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P. R. Brahmananda

2026-05-07T19:27:30Z

TajWoolcock75: done

{{Short description|Indian economist (1926–2003)}}

{{Peacock|date=May 2022}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = P. R. Brahmananda
| image = PR Brahmananda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Brahmananda
| birth_name = Palahalli Ramaiya Brahmananda
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|9|27|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|1|23|1926|9|27|df=y}}
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
* [[University of Mysore]]
* [[University of Mumbai]]
}}
| years_active = 1949–1986
| known_for = [[Monetary economics]]
}}

'''Palahalli Ramaiya Brahmananda''' (27 September 1926 – 23 January 2003) was an Indian monetary economist. He co-developed the Wage Goods Model with Chandulal Nagindas Vakil in 1956 and took part in India's anti-inflation policies during the economic crisis of the 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_PRBMemorial.aspx#brahmaprofile |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Inflation India 1974 – CPI inflation India 1974 |url=https://www.inflation.eu/en/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india-1974.aspx |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.inflation.eu}}</ref> He has published over 150 books and 1,000 articles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWP6X9bxiAMC&dq=Academic+curriculum+vitae+of+%22Dr.+P.+R.+Brahmananda%22&pg=PA2 |title=Indian Economy, Agenda for the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Professor P.R. Brahmananda |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Biswajit |date=2002 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-360-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Brahmananda was born on 27 September 1926 in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] as the eldest of four children to [[P. R. Ramaiya|P.R. Ramaiya]] (a former [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and [[Kannada]] journalist) and P.R. Jayalakshamma (a former deputy mayor of [[Bengaluru]]).<ref name=":0" /> After completing his early schooling at Fort High School in [[Chamarajpet|Chamrajpet]], Brahmananda moved to [[Mysore]] to pursue [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] studies at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja's College]].<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Asuri |first=Vasudevan |title=English: This is a scanned copy of few pages of a book of essays released in honour of PR Brahmananda |date=1999-01-08 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PR_Brahmananda_Research_Profile.pdf |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref>

== Career ==

Brahmananda joined [[Mumbai University]] as a research assistant in 1949. In 1953, he earned his PhD under the guidance of [[D. T. Lakdawala|D.T. Lakdawala]] with his thesis "Studies in Economics of Welfare Maximisation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studies in the economics of welfare maximization: Some aspects of economic policy allocation and growth in an interdependent system (University of Bombay Publications in economics series) by Brahmananda, P. R.: Very good condition. Hardback. (1959) Inscribed by author. {{!}} Jeffrey Blake |url=https://www.abebooks.com/signed/Studies-economics-welfare-maximization-aspects-economic/22662920536/bd |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> It was later published as a monograph by the Bombay University Press.

Brahmananda worked at Mumbai University for 37 years. He would eventually become the [[Reserve Bank of India]] Endowment Professor in [[Monetary economics|Monetary Economics]] in 1962 and the Director of the Department of Economics in 1976. He retired from the department in 1986.<ref name=":2" />

During his last year at [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]], he was also a visiting professor at the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. Following retirement, he was a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Fellow and an [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|ICSSR]] National Fellow. He was also an Honorary Visiting Fellow at the [[Institute for Social and Economic Change|Institute of Social and Economic Change]] (ISEC) and an Honorary Professor at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in Bengaluru until he died in 2003.<ref name=":2" />

Throughout his career, Brahmananda held various positions in academia and government. In government roles, he served as the president of the Diamond Jubilee Conference (1976), the chairman of the Platinum Jubilee Committee (1993–94) of the Indian Economic Association, a member of the panel of economists to the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] and Finance Ministry, and was an honorary economic advisor to the [[Government of Maharashtra]] after its formation. In 1996, he was awarded the Outstanding Economist award by [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]. In 2002, he was made the Honorary President of the [[International Economic Association]].<ref name=":2" />

== Contributions to economics ==

=== Development of the Wage Goods Model ===

In late 1956, Brahmananda and economist [[C.N. Vakil]] published "Planning for an Expanding Economy," a critique of the emphasis on capital goods and heavy industries in the [[Second Five-Year Plan (India)|Second Five-Year Plan]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |title=Obituary : P R Brahmananda |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2003/09/commentary/obituary-p-r-brahmananda.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |pages=7–8}}</ref>

Brahmananda and Vakil argued that the plan's strategy was inequitable and that, in a capital-scarce economy such as India, it would result in insufficient investment in other sectors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web | author1=Kautilya | first2=Jairam | last2=Ramesh | date=27 January 2003 | title=Farewell, great, generous guru | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/farewell-great-generous-guru/articleshow/35595951.cms |access-date=2022-04-30 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> They further contended that the approach would generate inflation as rising incomes increased demand for consumer goods.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2003-01-24 |title=An Erudite Economist |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-erudite-economist/71299/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> As an alternative to the [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|Mahalanobis]] strategy underpinning the Second Five-Year Plan, they proposed the Wage Goods Model.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sandesara |first=J. C. |date=2003-08-01 |title=P.R. Brahmananda: a prolific, overlooked economist |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049007803000939 |journal=Journal of Asian Economics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=533–539 |doi=10.1016/S1049-0078(03)00093-9 |issn=1049-0078|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Wage Goods Model prioritised goods and services commonly consumed by workers, including food grains, dairy products, fish, eggs, meat, salt, sugar, soap, and medicines, as well as basic services such as education, healthcare, and electricity.<ref name=":7" /> Vakil and Brahmananda maintained that investment in these sectors would address supply shortages and contribute to reducing poverty, unemployment, and [[Underemployment|disguised unemployment]].<ref name=":7" />

The proposal did not gain official adoption. At a meeting of the Panel of Senior Economists, 20 of 21 members endorsed the Mahalanobis plan, which was subsequently implemented by the [[Government of India]] and continued to influence subsequent five-year plans.<ref name=":7" /> In a later interview, Brahmananda stated that their critique of the Second Five-Year Plan resulted in his and Vakil's exclusion from official planning discussions.<ref name=":6" /> He recalled to V.N. Balasubramanian that critics of the Mahalanobis model at the time were characterised as "anti-national" or accused of being [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agents.<ref name=":6" /> Brahmananda continued to develop the Wage Goods Model throughout his career.<ref name=":3" />

=== Engagement with development theory and classical economics ===

Brahmananda was interested in the theoretical aspects of [[Economics]].<ref name=":2" /> His major contribution to economic theory was the reconstruction of classical economics for developing countries,<ref name=":0" /> and he provided conceptual refinements for many precepts of welfare economics. In 1961, [[Piero Sraffa]] of [[Cambridge University]] released his book "Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities”, a reworking of [[David Ricardo|Ricardian]] value theory.<ref name=":3" /> Brahmananda was the first economist to praise and critique Sraffa's theory, delivering six lectures and publishing three articles between 1962 and 1963. Sraffa considered the articles an achievement, and Jacob Viner thought them equal to Sraffa's in abstraction and thought.<ref name=":3" />

He conducted a parallel exercise to the 'Sraffa Revolution' in search of an invariant measure of value and is credited with enriching India's monetary traditions.<ref name=":4" /> In monetary theory, Brahmananda focused on the effect of commodity hoarding on output and prices in developing countries. He also developed a general theory of the interest rate incorporating ideas of [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk|Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeter]], and Sraffa.<ref name=":3" />

=== Monetary economics and anti-inflation policies ===

In February 1974, when [[inflation in India]] reached 25.3%,<ref name=":1" /> Brahmananda prepared a memorandum with proposals to reduce inflation and submitted it to the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The memorandum, entitled ''‘A policy to contain inflation,’'' was supplemented with a Scheme of the Economists for Monetary Immobilization through Bond Medallions and Blocked Accounts, also called SEMIBOMBLA. The memorandum, supported by 140 economists, is believed to have influenced the anti-inflation policies announced in July 1974.<ref name=":7" />

His statements and papers on the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]], including government policies, received public attention.<ref name=":5" /> He remained independent from government commitments, enabling him to present standpoints that were often unpalatable to authorities. He advocated for the autonomy of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. A proposed reason for the occasional lack of acceptance of Brahmananda's ideas was that they were often couched in pedagogic terms.<ref name=":3" />

=== Teaching career ===

Throughout his teaching career at Mumbai University, he regularly offered courses in [[development economics]], [[Monetary economics|monetary theory]], and [[central bank]]ing.<ref name=":3" /> For his decades of teaching in Economics, he was awarded the Best Teacher Award by the Government of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Economics of P.R. Brahmananda |date=2005 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publ |others=Ajit Kumar Sinha |isbn=81-7629-662-7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=60391807}}</ref> Brahmananda was the editor of the Indian Economic Journal almost since its inception in 1952–53.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Perspectives : India : Contributions of P R Brahmananda to the IEJ (2 Vols-Set) (reprint) by Raj Kumar Sen and Biswajit Chatterjee: As New Soft cover (2020) {{!}} Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Development-Perspectives-India-Contributions-Brahmananda-IEJ/997984611/bd |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

=== Final years, death and legacy ===

Brahmananda never married.<ref name=":6" /> He wrote two books in the last few years of his life. The history of economic thought from a classical point took the form of ‘Nobel Economics’ in 1999.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahmananda |first=Palahalli R. |url=https://www.econbiz.de/Record/nobel-economics-a-historical-commentary-from-the-classical-angle-brahmananda-palahalli/10001620780 |title=Nobel economics : a historical commentary from the classical angle |date=1999 |publisher=Mumbai [u.a.] : Himalaya Publ. House |isbn=978-81-7493-780-3 |edition=1.}}</ref> According to American economist [[Robert Solow]], the book was "a work of remarkable scope for a single scholar to write." His last work, 'Money, Income, Prices in 19th Century India', is a historical and theoretical study.<ref name=":0" /> [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Meghnad Desai]] described the book as a source of information on the Indian economy and the high points of the monetary history of many other nations.<ref>Desai, Meghnad, [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/Pdfs/58008.pdf First PR Brahmananda Memorial Lecture], 2004</ref>

Brahmananda died on 23 January 2003 at the age of 76 in his home in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2003-01-24 |title=Renowned economist Brahmananda passes away {{!}} Economy News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/renowned-economist-brahmananda-passes-away_77283.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' called him the "unsung hero of Indian economics" and said that "his knowledge of economic theory and the grip on empirical economics was almost encyclopedic."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2003-01-25 |title=Unsung Hero Of Indian Economics |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/unsung-hero-of-indian-economics/71401/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] instituted the P R Brahmananda Memorial Lecture Series in his memory.<ref name=":0" /> The inaugural lecture was delivered by Lord Meghnad Desai in September 2004. Four more lectures were delivered until 2018.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, the Professor P R Brahmananda Endowment Research Grant was set up at the [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]] as an annual research award on monetary policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof.Brahmananda-Endw |url=http://www.isec.ac.in/Brahmananda-endw.htm |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.isec.ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmananda, Palahalli Ramaiya}}

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Austrian School economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian development economists]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Monetary economists]]
[[Category:Development economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]

Soorya Krishnamoorthy

2026-05-06T12:55:09Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{Short description|Indian artist and philanthropist}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soorya Krishnamoorthy
| image = File:Soory akrishnamoorthy.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Nataraja Krishnamoorthy
| occupation = Artist, philanthropist and scientist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = National Award for Stage Craft and Direction of President of India
}}
'''Soorya Krishnamoorthy''' also known as '''Nataraja Krishnamoorthy'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gopal |first1=B. Madhu |title=Soorya reaches out to budding artistes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/soorya-reaches-out-to-budding-artistes/article33816448.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=12 February 2021}}</ref> is an Indian artist, philanthropist and scientist.<ref>{{cite web |title=A modern theatre for performing arts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/A-modern-theatre-for-performing-arts/article16341231.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 February 2009}}</ref> He is the chairman of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathrubhumi English - Heritage Studies for MGS, Sangeetha Nataka academy for Soorya Krishnamoorthy |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=112187 |website=Mathrubhumi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731155418/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=112187 |archive-date=31 July 2011}}</ref> and founded of [[Soorya Festival|Soorya Stage and Film Society]].<ref>{{cite web |title=International Film Festival of Kerala: Iranian director Dariush Mehrjui to receive lifetime achievement award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/international-film-festival-of-kerala-iranian-director-dariush-mehrjui-to-receive-lifetime-achievement-award-275637-2015-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Theatre in Kerala on life support |url=http://archive.asianage.com/kochi/theatre-kerala-life-support-620 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref> In 1996, Krishnamoorthy was honoured with the National Award for Stage Craft and Direction of President of India and has also been conferred the highest honours from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry governments.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Nataraja to Soorya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/jan/07/from-nataraja-to-soorya-440614.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soorya Festival Invokes a Powerful Sense of Unity —- Soorya Krishnamoorthy's 'Sangamam' Premiered in Houston May 5 {{!}} Indo American News |url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/soorya-festival-invokes-a-powerful-sense-of-unity-soorya-krishnamoorthys-sangamam-premiered-in-houston-may-5/}}</ref> In 2016, He was nominated for Padma Awards by Amjad Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of nominees, 2016 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/List_%2520PadmaAwards-2016.pdf |website=mha.gov.in}}</ref> In 2023, he was honoured with [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha Award]], the second-highest honour given by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=2023-ലെ കേരള പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; ടി. പത്മനാഭന് കേരള ജ്യോതി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/kerala-award-2023-announced-tpadmanabhan-bags-kerala-jyothi-award-1.9035186 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
He served as the director of the [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]] for three terms and as a member of the India National Film Award Committee, the Kerala State Film Award Committee, the NFDC Script Committee and the National Committee for Selecting Indian Panorama Films. He has also been a member of the Expert Committee of the Department of Culture for the [[Government of India]] where he was instrumental in advancing the cultural policy of the country<ref name="IA">{{cite web |title=World Renowned Soorya Festival Makes U.S. Debut {{!}} Indo American News |url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/world-renowned-soorya-festival-makes-u-s-debut/ |website=Indoamercian}}</ref> and served as the Chairman of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mania |first1=Friday |title=An unsung patron of arts |url=http://thefridaymania.com/soorya-krishnamoorthy-as-a-byword-for-art/ |website=the fridaymania |date=22 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(Reopens MDS5) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/reopens-mds5-462000-2015-09-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

After graduating from the [[TKM College of Engineering]] in Kollam, in Electrical Engineering, in 1972, he joined the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) as a scientist/engineer<ref name="TH">{{cite web |last1=M |first1=Athira |title='I didn't expect Soorya to become a movement in itself': Soorya Krishnamoorthy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/in-conversation-with-soorya-krishnamoorthy/article25331863.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unite to preserve Sugathakumari's house: Soorya Krishnamoorthy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/apr/18/unite-to-preserve-sugathakumaris-house-soorya-krishnamoorthy-2566853.html#:~:text=Nataraja%20Krishnamoorthy%20%E2%80%94%20better%20known%20as,cultural%20activist%2C%20and%20stage%20director. |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and in 1977 he founded [[Soorya Festival]] which is organised by his organization Soorya Music & Dance Festival.<ref name="IA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Soorya Festival, Cultural event, Enchanting Kerala, Newsletter, Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/soorya-festival/139 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Beside that he also wrote screenplay for the 2011 Indian courtroom drama film [[Melvilasom]].<ref name="TH" />

In 2006, he was the chairman, of the Film Awards Jury of the John Abraham Awards and the P.Padmarajan Award. He has also been a member of the Doordarshan Advisory Committee, the Expert Committee of the Department of Culture, Govt. of India and the steering committee formed by the Department of Culture, Govt. of India to evolve the cultural policy of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala: Roping in Gulf Malayalis to revive age-old arts |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-roping-in-gulf-malayalis-to-revive-age-old-arts-520933.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==

*1994: "Prathiba Pranam" Award for Outstanding Creative Artiste by the Government of Kerala<ref name="IA" />
*1994: John Abraham Award for the best-run film Society of Country by the Federation of Film Societies of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerging Kerala Global Connect Coffee Table Book by MK Menon - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/dcmedia/docs/full_book |website=issuu.com |language=en |date=11 September 2012}}</ref>
*2001: Selected as one in 101 world-renowned living Keralites of the millennium by the Government of Kerala<ref>{{cite web |title=From Nataraja to Soorya - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Jan/07/from-nataraja-to-soorya-440614.html |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
*2003: "Man of the Year" for the contribution made in the field of art by Limca Book of Records<ref name="IA" />
*2004: "Special Recognition" Award for overall contribution in the field of art and culture by the Government of Kerala<ref name="IA" />
*2006: "[[Kalaimamani]]" Award for Stage Craft and Direction by the Government of Tamil Nadu<ref name="IA" />
*2023: Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web |title=Award for Soorya Krishnamurthy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-for-soorya-krishnamurthy/article66955146.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=11 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamoorthy, Soorya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Kerala Prabha Award Winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bengali–Assamese script

2026-05-05T19:20:57Z

TajWoolcock75: created

{{short description|Type of South Asian writing system}}
{{redirect2|Bengali script|Assamese script|the use of this script in specific languages|Bengali alphabet|and|Assamese alphabet}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Meitei script]], even though the [[Meitei language]] popularly uses the Bengali{{endash}}Assamese script}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Bengali–Assamese
| altname = {{Script|Beng|বাংলা-অসমীয়া}}
| sample = {{Multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=300
| image1 = 18th Century Eastern Nagari Text.svg
| image2 = The constitutional names as well as the native names (in Bengali–Assamese and Latin transliterations) of the 3 official languages of the India that use Bengali–Assamese script as their official scripts.svg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| caption =  '''Image 1''': The text, from the 18th-century [[Hastividyarnava|Hastividyārnava]], commissioned by [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Siva Singha]], reads: ''sri sri mot xivo xingho moharaja''. The modern Bengali glyph "{{lang|bn|র}}" currently used for ''ra'' is used in this pre-modern Assamese/Sanskrit manuscript for ''va'', the modern form of which is "{{lang|as|ৱ}}". Though the modern Assamese alphabet does not use this glyph for any letter, modern [[Tirhuta]] continues to use this for ''va''. '''Image 2''': The native names, in Bengali–Assamese, of the three [[Languages with legal status in India|scheduled languages of India]] that commonly use this script, followed by their standard English names and a [[Latin transliteration]] of the native name in parentheses.
| imagesize = 320px
| type = [[Abugida]]
| official script =  for [[Bengali language]], [[Assamese language]] and [[Meitei language]] (constitutionally termed as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="Manipuri language and alphabets" />
| languages =  [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bishnupriya language|Bishnupriya]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kokborok]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Kudmali language|Kudmali]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]], [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]], and others.
| time = c. 1100–present
| fam1 = [[Egyptian Hieroglyphics]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]]<ref name="salomon-brahmi">{{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=29}}</ref>
| fam6 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]<ref name="salomon-gupta">'The terminology for the various premodern Brahmi-derived scripts is, however, largely unstandardized and typically made up ad hoc, due mainly to the lack of attested indigenous terms for many of them (2.1.1). D. C. Sircar broadly categorizes the stages of development into "Early", "Middle", and "Late Brahmi" periods, corresponding (in northern India) to the third through first centuries B.C., the first century B.C. through third century A.D., and the fourth through sixth centuries A.D., respectively (HEP 113), though others refer to his "Late Brahmi" as "Gupta script".' {{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=19}}</ref>
| fam7 = [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref name="salomon-siddham">"Around the late sixth century, the so-called Gupta script of northern India evolved into a distinct new script for which the preferred name is Siddhamatrka." {{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=39}}</ref>
| fam8 = [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]]<ref name="salomon-gaudi">"In the northeast, the local derivative of Siddhamatrka was the script known as Proto-Bengali or Gaudi, which was current from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries." {{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=41}}</ref>
| children = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]], [[Tirhuta]]
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf U+0980–U+09FF] (Bengali), [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11480.pdf U+011480–U+0114DF] (Tirhuta)
| iso15924 = Beng
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Contains special characters|Tirhuta}}
{{brahmic}}
{{Writing systems in India}}
The '''Bengali–Assamese script''',<ref name="salomon41"/> sometimes also known as '''Eastern Nagri''',<ref>"The Eastern Nagri script was first created to write Sanskrit and later adopted by regional languages like Bengali and Assamese. The Bengali Unicode block of characters is created from the Eastern Nagri script and contains character variants, like for the 'r', that is different in Bengali and Assamese." {{harvcol|Simard|Dopierala|Thaut|2020|p=5f}}</ref> is an eastern [[Brahmic script]], primarily used today for the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language spoken in [[eastern South Asia]]. It evolved from [[Gaudi script]], also the common ancestor of the [[Odia script|Odia]] and [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta scripts]].<ref>See "Parent Systems" on the right, and the citations therein.</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=41}}</ref> It is commonly referred to as the ''Bengali script'' by [[Bengalis]]<ref>" Bengalis will refer to the script as the 'Bengali script'.." {{harvcol|Brandt|2014|p=24}}</ref> and the ''Assamese script'' by the [[Assamese people|Assamese]],<ref>"Assamese has, like Bengali, a long literary tradition in this script which Assamese speakers naturally refer to as the 'Assamese script'." {{harvcol|Brandt|2014|p=25}}</ref> while in academic discourse it is sometimes called ''Eastern-Nāgarī''.<ref>"In fact, the term 'Eastern Nagari' seems to be the only designation which does not favour one or the other language. However, it is only applied in academic discourse, whereas the name 'Bengali script' dominates the global public sphere." {{harvcol|Brandt|2014|p=25}}</ref> The script was traditionally called [[Gauḍa (region)|''Gauḍa'']] (not to be confused with the name [[Gaudi script]] – which was given later) as seen in the catalogue of books at the Radha-Damodara Mandir maintained by [[Jiva Goswami]] during the time of [[Akbar]].<ref>Sharma, Pragati {{usurped|[https://archive.org/details/uzeP_braj-ki-akbar-kaleen-pustak-thor-by-pragati-sharma-bengali-vrindavan-shodh-samsthan]}}, Braj ki Akbarkaalen Pustak Thor: Ek Adhyayan, 2017.</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the [[official language|official]] and [[national language]] of [[Bangladesh]] and three of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]]—[[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and [[Meitei language|Meitei]]{{efn|Besides Bengali script, [[Meitei language]] also uses [[Meitei script]] as its [[official script]] simultaneously.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref>—commonly use this script in writing;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assamese alphabet, pronunciation and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/assamese.htm |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref name="Manipuri language and alphabets">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |website=omniglot.com |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

Besides [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] languages, it is also used to write [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and numerous other smaller languages spoken in eastern South Asia.<ref>"Already the fact that most Bengalis will refer to the script of their language exclusively as the 'Bengali script', though it is used for many other languages as well, e.g. Assamese, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Meitei, Santali, etc. gives a glimpse of the dominant role of the Bengali language in the eastern part of South Asia {{harvcol|Brandt|2014|pp=25–26}}</ref><ref>Bijan Kumar Roy, Subal Chandra Biswas and Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, [http://ijkcdt.net/xml/17110/17110.pdf Designing Unicode‐compliant Indic‐script based Institutional Digital Repository with special reference to Bengali], page 55, International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology Vol.8, No.3, 53–67 (September 2018)</ref> Historically, it was used to write various [[Old Indo-Aryan|Old]] and [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] languages, and, like many other Brahmic scripts, is still used for writing [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="brandt-sohoni-2018-7"/> Other languages, such as [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Karbi language|Karbi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Mishing language|Mising]] were once written in this script.<ref>Prabhakara, M S {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710202520/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051904051100.htm Scripting a solution]}}, The Hindu, 19 May 2005.</ref> The two major alphabets in this script – [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]] and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] – are virtually identical, except for two characters — Assamese differs from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound.<ref name=MajR>Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, ''The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian renaissance'' (Part 2), page 219, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1951</ref><ref name=ComB>Bernard Comrie, ''The World's Major Languages'', page 419, Routledge, 2009, {{ISBN|9781134261567}}</ref><ref name=Mahap>B. P. Mahapatra, ''Constitutional languages'', page 39, Presses Université Laval, 1989, {{ISBN|9782763771861}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bengalisch-Assamesische Schrift Verbreitung.svg|thumb|Places where the Eastern Nagari script (Purva Nagari) is used]]
The Bengali–Assamese script was originally not associated with any particular regional language, but was prevalent as the main script in the eastern regions of [[Middle kingdoms of India|Medieval India]] for Old- and Middle-Indo-Aryan including [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="brandt-sohoni-2018-7">"(T)he script used today for Assamese and Bengali was, by origin, linked to the region and not any one specific modern language. Historically, it was in fact used for Old and Middle Indo-Aryan. Today it is used not only for other modern languages (e.g. Bishnupriya) but also still for Sanskrit." {{harvcol|Brandt|Sohoni|2018|p=7}}</ref> All of these eastern Magadhan scripts are based on a system of characters historically related to, but distinct from, Devanagari. Brahmi, an ancient Indian syllabary, is the source of most native Indian scripts including the South Indian languages and Devanagari, the script associated with classical Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref name=ComB/>

The modern eastern scripts (Bengali-Assamese, Odia, and Maithili) became clearly differentiated around the 14th and 15th centuries from the predecessor [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]].<ref name="salomon41">"This, in turn, gave rise to the modern eastern scripts, namely, Bengali–Assamese, Oriya, and Maithili, which became clearly differentiated around the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries." {{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=41}}</ref> While the scripts in Bengal, Assam and [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] remained similar to each other the Odia script developed a curved top in the 13th–14th century and became increasingly different.<ref>"[T]he phase when the curved tops{{snd}}so prominent now in many of the Oriya letters{{snd}}were just appearing, initiating the parting of ways from the proto-[Bengali-Assamese-Maithili] phase. The beginning and progress of this trend can be noticed in many of the Orissa [inscriptions] of the 13th–14th centuries A.D." {{harvcol|Bhattacharya|1969|p=56f}}</ref> Old Maithili also used a script similar to the Bengali–Assamese script, and Maithili scholars (particularly of the older generation) still write Sanskrit in that script.<ref name=MajR/><ref>Atindra Mojumder, ''Bengali Language: Historical Grammar'' (Part 1), page 22, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1972</ref>

According to {{harvtxt|d'Hubert|2014}} manuscripts written in the 17th–18th century from eastern Bihar in the west to Manipur in the east followed related scripts, that could be classed largely into three on the basis of the letter ''ro'': (1) western - with the current Bengali ''ro''; (2) northern - with the current Assamese ''ro''; and (3) eastern - largely lost today with a ''ro'' not seen today.<ref>{{harvtxt|d'Hubert|2014|pp=336–337}}</ref>

Modern Bengali–Assamese script saw further standardisations following the introduction of printing.

===Printing===
Though there were early attempts to cut Bengali types<ref>{{harvcol|Khan|1962|p=55}}</ref> it was the [[East India Company]]'s interest in propagating the [[Bengali language]]<ref>"By 1772, the Company had skillfully employed the sword, diplomacy, and intrigue to take over the rule of Bengal from her people, factious nobles, and weak Nawab. Subsequently, to consolidate its hold on the province, the Company promoted the Bengali language. This did not represent an intrinsic love for Bengali speech and literature. Instead it was aimed at destroying traditional patterns of authority through supplanting the Persian language which had been the official tongue since the days of the great Moguls." {{harvcol|Khan|1962|p=53}}</ref> that ultimately prevailed. It first commissioned [[William Bolts]], a Dutch adventurer, to create a grammar for Bengali, but he had to leave India after he ran into trouble with the company.<ref>"[T]he East India Company had commissioned Bolts to prepare a grammar of the Bengali language. But although Bolts, who was a man of great enterprise and ingenuity, had represented himself as a great Orientalist, he ran into difficulties with the Company from 1766 to 1768 which culminated in his deportation from India.<ref?{{harvcol|Khan|1962|pp=55–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chandra|first1=Biplab Kumar|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Monamie|last3=Paul|first3=Moutusi|title=William Bolts and his contributory role in the history of printing and publication of newspapers in Bengal, as well as in India|journal=Bulletin Monumental|volume=23|issue=7|pages=61|year=2022|issn=0007-473X|url=http://bulletinmonumental.com/|publisher=Brainware University|location=Barasat, Kolkata-125}}</ref> The first significant book with Bengali typography was [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed|Halhed]]'s 1778 "A Grammar of the Bengal Language"<ref>" The first significant stride in Bengali typography, printing, and publication was made in 1778 with the appearance of ''A Grammar of the Bengal Language'' by Halhed." {{harvcol|Khan|1962|p=56}}</ref> which he compiled from a meagre set of six Bengali manuscripts.<ref>"Halhed, when compiling his monumental Grammar of the Bengali Language, complained that despite his familiarity with the works of Bengali authors he could trace only six extant books in 1778. These included the great religious epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. All six, of course, were in manuscript." {{harvcol|Khan|1962|p=53}}</ref> When Halhed turned to Warren Hastings for publishing, he was referred to [[Charles Wilkins]], the type-founder at the Company press at Hoogly. Learned in Sanskrit and Persian, Wilkins singlehandedly cut the most complete set. He was assisted by the Bengali blacksmith, Panchanan Karmakar, who is often erroneously credited as the father of the Bengali type.<ref>{{harvcol|Khan|1962|pp=57–58}}</ref>

==Script==
{{further|Bengali alphabet|Assamese alphabet|Tirhuta}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 261px
| header = Evolution of Bengali-Assamese script
| image1 = Valavarman_III_nagaon_copper_plate.png
| caption1 = Inscription from Valavarman III from 9th-10th century, Nagaon, Assam. Modern forms of letters and ''matras'' are already discernible.
| image2 = Kanai_Baraxiboa_rock_inscription.png
| caption2 = Early 13th century rock inscription near [[Guwahati]], Assam
| image3 = Stone inscription of Chutia king Muktadharmanarayana.jpg
| caption3 = Mid 15th century rock [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] inscription found at [[Sadiya]], Assam
| image4 = 18th Century Eastern Nagari Text.svg
| caption4 = The text, from the 18th-century [[Hastividyarnava|Hastividyārnava]], commissioned by [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Siva Singha]], reads: ''sri sri mot xivo xingha moharaja''. The modern Bengali glyph "{{lang|bn|র}}" currently used for ''ra'' is used in this pre-modern Assamese/Sanskrit manuscript for ''va'', the modern form of which is "{{lang|as|ৱ}}". Though the modern Assamese alphabet does not use this glyph for any letter, modern [[Tirhuta]] continues to use this for ''va''.
| image5 = Halhed alphabet.png
| caption5 = Halhed's script, 1778, as designed by Charles Wilkins, was the first significant type for printing. As can be clearly seen, not all the glyphs have achieved their modern forms yet. Though the chart sports the Assamese {{lang|as|ৰ}}, the Bengali {{lang|bn|র}} was used interchangeably in the text.
}}

In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Assamese and Bengali languages, a [[Romanization of Bengali|Romanization]] scheme used by linguists specialising in Bengali phonology and a separate [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Assamese transliteration|Assamese transliteration]] table used by linguists specialising in Assamese phonology are included along with [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription.

===Alphabets===
There are three major modern alphabets in this script: [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]], and [[Tirhuta]]. Modern Assamese is very similar to modern Bengali. Assamese has at least one extra letter, {{lang|as|ৱ}}, that Bengali does not. It also uses a separate letter for the sound 'ro' {{lang|as|ৰ}} different from the letter used for that sound in Bengali {{lang|bn|র}} and the letter {{lang|bn|ক্ষ}} is not a conjunct as in Bengali, but a letter by itself. The alphabetical orders of the two alphabets also differ, in the position of the letter {{lang|bn|ক্ষ}}, for example. Languages like Meitei and Bishnupriya use a hybrid of the two alphabets, with the Bengali {{lang|bn|র}} and the Assamese {{lang|as|ৱ}}. Tirhuta is more different and carries forward some forms used in medieval Assamese.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Vowels and diacritics===
The script consists of two sets of letters, the ''Swarabarna,''of a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs creating the second set of 39 (in Bengali) and 41 letters (in Assamese) called ''Byanjanbarna''. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short {{IPA|[i]}} and a long {{IPA|[iː]}}, and a short {{IPA|[u]}} and a long {{IPA|[uː]}}. These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.

