playwrights Development Scheme and Regional Theater Group Development. The [[Ford Foundation]] for Theater Academy, [[Pune]] supported these programs from 1985 to 1994.

Alekar has collaborated in several international play translation projects. The Tisch School of Arts at [[New York University]] invited him in 2003 to teach a course on Indian Theatre. The Department of Theater and Films Studies, [[University of Georgia]] invited him in 2005 to direct an English production of his play ''Begum Barve''.

The Holy Cow Performing Arts Group in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] performed an English version of Alekar's ''Micky and Memsahib'' on 27 and 28 August 2009 at Riddle's Court at the [[Edinburgh Fringe Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Alekars-play-to-be-staged-at-Edinburgh/articleshow/4786879.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/pune/28164278_1_english-version-theatre-academy-mahesh-elkunchwar|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Alekar's play to be staged at Edinburgh|date=17 July 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref>

===Other employment===
After obtaining his master's degree, Alekar worked as a research officer in biochemistry at the government-run [[B. J. Medical College, Pune]].

From July 1996 to January 2009, he worked as a professor and the head of the Center for Performing Arts (Lalit Kala Kendra) at [[University of Pune]]. He was working as the honorary director for a program supported by Ratan Tata Trust at the University of Pune from 2009 to 2011. From 2013 to 2022 he was nominated by University of Pune as distinguished professor on the campus.

===Plays===

====Original Marathi plays written since 1973====

* Micki Aani Memsaheb मिकी आणि मेमसाहेब (1973)*
* Mahanirvan महानिर्वाण (1974)*
* Mahapoor महापूर (1975)
* Begum Barve बेगम बर्वे (1979)*
* Shanwar Raviwar शनवार रविवार (1982)*
* Dusra Samana दुसरा सामना (1987)
* Atireki अतिरेकी (1990)*
* Pidhijat पिढीजात (2003)*
* Ek Divas Mathakade एक दिवस मठाकडे (2012)
* ''Thakishi Sanvad'' ''ठकीशी संवाद'' (2020), written during COVID-19 lockdown (March–July 2020),produced by Rakhdi Studio, Pune in 2024.
* Mahapoor (1975), dir. Mohan Gokhale for Theatre Academy, Pune
* Dusra Samna (1987), dir. Waman Kendre for Kala Vaibhav, Mumbai
* Ek Divas Mathakade (2012), dir. Nipun Dharmadhikari for Natak Company, Pune

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Plays directed by Alekar for Theatre Academy, Pune

=====Original Marathi one-act plays=====
* Memory मेमरी (1969)
* Bhajan भजन (1969)
* Ek Zulta Pool एक झुलता पूल (1971)
* Dar Koni Ughadat Naahi दर कोणी उघडत नाही (1979)
* Bus Stop बस स्टॅाप (1980)

=====Adapted/translated one-act plays and plays=====
* Judge जज्ज (1968)
* Yamuche Rahasya यमुचे रहस्य (1976)
* Bhint भिंत (1980)
* Valan वळण (1980)
* Pralay प्रलय (1985), Marathi version of Gunther Grass's German play ''The Flood''
* Alshi Uttarvalyachi Gosht आळशी अत्तरवाल्याची गोष्ट (1999)
* Nashibvan Baiche Don नशीबवान बाईचे दोन (1999)
* Supari सुपारी (2002)
* Karmaachari कर्मचारी (2009)

Alekar started writing at the age of 19 as a chemistry graduation, though most of his early works were short plays.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/06/stories/2003080600280100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829140404/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/06/stories/2003080600280100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 August 2003|title= Writing performance: "I write a performance, not a play. That is my strength and also my limitation," says Satish Alekar|date=6 August 2003|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> Many of his plays are set around [[Pune]] [[Brahmin]] society, highlighting their narrow mindedness and subsequently he ventured into small-town politics with ''Doosra Samna'' (1989).<ref>[[#Ka|Kasbekar, p. 58]]</ref> ''Mahanirvan'' (1973) (The Dread Departure) finds black humour through Hindu death rites in Brahmins and its overt seriousness is today Alekar's best-known early work and has since been performed in Bengali, Hindi, Dongri, Konkani and Gujarati.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991203/ige03093.html|title=Satish Alekar revisited|date=3 December 1999 |newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> It was originally a one-act play and he had later expanded it at Patel's insistence. It was first staged on 22 November 1974 at the Bharat Natya Mandir, by the Theatre Academy, Pune and was revived in 1999 for its 25th anniversary, and was performed at the same venue, with most of the original cast intact.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991119/ile19223.html|title=A fitting encore|date=19 November 1999 |newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref>

''Mickey Ani Memsaheb'' (1974) was his first full-length script. With the exception of his ''Mahapoor'' (1975), he directed all of his own plays. Alekar's ''Begum Barve'' (1979) is regarded as a classic of contemporary Marathi theatre.<ref>[http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=16528/ "Begum Barve: Embodiment of subversive fantasy"], ''Intellect Ltd.'', April 2013.</ref> It deals with the eponymous female impersonator's memories and fantasies. After his musical company closed down, a minor singer-actor starts selling incense sticks on the street and gets exploited by his employer. One day his fantasies get enmeshed with those of a pair of clerks who were his regular customers, and those fantasies get almost fulfilled. The play staged in Rajasthani, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali, Konkani, Tamil and [[Kannada]].<ref name=mi/> In 2009, 30 years after its first production, the play returned to Mumbai with its original cast of Chandrakant Kale, and [[Mohan Aghashe]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/dream-run/411425/|title=Dream Run|date=16 January 2009|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref>

Alekar's other plays are ''Bhajan'', ''Bhinta'', ''Walan'', ''Shanivar-Ravivar'' (1982), ''Dusra Samna'' (1987), and ''Atireki'' (1990). The first three are one-act plays. ''Atireki'' is marked by irony, wit, and tangential take-offs from absurd premises. In January 2011 a book of short plays translated/adapted into Marathi by Satish Alekar published by M/s Neelkanth Prakashan, Pune under the title "Adharit Ekankika".

In 2022, all of Alekar's plays, including short plays in Marathi, were published as a new edition by the Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

===Acting reading performance===
''Aparichit Pu La (अपरिचित पु.लं.)'' (2018) was a 90 minute acting reading programme on the lesser-known writings of the writer, performer P. L. Deshpande पु.ल.देशपांडे (1919–2000) produced by Shabda Vedh, Pune (शब्द वेध,पुणे) to mark the birth centenary of the writer, and conceived by Chandrakant Kale. The cast included Satish Alekar, Chandrakant Kale and Girish Kulkarni. The first show was performed in Pulotsav on 22 November 2018 at Balgamdharva Ranga Mandir, Pune. Performances were also staged in Pune, Solapur, Ratnagiri and Mumbai.

===Film scripts===
Alekar scripted the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Film Award]], winning Marathi feature film ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' in 1977, directed by Jabbar Patel. Later he directed the 13-part Hindi TV serial ''Dekho Magar Pyarse'' for [[Doordarshan]] in 1985. He scripted the dialogues for the Marathi feature film ''Katha Don Ganpatravanchi'' in 1995–96.

===Writing for Marathi newspaper===
Alekar wrote a fortnightly column in Marathi for the Sunday edition of Loksatta ''Gaganika'' from January to December 2015. The column was based on his career in the performing Arts since 1965. The column was popular, and the book ''Gaganika'', based on the column, was published on 30 April 2017 by M/s Rajahans Prakashan, Pune.

==Awards and recognition==
Some of Alekar's plays have been translated and produced in [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. His plays have been included in the National Anthologies published in 2000–01 by the [[National School of Drama]] and [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi.

Alekar is the recipient of several national and state awards for his contribution to the field of Theater and Literature.

* In 1974 his collection of short plays ''Zulta Pool (झुलता पूल)'' received best collection of short plays award from Ministry of Culture, Govt. of [[Maharashtra]].
* In 1975 he received Late Ram Ganesh Gadkari award from the State of Maharashtra for his play ''Mahanirvan (महानिर्वाण)''.
* He received Nandikar Sanman at [[Kolkata]] in 1992.
* He received fellowships from the [[Asian Cultural Council]], [[New York City|New York]] in 1983 to study theatre in the [[United States|US]], and from the [[Ford Foundation]] to study Theatre of [[South Asia]] in 1988.
* He received in 1994 a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for playwriting from Sangeet Natak Akademi, [[Delhi]] (संगीत नाटक अकादमी, दिल्ली).
* Received State Award Best Actor in Comedy Role for the Marathi film ''Katha Don Ganpatravanchi (कथा दोन गणपतरावांची)'', dir. Arun Khopkar (1997)
* Received Vi Va Shirwadkar award (Poet [[Kusumagraj]]) for playwriting by Natya Parishad, [[Nashik|Nasik]] in 2007
* Received Lifetime Achievement felicitation (जीवन गौरव) by [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad]], Mumbai in Feb 2012
* He received the award [[Padma Shri]] (पद्मश्री) conferred by the [[President of India]] in January 2012.<ref name="Padma Awards"/>
* In December 2013 Alekar received the Balaraj Sahani Memorial Award (बलराज सहानी स्मृती पुरस्कार) in Pune for his contribution over last 40 years as a playwright, director and actor.
* In 2014 he was awarded Poet and Playwright Aarati Prabhu Award (कवि आरती प्रभू) by Baba Vardam Theatres, [[Kudal]], [[Sindhudurg district]].
* 2017 Tanveer Sanman (तन्वीर सन्मान) national award for the lifetime contribution to the field of Theatre constituted by veteran actor Dr. Shriram Lagoo through Rupavedh Pratisthan, [[Pune]]. Award function was held in Pune on 9 December 2017.
* 2018 book ''Gaganika (गगनिका)'' received Advt Tryambakrao Shirole award for best non fiction (उत्कृष्ट ललित गद्य) by [[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]], [[Pune]]
* 2022 Natavarya Prabhakar Panshikar Jeevan Gaurav Puraskar for the year 2021-22 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] highest Cultural Life Achievement Award.
* 2022 Vishnudas Bhave Medal award by Natyavidyamandir Samitee, [[Sangli]]
* 2023 Thespo Life Achievement Award at the hands of Utkarsh Mujumdar in the presence of [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] and Atul Kuma during Thespo@25 Theatre Fest in [[Mumbai]] on December 10, 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTAacEGtg7U&t=74s | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
* 2024 Kantai Jeevan Gourav Award (Life Achievement Award) for 2023 by Bhavarlal Jain Foundation, [[Jalgaon]] at a ceremony held on January 16, 2024 in Jalgaon
* 2024 Bhavanrao Lomte Smruti Rajya Puraskar 2024, [[Ambajogai]] at a function held in Ambejogai by Yeshvantrao Chavan Smruti Samiti, Ambejogai on September 21
* 2025 Janasthan Puraskar by Kusumagraj Pratisthan, [[Nashik]] at a function in Nashik on March 10, 2025.
* 2025 Pune Festival Award for the contribution to theatre in September.
* 2025 The Goa Hindu Association - Dr Subhash Bhede supported Late Shashikant Narvekar award for best play of the year “Thakishi Samvad”.

''Natakkar Satish Alekar'' (Playwright Satish Alekar), a 90-minute film by Atul Pethe about Alekar's life, and work was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/foot-prints/368804/|title=Foot prints|date=3 October 2008|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Alekar belongs to City of Pune. His parents, the late Usha and Vasant Alekar were freedom fighters, both involved in India's 1942 movement.

Alekar married Anita (Abhyankar) in 1976. They have a son. Anita died in 2007. He has one younger brother Sudhir and one sister Bharati. Presently he is living in Pune with his son.

==Filmography==
===Hindi films===

* ''Ye Kahani Nahi (1984)'', dir. Biplav Rai Chowdhary
* ''Devi Ahilya (2002)'', dir. Nachiket Patwardhan
* ''[[Dum Kaata|Dumkata]] (2007)''
* ''[[Aiyyaa]] (2012)''
* ''Dekh Tamasha Desk'' (2014), dir. Feroz Abbas Khan
* ''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]'', (2019) as [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayprakash Narayan]]
* ''[[83 (film)|83]] (2021)'', as [[S. K. Wankhede]]
* ''The Suspect'' (2022) as Dayanand Bharadvaj, Police Commissioner, dir. Samir Karnik, Maverick Pictures, Mumbai

===Marathi films/web series===

* ''Aakrit'' (1981), dir. Amol Palekar
* ''[[Umbartha]]'' (1982)
* '' [[Dhyaas Parva]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'' (1992)
* ''Katha Don Ganpatravaanchee'' (1996)
* ''[[Kadachit]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Chintoo (film)|Chintoo]]'' (2012), as Colonel Kaka
* ''[[Chintoo 2: Khajinyachi Chittarkatha]]'' (2013), as Colonel Kaka
* ''Hovoon Jaudyaa- We Are On! ''(2013), dir. Amol Palekar
* ''Mhais'' (2013), dir. Shekhar Naik
* ''Aajachaa Diwas Maazaa'' (2013), dir. Chandrakant Kulkarni
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi]] (2014)
* ''[[Deool Band]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Welcome Zindagi]]'' (2015)
* ''High Way-Ek Selfie Aar Paar'' (2015), dir. Umesh Kulkarni
* ''[[Rajwade and Sons]] (2015) as Rajwade''
* ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]!'' (2016)
* ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016) as Bhau
* ''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]'' (2017) as Bhudargadkar
* ''[[Mala Kahich Problem Nahi|Mala Kahich Problem Naahi]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Me Shivaji Park|Mee Shivaji Park]]'' (2017) as Satish Joshi
* ''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]'' (2018) as Ramakant Deshpande
* ''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli 2]]'' (2018) as Ramakant Deshpande
* ''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]'' (2019) as Appa Joshi
* ''[[Panchak]]'' (2023) as Bal Kaka
* ''[[Pet Puraan]]'' (2021) as Lt. Col. Jarasandh Wagh (Ret'd.), (web series)
* ''Ek Don Teen Char - एक दोन तीन चार'' (2022) as Dr. Vivek Joshi
* ''Kalsutra- कालसूत्र'' (2022), as Shriram Bidari, (web series)

===plays===

* 1971: as young man in short play ''Ek Zulta Poolv'', directed by himself
* 1974: as the son "Nana" in play ''Mahanirvanvm'' directed by himself for Theatre Academy, Pune in more than 100 shows
* 1979: as Javadekar in play ''Begum Barve'', directed by himself for Theatre Academy, Pune
* 1982: short play ''Boat Futli'', directed by Samar Nakhate for Theatre Academy, Pune
* 1980: as husband in ''Shanwar Raviwar'', directed by himself for Theatre Academy, Pune
===TV and short films===

Products:
* TV Cable Co.: Tata Sky (2010)
* Car: Honda Ameze (2013) for Appostophe, Mumbai
* Cell Phone Company: Idea - Telephone Exchange (2013) for Chrome Pictures, Mumbai
* New York Life Insurance (2012)
* Online Purchase: SNAPDEAL (2016) for Chrome Pictures, Mumbai
* Fiama Di Willis Body Wash (2018) for Apostrophe Films, Mumbai, dir. Kaushik Sarkar
* Reunion Episode 3 Language: Marathi (2018), pickle brand presented by Ravetkar Group, Pune Dir Varun Narvekar (short film)
* maateech swapna मातीचं स्वप्न (2018), short film in Marathi for Chitale Bandhu Mithaiwale (चितळे बंधू), produced by Multimedia Tools, Pune, dir. Varun Narvekar
* Reunion for Ravetkar Group (2018): three minute short film made about the awareness for early treatment of brain stroke made by Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune
* रुची पालट/Fusion Food/ Chitale Bandhoo (2019): for Chitale Bandhoo, Pune
* Cotten King Brand- Just Strech Your Limits (2020), dir. Varun Narvekar
* Red Label Tea (2021) ad film for Hindustan Unilever, dir. Gajraj Rao for Code Red Films, Mumbai
* Short film "Fala" (फळा - तिमिरातून तेजाकडे 2021), produced by Kc Productions, dir. Mangesh Jagtap
* Short film "Ravivar Sakal" - 2024 (रविवार सकाळ) 30 minutes, Aadi Nirrmite, dir. Bansidhar Kinkar, cast - Satish Alekar, Gauri Deshpande and Aroh Velankar
* Short film "Dada aani Sakharam" 2024 (दादा आणि सखाराम), dir. Yogesh Deshpande, produced by Roadlife
* Chaha, Bakarwadi aani To चहा, बाकरवडी आणि तो (2024), Chitale Bandhu brand film, dir. Varun Narvekar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book|last=Yarrow|first=Ralph |title=Indian theatre: theatre of origin, theatre of freedom|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=0-7007-1412-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNuFKx8r9H4C&q=Satish+Alekar&pg=PA163|ref=Ya}}
* {{cite book|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna Bhargava |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Satish+Alekar&pg=PA413|isbn=0-87745-961-4|ref=Dh}}
* {{cite book|last= Rubin|first=Don|title=The World encyclopedia of contemporary theatre (Vol. 3)|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&q=Satish+Alekar&pg=PA156|isbn=0-415-26087-6|ref=Ru}}
* {{cite book|last=Kasbekar|first=Asha|title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Satish+Alekar&pg=PA58|isbn=1-85109-636-1|ref=Ka}}
* ''Collected Plays of Satish Alekar''. OUP, Delhi 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-19-806023-9}}\
* "Mahanirvan: Sameeksha aani Sansmarne" (a volume of critiques in Marathi on the play, edited by Dr. Rekha Inmadar-Sane published by M/s Rajhans Prakashan, Pune, I Edition Dec 1999, II Edition March 2008, {{ISBN|81-7434-165-X}}, Pages: 254, Price Rs.250/-)
*"Begum Barve Vishayee" (about the play Begum Barve) Edited by Dr. Rekha Inamdar-Sane published in June 2010 {{ISBN|978-81-7434-501-1}} by M/s Rajhans Prakashan, Pune, Pages 169, Price: Rs. 200/- The book has nine articles analysing the text and the performance written by well-known theatre scholars.

==External links==
* [http://satishalekar.com/ Satish Alekar website]
* [http://www.littlemag.com/looking/satishalekar.html Memory by Satish Alekar] at ''Little magazine''
* ''The dread departure'' (Mahanirvan), tr. by Gauri Deshpande. Seagull Books, 1989. {{ISBN|81-7046-059-X}}.
* {{cite book|title=Begum Barve|translator=[[Shanta Gokhale]]|publisher=Seagull Books|year=2003|isbn=81-7046-208-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/begumbarve0000alek}}
* ''Collected Plays of Satish Alekar''. OUP, Delhi 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-19-806023-9}}
* ''Two Plays by Satish Alekar'' (''The Grant Exit'' - a new translation of Marathi play ''Mahanirvan'' of 1974 and ''A Conversion with Dolly'' - translation of a new Marathi play, ''Thakishi Samvad'' of 2023); both translations by Shanta Gokhale, published by Seagull Books, Kolkata (2023)
* [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/LiteratureEnglish/Drama/?view=usa&ci=9780198060239 ''Collected Plays of Satish Alekar'']

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alekar, Satish}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Asian Cultural Council grantees]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Delhi]]
[[Category:Tisch School of the Arts faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

List of Indian Premier League awards

2026-03-13T10:09:14Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a [[Twenty20 cricket]] competition based in India. The tournament honours players with several awards at the end of each season. These include the Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Maximum Sixes Award, Most Valuable Player and Emerging Player of the Year, among others.

== Orange Cap ==
The '''Orange Cap''', currently known as the '''''[[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Orange Cap''''' for sponsorship reasons,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=IPL 2022 live: Aramco signs as Orange & Purple cap partner |url=https://www.insidesport.in/ipl-2022-bcci-gets-another-deal-on-the-eve-of-ipl-saudi-oil-company-aramco-signs-as-orange-purple-cap-partner-for-65-cr-per-annum/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> is presented to the leading run scorer in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref name="purplecap">{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/88270/ipl-awards-2017|title=IPL Stats}}</ref><ref name="that">{{cite web|title=IPL introduces 'Orange Cap' award|url=http://www.thatscricket.com/news/2008/04/25/2504ipl-introduces-orange-cap-award.html|publisher=thatscricket.com|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> It was introduced on 25 April 2008, a week after the start of the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season of the IPL]]. The batsman with most runs in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Orange Cap while fielding, with the overall leading run-scorer at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Orange Cap award on the day of the season's final. [[Brendon McCullum]] became the first player to wear the Orange Cap,<ref name="that" /> and [[Shaun Marsh]] became the first winner of the award. So far [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] has won the cap thrice followed by [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Virat Kohli]] who have won it twice. Kohli scored the most runs (973) in a single edition of the tournament in the [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016 season]].

The then IPL chairman and commissioner [[Lalit Modi]] said of the initiative, "Cricket is often remembered and recorded as statistics and not by material distinctions. The DLF Indian Premier League will create a distinction for the best performing batsman, which will be cherished and valued by each player through this initiative. The purpose of this initiative is to be innovative, create another unique piece of history that sets the DLF Indian Premier League apart from the crowd, and to reward outstanding achievements by the players."<ref name="that"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season !! Player<ref name="purplecap"/> !! Matches !! Runs !! Reference
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || align=left| [[Shaun Marsh]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]])|| 11 || '''616''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2008/most-runs|title=Most runs-2008|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] || align=left| [[Matthew Hayden]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]])|| 12 || '''572''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-runs|title=Most runs-2009|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] || align=left| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])|| 15 || '''618''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/most-runs|title=Most runs-2010|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])|| 12 || '''608''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2011/most-runs|title=Most runs-2011|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])|| 15 || '''733''' ||'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2012/most-runs|title=Most runs-2012|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>'''
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || align=left| [[Michael Hussey]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 16 || '''733''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2013/most-runs|title=Most runs-2013|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || align=left| [[Robin Uthappa]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) || 16 || '''660''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2014/most-runs|title=Most runs-2014|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || align=left| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) || 14 || '''562''' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-runs|title=Most runs-2015|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || align=left| [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 16 ||'''973'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/most-runs|title=Most runs-2016|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || align=left| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])
| 14 || '''641'''||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017recordsmost_runs_career.html?id=11701;type=tournament |title=Cricket Records: Indian Premier League, 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || align=left| [[Kane Williamson]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])|| 17 || '''735''' ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12210;type=tournament|title=Cricket Records: Indian Premier League, 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || align=left| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])|| 12 || '''692'''||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-runs|title=Most runs - 2019|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || align=left| [[KL Rahul]] ([[Punjab Kings|KXIP]]) || 14 ||'''670'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/most-runs|title=Most runs-2020|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || align=left| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 16 ||'''635'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/most-runs|title=Most runs-2021|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || align=left| [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) || 17 ||'''863'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022/most-runs|title=Most runs-2022|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] || align=left| [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 17 ||'''890'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2023/most-runs|title=Most runs-2023|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] || align=left| [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]]) || 15 ||'''741'''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2024/most-runs|title=Most runs-2024|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] || align=left| [[Sai Sudharsan]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 15 ||'''759'''||<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=25 May 2025|dynamic=y}}</ref>
|}

== Purple Cap ==

The '''Purple Cap''', currently known as the '''''[[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Purple Cap''''' for sponsorship reasons,'''<ref name=":0" />''' is presented to the leading wicket-taker in the IPL.<ref name="purplecap"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2015/warner-takes-orange-cap-bravo-wins-race-for-purple-cap/article1-1350947.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525092953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2015/warner-takes-orange-cap-bravo-wins-race-for-purple-cap/article1-1350947.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2015|title=Warner takes Orange cap, Bravo wins race for Purple cap}}</ref> After the introduction of [[Orange Cap]] on 25 April 2008, the IPL announced the introduction of the Purple Cap on 13 May 2008. The bowler with most wickets in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Purple Cap while fielding, with the overall leading wicket-taker at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Purple Cap award on the day of the season's final. In case of a tie, the bowler with superior [[economy rate]] would hold the Purple Cap.<ref name="purple" /> So far only [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Dwayne Bravo]], and [[Harshal Patel]] have won the Purple Cap twice. [[Dwayne Bravo]] and [[Harshal Patel]] scalped 32 wickets in the [[2013 Indian Premier League]] and [[2021 Indian Premier League]] respectively, the most for any bowlers in a single edition of the tournament but [[Dwayne Bravo]] remains ahead of Harshal Patel because of better economy rate of the two as per the IPL rules.