===Some language-specific usages===
In the [[Bengali alphabet]], {{lang|bn|অ্যা}} is used to write {{IPA|/æ/}} in foreign loan words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনিসুজ্জামান |title=প্রমিত বাংলা বানানের নিয়ম |url=https://xeroxtree.com/pdf/promito_bangla_bananer_niyom.pdf}}</ref> Some other languages use a vowel {{lang|bn|অৗ}} to denote /{{IPA|ɯ}}/ which is not found in either Bengali or Assamese; and though the vowel diacritic (''matra'', {{lang|bn|ৗ}}) is found in Tirhuta the vowel letter itself is absent. Assamese alphabet uses an additional "matra" (ʼ) that is used to represent the phonemes {{lang|bn|অʼ}} and {{lang|bn|এʼ}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Table
! Vowels || Vowel Diacritic symbol || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek keys (in comparison to Bengali script) |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.meetei_mayek_keys.html.. |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=}}</ref>|| [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || [[Hajong language|Hajong]] || [[Rabha language|Rabha]] || [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongsi]]
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|অ}} || –
| ô || ô/o || ô/a || o || o || ô || ô
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|অʼ}} || ʼ
| o || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|আ}} ||{{lang|bn| া}}
| a || a || a꞉ || a || a || a || a
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|অ্যা/এ্যা}} ||{{lang|bn| ্যা}}
| – || æ || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|অৗ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৗ}}
| – || – || – || – || â || â || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ই}} ||{{lang|bn| ি}}
| i || i || i || i || i || i || i
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ইʼ}} ||{{lang|bn| িʼ}}
| – || – || – || – || – || î || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঈ}} ||ী
| i || i || – || ī || – || – || (i)
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|উ}} ||{{lang|bn| ু}}
| u || u || u || u || u || u || u
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|উʼ}} ||{{lang|bn|ুʼ}}
| – || – || – || – || – || â || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঊ}} ||{{lang|bn| ূ}}
| u || u || – || ū || – || – || (u)
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঋ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৃ}}
| ri || ri || – || ri || – || – || ri
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ৠ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৄ}}
| rii || rii || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঌ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৢ}}
| li || li || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ৡ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৣ}}
| lii || lii || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|এ}} ||{{lang|bn| ে}}
| ê || e/ê || e || ê || e || e || ê
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|এʼ}} ||{{lang|bn| েʼ}}
| e || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঐ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৈ}}
| ôi || ôi || ei || oi || oi || – || ôi
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ও}} ||{{lang|bn| ো}}
| û || o || o/ô || – || ô || o || o
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঔ}} ||{{lang|bn| ৌ}}
| ôu || ôu || ou || ou || ôu || – || ôu
|}

Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by {{lang|bn|ক}}, kô). When no vowel Diacritic symbol is written, then the vowel "{{lang|bn|অ}}" (ô) is the default inherited vowel for the consonant. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a ''[[Virama|hôsôntô]]'' (্) may be written underneath the consonant.

===Consonants===
The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "{{lang|bn|অ}}" ''ô''. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "{{lang|bn|ঘ}}" is itself {{lang|bn|ঘ}} ''ghô'', not ''gh''). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written {{lang|bn|ন}}, {{lang|bn|ণ}}, or {{lang|bn|ঞ}} (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called ''nô''; instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and ''niô''. Similarly, the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in Bengali and {{IPA|/x/}} in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" {{lang|bn|শ}}, "cerebral shô/xhô" {{lang|bn|ষ}}, or "dental sô/xô" {{lang|bn|স}}, depending on the word.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Table
! Consonant || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref name=":0" />|| [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] || [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || [[Hajong language|Hajong]] || [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ক}}
|| kô || kô || kô || xô || xô || ko||ka
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|খ}}
|| khô || khô || khô || xô || xo || kho||kha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|গ}}
|| gô || gô || gô || gô || go || go||ga
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঘ}}
|| ghô || ghô || ghô || gô || go || gho||gha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঙ}}
|| umô || umô || ngô || ngô || – || ngo||nga
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|চ}}
|| sô || cô || cô || sô || so || co||ca
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ছ}}
|| sô || chô || – || sô || so || so||-
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒕}}
|| – || – || –|| – || – || – || cha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|জ}}
|| zô || jô || jô || zô || zo || jo|| ja
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঝ}}
|| zhô || jhô || jhô || zô || zo || jho||-
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒗}}
|| – || – || – || – || – || – || jha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঞ}}
|| niô || nô || – || – || – || – || nia
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ট}}
|| tô || ţô || – || tô || to || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒙}}
|| – || – || – || – || – || – || ţa
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঠ}}
|| thô || ţhô || – || tô || to || – || ţha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ড}}
|| dô || đô || – || dô || do || –||da
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ড়}}
|| rô || ŗô || – || rô || ŗo || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঢ}}
|| dhô || đhô || – || dô || do || -||da
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ঢ়}}
|| rhô || ŗhô || – || rô || ro || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ণ}}
|| nô || nô || – || nô || no || -||-
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ত}}
|| tô || tô || tô || tô || ṭo || to||ta
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|থ}}
|| thô || thô || thô || tô || ṭo || tho||tha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|দ}}
|| dô || dô || dô || dô || ḍo || do||da
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ধ}}
|| dhô || dhô || dhô || dhô || ḍo || dho||dha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ন}}
|| nô || nô || nô || nô || no || no||na
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|প}}
|| pô || pô || pô || fô || fo || po || pa
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ফ}}
|| phô || phô/fô || fô || fô || fo || fo|| –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒤}}
|| – || – || – || – || – || – || pha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ব}}
|| bô || bô || bô || vô || vo || bo|| ra
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ভ}}
|| bhô || bhô || vô || vô || vo || vo||bha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ম}}
|| mô || mô || mô || mô || mo || mo || ma
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|য}}
|| zô || jô || – || zô || zo || -||ya
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|য়}}
|| yô ||yô || yô || yô || – || yo|| –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|র}}
|| (wô) || rô || rô || rô || ro || wõ || va
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|as|ৰ}}
|| rô || (rô) || ro|| – || rô || – || ra
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ল}}
|| lô || lô || lô || lô || lo || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒪}}
|| – || – || – || – || – || – || la
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|as|ৱ}}
|| wô || – || wo|| wô || – || – || –
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|শ}}
|| xô || şô || – || shô || – || -|| sha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|ষ}}
|| xô || şşô || – || shô || – || -||ssha
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|স}}
|| xô || şô || sô || shô || şo || -||sa
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|হ}}
|| hô || hô || hô || ô || ho || ho||-
|-style="text-align:center"
! {{lang|bn|𑒯}}
|| – || – || – || – || – || – || ha

|}

===Digits===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ '''Digits'''
|-
! [[Arabic numerals]]
! 0
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
|-
! [[Bengali-Assamese numerals]]
| {{lang|bn|০}}
| {{lang|bn|১}}
| {{lang|bn|২}}
| {{lang|bn|৩}}
| {{lang|bn|৪}}
| {{lang|bn|৫}}
| {{lang|bn|৬}}
| {{lang|bn|৭}}
| {{lang|bn|৮}}
| {{lang|bn|৯}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese names]]
| xuinnô
| ek
| dui
| tini
| sari
| pãs
| sôy
| xat
| ath
| nô
|-
| {{lang|as|শূন্য}}
| {{lang|as|এক}}
| {{lang|as|দুই}}
| {{lang|as|তিনি}}
| {{lang|as|চাৰি}}
| {{lang|as|পাঁচ}}
| {{lang|as|ছয়}}
| {{lang|as|সাত}}
| {{lang|as|আঠ}}
| {{lang|as|ন}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali names]]
| shunnô
| æk
| dui
| tin
| char
| pãch
| chhôy
| shat
| aţ
| nôy
|-
| {{lang|bn|শূন্য}}
| {{lang|bn|এক}}
| {{lang|bn|দুই}}
| {{lang|bn|তিন}}
| {{lang|bn|চার}}
| {{lang|bn|পাঁচ}}
| {{lang|bn|ছয়}}
| {{lang|bn|সাত}}
| {{lang|bn|আট}}
| {{lang|bn|নয়}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Meitei language|Meitei names]]
| phoon
| ama
| ani
| ahum
| mari
| manga
| taruk
| taret
| nipa꞉n
| ma꞉pan
|-
| {{Lang|bn|ফুন}}
| {{lang|bn|অমা}}
| {{lang|bn|অনি}}
| {{lang|bn|অহুম}}
| {{lang|bn|মরি}}
| {{lang|bn|মঙা}}
| {{lang|bn|তরূক}}
| {{lang|bn|তরেৎ}}
| {{lang|bn|নীপান}}
| {{lang|bn|মাপন}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti names]]
| shuinno
| e''x''
| dui
| tin
| sair
| fas
| soy
| shat/hat
| aţ
| noy
|-
| শূইন্য
| এক (খ)
| দুই
| তিন
| ছাইর
| পাচ
| ছয়
| সাত/হাত
| আট
| নয়
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Maithili language|Maithili names]]
| shūnya
| ek
| du
| tīn
| chari
| pãch
| chhau
| sat
| aţh
| nau
|-
| {{lang|mai|শূন্য}}
| {{lang|mai|এক}}
| {{lang|mai|দু}}
| {{lang|mai|তীন}}
| {{lang|mai|চাৰি}}
| {{lang|mai|পাঁচ}}
| {{lang|mai|ছৌ}}
| {{lang|mai|সাত}}
| {{lang|mai|আঠ}}
| {{lang|mai|নৌ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri names]]
| shuinno
| ek/aak
| dui
| tin
| chair
| pãch
| chhôy
| sat
| aat
| nôy/nôo
|-
| শূইন্য
| এক/আক
| দুই
| তিন
| চাইর/চাইৰ
| পাঁচ
| ছয়
| সাত
| আট
| নয়/নও
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Hajong language|Hajong names]]
| xuinnô
| ek
| dui
| tin
| câr
| pas
| soy
| sat
| at
| noy
|-
| শূন্য
| এক
| দুই
| তিন
| চাৰ/চার
| পাচ
| ছয়
| সাত
| আট
| নয়
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Rabha language|Rabha names]]
| tha
| sa
| niŋ
| tham
| bri
| bwŋ
| kröb
| sin
| gin
| suku
|-
| থা
| ছা
| নিং
| থাম
| ব্ৰি
| বৗং
| ক্ৰোব
| ছিন
| গিন
| ছুকু
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian names]]
| shúinnô
| ek
| dui
| tin
| sair/sér
| fañs
| só
| śat
| añshtô
| nô
|-
| শূইন্য
| এক
| দুই
| তিন
| ছাইর/ছের
| পাঁচ
| ছ
| সাত
| আঁশ্ট
| ন
|}

== In Unicode ==
{{Main|Bengali (Unicode block)|Tirhuta (Unicode block)}}

There are two [[Unicode]] blocks for Bengali–Assamese script, called Bengali and Tirhuta. The Bengali block is U+0980–U+09FF:
{{Unicode chart Bengali}}
The Tirhuta block is
U+11480–U+114DF:
{{Unicode chart Tirhuta}}

== See also ==
* [[Naoriya Phullo script]]
* [[Official scripts of the Indian Republic]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last=Banerji
|first=R D
|title=The Origin of the Bengali Script
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233577
|publisher=University of Calcutta
|year=1919
}}
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sureshchandra |date=1969 |title=The Evolution of Script in Northeastern India from CAD 400 to 1200 with Special Reference to Bengal |publisher=University of London}}
* {{cite book
|last=Bora
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9scvAAAAIAAJ
|first=Mahendra
|title=The Evolution of Assamese Script
|publisher=[[Axom Xahitya Xabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]]
|year=1981
|location=Jorhat, Assam}}
* {{cite magazine
|last=Brandt
|first=Carmen
|title=The identity politics of language and script in South Asia
|year=2014
|url=http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/Brandt/Depart_17.pdf
|magazine=Depart
|volume=17
|pages=24–31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516180216/http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/Brandt/Depart_17.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 May 2017
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brandt |first1=Carmen |last2=Sohoni |first2=Pushkar |s2cid=148802248 |year=2018 |title=Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=9 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=d'Hubert |first1=Thibaut |title=La diffusion et l’usage des manuscrits bengalis dans l’est du Bengale, XVIIe-XXe siècles |journal=Eurasian Studies |volume=12 |pages=325–356 |year=2014 |language=French}}
* {{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M. Siddiq |title=The Early History of Bengali Printing |journal= The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |volume=32 |number=1 |year=1962 |pages=51–61 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |doi=10.1086/618956 |jstor=4305188|s2cid=148408211 }}
* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Simard |first1=Candide |last2=Dopierala |first2=Sarah M |last3=Thaut |first3=E Marie |year=2020 |title=Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project |url= http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_01.pdf |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=18 |pages=1–22 |access-date=16 October 2020 }}
* {{cite book |last=Verma |first=Thakur Prasad |title=Development of Script in Ancient Kamrupa |year=1976 |publisher=Asam Sahitya Sabha}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://omniglot.com/writing/assamese.htm Omniglot – Assamese Alphabet]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm Omniglot – Bengali Alphabet]

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali-Assamese script}}
[[Category:Bengali language]]
[[Category:Assamese language]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Vellore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T15:11:52Z

TajWoolcock75: started new entry v1

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{coord|12.920219|N|79.133306|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Vellore
| map_image = vellore lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Vellore constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1951-present
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Vellore (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellore]] [[Anaicut (State Assembly Constituency)|Anaikattu]] [[Kilvazhithunaiankuppam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kilvaithinankuppam]] [[Gudiyatham (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudiyattam]] [[Vaniyambadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vaniyambadi]] [[Ambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambur]]
|electors = 14,30,991<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref>
}}
'''Vellore Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the present state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in Southern India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 8.

The [[2019 Indian general election|2019 lok sabha election]] was scheduled to be held on 18 April in this constituency but the [[President of India]] rescinded polling on 16 April after [[Election Commission of India]] sent a report stating recovery of huge amount of unaccounted for cash allegedly from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate's office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-polls-cancelled-in-vellore-after-massive-cash-haul-1503419-2019-04-16|title=Lok Sabha polls cancelled in Tamil Nadu's Vellore after massive cash haul|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-04-17|agency=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ecs-elaborate-report-to-president-led-to-vellore-poll-cancellation/article26859049.ece|title=EC's elaborate report to President led to Vellore poll cancellation|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=2019-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/tamil-nadu/news/madras-high-court-upholds-ecis-decision-to-cancel-vellore-lok-sabal-election/articleshow/68924114.cms|title=Madras high court upholds ECI's decision to cancel Vellore Lok Sabha election - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

== Constituency Summery ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="2" |Electors
! colspan="2" |Voters
! rowspan="2" |Polling
Percentage
! rowspan="2" |Change
|-
!Total
!Changes <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lokshaba Elections - Tamilnadu |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/LokshabaElections.aspx |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamilnadu}}</ref>
!Total
!Change<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2009
|'''1010067'''
|''-210387 {{decrease}}''
|724150
|''-23748 {{decrease}}''
|71.69%
|''10.41% {{increase}}''
|-
|2014
|'''1312259'''
|''302192 {{decrease}}''
|975203
|''251053 {{increase}}''
|74.31%
|''2.62% {{increase}}''
|-
|2019
|'''1946870'''
|''634611 {{increase}}''
|1408189
|''432986 {{increase}}''
|72.33%
|''-1.98% {{decrease}}''
|}

==Assembly segments==
After delimitation and from [[2009 Indian general election]] the constituency is composed of following legislative assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
|None
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]]
|SC
|-
|47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
|48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

Vellore Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following legislative assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) segments since [[1951–52 Indian general election]] until delimitation in 2008:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-08
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2008-10-31
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
#[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
#[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]] (moved to Arakkonam)
#[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
#[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]] (defunct)
#[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
#[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arni]] (moved to Arani)

{{clear}}

==Members of Parliament==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=15|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; " colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |1951
|[[M. Muthukrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Ramachander
|{{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1957
|N. R. Muniswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[M. Muthukrishnan]]
|-
|1962
|T [[Abdul Wahid]]
|-
|1967
|Kuchelar
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1971
|[[R. P. Ulaganambi]]
|-
|1977
|[[V. Dhandayuthapani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1980
|[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1984
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|1989
|[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1991
|[[B. Akber Pasha]]
|-
|1996
|[[P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1946)|P. Shanmugam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|1998
|rowspan=2|[[N. T. Shanmugam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1999
|-
|2004
|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2009
|[[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]]
|-
|2014
|[[B. Senguttuvan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2019
|rowspan=2|[[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2024
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|47.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|49.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|55.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|19.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.89}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kathir Anand]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=568,692 |percentage=50.35% |change= {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. C. Shanmugam]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=352,990 |percentage=31.25% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Pasupati|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=117,682 |percentage=10.42% |change={{decrease}}36.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Anand |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 53,284 |percentage= 4.72% |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=8,736 |percentage=0.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.15}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=215,702 |percentage= 19.08% |change={{increase}}18.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 1,129,458|percentage= 73.53% |change={{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1528273 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kathir Anand]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,85,340 |percentage=47.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. C. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,77,199 |percentage=46.42% |change=7.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepalakshmi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=26,995 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=9,417 |percentage=0.92% |change=0.19% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,141 |percentage=0.79% |change=-5.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,28,100 |percentage=71.46% |change= -2.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,38,643 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. Senguttuvan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,83,719 |percentage=39.35% |change=4.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. C. Shanmugam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,24,326 |percentage=33.26% |change=31.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]] |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=2,05,896 |percentage=21.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Vijay Elanchezian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,650 |percentage=2.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=7,100 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Gopu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,056 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,393 |percentage=6.09% |change=-8.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,75,203 |percentage=74.31% |change= 2.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,12,259 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,60,474 |percentage=49.84% |change=-8.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. K. M. B. Vasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,53,081 |percentage=34.99% |change=0.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoukath Sherif |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=62,696 |percentage=8.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Rajendiran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,184 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=6,046 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kubendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=5,143 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Gopalakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,822 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,07,393 |percentage=14.85% |change=-9.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,10,067 |percentage=71.61% |change= 10.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,23,262 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,36,642 |percentage=58.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Santhanam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,58,032 |percentage=34.55% |change=-8.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. S. Paramasivam |party=Janata Party |votes=11,309 |percentage=1.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Karunanithi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,524 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,590 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Balachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,757 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Shariff |party=Independent politician |votes=4,563 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arun Kumar |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=4,147 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,78,610 |percentage=23.91% |change=20.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,46,914 |percentage=61.20% |change= 0.23% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=513|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,20,454 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 11.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

Note:[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) coalition partner [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), who won the seat. Thus, the UPA held the seat. DMK had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

=== General Elections 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. T. Shanmugam]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,24,547 |percentage=47.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamed Asif |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,98,862 |percentage=43.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Thamizharasan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=44,551 |percentage=6.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thanikesan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,158 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,471 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,685 |percentage=3.73% |change=-0.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,89,375 |percentage=60.97% |change= -2.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,52,421 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -2.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. T. Shanmugam]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,31,035 |percentage=49.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Mohammed Saqhy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,04,630 |percentage=45.20% |change=15.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. Akber Pasha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,885 |percentage=2.80% |change=-58.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=17,837 |percentage=2.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,405 |percentage=3.92% |change=-28.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,73,929 |percentage=62.98% |change= -1.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,01,216 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. Akber Pasha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,83,177 |percentage=61.70% |change=7.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1946)|P. Shanmugam]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=1,84,008|percentage=29.63%|change=-0.12%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammed Ishaq|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=31,387|percentage=5.05%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. K. Sundararajan|party=Janata Party|votes=6,354|percentage=1.02%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Dhanashekaran|party=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam|votes=3,321|percentage=0.53%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=J. P. Ganeshan|party=Independent politician|votes=2,901|percentage=0.47%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,99,169 |percentage=32.07% |change=7.63% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,21,045|percentage=64.07%|change=-2.13%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,07,812 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,56,637 |percentage=54.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Abdul Lathief]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,95,787 |percentage=29.75% |change=-9.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mohan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=85,312 |percentage=12.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Veradan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,184 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,60,850 |percentage=24.44% |change=10.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,58,061 |percentage=66.20% |change= -8.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,11,139 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. C. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,84,416 |percentage=52.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Ramalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,09,693 |percentage=39.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Gangappa |party=Independent politician |votes=37,312 |percentage=6.94% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=74,723 |percentage=13.91% |change=-4.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,37,377 |percentage=74.97% |change= 14.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,48,776 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -2.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,32,567 |percentage=55.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Dhandayuthapani]] |party=Janata Party |votes=1,53,021 |percentage=36.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. J. Tamilmani |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=16,007 |percentage=3.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chicha @ A. Loganatha Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=8,939 |percentage=2.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Chandirakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,339 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. S. Seshan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,120 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,983 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=79,546 |percentage=18.85% |change=18.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,21,976 |percentage=60.82% |change= -8.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,07,512 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Dhandayuthapani]] |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,20,994 |percentage=49.22% |change=14.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,17,833 |percentage=48.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. I. Seshan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,464 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Damodaram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,713 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,161 |percentage=0.70% |change=-21.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,49,004 |percentage=69.66% |change= -1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,59,939 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. P. Ulaganambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,21,512 |percentage=57.13% |change=1.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Manavalan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,36,191 |percentage=35.12% |change=-1.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=30,039 |percentage=7.75% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=85,321 |percentage=22.00% |change=2.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,87,742 |percentage=71.57% |change= -3.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,59,646 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuchelar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,03,887 |percentage=55.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Jayaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,34,155 |percentage=36.74% |change=-4.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Krishnasamy |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=27,143 |percentage=7.43% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,732 |percentage=19.09% |change=10.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,65,185 |percentage=75.23% |change= 8.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,04,140 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T Abdul Wahid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,14,872 |percentage=41.03% |change=21.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sivaraj |party=Republican Party of India|votes=90,906 |percentage=32.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajarathinam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=47,186 |percentage=16.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Purushotama Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,632 |percentage=2.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vilwanatha Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,721 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesa Mudaliar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=5,110 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. M. Annalthango |party=Independent politician |votes=4,871 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamed Pasha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,506 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,966 |percentage=8.56% |change=6.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,79,968 |percentage=67.06% |change= -26.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,34,404 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. R. Munisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,44,377 |percentage=19.24% |change=-1.65% }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Muthukrishnan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,26,132 |percentage=16.81% |change=-4.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. M. Annalthango |party=Independent politician |votes=1,17,680 |percentage=15.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. P. Ganesha Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,02,619 |percentage=13.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Krishnasami |party=Independent politician |votes=89,311 |percentage=11.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sambanda Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=74,501 |percentage=9.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=57,425 |percentage=7.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. R. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=22,970 |percentage=3.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. S. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=15,350 |percentage=2.05% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,245 |percentage=2.43% |change=-0.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,50,365 |percentage=93.61% |change= 2.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,01,572 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Vellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Muthukrishnan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,39,448 |percentage=20.89% |change=20.89% }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramachander |party=Commonweal Party |votes=1,18,154 |percentage=17.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. S. Vardachari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,17,474 |percentage=17.60% |change=17.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammed Anwar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,17,234 |percentage=17.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnaswami |party=Republican Party of India |votes=96,045 |percentage=14.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murthy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=50,085 |percentage=7.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ambi Iyer |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=29,201 |percentage=4.37% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,294 |percentage=3.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,67,641 |percentage=91.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,31,534 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Vellore|Vellore City]]
*[[Election Commission of India]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellore (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Vellore district]]

Anita Desai

2026-04-29T04:43:19Z

TajWoolcock75: created

{{short description|Indian novelist (born 1937)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anita Desai
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]]
| birth_name = Anita Mazumdar
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1937}}
| birth_place = [[Mussoorie]], [[Garhwal Kingdom|Princely State of Tehri Garhwal]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])
| occupation = Writer, professor
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1963–present
| genre = Fiction
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| spouse = Ashvin Desai
| children = 4, including [[Kiran Desai]]
| notableworks = ''In Custody''; ''Baumgartner's Bombay''
}}

'''Anita Desai''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL}} (born '''Anita Mazumdar'''; 1937) is an Indian novelist and the emerita John E. Burchard Professor of Humanities at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=britishcouncil>{{cite web|title=Anita Desai-Biography|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/anita-desai|website=British Council|publisher=Chatto & Windus|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232323/https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/anita-desai|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]] three times.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 1984|first=Sunil|last=Sethi|title=Book review: Anita Desai's 'In Custody'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19841115-book-review-anita-desai-in-custody-803453-1984-11-15|access-date=2021-12-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=bookerprize>{{cite web |title=Booker prize winners, shortlists and judges |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/table/2008/sep/29/booker-prize-winners-shortlists |website=The Guardian |access-date=5 October 2021 |date=10 October 2008}}</ref> She received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1978 for her novel ''Fire on the Mountain'', from the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Literature.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award – English (Official listings)|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331233952/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm|archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> She won the [[Guardian Prize]] for ''[[The Village by the Sea]]'' (1983).<ref name=relaunch>
[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/12/guardianchildrensfictionprize2001.guardianchildrensfictionprize "Guardian children's fiction prize relaunched: Entry details and list of past winners"], guardian.co.uk, 12 March 2001; retrieved 5 August 2012.</ref> Her other works include ''Cry, the Peacock'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cry, the peacock {{!}} WorldCat.org |oclc=1145430492 |language=en}}</ref> ''Voices in the City'' (1963), ''Fire on the Mountain'' (1977) and an anthology of short stories, ''Games at Twilight'' (1978). She is on the advisory board of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]], London.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 30, 2013|first=Sunil|last=Sethi|title=Clear Light of Day is about time as a destroyer, as a preserver: Anita Desai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19801215-clear-light-of-day-is-about-time-as-a-destroyer-as-a-preserver-anita-desai-773643-2013-11-30|access-date=2021-12-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Since 2020 she has been a [[Companion of Literature]].

==Early life==
Desai was born in 1937 in [[Mussoorie]], India, to a German immigrant mother, Toni Nime, and a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] businessman, D. N. Mazumdar.<ref name=kirjasto>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/desai.htm|title=Anita Desai|website=Books and Writers|first=Petri|last=Liukkonen|publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library|location=Finland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014083145/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/desai.htm|archive-date=14 October 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=britishcouncil/> Her father met her mother while he was an engineering student in pre-war [[Berlin]]. They married during a period when it was still unusual for an Indian man to marry a European woman. Shortly after their marriage, they moved to [[New Delhi]], where Desai was raised with her two older sisters and brother.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revisiting Anita Desai|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/04spec.htm|access-date=2020-11-21|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Guardian Staff|date=1999-06-19|title=A passage from India|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/19/books.guardianreview11|access-date=2020-11-21|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

She grew up speaking Hindi with her neighbours, and German only at home. She also spoke Bengali, Urdu and English. She first learned to read and write in English at school at the age of seven. As a result, English became her "literary language". She published her first story at the age of nine.<ref name=kirjasto/>

She attended Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School in Delhi and received her B.A. in English literature in 1957 from the [[Miranda House]] at the [[University of Delhi]]. The following year she married Ashvin Desai, later the director of a computer software company and author of the book ''Between Eternities: Ideas on Life and The Cosmos''.<ref>{{cite web|title=After Anita, Kiran; Ashvin Desai goes the write way|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/books/ashvin-desai-bookashvin-kiran-sot-285397.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2008-10-12|title=Author Ashvin Desai loses war with cancer|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/author-ashvin-desai-loses-war-with-cancer_13039.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=[[Zee News]]|language=en}}</ref>

They had four children, including [[Booker Prize]]-winning novelist [[Kiran Desai]]. Her children were taken to Thul (near [[Alibag]]h) for weekends, where Desai set her novel ''[[The Village by the Sea]]''.<ref name="Thakur">{{cite book|author=Dr. Kajal Thakur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iudCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=Man-Woman Bonding In Socio-Cultural Indian Concept| date=12 May 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-329-13103-3|pages=9–}}{{self-published source|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref name=kirjasto/> For that work she won the 1983 [[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]], a once-in-a-lifetime book award judged by a panel of British children's writers.<ref name=relaunch/>

==Career==
Desai published her first novel, ''Cry, the Peacock'', in 1963. In 1958 she collaborated with [[P. Lal]] and founded the publishing firm [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]]. She considers ''[[Clear Light of Day]]'' (1980) her most autobiographical work as it is set during her coming of age and also in the same neighborhood in which she grew up.<ref>Elizabeth Ostberg. [http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl277b/Contexts/anita_desai.htm "Notes on the Biography of Anita Desani"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120033542/http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl277b/Contexts/anita_desai.htm|date=20 January 2007|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1984, she published ''[[In Custody (novel)|In Custody]]'' – about an [[Urdu]] poet in his declining days – which was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]]. In 1993, she became a creative writing teacher at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litweb.net/biogs/desai_anita.html|title=LitWeb.net|access-date=27 December 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006221431/http://www.litweb.net/biogs/desai_anita.html|archive-date=6 October 2006}} {{page needed|date=August 2012}}</ref>

The 1999 Booker Prize finalist novel ''[[Fasting, Feasting]]'' increased her popularity. Her novel ''[[The Zigzag Way]]'', set in 20th-century Mexico, appeared in 2004 and her latest collection of short stories, ''[[The Artist of Disappearance]]'', was published in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Page in the Life: Anita Desai|date=26 June 2012 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/9347151/A-Page-in-the-Life-Anita-Desai.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/9347151/A-Page-in-the-Life-Anita-Desai.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Teaching and academic awards==

Desai has taught at [[Mount Holyoke College]], [[Baruch College]], and [[Smith College]]. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]], and Honorary Fellow of [[Girton College, Cambridge]] to which she dedicated ''Baumgartner's Bombay''.<ref>''Baumgartner's Bombay'', Penguin, 1989.</ref>

==Film==
In 1993, a [[In Custody (film)|film adaptation]] of her novel ''In Custody'' was made by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]], directed by [[Ismail Merchant]] and screenplay by [[Shahrukh Husain]]. It won the 1994 [[President of India Gold Medal for Best Picture]] and starred [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Om Puri]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-16|title='Shayari koi mardon ki jaageer nahi': Shabana Azmi gets nostalgic as cult film In Custody completes 25 years|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/shayari-koi-mardon-ki-jaageer-nahi-hai-shabani-azmi-gets-nostalgic-cult-film-custody-completes-25-years-1502746087.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1978 – [[Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize]] – ''Fire on the Mountain''
* 1978 – [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (National Academy of Letters Award) – ''Fire on the Mountain''
* 1980 – [[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction|Shortlisted, Booker Prize]] for Fiction – ''[[Clear Light of Day]]''<ref name=bookerprize/>
* 1983 – Guardian Children's Fiction Prize – ''[[The Village by the Sea]]: an Indian family story''<ref name="relaunch"/>
* 1984 – [[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction|Shortlisted, Booker Prize]] for Fiction – ''[[In Custody (novel)|In Custody]]''<ref name=bookerprize/>
* 1993 – [[Neil Gunn]] Prize
* 1999 – [[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction|Shortlisted, Booker Prize]] for Fiction: ''[[Fasting, Feasting]]''<ref name=bookerprize/>
* 2000 – Alberto Moravia Prize for Literature (Italy)
* 2003 – [[Benson Medal]] of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 2007 – [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/fellows/fellows_and_honorary_fellows.jsp|title=Conferment of Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|publisher=Official listings, [[Sahitya Akademi]] website|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054145/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/fellows/fellows_and_honorary_fellows.jsp|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2014 – [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="britishcouncil" />
* 2020 - [[Companion of Literature]]

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
* ''Cry, The Peacock'' (1963)<ref name=britishcouncil/> Orient Paperbacks {{ISBN|978-81-222008-5-0}}
* ''Voices in the City'' (1965), Orient Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-81-222005-3-9}}
* ''Bye-bye Blackbird'' (1971), Orient Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-81-222002-9-4}}
* ''Where Shall We Go This Summer?'' (1975), Orient Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-81-222008-8-1}}
* ''Fire on the Mountain'' (1977), [[Random House|Random House India]], {{ISBN|978-81-840005-7-3}}
* ''[[Clear Light of Day]]'' (1980), Random House India, {{ISBN|978-81-840001-5-3}}
* ''[[In Custody (novel)|In Custody]]'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-05-25|title=In Custody by Anita Desai|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-in-custody-anita-desai-review/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Baumgartner's Bombay'' (1988), Harper Perennial, {{ISBN|978-0618056804}}
* ''[[Journey to Ithaca]]'' (1995), Random House India, {{ISBN|978-81-840007-7-1}}
* ''[[Fasting, Feasting]]'' (1999), Random House India, {{ISBN|978-81-840005-8-0}}
* ''[[The Zigzag Way]]'' (2004), Random House India, {{ISBN|978-81-840007-6-4}}
* ''Rosarita'' (2024),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosarita by Anita Desai |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/anita-desai/rosarita/9781035044436 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.panmacmillan.com |language=en}}</ref> Picador, {{ISBN|978-10-350444-3-6}}

=== Collections of novellas and short stories ===
* ''Games at Twilight'' (1978), [[Vintage Publishing]], {{ISBN|978-00-994285-3-4}}
* ''Scholar and Gipsy'' (1996), [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]], {{ISBN|978-18-579976-5-1}}
* ''Diamond Dust and Other Stories'' (2000), [[Vintage Books]]
* ''Collected Stories'' (2008), Random House India, {{ISBN|978-8184000566}}
* ''The Artist of Disappearance'' (2011), Mariner Books, {{ISBN|978-05-478401-2-3}}
* ''The Complete Stories'' (2017), Chatto and Windus Penguin Random House UK, {{ISBN|978-1784741891}}

=== Children's books ===
* ''The Peacock Garden'' (1974), Mammoth Books, {{ISBN|978-07-497059-2-3}}
* ''Cat on a Houseboat'' (1976), [[Orient Longman]], {{ISBN|978-08-612502-8-8}}
* ''[[The Village by the Sea]]'' (1982), [[Penguin India]], {{ISBN|978-01-433354-9-8}}

==See also==
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[M. H. Abrams|Abrams, M. H.]] and [[Stephen Greenblatt]]. "Anita Desai". ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature,'' Vol. 2C, 7th Edition. New York: [[W.W. Norton]], 2000: 2768 – 2785.
* Alter, Stephen and [[Wimal Dissanayake]]. "A Devoted Son by Anita Desai". ''The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Short Stories.'' New Delhi, Middlesex, New York: Penguin Books, 1991: 92–101.
* Gupta, Indra. ''India's 50 Most Illustrious Women''. ({{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}})
* Selvadurai, Shyam (ed.). "Anita Desai:Winterscape". ''Story-Wallah: A Celebration of South Asian Fiction.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005:69–90.
*Nawale, Arvind M. (ed.). "Anita Desai's Fiction: Themes and Techniques". New Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 2011.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{british council}}
* [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/anita-desai Anita Desai] on the Booker Prize website
* [https://research.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00422 Anita Desai: A Preliminary Inventory of Her Collection in the Manuscript Collection at the Harry Ransom Center], University of Texas
* [https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/23473914-de25-4df5-8381-71a1dfb43ad7/content Anita Desai] - a scholarly essay published in 2009 as part of a University of Minnesota project called ''Voices from the Gaps''

{{Anita Desai}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|English language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Anita}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Guardian Children's Fiction Prize winners]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty]]
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College faculty]]
[[Category:Novelists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners]]
[[Category:People from Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Smith College faculty]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Ankur Dhama

2026-04-24T12:09:17Z

TajWoolcock75: done.

{{Short description|Indian para-athlete}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox sportsperson
| name = Ankur Dhama
| nationality = India
| birth_date = 1994
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | Men's 1500 m T11 }}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | Men's 5000 m T11 }}
{{Medal|Silver| [[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]] | Men's 800 m T11}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]] | Men's 1500 m T11 }}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]] | Men's 5000 m T11 }}
}}
[[File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_presenting_the_Arjuna_Award,_2018_to_Shri_Ankur_Dhama_for_Para-Athletics,_in_a_glittering_ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_September_25,_2018.JPG|thumb|[[Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the Arjuna Award to Ankur Dhama]]
'''Ankur Dhama''' is an Indian para-athlete and long-distance runner. He was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2018.

== Early life ==
Dhama became visually impaired when he was about six years old, after an infection due to [[Holi]] colours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=2 Asian Para gold medals for banker who lost eyes on Holi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/2-asian-para-gold-medals-for-banker-who-lost-eyes-on-holi/articleshow/104741913.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to Delhi, where he studied at the JPM Senior Secondary School for the Blind. He went on to study history at the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Shreya Roy |date=31 August 2016 |title=DU student Ankur Dhama first blind athlete to represent India at paralympics |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/du-student-ankur-dhama-first-blind-athlete-to-represent-india-at-paralympics/articleshow/53940637.cms |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Dhama hails from [[Khekada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बागपत के खेकड़ा कस्बे के अंकुर धामा ने जीता गोल्ड:एशियाई पैरा गेम्स में 5 हजार मीटर दौड में गोल्ड मेडल जीता, चीन के हांग्जो में खेला जा रहा एशियाई पैरा गेम्स |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/news/ankur-dhama-of-khekra-town-of-baghpat-won-gold-132043484.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
In the [[2014 Asian Para Games]], he won one silver and two bronze medals. He was injured during the 2016 Paralympics. In the [[2022 Asian Para Games]], he won two gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Meet Ankur Dhama, athlete who clinched 2 gold medals at Asian Para Games |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/meet-ankur-dhama-athlete-who-clinched-2-gold-medals-at-asian-para-games-9001273/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhama, Ankur}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Visually impaired long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}
{{India-Paralympic-medalist-stub}}

BHEL Ranipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:34Z

TajWoolcock75: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = BHEL Ranipur
| state = Uttarakhand
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 26
| map_image = BHEL Ranipur Assembly constituency map.svg
| district = [[Haridwar]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 163,883
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Adesh Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}

'''BHEL Ranipur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |title= Election Results 2012 Uttarakhand State |website= Ceo.uk.gov.in |access-date= 2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |access-date=2013-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2010 }}</ref> It includes [[Ranipur, Uttarakhand|Ranipur]] area of [[Haridwar]] District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>

BHEL Ranipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |access-date=2010-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> The constituency is also a part of [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]] where it covers 8 wards.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Adesh Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: BHEL Ranipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adesh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,544 |percentage=50.61% |change={{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir Singh Chauhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,682 |percentage=38.42% |change={{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ompal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,880 |percentage=5.17% |change={{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Rai |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,355 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveen Surya |party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=1,480 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=629 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,862 |percentage=12.19% |change= {{decrease}}9.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,702 |percentage=69.32% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,022 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: BHEL Ranipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adesh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,644 |percentage=54.48% |change={{increase}}20.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ambrish Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,404 |percentage=33.09% |change={{increase}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Rai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,971 |percentage=9.59% |change={{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,240 |percentage=21.39% |change= {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,03,974 |percentage=70.76% |change= {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,932 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: BHEL Ranipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adesh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,402 |percentage=33.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ambrish Kumar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=19,791 |percentage=25.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,195 |percentage=18.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balvant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,281 |percentage=13.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ataur Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,503 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munarika Yadav |party=Communist Party of India |votes=582 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pitambar Baloni |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=559 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Nagyan |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janak Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alok Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=416 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=411 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,611 |percentage=8.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,098 |percentage=68.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,343 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.95|78.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

North Tura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:24Z

TajWoolcock75: new

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = North Tura
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = North Tura Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 50
| mla = [[Thomas A. Sangma]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:34434}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''North Tura''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/north-tura.html |title= North Tura (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Thomas A. Sangma]] of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name<ref name="election"/>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Noverfield Marak<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Thomas A. Sangma]]
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: North Tura<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thomas A. Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=11,386 |percentage=42.75% |change={{increase}}15.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adam Kid M. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,501 |percentage=28.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rupert M. Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,743 |percentage=17.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Billykid A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,113 |percentage=7.93% |change={{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Pilne A. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=665 |percentage=2.50% |change={{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bina Rosaline A. Sangma |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=224 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=262 |percentage=0.98% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,885 |percentage=14.59% |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,632 |percentage=77.34% |change= {{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,434 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}15.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: North Tura<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thomas A. Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,487 |percentage=26.96% |change={{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noverfield R. Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,391 |percentage=18.25% |change={{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adam Kid M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,886 |percentage=16.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rupert M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,874 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roger Benny A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,953 |percentage=8.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengman R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,376 |percentage=5.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Utpal Arengh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,277 |percentage=5.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=226 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,096 |percentage=8.71% |change= {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,063 |percentage=78.75% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,558 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: North Tura<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Noverfield R. Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,713 |percentage=22.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roger Benny A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,148 |percentage=20.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thomas A. Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,817 |percentage=18.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adam Kid M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,125 |percentage=15.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kredithson Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,375 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kismet A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,161 |percentage=5.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengman R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=565 |percentage=2.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,596 |percentage=80.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,726 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[West Garo Hills district]]
*[[Tura, Meghalaya]]
*[[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.53|90.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Tura, Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Airoli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:29Z

TajWoolcock75: info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Airoli
| constituency_no = 150
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 150-Airoli.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ganesh Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =489,215
}}
'''Airoli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Airoli constituency is one of the 18 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Thane district]], in [[Navi Mumbai]] area.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Airoli is part of the [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]], [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]], [[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]], [[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]] and [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]] in [[Thane district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sandeep Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ganesh Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Airoli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganesh Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 144,261 |percentage = 54.98% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijay Chougule|Vijay Laxman Chougule]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 52,381 |percentage = 19.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Krishna Madhavi (M. K. ) |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 38,576 |percentage = 14.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankush Sakharam Kadam |party=Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 8,861 |percentage = 3.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankhele Nilesh Arun |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,908 |percentage = 2.63% |change={{decrease}}9.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikrant Dayanand Chikane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,411 |percentage = 2.44% |change={{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,708 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 91,880 |percentage = 35.02% |change= {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 265,089 |percentage = 54.19% |change= {{increase}}12.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 262,381}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 489,215|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Airoli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganesh Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 114,645 |percentage = 59.96% |change={{increase}}37.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Raghu Shinde |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 36,154 |percentage = 18.91% |change={{decrease}}17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilesh Arun Bankhele |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 22,818 |percentage = 11.93% |change={{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Prakash Dhokane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 13,424 |percentage = 7.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 5,213 |percentage = 2.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaiswal Rajesh Gangaprasad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 78,491 |percentage = 41.05% |change= {{increase}}36.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,476 |percentage = 42.57% |change= {{decrease}}9.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,211}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 461,489|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}23.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Airoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandeep Naik]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,444 |percentage = 36.64% |change={{decrease}}13.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijay Chougule|Vijay Laxman Chougule]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,719 |percentage = 32.46% |change={{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vaibhav Tukaram Naik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,405 |percentage = 22.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Ramakant Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,794 |percentage = 4.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khabale Gajanan Shamrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,111 |percentage = 1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhima Hanumanta Mane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,725 |percentage = 4.18% |change= {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 210,328 |percentage = 51.53% |change= {{increase}}1.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 208,629}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 408,139|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Airoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandeep Naik]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,075 |percentage = 50.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijay Chougule|Vijay Laxman Chougule]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,118 |percentage = 42.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ohol Sidram Pandurang |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Capt. Maheshchandra Varma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,128 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Bhima Hunumanta |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,809 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Shankar Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,764 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyandeo Ramchandra Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,063 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,957 |percentage = 7.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,755 |percentage = 49.84% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,751}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,514|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Airoli]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thane district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.16|72.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bokajan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:40Z

TajWoolcock75: Started a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bokajan
| constituency_no = 108
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bokajan Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| district = [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Bokajan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituencies wise break-up |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="ceomap">{{cite web |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/parliamentary-constituency-map.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in}}</ref> Bokajan forms a part of the [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]. This seat is reserved for the [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Bokajan Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Karbi Anglong district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Diphu Lok Sabha constituency
* Area Includes: Bokajan Dev. Block, Nilip Dev. Block, Chowkihola TC, Deithor TC, Bokajan MB.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

Following is the list of past members representing Biswanath Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.<ref name="bo ref1">{{cite news |title=Bokajan Election Result 2021 LIVE: Bokajan MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bokajan-assembly-elections-as-17/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|S. S. Terang
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=1|[[Bilton Momin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2|[[Rajen Timung]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=1|[[Mansing Rongpi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=3|[[Jagat Sing Engti]]
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee (United)}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=1|[[Klengdoon Engti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=2|[[Numal Momin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] <ref name="abhaya ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results 2021: Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426707 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bokajan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Raton Engti|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Surjya Rongphar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Raju Rongpi|party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Renuka Timungpi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Samuel Rongpi Ejang|party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= <s>Kamal Singh Bey</s> [candidature rejected] |party=Autonomous State Demand Committee|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= <s>Pratap Sing Rongphar</s> [candidature rejected] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bokajan<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Numal Momin]]
|votes = 60,726
|percentage = 51.05
|change = +13.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raton Engti
|votes = 42,841
|percentage = 36.02
|change = +2.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Semson Teron
|votes = 6,630
|percentage = 5.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Autonomous State Demand Committee (United)
|candidate = Rajendra Rongpi
|votes = 3,410
|percentage = 2.87
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|candidate = Amlong Ingti
|votes = 1,572
|percentage = 1.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Daniel Momin
|votes = 1,472
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -0.27
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kemprai
|votes = 710
|percentage = 0.6
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,584
|percentage = 1.33
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,885
|percentage = 15.03
|change = +10.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,18,945
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bokajan<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Numal Momin]]
|votes = 40,170
|percentage = 37.48
|change = +32.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Klengdoon Engti
|votes = 35,426
|percentage = 33.06
|change = -20.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagat Sing Engti
|votes = 25,388
|percentage = 23.69
|change = -13.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Daniel Momin
|votes = 1,628
|percentage = 1.51
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjay Kemprai
|votes = 1,441
|percentage = 1.34
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Bikha Tokbi
|votes = 959
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,144
|percentage = 2.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,744
|percentage = 4.42
|change = -12.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,07,156
|percentage = 82.63
|change = +6.96
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,29,677
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bokajan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Klengdoon Engti
|votes = 53,332
|percentage = 54.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagat Sing Engti
|votes = 36,524
|percentage = 36.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sandhya Rani Sangma
|votes = 5,259
|percentage = 5.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Baburam Bey
|votes = 2,226
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Chandra Sing Rongpi
|votes = 1,411
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,808
|percentage = 17.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 98,752
|percentage = 75.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,30,498
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Autonomous State Demand Committee
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bokajan]]
* [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Karbi Anglong district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Madhur Jaffrey

2026-04-18T23:18:15Z

TajWoolcock75: Adding New Details W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Actress, cook, and TV host (born 1933)}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]
| name = Madhur Jaffrey
| image = MadhurJaffrey (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jaffrey at a [[book signing]] in 2010
| birth_name = Madhur Bahadur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil Lines]], [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day India)
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list
|[[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] ([[Diploma|Dip]])}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
|{{marriage|[[Saeed Jaffrey]]|1958|1966|reason=div.}}
|{{marriage|[[Sanford Allen]]|1969}}}}
| children = {{unbulleted list
|Zia Jaffrey
|Meera Jaffrey
|[[Sakina Jaffrey]]}}
| relatives = {{unbulleted list
|[[Maya Jaggi]] (niece)
|[[Raghu Raj Bahadur]] (cousin)
|[[Sheila Dhar]] (cousin)
}}
| honours = {{unbulleted list
|[[Order of the British Empire]] (2004)
|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)}}
| awards = [[#Awards|See below]]
| website = {{URL|www.madhur-jaffrey.com}}
| module = {{Infobox chef |child=yes 
|style = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[South Asian cuisine|South Asian]]
|restaurants = Dawat, New York City (1986 to present)
|television = ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery'' (1982), ''Far Eastern Cookery'' (1989), ''Listening To Volcanoes'' (1990), '' From Manna to Microwave'' (1990), ''Madhur Jaffrey’s Flavours of India'' (1995), ''Friends for Dinner'' (2001), ''Ready, Steady Cook'' (2001), ''Cooking Live'' (2001)
|awards = [[James Beard Foundation Award]] 
* 2023: Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2006: Cookbook Hall of Fame ''An Invitation to Indian Cooking''
* 2004: International Cookbook ''From Curries to Kebabs''
* 2002: International Cookbook ''Madhur Jaffrey's Step-by-Step Cooking''
* 2000: International Cookbook ''Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian''
* 1995: Who's Who of Food & Beverage in America: New York, New York
* 1994: Cookbook of the Year ''Madhur Jaffrey's A Taste of the Far East''
* 1994: International Cookbook ''Madhur Jaffrey's A Taste of the Far East''

[[Guild of Food Writers]] Award 
* 2004: Cookery Book of the Year ''The Curry Bible'' 
* 1999: Cookery Book of the Year ''Madhur Jaffrey’s World Vegetarian'' 
[[International Association of Culinary Professionals]] [[Bert Greene (cookbook author)|Bert Greene]] Award 
* 2003 Best Food Journalism in a Magazine ''Passage to Pakistan'', [[Saveur]] 
[[New York Women in Film & Television]] Muse Award 
* 2000: Outstanding Vision and Achievement 
Governor's New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence 1999 
Food Arts magazine Silver Spoon Award 1998 
Taraknath Das Foundation Award 1993
}}
}}

'''Madhur Jaffrey''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (née '''Bahadur'''; born 13 August 1933) is an actress, cookbook and travel writer, and television personality.<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20">{{cite news |title=From actress to cookbook author: The lives of Madhur Jaffrey |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/21a4586ea766458a9e0f6dcb782e6c6f/actress-cookbook-author-lives-madhur-jaffrey |first=Michele |last=Kayal |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032959/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/21a4586ea766458a9e0f6dcb782e6c6f/actress-cookbook-author-lives-madhur-jaffrey |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="madhur_mbc">{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Television – Jaffrey, Madhur |url=http://www.museum.tv/eotv/jaffreymadh.htm |first=Nicola |last=Foster |publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]] |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726010253/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/jaffreymadh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is recognized for bringing [[Indian cuisine]] to the western hemisphere with her debut cookbook, ''An Invitation to Indian Cooking'' (1973), which was inducted into the [[James Beard Foundation]]'s [[James Beard Foundation Award#2006 winners|Cookbook Hall of Fame]] in 2006.<ref name="madhur_mkt">{{cite web |title=Madhur Jaffrey |url=http://www.mykitchentable.co.uk/index.php/author/madhur-jaffrey/ |work=My Kitchen Table |publisher=[[Ebury Publishing]] |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_tg_2012-09-26">{{cite news |title=Six to watch: TV chefs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2012/sep/26/six-to-watch-tv-chefs |first=Daniel |last=Bettridge |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 26 September 2012 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_2006-05-10">{{cite news |title=New York Dominates at Beard Awards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/dining/10bear.html |first=Florence |last=Fabricant |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She has written over a dozen cookbooks and appeared on several related television programmes, the most notable of which was ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery'', which premiered in the UK in 1982.<ref name="madhur_tg_2012-11-07">{{cite news |title=Live chat: Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2012/nov/07/live-chat-madhur-jaffrey |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 November 2012 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madhur Jaffrey: The Quintessential Renaissance Woman |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/madhur-jaffrey-the-quintessential-renaissance-woman |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref> She was the food consultant at the now-closed ''Dawat'', which was considered by many [[food critic]]s to be among the best Indian restaurants in New York City.<ref name="madhur_nyt_1986-12-12">{{cite news |title=Restaurants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/12/arts/restaurants-676386.html |first=Bryan |last=Miller |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 December 1986 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_1991-07-05">{{cite news |title=Restaurants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/05/arts/restaurants-637091.html |first=Bryan |last=Miller |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 July 1991 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_1995-06-14">{{cite news |title=Unsung Chefs in a City of Stars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/14/garden/unsung-chefs-in-a-city-of-stars.html?pagewanted=all |first=Bryan |last=Miller |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 June 1995 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Jaffrey was instrumental in bringing together filmmakers [[James Ivory]] and [[Ismail Merchant]],<ref name="madhur_ti_1999-12-16">{{cite news |title=How We Met: Ismail Merchant & Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-ismail-merchant-madhur-jaffrey-1132061.html |first=Laurence |last=Phelan |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 December 1999 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_2003-01-02">{{cite news |title=Telling Secrets That Worked For a Gambling Life in Films |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/02/movies/telling-secrets-that-worked-for-a-gambling-life-in-films.html?pagewanted=all |first=Mel |last=Gussow |author-link=Mel Gussow |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 January 2003 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> and acted in several of their films, such as ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965), for which she won the [[Silver Bear for Best Actress]] award at the [[15th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="madhur_biff">{{cite web |title=Prizes & Honours 1965 – International Jury |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html |publisher= Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She has appeared in dramas on radio, stage and television.<ref name="madhur_nyt_2000-03-14">{{cite news |title=She Also Cooks Just a Trifle, This Actress |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/14/nyregion/she-also-cooks-just-a-trifle-this-actress.html |first=Jan |last=Hoffman |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 March 2000 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, she was named an honorary [[CBE|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in recognition of her services to cultural relations between the United Kingdom, India and the United States, through her achievements in film, television and cookery.<ref name="madhur_et_2004-03-20">{{cite news |title=Honorary CBE for Madhur Jaffrey |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/honorary-cbe-for-madhur-jaffrey/articleshow/572215.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 March 2004 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_ti_2004-11-07">{{cite news |title=Sir David Manning presents the CBE to Indian born actress and cookery writer Madhur Jaffrey |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041107/world.htm |work=The Tribune |date=7 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> In 2022, she was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]], which is the third highest civilian award.<ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=10 foreigners among Padma awardees |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/10-foreigners-among-padma-awardees-364463 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=2022-01-26 |website=mint}}</ref>

Her childhood memoir of India during the final years of the [[British Raj]], ''Climbing the Mango Trees'', was published in 2006.<ref name="madhur_nyt_2006-10-29-01">{{cite news |title=Spice of Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/books/review/Stern.t.html?pagewanted=all |first1=Jane |last1=Stern |first2=Michael |last2=Stern |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 October 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_2006-10-29-02" group=J>{{cite news |title=First Chapter: 'Climbing the Mango Trees' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/books/chapters/1029-1st-jaff.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 October 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Jaffrey was born in [[Civil Lines, Delhi]], into a [[Mathur (subcaste)|Mathur]] [[Kayastha]] [[Hindu]] [[Hindu joint family|joint family]].<ref name="madhur_tg_2001-09-09">{{cite news |title=Desert island dish |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/sep/09/foodanddrink.recipes |first=Chloe |last=Diski |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 September 2001 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_ctmt_3">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=3}}</ref> She is the fifth of six children of Lala Raj Bans Bahadur (1899–1974) and his wife, Kashmiran Rani (1903–1971).<ref name="madhur_ctmt_xi">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=xi}}</ref><ref name="madhur_fc10">{{cite web |title=Family Tree of Rai Bahadur Jeewan Lal ji – Family Chart 10 |url=http://www.nawalbiharilalji.com/FC10.html |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

When Jaffrey was about two years old, her father accepted a position in a family-run concern, Ganesh Flour Mills, and moved to [[Kanpur]].<ref name="madhur_ctmt_31" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=31}}</ref> There, Jaffrey attended St. Mary's Convent School. In kindergarten at the age of five, she played the role of the brown mouse in a musical version of the ''[[Pied Piper of Hamelin]]''.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_157" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=157}}</ref> The family lived in Kanpur for eight years, moving back to Delhi in 1944.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_71" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=71}}</ref>

In Delhi, Jaffrey attended Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School<ref name="madhur_ctmt_114" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=114}}</ref> where her history teacher, Mrs McKelvie, encouraged her to participate in school plays. Jaffrey played [[Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Titania]] in ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' followed by the lead role in ''Robin Hood and His Merry Men''.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_159" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=159}}</ref> Her brothers, Brij Bans Bahadur and Krishen Bans Bahadur, much older than her, went to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. Every winter, St. Stephen's students put on a Shakespeare play that Jaffrey watched from the front row.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_158" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=158}}</ref>

A supporter of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s demand for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] from [[British Raj|British rule]], Jaffrey spent some time each day spinning ''[[khadi]]'', delivering large spools of thread to a collection center in Delhi.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_179" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=179}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi spinning Noakhali 1946.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] wearing a [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] hat while spinning ''[[khadi]]'' at [[Birla House]], November 1947.]]

In 1947, Jaffrey experienced the effects of the [[partition of India]].<ref name="madhur_ti_2003-07-01" group=J>{{cite news |title=Madhur Jaffrey: You Ask The Questions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/madhur-jaffrey-you-ask-the-questions-101171.html |first=Madhur |last=Jaffrey |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=1 July 2003 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> At school, her classmates divided on the issue: the [[Muslim]] girls supported it while the [[Hindus]] opposed it. On 15 August she watched the transfer of power at [[India Gate]] and got a glimpse of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] coming down [[Rajpath]] in an open horse carriage. The massive migration that began almost immediately afterwards caused riots and killing in Delhi. The male members of her family guarded their house with hunting guns. At school, all her Muslim classmates left without a farewell. In 1948, a few days before Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead, she attended one of his prayer meetings at [[Birla House]] and sang [[bhajan]]s. She heard the news of his [[Mahatma Gandhi#assassination|assassination]] on the radio, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru's address later that night, "the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere." She saw Gandhi's funeral procession and witnessed his cremation.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_178" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=178}}</ref>

At home, Jaffrey's family primarily ate food prepared by servants but supervised by the women of the family. They occasionally indulged in [[Mughlai cuisine]] bought in the bylanes of [[Old Delhi]], like ''[[puri (food)|bedmi]] [[potato|aloo]]'', ''[[seekh kebab]]'', ''[[shami kebab]]'', ''[[rumali roti]]'' and ''[[bakarkhani]]''.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_188" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=188}}</ref> Refugees from Punjab who settled in Delhi after partition brought their own style of cooking. [[Moti Mahal Delux|Moti Mahal]], a ''[[dhaba]]'' in [[Daryaganj]], introduced ''[[tandoori chicken]]'' and went on to invent [[butter chicken]] and ''[[dal makhani]]''. Jaffrey found Punjabi food's simplicity and freshness enticing and routinely picked up some tandoori chicken from Moti Mahal for family picnics.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_191" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=191}}</ref>

At school, the subject of domestic science included learning dishes like [[blancmange]], whose bland taste drove Jaffrey to dismiss the lessons as preparing "British invalid foods from circa 1930".<ref name="madhur_ctmt_203" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=203}}</ref> However, for her practical examination, her class was asked to make [[curry|a dish]] from an assortment of potatoes, tomatoes, onions, garlic, ginger and Indian spices in a pot over wood to be lit with matches. Jaffrey did her best but guessed that she failed the subject of domestic science altogether.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_229" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=229}}</ref>

Jaffrey regularly answered requests from the nearby [[All India Radio]] station for parts in radio plays or children's programs. As she was paid a small fee for each session, she considered this her first professional work.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_220" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=220}}</ref>

[[File:Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[All India Radio]] station at [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani Bhavan]] in New Delhi.]]

Meanwhile, her father had moved to [[Daurala]] as general manager of Daurala Sugar Works, a factory owned by family friends, the [[Lala Shri Ram|Shri Ram]] family. Jaffrey and most of the family remained behind in Delhi to avoid disrupting the children's education.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_123" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=123}}</ref> Her elder sisters were at boarding school in [[Nainital]].<ref name="madhur_ctmt_164" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=164}}</ref> In the letters that they exchanged with their siblings and cousins at Delhi, they addressed each other only by their initials. This tradition cemented over time so that Jaffrey became ''M'' for her circle of close friends and family.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_165" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=165}}</ref>

== Delhi (1950–1955) ==

From 1950 to 1953, Jaffrey attended [[Miranda House]], a women's college, where she gained a B.A. Honours degree in English with a minor in philosophy.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_229" group=J/>
[[File:Miranda House.jpg|left|thumb|[[Miranda House]] in New Delhi.]]

She took part in her college's all-women productions of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' and [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]''.<ref name="madhur_ctmt_240" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=240}}</ref>

In 1951, Jaffrey joined the Unity Theatre, an English-language [[repertory theatre|repertory company]] founded by [[Saeed Jaffrey]] in New Delhi.<ref name="madhur_unity">{{cite book |editor=Horace Newcomb |date=3 February 2014 |title=Encyclopedia of Television |publisher=Knopf |isbn=9781135194796 |pages=1206–1207 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JUzIAgAAQBAJ&q=Unity+Theatre+delhi&pg=PA1207}}</ref> She auditioned for the role of the Queen's Reader in [[Jean Cocteau]]'s play ''[[The Eagle Has Two Heads]]'' just four days before the opening and was cast in the role.<ref name="saeed_bio_62">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=62}}</ref>

After graduation from Miranda House in 1953, Jaffrey joined [[All India Radio]], where Saeed Jaffrey was an announcer.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> She worked as a disc jockey at night.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> Saeed and Jaffrey fell in love, and dated at Gaylord, a restaurant in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref name="saeed_bio_63">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=63}}</ref>

During this period, Jaffrey met [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]], a British novelist who had moved to [[Civil Lines, Delhi]], after marriage to Cyrus Jhabvala, an Indian architect, in 1951.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> Jaffrey answered a [[casting call]] by Prawer Jhabvala and worked with her on [[All India Radio]] plays. The protagonists of Prawer Jhabvala's first novel, ''To Whom She Will'' (1955), a young couple who work at a radio station in Delhi and fall in love, were based on Madhur and Saeed Jaffrey.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/><ref name="madhur_tg_2005-03-19">{{cite news |title=Brave new worlds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/mar/19/books.featuresreviews |first=Maya |last=Jaggi |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 March 2005 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> The novel was published in America the following year as ''Amrita'' (1956).<ref name="madhur_nyt_1983-09-11">{{cite news |title=The Artistry of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/11/magazine/the-artistry-of-ruth-prawer-jhabvala.html?pagewanted=all |first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 September 1983 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

In early 1955, Jaffrey was in the audience at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, for a programme of literary readings by [[Sybil Thorndike]] and [[Lewis Casson]], married English actors who toured internationally in Shakespearean productions.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J>{{cite web |title=Madhur Jaffrey Interview – Part 1: An oral history project conducted by Judith Weinraub |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-1 |first=Judith |last=Weinraub |publisher=Fales Library, New York University |date=2 December 2010 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002926/http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="madhur_lc_1955">{{cite web |title=Lewis Casson |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWcasson.htm |first=John|last= Simkin |publisher=[[Spartacus Educational]] |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_lc-1955-02-07">{{cite news |title=Latest news of Sir Lewis Casson and Dame Sybil Thorndike |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71631845 |newspaper=The Argus |date= 7 February 1955 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Later that year, the Unity Theatre put on a performance of [[Tennessee Williams]]' one-act play, ''[[Auto-da-Fé (play)|Auto-da-Fé]]'', in which Jaffrey played the rigidly moralistic mother to Saeed's young postal worker, Eloi. The last play that Jaffrey did with Saeed was ''[[Othello]]'', in which Saeed was cast as [[Iago]], while Jaffrey played Iago's wife [[Emilia (Othello)|Emilia]].<ref name="madhur_ctmt_242" group=J>{{harvnb|Jaffrey|2006|p=242}}</ref><ref name="saeed_bio_66">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=66}}</ref>

Jaffrey decided to pursue acting as a profession. She won a grant from the British government that she could use to pay for education at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (RADA).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3322487.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Moving stories: Madhur Jaffrey |date=22 December 2003 |access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref>

[[File:RADA 62 Gower Street, London WC1E 6ED. Frontage dates from 1905.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] at 62 Gower Street, London WC1E 6ED.]]