The then IPL chairman and commissioner [[Lalit Modi]] said of the initiative, "We have seen over the course of the inaugural season of the League so far that bowlers have just as important a role to play in winning T20 matches as batsmen do."<ref name="purple">{{cite web|title=Purple Cap for bowlers|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080514/sports.htm#6|publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season !! Player<ref name="purplecap" /> !! Matches !! Wickets !! Reference
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || align=left| [[Sohail Tanvir]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) || 11 || '''22''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2008|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2008/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] || align=left| [[R. P. Singh]] ([[Deccan Chargers|DCH]]) || 16 || '''23''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2009|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] || align=left| [[Pragyan Ojha]] ([[Deccan Chargers|DCH]]) || 16 || '''21''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2010|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || align=left| [[Lasith Malinga]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) || 16 || '''28''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2011|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2011/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || align=left| [[Morne Morkel]] ([[Delhi Daredevils|DD]]) || 16 || '''25''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2012|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2012/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || align=left| [[Dwayne Bravo]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 18 || '''32''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2013|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2013/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || align=left| [[Mohit Sharma]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 16 || '''23''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2014|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2014/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || align=left| [[Dwayne Bravo]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 16 || '''26''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2015|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || align=left | [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) || 17 || '''23''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2016|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || align=left | [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) || 14 || '''26''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2017|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2017/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || align=left| [[Andrew Tye]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]]) || 14 || '''24''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2018|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2018/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || align=left| [[Imran Tahir]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || 17 || '''26''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets-2019|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-wickets|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]|| align="left" | [[Kagiso Rabada]] ([[Delhi Capitals|DC]])|| 17 || '''30'''||<ref name="Purple Cap">{{cite web|title=Purple Cap|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/most-wickets|access-date=10 November 2020|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]|| align="left" | [[Harshal Patel]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])|| 15 || '''32'''||<ref name="Purple Cap"/>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || align="left" | [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) || 17 || '''27''' || <ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: Aramco Purple Cap Holder – Yuzvendra Chahal |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46366/ipl-2022-aramco-purple-cap-holder--yuzvendra-chahal?tagNames=2022 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Mohammed Shami]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 17 || '''28''' || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2023 |title=Purple Cap |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2023/mostWkts?stats_type=bowling&team |website=iplt20.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Harshal Patel]] ([[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]) || 14 || '''24''' || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 May 2024 |title=Purple Cap |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2024/mostWkts?stats_type=bowling&team |website=iplt20.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] || align=left| [[Prasidh Krishna]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 15 ||'''25'''|| <ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=25 May 2025|dynamic=y}}</ref>
|}

== Most sixes ==
The '''Maximum Sixes Award,''' called '''"[[Angel One (company)|Angel One]] Super Sixes of the Season"''' to be presented to the batsman who hit the most sixes in a season of the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2020: Unacademy Lets Crack It Sixes of the Season – Ishan Kishan|url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/228213/ipl-2020-unacademy-lets-crack-it-sixes-of-the-season-ishan-kishan?tagNames=indian-premier-league|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Indian Premier League. IPLT20.com|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season !! Player !! Matches !! Sixes !! Reference
|-
| [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || align=left| [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) || 14 || '''31''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2008|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2008/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] || align=left| [[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Deccan Chargers|DCH]]) || 16 || '''29''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2009|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2009/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] || align=left| [[Robin Uthappa]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 16 || '''27''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2010|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 12 || '''44''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2011|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2011/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 15 || '''59''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2012|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2012/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 16 || '''51''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2013|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2013/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || align=left| [[Glenn Maxwell]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]]) || 16 || '''36''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2014|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2014/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || align=left| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 14 || '''38''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2015|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || align=left| [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || 16 || '''38''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2016|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || align=left| [[Glenn Maxwell]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]]) || 14 || '''26''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2017|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2017/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || align=left| [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Delhi Capitals|DD]]) || 14 || '''37''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2018|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2018/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || align=left| [[Andre Russell]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) || 14 || '''52''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 6's – 2019|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || align=left| [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) || 13 || '''30''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Sixes - 2020|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || align=left| [[KL Rahul]] ([[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]) || 13 || '''30''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Sixes - 2021|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/most-sixes|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || align=left| [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) || 16 ||'''45'''||<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Sixes - 2022|url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46376/final-gt-vs-rr--unacademy-lets-crack-it-sixes-of-the-season--jos-buttler|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|align=left|[[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|14
|'''36'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most sixes For Indian Premier League, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-sixes-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
|align=left| [[Abhishek Sharma]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])
|15
|'''42'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most sixes For Indian Premier League, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-sixes-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|align=left| [[Nicholas Pooran]] ([[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]])
|14
|'''40'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 Stats |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2025 |website=IPLT20}}</ref>
|}

== Most fours ==
The award for the most fours in a season, called the '''"[[RuPay|Rupay]] On-the-Go 4s of the Season"''' for sponsorship reasons, was introduced in 2022.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season !! Player !! Matches !! Fours !! Reference
|-
| [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || align=left| [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) || 16 || '''83''' ||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 4's – 2022|url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46380|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] || align=left| [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 17 || '''85'''||<ref>{{cite web|title=most 4's – 2023|url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/51369/final-csk-vs-gt--rupay-on-the-go-4s-of-the-season--shubman-gill|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] || align=left| [[Travis Head]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) || 14 || '''64'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 Stats |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2024 |website=IPLT20}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] || align=left| [[Sai Sudharsan]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || 15 || '''88'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 Stats |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2025 |website=IPLT20}}</ref>
|}

==Most Valuable Player==
According to the points system, every [[Boundary (cricket)|four]] hit is equal to 2.5 points. Every [[Boundary (cricket)|six]] hit and [[Dismissal (cricket)|wicket]] taken is equal to 3.5 points each. Every [[dot ball]] bowled gets 1 point. Every [[Caught|catch]] taken and [[stumping]] done are equal to 2.5 points each.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|first=Sai|date=2020-08-17|title=IPL 2020: 5 dark horses who could win the MVP award for the first time|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2020-5-dark-horses-win-mvp-award-first-time|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> The award is currently known as '''My11Circle Most Valuable Player''' due to sponsorship reasons.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Man of the Tournament
!Season
!Player
!Reference
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]
| [[Shane Watson]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|<ref name="a2008A">{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html|access-date=22 May 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Deccan Chargers|DCH]])
|<ref name="a2009">{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2009|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392239.html|access-date=22 May 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])
|<ref name="a2010">{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2010|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/player-points|access-date=5 October 2021|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
| [[Chris Gayle]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|<ref name="a2011">{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/match/501271.html|access-date=22 May 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]
| [[Sunil Narine]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|<ref name="a2012">{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2012|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548381.html|access-date=22 May 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Most Valuable Player
|-
! Season
! Player
!Points
! Reference
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || align="left" | [[Shane Watson]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|'''386'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2013/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || align="left" | [[Glenn Maxwell]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]])
|'''286'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2014/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || align="left" | [[Andre Russell]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|'''312'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || align="left" | [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|'''356.5'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || align="left"| [[Ben Stokes]] ([[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]])
|'''279'''||<ref name="a2017">{{cite web|title=RPS vs MI, Final – IPL Presentation ceremony iplr20.com|url= https://www.iplt20.com/video/108564/final-rps-vs-mi--most-valuable-player-of-the-season--ben-stokes?tagNames=feature |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || align="left"| [[Sunil Narine]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) ||'''379.5'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2018/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || align="left" | [[Andre Russell]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|'''369'''|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || align="left" | [[Jofra Archer]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|'''307'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/player-points|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || align="left" | [[Harshal Patel]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|'''264.5'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/playerPoints|access-date=15 October 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]] || align="left" | [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|'''387'''||<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022/playerPoints|website=iplt20.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] || align="left" | [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]])
|'''343'''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=A year worthy of applause for Shubman Gill |url=https://www.gujarattitansipl.com/news/a-year-worthy-of-applause-for-shubman-gill#:~:text=Shubman%20Gill%20was%20named%20the,highest%20run-scorer%20this%20season.&text=Shubman%20Gill%20took%20us%20to,win%20the%20TATA%20IPL%202022. |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Gujarat Titans |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] || align="left" | [[Sunil Narine]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|'''450'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 Man of the Series: Sunil Narine wins the Most Valuable Player award for third time |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2024-man-of-the-series-sunil-narine-wins-the-most-valuable-player-award-for-third-time-article-12732465.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602021437/https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2024-man-of-the-series-sunil-narine-wins-the-most-valuable-player-award-for-third-time-article-12732465.html |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] || align="left" | [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])
|'''320.5'''||
|}

== Player of the final ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season
!Player of the match !! Reference
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League final|2008]] || align=left| [[Yusuf Pathan]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])||<ref name=a2008B>{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009]] || align=left| [[Anil Kumble]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])||<ref name=a2009/>
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League final|2010]] || align=left| [[Suresh Raina]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]])||<ref name=a2010/>
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League final|2011]] || align=left| [[Murali Vijay]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]])||<ref name=a2011/>
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League final|2012]] || align=left| [[Manvinder Bisla]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])||<ref name=a2012/>
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League final|2013]] || align=left| [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])||<ref name=a2013>{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2013|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598073.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League final|2014]] || align=left| [[Manish Pandey]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])||<ref name=a2014>{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2014|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734049.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League final|2015]] || align=left| [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])||<ref name=a2015>{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2015|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829823.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League final|2016]] || align=left| [[Ben Cutting]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])||<ref name=a2016>{{cite web|title=Final: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Bengaluru, May 29, 2016. Cricket Scorecard |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/current/match/981019.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League final|2017]] || align=left| [[Krunal Pandya]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])||<ref name=a2017/>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League final|2018]] || align=left| [[Shane Watson]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) ||<ref name="a2018">{{cite web|title=IPL 2018 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2018-list-of-individual-award-winners-orange-cap-purple-cap-best-catch-emerging-player-mvp-5194040/|access-date=31 May 2018|website=The Indian Express|date=28 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League final|2019]] || align=left| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) || <ref name="a2019">{{cite web|title=IPL 2019 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2019-award-winners-orange-cap-purple-cap-fairplay-and-other-award-winners-5724009/|access-date=20 November 2019|website=The Indian Express|date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League final|2020]] || align=left| [[Trent Boult]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) || <ref name=a2020>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of Delhi Capitals vs Mumbai Indians Final 2020 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237181/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-indian-premier-league-2020-21 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League final|2021]] || align=left| [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || <ref name=a2021>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of Chennai Super Kings vs Kolkata Knight Riders Final 2021 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1254117/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-indian-premier-league-2021-22 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]] || align=left| [[Hardik Pandya]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Royals vs Titans Final 2022 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/gujarat-titans-vs-rajasthan-royals-final-1312200/full-scorecard |access-date=2022-05-29 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League final|2023]] || align=left| [[Devon Conway]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devon Conway: 'Playing in high-intensity games has allowed me to be clearer in different T20 scenarios' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/devon-conway-playing-in-high-intensity-games-has-allowed-me-to-be-clearer-in-different-t20-scenarios-1381242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125201/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/devon-conway-playing-in-high-intensity-games-has-allowed-me-to-be-clearer-in-different-t20-scenarios-1381242 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League final|2024]] || align=left| [[Mitchell Starc]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2024 |title=IPL 2024 Man of the Match: Mitchell Starc wins 'Player of the Match' award in IPL 2024 Final |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2024-man-of-the-match-mitchell-starc-wins-player-of-the-match-award-in-ipl-2024-final-article-12732456.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League final|2025]] || align=left| [[Krunal Pandya]] ([[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]]) || <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=Krunal Pandya adjudged Player of the Match in IPL 2025 final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/krunal-pandya-player-of-match-ipl-2025-final-rcb-vs-pbks-winner-news/article69653801.ece |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
|}

== Emerging player ==
The award was presented for the "best Under-19 player" in 2008 and the "best Under-23 player" in 2009 and 2010, being called "Under-23 Success of the Tournament". In the 2011 and 2012 seasons, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year", while, in 2013, it was called "Best Young Player of the Season". Since 2014, the award has been called the '''Emerging Player of the Year'''. Only players who have played fewer than 5 [[Test cricket|Tests]], 20 [[One Day International]]s, and 25 IPL matches at the start of the season are eligible for the award and can only win the award once.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/polls/emerging-player|title=Emerging player|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

The only non-Indian player to win the award is the Bangladeshi fast bowler [[Mustafizur Rahman]], in 2016.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season
!Player !! Reference
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || align=left| [[Shreevats Goswami]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) ||<ref name=a2008>{{cite web|title=Player of the series – 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] || align=left| [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Deccan Chargers|DCH]]) ||<ref name=a2009 />
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] || align=left| [[Saurabh Tiwary]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]]) ||<ref name=a2010 />
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || align=left| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) ||<ref name=a2011 />
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || align=left| [[Mandeep Singh]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]]) ||<ref name=a2012 />
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] || align=left| [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]) ||<ref name="a2013"/>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] || align=left| [[Axar Patel]] ([[Kings XI Punjab|KXIP]]) ||<ref name="a2014"/>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]] || align=left| [[Shreyas Iyer]] ([[Delhi Daredevils|DD]]) ||<ref name="a2015"/>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || align=left| [[Mustafizur Rahman]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) ||<ref name="a2016"/>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || align=left| [[Basil Thampi]] ([[Gujarat Lions|GL]]) ||<ref name=a2017 />
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] ||align=left| [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Delhi Daredevils|DD]]) ||<ref name=a2018 />
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] ||align=left| [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) || <ref name=a2019 />
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || align=left| [[Devdutt Padikkal]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]) || <ref name=a2020/>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || align=left| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]) || <ref name=a2021/>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|align=left| [[Umran Malik]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: Emerging Player Award – Umran Malik |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46364/ipl-2022-emerging-player-award--umran-malik?tagNames=2022 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|align=left| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Rajasthan Royals opening batter Yashasvi Jaiswal wins the Emerging Player of the Season award - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/rajasthan-royals-opening-batter-yashasvi-jaiswal-wins-the-emerging-player-of-the-season-award-16800951.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
|align=left| [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pics{{!}} Who won what at the IPL 2024 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/in-pics-who-won-what-at-the-ipl-2024-3040216#1 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|align=left| [[Sai Sudharsan]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025: Sai Sudharsan wins Emerging Player of the Year award |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/sai-sudharsan-wins-emerging-player-of-the-year-award-ipl-2025-full-list-of-winners-since-2008/article69652925.ece |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Highest strike rate ==
Known as the '''"[[Tata Curvv|Curvv]] Super Striker of the Season Award"''' for sponsorship reasons, this award is given to the batsman with the highest [[strike rate]] of the season with a minimum of 100 balls played in the season. He is handed a car as well.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season
!Player
!Strike rate!! Reference
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]|| align="left" | [[Sunil Narine]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|'''189.89'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2018: TATA Nexon Super Striker of the Season – Sunil Narine |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/247299/shardul-thakur-s-impactful-3-38?tagNames=ipl-magic,indian-premier-league,ipl-magic |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]|| align="left" | [[Andre Russell]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]])
|'''204.8'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2019: Harrier Super Striker of the Season – Andre Russell |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/247299/shardul-thakur-s-impactful-3-38?tagNames=ipl-magic,indian-premier-league,ipl-magic |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]|| align="left" | [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])
|'''191.42'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2020: Altroz Super Striker of the Season – Kieron Pollard |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/247299/shardul-thakur-s-impactful-3-38?tagNames=ipl-magic,indian-premier-league,ipl-magic |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]|| align="left" | [[Shimron Hetmyer]] ([[Delhi Capitals|DC]])
|'''168.05'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2021: Safari Super Striker of the Season – Shimron Hetmyer |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/247299/shardul-thakur-s-impactful-3-38?tagNames=ipl-magic,indian-premier-league,ipl-magic |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]||align="left" | [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|'''183.33'''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punch Super Striker Of The Season – Dinesh Karthik |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46375/final-gt-vs-rr--punch-super-striker-of-the-season--dinesh-karthik |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]||align="left" | [[Glenn Maxwell]] ([[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]])
|'''183.48'''||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=IPL 2023 complete list of awards: The winners of Orange cap, Purple Cap and other awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2023-complete-list-of-awards-the-winners-of-orange-cap-purple-cap-and-other-awards/articleshow/100611936.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]||align="left" | [[Jake Fraser-McGurk]] ([[Delhi Capitals|DC]])
|'''234.04'''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=IPL 2024 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2024-awards-orange-cap-purple-fairplay-kohli-harshal-narine-9353020/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]||align="left" | [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] ([[Rajasthan Royals|RR]])
|'''206.55'''||
|-
|}

== Best catch ==
'''Best Catch,''' known as '''[[Herbalife]] Active Best Catch of the Season''' for sponsorship reasons, is given to the player who has taken the best catch during the season, on the basis of commentators' opinions and fan voting. So far, Suresh Raina and kieron pollard have won the award most times(2 times).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
!Season
!Player
!Reference
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
| align="left" | [[Gurkeerat Mann]] ([[Punjab Kings|KXIP]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Anuj Nitin |date=2021-03-10 |title="I didn't think any team would pick me" - Gurkeerat Singh on his IPL experience [Exclusive] |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-i-think-team-pick-me-gurkeerat-singh-ipl-experience-exclusive |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=M60: KKR vs KXIP– Best Catch – Kieron Pollard |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/18457/m60-kkr-vs-kxip-best-catch-kieron-pollard |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
| align="left" | [[Dwayne Bravo|Dwyane Bravo]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=M60: MI vs CSK – Best Catch of the Season – Dwayne Bravo |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/13295 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
| align="left" | [[Suresh Raina]] ([[Gujarat Lions|GL]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikraman |first=Deepak |date=2016-05-30 |title=IPL 2016: Complete list of all the award winners; Kohli dominates |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ipl-2016-complete-list-all-award-winners-kohli-dominates-680587 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
| align="left" | [[Suresh Raina]] ([[Gujarat Lions|GL]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final: RPS vs MI – VIVO perfect catch of the season – Suresh Raina |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/108627/final-rps-vs-mi-vivo-perfect-catch-of-the-season-suresh-raina?tagNames=indian-premier-league |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Trent Boult]] ([[Delhi Daredevils|DD]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2018: VIVO Perfect Catch of the Season – Trent Boult |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/144905/ipl-2018-vivo-perfect-catch-of-the-season-trent-boult?tagNames=indian-premier-league |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Kieron Pollard]] ([[Mumbai Indians|MI]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2019: VIVO Perfect Catch of the Season – Kieron Pollard |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/191648/ipl-2019-vivo-perfect-catch-of-the-season-kieron-pollard |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| align="left" | [[Ravi Bishnoi]] ([[Punjab Kings|PBKS]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2021: VIVO perfect catch of the Season – Ravi Bishnoi |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/247393/ipl-2021-vivo-perfect-catch-of-the-season-ravi-bishnoi |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Evin Lewis]] ([[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA IPL Catch of the Season - Evin Lewis |url=https://www.iplt20.com/video/46389/tata-ipl-catch-of-the-season---evin-lewis-?tagNames=2022 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Rashid Khan]] ([[Gujarat Titans|GT]]) || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=IPL 2023 complete list of awards: The winners of Orange cap, Purple Cap and other awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2023-complete-list-of-awards-the-winners-of-orange-cap-purple-cap-and-other-awards/articleshow/100611936.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] ([[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]) || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=IPL 2024 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2024-awards-orange-cap-purple-fairplay-kohli-harshal-narine-9353020/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Kamindu Mendis]] ([[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]) ||
|-
|}

== Fair Play Award ==
The '''Fair Play Award''' is given after each season to the team with the best record of [[Sportsmanship|fair play]].<ref name="IPL">{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/about/2015/match-playing-conditions/47/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play|title=IPL Fair Play|publisher=IPL|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204642/http://www.iplt20.com/about/2015/match-playing-conditions/47/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>The [[Chennai Super Kings]] have won most frequently, with seven wins. The winner is decided on the basis of the points the [[Umpire (cricket)|umpires]] give to the teams.<ref name=IPL/> After each match, the two on-field umpires, and the third umpire, scores the performance of both of the teams. A team can be awarded a total of ten points per match, out of which four points are given on the basis of how the team has adhered to the "spirit of the game" in the opinion of the umpires. The other three criteria are based on the respect towards to the opposition, the [[laws of cricket]] and the umpires. Each of these three criteria represents two points. If a team gets two points in the criterion, its performance is considered as "good", whereas getting one or zero points indicates that its performance is "average" or "bad" respectively.<ref name=IPL/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Winners
|-
! Season<ref name="Sportstar 2020">{{cite web | last=Sportstar | first=Team | title=IPL: Fair Play award winners of all seasons of Indian Premier League | website=Sportstar | date=2020-09-14 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-fair-play-award-winners-since-inception-chennai-super-kings-sunrisers-hyderabad-spirit-of-the-game/article32597805.ece | access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> !! Team
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]]
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] ||[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] ||[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || [[Gujarat Lions]]
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] || [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian Premier League centuries]]
*[[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls]]
*[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:Indian Premier League records and statistics|Awards]]
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]

Ashok Kumar (film)

2026-03-06T03:40:29Z

TameraWhitham: General cleanup and improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashok Kumar
| image = Ashok Kumar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raja Chandrasekhar
| writer = Ilangovan
| producer =
| starring = [[M. K. Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar]] [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor V. Nagayya]] [[P. Kannamba]]
| cinematography = Jiten Banerjee
| editing = T. R. Raghunath
| music = Alathur V. Subramaniyam
| studio = Murugan Talkies
| released = {{film date|1941|9|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 211 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=288}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ashok Kumar''''' is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by Raja Chandrasekhar. Based on a legend involving the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka The Great]], his son [[Kunala]] and Ashoka's second wife Thishyarakshai, it stars [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor V. Nagayya]] and [[P. Kannamba]]. The film was released on 17 September 1941.