The head of the [[British Council]] in India was impressed by her performance in ''[[Auto-da-Fé (play)|Auto-da-Fé]]'' and offered her a scholarship. Armed with these two sources of money, Jaffrey arrived at [[Southampton]] on 6 December 1955 on the [[P&O (company)|P&O]] liner {{RMS|Strathmore}} from [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Passenger list, RMS 'Strathmore' |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1518/images/30807_A001347-00232 |publisher=Ancestry.co.uk |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>

== London (1955–1957) ==

Jaffrey joined the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (RADA) with [[Diana Rigg]], [[Siân Phillips]] and [[Glenda Jackson]] as her contemporaries.<ref name="madhur_tg_1999-12-03">{{cite news |title=Spice odyssey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/dec/03/culture.features1 |first=Stuart |last=Jeffries |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 December 1999 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She won a scholarship from RADA after an audition. This supplemented her earlier grant and scholarship. She picked up some minor acting roles on [[BBC]] television and radio. Her father sent her a small amount of money periodically, and her total income proved sufficient to live modestly in London.<ref name="madhur_tt_2012-11-02">{{cite web |title=Madhur Jaffrey: 'I save cash by bulk buying rice' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/9652035/Madhur-Jaffrey-I-save-cash-by-bulk-buying-rice.html |first=Toby |last=Walne |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 4 November 2012 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She rented rooms from at least two different landlords before settling down in a [[bedsit]] in [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] with a young Jewish family, the Golds, who allowed her to use their kitchen and their utensils to cook her own food.<ref name="madhur_tt_2012-10-16">{{cite news |title=Xanthe Clay meets Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/9612048/Xanthe-Clay-meets-Madhur-Jaffrey.html |first=Xanthe |last= Clay |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Her landlady, Blanche Gold, was roughly her age. Blanche had one child and was pregnant.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/>

Jaffrey found the food served at the RADA canteen along with the Indian restaurants in London unappetising.<ref name="madhur_tg_2011-05-15">{{cite news |title=Lunch with Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/may/15/madhur-jaffrey-interview |first=Rachel|last= Cooke |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_ft_2005-01-22">{{cite news |title=Very muddy to very modern |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3f603c2e-70d2-11d9-b572-00000e2511c8 |first=Madhur |last=Jaffrey |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |date=22 January 2005 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> In an interview with NPR, she recalled the canteen serving "gray" [[roast beef]] and overcooked cabbage with watery potatoes: "I would look at it and say, 'How can I eat this?!'"<ref name="madhur_npr_2010-12-27">{{cite news |title=The Long View: Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Kitchen |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/27/132207213/the-long-view-madhur-jaffreys-indian-kitchen |publisher=NPR |date=27 December 2010 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She wrote to her mother, begging her for recipes of the home cooked meals of her childhood. Her mother responded with recipes written in [[Hindi]] on [[onionskin]] paper in letters sent via [[airmail]]. The very first letter was dated 19 March 1956 and included recipes for [[mutton curry|meat]] spiced with [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]] and [[Cinnamomum tamala|bay]], a [[aloo gobi|cauliflower dish]], and [[egg curry]] with hard-boiled eggs.<ref name="madhur_aitic_1973">{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |year=1973 |title=An Invitation to Indian Cooking |publisher=Knopf |isbn=0394481720 |page=53 |quote=When I was a student in London and had written home begging my mother to teach me how to cook, one of the earliest letters I received from her was dated 19 March 1956, and said 'I received your letter. I am glad to know you have gained weight. I miss you and cannot wait to see you in your new plump state. Here is the recipe for the Khare Masale Ka Gosht that you asked for. Write and tell me how it works out...' It worked out very well!}}</ref> The first recipe that she tried was [[jeera aloo]] (potatoes with cumin). She bought [[pumpernickel]] from a neighbourhood Jewish bakery as a substitute for [[chapati]]s.<ref name="madhur_tt_2012-10-16"/><ref name="madhur_npr_2010-12-27"/>

In late 1955, Saeed Jaffrey won a [[Fulbright scholarship]] to study [[drama]] in America the following year. In spring 1956, he approached Jaffrey's parents in Delhi for her hand in marriage but they refused because they felt that his financial prospects as an actor did not appear sound.<ref name="saeed_bio_76">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=76}}</ref> Jaffrey got her father's permission to marry Saeed eventually.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> In summer 1956, Saeed flew to London on his way to America and proposed to Jaffrey. She refused but gave him a tour of RADA where she pointed out English actors, such as [[Peter O'Toole]], whom she thought would soon have a high profile in the profession. Soon afterwards, Saeed boarded the {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} to sail across the Atlantic Ocean from [[Southampton]] to [[New York City]].<ref name="saeed_bio_77">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|pp=77–78}}</ref>

In 1957 Jaffrey graduated from RADA with honours. Not knowing whether to stay on in London, join a [[repertory theatre|repertory company]] or go back to India, she wrote to Saeed describing her dilemma. Saeed had just graduated from [[Catholic University of America]]'s Department of Speech and Drama and had been selected to act in [[summer stock theatre|summer stock]] plays at [[Saint Michael's College|St. Michael's Playhouse]] in [[Winooski, Vermont]]. Seeing Saeed troubled by Jaffrey's letter, Reverend [[Gilbert V. Hartke]], the department head at Catholic University, arranged for Jaffrey to teach [[pantomime]] at St. Michael's Playhouse at Winooski that summer.<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20"/> Father Hartke arranged for her to go to Catholic University on a partial scholarship and work at the Drama School library in order to meet her living expenses.<ref name="saeed_bio_83">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|pp=83–84}}</ref> After gaining her American work visa, Jaffrey sailed across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] on the {{RMS|Queen Mary}} to join Saeed at Winooski.<ref name="madhur_nyt_1986-05-18">{{cite news |title=Encounters With Liberty: At First Sight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/18/magazine/encounters-with-liberty-at-first-sight.html |author-link=Joseph Berger (author) |first=Joseph |last=Berger |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 May 1986 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

== New York City (1958–1969) ==

In September 1957 Jaffrey stayed in [[Washington, D.C.]], with Saeed, who had returned there to rehearse for the 1957–58 season with the [[National Players]], a professional touring company that performed classical plays all over America.<ref name="saeed_bio_83-92">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|pp=83–92}}</ref> Midway through the tour, Saeed returned to Washington, D.C. from [[Miami]] to marry Jaffrey in a modest civil ceremony.<ref name="saeed_bio_93">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=93}}</ref>

In September 1958, [[Ismail Merchant]] arrived from [[Bombay]] to attend the [[New York University Stern School of Business]].<ref name="madhur_re_2005-05-26">{{cite web |title=Ismail Merchant: In Memory |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/ismail-merchant-in-memory |first=Roger |last=Ebert |publisher=rogerebert.com |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Merchant had heard of Saeed from his theater days in Delhi. He himself wanted to produce plays and make movies. Saeed was then playing the lead at [[Lee Strasberg]]'s [[Actors Studio]] in an Off-Broadway production of ''[[Blood Wedding]]'', a tragedy by Spanish dramatist [[Federico García Lorca]]. Merchant approached Saeed with a proposal to put on a Broadway production of ''[[The Little Clay Cart]]'', starring the Jaffreys. Saeed took him home for dinner, where he met Jaffrey, who was heavily pregnant with her first child.<ref name="madhur_ti_1999-12-16"/>

The following year, [[James Ivory]], then an emerging film maker from California, approached Saeed Jaffrey to provide the narration for his short film about [[Indian painting#Western Indian Miniature Painting.|Indian miniature painting]], ''The Sword and the Flute'' (1959).<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20"/><ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/><ref name="madhur_tg_2010-11-02">{{cite news |title=James Ivory's passage to mini-India |first=James |last=Ivory |author-link=James Ivory |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date= 2 November 2010 }}</ref> Saeed brought Ivory home for dinner and introduced him to Jaffrey. When ''The Sword and the Flute'' screened in New York City in 1961, the Jaffreys encouraged Merchant to attend the screening, where he met Ivory for the first time.<ref name="madhur_sfc_2006-01-15">{{cite news |title='White' Ivory's Last Film With Merchant |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/White-Ivory-s-Last-Film-With-Merchant-2506048.php |first= Tommy |last=Nguyen |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date= 15 January 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_mif_3">{{cite book |first=Ismail |last=Merchant |author2=Laurence Raw |date=9 April 2012 |title=Merchant-Ivory: Interviews |chapter=James Ivory and Ismail Merchant: An Interview by Jag Mohan, Basu Chatterji and Arun Kaul, 1968 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781617032370 |page=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq-L3tAqFuwC&q=jaffrey&pg=PA3 }}</ref><ref name="madhur_nyt_2015-09-11">{{cite news |title=James Ivory's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/t-magazine/james-ivory-house.html |first= Nancy |last=Hass |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> They subsequently met regularly at the Jaffreys' dinners and cemented their relationship into a lifetime partnership, both personal and professional.<ref name="saeed_ti_1994-06-06">{{cite news |title=Saeed Jaffrey's passage from India |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/interview-saeed-jaffreys-passage-from-india-whenever-directors-are-casting-a-voluble-likeable-asian-1420497.html |first= Robert|last= Butler |newspaper=The Independent |date= 6 June 1994 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_rf_2000-01-11">{{cite news |title=Madhur Jaffrey Cooks Up Several Ventures |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/11us2.htm |first= Aseem |last=Chhabra |date= 11 January 2000 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> The Jaffreys planned to go back to India, start a travelling company and tour with it.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> They often discussed this idea with James Ivory and started writing a script in his [[brownstone]] on East 64th Street.<ref name="saeed_bio_147">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=147}}</ref>

The Jaffreys soon expanded their social circle to include other members of the Indian community in New York City who were involved in the arts. They regularly hosted large dinners cooked by Jaffrey, who was determined to master everything, including [[biryani]] and [[pilaf|pulao]].<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/>

In 1962, Jaffrey and Saeed appeared in [[Rolf Forsberg]]'s [[Off-Broadway]] production of ''A Tenth of an Inch Makes The Difference''. Their performance was described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' drama critic, Milton Esterow, as "sensitive acting" that made up "the brightest part of the evening".<ref name="madhur_nyt_1962-11-13">{{cite news |title=Theater: Zen Buddhism; Plays by Rolf Forsberg Open at the East End |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E2DF113EE43BBC4B52DFB7678389679EDE |first= Milton|last= Esterow |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 November 1962 |access-date=15 October 2015 |quote=The brightest part of the evening is the sensitive acting of Saeed Jaffrey and Madhur Jaffrey. Some of their colleagues, however, are not so skillful. }}</ref> The pay for such roles was generally $10/hour.<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20"/>

By 1965, the Jaffreys' marriage had collapsed.<ref name="saeed_bio_133">{{harvnb|Jaffrey|1998|p=133}}</ref> Jaffrey arranged for their children to live with her parents and sister in Delhi while Jaffrey went to [[Mexico]] for the formal divorce proceedings.<ref name="madhur_ti_1999-01-25">{{cite news |title=Saeed Jaffrey interview: New kid on the Street |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/saeed-jaffrey-interview-new-kid-on-the-street-1046303.html |first=Deborah |last=Ross |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=25 January 1999 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Jaffrey travelled to India for the shooting of ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965). After the film's shooting was complete, she lived in India with her children until Ismail Merchant decided that she needed to be at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] because he had entered the film in competition there. In Berlin, she won the [[Silver Bear for Best Actress]] award. Sanford Allen, a violinist she had met when she was a guide at the [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]] in New York City, sent her a bunch of roses on her win.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/>

In 1966 Ismail Merchant, in search of further publicity for the film, decided to cultivate ''[[The New York Times]]'' food critic [[Craig Claiborne]]. He persuaded Claiborne to profile Jaffrey as an actress who could cook.<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20"/> When Claiborne agreed, Jaffrey borrowed a friend's apartment in which to meet him since she felt she could not do so in the one-bedroom apartment on Eleventh Street that she shared with Allen.<ref name="madhur_nyt_2003-10-05">{{cite news |title=Dark Victory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/05/magazine/food-dark-victory.html?pagewanted=all |first=Jonathan |last=Reynolds |work=The New York Times |author-link=Jonathan Reynolds (writer) |date= 5 October 2003|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She rearranged the furniture in the borrowed apartment and made [[stuffed peppers|stuffed green peppers]], [[kofta]]s in [[sour cream]] and cucumber [[raita]].<ref name="madhur_nyt_1966-07-07">{{cite news |title=Indian Actress Is a Star in the Kitchen, Too |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/07/07/82474241.html?pageNumber=57 |first= Craig |last=Claiborne |newspaper=The New York Times |date= 7 July 1966 |access-date=15 October 2015 |quote=Although cooking has become an ardent pastime in the life of Madhur Jaffrey, her interest in cooking with a certain panache came about, as it has for many another young New Yorker, through necessity. The young woman is an actress who appears in the well-received Indian film "Shakespeare Wallah." (Kenneth Tynan, the London critic, called her performance "a ravishing study in felinity.") }}</ref>

{{Gallery|width=160|height=170|align=center
|File:Stuffed pepper.jpg|[[Stuffed peppers|Stuffed green peppers]]
|File:MalaiKofta.jpg|[[Kofta]]s in [[sour cream]]
|File:Raita with cucumber and mint.jpg|Cucumber [[raita]] with mint
}}

In 1967, Jaffrey travelled to India to attend a black-tie premiere of ''Shakespeare Wallah'' in Delhi hosted by the British High Commissioner to India, [[John Freeman (British politician)|John Freeman]] and his wife, Catherine. At the premiere she met [[Marlon Brando]], an actor Jaffrey admired deeply for his [[method acting]] technique. Brando was in India to raise money for UNICEF and the film premiere served as a fund-raiser.<ref name="purcell_avpc_9">{{cite book |last=Purcell |first=Hugh |date=7 July 2015 |title=A Very Private Celebrity: The Nine Lives of John Freeman |publisher=Biteback Publishing |isbn=978-1849549455 |chapter=Chapter 9: Diplomat High Commissioner to India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fHXCQAAQBAJ&q=%22madhur+jaffrey%22+%22marlon+brando%22&pg=PT183 }}</ref><ref name="satyajit_mai_">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Bijoya |date=1 August 2012 |title=Manik and I: My Life with Satyajit Ray |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-8184757507 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7YadsNfe3QC&q=%22madhur+jaffrey%22+%22marlon+brando%22&pg=PT495 }}</ref> Later that year, Jaffrey shot scenes for Merchant Ivory's next film, ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969). She returned from India with her children. The family, along with Sanford Allen, moved into a 14th-floor apartment in a [[Greenwich Village]] [[housing cooperative|co-op]].<ref name="madhur_ti-2007">{{cite news |title=My Secret Life: Madhur Jaffrey, food writer & actress, age 74 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/my-secret-life-madhur-jaffrey-food-writer-actress-age-74-845828.html |first= Charlotte|last=Philby |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date= 14 June 2008 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> To better provide for her children, she became a freelance writer for food and travel magazines, covering subjects as diverse as paintings, music, dance, drama, sculpture, and architecture.<ref name="madhur_ap_2015-10-20"/>

In 1969, Jaffrey married Sanford Allen, who at the time was a violinist with the [[New York Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>Contemporary Authors Online, [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Gale, 2008]. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2008.</ref>

==Merchant Ivory films==

Jaffrey was instrumental in introducing the filmmakers [[James Ivory]] and [[Ismail Merchant]] to each other.<ref name="madhur_nyt_2003-01-02"/>

When Merchant and Ivory went to India to make ''[[The Householder]]'' (1963) they met [[Shashi Kapoor]] and his in-laws, the Kendals. [[Geoffrey Kendal]] and his wife, Laura Liddell, had a traveling theatre company, ''Shakespeareana'', that performed plays by Shakespeare pan India. Combining the Jaffreys' original idea with the real-life ''Shakespeareana'', Merchant and Ivory came up with their next film ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965).<ref name="madhur_mif_7">{{cite book |first=Ismail |last=Merchant |author2=Laurence Raw |date=9 April 2012 |title=Merchant-Ivory: Interviews |chapter=James Ivory and Ismail Merchant: An Interview by Jag Mohan, Basu Chatterji and Arun Kaul, 1968 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781617032370 |page=7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq-L3tAqFuwC&q=jaffrey&pg=PA7 }}</ref> Ruth Prawer Jhabvala was persuaded to write a movie star role for Jaffrey. Saeed was dropped from the project because the Jaffreys' marriage had collapsed.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/>

When Jaffrey travelled to India for the shooting of ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'', her first shots were in [[Kasauli]], a [[hill station]]. The hairpin bends on the drive there caused her [[nausea]] and vomiting, leading the crew to despair that a person so petite and sickly could ever play a glamorous film star.<ref name="madhur_jw_1" group=J/> [[Kenneth Tynan]], a film critic for ''[[The Observer]]'', described her performance as "a ravishing study in felinity".<ref name="madhur_biff"/>

She went on to act in further Merchant Ivory films like ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969),
''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' (1976),
''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' (1983), directed by Ivory,
and ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' (1988).{{cn|date=November 2025}}
She starred as the title character in their film ''[[Cotton Mary]]'' (1999) and co-directed it with Merchant.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2020 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cotton-mary-2000 |title=Cotton Mary |access-date=14 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Other films and television==

Jaffrey has appeared in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|Six Degrees of Separation]]'' (1993), ''[[Vanya on 42nd Street]]'' (1994), ''[[Flawless (1999 film)|Flawless]]'' (1999) and ''[[Prime (film)|Prime]]'' (2005).
She starred in and produced ''ABCD'' (1999).
She played a role in the horror short film ''Grasp'' in 2002, written and directed by Brendan Donovan.
In the 2009 ''[[Psych]]'' episode "Bollywood Homicide," Jaffrey played an Indian grandmother whose food is too spicy for the main characters to handle.
In 1985, she was in the Hindi film ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' where she played the role of Kamladevi, [[Rishi Kapoor]]'s grandmother.
In 1992–94, she appeared with [[Billie Whitelaw]] in the British television series ''[[Firm Friends]]''.
In 1999, she appeared with daughter Sakina Jaffrey in the film ''[[Chutney Popcorn]]''.
In ''[[Cosmopolitan (film)|Cosmopolitan]]'' (2003), a film broadcast on [[PBS]], she played a traditional Hindu wife who suddenly leaves her husband.
She starred alongside [[Deborah Kerr]] in the 1985 movie ''[[The Assam Garden]]''.
In 2009, she appeared with [[Aasif Mandvi]] in ''[[Today's Special (film)|Today's Special]]'', adapted from Mandvi's play about a celebrated [[sous chef]] who is forced to run his father's [[tandoori]] restaurant in [[Queens]].<ref name="madhur_eater_2010-04-28">{{cite news |title=Aasif Mandvi and Madhur Jaffrey on Their Film Today's Special |url=http://www.eater.com/2010/4/28/6735605/aasif-mandvi-and-madhur-jaffrey-on-their-film-todays-special |first=Jason |last=Cohen |publisher=eater.com |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
In 2012, she played a doctor in ''[[A Late Quartet]]'' who diagnoses [[Christopher Walken]]'s character with [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=French |first1=Philip |title=A Late Quartet – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/apr/07/late-quartet-philip-french-review |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 7, 2013}}</ref>

==Theatre and other discography==

In 1962, she appeared in ''A Tenth of an Inch Makes the Difference'' by [[Rolf Forsberg]].<ref name="madhur_nyt_1962-11-13"/> In 1969, she appeared in ''The Guide'', based on the [[The Guide|novel]] by [[R. K. Narayan]],<ref>Barnes, Clive: "Theater: Reluctant Guru", ''The New York Times'', 7 March 1968.</ref> and in 1970, she appeared in ''[[Conduct Unbecoming (play)|Conduct Unbecoming]]'', written by [[Barry England]].<ref>"New Castings Listed", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 September 1970, p. 54.</ref>

In 1993, she appeared in ''Two Rooms'' by [[Lee Blessing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61031F93BA25751C0A965958260&scp=8&sq=%22two+rooms%22&st=nyt |title=Divided by Space and Captivity, but United in Spirit|first=Mel|last=Gussow|newspaper=The New York Times|date= 18 February 1993}}</ref>
In 1999, she appeared in ''Last Dance at Dum Dum'' by [[Ayub Khan-Din]].<ref>Wolf, Matt, "Last Dance at Dum Dum", ''Variety'', 9 August 1999.</ref> In 2004, Jaffrey appeared in ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'' on Broadway, where she played the main character's grandmother (Shanti).<ref name=ruc>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080124225111/http://www.reallyuseful.com/rug/shows/bombaydreams/cast/broadwayorig2004.htm ''Bombay Dreams''] Broadway 2004 cast.</ref>

In April 2019, Jaffrey starred in ''Nani'', a rap music video by [[Zohran Mamdani]], then a [[hip-hop]] MC under the stage name Mr. Cardamom (after the spice [[cardamom]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/10/mr-cardamom-madhur-jaffrey-nani-video |title=Mr Cardamom: the MC who got screen icon Madhur Jaffrey to swear in his video |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=20 May 2025 |last=Rayner |first=Alex}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/dining/madhur-jaffrey-rap-video-mr-cardamom.html |title=A New Role for Madhur Jaffrey: Rap Grandma |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=20 May 2025 |last=Mishan |first=Ligaya}}</ref>

==Cooking==

Jaffrey, who lives in Manhattan and has a home in upstate New York, is the author of many cookbooks of [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Asian cuisine|Asian]], and world vegetarian cuisines. Several of these have become best-sellers; some have won [[James Beard Foundation Award|James Beard Foundation]] awards. She has presented a cooking series on television, including ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery'' in 1982, ''Madhur Jaffrey's Far Eastern Cookery'' in 1989 and ''Madhur Jaffrey's Flavours of India'' in 1995.<ref>[http://www.museum.tv/eotv/jaffreymadh.htm "Jaffrey, Madhur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726010253/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/jaffreymadh.htm |date=26 July 2015 }}, Museum of Broadcast Communications (MBC).</ref> As a result of the success of her cookbooks and TV, Jaffrey developed a line of mass-marketed cooking sauces for [[Tilda (food manufacturer)|Tilda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhur serves up two more |url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/news/madhur-serves-up-two-more/68177.article |publisher=The Grocer |access-date=19 November 2025 |date=19 May 2001 |quote=Tilda is adding two new variants to its Madhur Jaffrey cook-in sauces range. There are currently eight varieties in the Madhur Jaffrey sauce range. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422104524/https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/news/madhur-serves-up-two-more/68177.article |archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

Ironically, she did not cook at all as a child growing up in Delhi. She had almost never been in the kitchen and almost failed cooking at school.<ref name="madhur_nyt_1966-07-07"/> It was only after she went to London at the age of 19 to study at RADA that she learned how to cook, using recipes of familiar dishes that were provided in correspondence from her mother.<ref group=J>Jaffrey, Madhur, ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cooking'', Barron's Educational Series, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-8120-6548-0}}.</ref> Her editor [[Judith Jones]] claimed in her memoirs that Jaffrey was an ideal cookbook writer precisely because she had learned to cook childhood comfort food as an adult, and primarily from written instructions.
In the 1960s, after her award-winning performance in ''Shakespeare Wallah'', Jaffrey became known as the "actress who could cook".<ref name="Bhaskaran 2007"/>

After an article about her and her cooking appeared in ''The New York Times'' in 1966, she received a book contract from an independent editor to write a book on Indian cooking. Jaffrey started compiling all the recipes learnt by her through correspondence with her mother and adapted for the American kitchen.<ref>Sokolov, Raymond (19 April 1973), "Current Stars: Books on Indian, Italian and Inexpensive Food", ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> Due to a period of rapid consolidation in the American publishing industry, the book went to [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]] but got no attention there either. Jaffrey took the book to her friend, [[Ved Mehta]], who in turn mentioned it to publisher [[André Schiffrin]].<ref name="madhur_jw_2">{{cite web |title=Madhur Jaffrey Interview – Part 2: An oral history project conducted by Judith Weinraub |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-2 |first=Judith |last=Weinraub |publisher=Fales Library, NYU |date=16 December 2010 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173910/http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Schiffrin passed on the book to [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] editor [[Judith Jones]], who had championed [[Julia Child]]'s cookbook at a time when no other publisher would touch it.<ref name="madhur_epi_2015-04-13">{{cite news |title=Making the Cookbook: An Invitation to Indian Cooking |url=http://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/how-madhur-jaffrey-wrote-an-invitation-to-indian-cooking-cookbook-article |first= Sam |last=Worley |publisher=epicurious.com |date= 13 April 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Judith Jones snapped up the book immediately, only asking Jaffrey to add serving suggestions and menus for people not familiar with Indian cooking. In 1973 ''An Invitation to Indian Cooking'' was published, Jaffrey's first cookbook. During the 1970s, she taught classes in Indian cooking, both at the James A. Beard School of Cooking and in her Manhattan apartment.<ref name="madhur_people_1986-12-08">{{cite news |title=Indian cooking's New Delhi delight is actress Madhur Jaffrey |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095213,00.html |last=Johnson |first=Bonnie |author2=Mary Vespa |name-list-style=amp |work=People Weekly |date=8 December 1986 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She was hired by the [[BBC]] to present a show on Indian cooking.<ref name="Bhaskaran 2007">{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Nandini |title=An actress who can cook |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 November 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/an-actress-who-can-cook/articleshow/2549428.cms}}</ref> In 1986, the restaurant Dawat opened in Manhattan using recipes that she provided.<ref name="madhur_nyt_1986-12-12"/>

The social historian [[Panikos Panayi]], writing about [[English cuisine]], described her as the doyen of Indian cookery writers, but noted that their and her influence remained limited to Indian cuisine. Panayi commented that despite Jaffrey's description of "most Indian restaurants in Britain as 'second-class establishments that had managed to underplay their own regional uniqueness{{'"}}, most of her dishes too "do not appear on dining tables in India".<ref>Panayi, Panikos (2010 [2008]), ''Spicing Up Britain''. London: Reaktion Books, p. 204.</ref>

==Awards==

* [[Silver Bear for Best Actress|Best Actress]] from the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 1965 for her performance in ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]''.<ref name="madhur_biff"/>
* Taraknath Das Foundation Award presented by the Taraknath Das Foundation of the Southern Asian Institute of [[Columbia University]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sai.columbia.edu/taraknath-das-foundation |title=Taraknath Das Foundation | South Asia Institute |website=sai.columbia.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508234341/https://sai.columbia.edu/taraknath-das-foundation |archive-date=8 May 2014 }}</ref>
*Her cookbooks have received a total of 6 [[James Beard Foundation Award]]s, and one additional nomination. She also was named "Who's Who" in 1995 and received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2023.<ref name=jba>[https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search-past-awards?year=&keyword=madhur%20jaffrey Madhur Jaffrey James Beard Awards and Nominations]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Archie|first=Ayana|title=These are the winners of this year's James Beard Awards, the biggest night in food|work=NPR |date=6 June 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/06/1180343773/james-beard-awards-winners-2023?|access-date=2023-06-06 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>
* Muse Award presented by New York Women in Film & Television in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nywift.org/blog/ |title=Blog|website=New York Women in Film & Television}}</ref>
* Honorary [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] awarded on 11 October 2004 "in recognition of her services to cultural relations between the United Kingdom, India and the United States, through her achievements in film, television and cookery".<ref name="madhur_et_2004-03-20"/>
*[[33rd Filmfare Awards]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Saagar (film)|''Saagar'']] (Nominated)
*In 2022, she was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]], which is the third Highest civilian award.<ref name="Service"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html |access-date=2022-01-26 |newspaper=Mint}}</ref>

== Family ==

Jaffrey has three daughters from her marriage to [[Saeed Jaffrey]]: Zia, Meera and Sakina. Saeed Jaffrey's autobiography ''Saeed: An Actor's Journey'' (1998) describes their relationship in the early years of his life.<ref name="madhur_">{{cite news |title=The Seduction of Saeed |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-seduction-of-saeed/206554 |first= Sanjay |last=Suri |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |location=New Delhi |date=16 November 1998 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Zia Jaffrey is a part-time assistant professor of Creative Writing at [[The New School]] in New York City.<ref name="madhur_zia_tns">{{cite web |title=Creative Writing (MFA) Faculty – Zia Jaffrey |url=http://www.newschool.edu/public-engagement/mfa-creative-writing-faculty/?id=4e7a-517a-4f51-3d3d |publisher=The New School |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118162632/http://www.newschool.edu/public-engagement/mfa-creative-writing-faculty/?id=4e7a-517a-4f51-3d3d |archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref> She has written for newspapers like ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref name="zia_nyt_1998-07-19_">{{cite news |author=Jaffrey, Zia |date=19 July 1998 |title=The Prophet in the Tree |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/19/reviews/980719.19jaffrat.html |access-date=15 October 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Her work has appeared, too, in magazines like ''[[The Nation]]'','' [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', and ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]''. She is the author of ''The Invisibles: A Tale of Eunuchs of India'' (1996) that explores the ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' community, whom she first encountered at a family wedding in Delhi in 1984.<ref name="zia_nyt_1996-11-24">{{cite news |title=The Third Sex |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/books/the-third-sex.html |first= Lee |last=Siegel |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= 24 November 1996 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="zia_nyt_1996-11-20">{{cite news |title=A Bizarre Ancient Caste Yields Up Its Secrets |first= Richard |last=Bernstein|newspaper=The New York Times |date= 20 November 1996 }}</ref> In 2013, she published ''The New Apartheid'', a book on South Africa's AIDS epidemic.<ref name="zia_aids_2013">{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Zia |date=30 July 2013 |title=The New Apartheid : AIDS in South Africa |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=978-1859846322 |url=http://www.bookdepository.com/New-Apartheid-Zia-Jaffrey/9781859846322 }}</ref>

Meera Jaffrey graduated from [[Oberlin College]], Ohio, with a major in Chinese studies. She teaches in the Music Department of the Learning Community Charter School in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref name="meera_hr_2007-02-11">{{cite news |title=Songs they're afraid to sing in China JC Museum debuts resident's documentary on country's dying political folk music |url=http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/2411012/article-Songs-they-re-afraid-to-sing-in-China-JC-Museum-debuts-resident-s-documentary-on-country-s-dying-political-folk-music |first=Ricardo |last=Kaulessar |website=Hudson Reporter |date= 11 February 2007 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> In 2005 she traveled to China to shoot a documentary film, ''Fine Rain: Politics and Folk Songs in China'', that explores China through its folk songs.<ref name="meera_oc_2007-03-23">{{cite web |title=Documentary Film Maker Explores China Through Folk Songs Meera Jaffrey and James Ivory in Oberlin for Screening |url=http://www.oberlin.edu/newserv/07apr/jaffrey.html |publisher=[[Oberlin College]] |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221070731/http://www.oberlin.edu/newserv/07apr/jaffrey.html |archive-date=21 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Meera is married to Craig Bombardiere and the two have a son, Rohan Jaffrey.<ref name="meera_rohan_2014-08-06">{{cite news |title=Carepoint wins accreditation for cancer care in Bayonne |url=http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2014/08/carepoint_wins_accreditation_f.html |work=The Jersey Journal |date= 6 August 2014 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

[[Sakina Jaffrey]] picked up her love of Chinese culture from her elder sister, Meera. She graduated from [[Vassar College]], New York with a major in Chinese studies and lived in [[Taiwan]] in her twenties. She is an actress, best known for her role as Linda Vasquez in the American television series [[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]].<ref name="sakina_tjn_2015-05-28">{{cite news |title='House of Cards' actress Sakina Jaffrey is a longtime Nyack resident |url=http://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/05/22/nyack-sakina-jaffrey-star-house-cards-sleepy-hollow/27774841/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin= |first=Steven P. |last=Marsh |newspaper=[[The Journal News]] |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She lives in [[Nyack, New York]], with her husband, Francis Wilkinson, a journalist, and their two children, Cassius and Jamila.