== Plot ==
The [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]]'s son [[Kunala]]n is courted by Ashoka's second wife [[Tishyaraksha]]i. When he rejects her advances, she falsely accuses him of trying to seduce her. He is thrown into prison and blinded. The story, however, comes to a happy end with his eyesight being restored by [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] and the king acquits him of all the charges.

== Cast ==


;Male cast<ref name="song book" />
{{Cast listing|* [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] as [[Kunala]]n
* [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor V. Nagayya]] as Samrat [[Ashoka]]r
* Rangasami Iyengar as Radhaguptar
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Doctor Theraiyan
* K. Mahadeva Iyer as [[Upagupta]]r
* [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramchandran]] as Mahendran
* K. V. Venkatrama Iyer as Kanjuki
* Murali as Kokkaiyan
* [[Ranjan (actor)|R. Ranjan]] as [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (uncredited)}}

;Female cast<ref name="song book" />
{{Cast listing|* [[P. Kannamba]] as [[Tishyaraksha]]i
* [[T. V. Kumuthini]] as Kanchanamala
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Pramila}}

== Production ==
''Ashok Kumar'' is based on a legend involving the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], his son Kunalan and Ashoka's younger queen Thishyarakshai. It was the first Tamil film based on the legend, which was previously filmed in [[Hindi]] as ''Veer Kunal'' (1925). Telugu actress [[P. Kannamba]] played the role of Thishyarakshai. This was her second Tamil film and since she did not know the language, she was provided with a script in which Tamil words had been transliterated into Telugu. ''Ashok Kumar'' marked the debut of [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] (credited as R. Ramani),<ref name="song book" /> who portrayed [[Gautama Buddha]]. The song and dance sequence, "Unnai Kandu Mayangaatha" was shot in a single night at Newtone Studio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 January 2008 |title=Ashok Kumar 1941 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ashok-kumar-1941/article3022478.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150318140612/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ashok-kumar-1941/article3022478.ece |archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Alathur V. Subramanyam and the lyrics were written by [[Papanasam Sivan]].<ref name="song book" /> Playback singers are Rama Rao and Mani of the Renuka Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Kumar |url=https://gaana.com/album/ashok-kumar |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320092630/https://gaana.com/album/ashok-kumar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Kumar |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/ashok-kumar/1930586/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=Hungama}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Unnai Kandu
| length9 =
| lyrics4 = Papanasam Sivan
| lyrics3 = Papanasam Sivan
| lyrics2 = Papanasam Sivan
| lyrics1 = [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| extra5 = M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar
| extra4 = M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar
| extra3 = M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar
| extra2 = M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar
| extra1 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:16
| length1 = 2:51
| length5 = 2:46
| title5 = Bhoomiyil Maanida Jenmam
| length4 = 3:14
| title4 = Sathvaguna Bothan
| length3 = 3:19
| title3 = Manamae Nee
| length2 = 3:06
| title2 = Dhyaname Enadu
| lyrics5 = Papanasam Sivan
}}

=== Music Credits ===

;Sharma Brothers Orchestra<ref name="credits" />
* R. N. Thambi&nbsp;– Veena
* V. Govindasami&nbsp;– Fiddle
* N. L. Ramalingam&nbsp;– Harmonium
* R. V. Parikshithu&nbsp;– Mridangam

== Release and reception ==
''Ashok Kumar'' was released on 17 September 1941.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 1941 |title=Asok-Kumar |pages=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 February 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kay Yess Enn of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film for Kannamba's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kay Yess Enn |date=20 September 1941 |title=Asok-Kumar |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SgFFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3982%2C8216061 |access-date=3 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== In other media ==
Portions of "Bhoomiyil Maanida" were used in "Theepidikka", a song in ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2017 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள்&nbsp;– 312– எஸ்.கணேஷ் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/34669 |url-status=usurped |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329113248/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/34669 |archive-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.AshokKumar_RajaChandrashekar_1941/34.%20AshokKumar_RajaChandrashekar_1941.pdf |title=அசோக் குமார் |publisher=Murugan Talkies |year=1941 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Ashok Kumar |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Murugan Talkies |year=1941 |time=0:00 to 1:30 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0157332}}

[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]
[[Category:Works about Ashoka]]
[[Category:Films scored by Alathur V. Subramanyam]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Malhar (film)

2026-03-04T09:33:15Z

TameraWhitham: created some entry first draft...

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malhar
| image = This is a poster for Malhar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Vishal Kumbhar
| writer = Siddharth Salvi Vishal Kumbhar Apurva Patil
| producer = Praful Pasad
| starring = [[Shrinivas Pokale]] Vinayak Potdar [[Sharib Hashmi]] [[Anjali Patil]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ganesh Kamble
| editing = Akshay Kumar
| music = T. Satish Sarang Kulkarni
| studio = V Motion Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Marathi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Malhar''''' is an [[India]]n bilingual [[drama]] film released in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages directed by Vishal Kumbhar and starring [[Shrinivas Pokale|Srinivas Pokale]], [[Sharib Hashmi]], [[Anjali Patil]], [[Rishi Saxena]], Vinayak Potdar, Mohammed Samad, and Akshata Acharya. This is produced by Praful Pasad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malhar trailer: Sharib Hashmi, Anjali Patil-starrer showcases love, friendship breaking societal boundaries |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-malhar-trailer-sharib-hashmi-anjali-patil-starrer-showcases-love-friendship-breaking-societal-boundaries-3090381 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Shrinivas Pokale]] as Bhairav
* Vinayak Potdar as Javed
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Mohan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sharib-hashmi-anjali-patils-malhar-explores-unconventional-love-and-friendship-894401|title=Sharib Hashmi unveils poster of his upcoming heartwarming drama Malhar|date=17 May 2024|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Kesar
* [[Rishi Saxena]] as Laxman<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/rishi-saxena-took-some-time-to-understand-how-to-play-an-asexual-romantic-in-malhar|title=Rishi Saxena took some time to understand how to play an 'asexual romantic' in 'Malhar'|date=21 May 2024|work=Lokmat}}/</ref>
* [[Mohammad Samad]] as Jatin
* Akshata Acharya as Jasmin

== Plot ==
This collection of three interconnected stories takes place in the same village. In a remote, isolated community in Kutch, The story of this movie centers on the battle between two closest friends to have their broken hearing aid fixed. Jasmine, Javed's older sister, develops feelings for the Hindu man Jatin. The plot develops around their struggle to get together, how they leave the village to meet, their love, and the difficulties they encounter. Kesar, a recently married woman. The son of that village's sarpanch, Laxman, is her husband. She doesn't conceive after a few days of marriage, which is why her in-laws are always condemning her and how she escapes it.

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 7 June 2024 in Marathi and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharib Hashmi's 'Malhar' to release in theatres on June 7 - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/05/22/ent10-hashmi-film-release-date.amp.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Earlier, the film was scheduled to be released on 31 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Sharib Hashmi Unveils 'Malhar' Poster And Announces Its May 31 Release Date |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sharib-hashmi-unveils-malhar-poster-and-announces-its-may-31-release-date |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |publisher=Outlook Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote "the film excels at balancing heartwarming moments with poignant realities, the pacing falters slightly in the second half. However this is a miner blip in an otherwise enriching journey that deserves to be experienced on the big screen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malhar Movie Review : An enriching story that will warm your heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/malhar/movie-review/110770058.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abhilasha Rawat of [[Times Now]] rated 3.0/5 and wrote "Malhar is a film that deserves to be experienced on the big screen, offering a blend of heartfelt storytelling and social commentary that resonates long after the credits roll."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Malhar Movie Review: Vishal Kumbhar Weaves An Intricate Tale Of Friendship, Love And Societal Pressures |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/malhar-movie-review-vishal-kumbhar-weaves-an-intricate-tale-of-friendship-love-and-societal-pressures-review-110780623 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Mahpara Kabir of ''[[ABP News]]'' wrote "'Malhar' intricately weaves together three interconnected storylines. Despite the complexity of narrating multiple tales within a single film, the director's adeptness shines through."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Mahpara |date=2024-06-03 |title=Malhar Film Review: Sharib Hashmi And Anjali Patil Starrer Has An Effective Narrative |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/malhar-film-review-sharib-hashmi-and-anjali-patil-starrer-has-an-effective-narrative-1693879 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|32370994}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|malhar-2}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]

Anjaam

2026-03-03T23:26:34Z

TameraWhitham: added references

{{About|the 1994

film|the 1940 film|Anjaam (1940 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjaam
| image = Anjaam (movie poster).jpg
| caption = Anjaam movie poster
| director = [[Rahul Rawail]]
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| producer = Maharukh Johki Rita Rawail
| story = Sutanu Gupta [[Gautam Rajadhyaksha]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Sameer Arya
| editing = Suresh Chaturvedi
| studio = Shiv-Bharat films
| released = {{Film date|1994|04|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 171 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}2.65 crore<ref name="boxo_Anja">{{Cite web | title = Anjaam - Movie - Box Office India | work = boxofficeindia.com | access-date = 2016-08-11 | url = http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3142 }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}9.66 crore<ref name="boxo_Anja"/>
}}

'''''Anjaam''''' ({{Translation|Consequence}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller|psychological crime thriller]] film directed by [[Rahul Rawail]]. It stars [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in lead roles with an ensemble supporting cast including [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Beena Banerjee]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Kalpana Iyer]] and [[Himani Shivpuri]], with [[Deepak Tijori]] in a guest appearance. This was the first time that Dixit and Khan were paired together. The film's music was composed by [[Anand–Milind]], with lyrics written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The film is about a woman facing the brunt of her obsessive lover. It also focuses on the atrocities committed against women. Dixit plays the protagonist and Khan plays the antagonist.

At the [[40th Filmfare Awards]], ''Anjaam'' won Khan the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] award for his performance, after having failed to win the award the previous year for his performance in [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Darr]]''. Moreover, the film also earned Dixit her 7th nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], but she instead won the award for ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' Khan has bought the rights to this film under his banner, [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx|title=Red Chillies Entertainments|website=www.redchillies.com|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020052/http://redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shivani Chopra is an air hostess for [[Air India]]. She lives with her sister Padmisha and her brother-in-law Mohanlal, who is a drunkard and bets all the money he can find on horse races. Shivani meets Vijay Agnihotri, a wealthy industrialist who is instantly infatuated with her, but she shows no interest in him. Vijay is the owner of his family industries; he first tries to get Shivani to model for them, but she does not even consider it. He continues to pursue her to be his lover, but is rejected every time. Vijay informs his mother, Padma, that he will only marry Shivani.

When they approach Shivani's family for her hand in marriage, they see that Shivani is marrying Ashok Chopra, an Air India pilot. Vijay is heartbroken, shocked, and disappointed, while Shivani and Ashok get posted right after their wedding and move to America.

Four years later, Vijay cannot forget Shivani and turns down all the marriage proposals brought by his mother. Shivani and Ashok have a daughter, Pinky. Shivani left her job as an air hostess and began volunteering at a hospital for the mentally and physically disabled. Vijay befriends Ashok in hopes of getting closer to Shivani. He plans to start his own airline, where he hires Ashok as a general manager with a high salary. Unaware of Vijay's intentions, Ashok doesn't believe Shivani who tries to convince him of Vijay's true colours.

Vijay gives Shivani and Ashok a new company home. After moving in, Shivani finds out she is pregnant. She shares the news with her husband, but Vijay interrupts, revealing that he's used Shivani's photos as advertisements for the new airline. This enrages Shivani, who demands that Vijay leave and then insists that Ashok quit his job as well as the new house, and that she will work to support the family instead. Insulted and angered, Ashok slaps and disowns Shivani, who leaves the house, much to his great regret.

Vijay witnessing this has an episode and severely beats Ashok. When he is hospitalized, Vijay removes Ashok's oxygen mask in the presence of Shivani thereby killing him. She attempts to convince the police that Vijay is responsible for Ashok's death. However, Vijay bribes his friend, Inspector Arjun Singh, to provide an alibi and is not charged. Despite Arjun telling him that what he did was wrong, Vijay refuses to stop thinking about Shivani and giving up. All this while, he visits and begs Shivani to say she loves him. As she refuses, he beats her up and frames her for his attempted murder. She is sentenced to 3 years in prison as she could not prove her innocence. Pinky is placed in the care of Padmisha and Mohanlal. Mohanlal mistreats his wife and calls Pinky a burden.

Shivani meets Nisha, her cellmate who was wrongly accused of murder in a case of [[dowry]]. They share their pain in prison under the watch of a brutal prison warden, who would force the prison inmates into prostitution for political leaders at night. One day, Shivani vomits during a politician's visit to take a prisoner for the night. In an attempt to escape from prison, she makes a complaint about the brutality of her prison guard but her plea is ignored. Instead, Inspector Arjun reveals to the warden that it was Shivani who filed a complaint against her illegal activities. The prison guard learns that Shivani is pregnant from the visit, and gives her a severe beating and throws her into a dark isolation cell, which causes her to have a miscarriage.

Mohanlal forces Padmisha to disown Pinky, but she refuses. In response, he kicks both Padmisha and Pinky out. Vijay visits Shivani in prison with the promise of freeing her, as well as news about his alleged relationship with another woman who bears her name, but Shivani still refuses. A depressed Vijay then accidentally kills Shivani's sister and daughter by running his car over them. Shivani learns about their deaths and realizes Vijay is the one who killed them. With all of her loved ones dead, Shivani, now hardended with hatred, only has a motive to live now with exacting revenge on all the people who wronged her.

She begins with the prison guard by planning a night-long worship event at the jail, staging an alibi for herself. Shivani sneaks away and kills the prison warden by dragging her to the gallows and hanging her. As there is no evidence, Shivani is not convicted.

Three years later, Shivani is released from prison. First, she kills Mohanlal by choking him with [[rupee]] notes and chewing off a significant amount of flesh from his arm. Inspector Arjun suspects Shivani of the murder. While Shivani is mourning her daughter at her grave, Inspector Arjun steps right on her grave to rudely intercept her. He chases her and tries to rape her in a barn. However, Shivani overpowers him and sets the barn on fire, leaving him to die.

Shivani visits Vijay's home but learns that Vijay and his mother moved out of there two years ago. She decides to dedicate her life to serving the disabled at the hospital she used to volunteer at. The doctor there suggested she stay at their new sanatorium in Tikamgarh. When she gets there, she finds out that the sanatorium was built by Vijay's mother. Shivani finds Vijay in a paralyzed state at the sanatorium, losing his ability to move due to the car accident which killed Shivani's sister and daughter. She volunteers to rehabilitate him.

Vijay gets cured with Shivani's love and attention. Vijay tells Shivani once again to say she loves him and to marry him, as she has no other options in life. Shivani embraces him before stabbing him. She confesses that she nursed him to health for one purpose: to kill him, as it is a sin to kill an incapacitated person who cannot defend himself. In their scuffle, they end up dangling from a cliff with Vijay hanging onto Shivani's foot. Vijay says that if he falls to his death, he shall take Shivani with him. Deciding that it is more important for Vijay to die than for her to live, Shivani lets go, causing them both to fall to their deaths.

== Cast ==
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Shivani Chopra
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Vijay Agnihotri
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Mohanlal Singh, Shivani's brother-in-law and Padmisha's husband.
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as Padmisha Singh, Shivani's sister and Mohanlal's wife.
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Champa Chameli
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Padma Agnihotri, Vijay's mother.
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Inspector Arjun Singh
*[[Kalpana Iyer]] as Prison Warden
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Minister
*Baby Gazala as Pinky Chopra, Ashok and Shivani's daughter.
*[[Shriram Lagoo]] as Finance
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Nisha, Shivani's friend.

'''Guest appearance'''
*[[Deepak Tijori]] as Ashok Chopra, Shivani's late husband.

==Production==
''Anjaam'' marked the first of many collaborations between Dixit and Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-22|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Madhuri Dixit's Anjaam completes 23 years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-madhuri-dixit-film-anjaam-completes-23-years-today/story-4GSQu84NqpWZsnT6tis4tK.html|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Badi Mushkil Hai
| extra1 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| length1 = 5:30
| title2 = Channe Ke Khet Mein
| extra2 = [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima Shrestha]]
| length2 = 6:03
| title3 = Tu Saamne Jab Aata Hai
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length3 = 6:00
| title4 = Barson Ke Baad
| extra4 = Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 4:14
| title5 = Sunn Meri Banno
| extra5 = Alka Yagnik
| length5 = 5:56
| title6 = Kolhapur Se Aayi
| extra6 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length6 = 5:08
| title7 = Pratighat Ki Jwala
| extra7 = [[Sapna Awasthi]]
| length7 = 1:50
| total_length = 34:41
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0109134}}

{{Rahul Rawail}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rahul Rawail]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1994 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about fear]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
[[Category:Works about driving under the influence]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]

Yagam (1982 film)

2026-03-03T21:16:18Z

TameraWhitham: minor expanded information and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yagam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sivan (Cinematographer)|Sivan]]
| producer = [[en:Sivan (cinematographer)|Sivan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Kathatha Karthikavilakku''|[[N. Mohanan]]}}
| writer = [[N. Mohanan]] K. S. Namboothiri (dialogues)
| screenplay = K. S. Namboothiri
| starring = [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] [[Babu Namboothiri]] [[Jalaja]]
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Sivan (cinematographer)|Sivan]], Mahesh
| editing = [[N._P._Suresh| NP Suresh]]
| studio = Saritha Films
| distributor = Saritha Films
| released = {{Film date|1982|02|12|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Yagam''''' is a 1982 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[Sivan (Cinematographer)|Sivan]]. The film stars [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Aranmula Ponnamma]], [[Babu Namboothiri]] and [[Jalaja]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1314|title=Yaagam|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1078|title=Yaagam|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331094419/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1078|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/yagam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072329/http://spicyonion.com/title/yagam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Yagam|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]. [[O. N. V. Kurup]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the song "Shravana Sandhyathan". Sivan and Mahesh won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography]] (black-and-white).

==Cast==
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]]
*[[Babu Namboothiri]]
*[[Jalaja]]
*[[Premji]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] and the lyrics were written by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Sraavana Sandhyathan" || P. Susheeladevi || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0310366|Yagam}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kanni Theevu

2026-03-03T05:18:25Z

TameraWhitham: quick adjusted layout for accuracy further and added references to improve readability

{{short description|1981 Tamil Film}}
{{distinguish|Kannitheevu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kanni Theevu.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = Kanagashunmugam
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam Jothi
| editing = V. Rajagopal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sri Ayvar Arts Films
| released = {{film date|1981|4|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kanni Theevu''''' ({{translation|Virgo Island}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]], directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]] and produced by Sri Ayvar Arts films. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[C. L. Anandan]], and [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]. It was released on 10 April 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanni Theevu (1981) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanni-theevu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116053458/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanni-theevu |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Pandiyan
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Selvi
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Rani
* [[C. L. Anandan]] as Albert
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Kannan
* [[Ranjeet]] as Kali
* Kumar Raja as Simon
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Scientist Arun
* [[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as Rajarathnam
* [[Isari Velan]] as Rathnavel
* Vijayachandrika
* [[M. B. Shetty|M.B. Shetty]]
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Dancer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]] and music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannitheevu |url=https://avdigital.in/products/kannitheevu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116053500/https://avdigital.in/products/kannitheevu |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Duration
|-
|"Hey Onna Rendaa"
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Saibaba, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:32
|-
|"Ithu Oru Pudhu Vitha"
|[[S. Janaki]]
|4:23
|-
|"Kandane Kandane Kaatil"
|Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja
|4:22
|-
|"Ponnana Neram Raja"
|S. Janaki
|4:05
|}

== Reception ==
Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film an unhealthy child with a mixture of [[B. Vittalacharya|Vitthalacharya]] style and Hollywood science fiction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=7 June 1981 |title=கன்னித்தீவு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-06-07/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230407142404/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-06-07/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0280821}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set on islands]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naam Shabana

2026-03-02T10:07:53Z

TameraWhitham: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|2017 Indian action thriller film by Shivam Nair}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naam Shabana
| image = Naam Shabana Poster.jpg
| alt = The poster features Taapsee Pannu running and Sniper-rifle aim-pointer appears on her. At bottom appears title of the film. Images of rest star-cast appears at the top.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shivam Nair]]
| producer = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|[[Shital Bhatia]]|Aruna Bhatia}}
| writer = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|[[Rochak Kohli]]|[[Meet Bros]]|'''Background Score:'''|[[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]}}
| cinematography = Sudheer Palsane
| editing = Praveen Kathikuloth
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series Films]]|[[Cape Of Good Films]]|[[Reliance Entertainment]]|[[Friday Filmworks]]|[[Plan C Studios]]}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[T-Series Films]]|[[Reliance Entertainment]]}}
| released = {{film date|2017|03|31|India|ref1=<ref name="Indian Express release"/>}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|25 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="IE budget"/>
| gross = {{INR|60 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="BH Naam Shabana gross">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-naam-shabana/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Naam Shabana – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 April 2017|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414052433/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-naam-shabana/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Naam Shabana''''' ({{translation|'''''The name is Shabana'''''}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Shivam Nair]], written and produced by [[Neeraj Pandey]]. It is the second instalment of ''Baby'' franchise and a [[Spinoff (media)|spin-off]] of the 2015 film ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'', it stars [[Taapsee Pannu]] reprising her role as Shabana Khan from the original<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-is-spin-off-not-prequel-to-baby-taapsee-pannu-2353190 |title='Naam Shabana' is spin-off, not prequel to 'Baby' Taapsee Pannu |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330041452/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-is-spin-off-not-prequel-to-baby-taapsee-pannu-2353190 |url-status=live}}</ref> alongside [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] with an ensemble supporting cast. [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Madhurima Tuli]], [[Elli Avram]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Taher Shabbir]] and [[Shibani Dandekar]] in special appearances.

The film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages and released on 31 March 2017. The Tamil title was ''Naanthan Shabana'' whereas the Telugu title was ''Nene Shabana''.<ref name="Indian Express release">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/naam-shabana-taapsee-pannu-film-nene-shabana-naanthaan-shabana-watch-tamil-telugu-trailers-4544755/ |title=Naam Shabana: Taapsee Pannu shares Tamil, Telugu trailers, leaving fans asking for more. |date=26 February 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230814/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/naam-shabana-taapsee-pannu-film-nene-shabana-naanthaan-shabana-watch-tamil-telugu-trailers-4544755/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was banned in [[Pakistan]] a day after its release.<ref name="Pakistan-ban">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K |title=Now, Naam Shabana banned in Pakistan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/090417/now-naam-shabana-banned-in-pakistan.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=Apr 9, 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409200758/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/090417/now-naam-shabana-banned-in-pakistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-trailer-taapsee-pannu-dares-to-do-what-no-other-man-does-in-this-action-packed-film-2319080 |title='Naam Shabana' Trailer: Taapsee Pannu DARES to do what no other man does in this action packed film! |last=Pandey |first=Prachita |date=10 February 2017 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212210259/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-naam-shabana-trailer-taapsee-pannu-dares-to-do-what-no-other-man-does-in-this-action-packed-film-2319080 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-why-akshay-kumar-has-lesser-portions-than-taapsee-pannu-in-baby-spin-off-1674934 |title=Naam Shabana: Why Akshay Kumar Has Lesser Portions Than Taapsee Pannu In Baby Spin-Off |last=Shiksha |first=Shruthi |date=29 March 2017 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051725/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-why-akshay-kumar-has-lesser-portions-than-taapsee-pannu-in-baby-spin-off-1674934 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-naam-shabanas-strong-and-interesting-mix-of-characters/articleshow/57917747.cms |title=Meet 'Naam Shabana's' strong and interesting mix of characters |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331000641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-naam-shabanas-strong-and-interesting-mix-of-characters/articleshow/57917747.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film shows the origin story of Shabana Khan, who [[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|works as a proficient field agent with Ajay Singh]]. It begins with two Indian agents working under Ranvir Singh chasing an international arms dealer named Mikhail. However, he kills them both and escapes.

A year later, Shabana, a college student who trains as a [[Kūdō]] fighter, appears on the agency's radar and starts being followed by them as a potential recruit. One of her friends, Jai, who is in love with her, asks her on a date and confesses his love for her. He asks her about her past, and she tells him that she had been kept in juvenile detention for killing her abusive father, who used to physically assault her mother. This event is what brought her to the agency's attention. During their bike ride home, Shabana is a victim of [[eve teasing]] from a group of four drunk men in a [[jeep]], resulting in Jai getting killed and the assailants fleeing. The main assailant, Karan, escapes justice after being identified as the son of an influential man.

Frustrated with the [[police]], Shabana receives a call from an unknown number asking if she wants to avenge Jai's death. The caller, agent Ranvir Singh, agrees to help her take out the killer in exchange for Shabana joining a secret agency. Shabana agrees and receives information on the killer's whereabouts and the promised help that will aid her in killing them. She travels to [[Goa]], where the killers are currently lying low. Keeping watch at a club, she is protected by another agent, whom Ranvir tells her is their best. When she asks why they are helping her, Ranvir tells her she is indispensable to them, and since this is important to her, they will help her as best they can. She decides to kill only Karan, leaving his friends to live in fear for their lives. After she kills him in his hotel room, Ajay Singh, who protected her at the club, helps her escape.

Following this, Shabana is recruited into the secret agency on a trial basis, where she receives extensive training in physical fitness and fighting techniques. The story then focuses on a global arms dealer and supplier, Mikhail. Three Indian agents track down Tony, Mikhail's right-hand man. Tony tips them off to a German doctor who has surgically changed Mikhail's face. By the time the agency contacts the doctor to find out how Mikhail looks, Tony kills all three agents and escapes, revealing that he is Mikhail. Ranvir discovers Mikhail is planning another [[plastic surgery]] to change his face.

Shabana is sent to kill him with Ajay and Omprakash Shukla's help this time. Shabana enters the operation theatre disguised as a patient and is about to kill Mikhail. To her surprise, he is awake, as he had refused to take [[anesthesia]] during the operation. After a fight in which Mikhail almost strangles Shabana, she finally manages to kill him and escape from the police with Ajay's help.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Taapsee Pannu]] as Shabana Khan
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Agent Ranvir Singh
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Tony Cake / Mikhail Warli
**Rajesh Bhati as Mikhail (before [[cosmetic surgery|plastic surgery]])
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Cableman, Ranvir's employee and Shabana's employer
*Arjun Singh Shekhawat as Prashant
*Bhaskar B V as Srini, a RAW Agent
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Gupta, a RAW agent
*[[Bhuvan Arora]] as Karan Singh, Jai's murderer
*[[Natasha Rastogi]] as Farida Begum Khan, Shabana's mother
*[[Manav Vij]] as Ravi Ahuja, a RAW agent
*[[Mohan Kapoor]] as a college professor
*Jagannath Nivangune as [[Police Inspector]]
*Aparna Upadhyay as Mrs. Pal, Jai's mother
*[[Divyangana Jain]] as Shabana's friend

'''Special appearances'''
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Ajay Singh Rajput
*[[Madhurima Tuli]] as Anjali Singh Rajput, Ajay's wife
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Omprakash Shukla, Ajay's aide
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Feroz Ali Khan
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Mr. Samir Gupta
*[[Elli Avram]] as Sona, Tony's friend and Malik's girlfriend
*[[Taher Shabbir]] as Jai Pal, Shabana's deceased love interest
*[[Shibani Dandekar]] as an [[item number|item dancer]] in the song "''Baby Besharam''"
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
[[Taapsee Pannu]] was trained in [[mixed martial arts]] for her role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-guess-who-trained-taapsee-pannu-in-martial-arts-for-the-film/story-dYC0TUgzqtTOtNXskZuOnL.html |title=Naam Shabana: Guess who trained Taapsee Pannu in martial arts for the film? |date=21 March 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327075735/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-guess-who-trained-taapsee-pannu-in-martial-arts-for-the-film/story-dYC0TUgzqtTOtNXskZuOnL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2016, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] joined the cast of the film and shot for a cameo role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Prithviraj-heads-to-Malaysia-for-cameo-in-Naam-Shabana/articleshow/54765011.cms |title=Prithviraj heads to Malaysia for cameo in Naam Shabana |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=10 October 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121085919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Prithviraj-heads-to-Malaysia-for-cameo-in-Naam-Shabana/articleshow/54765011.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Akshay Kumar]] was signed to play a cameo in the film, reprising his role from the previous film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/mar/09/cameos-to-look-out-for-this-year-1579200.html |title=Cameos to look out for this year |date=9 March 2017 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230537/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/mar/09/cameos-to-look-out-for-this-year-1579200.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-extended-cameo-naam-shabana-role-reversal-bollywood-news/17992187 |title=Taapsee Pannu talks about Akshay Kumar's extended cameo in 'Naam Shabana': I like this role reversal |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=14 February 2017 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230338/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-extended-cameo-naam-shabana-role-reversal-bollywood-news/17992187 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]] was signed to play the role of a [[Software agent|technical agent]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-naam-shabana-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-manoj-bajpayee-naam-shukla-4577336/ |title=Anupam Kher: After Naam Shabana, I hope they make Naam Shukla |last=Kameshwari |first=A |date=20 March 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230358/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-naam-shabana-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-manoj-bajpayee-naam-shukla-4577336/ |url-status=live}}</ref> French stuntman [[Cyril Raffaelli]] was signed to choreograph the stunts of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hollywood-stunt-director-for-taapsee-pannu/articleshow/56661983.cms |title=Hollywood stunt director for Taapsee Pannu |last=Coutinho |first=Natasha |date=29 January 2017 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122231258/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hollywood-stunt-director-for-taapsee-pannu/articleshow/56661983.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> For the preparation of the role of Pannu's character as a spy, producer [[Neeraj Pandey]] took guidance from a full time consultant, an ex-intelligence officer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-based-on-a-real-life-spy-and-her-operations-in-malaysia/story-T6QndfJ3xZOSm5ZewKIoCN.html |title=Naam Shabana based on a real-life spy and her operations in Malaysia? |date=18 March 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/naam-shabana-based-on-a-real-life-spy-and-her-operations-in-malaysia/story-T6QndfJ3xZOSm5ZewKIoCN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Varun Dhawan]] was also rumoured to be a part of the film, however, the actor claimed later that he was not part of the film. {{efn|name=fn1|Initially, it was rumored that Dhawan was to be a part of the film which is not a sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-to-work-with-akshay-kumar-in-baby-sequel/ |title=Varun Dhawan to work with Akshay Kumar in 'Baby' sequel? |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331053404/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-to-work-with-akshay-kumar-in-baby-sequel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/varun-dhawan-to-work-in-sequel-to-akshay-kumar-s-baby/story-8fIjUCPhdC0DAYcz5ffvCM.html |title=Varun Dhawan to work in sequel to Akshay Kumar's Baby? |last=Singh |first=Prashant |date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/varun-dhawan-to-work-in-sequel-to-akshay-kumar-s-baby/story-8fIjUCPhdC0DAYcz5ffvCM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Dhawan later cleared about his involvement and being not a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-varun-dhawan-not-a-part-of-akshay-kumar-s-baby-sequel-2060394 |title=Varun Dhawan not a part of Akshay Kumar's 'Baby' sequel? |date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231319/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-varun-dhawan-not-a-part-of-akshay-kumar-s-baby-sequel-2060394 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] of the film's first schedule began in September 2016 in Malaysia, where Kumar and Pannu shot for stunt sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Taapsee-Pannu-starrer-Naam-Shabana-shoot-begins/articleshow/54311309.cms |title=Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Naam Shabana' shoot begins |date=28 January 2017 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803193033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/taapsee-pannu-starrer-naam-shabana-shoot-begins/articleshow/54311309.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-taapsee-pannu-shoot-for-naam-shabana-in-malaysia-3082691/ |title=Akshay Kumar, Taapsee Pannu shoot for Naam Shabana in Malaysia |date=14 October 2016 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231143/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-taapsee-pannu-shoot-for-naam-shabana-in-malaysia-3082691/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming of the first schedule was completed in late October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/281016/akshay-kumar-taapsee-pannu-wrap-up-first-leg-of-shoot-for-naam-shabana.html |title=Akshay Kumar, Taapsee Pannu wrap up first leg of shoot for 'Naam Shabana' |date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231605/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/281016/akshay-kumar-taapsee-pannu-wrap-up-first-leg-of-shoot-for-naam-shabana.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's second schedule was started in November 2016 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-taapsee-pannu-shoots-naam-shabana-streets-mumbai/ |title=Check out: Taapsee Pannu shoots for Naam Shabana on the streets of Mumbai |date=9 November 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143314/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-taapsee-pannu-shoots-naam-shabana-streets-mumbai/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting of the film was wrapped up in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-team-naam-shabana-wraps-shoot/ |title=Check out: Team Naam Shabana wraps its shoot |date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143314/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-team-naam-shabana-wraps-shoot/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The songs of the film are composed by [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Meet Bros]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/akshay-ropes-in-rochak-kohli-and-meet-bros-for-naam-shabana/584059bdd3028a6738dcd68b |title=Akshay Ropes In Rochak Kohli And Meet Bros For Naam Shabana |last=Ingle |first=Dhairya |date=2 December 2016 |publisher=[[9X Media|SpotBoyE]]|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327075846/http://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/akshay-ropes-in-rochak-kohli-and-meet-bros-for-naam-shabana/584059bdd3028a6738dcd68b|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyrics are written by [[Manoj Muntashir]] and [[Kumaar]] and released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The [[film score]] is composed by [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:30
| title1 = Rozana
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music1 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Zinda
| lyrics2 = Manoj Muntashir
| music2 = Rochak Kohli
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Zubi Zubi
| lyrics3 = Manoj Muntashir
| music3 = Rochak Kohli
| extra3 = [[Sukriti Kakar]], Rochak Kohli
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Dil Hua Besharam
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| music4 = [[Meet Bros]]
| extra4 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| length4 = 3:46
}}
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| total_length = 16:30
| title1 = Naalumaney
| lyrics1 = Rajesh Malarvannan
| music1 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Yeadho Konjamey
| lyrics2 = Rajesh Malarvannan
| music2 = Rochak Kohli
| extra2 = Janani Madhan
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Zubi Zubi
| lyrics3 = Rajesh Malarvannan
| music3 = Rochak Kohli
| extra3 = Rita, Rochak Kohli
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Paayindhidum
| lyrics4 = Rajesh Malarvannan
| music4 = [[Meet Bros]]
| extra4 = Nincy Vincent
| length4 = 3:46
}}

==Release==
On April 9, 2017, the film was banned in [[Pakistan]] by its [[Central Board of Film Censors]].<ref name="Pakistan-ban"/><ref name="financialexpress-ban">{{cite news |title=Naam Shabana banned in Pakistan, Censor Board says scenes related to terrorism 'not fit' |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/naam-shabana-banned-in-pakistan-censor-board-says-scenes-related-to-terrorism-not-fit/621424/ |work=Financial Express |date=April 9, 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410101847/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/naam-shabana-banned-in-pakistan-censor-board-says-scenes-related-to-terrorism-not-fit/621424/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan bans 'Naam Shabana' a day after its release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pakistan-bans-naam-shabana-a-day-after-its-release/articleshow/58094575.cms |work=The Times of India |date=Apr 9, 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411222044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pakistan-bans-naam-shabana-a-day-after-its-release/articleshow/58094575.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Samrudhi |title=Naam Shabana withdrawn from Pakistani theatres because terrorism theme too sensitive? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naam-shabana-pakistan-terrorism-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-970370-2017-04-09 |work=India Today |date=April 9, 2017|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409081602/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/naam-shabana-pakistan-terrorism-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar/1/924303.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It had been shown in Pakistan starting on March 31, 2017, as long as certain scenes with a terrorism theme were cut.<ref name="financialexpress-ban"/> One day after an Islamabad theatre showed an uncut version the film was banned from all theatres in the country.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film was produced on a budget of {{INR}}50 crores.<ref name="IE budget">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/naam-shabana-box-office-collection-day-5-taapsee-pannu-film-4599400/ |title=Naam Shabana box office collection day 5: Taapsee Pannu film earns Rs 23. 80 crores |date=4 April 2017|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404152159/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/naam-shabana-box-office-collection-day-5-taapsee-pannu-film-4599400/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its first-day gross was approximately {{INR}}32 crore, and the film finished its first weekend with an estimated gross of {{INR}}70 crores. The film was a decent performer with above average collection.

===Critical response===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|29|2.2|9|Taapsee delivers some knockout punches and is sincere enough. Manoj is brilliant, though he has just dialogue-baazi and no action to support him. As for Akshay, he is happy to lend his [[superstar]]-presence and bask in the girl power.}}

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "What does come as a surprise, however, is just how much of a drag the film is. Except for a few stray sequences in which the limber Taapsee Pannu goes after the bad guys, and the ones in which co-star Akshay Kumar moves in to demonstrate how the big boys do it, there is nothing either novel or interesting about the film".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Naam Shabana movie review: Taapsee Pannu's action, Akshay Kumar are highlights of this film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naam-shabana-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-star-rating-4591275/ |work=Indian Express |date=30 March 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329225729/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naam-shabana-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-star-rating-4591275/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
* [[List of films banned in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Metacritic film|title=Naam Shabana}}
* {{IMDb title|6170954}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/naam_shabana_2017}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|naam-shabana}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]

Shashikala Gurpur

2026-03-01T07:03:30Z

TameraWhitham: added initial page first draft

{{short description|Indian author and professor (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashikala Gurpur
| image = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|12|11}}<ref name=Daij />
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], India<ref name=Daij />
| education = BSc, LLB, LL.M, PhD
| alma_mater = [[Mangalore University]]
| occupation = professor, Author, Researcher
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| title = Director of [[Symbiosis Law School]] & Dean of the Faculty of Law, [[Symbiosis International University]]
| awards = Kittur Rani Chennamma Award, 2019 SILF's Legal Education Innovation Award, 2011
| website = {{URL|http://drshashikalagurpur.com}}
}}
'''Shashikala Gurpur''' (born 11 December 1964) is an Indian author and professor, who is the director of [[Symbiosis Law School]], [[Pune]] and Dean of the Faculty of Law, [[Symbiosis International University]]. She is a member of 19th [[Law Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Stanley |title=Legal Education Innovation Award – 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mangalorean-Shashikala-Gurupur-who-is-a-member-of-Law-Commission-of-India-and-the-director-of-Symbiosis-Law-School-Pune-has-bagged-the-prestigious-and-the-first-ever-Legal-Education-Innovation-Award-2011-instituted-by-the-Society-of-Indian-Law-Firms-SILF-and-the-Menon-Institute-of-Legal-Advocacy-Training-/articleshow/9857984.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2011}}</ref> and [[National Judicial Academy|National Academic Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Members of General Body, National Judicial Academy India |url=http://www.nja.nic.in/members-of-nja-governing-bodies.html |publisher=www.nja.nic.in |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918205348/http://www.nja.nic.in/members-of-nja-governing-bodies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the recipient of a [[Fulbright Fellowship]]. She is named in the list of Top 100 Legal Luminaries of India by [[LexisNexis]] in May 2016.<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news |title=M'lurean among '100 Legal Luminaries of India' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/563127/mlurean-among-100-legal-luminaries.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 August 2016}}</ref> She was awarded [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma Award]] by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in March 2019.<ref name=newskarnataka>{{cite news |title=Dr Shashikala Gurpur conferred with Kittur Rani Chennamma Award |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/mangalore/dr-shashikala-gurpur-conferred-with-kittur-rani-chennamma-award |publisher=NewsKarnataka |date=8 March 2019}}</ref>

== Education ==
Gurpur completed her graduation in law from [[Mangalore University]] in 1988.<ref name=newskarnataka/> She has done a PhD in [[international law]] from [[Mysore University]] where she was also a Gold medalist in [[LL.M|Master of Laws]].
She hails from Golidadiguthu family of Gurupur in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka.<ref name=newskarnataka/> She is an alumnus of [[St. Agnes College (Autonomous), Mangaluru|St. Agnes College]] and SDM Law College.<ref name=deccanherald/>

== Career ==
Shashikala Gurpur is the Dean of the Faculty of Law, [[Symbiosis International (Deemed University)]] and director of [[Symbiosis Law School]]. She has been a professor and her teaching experience includes tenures in [[National Law School of India University]], SDM Law College, [[Manipal Institute of Communication]] and [[University College Cork]], Ireland. Her research interests include [[Jurisprudence]], Media Laws, [[International Law]] and Human Rights, [[Research Methodology]], [[Feminist Legal Studies]], Biotechnology Law, Law and Social Transformation. She has co-authored two books and published 60 research papers.<ref name=amielegal>{{cite news |last1=Khatri |first1=Aastha |title=Dr Shashikala Gurpur, Director of SLS- Pune Receives Annual Kittur Rani Chennamma Award 2018–19 |url=https://amielegal.com/dr-shashikala-gurpur-receives-annual-kittur-rani-chennamma-award/ |publisher=Amielegal |date=9 March 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213153203/https://amielegal.com/dr-shashikala-gurpur-receives-annual-kittur-rani-chennamma-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1991, Gurpur guided national award-winning project on Community-based [[law reform]]s for [[National Law School of India]] and also acted as Advisor to research project and publication of Asian Network of Women in Communication (ANWIC), which was sponsored by WACC, UK from 1999 to 2004. In 2001, she received the NPS Sector research grant under [[Ford Foundation]] on Gender Advocacy and European Commission law link grant in 1998.<ref name=amielegal/>

Dr Gurpur has recently been nominated as advisory board member of Pune based consumer technology firm udChalo<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cxooutlook.com/udchalo-strengthens-advisory-board-with-the-appointment-of-three-new-members/ | title=UdChalo strengthens advisory board with the appointment of three new members | date=9 December 2021 | access-date=7 February 2022 | archive-date=7 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207170821/https://www.cxooutlook.com/udchalo-strengthens-advisory-board-with-the-appointment-of-three-new-members/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |title=Impact of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture: Biodiversity Conservation and Farmers' Rights in India |date=2013 |publisher=Lap Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn=9783659445682 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzO9ngEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Women Friendly Pune |publisher=Janwani |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/details/5705736800825626723?BookName=Women-Friendly-Pune}}

== Honours ==
* She is the recipient of a [[Fulbright Fellowship]] and AHRB Fellow, [[Edinburgh Law School]] (2004).<ref name=Daij/>
* The [[Government of Karnataka]] conferred the [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma Award]], 2018–19 for her contribution toward women empowerment and education.<ref name=newskarnataka/>
* In 2014, Gurpur was awarded a certificate of recognition, 'My Choice for Equality' by the Global Ethics Forum, [[Geneva]] in association with [[IIM Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Shashikala Gurpur awarded a certificate of recognition – 'My Choice for Equality' Symbiosis Law School, Pune |url=https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/news/Dr-Shashikala-Gurpur-awarded-a-certificate-of-recognition-My-Choice-for-Equality--14652.asp |publisher=LawyersClubIndia.com |date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
* In November 2013, she was awarded the 'Award for Excellence in Legal Sector' by The Vijay Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashikala Gurpur bags another natl award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/368821/shashikala-gurpur-bags-another-natl.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
* She received the Legal Education Innovation Award by Society of Indian Law Firms (SILF) and the Menon Institute of Legal Advocacy Training (NLRC) in 2011.<ref name=Daij>{{cite news |title=Symbiosis Director Dr Shashikala Gurpur Wins Legal Education Award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=114398 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] |date=9 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Conversation with Symbiosis Dean Shashikala Gurpur on receiving first Legal Education Innovation Award |url=https://barandbench.com/conversation-symbiosis-dean-shashikala-gurpur-receiving-first-legal-education-innovation/ |publisher=Bar & Bench |date=9 September 2011}} {{subscription required|s}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Scholar id | id= B1nLuWkAAAAJ| name= Shashikala Gurpur}}
* [https://collegedunia.com/news/c-9127-interview-dr-shashikala-gurpur-director-at-sls Dr. Shashikala Gurpur – Interview]
* [https://www.symlaw.ac.in/faculty-research-profile Faculty Research Profile]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurpur, Shashikala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]

Bhanushali

2026-02-26T03:31:33Z

TameraWhitham: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Hindu agrarian community}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|{{page numbers needed|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name = Bhanushali (bhanshali)(bhansari)(bansari)
|populated_states = [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]]
|languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchhi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
|subdivisions = [[AMAL]] [[AMIL ]][[Khaniya]], [[Gori, India|Gori]], [[Gajra]], [[Bhadra]], [[Joisar]], [[Gajra]], [[Mange Bhanushali|Mange]], [[Shethia]], [[Katarmal]], [[Kataria]], [[Chunda]], [[Hurbada]], [[Vador]], [[Samasuya]], [[Dabbha]], [[Fuliya]],[[Nakhua]],[[Mav]], [[Mengar]], [[Harvara]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
}}

'''Bhanushali''' is a Suryavanshi Kshatriya [[Hindu]] community. The majority reside in [[Kutch district]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Some are also found in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] and other parts of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gillow|first=John|title=Indian Textiles|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2008|pages=221}}</ref> Some have also moved to Thane and Mumbai region of [[Maharashtra]]. They speak [[Kutchi language]].{{Cn|date=December 2025}}

== Origins ==
Bhanushali is a descendant of Lord Rama's son Lav. The name "Bhanushali", translates to "Radiant sun" or "Bearers of the Sun ". Bhanushali is derived from the mythological king Bhanusal. The community was also known as Vegusor/Vagar after the place of Vegukot or Vegugad in [[Rann of Kutch]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhanushalis are mainly divided into three sections: Bhanushalis, Halari Bhanushali and Sindhi Bhanushalis. The caste is vegetarian. Bhanushalis have 96 [[Exogamy|exogamous]] sub-divisions, including Mange, Vadore, Gajra, Gori, Bhadra, Nanda and Harbala.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Historically, the Bhanushalis had a strong presence in coastal trade and were known for their navigation skills. They were involved in transporting goods, spices, and other merchandise through sea routes, which contributed to the cultural exchange and economic prosperity of the regions they operated in.<ref name=jain>{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Jyotindra|title=Folk art and culture of Gujarat: guide to the collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat|date=1980|publisher=University of Michigan|language=English|oclc=499443714}}</ref> Jyotindra Jain theorized that the Bhanushalis migrated to Gujarat from Balochistan, based on their worship of [[Hinglaj Mata]]. He also believed that the [[Lohana]]s and Bhanushalis shared their early home in [[Sindh]] before their migration to Gujarat.