Madhur Jaffrey is the aunt of the British journalist Rohit Jaggi and his sister the literary critic [[Maya Jaggi]], their mother being Jaffrey's eldest sister, Lalit.<ref name="madhur_ft_2006-09-23">{{cite news |last=Jaggi |first=Rohit |date=23 September 2006 |title=Let's do the time warp again |url=https://www.ft.com/content/734847ae-4a9f-11db-8738-0000779e2340 |access-date=15 October 2015 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London}}</ref><ref name="madhur_ind_2012-08-16">{{cite news |title=Madhur Jaffrey: A taste of history |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/madhur-jaffrey-a-taste-of-history-320997.html |author=Maya Jaggi |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_tg_2008-08-18">{{cite news |title= Memories-on-sea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/aug/18/ethicalholidays.britishidentity?page=all |first=Maya |last=Jaggi |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date= 18 August 2008 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/nov/22/lalit-jaggi-obituary|title=Lalit Jaggi obituary|first=Maya|last=Jaggi|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

Jaffrey is cousin to the late [[Raghu Raj Bahadur]] (1924–1997), considered to be one of the world's top theoretical statisticians,<ref name="madhur_raghu">{{cite web |title=Obituary: Raghu Raj Bahadur, Statistics |url=http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970612/bahadur.shtml |work=[[The University of Chicago Chronicle]] |date=12 June 1997 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> and his sister, the late [[Sheila Dhar]] (1929–2001).<ref name="madhur_fc9">{{cite web |title=Family Tree of Rai Bahadur Jeewan Lal ji – Family Chart 9 |url=http://www.nawalbiharilalji.com/FC9.html |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="madhur_tti_2013-03-22">{{cite news |title=A rapidly changing city – Mosquito nets in a mango orchard|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130322/jsp/opinion/story_16639713.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326041631/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130322/jsp/opinion/story_16639713.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2013 |first=Malavika |last=Karlekar |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> In her memoirs ''Here's Someone I'd Like You to Meet'' (1995), Sheila Dhar recounts her difficult relationship with her father, referred to as ''Shibbudada'' in Jaffrey's own memoirs, ''Climbing the Mango Trees''.<ref name="madhur_sheila">{{cite book |last=Dhar |first=Sheila |year=1995 |title=Here's Someone I'd Like You to Meet: Tales of Innocents, Musicians and Bureaucrats |publisher=Oxford |isbn=0195636279 |page=22 }}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Cookbooks===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''An Invitation to Indian Cooking'' (1973) (James Beard Foundation Awards Cookbook Hall of Fame winner) – {{ISBN|978-0-224-01152-5}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's World of the East Vegetarian Cooking'' (1981) – {{ISBN|978-0-394-40271-0}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cooking'' (1973) – {{ISBN|978-0-8120-6548-0}}
* ''Eastern Vegetarian Cooking'' (1983) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-977720-5}}
* ''A Taste of India'' (1988) – {{ISBN|978-1-86205-098-3}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Cookbook: Easy East/West Menus for Family and Friends'' (1989) – {{ISBN|978-0-330-30635-5}}
* ''Indian Cooking'' (1989) – {{ISBN|978-0-600-56363-1}}
* ''A Taste of the Far East'' (1993) (James Beard Foundation Awards Cookbook of the Year winner) – {{ISBN|978-0-517-59548-0}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Spice Kitchen'' (1993) – {{ISBN|978-0-517-59698-2}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Recipes'' (1994) – {{ISBN|978-1-85793-397-0}}
* ''Entertaining With Madhur Jaffrey'' (1994) – {{ISBN|978-1-85793-369-7}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Flavors of India: Classics and New Discoveries'' (1995) – {{ISBN|978-0-517-70012-9}}
* ''Cookbook Food for Family and Friends'' (1995) – {{ISBN|978-1-85813-154-2}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Quick & Easy Indian Cooking'' (1996) – {{ISBN|978-0-8118-5901-1}}
* ''The Madhur Jaffrey Cookbook: Over 650 Indian, Vegetarian and Eastern Recipes'' (1996) – {{ISBN|978-1-85501-268-4}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Illustrated Indian Cookery'' (1996) – {{ISBN|978-0-563-38303-1}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey Cooks Curries'' (1996) – {{ISBN|978-0-563-38794-7}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Complete Vegetarian Cookbook'' (1998) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-186364-7}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian'' (1999) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) – {{ISBN|978-0-517-59632-6}}
* ''The Essential Madhur Jaffrey'' (1999) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-187174-1}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Step-by-Step Cooking'' (2001) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) – {{ISBN|978-0-06-621402-3}}
* ''Foolproof Indian Cooking: Step by Step to Everyone's Favorite Indian Recipes'' (2002) – {{ISBN|978-1-55366-258-7}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey Indian Cooking'' (2003) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-188408-6}}
* ''From Curries to Kebabs: Recipes from the Indian Spice Trail'' (2003) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) – {{ISBN|978-0-609-60704-6}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Ultimate Curry Bible'' (2003) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-187415-5}}
* ''Simple Indian Cookery'' (2005) – {{ISBN|978-0-563-52183-9}}
* ''At Home with Madhur Jaffrey: Simple Delectable Dishes from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka'' (2010) – {{ISBN|978-0-307-26824-2}}
* ''Curry Easy'' (2010) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-192314-3}}
* ''My Kitchen Table: 100 Essential Curries'' (2011) – {{ISBN|978-0-09-194052-2}}
* ''Vegetarian India: A Journey Through the Best of Indian Home Cooking'' (2015) (James Beard Foundation Awards nominee) – {{ISBN|978-1101874868}}
* ''Madhur Jaffrey's Instantly Indian Cookbook: Modern and Classic Recipes for the Instant Pot®'' (2019) – {{ISBN|978-0-525-65579-4}}}}

{{Library resources box|label=Madhur Jaffrey|about=yes|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|lcheading=Jaffrey, Madhur, 1933-}}

===Children's books===

* ''Seasons of Splendour: Tales, Myths, and Legends of India'' (Pavilion, 1985) illustrated by [[Michael Foreman (illustrator)|Michael Foreman]] – {{ISBN|978-0-340377260}}
* ''Market Days: From Market to Market Around the World'' (1995) illustrated by Marti Shohet – {{ISBN|978-0-8167-3504-4}}
* ''Robi Dobi: The Marvelous Adventures of an Indian Elephant'' (1997) illustrated by Amanda Hall – {{ISBN|978-0-8037-2193-7}}

===Memoirs===

* ''Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India'' (2006) – {{ISBN|978-1-4000-4295-1}}
* {{cite journal  |date=6 September 2021 |title=Sweet memory |department=First Tastes. August 19 & 26, 2002 |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=97 |issue=27 |pages=35 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/06/magazine20020819sweet-memory }}<ref>The online version is titled "The flavor of memory", originally published in the 19 & 26 August 2002 issue of ''The New Yorker''.</ref>

==References==

=== Primary ===

These are sources directly from Madhur Jaffrey herself.

{{reflist|group=J}}

=== Secondary ===

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |date=2006 |title=Climbing the Mango Trees |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |isbn=978-1400042951 |url=https://archive.org/details/climbingmangotre00jaff }}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Saeed |year=1998 |title=Saeed: An Actor's Journey |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] |isbn=978-0094767706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yxaAAAAMAAJ }}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|0415528}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* Oral History Project by Judith Weinraub [http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-1 Interview #1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002926/http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-1 |date=8 March 2019 }} and [http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-2 Interview #2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173910/http://dlib.nyu.edu/beard/interviews/madhur-jaffrey-interview-2 |date=7 March 2019 }}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Merchant Ivory Productions}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{People in veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{James Beard Awards: Vegetarian, Vegan, Plant-Based Authors & Cookbooks}}
{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Silver Bear for Best Actress}}
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaffrey, Madhur}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manhattan]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American cookbook writers]]
[[Category:American food writers]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British chefs]]
[[Category:British cookbook writers]]
[[Category:British television chefs]]
[[Category:British women chefs]]
[[Category:British women food writers]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
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[[Category:Indian women chefs]]
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[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chelsea, Manhattan]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Hillsdale, New York]]
[[Category:Silver Bear for Best Actress winners]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]

Ashim Kumar Ghosh

2026-04-18T22:37:13Z

TajWoolcock75: bio

{{Short description|19th Governor of Haryana (born 1944)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Professor]]
| image_size = 195
| image = Ashim Kumar Ghosh.jpg
| caption = Ghosh in 2025
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
| predecessor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| term_start = 21 July 2025
| term_end =
| office2 = 5th State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
| successor2 = [[Tathagata Roy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{br}}(since 1991)
| alma_mater = [[Vidyasagar College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]){{br}}[[University of Calcutta]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| term2 = 1999 {{nbnd}} 2002
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Howrah]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], India)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Academician
}}

'''Ashim Kumar Ghosh''' (born 12 March 1944) is an Indian academician and politician who is serving as 19th [[Governor of Haryana]]. Before that, he served as the president of [[BJP West Bengal]] from 1999 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Haryana, Goa get new governors, J&K ex-Deputy Chief Minister given Ladakh charge |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashim-kumar-ghosh-appointed-haryana-governor-ashok-gajapathi-raju-in-goa-kavinder-gupta-in-ladakh-2755496-2025-07-14 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2025 |title=President Droupadi Murmu appoints 3 new governors: Kavinder Gupta in Ladakh; Prof Ghosh, Gajapathi Raju for Haryana and Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-droupadi-murmu-appoints-3-new-governors-kavinder-gupta-in-ladakh-prof-ghosh-gajapathi-raju-for-haryana-and-goa/articleshow/122434982.cms |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ghosh was born on 12 March 1944 at Howrah, [[British India]]. He completed his primary education in [[Vivekananda Institution]], Howrah. He earned a bachelor's and master's degree in [[political science]] at [[Vidyasagar College]] and [[Calcutta University]] respectively. He has served as a professor of political science since 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=TDP's Ashok Ganapathi Raju named new Goa Governor, Ashim Kumar Ghosh gets Haryana, Kavinder Gupta is Ladakh LG |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/tdp-ashok-gajapathi-raju-named-new-goa-governor-ashim-kumar-ghosh-gets-haryana-kavinder-gupta-appointed-as-ladakh-lg-latest-updates-2025-07-14-998804 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

Ghosh joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 1991. According to Saurav Sikdar, [[Tapan Sikdar]]'s son, Ghosh was brought to politics by Tapan. He became the party's state secretary in 1996, then as state vice-president in 1998. Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] recommended him to become the party's state president. After completing his term, he served as the observer for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tripura|Tripura BJP unit]] from 2003 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Ashim Ghosh becomes 19th Governor of Haryana: Served as BJP West Bengal unit chief; replaced Bandaru Dattatreya - Haryana News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/haryana/news/ashim-ghosh-becomes-19th-governor-of-haryana-served-as-bjp-president-west-bengal-replaced-bandaru-dattatreya-135445351.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

Ghosh was a member of the BJP National Executive from 2004 to 2006. He was appointed as [[Governor of Haryana]] by President [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 14 July 2025, becoming the third [[Bengalis|Bengali person]] after [[Birendra Narayan Chakraborty]] and [[Hari Anand Barari]] to be appointed as governor of Haryana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2025 |title=Professor Ashim Kumar Ghosh appointed Governor of Haryana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/professor-ashim-kumar-ghosh-appointed-governor-of-haryana/article69810596.ece |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]]|years=21 July 2025 - Present}}
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{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Ashim Kumar}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal academics]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Governors of Haryana]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning

2026-04-18T02:23:38Z

TajWoolcock75: Started new details

{{short description|British artist and the first vicereine of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = The Countess Canning
| image = Charlotte Stuart, Viscountess Canning 1849.jpg
| caption = Lady Canning, by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1849)
| office1 = [[Governor-General of India|Viceregal-Consort of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 November 1858
| term_end1 = 18 November 1861
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| 2blankname1 = {{nowrap|Governor- General}}
| 2namedata1 = [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|The Earl Canning]]
| predecessor1 = ''position established''
| successor1 = [[Mary Louisa Bruce, Countess of Elgin|The Countess of Elgin]]
| alt =
| CoA =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]]|1835}}
| issue =
| full name =
| styles =
| titles =
| house-type =
| father = [[Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay]]
| mother = Lady Elizabeth Yorke
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1817|03|31}}
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1861|11|18|1817|03|31}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| burial_date =
| honorific_prefix = [[Her Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
}}

'''Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning''' (''[[née]]'' '''Stuart'''; 31 March 1817 – 18 November 1861) was a British aristocrat, artist and the first [[Vicereine of India]]. She was one of India's most prolific women artists – two portfolios in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] contain some 350 watercolours by her, the result of four major tours in the country. Her husband was [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], who served as [[Governor-General of India]] from 1856 to 1858 and then as Viceroy of India until 1862.

As the elder daughter of the British ambassador to France, she was born and raised in Paris. She moved to England with her family in 1831, marrying Canning four years later. From 1842 to 1855, Lady Canning served as a [[Lady of the Bedchamber]] to [[Queen Victoria]] and was a favourite of the monarch. She moved to [[Calcutta]] in 1856 upon her husband's appointment, and two years later she became India's first vicereine when the British Crown took over India.

As an artist and botanist Lady Canning collected flowers and plants during her frequent trips around India, while drawing the natural scenes around her. She became ill shortly before her scheduled return to England, and died of [[malaria]] in Calcutta. Her death was widely reported in England, where she was exemplified as a symbol of feminine virtue in the [[Victorian era]]. A type of Indian dessert, ''[[ledikeni]]'', is named after her.

==Early life and marriage==
[[File:Lady Stuart de Rothesay and her daughters by George Hayter.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Charlotte Stuart with her mother and sister, by [[George Hayter]] in 1830]]
Charlotte Stuart was born on 31 March 1817 at the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris|British embassy]] in Paris. Her father was the British ambassador, [[Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay|Sir Charles Stuart]] (later [[Baron Stuart de Rothesay]]), a grandson of the [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|3rd Earl of Bute]]. Her mother was Lady Elizabeth Yorke, a daughter of [[Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke]].{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|pp=74–5}}{{sfn|Reynolds|2004}}

Charlotte's grandmother, the [[Elizabeth Yorke, Countess of Hardwicke|Countess of Hardwicke]], was present for the birth; in a letter, she observed that the "first look of the young lady was so strikingly like her father as to make us all laugh".{{sfn|Hare|1893|p=61}} She was named after her godmother [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]].{{sfn|Hare|1893|pp=61–2}} A year later, Charlotte was joined by a younger sister, [[Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford|Louisa Anne]] (later Marchioness of Waterford);{{sfn|Hare|1893|p=65}} the pair were considered beautiful despite the plain looks of their parents.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=75}}

Charlotte stayed in Paris with her family, acquiring a fluency in French, until 1831 when her father finished his posting as ambassador. They returned to London where they lived in a newly constructed residence in [[Carlton House Terrace]].{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=75}} Three years after returning to London, in 1834, Charlotte [[Season (society)|came out in society]]. Shortly after doing so, she met the [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Hon. Charles Canning]], only remaining son of the former Prime Minister, [[George Canning]]. The younger Canning proposed and Charlotte consented, but her father declined to permit the match due to political disagreements he held with George Canning. Eventually, under family pressure, he agreed to allow the marriage.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=75}}

Charlotte married Charles Canning on 5 September 1835 at [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], London. He was elected to the [[British Parliament]] the following year,{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=75}} and in 1837 succeeded to his [[Joan Canning, 1st Viscountess Canning|mother's title]] as Viscount Canning, whereupon Charlotte became Viscountess Canning.{{sfn|Reynolds|2004}} In 1859 Charles was raised in the peerage as Earl Canning{{sfn|Reynolds|1998|p=224}} and Charlotte became Countess Canning.

==Lady of the Bedchamber==
[[File:Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers by Jerry Barrett.jpg|thumb|''[[Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers]]'' by [[Jerry Barrett]], 1859, with Lady Canning in attendance]]
In 1842, Charlotte was appointed as a [[Lady of the Bedchamber]] to [[Queen Victoria]], becoming a favourite of both Victoria and her husband [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]]. She accepted the offer within a day, writing that serving the queen was a "source of pride and gratification".{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=73}} She may have consented for financial reasons, as the family, while respectable, was not wealthy.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=72}} Her childless marriage to Lord Canning was also not the happiest of unions.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=72}}{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=88}}

Charlotte held this position until 1855.{{sfn|Reynolds|1998|pp=201, 224}} Hubbard notes many traits that likely secured Charlotte her role in the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] court. In addition to being well-connected – as the daughter of an ambassador and spouse of a rising politician – Charlotte was of respectable character; she was discreet, intelligent, socially adept, and beautiful. She was also fluent in French, making her useful in certain social situations,{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=72}} and she was known for her intelligent conversation. Being a Lady of the Bedchamber was largely ceremonial; Charlotte served as a companion of the queen, accompanying her on daily outings and to formal ceremonies. She also entertained visiting royals and dined with the queen when Victoria was not with her family.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|pp=73–4}}

Lady Canning was an adherent of [[Anglicanism]], her religious views tending towards [[high church]] traditions, despite Victoria's personal dislike of this perspective. Victoria favoured worship within the [[Presbyterian]] tradition found within the [[Church of Scotland]]; her ladies-in-waiting were drawn from different wings of the Established Churches.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=72}}{{sfn|Reynolds|1998|pp=73, 75, 198}}

==Vicereine of India==
[[File:Charlotte Canning00.jpg|thumb|Watercolour by Lady Canning, of the Hill Fort of [[Kangra Fort|Kangra]], [[Kangra Valley]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], 1860]]
Lord Canning was appointed [[Governor-General of India]], and the couple moved to the country in January 1856.<ref name=":02">{{Cite Q|Q126672688}}</ref> They resided at [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Government House]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref name=":02"/> She disliked the formality and routine of the residence, writing that "its greatest sin is its intense dullness".{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=173}} The couple spent their retreats at [[Barrackpore]], a "resonantly Anglicized place" sixteen miles from central Calcutta.{{sfn|David|1995|p=120}} An accomplished botanist,{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=79}} Canning came to love Barrackpore's "jungly" characteristics,{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=91}} noting that the "luxuriant growth in the jungly ground outside, of dazzling green during the Rains, is more beautiful than I can describe and I always think of the [[Palm House]] at Kew".{{sfn|David|1995|p=120}}

Lady Canning was in the country during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India Mutiny]], a rebellion in India against the rule of the [[British East India Company]] that ran from May 1857 to July 1859. Her husband was much criticized for his perceived clemency of the rebels, but the Cannings had the firm support of [[Queen Victoria]].{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|pp=173–75}} After the end of the Mutiny, rule of India was transferred over to the British Crown. Lord Canning was made its [[viceroy]],{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=176}} making his wife the country's first [[vicereine]].{{sfn|Reynolds|1998|p=224}} Her new position lacked official duties, but she did play a social role and partook in philanthropic efforts.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=31}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:-Lady Canning- MET DP146145.jpg|On an elephant, 1858–61
File:-The Countess Canning, The Earl Canning, G.G. and Lord Clyde C.in C., Simla- MET DP146074.jpg|At [[Simla]] with her husband and [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Lord Clyde]], Commander-in-Chief, 1860
File:-Group Portrait- (L to R)Lady Canning, Major Jones and Lady Campbell, Barnes Court, Simla- MET DP146179.jpg|Lady Canning, Major Jones and Lady Campbell, Simla, 1860

</gallery>

==Artistry==
[[File:-The Countess Canning, Calcutta- MET DP146071.jpg|thumb|Photographed by Henry Hering for a ''[[carte de visite]]'' around 1860]]
Owing to her high position in the country, Charlotte once described her situation as being "isolated to a degree I could never have imagined".{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=175}} She found comfort in her collection and artistic renderings of India's flora, and devoted much of her time to the garden at Barrackpore.{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=175}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite Q|Q126672688}}</ref> As an amateur artist, Canning favoured watercolours and kept many portfolios of her works.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=31}} The historian Eugenia W. Herbert describes Charlotte as the "most memorable and the most accomplished of the women botanical illustrators in India".{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=175}} Her efforts fill the pages of nineteen volumes, currently being held in [[Harewood House]].{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=175}} She was also one of India's earliest photographers, taking many photos, and also commissioning and collecting others.{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=89}}<ref name=":02" />

Also interested in natural history, Charlotte collected samples when travelling with her husband on his tours of India. Her cousin accompanied one of these trips and noted that Charlotte's "genuine love of plants and flowers makes every step in this country of interest to her."{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=92}} She also travelled without her husband.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=31}} She kept a journal and wrote frequently to [[Queen Victoria]],{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=173}}<ref name=":02" /> providing detailed accounts of life in India to the fascinated monarch. She also sent nature samples to Victoria's children.{{sfn|Herbert|2011|pp=88–89}} Victoria, in turn, replied regularly.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=173}} Much of their correspondence still remains.{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=88}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Lady Canning grave calcutta 1.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Lady Canning's memorial at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John's Church]], [[Calcutta]]]]
After five years in India, Charlotte looked forward to returning to England and her family, with the intended departure date planned for sometime in January 1862. Queen Victoria had granted her rangership of [[Greenwich Park]]. She embarked on one final trip to see the mountains surrounding [[Darjeeling]] in October, and continued her trip into the following month by returning to Calcutta.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|pp=185–86}} She became ill during the journey{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=94}} and died at Government House of [[malaria]], in her husband's arms.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=32}} She was buried on the grounds of Barrackpore, in a small garden her husband described as a "beautiful spot" that looked upon a river she "was so fond of drawing".{{sfn|Herbert|2011|p=94}} News of her demise reached Queen Victoria shortly before the death of her own husband, Prince Albert, in December.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|p=253}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=186}}

Lady Canning's death was widely reported in England,{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=41}} where it "generated an extraordinary, unanimous demonstration of patriotic grief."{{sfn|Trumble|2000|p=20}} She was exemplified as a symbol of feminine virtue across the [[British Empire]],{{sfn|Trumble|2000|p=20}} and her death was said to have "cast a gloom over Calcutta."{{sfn|Anderson|2014|pp=41–2}} Lord Canning grieved heavily and visited her grave daily; known for his reserved demeanour, he broke down into tears when comforted by the [[George Cotton|Bishop of Calcutta]]. He sent details of her final days to Queen Victoria, not realising that the monarch was also in mourning for the loss of a spouse.{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=194}} He did not long outlive his wife, dying the following year of [[liver disease]].{{sfn|Rappaport|2003|p=201}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2012|p=195}} As a result, it fell to his heir [[Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde|Hubert de Burgh-Canning]], to arrange for the construction of her tomb.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=40}} By 1913, her grave and memorial were located adjacent to [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St John's Church]] in Calcutta, which is now viewable to the public.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=41}}

Two portfolios in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] contain many of her watercolours and drawings.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=46}} In India, a sweet dessert called ''[[ledikeni]]'' (or "Lady Kenny") bears Lady Canning's name. It is very similar to a [[pantua]] and is made of [[chhana]] and flour, and soaked in sugar syrup. There are several legends behind the dessert's origins; one holds that a [[confectioner]] named his concoction after Lady Canning in honour of her birthday, while another says the sweetmeat was prepared to commemorate her visit to India in 1856. It is said that it became more famous because of its name than its taste.{{sfn|Bose|1883|p=51}}{{sfn|Krondl|2010|p=58}} It became fashionable among the Bengali elite to eat ''ledikeni'' in the decades after her death.{{sfn|Dey|2015}}

==Bibliography==
* [https://archive.org/stream/storyoftwonoblel01hareuoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''The story of two noble lives : being memorials of Charlotte, Countess Canning, and Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford'' (Volume 1) – Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert, 1834–1903]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Glimpse-Burning-Plain-Journals-Charlotte/dp/071812667X ''A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Indian Journals of Charlotte Canning''] – [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]] (Michael Joseph (October 1987)) {{ISBN|978-0-7181-2667-4}}
* {{Cite Q|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126672688}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Works cited
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hD-DCgAAQBAJ |first=Tracy |last=Anderson |chapter=The Lives and Afterlives of Charlotte, Lady Canning (1817–1861): Gender, Commemoration, and Narratives of Loss |pages=31–50 |title=The Afterlives of Monuments |editor-first=Deborah |editor-last=Cherry |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415739399 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/hindoosastheyar01bosegoog#page/n71/mode/1up |last=Bose |first=Shib Chunder |edition=2 |title=The Hindoos as They Are: A Description of the Manners, Customs, and Inner Life of Hindoo Society in Bengal |year=1883 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co }}
* {{cite book|first=Deirdre |last=David |title=Rule Britannia: Women, Empire, and Victorian Writing |url=https://archive.org/details/rulebritanniawom00davi |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801431708 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ |first=Ishita |last=Dey |chapter=Lebkuchen |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |editor-first=Darra |editor-last=Goldstein |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199313396 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/storyoftwonoblel01hareuoft#page/n9/mode/2up |first=Augustus J. C. |last=Hare |author-link=Augustus Hare |title=The Story of Two Noble Lives: Being Memorials of Charlotte, Countess Canning, and Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford |publisher=G. Allen |year=1893 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_S9sNe8f7AC |first=Eugenia W. |last=Herbert |title=Flora's Empire: British Gardens in India |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8122-4326-0 }}
* {{cite book|first=Kate |last=Hubbard |title=Serving Victoria: Life in the Royal Household |url=https://archive.org/details/servingvictorial0000hubb |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-06-226991-1 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|title=The Sweetshops of Kolkata |journal=[[Gastronomica]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |year=2010 |last1=Krondl |first1=Michael |pages=58–65 }}
* {{cite book|first=Helen |last=Rappaport |author-link=Helen Rappaport |title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGhimIiFPoC |date=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-355-7 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCWQq7VTGZ0C |title=Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain |first=K.D. |last=Reynolds |year=1998 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-820727-1 }}
* {{ODNBweb|last=Reynolds |first=K.D. |title=Canning, Charlotte Elizabeth, Countess Canning (1817–1861) |id=42027 |date=2004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Angus |last=Trumble |title=Gilbert Scott's 'Bold and Beautiful Experiment', Part II: The Tomb of Charlotte, Lady Canning |volume=142 |number=1162 |pages=20–28 |date=January 2000 |journal=[[The Burlington Magazine]] |jstor=888765 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book|first=A. N. |last=Wilson |author-link=A. N. Wilson |title=Victoria: A Life |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-312787-1 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline|Category:Charlotte Canning|Charlotte Canning}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canning, Charlotte Canning, Countess}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century English women artists]]
[[Category:19th-century English painters]]
[[Category:English watercolourists]]
[[Category:Artists from Paris]]
[[Category:British countesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria in India]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Bedchamber]]
[[Category:Stuart of Bute family|Charlotte]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:Court of Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Canning family (politics)|Charlotte]]
[[Category:19th-century British women painters]]
[[Category:19th-century British ladies-in-waiting]]

Nawabganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:10Z

TajWoolcock75: Adding The Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawabganj
| constituency_no = 121
| map_image = 121-Nawabganj.svg
| mla = M P Arya
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 257,842 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Nawabganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 121.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 13 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nawabganj.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / areas==
Nawabganj Assembly constituency is coterminous with Nawabganj Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Nawrang Lal<ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Sheo Raj Bahadur<ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Naurang Lal<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| C. R. Pachpra<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=5 | [[Chetram Gangwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=" 1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Gedanlal Gangwar<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | [[Bhagwat Saran Gangwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Chotey Lal Yadav<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=3 | [[Bhagwat Saran Gangwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Kesar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[M. P. Arya|Dr. M. P. Arya]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nawabganj<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. M. P. Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:111113}}
|percentage = 48.2
|change = {{increase}}4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Bhagwat Saran Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:101876}}
|percentage = 44.2
|change = {{increase}}18.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yusuf Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:11083}}
|percentage = 4.81
|change = {{decrease}}3.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1451}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9237}}
|percentage = 4.0
|change = {{decrease}}14.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230503}}
|percentage = 67.89
|change = {{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Nawabganj<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kesar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:93711}}
|percentage = 43.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Bhagwat Saran Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:54569}}
|percentage = 25.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-E-Millait Council
|candidate = Shaila Tahir
|votes = {{formatnum:36761}}
|percentage = 17.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendera Singh Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:18948}}
|percentage = 8.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1860}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39142}}
|percentage = 18.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215339}}
|percentage = 68.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nawabganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Bhagwat Saran Gangwar]]
|votes = 67,022
|percentage = 35.58
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Usha Gangwar
|votes = 49,303
|percentage = 26.17
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Mohd. Islam Hazi Islam Babbu
|votes = 38,415
|percentage = 20.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 33,630
|percentage = 17.85
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,719
|percentage = 9.41
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 188,370
|percentage = 73.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Bareilly district]]
*[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.4833|N|87.2833|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

V. V. Rajesh

2026-04-13T00:33:26Z

TajWoolcock75: started a post added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician and Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. V. Rajesh
| birth_name = V. V. Rajesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nedumangad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
| office = 47th [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram]]
| term_start = 26 December 2025
| predecessor = [[Arya Rajendran]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office1 = State secretary [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Kerala]]
}}

'''V. V. Rajesh''' (born 5 May 1975) is an Indian politician from Kerala and a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He became the 47th mayor of the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]] on 26 December 2025. He is the first BJP leader to become mayor of Thiruvananthapuram and the party's first mayor of a municipal corporation in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=V V Rajesh elected as BJP's first mayor of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/vv-rajesh-elected-as-bjp-s-first-mayor-of-thiruvananthapuram-corporation-125122600434_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/26/vv-rajesh-becomes-bjps-first-mayor-in-kerala</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajesh was born on 5 May 1975 at [[Nedumangad]] in the [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of [[Kerala]]. His father is Velayudhan Nair. After his education at [[Mar Ivanios College]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi College]] in Thiruvananthapuram, he did his [[LL.B.]] at the [[Kerala Law Academy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He was a member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|A.B.V.P.]] during his studies.