== Communities ==
Bhanushalis are at present divided into two subgroups, according to where they live. The Kutchhi Bhanushali community have ancestry in the [[Kutch district|Kutch]] region, and the Halari Bhanushali community have ancestry in the Halari ([[Jamnagar]]) region.<ref>Bhanushalis Samaj (2018). "[http://www.bhanushalisamaj.in/ About Bhanushalis Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809094331/http://www.bhanushalisamaj.in/ |date=2019-08-09 }}".</ref>

== Occupation ==
Bhanushalis are mainly involved in agriculture and farming and others who migrated are mainly involved in big businesses.<ref name=jain/>

== Religion ==
Bhanushalis worship different [[kuldevi]]s as per their clan names / surnames.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter|title=The anthropology of values: essays in honour of Georg Pfeffer|date=2010|publisher=Longman|isbn=9788131728208|page=366|oclc=695854817|language=English}}</ref> They follow Hindu customs and beliefs.<ref>Urmi Chanda-Vaz (January 20, 2018). "[https://scroll.in/magazine/863405/indian-millennials-are-embracing-religious-and-spiritual-tattoos-as-indigenous-cultures-reject-them Indian millennials are embracing religious and spiritual tattoos, as indigenous cultures reject them]".</ref> They also worship [[Veer Dada Jashraj]] and claim, like [[Lohana]]s, that he belonged to their community. Bhanushalis chiefly worship [[Hinglaj]], whose main temple, [[Hinglaj Mata mandir]] is in [[Baluchistan]], their ancestral home.<ref name="jain" /> They worship Karan from Mahabharta as Karan Dada.

==Lohanas==
Bhanushalis shared their early home in [[Sindh]] with Lohanas and seem to share history.<ref name="jain" /> Like [[Lohana]]s, Bhanushalis are involved in trading and gained visibility in business. Like Lohanas they worship [[Rana Jashraj|Dada Jashraj]] as their [[kuladevata]] and [[Harkor]], as [[Kuldevi]]. Many Bhanushalis surnames are also found among [[Lohana]] community.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== Notable people ==
* [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], Indian singer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/c/DhvaniBhanushali|title=Dhvani Bhanushali Official YouTube Channel|via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
* [[Jay Bhanushali]], Indian television actor
* [[Kishore Bhanushali]], Indian actor and stand-up comedian
* [[Kuntal Joisher]], Indian mountaineer based in Mumbai
* [[Odhavram]], torch bearer for educating Bhanushali Clan
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], Indian revolutionary fighter of Bhanushali community from Mandvi Kutch

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vaishya community]]

2024 Indian general election in Nagaland

2026-02-21T14:35:50Z

TameraWhitham: starting initial article from scratch

{{Short description|Election to constitute the 18th Lok Sabha in 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| type = Parliamentary
| seats_for_election = 1 Nagaland seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| country = India
| ongoing = no
| majority_seats =
| previous_year = 2019
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Nagaland
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Nagaland
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Nagaland
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Nagaland
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Nagaland#Opinion polls
| turnout = 57.72% ({{decrease}}25.28%)
| image_size = 120px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=S. Supongmeren Jamir.jpg|bSize=135|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=3}}
| leader1 = '''[[S. Supongmeren Jamir]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| leader_since1 = 2019
| last_election1 = 48.11%, 0 seat
| percentage1 = '''52.83%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 4.72[[Percentage point|pp]]
| seats1 = 1
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}1

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Crown.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = Chumben Murry
| party2 = Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat2 = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| leader_since2 = 2019
| last_election2 = 49.73%, 1 seat
| percentage2 = 46.13%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.60[[Percentage point|pp]]
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}1
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| map_image = [[File:2024 Nagaland Loksabha.jpg|300px]]
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Nagaland]] on 19 April 2024 to elect 1 member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/nagaland/news/how-nagaland-became-turf-of-bjp-congress-war-for-2024-lok-sabha-election/articleshow/98140686.cms?from=mdr|title=How Nagaland became turf of BJP-Congress war for 2024 Lok Sabha election|date=February 22, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagaland-polls-2024-lok-sabha-polls-congress-bjp-amit-shah-pm-modi-adani-pawan-khera-1583459|title=Nagaland Polls: After Lok Sabha Election, Congress Won't Be Visible, Says Amit Shah|first=|last=|date=February 20, 2023|website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March 2024
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March 2024
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March 2024
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March 2024
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April 2024'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|}

==Parties and alliances==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|[[File:Partyrop.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Crown.png|50px]]
|Chumben Murry
|1
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[S. Supongmeren Jamir]]
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
|Chumben Murry
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[S. Supongmeren Jamir]]
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Nagaland (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Nagaland}}

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|401,951
|52.83
| {{increase}} 4.72
|1
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|style="background:#fef3e8"|'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
|350,967
|46.13
| {{decrease}} 3.60
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|6,232
|0.82
|{{increase}} 0.32
|1
|0
|{{No change}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|1,646
|0.22
|{{increase}} 0.01
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!760,796
!100
! -
!3
!1
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
|57.72%{{decrease}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[S. Supongmeren Jamir]]
|4,01,951
|52.83%
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Chumben Murry
|3,50,967
|46.13%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|50,984
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|6.70%
|-
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==
[[File:2024 Nagaland Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|thumb|2024 Nagaland Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|250px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in the Assembly (as of 2023 election)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27
|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Did not contest
|12
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
![[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
|13
|25
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
![[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|Did not contest
|2
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
![[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Did not Contest
|7
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
![[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|Did not contest
|5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent }}" |
!Others
|0
|9
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Uncontested}}" |
!'''No Vote Cast'''
! colspan="1" |20
| -
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |60
|}

==See also==

*[[2024 Indian general election in Telangana]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Puducherry]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Punjab]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}

{{Nagaland elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2020s in Nagaland]]

Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency

2026-02-09T10:55:50Z

TameraWhitham: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Borgaon Manju
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 275,854
| mla = Bhade Haridas Pandhari
| party = {{Party index link|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dagad Zangoji Palaspagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. S. Sapkal
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nilkanth Shridhar Sapkal
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Apotikar Manikrao Ramchandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Divekar Arun Vishnu
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Dhotre Vasantrao Ramrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Dalu Gajanan Deorao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Gulabrao Ramrao Gawande
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Dr. Bhande Dashrath Motiram || {{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Bhade Haridas Pandhari
|}
==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhade Haridas Pandhari |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 44,140 |percentage = 26.93% |change={{decrease}}13.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Malokar Vijay Onkarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 39,341 |percentage = 24.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrirang Bhagawanrao Pinjarkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,845 |percentage = 18.82% |change={{decrease}}12.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Udayrao Tryambakrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,921 |percentage = 14.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Bhande Dashrath Motiram |party=Bahujan Mahasangha Paksha |votes = 13,221 |percentage = 8.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Shankar Kisanrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,237 |percentage = 1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Shravanji Pote |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,017 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,799 |percentage = 2.93% |change= {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,63,937 |percentage = 59.43% |change= {{increase}}1.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,63,933}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,75,854|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |swing= {{decrease}}13.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Bhande Dashrath Motiram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 51,329 |percentage = 40.32% |change={{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Malokar Vijay Onkarrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,939 |percentage = 31.37% |change={{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dalu Gajanan Deorao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 32,582 |percentage = 25.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhirad Balmukund Pandurangji |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,447 |percentage = 2.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,390 |percentage = 8.95% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,33,208 |percentage = 58.07% |change= {{decrease}}15.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,27,297}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,29,374|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Ramrao Gawande |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,716 |percentage = 34.11% |change={{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhande Dashrath Motiram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 43,661 |percentage = 28.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Deorao Dalu (Guruji) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,630 |percentage = 25.64% |change={{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shardul Sampatrao Nimgare |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,361 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Devidas Taide |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,670 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Pradip Manikrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,860 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Apotikar Manikrao Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,317 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,055 |percentage = 5.86% |change= {{decrease}}8.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,57,277 |percentage = 75.17% |change= {{increase}}6.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,54,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,09,227|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalu Gajanan Deorao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,153 |percentage = 37.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawai Ramesh Ramrao |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 27,098 |percentage = 23.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Anantkumar Kisanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,962 |percentage = 18.84% |change={{decrease}}31.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhotre Vasantrao Ramrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,287 |percentage = 14.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghawat Dashrath Motiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,751 |percentage = 3.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,055 |percentage = 14.63% |change= {{decrease}}11.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,17,938 |percentage = 68.16% |change= {{increase}}4.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,16,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,034|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhotre Vasantrao Ramrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,094 |percentage = 50.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Shrawan Shekoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,486 |percentage = 24.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhe Dhanraj Yeshwant |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,817 |percentage = 16.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiware Haribhau Ramchandra |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,922 |percentage = 5.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayakrao Parashram Telgote |party=Independent politician |votes = 668 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Holkar Mahadeo Mukaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 613 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mumtajahemadkhan Pirmohmadkhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 604 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,608 |percentage = 25.81% |change= {{increase}}16.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,805 |percentage = 63.33% |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,719}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,902|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Divekar Arun Vishnu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,461 |percentage = 43.67% |change={{decrease}}17.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhuibhar Mahadeorao Gulabrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,558 |percentage = 34.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Vasantrao Wamanrao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,742 |percentage = 17.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tayade Anil Keshaorao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,507 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrawan Shekoji Ingle |party=Independent politician |votes = 722 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shegokar Ramchandra Arjun |party=Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,903 |percentage = 9.58% |change= {{decrease}}24.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,850 |percentage = 63.71% |change= {{decrease}}7.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,048}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,909|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}17.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Apotikar Manikrao Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 44,990 |percentage = 61.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Trimbak Pandhari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,938 |percentage = 27.08% |change={{increase}}20.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarnayak Govindrao Sheshrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,271 |percentage = 5.80% |change={{decrease}}71.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tayade Shaligram Deoman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,694 |percentage = 2.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratanlal Panduranglal Sahgal |party=Independent politician |votes = 841 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ganeshrao Uttamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 728 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahate Dyandeo Zangoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 613 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,052 |percentage = 34.03% |change= {{decrease}}30.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,852 |percentage = 71.48% |change= {{increase}}15.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,615}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,117|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanth Shridhar Sapkal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,972 |percentage = 77.14% |change={{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Shamrao Tidke |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,780 |percentage = 12.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Bahakar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,838 |percentage = 6.89% |change={{decrease}}21.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Deshmukh |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 2.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Guruji Laxman Abhiman |party=Independent politician |votes = 466 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,192 |percentage = 64.97% |change= {{increase}}29.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,841 |percentage = 60.31% |change= {{decrease}}9.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,708}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,536|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanth Shridhar Sapkal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,885 |percentage = 63.77% |change={{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. P. Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,129 |percentage = 27.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. R. Dhage |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,030 |percentage = 3.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. N. Sirsath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,426 |percentage = 2.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. Januji |party=Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. A. Sardar |party=Independent politician |votes = 518 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,756 |percentage = 35.88% |change= {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,026 |percentage = 71.04% |change= {{increase}}10.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,122|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borgaon Manju<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dagad Zangoji Palaspagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,786 |percentage = 58.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shriram Daulat Gawai |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,857 |percentage = 27.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Shekoji Dhawale |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,578 |percentage = 9.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khushal Bhikaji Mankikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,754 |percentage = 3.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,929 |percentage = 30.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,974 |percentage = 59.97% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,975}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,995|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Jagdishpur

2026-01-24T04:45:27Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Nagar panchayat in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{other uses|Jagdishpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagdishpur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Jagdishpur block map.png
| map_caption = Location in Jagdishpur block
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|28|N|84|25|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagdispur Map – Bihar, India |url=https://mapcarta.com/N245734244 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Sujan Sahi]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Town council]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 25.63
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total = 32447<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook – Bhojpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=46, 63, 81–83, 90, 92, 476–515, 808–823 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 802 158
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 916181
| registration_plate = BR-03
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jagdishpur''' is a [[nagar panchayat]] town of the district [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]] of the eastern [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Bihar..<ref name="Census 2011" /> It was the capital of the eponymous [[Jagdishpur estate|Jagdishpur Raj]] ruled by [[Rajput]]s of the [[Ujjainiya]] clan.<ref name="Yang1999">{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C|date=1 February 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91996-9|pages=145–147}}</ref> One of its rulers, [[Kunwar Singh]], was a major figure in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], considered the leader of the rebellion in Bihar.<ref name=Kumar1983>{{cite journal | title=Kunwar Singh's Failure in 1857 | author= S. Purushottam Kumar | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 44| year=1983 | pages= 360–369|jstor = 44139859}}</ref>

The sub-division occupies an area of {{convert|232.13|km2|0|abbr=on}} and has a population of 263,959, while the town proper has a population of 32,447 ({{As of|2011|lc=on}}).<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook – Bhojpur, Part B (Primary Census Abstract) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Bihar.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=26 March 2020 |pages=26–27}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Jagdishpur estate}}
Jagdishpur's association with the Ujjainiya Rajputs predates the foundation of the eponymous state by at least two centuries. Gajpati Sahi, who defeated [[Sher Shah Suri]], fortified Jagdishpur and made it his capital before 1539.<ref name="Gopal20172"/> After Sher Shah's victory over the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] at the [[Battle of Chausa]] in 1539, he elevated Gajpati Sahi, who had fought in the battle, to the title of [[Raja]]. However, Dilpati Sahi, a rival claimant to the throne, later allied with the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] against Gajpati Sahi. Mughal sources state that a Mughal army sacked [[Jagdishpur]] in 1575 and captured Gajpati Sahi. Dilpati Sahi took advantage of this and attacked in 1577; Gajpati Sahi was killed in the ensuing battle. Akbar granted Dilpati Sahi the title of Raja and made him a [[mansabdar]]. Dilpati Sahi moved his capital away from Jagdishpur to [[Bihiya]], although Jagdishpur remained his main military stronghold.<ref name="Gopal20172"/>

Later, the Ujjainiya ruler Pratap Mal, who ascended the throne in 1621 and was a contemporary of [[Shah Jahan]], moved away from Jagdishpur.<ref name="Gopal20172"/>

Jagdishpur became the capital of a Rajput [[zamindar]]i estate in 1702 by Sujan Sahi, an Ujjainiya Rajput who claimed descent from the earlier [[Paramara dynasty]].<ref name="Gopal20172">{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=204–206 and others}}</ref> Sujan Sahi's son and successor, Udwant Singh, expanded the borders of the estate by conquering neighbouring towns and villages. The governor of Bihar, Fakhr ud-Dawla, attempted to intervene, but Udwant Singh defeated the troops he sent.<ref name="Gopal20172"/>

[[Kunwar Singh]] brought a "new era of peace and prosperity, splendour and magnificence" to Jagdishpur. He renovated its fort and then started construction on a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], although this temple was never completed. He established markets and had many wells and reservoirs dug. Under his reign, Jagdishpur came to host various festivals and [[melā]]s (fairs). In particular, the [[Shivratri]] festival was associated with a large melā that Kunwar Singh made mandatory for local merchants to attend.<ref name="Yang1999"/>

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations
| align = right
| source = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| 1951 | 11322
| 1961 | 11840
| 1971 | 14739
| 1981 | 17621
| 1991 | 21384
| 2001 | 28085
| 2011 | 32447
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the town of Jagdishpur had a population of 32,447, up from 28,085 in 2001. Of this, 75.2% were [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and 24.2% were [[Islam in India|Muslims]], with all other religious groups accounting for the remaining 0.6%. The local literacy rate was 68.5%, which was the lowest in Bhojpur. 11.6% of the population was employed as cultivators, 26.7% as agricultural labourers, 6.9% as household industry workers, and 54.8% as other workers. The 11.6% of cultivators was the largest in Bhojpur.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is 29 KM from the Ara Railway Station.

The sub-district of Jagdishpur contained 79 villages in 2011, all of which had access to clean [[drinking water]], 69 of which had schools, 30 of which had medical facilities, 24 of which had [[post offices]], 56 of which had transport communications ([[bus]], [[rail transport|rail]], or navigable waterways), 6 of which had [[bank]]s, 18 of which had [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]], 55 of which had [[Indian vernacular architecture#Pukka|pucca roads]], and 35 of which had [[National Grid (India)|electricity]]. 81.5% of the total land area in Jagdishpur district was under cultivation, and 83% of the land under cultivation was [[Irrigation in India|irrigated]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

576 people in the town Jagdishpur lived in [[slums]], or 1.78% of the total population, which was the lowest in Bhojpur. There are two slums: [[Harijan Tola, Jagdishpur|Harijan Tola]] (Ward No. 4, population 300) and [[Chamar Tola, Jagdishpur|Chamar Tola]] (Ward No. 18, population 276).<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==Administration==
[[File:Koor Sing, 'The Rebel of Arrah,' and his attendants.jpg|thumb|Kunwar Singh with his attendants during Revolt of 1857.]]
The Jagdishpur sub-division ([[Tehsil]]) is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).

===Blocks===
The Jagdishpur Tehsil is divided into 3 [[Community development block|Block]]s, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). List of Blocks is as follows:
# Jagdishpur
# [[Behea]]
# [[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]]

== List of villages ==
Jagdishpur block contains the following 91 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/> (GP is [[Gram Panchayat]]).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Mathurapur, Jagdishpur|Mathurapur]] || 127 || 1,984
|-
| [[Misrauliya, Jagdishpur|Misrauliya]] || 49 || 0
|-
| [[Dubhar, Bhojpur|Dubhar]] || 38 || 0
|-
| [[Bimawan]] (GP) || 728 || 8,487
|-
| [[Lahijohar]] || 56 || 0
|-
| [[Tulsi, Bhojpur|Tulsi]] || 295 || 1,358
|-
| [[Harigaon, Bihar|Harigaon]] (GP) || 648 || 6,638
|-
| [[Kaunra, Bihar|Kaunra]] (GP) || 1,137 || 10,466
|-
| [[Geyanpura, Bhojpur|Geyanpura]] || 205 || 1,210
|-
| [[Sultanpur, Bhojpur|Sultanpur]] || 173 || 1,686
|-
| [[Asodhan, Bhojpur|Asodhan]] || 335 || 2,363
|-
| [[Bankat, Jagdishpur|Bankat]] || 50 || 1,018
|-
| [[Sundara, Bhojpur|Sundara]] || 106 || 1,049
|-
| [[Dhaka Karam, Bhojpur|Dhaka Karam]] || 152 || 1,581
|-
| [[Saniya Barahta]] || 34 || 56
|-
| [[Barnaon, Bhojpur|Barnaon]] (GP) || 946 || 9,491
|-
| [[Kahen, Bhojpur|Kahen]] || 195 || 2,562
|-
| [[Kusamha, Jagdishpur|Kusamha]] || 253 || 2,534
|-
| [[Isanri, Bhojpur|Isanri]] || 191 || 1,719
|-
| [[Babhniyawan]] (GP) || 711 || 9,945
|-
| [[Hathpokhar]] || 238 || 2,633
|-
| [[Tikthi, Jagdishpur|Tikthi]] || 171 || 1,629
|-
| [[Manjhupur, Bhojpur|Manjhupur]] || 119 || 1,040
|-
| [[Parasiya, Jagdishpur|Parasiya]] (GP) || 123 || 2,433
|-
| [[Masurhi, Bhojpur|Masurhi]] || 372 || 3,426
|-
| [[Asodhar, Bhojpur|Asodhar]] || 65 || 861
|-
| [[Bahuwara, Bhojpur|Bahuwara]] || 142 || 1,462
|-
| [[Siyaruwa]] (GP) || 358 || 3,146
|-
| [[Mungaul, Bhojpur|Mungaul]] || 45 || 504
|-
| [[Barad Parwa]] || 330 || 4,327
|-
| [[Dulaur, Bhojpur|Dulaur]] || 113 || 345
|-
| [[Diliya, Jagdishpur|Diliya]] || 79 || 1,218
|-
| [[Sondhi, Bhojpur|Sondhi]] || 94 || 712
|-
| [[Narayanpur, Jagdishpur|Narayanpur]] || 234 || 2,125
|-
| [[Ujiyarpur, Bhojpur|Ujiyarpur]] || 149 || 971
|-
| [[Bhatauli, Jagdishpur|Bhatauli]] || 224 || 1,241
|-
| [[Hardiya, Jagdishpur|Hardiya]] (GP) || 808 || 6,998
|-
| [[Panapur, Bhojpur|Panapur]] || 163 || 619
|-
| [[Afzalpur, Bhojpur|Afzalpur]] || 68 || 0
|-
| [[Danwan]] (GP) || 2,050 || 14,523
|-
| [[Chakwa, Bhojpur|Chakwa]] (GP) || 419 || 12,814
|-
| [[Gangadhar Dehri]] || 91 || 885
|-
| [[Uttardaha, Bhojpur|Uttardaha]] (GP) || 539 || 3,645
|-
| [[Kataibojh]] || 250 || 2,884
|-
| [[Hetampur, Bihar|Hetampur]] (GP) || 910 || 7,575
|-
| [[Rangarua, Bhojpur|Rangarua]] || 155 || 1,417
|-
| [[Anharibag, Bhojpur|Anharibag]] || 121 || 1,287
|-
| Utarwari Jangal Mahal (GP) || 0 || 6,330
|-
| [[Bara Pokhar]] || 40 || 0
|-
| [[Sonbarsa, Jagdishpur|Sonbarsa]] || 64 || 1,244
|-
| [[Dihri, Jagdishpur|Dihri]] || 166 || 1,984
|-
| [[Shiupur, Jagdishpur|Shiupur]] (GP) || 631 || 3,760
|-
| [[Araila, Jagdishpur|Araila]] || 405 || 4,893
|-
| [[Kinnu Dehri, Bhojpur|Kinnu Dehri]] || 51 || 0
|-
| [[Mannu Dehri, Bhojpur|Mannu Dehri]] || 88 || 1,964
|-
| [[Jamui Horil, Bhojpur|Jamui Horil]] || 79 || 0
|-
| [[Jamui Khanr, Bhojpur|Jamui Khanr]] || 222 || 0
|-
| [[Deorar, Bhojpur|Deorar]] || 249 || 3,080
|-
| [[Kunai, Bhojpur|Kunai]] || 86 || 1,407
|-
| [[Kesari, Bhojpur|Kesari]] || 307 || 2,226
|-
| [[Harna Tanr]] || 110 || 1,528
|-
| [[Mangitpur, Bhojpur|Mangitpur]] || 76 || 13
|-
| [[Dilia, Jagdishpur|Dilia]] || 42 || 445
|-
| [[Mahurahi, Bhojpur|Mahurahi]] || 177 || 2,072
|-
| [[Kusaha, Bhojpur|Kusaha]] || 47 || 692
|-
| [[Dhangain, Bhojpur|Dhangain]] || 307 || 1,710
|-
| [[Bachri, Jagdishpur|Bachri]] || 42 || 610
|-
| [[Basauna, Bhojpur|Basauna]] (GP) || 304 || 2,670
|-
| [[Baluwanhi]] || 24 || 632
|-
| Bichla Jangal Mahal (GP) || 0 || 3,677
|-
| [[Tenduni, Jagdishpur|Tenduni]] || 143 || 2,912
|-
| [[Dalippur, Bhojpur|Dalippur]] (GP) || 1,127 || 8,921
|-
| [[Korhwa, Bhojpur|Korhwa]] || 179 || 1,414
|-
| [[Manhtati, Bhojpur|Manhtati]] || 50 || 575
|-
| [[Bharsara, Bhojpur|Bharsara]] || 241 || 2,624
|-
| [[Neur Pokhar]] || 237 || 999
|-
| [[Repura, Jagdishpur|Repura]] || 55 || 551
|-
| [[Khutaha, Jagdishpur|Khutaha]] || 31 || 0
|-
| [[Kakila, Bhojpur|Kakila]] (GP) || 419 || 3,279
|-
| [[Bariar Patti]] || 17 || 0
|-
| [[Pipra, Jagdishpur|Pipra]] || 92 || 1,012
|-
| [[Paliya, Jagdishpur|Paliya]] || 80 || 693
|-
| [[Lakhanpura, Bhojpur|Lakhanpura]] || 14 || 447
|-
| [[Paliya Chak, Bhojpur|Paliya Chak]] || 31 || 0
|-
| [[Kali Bali, Bhojpur|Kali Bali]] || 43 || 0
|-
| [[Diul, Bhojpur|Diul]] || 361 || 2,406
|-
| [[Ugna, Bhojpur|Ugna]] || 144 || 2,672
|-
| [[Mangura, Bhojpur|Mangura]] || 276 || 1,686
|-
| [[Gurez, Bhojpur|Gurez]] || 121 || 1,189
|-
| [[Bairahi, Bhojpur|Bairahi]] || 43 || 1,023
|-
| [[Aer, Bhojpur|Aer]] || 1,133 || 13,305
|}

==See also==
*[[Veer Kunwar Singh Museum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://bhojpur.bih.nic.in

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhojpur district, India]]

Harishchandrapur I

2026-01-20T14:38:46Z

TameraWhitham: minor cleanup

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harishchandrapur I
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Harishchandrapur-I in Malda (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.42|N|87.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 171.40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 199,493
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732122
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]]/telephone code
| area_code = 03513
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Harishchandrapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harishchandrapur]], [[Chanchal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanchal]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harishchandrapur I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Chanchal subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Gauda and Pandua===
[[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was once the “capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as [[Pundravardhana]] which lay on the eastern extremity of the [[Gupta Empire]].” During the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]], in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, “the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi sultans]] in favour of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] because of major disturbances along the river course of the [[Ganges|Ganga]].” “Pandua then lay on the banks of the [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi sultans]]”… With the ascent of [[Akbar]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] throne at Delhi… the Mughals annexed the ancient region of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to [[Rajmahal]]. Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Malda district===
With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focussed on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with “some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts”. A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 6-8: Brief History of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Harishchandrapur is located at {{Coord|25.42|N|87.88|E|}}.

Harishchandrapur I CD Block, occupying the north-west corner of the district, is part of the Tal, one of the three physiographic sub-regions of the district. “It lies to the west of [[Mahananda River]] and to the north of the river Kalindri. The Tal region gradually slopes down towards the south-west and merges with the Diara sub-region… (it) is strewn with innumerable [[marsh]]es, [[Beel|bils]] and [[oxbow lake]]s.” The sub-region largely remains submerged during the monsoons and during the dry season large sections of it turn into mud banks with many shallow marshes scattered around. With hardly any gradient, the rivers crawl through the region. The Baramasia River forms the eastern boundary of the CD Block with Chanchal I CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-14: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 117: Map of Harishchndrapur I CD Block|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref>

Harishchandrapur I CD Block is bounded by Azamnagar CD Block of Katihar district in Bihar on the north, [[Chanchal I]] CD Block on the east, [[Harishchandrapur II]] CD Block on the south and on the west.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/katihar.html |title = Katihar CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref>

Harishchandrapur I CD Block has an area of 171.40 km2.<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://malda.nic.in/ |title = Harishchandrapur I at a Glance|access-date = 14 February 2011|work = Maldah District |publisher = District administration}}</ref> It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 121 gram sansads (village councils), 105 [[mouza]]s and 104 inhabited villages. [[Harishchandrapur#Police station|Harishchandrapur]] police station serves this block.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Tables 2.1, 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Harishchandrapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 29 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Deoartment of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Harischandrapur I block/ panchayat samiti are: Kushida, Boroi, Rashidabad, Tulshihata, Bhingole, Mahendrapur and Harishchandrapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==


===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Harishchandrapur I CD Block had a total population of 199,493, all of which were rural. There were 103,183 (52%) males and 96,310 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 30, 662. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 49,069 (24.60%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 4,142 (2.08%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Harishchandrapur I CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Gochia (4,211), Kusidha (4,560), Uttar Rampur (5,575), Srichandrapur (4,250), Kamarta (4,118), Bairat (4,412), Rangaipur (6,002), Dakshin Harishchandrapur (5,365), Uttar Harishchandrapur (15,445), Dakshin Mahendrapur (5,571) and Gangnadia (4,316).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Harishchandrapur I CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Tulsihata (3,939), Rashidabad (3,050), Barui (1,419) and Bhingol (2,720).<ref name=census2011/>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 25.13,29.30,25.63,22.84
|y2 = 26.00,29.78,24.78,21.22
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Harishchandrapur I CD Block
|y2Title=Malda district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for both Harishcahndrapur I & II taken together

The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur I CD Block in 2001-2011 was 22.84%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur I &II CD Blocks taken together in 1991-2001 was 25.63%. The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur I &II CD Blocks taken together (or Harishchndrapur PS) in 1981-91 was 29.30% and in 1971-81 was 25.13%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 11-14 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951-61, 31.98% in 1961-71, 26.00% in 1971-81, 29.78% in 1981-91, 24.78% in 1991-2001 and 21.22% in 2001-11.<ref name="growthmalda">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = Malda - Table 2.3 Growth of Population by sex on different census years in the district of Malda | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001-2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Maldah| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1907_PART_B_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf| title = Census of India 2011 District Census Handbook Murshidabad| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km2 in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India and other districts of West Bengal, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, “Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century.”<ref name="humandev1"/>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bangladesh-government-warns-india-of-increased-infiltration-by-jihadis-jmb-huji | title = Bangladeshi Govt warns India of increased infiltration by jihadis | date = 21 March 2017 | publisher = the quint |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | title = Infiltration decreasing through India Bangla border | date = 23 December 2017 | publisher = Sunday Guardian | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 7 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010145/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Harishchandrapur I CD Block was 88,591 (52.47% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 50,196 (57.37% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 38,195 (46.96% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.41%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Malda district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Harishchandrapur I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|59.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|40.31}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

Islam is the majority religion, with 59.41% of the population. Hinduism is the second-largest religion.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Muslims numbered 93,885 and formed 57.81% of the population in Harishchandrapur I CD Block. Hindus numbered 63,376 and formed 42.10% of the population. Christians numbered 92 and formed 0.06% of the population. Others numbered 53 and formed 0.03% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook Malda 2014 |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |access-date=27 October 2018 |work=Table 2.10 (a) |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Harishchandrapur I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.83 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.23 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.94 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 96.83% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.23% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the [[Human Development Report]] for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] category in Harishchandrapur I CD Block was 47.6%. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.<ref name="humandev2">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 102-104 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the report, “An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of [[Land reform in India|ceiling-surplus]] land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of rural poverty that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… “<ref name="humandev2"/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Harishchandrapur I CD Block'''
|value1 = 20.94
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 54.41
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.88
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 21.78
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Harishchandrapur I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered14,687 and formed 20.94%, agricultural labourers numbered 38,171 and formed 54.41%, household industry workers numbered 2,019 and formed 2.88% and other workers numbered 15,276 and formed 21.78%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 70,153 and formed 35.17% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 129,340 and formed 64.83% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 104 inhabited villages in Harishchandrapur I CD Block. All 104 villages (100%) have power supply. 102 villages (98.08%) have drinking water supply. 16 villages (15.38%) have post offices. 100 villages (96.15%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 25 villages (24.04%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 35 villages (33.65%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (5.77%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (3.85%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 80-81 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
“Because of its alluvial soils and the abundance of rivers, large and small, Malda has been an important agricultural region since antiquity, leading to dense human settlement within the boundaries of the district. Rice yields have traditionally been high, making it the breadbasket of North Bengal. But the shifting of rivers and overall ecological change have left an inevitable stamp on the present patterns of human settlement, as a consequence of which settlement densities vary c/onsiderably across the district… Agricultural land in the Tal and Diara is mostly irrigated and intensively cropped and cultivated… Rainfall in the district is moderate…” <ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 91-100 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Harishchandrapur I CD Block had 93 fertiliser depots, 17 seed stores and 35 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur I CD Block produced 29,636 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 9,848 hectares, 22,406 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,843 hectares, 181 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 93 hectares, 5,197 tonnes of wheat from 2,080 hectares, 1,155 tonnes of maize from 303 hectares, 55,607 tonnes of jute from 3,727 hectares, 7,899 tonnes of potatoes from 245 hectares and 1,535 tonnes of sugar cane from 15 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds .<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Harishchandrapur I CD Block was 11,549 hectares, out of which 378 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 395 hectares by deep tube wells, 9,294 hectares by shallow tube well and 1,482 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur I CD Block had 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Harischandrapur railway station]] is situated at Harishchandrapur on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger|publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] passes through Harishchndrapur I CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur I CD Block had 105 primary schools with 20,206 students, 16 middle school with 2,009 students, 7 high schools with 12,641 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 12,941 students. Harishchandrapur I CD Block had 1 general degree college with 1,635 students and 286 institutions for special and non-formal education with 16,904 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Harishchandrapur I CD Block, amongst the 104 inhabited villages, 10 villages did not have a school, 57 villages had more than 1 primary school, 37 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

[[Harishchandrapur College]] was established at [[Pipla Kasimpur]], Harishchandrapur, in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.harishchandrapurcollege.org.in/index.aspx | title = Harishchandrapur College | publisher = HC | accessdate = 11 August 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Harishchandrapur I CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 70 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare subcentres. 7,445 patients were treated indoor and 173,094 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Harishchandrapur Rural Hospital at [[Harishchandrapur]] (with 65 beds) is the main medical facility in Harishchndrapur I CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Vingal (Bhingola PHC) (with 4 beds), Boroi (with 6 beds) and Khushida (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Malda}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Gour-Pandua}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Malda district]]

Atreyapuram mandal

2025-12-28T05:33:48Z

TameraWhitham: starting a page needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Atreyapuram mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|type:event|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = Population according to 2011 Census
| subdivision_name3 = 65,580
| subdivision_type4 = Number of Villages
| subdivision_name4 = 15
| subdivision_type5 = Area in Sq Km
| subdivision_name5 = 86.11
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
}}
'''Atreyapuram mandal''' is one of the 22 mandals in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011, there are 15 villages in this Mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/Konaseema/|title=List of Mandals of Konaseema District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001085155/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212%2Feast-godavari%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Atreyapuram Mandal has total population of 65,580 as per the Census 2011 out of which 33,096 are males while 32,484 are females. The average Sex Ratio of Atreyapuram Mandal is 982. The total literacy rate of Atreyapuram Mandal is 69%. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/|title= According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===
*1. [[Ankampalem]]
*2. [[Atreyapuram]]
*3. [[Kattunga]]
*4. [[Lolla, Atreyapuram Mandal|Lolla]]
*5. [[Merlapalem]]
*6. [[Narkedimilli]]
*7. [[Peravaram]]
*8. [[Pulidindi]]
*9. [[Rajavaram, Atreyapuram Mandal|Rajavaram]]
*10. [[Ryali]]
*11. [[Utchili]]
*12. [[Vadapalle]]
*13. [[Vaddiparru]]
*14. [[Velicheru]]
*15. [[Vasanthawada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

2000 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:22:12Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2000 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|2000 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 1
| details = '''East Bengal won 4–1 on [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]]'''
| date = 16 September 2000
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
| attendance = 80,000 (approx.)
| weather =
| previous = 1999
| next = 2001
}}
The '''2000 IFA Shield final''' was the 106th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 16 September 2000.<ref name=ifa2000>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html|title=106th IFA-Shield 2000|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=2 Nov 2021}}</ref><ref name=ifa2000a>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2000ifashield.html|title=106th IFA Shield 2000|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=2 Nov 2021}}</ref>

East Bengal won the final 4–1 via [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]] after the game ended 1–1 after extra-time, to claim their 25th IFA Shield title.<ref name=final>{{cite web|first=Arup|last=Chatterjee|date=16 Sep 2000|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1000917/sports.htm|title=EB ESCAPE WITH WIN & TITLE|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 Nov 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122342/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1000917/sports.htm|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|IFA Shield}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 5 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|BNR]]
| 1–0
|-
| 8 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| 3–0
|-
| 10 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Calcutta Port Trust
| 3–0
|-
| 13 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| 1–0
|}

East Bengal entered the 2000 IFA Shield as one of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] teams from Kolkata and were allocated into Group A alongside [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|BNR]], [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] and Calcutta Port Trust. In the opening game against BNR on 5 September, East Bengal managed a 1–0 victory courtesy of a solitary goal from [[Bijen Singh]]. In the second game, East Bengal defeated JCT 3–0 with a brace from [[Dipendu Biswas]] and Bijen Singh scoring the third for the team. East Bengal defeated Calcuta Port Trust 3–0 in the last game of the group stage with Dipendu Biswas scoring another brace and Bijen Singh scoring in third consecutive match as East Bengal topped the group with three wins and reached the last four. In the semi-finals, East Bengal defeated [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]] 1–0 courtesy of a solitary strike from [[Irungbam Surkumar Singh|Surkumar Singh]] as they reached the final.<ref name=ifa2000/><ref name=ifa2000a/>

===Mohun Bagan===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 6 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[State Bank of Travancore]]
| 3–1
|-
| 9 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| 3–0
|-
| 11 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| 1–1
|-
| 14 September 2000
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| 1–0
|}

Mohun Bagan entered the 2000 IFA Shield as the defending champions and were allocated into Group B alongside [[State Bank of Travancore]], [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]] and [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]. In the opening game, Mohun Bagan defeated State Bank of Travancore 3–1 with [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] scoring a brace and an own goal from Paul Anthony. Sylvester Ignatius scored the only goal for SBT. Mohun Bagan defeated George Telegraph 3–0 in the second match. Jose Barreto, R. C. Prakash and [[Satyajit Chatterjee]] scored for the team. In the last match of the group stage, Mohun Bagan drew 1–1 with Tollygunge Agragami after Bhabani Mohanty scored an early goal for Tollygunge only to be equalised by Jose Barreto in the second half as Mohun Bagan topped the group with two wins and a draw to reach the last four. In the semi-finals, Mohun Bagan defeated [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] 1–0 with Basudeb Mondal scoring the only goal taking them to the final.<ref name=ifa2000/><ref name=ifa2000a/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=16 September 2000
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122342/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1000917/sports.htm Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 1–1
|agget=yes
|goals1=Chandan Das {{goal|26}}
|goals2=[[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] {{goal|78}}
|penaltyscore= 4–1
|penalties1=
* Chandan Das {{pengoal}}
* [[Suley Musah]] {{pengoal}}
* Ratan Singh {{pengoal}}
* [[Dipendu Biswas]] {{pengoal}}
|penalties2=
* {{penmiss}} [[Sammy Omollo]]
* {{penmiss}} [[Dulal Biswas]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Satyajit Chatterjee]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=80,000 (est.)
|referee=S. M. Balu (Karnataka)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _redhorizontal
| pattern_la = _greenborder
| pattern_ra = _greenborder
| pattern_sh = _green_stripes_adidas
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irungbam Surkumar Singh|Surkumar Singh]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Mondal]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} Jackson Egypong
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ratan Singh
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Suley Musah]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Carlton Chapman]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|51}}
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Das
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dipankar Roy]] || || {{suboff|88}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dipendu Biswas]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijen Singh]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]] || || {{subon|51}} || || {{suboff|103}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anit Ghosh]] || || {{subon|88}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Dey || || {{subon|103}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dulal Biswas]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Sammy Omollo]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muttah Suresh]] || {{suboff|36}}
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amitava Chanda
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (footballer)|R.P. Singh]] || {{suboff|71}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Ghosh]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Basudeb Mondal
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satyajit Chatterjee]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} R. C. Prakash
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} Joao Santos || {{subon|36}} || || {{suboff|82}}
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Hussain Mustafi || {{subon|71}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amar Ganguly || {{subon|82}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Anjan Chowdhury
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Sangram Mukherjee]] (East Bengal)

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Golden goal]] ends game.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html IFA Shield 2000], rsssf.com
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2000ifashield.html IFA Shield 2000], indianfootball.de

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IFA Shield}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2000-01 in Indian football}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:2000–01 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

National Highway 848B (India)

2025-11-25T10:03:37Z

TameraWhitham: created initial details with sources...

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 848B
| length_km = 26
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q55473661|title=National Highway 848B|zoom = 11 |frame-lat=20.4|frame-long=72.86 |text= Map of National Highway '''848B''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = Karembali Phatak
| terminus_b = [[Udvada]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 48
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 48
| next_route = 48
| states = [[Gujarat]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 848B''', commonly called '''NH 848B''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158831.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> NH-848B traverses the state of [[Gujarat]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
;Gujarat
Karembali Phatak, Bamanpunja, Dholar Road,
;Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Ambawadi, Patalia Coastal Highway,
;Gujarat
Udvada<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Karembali Phatak.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Udavada.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3892931 NH 848B on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]
[[Category:National highways in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Koppal railway station

2025-11-24T13:15:00Z

TameraWhitham: made a data...

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Koppal
| native_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =
| address = Railway station road Koppal,[[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.3539903|N|76.1323717|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| line = [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 6
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GIN
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Hubli}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Double Line Electrified
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_dot_label = Koppal railway station
| map_size = 300px
}}
'''Koppal railway station''' (station code: '''KBL''') is an NSG-5 Category Station under the [[Hubli railway division]] of the [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], located in [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]], India. The station has three platforms that primarily cater to [[Koppal]] City and nearby villages.

==Developments==
In 2012, a proposal was put forth to construct a new [[Broad-gauge railway|BG railway]] line covering a distance of 125 km from Almatti to Koppal, via [[Kudalasangama|Kudulsangama]], [[Hunagunda|Hungund]], [[Ilkal]], and [[Kushtagi]]. The project's estimated cost was 904.05 Cr, with a [[return on investment]] of +12.01% for the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. However, in 2016, the Ministry of Railways abandoned the proposal, citing the need for infrastructural improvements and the doubling of the Hotgi-Kudgi-Gadag railway line to handle the coal supply traffic to the [[Kudgi]] Super Thermal Power Plant.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1557046805336-2.%20Almatti%20-%20Koppal.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501100612/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1557046805336-2.%20Almatti%20-%20Koppal.pdf | archive-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>

== Major trains ==
Trains that run through/from Koppal are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/ginigera-junction-gin/3665|title=Departures from Koppal SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>
* [[Hampi Express]]
* [[Amaravati Express]]
* [[Haripriya Express]]
* Hubballi–Karatagi Unreserved Express
* Karatagi-Hubballi Unreserved Express
* Hubballi–Karatagi Special Express
* Karatagi-Hubballi Special Express
* Yesvantpur–Karatagi Express
* Karatagi-Yesvantpur Express
* Hubballi-Tirupati Special fare Express
* Tirupati-Hubballi Special fare Express
* Hubballi–Hosapete DEMU Passenger
* Hosapete-Hubballi DEMU Passenger
* Hubballi–Guntakal Passenger
* Guntakal–Hubballi Passenger
* Belagavi–Secunderabad Daily Special Fare Exp
* Vijaypura–Yesvantpur Daily Special Fare Exp
* YPR-NZM Karnataka Sampark kranti 5 days a week Exp Via Ballari
* Vasco–Hyderabad/Tirupati Weekly Exp
* Jodhpur–KSR Bengaluru Weekly Exp
* Ajmer–KSR Bengaluru Weekly Exp
* Sainagar Shirdi–Mysuru Weekly Exp
* Vasco–Shalimar Amaravati Quarterly Exp
* Vasco–Jasidih Weekly Exp
* Hubballi-MGR Chennai Central Bi-Weekly Express

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hubli railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Koppal district]]

Welspun Enterprises

2025-11-24T11:41:35Z

TameraWhitham: added new post more to come!