== Political career ==
Rajesh is a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is V V Rajesh, BJP's mayor pick in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-leader-elected-thiruvananthapuram-mayor-in-big-pre-poll-boost-who-is-v-v-rajesh-10440302/ |work=The Indian Express |date=26 December 2025}}</ref> Before becoming mayor, he held leadership roles at the district and state levels. He was the party's Thiruvananthapuram district president and the state secretary. He is a senior leader of the party in the state's capital city.
<ref name="x662">{{cite news | title=Thiruvananthapuram's VV Rajesh becomes BJP's first Mayor in Kerala | work=The Hindu | date=26 December 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bjp-leader-vv-rajesh-sworn-in-as-mayor-of-thiruvananthapuram/article70439409.ece | access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

=== 2025 municipal corporation election ===
In the 2025 local body elections held on 9 December 2025, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged as the single largest party in the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation by winning 50 of the 101 wards.<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Thiruvananthapuram_Municipal_Corporation_election |work=Wikipedia}}</ref>

Following the election, Rajesh was nominated as the BJP's candidate for the mayoral post. He was elected mayor on 26 December 2025 after securing 51 votes, including the support of an independent councillor.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP wins Thiruvananthapuram mayor post for first time |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/12/26/mds8-kl-mayor-corporation.html |work=The Week |date=26 December 2025}}</ref>

== Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram ==
Rajesh was sworn in as mayor of the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation on 26 December 2025. In his inaugural address, he stated that his administration would focus on inclusive development and civic improvements across all wards of the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=VV Rajesh sworn in as mayor of Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/bjp-vv-rajesh-sworn-in-as-mayor-of-thiruvananthapuram-bjp-gets-first-kerala-mayor-before-kerala-assembly-election-9979811 |work=NDTV |date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vv-rajesh-makes-history-for-bjp-in-kerala-after-being-elected-thiruvananthapuram-mayor-in-landmark-win-who-is-he/articleshow/126186668.cms?from=mdr</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title = 'Milestone In Golden Letters': PM Modi Hails BJP's Thiruvananthapuram Win In Letter To Mayor Rajesh
|url = https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-letter-to-vv-rajesh-bjp-thiruvananthapuram-mayor-bp-victory-9803669.html
|website = News18
|date = 2026-01-01
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant records and statistics

2026-04-10T08:52:27Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{Short description|none}}
{{about|List of Mohun Bagan SG records and statistics|Asian records and statistics|Mohun Bagan in international football}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]''' (''football division of '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]]''''') is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest football clubs in [[Asia]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan played their first match in 1889 against [[Eden Hindu Hostel]]. They won their first ever title in 1904, lifting [[Cooch Behar Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sabujmaroonswapno.in/wordpress/the-beginning-of-the-journey-1889-1903/ |title=Sabuj Maroon Swapno | THE BEGINNING OF THE JOURNEY : 1889–1903 |accessdate=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140825191125/http://sabujmaroonswapno.in/wordpress/the-beginning-of-the-journey-1889-1903/ |archivedate=2014-08-25 }}</ref> In 1911, Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to win a major title, when they defeated the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]], 2–1 to lift the [[IFA Shield]]. With 14 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] titles and 7 [[National Football League (India)|NFL]]/[[I-League]]/[[Indian Super League|ISL]] titles, Mohun Bagan is the most successful club in major national tournaments. Mohun bagan have won more than 5000 matches in their football history, which is highest for an Indian club.

==Domestic titles==
===[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]===
Mohun Bagan is the most successful club with 3 national league titles, along with [[East Bengal FC]], who also has 3 titles.

:'''Winners (3)''': [[1997–98 Indian National Football League|1997–98]], [[1999–2000 Indian National Football League|1999–2000]], [[2001–02 Indian National Football League|2001–02]]
:'''Runners-up (1)''': [[2000–01 Indian National Football League|2000–01]]

===[[I-League]]===
Mohun Bagan has won the I-League twice, winning the first title in 2014–15.

:'''Winners (2)''': [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]], [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
:'''Runners-up (3)''': [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]], [[2015–16 I-League|2015-16]], [[2016–17 I-League|2016-17]]

===[[Indian Super League]]===
Mohun Bagan has won an Indian Super League championship title, winning the first title in 2022–23 and won its first premiership title in 2023–24.

*'''Premiership'''
:'''Winners (2)''': [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
:'''Runners-up (1)''': [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]

*'''Championship'''
:'''Winners (2)''': [[2023 Indian Super League final|2022–23]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
:'''Runners-up (2)''': [[2021 Indian Super League final|2020-21]], [[2024 Indian Super League final|2023-24]]

===[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]===
With 14 titles, Mohun Bagan is by far the most successful team in India's most important Cup competition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Trophy room|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082005/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Mohun Bagan is the only Indian club to have won Federation Cup three consecutive times on two separate occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|title=India - List of Federation Cup Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

:'''Winners (14)''': 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1992, [[1993 Indian Federation Cup|1993]], 1994, 1998, 2001, 2006, [[2008 Indian Federation Cup|2008]], [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|2015–16]]
:'''Runners-up (6)''': 1997, 1983, [[1985 Indian Federation Cup|1985]], 2004, [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2016–17]]

===[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]===
Mohun Bagan has won the Super Cup twice, winning the first title in 2007.

:'''Winners (2)''': 2007, 2009
:'''Runners-up (2)''': 1998, 1999

===[[Durand Cup]]===
Mohun Bagan is the most successful team in Durand Cup, having won the title 17 times. Mohun Bagan is also the only Indian club to have won Durand Cup three consecutive times on two occasions. They are also the first Indian civilian club to be invited to participate in the Durand Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

:'''Winners (17)''': 1953, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994, 2000, [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
:'''Runners-up (13)''': 1950, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1997, 2004, 2009, 2019, 2024

===[[Calcutta Football League]]===
Mohun Bagan won the Calcutta Football League for the first time in 1939. The first league title post independence came in 1951. The Mariners have clinched three consecutive league titles three times in their history. Mohun Bagan was the first club to win ten league titles in 1962.

:'''Winners (30)''': 1939, 1943, 1944, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2018
:'''Runners-up (40)''': 1916, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1929, 1934, 1940, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1958, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2012, 2019

===[[IFA Shield]]===
In 1911 Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to win IFA Shield by defeating [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] 2–1 in the [[1911 IFA Shield final|final]]. The second IFA Shield title came in 1947. Between 1976 and 1979 the club won IFA Shield four consecutive times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

:'''Winners (21)''': 1911, 1947, 1948, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1969, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1989, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2025
:'''Runners-up (20)''': 1923, 1940, 1945, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1965, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2017, 2018

===[[Rovers Cup]]===
Mohun Bagan is the most successful team in Rovers Cup, with 14 titles. They are also the first Indian civilian club to be invited to participate in the Rovers Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html|title=India - List of Rovers Cup Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

:'''Winners (14)''': 1955, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, 2000
:'''Runners-up (10)''': 1923, 1948, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1986, 1987

==Other titles==
* '''[[Sikkim Gold Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (10) (record)''': 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|title=India - List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
:'''Winners (7) (record)''': 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1984, 1996, 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabordoloicuphist.html|title=India - List of Bordoloi Trophy Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>
* '''[[All Airlines Gold Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (8) (record)''': 1989, 1991, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2012
* '''[[Cooch Behar Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (18) (record)''': 1904, 1905, 1907, 1912, 1916, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1935, 1936, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1962, 1972
* '''[[Trades Cup]] (record)'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India - List of Trades Cup Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=2014|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050302/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
:'''Winners (11)''': 1906, 1907, 1908, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1965
* '''Lakshmibilas Cup'''
:'''Winners (7)''': 1909, 1910, 1928, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1941
* '''Gladstone Cup'''
:'''Winners (4)''': 1905, 1906, 1908, 1911
* '''[[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]'''
:'''Winners (2)''': 1978, 1981
* '''[[DCM Trophy]]'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1997
* '''[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (4)''': 1975, 1976, 1979, 1982
* '''[[Independence Day Cup|Assam Independence Gold Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (2)''': 1996, 1997
* '''[[ATPA Shield]]'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1993
* '''[[McDowell's Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1996
* '''[[Scissors Cup]]'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1993
* '''PNB Centenary Invitational Trophy'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1995
* '''J.C. Guha Memorial Trophy'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1988
* '''Shibdas Bhaduri Memorial Tournament'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1993
* '''Amritabazar Centenary Trophy'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 1968
* '''Chief Ministers Cup (CM trophy), Lucknow'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 2024
* '''Bhadreswar Gold Cup'''
:'''Winners (1)''': 2025

==Trophy count==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Tournament
! colspan=2|Winners
|-
|[[National Football League (India)|''National Football League'']]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''3s'''
|-
|[[I-League]]
|2
|-
|[[Federation Cup (India)|''Federation Cup'']]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''14'''
|-
|[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|''Indian Super Cup'']]
|2
|-
|[[Indian Super League|Indian Super League Shield]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''2s'''
|-
|[[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Cup]]
|2
|-
|[[IFA Shield]]
|23
|-
|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|30
|-
|[[Durand Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''17'''
|-
|''[[Rovers Cup]]''
|bgcolor="gold"|'''14'''
|-
|[[Trades Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''11'''
|-
|'''Total count'''
|bgcolor="gold"|'''265m'''
|}
*{{legend|gold|Records}}
*m Including minor trophies
*s Shared records

==Goalscoring records==
===Top scorers in National League/I-League/ISL===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;width:90%
|-
!Ranking
!Nationality
!Name
!Years
!Goals
|-
|1||align=left|{{BRA}}||[[Jose Ramirez Barreto]]||1999-2004, 2006-2012||'''94<ref name=NFL>[http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3327725/by-the-numbers-mohun-bagan-soar-past-600-goals-in-national-league By the numbers: Mohun Bagan soar past 600 goals in national league] ESPN.in</ref>'''
|-
|2||align=left|{{NGA}}||[[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]||2011-2014||'''51<ref name=NFL/>'''
|-
|3||align=left|{{AUS}}||[[Dimi Petratos]]||2022-||'''29'''
|-
|4||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Baichung Bhutia]]||2002-2003, 2006-2009||'''25<ref name=NFL/>'''
|-
|5||align=left|{{HAI}}||[[Sony Nordé]]||2014–2019||'''24'''
|-
|rowspan=3|6||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995) |Manvir Singh]]||2020–|| rowspan="3" |'''21'''
|-
|align=left|{{NGA}}||[[Chidi Edeh]]||2009–2011
|-
|align=left|{{CMR}}||[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]||2017–2019
|-
|7||align=left|{{FIJ}}||[[Roy Krishna]]||2020–2022||'''19'''
|}

*Only LEAGUE goals are Counted. ISL Playoff goals are NOT counted

===Top scorers in Calcutta League===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;width:90%
|-
!Ranking
!Nationality
!Name
!Years
!Goals
|-
|1||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Chuni Goswami]]||1954-1968||'''145'''
|-
|2||align=left|{{IND}}||Sisir Ghosh||1985-1992, 1995-1996||'''67'''
|-
|3||align=left|{{IND}}||Manas Bhattacharya||1977-1980, 1982–1984,1986- 1988||'''64'''
|-
|4||align=left|{{IND}}||Nanda Ray Chowdhury||1935-1943||'''63'''
|-
|5||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Ashok Chatterjee]]||1961-1968, 1972||'''58'''
|-
|6||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Subhash Bhowmick]]||1970-1972, 1976-1978||'''58'''
|-
|7||align=left|{{BRA}}||[[Jose Ramirez Barreto]]||1999-2004, 2006-2012||'''57'''
|-
|8||align=left|{{IND}}||Keshto Pal||1954-1959||'''57'''
|-
|9||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Samar Banerjee]]||1952-1959||'''55'''
|-
|10||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Shyam Thapa]]||1977-1983||'''55'''
|-
|11||align=left|{{IND}}||Mohammad Akbar||1976-1978||'''51'''
|-
|12||align=left|{{IND}}||Pungab Kannan||1966-1968, 1971, 1973-1975||'''51'''
|-
|13||align=left|{{NGA}}||[[Chima Okorie]]||1991-1992, 1997-1999||'''60'''
|}

Source: ''[[Ei Samay]]'' (newspaper)

==AFC club record==
All stats as per Mohun Bagan official site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-1-1009 |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup, Part 1 - McDowell's Mohun Bagan - News Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704211326/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-1-1009 |archive-date=2015-07-04}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-2-6622 |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup, Part 2 - McDowell's Mohun Bagan - News Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705205407/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-2-6622 |archive-date=2015-07-05}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-winners-cup |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup Winners Cup/AFC Cup - Part 2 - Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213104006/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-winners-cup |archive-date=2016-02-13}} </ref>

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
<section begin=AFC MB/>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Season
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Competition
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Round
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Club
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| 1st leg
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| 2nd leg
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Agg.
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Highest Scorer
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[1987 Asian Club Championship|1987]]
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Al-Rasheed SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–5
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[Sisir Ghosh]] (6 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[PAF F.C.|PAF FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1988–89]]
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Crescent Textile FC
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–0
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|[[Sisir Ghosh]] (5 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Nepal}} Kathmandu SC
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Oman}} [[Fanja SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Semi-final round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kazma SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 1–0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong Hongyuan F.C.|Guangdong Hongyuan FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 3–0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Al-Rasheed SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 2–0
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[1990–91 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1990–91]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Cup Winners' Cup]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Dalian Shide F.C.|Dalian Shide FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| {{Nowrap|0–6 }}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 2–0
| style="text-align:center" | —
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[1994–95 Asian Club Championship|1994–95]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Preliminary round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 7–1
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |Tausif Jamal (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Ratnam SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Second round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai Farmers Bank F.C.|Thai Farmers Bank FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–9
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–0 {{refn|The [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ordered that the 2nd leg was to be played in [[Malaysia]] due to a [[1994 plague in India|plague threat in India]], but Mohun Bagan objected to the ruling; Thai Farmers Bank was given a [[walkover]] and Mohun Bagan was ejected from the competition, fined $10,000 and banned from AFC competitions for three years. The ban was later lifted.|name=ACC94|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 9–0
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[1995 Asian Club Championship|1995]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–2 ([[away goal rule|a]])
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" |Manoharan, Satyabrata Bhowmik (1 goal each)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|1999–00]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |[[Chima Okorie]], [[Dipendu Biswas]] (1 goal each)
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Second round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Júbilo Iwata]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–0
| {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|The match was played over one leg by mutual agreement|name=ACC99|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 3–0
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2002–03 AFC Champions League|2002–03]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Champions League]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Saunders SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |[[Baichung Bhutia]] (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 0–6
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Daejeon Hana Citizen]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–5
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 7–5
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2007 AFC Cup|2007]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–0
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |[[Lalawmpuia Pachuau]] (2 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Osotspa Samut Prakan F.C.|Osotspa Samut Prakan FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Pahang F.C.|Pahang FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–7
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2009 AFC Cup|2009]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Al-Karamah SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 5–0
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |[[Rakesh Masih]] (1 goal)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–8
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 5–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 6–5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 6–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 7–4
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | 2016
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[2016 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |[[Cornell Glen]], [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]], [[Katsumi Yusa]] (1 goal each)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Shandong Taishan F.C.|Shandong Taishan FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–8
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2016 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 5–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" | 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 6–3
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" | [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] (6 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[South China AA]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 0–10
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–6
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon United F.C.|Yangon United FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Round of 16
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–5
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2017 AFC Cup|2017]]
| rowspan="5" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 1–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 4–3
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–4
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 5–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 5–3
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2021 AFC Cup|2021]]
| rowspan="4" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|2–0
| rowspan="4" |[[Roy Krishna]]
(2 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"|1–1
|-
|Inter-zone play-offs
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[FC Nasaf|Nasaf Qarshi]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|0–6
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[2022 AFC Cup|2022]]
| rowspan="6" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" |Qualifying stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Blue Star SC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|5–4
| rowspan="6" |[[Liston Colaco]]
(4 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|2–5
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|4–2
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|5–2
|-
|Inter-zone play-offs
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur City F.C.|Kuala Lumpur City FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|1–6
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2023–24 AFC Cup|2023–24]]
| rowspan="5" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" |Qualifying stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Machhindra F.C.]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
| rowspan="5" |[[Jason Cummings]]
(4 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 4–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–5
| style="text-align:center;background :#CCFFCC"| 6–5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center ; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center ; background:#FFCCCC;"|3–4
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25]]
| rowspan="3" |[[AFC Champions League Two]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|Tajikistan}} [[Ravshan Kulob]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|On 7 October 2024, AFC announced that Mohun Bagan SG were considered to have withdrawn from the AFC Champions League Two after they failed to appear for their fixture against [[Tractor S.C.|Tractor]] in [[Tabriz]]. Their single match against Ravshan Kulob 0–0 was voided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest update on AFC Champions League Two™|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/afc_news/news/latest_update_on_afc_champions_league_two_1.html |website=Asian Football Confederation|date=7 October 2024}}</ref>|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center;background :#CCFFCC" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|Qatar}} [[Al-Wakrah SC|Al-Wakrah]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|Iran}} [[Tractor S.C.|Tractor]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center ; background:#FFCCCC;" {{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
| style="text-align:center ; background:#FFCCCC;"{{N/A|n/p}}
{{refn|name=ACL224|group=N}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|2025–26]]
| rowspan="3" |[[AFC Champions League Two]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|IRN}} [[Sepahan S.C.|Sepahan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|JOR}} [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|TKM}} [[Ahal FK|Ahal]]
| style="text-align:center; |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}
{{reflist|group=N}}
<section end=AFC MB/>

==Player records==
* Club's all-time top goalscorer - {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] ('''228''' goals)
* Top goalscorer in '''National Football League'''/'''I-League''' - {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] ('''94''')
* Top goalscorer in '''Calcutta Football League''' - {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chuni Goswami]] ('''145''')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Mohun Bagan Super Giant Records And Statistics}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant-related lists|Records and statistics]]

Bhavani Sre

2026-04-04T05:24:00Z

TajWoolcock75: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian actress and playback singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhavani Sre
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bhavani Sri Venkatesh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (present-day [[Chennai]])
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Playback singer]]}}
| years_active = 1995; 2019-present
| parents = G. Venkatesh (Father) [[A. R. Reihana]] (mother)
| family = [[List of Indian music families#The R. K. Shekhar family|R. K. Shekhar family]]
| relatives = [[A. R. Rahman]] (uncle) [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (brother) <ref>{{cite news |title=Kalairani ma'am helped me shape my career, says actress Bhavani Sre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalairani-maam-helped-me-shape-my-career-says-actress-bhavani-sre/articleshow/82483067.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401191236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalairani-maam-helped-me-shape-my-career-says-actress-bhavani-sre/articleshow/82483067.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Bhavani Sre''' is an Indian actress and playback singer who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Director Vetri Maaran ropes in actress Bhavani Sre opposite Soori for his next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vetri-maaran-ropes-in-actress-bhavani-sre-opposite-soori-for-his-next/articleshow/80287674.cms |access-date=1 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vetri-maaran-ropes-in-actress-bhavani-sre-opposite-soori-for-his-next/articleshow/80287674.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Vetri Maaran sir asked me to just observe people, says Bhavani Sre |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maaran-sir-asked-me-to-just-observe-people-says-bhavani-sre/articleshow/99054085.cms |access-date=1 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401180247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maaran-sir-asked-me-to-just-observe-people-says-bhavani-sre/articleshow/99054085.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She is known for her performances in ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'', ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' and ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acting gives me personal stability |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/mar/30/acting-gives-me-personal-stability-2560751.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402040335/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/mar/30/acting-gives-me-personal-stability-2560751.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhavani Sre is the daughter of G. Venkatesh and playback singer [[A. R. Reihana]]. Her elder brother [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] is a music composer, playback singer, actor, and producer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=GV Prakash's sister makes her debut with this Vijay Sethupathi film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakashs-sister-makes-her-debut-with-this-vijay-sethupathi-film/articleshow/75919149.cms |access-date=1 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401180248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakashs-sister-makes-her-debut-with-this-vijay-sethupathi-film/articleshow/75919149.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> As a six month old baby, her crying and laughing noises were used for the song "Poovukkenna Poottu (Halla Gulla)" in ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'' (1995).<ref name="Baby"/>

== Career ==
Bhavani Sre made her debut as an actress in the 2019 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] web series ''[[High Priestess (TV series)|High Priestess]]'', which was released on [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=AR Rahman's niece and GV Prakash's sister, Bhavani Sre, to make her acting debut with Vijay Sethupathi's Ka Pae Ranasingam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/12/ar-rahmans-niece-gv-prakashs-sister-bhavani-sre-film-debut-vijay-sethupathis-ka-pae-ranasingam-12232.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171219/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/12/ar-rahmans-niece-gv-prakashs-sister-bhavani-sre-film-debut-vijay-sethupathis-ka-pae-ranasingam-12232.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, she acted in [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s Tamil film ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'', which was her Tamil acting debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=AR Rahman's niece Bhavani Sre makes acting debut in Vijay Sethupathi's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-s-niece-bhavani-sre-makes-her-acting-debut-in-vijay-sethupathi-s-film-1546786-2019-06-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=11 June 2019 |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171218/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-s-niece-bhavani-sre-makes-her-acting-debut-in-vijay-sethupathi-s-film-1546786-2019-06-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> She sang three songs in the 2020 Tamil [[anthology film]] ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by G.V. Prakash Kumar & Govind Vasantha |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/putham-pudhu-kaalai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1534977851 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 April 2023 |date=8 October 2020}}</ref> She has acted in [[Sudha Kongara]]'s segment "Thangam" in the Tamil anthology film ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'', which was released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lazarus |first1=Susanna Myrtle |title=Sudha Kongara, Kalidas Jayaram, Bhavani Sre and Shantnu Bhagyaraj on 'Thangam', their short film that is part of Netflix's upcoming Tamil anthology, 'Paava Kadhaigal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudha-kongara-kalidas-jayaram-bhavani-sre-and-shantnu-bhagyaraj-on-thangam-their-short-film-that-is-part-of-netflixs-upcoming-tamil-anthology-paava-kadhaigal/article61937888.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=en-IN |date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402040330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudha-kongara-kalidas-jayaram-bhavani-sre-and-shantnu-bhagyaraj-on-thangam-their-short-film-that-is-part-of-netflixs-upcoming-tamil-anthology-paava-kadhaigal/article61937888.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Bhavani Sre was cast in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s film ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'', it was her first film as a lead actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Vetri Maaran ropes in actress Bhavani Sre opposite Soori for his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vetri-maaran-ropes-in-actress-bhavani-sre-opposite-soori-for-his-next/articleshow/80287674.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vetri-maaran-ropes-in-actress-bhavani-sre-opposite-soori-for-his-next/articleshow/80287674.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhavani Sre to play the female lead in Vetrimaaran-Soori film? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/14/bhavani-sre-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vetrimaaran-soori-film-22250.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 January 2021 |access-date=1 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140143/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/14/bhavani-sre-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vetrimaaran-soori-film-22250.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, she acted in ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' fame actor Ananth Ram's directorial debut film, ''[[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu]]''. The film was released in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananth's directorial debut titled 'Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/aug/03/ananths-directorial-debut-titled-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-2178233.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 August 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401184316/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/aug/03/ananths-directorial-debut-titled-nanban-oruvan-vantha-piragu-2178233.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
* ''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances in films
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
|Maayi
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
|Sahira
|[[Netflix]] anthology film; segment: ''Thangam''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=I wanted actors without a set image for my short in Paava Kadhaigal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/dec/23/sudha-kongara-kalidas-jayaram-shanthnu-bhagyaraj-bhavani-sre-paava-kadhaigal-thangam-netflix-21915.html |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228104329/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/dec/23/sudha-kongara-kalidas-jayaram-shanthnu-bhagyaraj-bhavani-sre-paava-kadhaigal-thangam-netflix-21915.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|Tamilarasi [[Also known as|aka]] Paapa
|Nominated{{Emdash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] Won{{Endash}}JFW Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role {{Endash}} Critic
|<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abhay |first=Varsha |date=17 March 2024 |title=Empowering Performances: Aishwarya Rajesh, Meetha Raghunath and Bhavani Sre win Best Actress at the JFW Movie Awards 2024! |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/empowering-performances-aishwarya-rajesh-meetha-raghunath-and-bhavani-sre-win-best-actress-at-the-jfw-movie-awards-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306005819/https://jfwonline.com/article/empowering-performances-aishwarya-rajesh-meetha-raghunath-and-bhavani-sre-win-best-actress-at-the-jfw-movie-awards-2024/ |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=JFW |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu]]''
| Kannamma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=Meesaya Murukku fame Ananth turns director with a film on friendship |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meesaya-murukku-fame-ananth-turns-director-with-a-film-on-friendship/articleshow/77320875.cms |access-date=1 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401185738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meesaya-murukku-fame-ananth-turns-director-with-a-film-on-friendship/articleshow/77320875.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]''
|Tamilarasi [[Also known as|aka]] Paapa
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=31 March 2023 |title=Viduthalai Part 1 a deep dive into abuse of power. More of Vijay Sethupathi in Part 2 |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/viduthalai-part-1-a-deep-dive-into-abuse-of-power-more-of-vijay-sethupathi-in-part-2/1486940/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331124857/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/viduthalai-part-1-a-deep-dive-into-abuse-of-power-more-of-vijay-sethupathi-in-part-2/1486940/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|[[Hot Spot 2 Much|''Hot Spot 2 Much'']]
| Nithya || [[Anthology film]] Segment - ''Yours Lovingly, Love ''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=The star cast of Vignesh Karthick's Hot Spot 2 Much unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Dec/16/tamilnews2025dec15the-star-cast-of-vignesh-karthicks-hot-spot-2-much-unveiled |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaalidas 2]]'' || DSP Vaishnavi || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=3 April 2026 |title=Kaalidas 2 Movie Review: Crime thriller that never quite clicks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaalidas-2/movie-review/129999745.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403133719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaalidas-2/movie-review/129999745.cms |archive-date=3 April 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1995
| "Poovukkenna Poottu (Halla Gulla)"
|''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]''
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Uncredited<ref name="Baby">{{Cite Instagram |author=SS Music|author-link=SS Music|user=ssmusicofficial |postid=DTsfyuwjYAk|date=19 January 2026|title=நான் 6 மாச குழந்தையா இருக்கும்போதே ''Bombay'' படத்துல பாடி இருக்கேன்..! Me&U Conversation Ft. Bhavani Sre Actress Bhavani Sre described Viduthalai as a deeply transformative experience, praising Vijay Sethupathi’s grounded performance and Vetrimaaran’s intense, detail-driven direction that pushed her as an actor. #ssmusic #bhavanisre #Priyabhavanishankar, #Hotspot2much |script-title= |trans-title= When I was a six-month old baby, I sang in the film ''Bombay''..! Me&U Conversation Ft. Bhavani Sre Actress Bhavani Sre described Viduthalai as a deeply transformative experience, praising Vijay Sethupathi’s grounded performance and Vetrimaaran’s intense, detail-driven direction that pushed her as an actor. #ssmusic #bhavanisre #Priyabhavanishankar, #Hotspot2much|language= ta|location= |access-date=6 March 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|"Shirdi Sai Baba"
|{{NA}}
| rowspan="4" |[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Hindi]] album song{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|"Oho Endhan Baby"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
|"Kulfi Kuchchi"
|-
|"Kannam Adhil Vannam"
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|''[[High Priestess (TV series)|High Priestess]]''
|young Swathi Reddy
|[[Zee5]]
|Telugu
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col" | Music
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2017
|''Po Po Yen''
| rowspan="2"| AH Kaashif
|<ref>{{cite web |title=போ போ யென் {{!}}{{!}} Sid Sriram {{!}}{{!}} Po Po Yen {{!}}{{!}} A H Kaashif {{!}} {{!}}{{!}} Official Music Video {{!}}{{!}} | date=13 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Y4FXI01HCA|via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=4 August 2025 |language=en }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''Kannatti ''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannatti {{!}} Official Song {{!}} A H Kaashif {{!}} Nakul Abhyankar {{!}} Shariq Hassan Bhavani Sre {{!}}{{!}} | date=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncIiURYzGNM|via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=en }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm11424386|Bhavani Sre}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman]]

RJ Renu

2026-03-30T03:40:12Z

TajWoolcock75: added

{{short description|Indian radio jockey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = RJ Renu
| image = RenuJospeph1.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Renu Joseph Elenjical
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]]
| parents =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = RJ VJ Renu Love Bytes Renu
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| website =
| occupation = [[Radio jockey]] [[Video jockey]] [[Sports Anchor]] [[Sports Commentator]] [[News Presenter]]
| known for = Love Bytes (Kappa TV) Star Jam (Club FM)
}}
'''Renu Joseph''' popularly known as '''RJ Renu''', is an Indian [[radio personality|radio jockey]], [[video jockey]], TEDx speaker,<ref>{{Citation |title=Verbal immunity; a path to serenity {{!}} Renu Joseph {{!}} TEDxTKMCE | date=5 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gOokXiC2g0 |language=en |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> sports presenter, and celebrity interviewer based in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. She is best known as the host of the [[94.3 Club FM|Club FM 94.3/104.8]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1258364.ece |title=Honour for Club FM 94.3 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 May 2008 |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> show ''Love Bytes'' that ran for eight years, on [[radio]] and [[TV]] simultaneously,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article413193.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817015451/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article413193.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2016 |title=Living the RJ dream |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=31 January 2011 |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> and also for being the sports presenter in Jio Cinema for FIFA 2022 World cup Malayalam stream.<ref name=":1" />

==Early life==
Renu completed the BA degree in communicative English (Journalism and Advertising) from [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]], and [[MBA]] from [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]] before choosing a career as video jockey and [[radio personality|radio jockey]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=RJ's-പുത്തൻ ശബ്ദങ്ങൾ |journal=[[Mangalam Weekly]] |date=15 March 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
Renu had her first break as the host of [[Kairali TV]]'s ''Hello Good Evening'' as a replacement for the actress [[Remya Nambeesan]] and later continued with the shows ''Spicy India'' for [[Asianet Plus]] and ''Dream Home'' for [[Asianet News]]. She then joined the [[Mathrubhumi]] group as radio jockey as the host of the Club FM 94.3/104.8 show ''Love Bytes''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Love-has-a-huge-market-Renu/articleshow/37370359.cms |title=Love has a huge market: Renu |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 June 2014 |accessdate=3 July 2016}} - {{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/radio/my-fav-rjrenu-club-fm_48241.html |title=My fav RJ: Renu, Club FM |website=exchange4media |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> The show became a huge success, prompting the makers to convert it to a TV show with the same name for [[Kappa TV]]. She also does ''Tube Grid'', a show about viral videos on the same channel, and ''Star Jam'', a celebrity chat show on [[94.3 Club FM|Club FM 94.3/104.8]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=റേഡിയോ ജോക്കികളുടെ കാലം |journal=[[Vanitha]] |date=September 2014}}</ref>

She was also the host for FIFA 2022 World Cup at Jio Cinemas live Malayalam streaming<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Malayali commentators get ready ahead of #FIFAWorldCupQatar2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3zKdwk0qaw |language=en |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> service.