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Welspun Enterprises Limited
| logo = Welspun Enterprises 2024.png
| former_name = MSK Projects (India) Limited (1976―2009) Welspun Projects Limited (2010―2014)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|WELENT}}|{{BSE|532553}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|INE625G01013}}
| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Construction]]|[[Engineering]]|[[Public utility|Utilities]] ([[energy industry|energy]])}}
| founded = 1976
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Balkrishan Goenka (Chairman)|Sandeep Garg (Managing Director)|Rajesh R. Mandawewala (Director)}}
| parent = Welspun World
| website =
}}

'''Welspun Enterprises Limited''' ('''WEL''') is an Indian company that develops and operates [[roads]], [[highways]], and [[wastewater]] projects under various [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) models in rural and urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ksheerasagar |first=A |title=Multibagger Welspun Enterprises stock jumps over 6.5% on ₹1,864-crore order win |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/multibagger-welspun-enterprises-stock-jumps-over-6-5-on-rs-1-864-crore-order-win-11716373818218.html}}</ref> The company is also involved in the [[oil]] and [[gas exploration]] sector through a joint venture with [[Adani Group|Adani]] Welspun Exploration Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterprises Ltd. |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/HSL_Stock%20Note%20Welspun%20Enterprises-%20July%202023_Upload.pdf |website=HDFC Securities}}</ref>

== History ==

=== MSK Projects (India) Limited ===
The company began its construction operations in 1976 as a partnership firm under the name M. S. Khurana. In 2004, it became a publicly listed entity with shares listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE), and [[Vadodara Stock Exchange]] (VSE). In 2006, the company launched a joint venture, BUL MSK Infrastructure, to manage toll collection for the Dand Apta Kharpada and Kon Sawle Road Project. In 2010, it was renamed from MSK Projects (India) Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rebello |first=Joel |title=Welspun-Gujarat unit to acquire MSK Projects |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/RjgdDAzqZNcBS9Hd0VPuVL/WelspunGujarat-unit-to-acquire-MSK-Projects.html}}</ref> to Welspun Projects Ltd. (WPL) and expanded into the energy sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How much is Welspun Infratech planning to raise through private equity placement for future developments? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/quiz-how-much-is-welspun-infratech-planning-to-raise-through-private-equity-placement-for-future-developments-1560281 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Arm Buys Majority Stake In Construction Firm |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-arm-buys-majority-stake-construction-firm |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> The company acquired a majority stake in the Aziz European Pipe factory in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-05 |title=Welspun eyes stake in Saudi co |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/welspun-eyes-stake-in-saudi-co/articleshow/5761211.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2011, it acquired a 35% stake in [[CIMIC Group|Leighton Contractors]] (India)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Infra Picks Up 35% In Leighton For Rs 470Cr |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-infra-picks-35-leighton-rs-470cr |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> and established a new 350,000 MTPA LSAW plant in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Anjar plant to begin production in Dec |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/welspun-anjar-plant-to-begin-production-in-dec-104111601048_1.html}}</ref> Between 2012 and 2013, it completed several major construction projects, including Anjar Township, Bhilai Township, and Umergam Water Distribution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterp Summary: Latest Updates and Details |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/welspun-enterprises-ltd/summary |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=India Infoline |language=en}}</ref>

=== Formation of Welspun Enterprises Limited ===
As part of the Welspun Group's infrastructure investment restructuring, a significant portion of WPL's EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) business was transferred to Leighton Welspun Contractors Private Limited (LWIN) in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Projects to sell 72% EPC order book to Leighton Welspun for $20.8M |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-projects-sell-72-epc-order-book-leighton-welspun-208m |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> This transfer included WPL's water business and other EPC contracts, in exchange for a 7.5% equity stake in LWIN. The company also completed six [[build–operate–transfer]] (BOT) road projects covering over 500 km with a capital expenditure exceeding US$200 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title=Welspun sells 6 highway projects to PE firm Actis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/welspun-sells-6-highway-projects-to-pe-firm-actis/articleshow/96435210.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was among the first developers to complete a [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) BOT project in India. In 2014, the Welspun Group decided to merge three of its units; Welspun Infratech Ltd, Welspun Plastics Pvt. Ltd, and Welspun Infra Projects Pvt. Ltd, with Welspun Projects Ltd to streamline its corporate structure and consolidate its balance sheet. The merged entity was named Welspun Enterprises.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shailaja |title=Welspun Enterprises divests 37% stake in Dewas Bhopal road project |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/g36muiHY1EUVEwxMHsi5yK/Welspun-Enterprises-divests-37-stake-in-Dewas-Bhopal-road-p.html |website=MINT}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Corp demerges unit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/welspun-corp-demerges-unit-113060300138_1.html}}</ref>

=== Projects ===
'''Welspun Enterprises''' completed its first project, the [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi-Meerut Expressway]] (Package I), in 2018, the first 14-lane expressway in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-12 |title=Welspun Enterprises closes financing of India's first express way project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/in-a-first-welspun-ties-funds-for-road-project-under-hybrid-annuity-model/article9100268.ece |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-28 |title=Delhi-Meerut Expressway: This stock hit its lifetime high a day after inauguration |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/delhi-meerut-expressway-opens-narendra-modi-nitin-gadkari-106251-2018-05-28 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, the company announced that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) issued a Provisional Certificate for Commercial Operation (PCOD) for 53.763 km (77.96%) of the total project length of 68.960 km. This certificate related to the 8-laning of the section of NH-1 (New NH-44) from [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Mukarba Chowk]] to [[Panipat]] on a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) (Toll) basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterprises stock zooms 6% on receiving provisional certificate for commercial operation of NHAI project |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/markets/welspun-enterprises-stock-zooms-6-on-receiving-provisional-certificate-for-commercial-operation-of-nhai-project |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Welspun Enterprises settles dispute with Indian Oil Corp, to receive ₹23.67 crore - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/welspun-enterprises-settles-dispute-with-indian-oil-corp-19424830.htm |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

The company divested its entire 15.49% stake in [[Welspun Energy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening bell: Asian markets open mixed; ICICI Bank, Maruti in news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/B35nhu6415g3HJwRPNtfiJ/Opening-bell-Asian-markets-open-mixed-ICICI-Bank-Maruti.html |website=Mint (newspapwr)}}</ref> It also sold a 37% stake in its Dewas-Bhopal corridor project to an infrastructure fund managed by IDFC Alternatives for Rs 662 crore.<ref name=":1" /> Welspun Enterprises initially held a 50% stake in the 142.6 km Dewas-Bhopal Corridor Pvt. Ltd. (DBCL), with the remaining stake held by Chetak Enterprises Ltd., a highways developer.<ref name=":1" /> Following the sale, Welspun Enterprises now holds a 13% stake in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun sells 37% stake in road project to IDFC fund |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-sells-37-stake-road-project-idfc-fund |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> Currently, the company is involved in executing several projects, including the Rural Water Supply Project under the Government of India's [[Jal Jeevan Mission]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], covering 2,500 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Welspun Enterprises secures new order for 2000 MLD Water Treatment Plant worth Rs 4,123.88 crore from BMC |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-welspun-enterprises-secures-new-order-for-2000-mld-water-treatment-plant-worth-rs-4123-88-crore-from-bmc-3410385/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, Welspun Enterprises was commissioned by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) to design, build, and operate a 2,000 MLD (million liters per day) [[Water treatment|Water Treatment Plant]] (WTP) at the Bhandup Complex in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Welspun secures Rs 4,123 crore order from BMC for water treatment plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/welspun-secures-rs-4-123-crore-order-from-bmc-for-water-treatment-plant-124030100199_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The company was also commissioned to construct an Access Controlled Multi-Modal Corridor from [[Navghar]] to Balavali in the state of [[Maharashtra]] on EPC Mode Package MMC-11, covering the stretch from Kalambsure (km 88+620) to Govirle (km 96+410) in Tq. Uran & District Raigad (length - 7.79 km) for the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Welspun Enterprises lowest bidder for ₹1,864 crore project in Maharashtra; Stock surges 8% - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/welspun-enterprises-share-price-lowest-bidder-maharashtra-project-stock-reaction-multi-modal-corridor-19415718.htm |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Partnerships, acquisitions and subsidiaries ==
In 2020, Welspun Enterprises acquired a build-operate-transfer (BOT) toll project from [[Essel Group]]'s company, Mukarba Chowk-Panipat Toll Roads (MCPTRL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterprises to acquire toll road project from Essel Group |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-enterprises-to-acquire-toll-road-project-from-essel-group |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> The company also signed a pact with the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) for a Rs 20.05 billion highway project in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |last2=Khan |first2=Sobia |date=2024-01-08 |title=Welspun One inks Rs 2,000-cr investment pact with Tamil Nadu government |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/welspun-one-inks-rs-2000-cr-investment-pact-with-tamil-nadu-government/articleshow/106642888.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun One inks pact with TN, proposes Rs 20 billion investment |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/welspun-one-inks-pact-with-tn--proposes-rs-20-billion-investment/50429 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref> In December 2022, the company sold six highway projects to [[Actis Capital|Actis]], a [[London]]-based global investment firm, for $775 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actis buys Welspun's six road projects for $775 mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/actis-buys-welspun-s-six-road-projects-for-775-mn |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Welspun Enterprises sells road assets to Actis for ₹6,000 crore |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/welspun-enterprises-sells-road-assets-to-actis-for-6000-crore/108550 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, the company announced that it had acquired a 50.10% stake in Michigan Engineers, an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) company in the urban water infrastructure segment, for Rs.137.07 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Kalpana |date=2023-08-21 |title=Welspun Enterprises acquires 50.10% stake in Michigan Engineers for Rs 137 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/welspun-enterprises-acquires-50-10-stake-in-michigan-engineers-for-rs-137-crore/articleshow/102912960.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> WEL acquired a 36.05% stake from Authum Investment & Infrastructure and a 14.05% stake from Sansaar Housing Finance. With this acquisition, Michigan Engineers became a subsidiary of WEL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterprises completes 50.10% stake buy in Michigan Engineers for equity investment of Rs 137.1 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/welspun-enterprises-acquires-50-10-in-michigan-engineers-for-equity-investment-of-rs-137-1-crore-11231761.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Income tax department searches Welspun Enterprises premises |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/nuh4pb8IqzWpKGRtRWSuKN/Income-tax-dept-searches-at-Welspun-Enterprises-premises.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.welspunenterprises.com Welspun Enterprises] — official website

[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]

Anoop Misra

2025-11-06T12:48:06Z

TameraWhitham: starting initial info first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian endocrinologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anoop Misra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| alma_mater = [[AIIMS New Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Endocrinologist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Diabetes|Diabetology]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{Url|http://www.anoopmisra.com|anoopmisra.com}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] IIE Bharat Shiromani Puruskar [[Rotary International|Rotary]] Award for the Excellence Spirit of Humanity Award Swastha Bharat Samman
}}
'''Anoop Misra''' is an Indian [[endocrinologist]] and a former honorary physician to the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="Anoop Misra on Herbalife">{{cite web | url=http://company.herbalife.com/nab/anoop-misra | title=Anoop Misra on Herbalife | publisher=Herbalife Nutrition | date=2016 | access-date=6 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004062909/http://company.herbalife.com/nab/anoop-misra | archive-date=4 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He serves the chairman of the ''Fortis Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol'' (C-DOC) and heads the National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (NDOC).<ref name="Anoop Misra on Fortis">{{cite web | url=http://www.fortishealthcare.com/india/doctors/dr-prof-anoop-misra-826 | title=Anoop Misra on Fortis | publisher=Fortis Healthcare | date=2016 | access-date=6 January 2016 | archive-date=5 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505143641/http://www.fortishealthcare.com/india/doctors/dr-prof-anoop-misra-826 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A former Fellow of the [[World Health Organization]] at the [[Royal Free Hospital]] in the United Kingdom, Misra has made significant contributions to the study of diabetes and obesity in the Indian population. He is a recipient of the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], India's highest medical honor,<ref name="EXpert Profile">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/274/Prof_Anoop_Misra.html | title=Expert Profile | publisher=ND TV | date=2016 | access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2007 for his contributions to medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Misra completed his MBBS and MD in Internal Medicine from the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[New Delhi]]. He pursued further research and training abroad as a WHO Fellow at the [[Royal Free Hospital]], UK,<ref name="Dr Anoop Misra – Diabetologist">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Dr Anoop Misra – Diabetologist |url=http://www.medicaltourismco.com/dr-anoop-misra-diabetologist/ |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Medical Tourism Corporation}}</ref> and later worked at the [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center]], Department of Endocrinology and Human Nutrition, USA.<ref name="On My Doc Advisor">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=On My Doc Advisor |url=http://www.mydocadvisor.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?Id=588&HospitalId=241&CId=244 |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=My Doc Advisor}}</ref> [[File:Dr. Anoop Misra.jpg|thumb|Dr. Anoop Misra with Pharma Leaders Founder Chairman Satya Brahma receiving the coveted honor.]]

== Career ==
After returning to India, Misra joined [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS Delhi]], where he worked for a decade and headed the Diabetes and Metabolism Group and the Clinical Pharmacology Unit. He later joined Fortis Rajan Dhall Hospital as the Director of the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.

He has also served as [[Adjunct professor|Adjunct Faculty]] at the [[Institute of Advanced Research|Indian Institute of Advanced Research]], [[Gandhinagar]]. Currently, he chairs the Fortis C-DOC Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol, a specialized institution focusing on metabolic disorders, and leads the National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (NDOC).<ref name="Anoop Misra on Pistachio">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Anoop Misra on Pistachio |url=http://www.pistachiohealthinstitute.org/advisory-board/anoop-misra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202517/http://www.pistachiohealthinstitute.org/advisory-board/anoop-misra/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Pistachio Health Institute}}</ref>

== Research and contributions ==
Misra is known to have been involved in advanced research in the fields of Diabetes and Obesity and is reported to have introduced novel definitions for obesity.<ref name="Dr Anoop Misra – Diabetologist" /> His research interests included abdominal obesity and [[Syndrome X (metabolic)|Syndrome X]] in Indians and is credited with development of dietary and exercise guidelines for Indians. His group has worked extensively on body fat depots, specifically hepatic and pancreatic fat, and their relationship with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in Indian population. He has also conducted several intervention trials with nuts, edible oils and proteins in individuals having high risk for diabetes. He was a part of several research projects on the subject<ref name="Dr Anoop Misra – Diabetologist" /> and his researches have been documented by way of over 300 articles published in peer reviewed journals.<ref name="Anoop Misra on Herbalife" /> He is also associated with 15 scientific publications as a member of their editorial boards and has written editorials for [[The Lancet]] on three occasions.<ref name="Anoop Misra on Herbalife" /> He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of [[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]] and is the Associate Editor of ''Journal of Diabetes'', ''European Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' and Editor-in Chief of ''Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Research and Reviews''. Besides, he is a reviewer for over 30 journals including ''New England Journal of Medicine'', ''Lancet'', ''Circulation'' and ''The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism''.<ref name="Anoop Misra on Herbalife" /><ref name="Science Behind Products">{{cite web | url=http://www.loseweightwhywait.com/nab12.html | title=Science Behind Products | publisher=Lose weight why wait | date=2016 | access-date=6 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231823/http://www.loseweightwhywait.com/nab12.html | archive-date=21 February 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Policy and advisory roles ==
Dr. Misra has been a member of several national and international health committees, including:

* National Program for Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
* [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Expert Group on Childhood Obesity
* [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) Expert Committees on Fatty Liver, Gestational Diabetes, and Childhood Obesity
* Technical Advisory Group on Adolescent Health, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]
* Governing Committee, [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National Institute of Nutrition]]
* Expert Committee, [[Drugs Controller General of India]]

Dr. Misra has served as Honorary Physician to two [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]]. He currently heads the Diabetes Certification Course at Fortis C-DOC, conducted in collaboration with the [[The BMJ|British Medical Journal]] (BMJ) and the [[Royal College of Physicians]], London.<ref name="Anoop Misra on Herbalife" />

== Honors and awards ==
Misra has received numerous national and international awards, including:

* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2006) – Highest Indian medical honor<ref name="B.C. Roy awards for 55 doctors">{{cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=B.C. Roy awards for 55 doctors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1288575.ece |access-date=6 January 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* President’s Award of Excellence, [[Rotary International]], South and East Delhi Chapter (2006)<ref name="President's Award of Excellence">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=President's Award of Excellence |url=https://www.credihealth.com/doctor/anoop-misra-endocrinologist/experience |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Credihealth}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], [[Government of India]] (2007)<ref name="Padma Awards" />
* Bharat Shiromani Puruskar, Indian Economics Institute (2009)<ref name="On My Doc Advisor" />
* [[Swasth Bharat|Swastha Bharat Samman]] (2010)<ref name="President's Award of Excellence" />
* Spirit of Humanity Award, Americare Foundation (2010)<ref name="President's Award of Excellence" />
* Outstanding Investigator Award, World India Diabetes Foundation (2014)
* Pharma Leaders Indian of the Year – Endocrinology (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Anoop Misra, Chairman of Fortis Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol and heads, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation Awarded as "Pharma Leaders Indian of the Year – Endocrinology" at Pharma Leaders Power Brand awards 2018 – pharmaleaders2018 |url=http://pharmaleaders2018.in/dr-anoop-misra-chairman-of-fortis-centre-for-diabetes-obesity-and-cholesterol-and-heads-national-diabetes-obesity-and-cholesterol-foundation-awarded-as-pharma-leaders-indian-of-the-year/ |access-date=2018-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
He has also delivered several prestigious medical orations, including the Prof. Austin E. Doyle Oration, Dr. K. L. Wig Oration, V. Ramalingaswami Oration, and R. M. Shah Oration (2017).<ref name="Anoop Misra on Pistachio" /><ref name="Anoop Misra on Sehat">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Anoop Mishra on Sehat |url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-anoop-misra-diabetologist-delhi |access-date=6 January 2016 |publisher=Sehat}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Syndrome X (metabolic)]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vL7qViCgQFw | title=Dr. Anoop Misra speaks on how to avoid Diabetes attack | publisher=[[Fortis Healthcare]] | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=15 January 2009 | access-date=6 January 2016}}

{{authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Anoop}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:Indian diabetologists]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Dallas faculty]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

Janaki Ballabh Patnaik

2025-11-03T00:47:00Z

TameraWhitham: refine references for clarity

{{Short description|Politician from Odisha, India (1927–2015)}}
{{About|the politician|the sinologist and translator|Janaki Ballabh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
| office = 25th [[List of Governors of Assam|Governor of Assam]]
| image = J B Pattnaik, Governor of Assam.jpg
| caption = Janaki Ballabh Patnaik in 2009
| predecessor = [[Syed Sibtey Razi]]
| successor = [[Padmanabha Acharya]]
| predecessor1 = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| order1 = 11th
| office1 = Chief Minister of Odisha
| predecessor2 = [[Nilamani Routray]]
| successor2 = [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| successor1 = [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|01|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Puri district|Rameshwar]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|04|21|1927|01|03}}
| death_place = [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| parents = Gokulananda Patnaik (father)
| spouse = [[Jayanti Patnaik]]
| children = Pruthvi Ballabh Patnaik (son) Sudatta Patnaik (daughter) Supriya Patnaik (daughter)
| relatives = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] (son in law)
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Ravenshaw University]]|[[Utkal University]]|[[Banaras Hindu University]]}}
| blank1 = Awards
| data1 =
| website = {{Official website|http://online.assam.gov.in/governors-page}}
| term_start = 11 December 2009
| term_end = 10 December 2014
| term_start2 = 9 June 1980
| term_end2 = 7 December 1989
| term_start1 = 15 March 1995
| term_end1 = 17 February 1999
| office8 = Union Minister of Tourism, Civil Aviation and Labour
| term_start8 = 16 January 1980
| term_end8 = 7 June 1980
| office9 = President of Indian Youth Congress, Odisha state unit
| term_start9 = 1950
| term_end9 = n/a
}}

'''Janaki Ballabh Patnaik''' (3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician who had been 25th [[Governor of Assam]] from 2009 to 2014.<ref name="death" /> A leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was [[Chief Minister]] of [[Odisha]] from 1980 to 1989 and again from 1995 to 1999, holding that post for the longest time on record before [[Naveen Patnaik]]. In 1950, he became the President of the Odisha state unit of the youth wing of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. In 1980, he became the Union Minister for Tourism, Civil Aviation and Labour from 16 January to 7 June.

==Personal life==
He was born in a humble [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-13 |title=Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/news/reign-of-patnaiks-40-years-and-counting/articleshow/68858700.cms |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His father Gokulananda Patnaik was a reputed writer and teacher.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-23 |title=Family keeps away from politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/family-keeps-away-from-politics/articleshow/47020373.cms |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He married [[Jayanti Patnaik]] in 1953, a four-time Member of Parliament and first Chairperson of [[National Commission for Women]]. He completed his schooling from Khurda High School, he graduated in Sanskrit (Honours) from [[Utkal University]] in 1947 and received his master's degree in political science from the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janaki Ballava Patnaik |url=https://www.odishaestore.com/writer-janaki-ballava-patnaik?srsltid=AfmBOoqIaKuOa3ia43weMbaTcZRchII_WZg8MosESLvpaLq1FvFo7t2O |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Odisha E Store |language=en}}</ref>

He was accused of involvement in the [[Anjana Mishra rape case|Anjana Mishra case]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312155423/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 March 2010|title=My story BY ANJANA MISHRA|date=7 February 1999|work=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/System-insensitive-says-rape-victim/articleshow/1905236.cms? |title=System insensitive, says rape victim
|author=Nilanjana Bhaduri Jha|date= 18 August 2006|work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:JB Patnaik.jpg|thumb|left|Janaki Patnaik's statue in JB Patnaik memorial park, Khordha.]]
He died on Tuesday, 21 April 2015, aged 88 at [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. On Monday, 20 April 2015, he had gone to attend the convocation of [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], of which he was chancellor, and also visited the Lord [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425053911/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-21/news/61378999_1_naveen-patnaik-prime-minister-narendra-modi-janaki-ballabh-patnaik Former Odisha CM J B Patnaik passes away at 89]}}</ref><ref>[http://odishachannel.com/index.php/4095/janaki-ballabh-patnaik-cremated-in-puri/ Janaki Ballabh Patnaik cremated in Puri]</ref><ref name="death">{{cite news|title=PM Modi condoles the Death of former Orissa CM Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/04/pm-modi-condoles-the-death-of-former-orissa-cm-janaki-ballabh-patnaik/|access-date=21 April 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Later in the night, he complained of severe chest pain and was subsequently shifted to Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS) where he died at around 3:00 am. on 21 April. He leaves behind a legacy of having translated the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into Odia (his mother tongue), as he was a Sanskrit-Odia scholar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Assam Governor J.B. Patnaik passes away|url=http://www.myinfoindia.com/odisha-cm-j-b-patnaik-passes-away/|newspaper=myinfoindia|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427110857/http://www.myinfoindia.com/odisha-cm-j-b-patnaik-passes-away/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Janaki Ballabh Patnaik}}
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990220/ipo20039.html The Indian Express on Patnaik's marginalisation]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040729124515/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/13/stories/2004041301161300.htm Q & A : J.B. Patnaik]}} The Hindu
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-governor-jb-patnaik-passes-away-in-tirupati/ Assam Governor JB Patnaik passes away in Tirupati] Indian Express
*[http://www.assamtimes.org/node/12549 Farewell to JB Patnaik]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Syed Sibtey Razi]]
| title=[[List of Governors of Assam|Governor of Assam]]
| years=2009-2014
| after= [[Padmanabha Acharya]]
}}
{{Succession box
|before= [[Nilamani Routray]](1st term) [[Biju Pattanaik]](3rd term)
|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]]
|years=9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 (1st & 2nd term) 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999 (3rd term)
|after= [[Hemananda Biswal]](2nd term) [[Giridhar Gamang]](3rd term)
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{Chief Ministers of Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Janaki Ballabh}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Odisha]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Governors of Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Tirupati]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Labour ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]

Penugolanu

2025-11-02T02:41:09Z

TameraWhitham: New

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9780|80.4372}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 23.42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7045
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Sangepu Lalitha<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Penugolanu''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], Penugolanu village includes a total population of 7,045, with 1,988 households. The village 1,647 individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes, and 113 belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The literacy rate is 3,710, with 4,016 individuals engaged in work and 3,335 classified as illiterate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area, Vinagadapa Village |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Alexander Grant (IMS)

2025-10-15T15:40:11Z

TameraWhitham: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Alexander_Grant.png|thumb]]
Surgeon-Major '''Alexander Grant''' {{postnominals|FRCS}} (22 January 1817 – 3 January 1900) was a British army surgeon who served in the [[Indian Medical Service]].