She does a celebrity interview show ''The Uncensored Show'' in Radio Mirchi Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=റേറ്റിംഗ് എല്ലാം ഫേക്ക് ആണ്, 80 ശതമാനം റിവ്യൂകള്‍ പെയ്ഡാണ്: നിര്‍മ്മാതാവ് വിജയ് ബാബു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/80-percentage-of-movie-reviews-and-ratings-are-paid-and-fake-said-vijay-babu-vvk-rpqswk |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Vijay Babu {{!}} Film Promotions | date=13 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCDfkwdG0y8 |language=en |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

== Radio Host ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!Channel
!Topic
|-
|Love Bytes<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=CLUB FM LOVE BYTES JAN 22 RJ RENU PART 1 | date=23 January 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ94Y9p-ivo |language=en |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>
|Club FM 94.3/104.8, (Kerala, India)
|Love and relationships
|-
|Star Jam<ref>{{Citation |title=Nivin Pauly - Star Jam (Part 1) {{!}} Feb 2016 - Club FM | date=24 February 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrI6EI_HKAY |language=en |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>
|Club FM 94.3/104.8, (Kerala, India)
|Celebrity chat
|-
|Uncensored
|Radio Rasam-online radio, (UAE)
|Relationships
|-
|Mornings with Renu
|Radio Mirchi-online radio, (Qatar, Bahrain)
|Morning drive time show
|-
|Crazy love
|Radio Mirchi 104 FM, (Kerala, India)
|Love and relationships
|-
|The Uncensored Show
(Radio version)
|Radio Mirchi 104 FM, (Kerala, India)
|Celebrity interviews
|}

==Television host==
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!channel
!Topic
|-
|''Hello Good Evening''||[[Kairali TV]]||Phone in program
|-
|''Spicy India''||[[Asianet Plus]]||Lifestyle show
|-
|''Dream Home''||[[Asianet News]]||Reality show
|-
|''Master Craft''||[[Mathrubhumi News]]||Reality show
|-
|''Love Bytes'' || rowspan="4" |[[Kappa TV]]||Music show
|-
|''Tube Grid''||
|-
|''Dine Out With Celebrities''||Chat show
|-
|''Face of the week''||Fashion
|-
|FIFA 2022 World Cup Malayalam stream
|Jio Cinema
|Football
|-
|IPL Auction 2022-23
|Jio Cinema
|Cricket
|-
|IPL Match Centre 2022-23 Malayalam stream
|Jio Cinema
|Cricket
|-
|IPL Match Centre 2023-24 Malayalam stream
|Jio Star
|Cricket
|-
|IPL Match Centre 2024-25 Malayalam stream
|Jio Star
|Cricket
|-
|News Presenter
|BIG TV
|Live news
|}

== Podcast ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!Platform
|-
|Crazy Love by RJ Renu
|Mirchi Plus
|-
|RJ Renu Malayalam Podcast
|Spotify, Apple Podcast, Gaana
|}

==Social media==
{| class="wikitable"
!Show
!Media
!Topic
|-
|The Uncensored Show
|Mirchi Malayalam, YouTube
|Celebrity interviews
|-
|''Crazy Love'' (Malayalam version)||Instagram TV (IGTV)||Love and relationships
|-
|''Crazy Love'' (English version)||[[YouTube]]||Love and relationships
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renu, RJ}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]

Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi

2026-03-27T15:28:25Z

TajWoolcock75: stub

{{Short description|Indian hotelier (1929–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
| image = The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan to Shri P.R.S. Oberoi, at an Investiture-I Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 05, 2008.jpg
| caption = [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] presenting the [[Padma Vibhushan]] to Oberoi in 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|02|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|11|14|1929|02|03|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Businessman
| parents = [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]] (father)
| spouse =
| education = [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]]
| children = 3
| awards = [[Padma Vibushan]] in 2008
}}

'''Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi''' (3 February 1929 – 14 November 2023), also called '''Biki Oberoi''', was an Indian hotelier. He was the executive chairman of the third-largest hospitality chain in [[India]], [[The Oberoi Group]], which runs a chain of luxury hotels under the Oberoi Hotels & Resorts and Trident brands.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356463069927040 |work= Wall Street Journal |title= EIH Chairman: Founders Have No Plans to Sell Stake |archive-date= 11 April 2023 |access-date= 8 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230411220512/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356463069927040 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=toi11/>

In 2008, the [[Government of India]] awarded Oberoi the [[Padma Vibushan]], India's second-highest civilian honour, in recognition of his exceptional service to the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://topics.wsj.com/person/O/prs-oberoi/6729 |work=Wall Street Journal |title=Persons: P.R.S Oberoi |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331165717/http://topics.wsj.com/person/O/prs-oberoi/6729 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}} ()</ref> Popularly known as "Biki",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oberoihotels.com/about_us/chairman_ceo.asp |title=Oberoi Hotels and Resorts website |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104070226/http://www.oberoihotels.com/about_us/chairman_ceo.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2002 he took over as the chairman of EIH Limited after the death of [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]], his father and the founding chairman of The Oberoi Group, and remained CEO of EIH Ltd until 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/prs-oberoi-is-new-eih-chairman/51039/1| title=PRS Oberoi Is New EIH Chairman}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi was born on 3 February 1929.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi |url=https://www.oberoigroup.com/aboutus/chairman-emeritus |website=The Oberoi Group |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114094003/https://www.oberoigroup.com/aboutus/chairman-emeritus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PRS Oberoi dies at 94: Remembering the man who redefined Indian hospitality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-early-life-education-contributions-to-indian-hospitality-industry-awards-and-accolades-2462706-2023-11-14 |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=India Today |date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114085430/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-early-life-education-contributions-to-indian-hospitality-industry-awards-and-accolades-2462706-2023-11-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was businessman [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi dies at 94: Exacting nitpicker leaves behind a legacy of luxury |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-exacting-nitpicker-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-luxury/cid/1980088 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305072638/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-exacting-nitpicker-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-luxury/cid/1980088 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Telegraph |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Oberoi was one of 5 siblings, including an older brother, Tilak Raj.<ref name=":2" />

He was educated at [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]], India, and later in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]], where he graduated with a degree in [[Hotel manager|hotel management]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi: Executive Profile & Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=24436405&privcapId=878458 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=Businessweek}}</ref> Oberoi's father, Mohan Singh, told him to travel the world and stay at leading hotels to understand luxury hospitality, and Oberoi stated that he did not have to work until he was past the age of 30.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Oberoi joined his father's [[hotel]]s group company, [[The Oberoi Group|EIH]], in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> Oberoi and his brother Tilak Raj worked together; however Tilak Raj died in 1984.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Karkaria |first=Bachi |date=2023-11-15 |title=Biki Oberoi, hotelier with passion for luxury & eye for detail, dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/biki-oberoi-hotelier-with-passion-for-luxury-eye-for-detail-dead/articleshow/105218123.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115031057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/biki-oberoi-hotelier-with-passion-for-luxury-eye-for-detail-dead/articleshow/105218123.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=4 May 2002 |title=Mohan Singh Oberoi, 103, A Pioneer in Luxury Hotels |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/business/mohan-singh-oberoi-103-a-pioneer-in-luxury-hotels.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908010309/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/business/mohan-singh-oberoi-103-a-pioneer-in-luxury-hotels.html |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> In 1967, he established The Oberoi Centre of Learning and Development in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Koustav |date=2023-11-14 |title=PRS Oberoi dies at 94: Remembering the man who redefined Indian hospitality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-early-life-education-contributions-to-indian-hospitality-industry-awards-and-accolades-2462706-2023-11-14 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114094000/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-dies-at-94-early-life-education-contributions-to-indian-hospitality-industry-awards-and-accolades-2462706-2023-11-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also founded the Oberoi Group's Vilas brand of hotels, beginning with Amarvilas in [[Agra]] and Udaivilas in [[Udaipur]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Oberoi's management of his business was different from his father, Mohan Singh, and focused particularly on food, hiring foreign chefs and investing in new restaurants.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=2023-11-14 |title=P R S Oberoi, 1929-2023: 'Biki' Oberoi, who set the gold standard for hospitality |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/p-r-s-oberoi-1929-2023-biki-oberoi-who-set-the-gold-standard-for-hospitality-9026737/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120101208/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/p-r-s-oberoi-1929-2023-biki-oberoi-who-set-the-gold-standard-for-hospitality-9026737/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the terrorists attacked his [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Trident Hotel]] in [[Mumbai]] during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], Oberoi swiftly managed to repair and reopen his hotel.<ref name=":4" />

He also served as a director of [[Jet Airways|Jet Airways (India) Limited]] from 29 March 2004 onwards.

== Honours and awards ==
In 2008, Oberoi was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=2023-11-14 |title=Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi, Oberoi Group Chairman Emeritus, passes away at 94 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-oberoi-group-chairman-emeritus-passes-away-405616-2023-11-14 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114034406/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-oberoi-group-chairman-emeritus-passes-away-405616-2023-11-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Business India]] awarded him the Businessman of the Year title in 2008 and in 2010, he was presented with the 2010 Corporate Hotelier of the World award by [[Hotels (magazine)|Hotels]] magazine.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013, he was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award for Management by the [[All India Management Association]] and in 2015, he was voted as one of [[CNBC TV18]]'s Top 15 Indian Business Icons.<ref name=":1" /> In June 2022, Oberoi was recognized by the International Hospitality Institute as one of the 100 most powerful people in global hospitality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundas |first=Guy |date=14 July 2022 |title=LATTE Columnist gains global hospitality recognition |url=https://latteluxurynews.com/2022/07/14/latte-columnist-gains-global-hospitality-recognition/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=LATTE Luxury News |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802162329/https://latteluxurynews.com/2022/07/14/latte-columnist-gains-global-hospitality-recognition/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=1 August 2022 |title=Dr Jeffrey Obomeghie and Dupe Olusola among the 100 most powerful people in global hospitality |url=https://www.pulse.ng/business/dr-jeffrey-obomeghie-and-dupe-olusola-among-the-100-most-powerful-people-in-global/3f8n19m |access-date=2 August 2022 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801163626/https://www.pulse.ng/business/dr-jeffrey-obomeghie-and-dupe-olusola-among-the-100-most-powerful-people-in-global/3f8n19m |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award]], Oberoi was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life and family ==
Oberoi was married twice and his second wife was Mirjana Jojic Oberoi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Srishti |date=2024-09-16 |title=Oberoi inheritance war: Siblings clash over late PRS Oberoi's will |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/oberoi-inheritance-war-siblings-clash-over-late-prs-oberois-will-vikramjit-natasha-arjun-anastasia-2600606-2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He had a son, Vikram Singh Oberoi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Vikram S. Oberoi – Managing Director and CEO, The Oberoi Group |url=https://www.ceovine.com/vikram-s-oberoi-ceo-oberoi-group/ |website=CEO VINE}}</ref> and two daughters, Natasha Oberoi and Anastasia Oberoi.<ref name="toi11">{{cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Reeba |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Shubham |date=11 April 2011 |title=Biki Oberoi names son Vikram as successor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Biki-Oberoi-names-son-Vikram-as-successor/articleshow/7939069.cms |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424094248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/biki-oberoi-names-son-vikram-as-successor/articleshow/7939069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Vivek |first=Sonu |date=2024-09-17 |title=Inheritance war: How fight for PRS Oberoi's legacy is unfolding in court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/oberoi-family-dispute-prs-will-legacy-what-has-happened-so-far-in-court-legal-proceeding-2600786-2024-09-17 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001211550/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/oberoi-family-dispute-prs-will-legacy-what-has-happened-so-far-in-court-legal-proceeding-2600786-2024-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> At 89, he continued to live at the Oberoi Farm, his house and office on the outskirts of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Leadership Awards 2014: Mr. Hospitality: PRS 'Biki' Oberoi has made guests' comfort his priority|work=Forbes India Magazine|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2014/mr.-hospitality-prs-biki-oberoi-has-made-guests-comfort-his-priority/38803/1|author=Prince Mathews Thomas|date=13 October 2014|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922090935/http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2014/mr.-hospitality-prs-biki-oberoi-has-made-guests-comfort-his-priority/38803/1|url-status=live}}</ref> He also had a residence in a village outside [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":3" /> Oberoi died<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2023 |title=Visionary Hospitality Icon, Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Passes Away at 94 |url=https://www.ceovine.com/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-passes-away-at-94/ |website=CEO VINE}}</ref> in the early morning of 14 November 2023, at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Oberoi Group Chairman Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi passes away at 94 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/oberoi-group-chairman-prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-passes-away-at-94-2769322 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042347/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/oberoi-group-chairman-prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-passes-away-at-94-2769322 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PRS Oberoi, Who Redefined Indian Hospitality Through His Hotels, Dies At 94 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-who-redefined-indian-hospitality-through-his-hotels-dies-at-94-4572180 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114043135/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prithvi-raj-singh-oberoi-who-redefined-indian-hospitality-through-his-hotels-dies-at-94-4572180 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vikram succeeded his father as head of the Oberoi Group.<ref name="toi11" /> After his death, an inheritance dispute occurred between his youngest daughter Anastasia, the daughter of Mirjana Jojic, and his other family members including his two older children and his nephew Arjun, the son of his brother Tilak Raj.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The succession battle was caused by two conflicting [[Will and testament|wills]] of Oberoi's.<ref name=":6" /> In September 2024, the [[Delhi High Court]] issued an interim order favoring Anastasia.<ref name=":5" /> The order prohibits the transfer of shares in any of the Oberoi Group companies.<ref name=":5" /> The Delhi High Court protected Anastasia and her mother’s rights to their family home.<ref name=":5" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Prithvi Raj Singh}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:The Oberoi Group]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Paul's School, Darjeeling alumni]]

Lungwa

2026-03-26T12:10:05Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{Short description|Village in India and Myanmar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lungwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.661379|N|95.219849|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} and {{flag|Myanmar}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]/Division
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]/Sub-division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]] and Northwestern Myanmar
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]] and [[Sagaing Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mon district|Mon District]] and [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
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| leader_title =
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| total_type = 
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| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 6703<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Mon/Phomching/Longwa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802131338/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Mon/Phomching/Longwa|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 August 2023|title=Longwa Population|website=www.indiagrowing.com|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
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| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Dialect
| population_blank2 = [[Konyak language|Konyak]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lungwa''', also known as '''Longwa''', is a [[Konyak Naga|Konyak]] [[Naga people|Naga]] village located in [[India]] and [[Myanmar|Myanmar (Burma)]] that straddles both sides in the [[Mon district|Mon District]] of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]] and
the [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] of the [[Sagaing Region]] of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/residents-of-this-nagaland-village-are-granted-dual-citizenship-because-a-part-of-it-lies-in-myanmar-article-96929246|title=Residents of this Nagaland village are granted dual citizenship because a part of it lies in Myanmar|date=12 January 2023|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

The Lungwa Angh's house is situated in the middle of the border of India and Myanmar. One half of the Angh's house falls within Indian territory, whereas the other half lies under Myanmar control. However, the whole village is controlled by the Angh. He has 60 wives and he rules over 60 villages of the [[Konyak Naga|Konyak]]s extending up to Myanmar and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Transportation ==
The village has a road connecting it to Loji Village in Myanmar's Sagaing Division, that also provides access to the larger [[Tatmadaw]] military towns of [[Lahe, Myanmar|Lahe]] and Yengjong in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|author1-link=Rajeev Bhattacharyya|first=Rajeev|last=Bhattacharyya|url=https://thewire.in/education/nagaland-myanmar-education-employment|title=From Mon in Nagaland to Myanmar, Schoolkids Cross the Border For a Better Future|date=25 September 2016|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India–Myanmar border]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Borders of India}}
{{Borders of Myanmar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lungwa}}

[[Category:India–Myanmar border|India–Myanmar border]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Borders of Myanmar]]

List of Hindi films of 1979

2026-03-25T16:00:17Z

TajWoolcock75: added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1979.

== Top-grossing films ==
The top ten grossing films at the Indian Box Office in
1979:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ==&PHPSESSID=b754628e151e869b2426dfd035eb7581|title=Top Earners 1979|access-date=2017-07-12|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409174028/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ==&PHPSESSID=b754628e151e869b2426dfd035eb7581|archive-date=2013-04-09}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! 1979 Rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| '''''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rekha]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]
|-
| 2.
| '''''[[Jaani Dushman]]'''''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Rekha]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Prem Nath]]
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]'''''
| [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|-
| 4.
| '''''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]], [[Ajit Khan]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Kader Khan]]
|-
| 5.
| '''''[[Surakshaa]]'''''
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]]
|-
| 6.
| '''''[[Kaala Patthar]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Raakhee]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Poonam Dhillon]]
|-
| 7.
| '''''[[Noorie]]'''''
| [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Poonam Dhillon]]
|-
| 8.
| '''''[[The Great Gambler]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|-
| 9.
| '''''[[Kartavya (1979 film)|Kartavya]]'''''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Ranjeet]]
|-
| 10.
| '''''[[Gol Maal]]'''''
| [[Amol Palekar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Bindiya Goswami]]
|-
| 11.
| '''''[[Taraana]]'''''
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]]
|-
| 12.
| '''''[[Gautam Govinda]]'''''
| [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
|-
| 13.
| '''''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979 film)|Lahu Ke Do Rang]]'''''
| [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]
|-
| 14.
| '''''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Sulakshana Pandit]], [[Bindiya Goswami]]
|-
| 15.
| '''''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Vinod Mehra]]

|}

== Films ==

{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Sources
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ki Dhara]]'' || [[Mukul Dutt]] || [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Rehana Sultan]] || [[Drama]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Kasam]]'' || [[Dinesh-Ramanesh]] || [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Om Shivpuri]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Yogeeta Bali]] || Action||
|-
| ''[[Aangan Ki Kali]]'' || [[Harsh Kohli]] || Geeta Khanna, [[Lakshmi Narayan]], [[Prema Narayan]], [[Rakesh Roshan]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Aatish (film)|Aatish]]'' || [[Ambrish Sangal]] || [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]], [[Brahm Bhardwaj]], [[Birbal]], [[Leena Das]], [[Jeetendra]] ||Action ||
|-
| '' [[Ahinsa (1979 film)|Ahinsa]]'' || [[Chand (director)|Chand]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rekha]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Rajendra Nath]] || Action ||
|-
| ''Ahsaas'' || [[Surinder Suri]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Simple Kapadia]], [[Shammi Kapoor]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]'' || [[R. Krishnamurthy]], [[K. Vijayan]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Romantic, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Atmaram (film)|Atmaram]]'' || [[Sohanlal Kanwar]] || [[Farida Jalal]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Family ||
|-
| ''[[Aur Kaun?]]'' || [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]] || [[Roopesh Kumar]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Om Shivpuri]] || Horror ||
|-
| ''[[Bagula Bhagat]]'' ||[[Harmesh Malhotra]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Action, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Baton Baton Mein]]'' ||[[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Asrani]], [[Pearl Padamsee]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Bhayaanak]]'' || [[S. U. Syed]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta]] || Horror ||
|-
| ''[[Bin Phere Hum Tere]]'' || [[Rajat Rakshit]] || [[Asha Parekh]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Sarika]], [[Nazneen]], [[Kamal Kapoor]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay by Nite]]'' || [[A. Shamsheer]] || [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Chambal Ki Raani]]'' || [[Radhakant]] || [[Mahendra Sandhu]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Urmila Bhatt]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Crime, Action ||
|-
| ''[[Cinema Cinema]]'' || [[Krishna Shah]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]] || Documentary ||
|-
| ''[[Dada (1979 film)|Dada]]'' || [[Jugal Kishore (director)|Jugal Kishore]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Action, Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Dhongee]]'' || [[Ashok Roy]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Rakesh Roshan]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Kaa Heera]]'' || [[Dulal Guha]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Nanditha Bose]] || Action, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Do Ladke Dono Kadke]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Asrani]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Do Shikaari]]'' || [[Kuljit Pal]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Rekha]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Dooriyaan]]'' || [[Bhimsain]] || [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Shreeram Lagoo]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Duniya Meri Jeb Mein]]'' ||[[Tinnu Anand]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Ranjeet]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Ganga Bhavani]]'' || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Gautam Govinda]]'' ||[[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Maushumi Chatterji]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Vijay Arora]], [[Nirupa Roy]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ki Laaj]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Gol Maal]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || [[Comedy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Gopal Krishna (1979 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' || [[Vijay Sharma (director)|Vijay Sharma]] || [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Zarina Wahab]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Gambler]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]'' || [[Basu Bhattacharya]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Sarika]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]'' || [[Umesh Mehra]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Raakhee Gulzhar]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Prem Krishen]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Lucky Ali]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Har Har Gange]]'' || [[Babubhai Mistri]] || Ashish Kumar, [[Anjana Mumtaz]], [[Vikram Gokhale]] || Fantasy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Heera-Moti]]'' || [[Chand (director)|Chand]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Tere Aashiq Hain]]'' || [[Prem Sagar]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Ikraar]]'' || [[Kailash Advani]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Talluri Rameshwari]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Jaan-e-Bahaar]]'' || [[Prakash Kapur]] || [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Sarika]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''Jaandaar'' || [[S. K. Luthra]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Asrani]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' || [[Nishi Films]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Rekha]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Prem Nath]] || Horror ||
|-
| ''[[Janta Hawaldar]]'' || [[Mehmmod]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Yogeeta Bali|Yogita Bali]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Jeena Yahan]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Shekar Kapur]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]'' || [[Ravi Tandon]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' || [[Hirishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Raakhee Gulzar]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Mac Mohan]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Kartavya (1979 film)|Kartavya]]'' || [[Mohan Sehgal]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandan]]'' || [[Anil Ganguly]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Nirupa Roy]] || Family, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979 film)|Lahu Ke Do Rang]]'' || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Lakhan (film)|Lakhan]]'' || || [[Navin Nischol]], [[Padma Khanna]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Lok Parlok]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Canada]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Maan Apmaan]]'' || [[N. V. Deshpande]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Kanan Kaushal]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Magroor (1979 film)|Magroor]]'' || [[Brij Sadanah]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Vidya Sinha]] || Romance Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Manzil (1979 film)|Manzil]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]'' || [[Gulzar]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Vidya Sinha]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Meri Biwi Ki Shaadi]]'' || [[Rajat Rakshit]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' || [[Rakesh Kumar (director)|Rakesh Kumar]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Ajit Khan]], [[Kader Khan]] || Action, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Rekha]], [[Bindiya Goswami]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Nagin Aur Suhagin]]'' || [[Shantilal Soni]] || [[Vijay Arora]], [[Mahesh Bhatt]], [[Rita Bhaduri]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Naiyya]]'' || [[Prashanta Nanda]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Baldev Khosa]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]'' || [[Ismail Memon]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Jaya Badhuri]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Noorie]]'' || [[Manmohan Krishna]] || [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Pehredaar]]'' || [[Batra Mohinder]] || [[Ranjeet]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]'' || [[Ramanand Sagar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rekha]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Vivah]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Bindiya Goswami]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Raadha Aur Seeta]]'' || [[Vijay Kapoor]] || [[Arun Govil]], [[Rita Bhaduri]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Raakhi Ki Saugandh]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Rajan Haskar]], [[Ajit Khan]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Sarika]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Harishchandra (1979 film)|Raja Harishchandra]]'' || [[Asish Kumar]] || [[Asish Kumar]], [[Lalita Pawar]] || Mythology ||
|-
| ''[[Ratnadeep (1979 film)|Ratnadeep]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] ||Dheeraj Kumar, [[Girish Karnad]], [[Hema Malini]], [[A. K. Hangal]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (film)|Rikki-Tikki-Tavi]]''|| [[Nana Kldashvili]], [[Aleksandr Zguridi]] || Igor Alekseyev || Children's ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Gambler]]'' ||[[Shakti Samant]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin]]'' || [[Satyen Bose]] || [[Arun Govil]], [[Urmila Bhatt]], [[Om Puri]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Salaam Memsaab]]'' || [[Asrani]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rhishi kapoor]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Asrani]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''Sampark'' || [[Inder Sen]] || [[Madhu Kapoor]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Mazar Khan]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]'' || [[N. D. Kothari]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Padma Khanna]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sawan Ko Aane Do]]'' || [[Kanak Mishra]] || [[Arun Govil]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Rita Bhaduri]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''Shaayad'' || [[Madan Bavaria]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Om Puri]], [[Simi Garewal]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Shabhash Daddy]]'' || [[Kishore Kumar]] || [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Amit Kumar]], [[Yogeeta Bali]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Shikshaa]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] || [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Sushma Verma]], [[Beena Bannerjee]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Shodh]]'' || [[Biblap Roy Chowdhary]] || [[Om Puri]] || Horror ||
|-
| ''[[Solva Sawan]]'' || [[Bharathi Raja]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Sridevi]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rekha]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]'' || [[Hiren Nag]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sulochana Latkar]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Surakksha]]'' || [[Ravikant Nagaich]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Taraana]]'' || [[Deepak Bahry]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Teen Chehre]]'' || [[Y. N. Kapoor]] || [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Jayshree T.]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Tere Pyar Mein (1979 film)|Tere Pyar Mein]]'' || [[Subhash Sharma (director)|Subhash Sharma]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sarika]], [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] || Musical ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvraaj (1979 film)|Yuvraaj]]'' || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Jaya Malini]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Romance ||
|-
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| || ''Mata Velankanni'' || [[K. Thangappan]] || ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' || Tamil || [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Jayalalithaa]] ||
|}

==Gallery==

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi films of 1978]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1980]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1979&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1979;Hindi&&related=9;1979;1979;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1979/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1979] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1979 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1979}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1979]]
[[Category:Lists of 1979 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Pandora's box

2026-03-24T22:26:07Z

TajWoolcock75: cleanup

{{short description|Greek mythological artefact}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{about|the mythological artefact||Pandora's box (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 10.jpeg|thumb|[[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s watercolour of an ambivalent Pandora, 1881]]
[[File:Pithos Louvre CA4523.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A ''[[pithos]]'' from [[Crete]], c. 675 BC. [[Louvre]]]]

'''Pandora's box''' is an artefact in [[Greek mythology]] connected with the myth of [[Pandora]] in [[Hesiod]]'s c. 700 B.C. poem ''[[Works and Days]]''.<ref>Hesiod, ''Works and Days''. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D42 47ff.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095126/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D42 |date=25 February 2021 }}</ref> Hesiod related that curiosity led her to open a [[container]] left in the care of her husband, thus releasing [[curse]]s upon mankind. Later depictions of the story have been varied, with some literary and artistic treatments focusing more on the contents than on Pandora herself.

The container mentioned in the original account was actually a large storage [[jar]], but the word was later mistranslated. In modern times an idiom has grown from the story meaning "Any source of great and unexpected troubles",<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 1998</ref> or alternatively "A present which seems valuable but which in reality is a curse".<ref>''Brewer's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', 1992</ref>

==In mythology==
{{main|Pandora}}
[[File:Wedding procession pyxis BM GR1920.12-21.1 by Marley Painter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|An Attic ''[[Pyxis (pottery)|pyxis]]'', 440–430 BC. British Museum|alt=]]
According to Hesiod, when [[Prometheus]] stole fire from heaven, [[Zeus]], the king of the gods, took vengeance by presenting Pandora to Prometheus' brother [[Epimetheus]]. Pandora opened a jar left in her care containing sickness, death and many other unspecified evils which were then released into the world.<ref name=hesiod>Cf. Hesiod, ''[[Works and Days]]'', (90). "For ere this the tribes of men lived on earth remote and free from ills and hard toil and heavy sicknesses which bring the Fates upon men ... Only Hope remained there in an unbreakable home within under the rim of the great jar, and did not fly out at the door; for ere that, the lid of the jar stopped her, by the will of Aegis-holding Zeus who gathers the clouds. But the rest, countless plagues, wander amongst men; for earth is full of evils and the sea is full. Of themselves diseases come upon men continually by day and by night, bringing mischief to mortals silently; for wise Zeus took away speech from them."</ref> Though she hastened to close the container, only one thing was left behind – usually translated as [[Elpis (mythology)|Hope]], though it could also have the pessimistic meaning of "deceptive expectation".<ref name=brill>''Brill's Companion to Hesiod'', Leiden NL 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4MtDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22pandora%22++hope+means+deceptive+expectations&pg=PA77 p.77] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105944/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R4MtDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA77&ots=7laQtz7z8i&dq=%22pandora%22%20%20hope%20means%20deceptive%20expectations&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q=%22pandora%22%20%20hope%20means%20deceptive%20expectations&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Modern usage==
From this story has grown the idiom "to open a Pandora's box", meaning to do or start something that will cause many unforeseen problems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/open-a-pandora-s-box |title=''Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English'' |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015103/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/open-a-pandora-s-box |url-status=live }}</ref> A modern, more colloquial equivalent is "to open a [[wikt:can of worms|can of worms]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ammer |first=Christine |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_LxuR1jMVgC&pg=PA342 |year=2013 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-67658-6 |page=342}}</ref>

==Etymology of the "box"==

The word translated as "box" was actually a large jar (πίθος ''[[pithos]]'') in Greek.<ref>Schlegel and Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" [https://books.google.com/books?id=R6GqYRhaCCAC&pg=PA6 p. 6]</ref><ref>Meagher 2314, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBDfKCyC2LMC&pg=PA148 p. 148]</ref> ''Pithoi'' were used for storage of wine, oil, grain or other provisions, or, ritually, as a container for a human body for burying, from which it was believed souls escaped and necessarily returned.<ref>Cf. Harrison, Jane Ellen, ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek history'', Chapter II, "The Pithoigia", pp. 42–43. Cf. also Figure 7 which shows an ancient Greek pot painting in the University of Jena where Hermes is presiding over a body in a pithos buried in the ground. "In the vase painting in fig. 7 from a lekythos in the University Museum of Jena we see a Pithoigia of quite other and solemn booty. A large pithos is sunk deep into the ground. It has served as a grave. ... The vase-painting in fig. 7 must not be regarded as an actual conscious representation of the rupent rite performed on the first day of the Anthesteria. It is more general in content; it is in fact simply a representation of ideas familiar to every Greek, that the pithos was a grave-jar, that from such grave-jars souls escaped and to them necessarily returned, and that Hermes was ''Psychopompos'', Evoker and Revoker of souls. The vase-painting is in fact only another form of the scene so often represented on Athenian white ''lekythoi'', in which the souls flutter round the grave-stele. The grave-jar is but the earlier form of sepulture; the little winged figures, the Keres, are identical in both classes of vase-painting."</ref> Many scholars see a close analogy between Pandora herself, who was made from clay, and the clay jar which dispenses evils.<ref>Cf. Jenifer Neils 2005, p.41 especially: "They ignore, however, Hesiod's description of Pandora's ''pithos'' as ''arrektoisi'' or unbreakable. This adjective, which is usually applied to objects of metal, such as gold fetters and hobbles in Homer (''Il. 13.37, 15.20''), would strongly imply that the jar is made of metal rather than earthenware, which is obviously capable of being broken."</ref>

The mistranslation of ''pithos'' is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist [[Erasmus]] who, in his Latin account of the story of Pandora, changed the Greek ''pithos'' to ''[[Pyxis (vessel)|pyxis]]'', meaning "box".<ref>Meagher 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBDfKCyC2LMC&pg=PA56 p. 56]. In his notes to Hesiod's ''Works and Days'' (p. 168) M.L. West has surmised that Erasmus may have confused the story of Pandora with that found elsewhere of a box which was opened by [[Eros and Psyche|Psyche]].</ref> The context in which the story appeared was Erasmus' collection of proverbs, the ''[[Adagia]]'' (1508), in illustration of the Latin saying ''Malo accepto stultus sapit'' ("from experiencing trouble a fool is made wise"). In his version the box is opened by [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]], whose name means 'Afterthought' – or as Hesiod comments, "he whom mistakes made wise".<ref>William Watson Baker, ''The Adages of Erasmus'', University of Toronto 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJn6IFMyicC&q=Malo%20accepto&pg=PA32 1 i 31, p. 32]</ref>

===Different versions of the container===
<gallery>
File:Pandora (Louvre, RF 2016-4).jpg|[[Nicolò dell'Abate]], 1555
File:"Пандора" 1801г. фото №2.jpg|Russian fountain, 1801
File:Pandora opening her box by James Gillray.jpg|[[James Gillray]] political cartoon, 1809
File:John Gibson-Pandora-Victoria and Albert Museum-2.jpg|''Pandora'' by [[John Gibson (sculptor)|John Gibson]], 1899
File:Pandora - John William Waterhouse.jpg|[[John William Waterhouse]], 1896
</gallery>