Grant was born at Elgin, Morayshire and studied at [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen University]] followed by medicine at Glasgow and Edinburgh. He was admitted FRCS in 1838. After failing to receive commission he went aboard ''The Thames'' as a surgeon from 1839 to 1840. He then joined in the Bengal Medical Service after he reached Calcutta,<ref name=":0" /> India in April 1841 to join the 55th Foot which was sent to China and involved in the capture of Amoy, Tinghai. He was involved in managing cholera in the 49th Foot under Lord Saltoun at Nankin. He then stayed in Chusan with the 55th.

After some service in the 98th Foot in Hong Kong, he went to Madras with the 41st Madras Native Infantry. In 1845, he was a Civil Surgeon for Bhagalpur, 1848 Chapra and in 1849 he became surgeon to Lord [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] which involved travelling around Asia. In 1856 he was involved in a reorganization of the Royal and Indian Medical Services. He sought to introduce along with Dalhousie self-sufficiency in India including in all matters of medical supplies. Dalhousie even had Grant examine all the mineral water resources of India to examine for medically useful spas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Basu, B.D.|authorlink=Baman Das Basu|year=1921|title=Indian Mineral Waters|journal=The Modern Review|volume=30|issue=4|pages=444–449}}</ref> In 1857, he was appointed as Apothecary General and Opium Examiner to the Government of India. He founded the ''Indian Annals of Medical Science'' in 1853 which he continued to edit until he retired.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary. Alexander Grant, F.R.C.S.Edinburgh | author=Fayrer, J.| journal=The British Medical Journal|date=1900-01-13|pages=111–112| doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2037.111-a| s2cid=72863961}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Anon|date=1903|title=Nova et vetera. Dalhousie and Grant.|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.1.2193.99|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=1|issue=2193|pages=99–102|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2193.99|s2cid=27566258|issn=0959-8138|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He retired in 1863 and settled in Connaught Square, Hyde Park with his sister.

== References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b21443518 Physician and friend; his autobiography and his letters from the Marquis of Dalhousie.] by Alexander Grant, edited by George Smith (1902)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Alexander}}
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Elgin, Moray]]

{{UK-med-bio-stub}}

Saroj Kumar Meher

2025-09-30T00:05:08Z

TameraWhitham: added some biography needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Saroj Kumar Meher''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019-2024]], representing [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]]. He narrowly lost the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]] to [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo|Kanak Singh Deo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patnagarh Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Patnagarh Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/patnagarh-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Patnagarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/patnagarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916675.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meher, Saroj Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Chalavadi

2025-09-10T17:15:44Z

TameraWhitham: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Chalavadi
| native_name =
|image=
|population =
|popplace =
|regions = [[Karnataka]], India
|languages =[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|religions =[[Hinduism]]
|related =

}}
'''Chalavādi''' (Chalawadi, Chalwadi, Chelvadi, Chelavadi<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Madiga-Chaluvadi-communities-seek-internal-reservation/article14717514.ece|title=Madiga, Chaluvadi communities seek internal reservation|date=2007-02-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>) is a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravida]] community, mainly belonging to [[Maharashtra|Karnataka]], "who are generally called formerly as [[Adi Dravida]] (Balagai), Channaiah or Channayya"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9B1OAQAAMAAJ&q=Chalavadi|title=The Scheduled Castes|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195637427|volume=10|page=297|language=en}}</ref>(Bidar, Belgaum, Bijapur and Dharwad districts<ref name=":0" />), Toti, Byagara,{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Whalliaru or Whallias,{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Holia's or [[Mahar]] [[Belgaum division|(Belgaum side)]] ([[Synonym|Synonym's]]: [[Holar caste|Holar]]<ref name=":2" />) is the servant of the right-hand, or eighteen-caste section of the community, and the custodian of its symbol, namely, the bell and the ladle (Gandadabatlu). These are made of [[brass]] and are connected together by a chain of the same metal, and sometimes they are placed before [[Pattadakal|Sangameshwara]] gaddige and [[Puja (Hinduism)|Pūjā]] made to them. The members use, among themselves, the term [[Valangai|Balagai]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XzaAAAAMAAJ&q=balagai|title=Deprived Castes in India: A Profile of Karnataka|last=Rao|first=Nandalike Jagannath Usha|date=1981|publisher=Chugh Publications|page=335|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Discontent-in-lsquoleftrsquo-group-of-SCs-may-cost-BJP-dear/article16631517.ece|title=Discontent in 'left' group of SCs may cost BJP dear|date=2009-03-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as they are classified among the eighteen castes that form the right-hand section of the community in [[Dravidian people|Dravida]] countries. Chalavadis are well dressed and stands with a blanket under his arm. He carries a brass image of [[Shiva]] seated on a [[bull]]. The image is overshadowed by the hood of a snake and is fixed to the upper end of a brass spoon. A brass bell hangs from the handle of the spoon to the Chelvadi’s knee in front. From time to time, the Chelvadi sings hymns in honour of [[Shiva]] and rings the bell.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

== Origin ==
Chalvadi is said to be a disciple of [[Basava]]. They came with the Maharaja of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar empire]] and settled in different districts. They are considered as the right-hand caste as opposed to the left-hand who are the [[Madiga|Madars or Madiga]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Chalavadi's were [[agricultural labourer]]s during the 17th century to 18th century and were divided into ''Kuliyalugalu'' (hired labourer's) and ''Muladalugalu'' or ''Mulada Holeya'' (hereditary [[serfs]]) depending on nature of employment in [[agrarian society]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&q=holeya&pg=PA194|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170995869|page=194|language=en}}</ref>

== Subdivision ==
=== Karnataka ===
The important sections of Holeyas were the Pombada (Bhuta dancers), the Bakuda or Mundala, the Holeya or Mari Holeya, the [[Koraga people|Koragar]] (basket maker) & Nalke (Bhuta Dancers).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&q=holeya+bhuta+dancers&pg=PA26|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170995869|page=26|language=en}}</ref> but only Holeya or Mari Holeya considered Chalavadis, not others.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Reservation in India}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Karnataka]]

Diocese of Gulbarga

2025-08-31T06:33:27Z

TameraWhitham: new

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Karnataka, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Gulbarga
| latin = Dioecesis Gulbargiensis
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| coat =
| coat_size =
| coat_alt =
| coat_caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| deaneries =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =

| area_km2 = 38,752 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 6,435,095
| population_as_of = 2006
| catholics = 5,000
| catholics_percent = 0.1
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 24 June 2005
| dissolved =
| cathedral = Cathedral of Mother Mary of Divine Grace in [[Gulbarga]]
| cocathedral =
| patron =
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = [[Robert Miranda (bishop)|Robert Miranda]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Peter Machado]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| judicial_vicar =
| emeritus_bishops =

| map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = {{Official website|https://gulbargadiocese.org/|gulbargadiocese.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga''' in [[India]] was created on 24 June 2005. It is a suffragan diocese of the [[Archdiocese of Bangalore]]. Its first [[bishop]] is Rev. [[Robert Miranda (bishop)|Robert Miranda]]. The parish church Mother Mary of Divine Grace in Gulbarga will be the cathedral for the diocese. It was the 150th diocese of India, and the 120th of [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]].

The diocese covers an area of 38,752 km² of the [[Karnataka]] state previously belonging to the [[Archdiocese of Hyderabad]] and the dioceses of [[Diocese of Bellary|Bellary]] and [[Diocese of Belgaum|Belgaum]].

The total population in the diocese is 7,012,492, of which 6,425 are Catholic. The diocese is subdivided into 16 [[parish]]es.

==External links==
*[http://www.gulbargadiocese.com Official Website of the Diocese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929073836/http://www.gulbargadiocese.com/ |date=29 September 2011 }}
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/gulb0.htm GCatholic.org]
*[http://catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgulb.html Catholic-hierarchy.org]
*[http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2005/0506/24_5215.html Vatican press release on the creation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154909/http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2005/0506/24_5215.html |date=30 September 2007 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060525065333/http://www.cbcisite.com/websites%20links.htm Websites Links at CBCI]}}

{{coord|17.3274|N|76.8283|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulbarga}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Dakra, Ranchi

2025-07-23T15:29:41Z

TameraWhitham: adding

{{distinguish|Dakra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dakra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated location
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6618|N|85.0168|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Khelari block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829210
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06530
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1=
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dakra''' is an inhabited location not identified in 2011 census as a separate place in the [[Khelari block|Khelari]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= Dakra (R)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= Ratu (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Dakra is located at {{coord|23.6618|N|85.0168|E|display=inline}}

According to Google maps Dakra Post Office is located between Churi and Khelari census towns.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Economy==
The projects of the [[North Karanpura Area]] of [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast. The Area office is at Dakra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at Dakra in 1990. Affiliated with [[Ranchi University]], it offers courses in arts and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | title = Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = UKSM | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859| title = Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Central Hospital of [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Ltd.]] at Dakra with 50 beds has 11 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities are: X‐Ray, ECG, Semi auto analyzer, monitor defibrillator , dental chair. It has 2 ambulances.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf |title = Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 18 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

Maharashtra Security Force

2025-06-28T11:38:27Z

TameraWhitham:

{{Short description|Indian government security agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Maharashtra Security Force
| nativename = महाराष्ट्र सुरक्षा बल
| Special पोलिस officer
|
| commonname =
| abbreviation = MSF (मसुब)
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Maharashtra Security Force.jpg
| logocaption = Logo of the Maharashtra Security Force
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = "Security, Trust"
| mottotranslated =
| formedmonthday =
| formedyear =
| preceding1 =

| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| legalpersonality =
| country = India
| countryabbr =
| national =
| federal =
| international = 
| divtype =
| divname =
| divdab =
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| subdivdab =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| dmap =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =

| police =
| local =
| military =
| paramilitary =
| provost =
| gendarmerie =
| religious =
| speciality1 =

| secret =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational = 
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =

| chief1name =
| chief1position =

| parentagency = Maharashtra State Security Corporation
| child1agency =

| unittype =
| unitname = 
| officetype =
| officename = 
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations = 
| airbases = 
| lockuptype =
| lockups = 
| Contract base = Not government job privet job

| vehicles1 = 

| boat1type =
| boats1 = 

| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 = 

| animal1type =
| animals1 = 

| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =

| programme1 =

| activity1name =

| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =

| award1 =

| website = http://mahasecurity.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}
'''Maharashtra Security Force''' (MSF) is a government security agency in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite news |title=महाराष्ट्र सुरक्षा बल कंपनीचे सुरक्षा रक्षक संपावर |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/maharashtra-security-force-msf-staff-on-strike/articleshow/60745903.cms |publisher=Maharashtra Times |date=19 September 2017 |language=Marathi}}</ref> which was established in 2010 under Maharashtra State Security Corporation Act, 2010.<ref name=officialwebsite>{{cite web |title=Maharshtra Security Force - MSF |url=http://mahasecurity.gov.in/ |website=mahasecurity.gov.in |accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सुरक्षा कंत्राटावरच |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/mumbais-security-on-contract/articleshow/68274530.cms |publisher=Maharashtra Times |date=6 March 2019 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

Maharashtra Security Force was established with the purpose to provide better protection and security to the Government of [[Maharashtra State]] and [[Central Government]] offices, undertakings, employees of all such establishments and public sector undertakings in [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref name=officialwebsite/>

Maharashtra State Security Corporation (MSSC) is a corporate body, which is headed by an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of [[Director General of Police]].<ref name=officialwebsite/>

== See also ==
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* Maharashtra Security Force
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2010]]

Khirpai

2025-06-08T01:05:02Z

TameraWhitham: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khirpai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kshirpai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sitalananda Shiva Temple at Kshirpai or Khirpai ast Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 23.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''At-chala'' Sitalananda Shiva temple in Khirpai
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7|N|87.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Midnapore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Khirpai Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Khirpai City|url=http://www.khirpaimunicipality.in/pages/cd.aspx}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16,384
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721232
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 931 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]]
| website = {{URL|paschimmedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khirpai''', also known as '''Kshirpai''', is a city and a municipality in the [[Ghatal subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Earlier it was part of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. The city is situated between [[Ghatal]] and [[Chandrakona]], near the banks of the rivers Shilabati and Kethai, and is one of the oldest municipalities in India. Khirpai is also famous for its [[Babarsa]], a special type of sweetmeat, which is not available elsewhere.

==History==
In the 18th and 19th century, Khirpai was a large and popular trading place. Cotton and handicrafts of this area were exported to foreign lands. In the [[British Raj|British period]], Khirpai became famous for indigo [[plantation]]s. Also in the British Era, it was a famous business centre. At that time ''neel'' (indigo powder) was the main product. On the south-east side of Khirpai town, there is a lake; ruins can be found in the south-east corner of this lake. Once, it was the trade-house of the European merchants. French, Dutch, Portuguese and British traders came here for trade before 1660, and by that time, they thronged here for purchasing cotton and silk, which were of exclusive status. In 1763, the French built a workshop in this place.

In the 18th century, Khirpai become famous for cotton-cloth weaving and manufacture of brush and bell metal. The weaving industry was further developed in the second half of the century by the location of an important factory of the [[East India Company]] in Khirpai. But in the 19th century, the industry declined owing to the withdrawal of the company from commercial undertakings, and particularly due to the importation of British-made piece goods. Khirpai lost status as a business centre, and the population density of Khirpai decreased gradually from that time.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|40|0|N|87|40|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ghatal subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|44|0|N|87|31|12|E}}| label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandrakona | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Chandrakona]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|40|12|N|87|43|12|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ghatal | numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Ghatal]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|42|0|N|87|40|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Kharar | numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kharar, Ghatal]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|42|0|N|87|37|12|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Khirpai | numbered4=M| mark-title4= Khirpai (M)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|49|48|N|87|37|12|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Ramjibanpur | numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Ramjibanpur]] (M)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|36|0|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Daspur | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Daspur]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|33|0|N|87|46|14|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Sonakhali | numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Sonakhali, Paschim Medinipur]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|50|N|87|39|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Birsingha | numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Birsingha]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|32|0|N|87|46|45|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9= Ajuria| numbered9=H| mark-title9= [[Ajuria]] (H) |shape-color9=#AA6666
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|39|56|N|87|39|7|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10= Alui| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Alui]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|45|20|N|87|33|0|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Baikunthapur| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Baikunthapur, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|34|40|N|87|48|17|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= Chaipat| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Chaipat]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|35|55|N|87|44|20|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13= Dihi Baliharpur| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Dihi Baliharpur]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|42|58|N|87|37|34|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Gangadaspur| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gangadaspur]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|31|23|N|87|44|24|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Gobindanagar| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Gobindanagar]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|39|6|N|87|38|44|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Iswarpur| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Iswarpur]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|50|53|N|87|39|50|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Jalshara| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Jalshara]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|44|30|N|87|32|24|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Jayantipur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Jayantipur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|37|42|N|87|44|47|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Kotalpur| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Kotalpur]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|38|4|N|87|38|30|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Lachhipur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Lachhipur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|36|55|N|87|43|41|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Laoda| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Laoda]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|34|30|N|87|36|54|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Narajole| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Narajole]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|31|9|N|87|47|18|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Palashpai| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Palashpai]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|33|37|N|87|44|38|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Radhakantapur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Radhakantapur]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|41|8|N|87|38|45|E}}| label-pos25=left|label25=Radhanagar| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Radhanagar, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|33|50|N|87|49|12|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26=Uttar Bar| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Uttar Bar]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|21|N|87|47|0|E}}| label27=Rupnarayan River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=65| label-pos27=right| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none}}

===Location===
Khirpai is located at {{Coord|22.7|N|87.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Khirpai.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khirpai]</ref> It has an average elevation of 7 metres (26 feet).

===Area overview===
[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], scholar, social reformer and a key figure of the [[Bengal Renaissance]], was born at [[Birsingha]] on 26 September 1820.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vidyasagar,_Ishwar_Chandra |title= Vidyasagar, Pundit Iswar Chandra |publisher=Banglapedia |access-date=24 July 2016 |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/great-indians/literary-persons/ishwar-chandra.php |title=Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar |publisher=www.whereincity.com |access-date=24 July 2016 }}</ref>

Ghatal subdivision, shown in the map alongside, has [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils. Around 85% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report Paschim Medinipur, 2011| work= page 27-28| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 10 September 2020}}</ref> It has a density of population of 1,099 per km2, but being a small subdivision only a little over a fifth of the people in the district reside in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook Paschim Medinipur, 2013| work= Table 2.2, 2.4 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics |access-date = 10 September 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-westbengal.php?cityid=1941504000|title=City population}}</ref> Khirpai had a population of 16,384. Males constituted 50.4% of the population, and females were 49.6%. Khirpai has an average literacy rate of 82.39%, higher than the state average of 76.26%: male literacy is 88.58%, and female literacy is 76.09%. In Khirpai, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date= 2004-06-16 |title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date= 2008-11-01 |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khirpai had a population of 14,548. Males constituted 57% of the population, and females were 43%. Khirpai has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 62%. In Khirpai, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==CD Block HQ==
The headquarters of [[Chandrakona I]] Block are located at Bamaria in Kshirpai.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title= District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur |work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date= 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Economy==
The main economy of this area is agriculture. Besides the town area, the people of the villagers basically earn their livelihood by producing crops, like paddy, potato, wheat, jute and vegetables of different kinds. A few of the people are government employees, school teachers, or employed in other small private sectors. The financial status of most of the people is in middle-class and lower middle-class category.

==Transportation==
Khirpai is well connected by roads/highways with other nearby cities like Midnapore, Kharagpur, Kolkata, Howrah, Ghatal, Burdwan, Panskura, Kanthi, Tamluk, Hooghly. For local transportation, buses, taxi, minibus, or cycle-rikshaws are available. Panskura and Chandrokona road railway stations are two of the nearest railway stations.

[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)]] running from Jhalda (in Purulia district) to Digha (in Purba Medinipur district) and [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)]] running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) cross at Khirpai.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title= List of State Highways in West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police |access-date= 15 September 2016}}</ref> SBSTC has a bus depot at Khirpai.

==Education==
There are many schools and primary schools in Khirpai. There is one coeducational high school and one girls school. The name of the schools are: 1. [[Khirpai H.S. Multipurpose School]] 2. Khirpai S.K. Barman Memorial Girls High School. Ghatal Rabindra Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya and Chandrakona Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya are two nearby colleges of Khirpai. The nearest polytechnic college is [[Ghatal Government Polytechnic]], and an ITI college is Ghatal Government ITI in Birsingha.

==Health==
There is a hospital in the Khirpai town and one community-based primary health center run by Khirpai municipality. People of Khirpai and its nearby areas mainly depend on the hospital. Also there are many private chambers of doctors in Khirpai. The health of common people is generally well.

==Culture==
Among many festivals in Khirpai, 'Santoshi Mela' is the most popular.{{CN|date=November 2023}} Many people from Khirpai and its nearby villages take part in the Santoshi Mela. There are also some religious places in Khirpai named Pancharatna Mandir, Parbatinath Temple, and Radha Damodar Jew Temple.

Radhamadhab Temple of Malpara is on Ghatal-Khirpai Road. This age-old temple is ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|Pancharatna]]'' ("ratna" means pinnacle), but the terracotta works still exist. These works depict Krishnalila, Dasavatar and the battle of Ram Ravana, even hunting scenes and floral ornamentations. It was built in 1817. Radha Damodar Jew Temple is famous for its terracota works. ‘Dalan Mandir’ in Paharipara is also notable. This temple is dedicated to Singhabahini, incarnation of [[Devi Durga]]. This was built in 1746 and probably the oldest temple of the Khirpai region.{{CN|date=November 2023}}

The massive structure of Sitalanda Tin Temple is situated in Hattala (Khirpai). It faces southwards and is of the ''[[At-chala|atchala]]'' style. Some terracotta specimens still can be found. It was built by Pani family in 1839. There is a Shiva temple in the village [[Gangadaspur]], Ward no.-6 of the Khirpai municipality which bears the age-old culture of this locality. This temple is almost 300 years old, and it is the largest and highest of this area.{{CN|date=November 2023}} The temple has been newly renovated.

The regular Bengali festivals, like [[Durga Puja]], [[Saraswati Puja]] and [[Kali Puja]], are well attended. Other common pujas in the worship of Sitala, Jagaddhatri, Holi, Janmastami, or Bheema Puja also take place. A special type of sweet named Babarsa, only in Bengal, is available here.

[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions:<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 36, 42, 47. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>
*The Khargeswara Siva temple as an ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|at-chala]]'' with figures around the façade. It measures 23’ x 20’
*The Sitalananda Siva temple in the same category as the Khargeswara Siva temple. Built in 1839, it measures 21’ x 18’ 8”.
*The renovated temple of the Asram belonged to the ''eka-ratna'' with ridged rekha tower category.
*The Madana-Mohana temple as a ''pancha-ratna'' with ridged rekha turrets and porch on triple archway of the standard West Bengal type. Built in 1817, it measures around 16’ 6” square.

==Healthcare==
Khirpai Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Khirpai, is the major government medical facility in the Chandrakona I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 September 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
'''Sources:'''
* ''How India clothed the world: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=g3jyp-LNHMAC&dq=khirpai&pg=PA240]
* ''History of Bagree-Rajya (Garhbeta)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=23aE18nmt-0C&dq=khirpai&pg=PA141]
* ''Midnapore the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=khirpai&pg=PA100]
* ''Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&dq=khirpai&pg=PA149]
* ''District handbooks''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6rXUAAAAMAAJ&q=khirpai,ghatal]

==External links==
{{commons category|Khirpai}}
* [http://www.paschimmedinipur.gov.in/ Paschim Medinipur District Official Website]
* [http://www.purbamedinipur.gov.in/ Purba Medinipur District Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120318061225/http://www.khirpaimunicipality.com/ Khirpai Municipality]
* [http://www.midnapore.in/ Midnapore - Website for East and West Midnapore]

{{Paschim Medinipur District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Vediya, Sanchore

2025-04-06T11:50:12Z

TameraWhitham: added some stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Distinguish|Vediya, Ahore}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vediya
| official_name =
| other_name = Bedia and Veriya
| settlement_type = Village
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = Country
| population_total = 1,611
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code = 343027
| area_code = 02979
| registration_plate = RJ46
| coordinates = {{coord|24.88|N|71.31|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sanchore]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chitalwana]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Households
| blank1_info_sec1 = 272
| subdivision_type4 = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bheemgura]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_title1 = 34.14%
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| demographics1_info1 = 34.14%
| established_title = 
| area_total_ha = 1070.45
}}

'''Vediya''' or '''Veriya''' is a village located in [[Chitalwana]] tehsil of [[Sanchore]] district. The village panchayat for Vediya is [[Bheemgura]].

== Demographics ==
The population of this village is 1611, out of which male population is 844 while female population is 767.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/89514-vediya-rajasthan.html|title=Vediya Village Population - Sanchore - Jalor, Rajasthan|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vediya Village in Sanchore (Jalor) Rajasthan {{!}} villageinfo.in |url=https://villageinfo.in/rajasthan/jalor/sanchore/vediya.html |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=villageinfo.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Sanchore district}}[[Category:Villages in Sanchore district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}