==Contents==
There were alternative accounts of jars or urns containing blessings and evils bestowed upon humanity in Greek myth, of which a very early account is related in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'':

{{quote|On the floor of Jove's palace there stand two urns, the one filled with evil gifts, and the other with good ones. He for whom Jove the lord of thunder mixes the gifts he sends, will meet now with good and now with evil fortune; but he to whom Jove sends none but evil gifts will be pointed at by the finger of scorn, the hand of famine will pursue him to the ends of the world, and he will go up and down the face of the earth, respected neither by gods nor men.<ref>Iliad, [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.24.xxiv.html 24:527ff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202224915/http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.24.xxiv.html |date=2020-02-02 }}</ref>}}

In a major departure from Hesiod, the 6th-century BC Greek [[elegiac]] poet [[Theognis of Megara]] states that
{{poemquote|
Hope is the only good god remaining among mankind;
the others have left and gone to [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]].
Trust, a mighty god has gone, Restraint has gone from men,
and the [[Graces]], my friend, have abandoned the earth.
Men's judicial oaths are no longer to be trusted, nor does anyone
revere the immortal gods; the race of pious men has perished and
men no longer recognise the rules of conduct or acts of piety.<ref>Theognis, 1135ff.</ref>}}

[[File:Epimetheus opening Pandora's box MET DP812748.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|[[Giulio Bonasone]]'s 16th century engraving of Epimetheus opening the fatal jar]]
The poem seems to hint at a myth in which the jar contained blessings rather than evils. It is confirmed in the new era by an [[Aesop's Fables|Aesopic]] fable recorded by [[Babrius]], in which the gods send the jar containing blessings to humans. Rather than a named female, it was a generic "foolish man" ({{lang|grc|ἀκρατὴς ἄνθρωπος}}) who opened the jar out of curiosity and let them escape. Once the lid was replaced, only hope remained, "promising that she will bestow on each of us the good things that have gone away." This [[Aetiology|aetiological]] version is numbered 312 in the [[Perry Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/312.htm |title=Aesopica |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205190538/http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/312.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Renaissance, the story of the jar was revisited by two immensely influential writers, [[Andrea Alciato]] in his [[Emblem book|''Emblemata'']] (1534) and the [[Neo-Latin]] poet [[Gabriele Faerno]] in his collection of a hundred fables ({{lang|la|Fabulum Centum}}, 1563). Alciato only alluded to the story while depicting the goddess Hope seated on a jar in which, she declares, "I alone stayed behind at home when evils fluttered all around, as the revered muse of the old poet [Hesiod] has told you".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/emblem.php?id=A50a044 |title=''In simulachrum spei'' |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506040633/https://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/emblem.php?id=A50a044 |url-status=live }}</ref> Faerno's short poem also addressed the origin of hope but in this case it is the remainder of the "universal blessings" ({{lang|la|bona universa}}) that have escaped: "Of all good things that mortals lack, / Hope in the soul alone stays back."<ref>{{lang|la|Fabulum Centum}}, London 1743, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlATAAAAQAAJ&q=Spes Fable 94, p.216] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105950/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wlATAAAAQAAJ&q=Spes#v=snippet&q=Spes&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref>

An idea of the nature of the blessings lost is given in a Renaissance [[engraving]] by [[Giulio Bonasone]], where the culprit is Pandora's husband, [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]. He is shown holding the lid of a huge storage jar from which female representations of the Roman virtues are flying up into the air. They are identified by their names in Latin: security ({{lang|la|[[salus]]}}), harmony ({{lang|la|[[Concordia (mythology)|concordia]]}}), fairness ({{lang|la|[[aequitas]]}}), mercy ({{lang|la|[[clementia]]}}), freedom ({{lang|la|[[libertas]]}}), happiness ({{lang|la|[[felicitas]]}}), peace ({{lang|la|[[Pax (goddess)|pax]]}}), worth ({{lang|la|[[Virtus (virtue)|virtus]]}}), and joy ({{lang|la|[[Laetitia (goddess)|laetitia]]}}). Hope ({{lang|la|[[spes]]}}) is delayed on the lip and holds aloft the flower that is her attribute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392735 |title=Metropolitan Museum |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191837/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Difficulties of interpretation==
In Hesiodic scholarship, the interpretive [[crux (literary)|crux]] has endured:<ref>Though Pandora was not a subject of medieval art, Dora Panofsky and Erwin Panofsky examined the post-Renaissance ''mythos'', see Bibliography</ref> Is the hope imprisoned within a jar full of evils to be considered a benefit for humanity, or a further curse? A number of mythology textbooks echo the sentiments of M. L. West: "[Hope's retention in the jar] is comforting, and we are to be thankful for this antidote to our present ills."<ref>West 1978, p. 169.</ref> Some scholars such as Mark Griffith, however, take the opposite view: "[Hope] seems to be a blessing withheld from men so that their life should be the more dreary and depressing."<ref>Griffith 1983:250.</ref> The interpretation hangs on two related questions: First, how is {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} to be rendered, the Greek word usually translated as "hope"? Second, does the jar preserve {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} for people, or keep it away from them?

As with most ancient Greek words, {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} can be translated in a number of ways. A number of scholars prefer the neutral translation of "expectation". Classical authors use the word {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} to mean "expectation of bad", as well as "expectation of good". Statistical analysis demonstrates that the latter sense appears five times more than the former in all of extant ancient Greek literature.<ref>Leinieks 1984, 1–4.</ref> Others hold the minority view that {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} should be rendered "expectation of evil" (or the like).<ref name="Verdenius1985">E.g., Verdenius 1985; Blumer 2001.</ref>

The answer to the first question largely depends on the answer to the second one: should the jar be interpreted as a prison, or a [[pantry]]?<ref>The prison/pantry terminology comes from Verdenius 1985 ad 96.</ref> The jar certainly serves as a prison for the evils that Pandora released – they only affect humanity once outside the jar. Some have argued that logic dictates, therefore, that the jar acts as a prison for {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} as well, withholding it from the human race.<ref>Scholars holding this view (e.g., Walcot 1961, 250) point out that the jar is termed an "unbreakable" (in Greek: {{lang|grc-Latn|arrektos}}) house. In Greek literature (e.g., Homer, and elsewhere in Hesiod), the word {{lang|grc-Latn|arrektos}} is applied to structures meant to sequester or otherwise restrain its contents.</ref> If {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} means expectant hope, then the myth's tone is pessimistic: All the evils in the world were scattered from Pandora's jar, while the one potentially mitigating force, hope, remains locked securely inside.<ref>See Griffith 1984 above.</ref> A less pessimistic interpretation understands the myth to say: countless evils fled Pandora's jar and plague human existence; the hope that humanity might be able to master these evils remains imprisoned inside the jar. Life is not hopeless, but human beings are hopelessly human.<ref>Thus [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis]] 1983 in his commentary ad ''Works'' 96.</ref>

It is also argued that hope was simply one of the evils in the jar, the false kind of hope, and was no good for humanity, since, later in the poem, Hesiod writes that hope is empty (498) and no good (500) and makes humanity lazy by taking away their industriousness, making them prone to evil.<ref>Cf. Jenifer Neils, in ''The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod's Elpis'', in [https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC&printsec=frontcover |date=2 January 2023 }}, pp. 40–41 especially.</ref>

In ''[[Human, All Too Human]]'', philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] argued that "Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."<ref>Nietzsche, Friedrich, ''Human, All Too Human''. Cf. Section Two, On the History of Moral Feelings, aph. 71. "Hope. Pandora brought the jar with the evils and opened it. It was the gods' gift to man, on the outside a beautiful, enticing gift, called the 'lucky jar.' Then all the evils, those lively, winged beings, flew out of it. Since that time, they roam around and do harm to men by day and night. One single evil had not yet slipped out of the jar. As Zeus had wished, Pandora slammed the top down and it remained inside. So now man has the lucky jar in his house forever and thinks the world of the treasure. It is at his service; he reaches for it when he fancies it. For he does not know that the jar which Pandora brought was the jar of evils, and he takes the remaining evil for the greatest worldly good—it is hope, for Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."</ref>

An objection to the "hope is good / the jar is a prison" interpretation counters that, if the jar is full of evils, then what is expectant hope – a blessing – doing among them? This objection leads some to render {{lang|grc-Latn|elpis}} as the expectation of evil, which would make the myth's tone somewhat optimistic: although mankind is troubled by all the evils in the world, at least it is spared the continual expectation of evil, which would make life unbearable.<ref name="Verdenius1985" />

The optimistic reading of the myth is expressed by M. L. West. {{lang|grc-Latn|Elpis}} takes the more common meaning of expectant hope. And while the jar served as a prison for the evils that escaped, it thereafter serves as a residence for Hope. West explains, "It would be absurd to represent either the presence of ills by their confinement in a jar or the presence of hope by its escape from one."<ref>West 1978, 169–170.</ref> Hope is thus preserved as a benefit for humans.<ref>Taking the jar to serve as a prison at some times and as a pantry at others will also accommodate another pessimistic interpretation of the myth. In this reading, attention is paid to the phrase {{lang|grc-Latn|moune Elpis}} – "only hope", or "hope alone". A minority opinion construes the phrase instead to mean "empty hope" or "baseless hope": not only are humans plagued by a multitude of evils, but they persist in the fruitless hope that things might get better. Thus Beall 1989 227–228.</ref>

==Fixing the blame==
Neither Alciato nor Faerno had named who was responsible for opening the jar beyond saying it was a "mortal". During the Renaissance, it is the name of Epimetheus that is mentioned as often as not, as in the engraving by Bonasone noticed above and the mention of Pandora's partner in a [[rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]] that [[Isaac de Benserade]] took it on himself to insert into his light-hearted version of the [[Metamorphoses]] (1676) – although [[Ovid]] had not in fact written about it himself.<ref>{{lang|fr|Metamorphoses d'Ovide en rondeaux}} (1714 edition), {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Pandore"}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FOFeAAAAcAAJ pp. 10–11]</ref>
[[File:Sébastien Le Clerc - Pandora and Epimetheus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Pandora seated with her husband Epimetheus, who has just opened her jar of curses; an etching by [[Sébastien Le Clerc]] (1676)]]

<poem>In a jar an odious treasure is
Shut by the gods' wish:
A gift that's not everyday,
The owner's Pandora alone;
And her eyes, this in hand,
Command the best in the land
As she flits near and far;
Prettiness can't stay
Shut in a jar.
Someone took her eye, he took
A look at what pleased her so
And out came the grief and woe
We won't ever be rid of,
For heaven had hidden
That in the jar.</poem>

The etching by [[Sébastien Le Clerc]] that accompanied the poem in the book shows Pandora and Epimetheus seated on either side of a jar from which clouds of smoke emerge, carrying up the escaping evils. The lid of the jar is quite plainly in Epimetheus' hand.<ref>Panofsky 1956, [https://www.scribd.com/document/365690708/Pandoras-Box-The-Changing-Aspects-of-a-Mythical-Symbol-by-Dora-and-Erwin-Panofsky-Art-eBook p. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430023336/https://www.scribd.com/document/365690708/Pandoras-Box-The-Changing-Aspects-of-a-Mythical-Symbol-by-Dora-and-Erwin-Panofsky-Art-eBook |date=30 April 2020 }}</ref> [[Paolo Farinati]], an earlier Venetian artist, was also responsible for a print which laid the blame on Epimetheus, depicting him as lifting the lid from the jar that Pandora is holding. Out of it boils a cloud which carries up a man and a dragon; between them they support a scroll reading {{lang|la|"sero nimirum sapere caepit"}} (finding out too late), in reference to the meaning of Epimetheus' name in Greek.

[[File:Pandora allegory 1557.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|An Allegory of {{lang|fr|Les Sciences qui Éclairent l'esprit de l'homme}} (''The Sciences that Illuminate the Human Spirit'', 1557), an etching ascribed to Marco Angelo del Moro]]
Another Venetian print, ascribed to Marco Angelo del Moro (active 1565–1586), is much more enigmatic. Usually titled "Pandora's Box, or The Sciences that Illuminate the Human Spirit", it portrays a woman in an antique dress opening an ornate coffer from which spills books, manuscripts, snakes and bats. By Pandora's side is a woman carrying a burning brand, while a horned figure flees in the opposite direction. Above is a curved vault painted with signs of the zodiac to which the sun-god [[Apollo]] is pointing, while opposite him another figure falls through the stars. Commentators ascribe different meanings to these symbols as contradictory as the contents of the chest. In one reading, the hand Pandora holds up to her face makes her the figure of Ignorance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scma.smith.edu/artmuseum/Collections/Cunningham-Center/Blog-paper-people/Pandora-s-Box |title=Smith College |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072453/https://scma.smith.edu/artmuseum/Collections/Cunningham-Center/Blog-paper-people/Pandora-s-Box |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alternatively her eyes are protected because she is dazzled and the snakes crawling from the chest are ancient symbols of wisdom.<ref>Count Leopoldo Cicognara, {{lang|fr|Le premier siècle de la calcographie; ou, Catalogue raisonné des estampes}}, Venice 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAhaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Les+Sciences+qui+%C3%89clairent+l%27esprit+de+l%27homme%22&pg=PA533 pp. 532–533]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BAhaAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA533&dq=%22Les%20Sciences%20qui%20%C3%89clairent%20l%27esprit%20de%20l%27homme%22&pg=PA533#v=onepage&q=%22Les%20Sciences%20qui%20%C3%89clairent%20l'esprit%20de%20l'homme%22&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> Apollo, seated above, points to [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]], the zodiacal sign of January/February, which marks the "Ascent of the Sun" from the trough of winter. The falling figure opposite him may be identified either as [[Lucifer]] or as night fleeing before the dawn; in either case, the darkness of ignorance is about to be dispelled. The question remains whether the box thus opened will in the end be recognised as a blessing; whether the ambiguous nature of knowledge is either to help or to hurt.

In later centuries the emphasis in art has generally been on the person of Pandora. With few exceptions, the box has appeared merely as her attribute. [[René Magritte]]'s street scene of 1951, however, one of the few modern paintings to carry the title "Pandora's Box", is as enigmatic as were the Renaissance allegorical prints.<ref>[https://arthur.io/art/rene-magritte/pandoras-box Digital Museum]</ref>

==Theatre==
In the first half of the 18th century, three French plays were produced with the title "Pandora's Box" ({{lang|fr|La Boîte}} – or {{lang|fr|Boëte – de Pandore}}). In each of these, the main interest is in the social and human effects of the evils released from the box and in only one of them does Pandora figure as a character. The 1721 play by [[Alain René Lesage]] appeared as part of the longer {{lang|fr|La Fausse Foire}}.<ref>{{lang|fr|Oeuvres choisies de Lesage}}, Paris 1810, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MI2LF5gfBxwC&dq=La+Bo%C3%AEte+de+Pandore+%281721%29%2C+Alain+Ren%C3%A9+Lesage&pg=PA409 vol. 4, pp. 409–450]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MI2LF5gfBxwC&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=La+Bo%C3%AEte+de+Pandore+%281721%29,+Alain+Ren%C3%A9+Lesage&source=bl&ots=gABb__y3Mh&sig=ebCIYH5DAPIc83s5Ar7vayfg1W0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnaKyou7YAhWGyqQKHQDcAAQQ6AEIVzAH#v=onepage&q=La%20Bo%C3%AEte%20de%20Pandore%20(1721)%2C%20Alain%20Ren%C3%A9%20Lesage&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> It was a one-act prose drama of 24 scenes in the {{lang|it|[[commedia dell'arte]]}} style. At its opening, [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] has been sent in the guise of [[Harlequin]] to check whether the box given by Jupiter to the animated statue Pandora has been opened. He proceeds to stir up disruption in her formerly happy village, unleashing ambition, competition, greed, envy, jealousy, hatred, injustice, treachery and ill-health. Amid the social breakdown, [[Pierrot]] falls out with the bride he was about to marry at the start of the play and she becomes engaged instead to a social upstart.

The play by Philippe Poisson (1682–1743) was a one-act verse comedy first produced in 1729. There Mercury visits the realm of [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] to interview the ills shortly to be unleashed on mankind. The characters Old Age, Migraine, Destitution, Hatred, Envy, Paralysis, Quinsy, Fever and Transport (emotional instability) report their effects to him. They are preceded by Love, who argues that he deserves to figure among them as a bringer of social disruption.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatre-classique.fr/pages/pdf/POISSON_BOITEDEPANDORE.pdf |title=''Théâtre Classique'' |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630134557/http://theatre-classique.fr/pages/pdf/POISSON_BOITEDEPANDORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The later play of 1743 was written by [[Pierre Brumoy]] and subtitled "curiosity punished" ({{lang|fr|la curiosité punie}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLxhAAAAcAAJ |title=La Haye 1743 |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZLxhAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live |last1=Brumoy |first1=Pierre |year=1743 }}</ref> The three-act satirical verse comedy is set in the home of Epimetheus and the six children recently created by Prometheus. Mercury comes on a visit, bringing the fatal box with him. In it are the evils soon to subvert the innocence of the new creations. Firstly seven flatterers: the [[Genius (mythology)|Genius]] of Honours, of Pleasures, Riches, Gaming (pack of cards in hand), Taste, Fashion (dressed as Harlequin) and False Knowledge. These are followed by seven bringers of evil: envy, remorse, avarice, poverty, scorn, ignorance and inconstancy. The corrupted children are rejected by Prometheus but Hope arrives at the end to bring a reconciliation.

It is evident from these plays that, in France at least, blame had shifted from Pandora to the [[trickster]] god who contrives and enjoys mankind's subversion. Although physical ills are among the plagues that visit humanity, greater emphasis is given to the disruptive passions which destroy the possibility of harmonious living.

==Poetry==
[[File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Pandora.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]'s painting of Pandora holding the box, 1871]]
Two poems in English dealing with Pandora's opening of the box are in the form of [[monologue]]s, although [[Frank Sayers]] preferred the term [[monodrama]] for his recitation with lyrical interludes, written in 1790. In this Pandora is descending from Heaven after being endowed with gifts by the gods and therefore feels empowered to open the casket she carries, releasing strife, care, pride, hatred and despair. Only the voice of Hope is left to comfort her at the end.<ref>''Poems'', Norwich 1803, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fYc1AAAAMAAJ&dq=pandora++frank+sayers&pg=PA211 pp.213–19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fYc1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=pandora++frank+sayers&source=bl&ots=O19HarVkw3&sig=FUdLaNcl8LTJIB3JyGM0ybIRRtE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhpLTMuqbZAhUsAsAKHQeKDIcQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=pandora%20%20frank%20sayers&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> In the poem by Samuel Phelps Leland (1839–1910), Pandora has already arrived in the household of Epimetheus and feels equally confident that she is privileged to satisfy her curiosity, but with a worse result. Shutting the lid too early, she thus "let loose all curses on mankind / Without a hope to mitigate their pain".<ref>''Poems'', Chicago 1866, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xRIAQAAMAAJ&dq=Pandora+poem&pg=PA24 pp.24–5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xRIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA24&dq=Pandora+poem&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicmOnRvqbZAhWMZVAKHW7SAkA4ChDoAQhCMAU#v=onepage&q=Pandora%20poem&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> This is the dilemma expressed in the sonnet that [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] wrote to accompany his oil painting of 1869–1871. The gifts with which Pandora has been endowed and that made her desirable are ultimately subverted, "the good things turned to ill ... Nor canst thou know / If Hope still pent there be alive or dead."<ref>[https://www.rossettiarchive.org/img/1-1881.1stedn.270-271.jpg Rossetti Archive]</ref> In his painting Rossetti underlines the point as a fiery halo streams upward from the opening casket on which is inscribed the motto {{lang|la|NESCITUR IGNESCITUR}} ("unknown it burns").

While the speakers of the verse monologues are characters hurt by their own simplicity, Rossetti's painting of the red-robed Pandora, with her expressive gaze and elongated hands about the jewelled casket, is a more ambiguous figure. So too is the girl in [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s watercolour of Pandora (see above), as the comments of some of its interpreters indicate. Sideways against a seascape, red-haired and naked, she gazes down at the urn lifted towards her "with a look of animal curiosity", according to one contemporary reviewer,<ref>''The Pall Mall Budget'' 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=erg_AQAAMAAJ&q=Alma-Tadema+Pandora vol. 27, p. 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=erg_AQAAMAAJ&q=Alma-Tadema+Pandora&dq=Alma-Tadema+Pandora&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfksXqpqbZAhVLKlAKHSAhDLY4ChDoAQhMMAc |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> or else "lost in contemplation of some treasure from the deep" according to another account.<ref>''The Life and Work of L. Alma Tadema'', Art Journal Office, 1888, p. 22</ref> A moulded sphinx on the unopened lid of the urn is turned in her direction. In the iconography of the time, such a figure is usually associated with the ''[[femme fatale]]'',<ref>Lothar Hönnighausen, {{lang|de|Präraphaeliten und Fin de Siècle}}, Cambridge University 1988, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VSL6R6tSJMYC&dq=%22femme+fatale%22+sphinx&pg=PA232 pp. 232–240] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VSL6R6tSJMYC&lpg=PA234&dq=%22femme%20fatale%22%20sphinx&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22femme%20fatale%22%20sphinx&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> but in this case, the crown of hyacinths about her head identifies Pandora as an innocent Greek maiden.<ref>Victoria Sherrow, ''Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History'', Greenwood 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&dq=hyacinths+in+hair+%22Greece%22++-pinterest+-Poe&pg=PA1 A]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&lpg=PA1&ots=YM-eBWldp7&dq=hyacinths%20in%20hair%20%22Greece%22%20%20-pinterest%20-Poe&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=hyacinths%20in%20hair%20%22Greece%22%20%20-pinterest%20-Poe&f=false |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the presence of the sphinx at which she gazes with such curiosity suggests a personality on the cusp, on the verge of gaining some harmful knowledge that will henceforth negate her uncomplicated qualities. The name of Pandora already tells her future.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cvSiWE0KQsYC ''Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days and The Shield of Heracles'']. Translation, introduction and commentary, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1983. Cf. p. 90
* Beall, E. "The Contents of Hesiod's Pandora Jar: ''Erga'' 94–98", Hermes 117 (1989) 227–230.
* Gantz, Timothy, ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Griffith, Mark. ''Aeschylus ''Prometheus Bound'' Text and Commentary'' (Cambridge 1983).
* [[Hesiod]]; ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D1 Online version] at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Lamberton, Robert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL2AZpopNu8C ''Hesiod''], New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-300-04068-7}}. Cf. Chapter II, "The Theogony", and Chapter III, "The Works and Days", especially pp. 96–103 for a side-by-side comparison and analysis of the Pandora story.
* Leinieks, V. "''Elpis'' in Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' 96", ''Philologus'' 128 (1984) 1–8.
* Meagher, Robert E.; ''The Meaning of Helen: in Search of an Ancient Icon'', Bolchazy-Carducci, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-86516-510-6}}.
* Neils, Jenifer, "The Girl in the ''Pithos'': Hesiod's ''Elpis''", in [https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC ''Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspective''], eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.
* Panofsky, Dora and Erwin. ''Pandora's Box. The Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol'' (New York: Pantheon, Bollingen series) 1956.
* Revard, Stella P., "Milton and Myth" in ''Reassembling Truth: Twenty-first-century Milton'', edited by Charles W. Durham, Kristin A. Pruitt, Susquehanna University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|9781575910628}}.
* [[H. J. Rose|Rose, Herbert Jennings]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=MfmiBw1ZxqMC ''A Handbook of Greek Literature; From Homer to the Age of Lucian''], London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1934. Cf. especially Chapter III, ''Hesiod and the Hesiodic Schools'', p. 61
* Schlegel, Catherine and Henry Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" in ''Hesiod / Theogony and Works and Days'', University of Michigan Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-472-06932-3}}.
* [[Willem Jacob Verdenius|Verdenius, Willem Jacob]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=K29Bmkzqb-YC ''A Commentary on Hesiod Works and Days vv 1–382''] (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985). {{ISBN|90-04-07465-1}}. This work has a very in-depth discussion and synthesis of the various theories and speculations about the Pandora story and the jar. Cf. pp. 62 & 63 and onwards.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] ''Hesiod, Works and Days'', ed. with prolegomena and commentary (Oxford 1978)

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Greek religion|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandora's }}
[[Category:Women in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Words and phrases derived from Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Objects in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Idioms]]
[[Category:Storage vessels]]
[[Category:Pandora]]

Yakshagaanam

2026-03-24T07:31:49Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yakshagaanam
| image = Yakshaganam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sheela]]
| producer = Mathi Oli Shanmukham
| story = Medhavi
| screenplay = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sheela]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dayalan [[Melli Irani]]
| editing = Ravi Kiran
| studio = Apsara Combines
| distributor = Thiruvonam Pictures Ambika Release
| released = {{Film date|1976|01|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Yakshagaanam''''' ({{translation|The song of [[Yakshi]]}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Sheela]] (in her directorial debut) and written by [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] from a story by Medhavi. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]], [[K. P. Ummer]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]. The film has musical score by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=664|title=Yakshagaanam|access-date=2014-10-05|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1767|title=Yakshagaanam|access-date=2014-10-05|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072531/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1767|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/yaksha-gaanam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073751/http://spicyonion.com/title/yaksha-gaanam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Yakshagaanam|access-date=2014-10-05|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Devude Gelichadu'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Aayiram Jenmangal]]'', which went on to be remade as ''[[Aranmanai]]'' in 2014.

==Plot==
Dr Venu is an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]], and his sister is Savitri. During his stay in an estate, he realizes that a spirit has possessed Savitri. To save his sister from the ghost, he seeks his psychiatrist friend for help.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Ravi
*[[Sheela]] as Savithri
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Father of Ravi
*[[Manavalan Joseph]]
*[[Adoor Pankajam]]
*[[Adoor Bhavani]]
*[[Jayakumari]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Dr Venu
*[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]]
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]
*[[T. P. Madhavan]]
*[[Ushanandini]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Arupathinaalu Kalakal" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || [[Vayalar]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Nisheedhini Nisheedhini" || [[S. Janaki]] || Vayalar ||
|-
| 3 || "Pokaam Namukku" || S. Janaki || Vayalar ||
|-
| 4 || "Thenkinnam Poonkinnam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0281382|Yaksha Gaanam}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:1976 horror films]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Begamati zuban

2026-03-19T17:09:44Z

TajWoolcock75: stub

{{Short description|Urdu sociolect spoken by women}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Begamati zuban
| altname = Women's sociolect of Hindustani
| nativename = {{Ubl|{{lang|ur|{{unq|بیگماتی زبان}}}}|{{lang|hin|{{unq|बेगमती भाषा}}}}}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]]
| ethnicity = Delhiite, Lucknowite women
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]
| fam6 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| fam7 =
| script = {{Ubl|[[Devanagari script]] ([[Hindi alphabet]])|[[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] ([[Urdu alphabet]])}}
| extinct = Yes
}}

'''''Begamati zuban''''' or '''''Begamati bhasha''''' ({{lang|ur|بیگماتی زبان}}; {{Lang|hi|बेगमती भाषा}}; also written as '''''begamati zubān'', ''begamati'' ''zabān, begmati bhāsha''''') is a [[sociolect]] of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken by the noblewomen ([[begum]]s) residing in seclusion ([[purdah]]) in royal forts and palaces in [[Delhi]] and some other Hindustani-speaking towns in [[India]], primarily in the 19th century but not completely dying out until the 1970s.<ref name="Minault2">{{cite journal |last=Minault |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Minault |date=1984 |title=Begamati Zuban: Women's Language and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Delhi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001655 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=168|jstor=23001655 }}</ref> One of the main ways we know about the sociolect is through its representation in 19th century novels. It is not fully preserved, and what we know of it today is largely the result of its former documentation.<ref name=":0" />

== Characteristics ==
The sociolect is described by historian [[Gail Minault|Gail Minaut]] as "earthy, graphic and colourful",<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp|156–7}} which stands in contrast to women's language in cultures such as Japan, where women may speak [[Gender differences in Japanese|less bluntly than men in Japanese]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jorden |first1=Eleanor Harz |title=Japanese, the spoken language |last2=Noda |first2=Mari |date=1987 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-03831-6 |series=Yale language series |location=New Haven}}</ref> or the United States, where women traditionally use more euphemisms, deference and superlatives in American English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lakoff |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Lakoff |date=April 1973 |title=Language and woman's place |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0047404500000051/type/journal_article |journal=Language in Society |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=45–79 |doi=10.1017/S0047404500000051 |issn=0047-4045}}</ref> This is because women living in [[purdah]] were separate from other society so their sociolect was developed to speak with each other, not with men, and because the women were not highly educated and so did not learn "the flowery and polite phrases of Persianised Urdu".<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp||page=157}}

Variations of ''begamati zabān'' were spoken in [[Lucknow]], Hyberabad and other Urdu-speaking towns, but it is the Delhi version that was described in most sources.<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp||page=157}} {{ill|Rais Ahmad Jafri|ur|رئیس احمد جعفری}} describes the Lucknow version differently to the descriptions of the Delhi version discussed by [[Gail Minault|Gail Minaut]]. "The Begamati language of Lucknow is renowned for its sweetness and charm. Naturally, such a refined and polished language could only be found within the royal palaces. The letters written by the begums of [[Wajid Ali Shah]] are among the finest examples of this elevated form of Urdu."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jafri
| first = Rais Ahmad
| title = واجد علی شاہ اور ان کا عہد
| trans-title = Wajid Ali Shah and His Era
| url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/wajid-ali-shah-aur-unka-ahd-rais-ahmad-jafri-ebooks?lang=ur#660
| publisher = Kitab Manzil
| year = 1957
| location = Lucknow
| page = 661
| language = ur
| author-link = :ur:رئیس احمد جعفری
}}</ref>

''Begamati zuban'' has many terms for endearment and blessings, according to Minhaut, who describes the women calling each other names like ''bua'' or ''vari'' (my dear/dearest), or ''bhina'' (younger sister) as well as terms usually kept for men, such as ''bela'' (son).<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp||page=158–9}} Blessings would also often include a woman's husband and children, as in ''kaleja thanda rahe'' or ''pet thanda rahe'' which roughly mean "may your children be happy/have long lives/never disappoint you."<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp||page=159}} Minhaut interprets this as a form of deference to the women's utter dependency on their men and children, and notes that while the women might tell each other to drop dead but would never wish each other's husbands or children dead.<ref name="Minault2" />{{rp||page=159}}

Writing was taboo for these women, but some books were still written for them in their sociolect. For example, the male author Sayyid Ahmad Dehlavi (1846–1918) wrote several educational books for women in ''begamati zuban'', on child rearing, on having a good relationship with your husband, on time management and similar subjects.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Writers like [[Ismat Chughtai]] (1911–1991) also included the sociolect in their work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesh |first=Karthik |date=28 October 2017 |title=Other tongues: the stunning lingual diversity of India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/z0svnlK5dNq6mXuCwtkIFO/Other-tongues-the-stunning-lingual-diversity-of-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603015048/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/z0svnlK5dNq6mXuCwtkIFO/Other-tongues-the-stunning-lingual-diversity-of-India.html |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Indian women, traditionally, observed strict [[purdah]] (seclusion), and this practice was a key factor in creating a linguistic distinction between [[standard Urdu]] and Begamati Urdu. The language of the begums clearly reflected their confined social environment. In the early periods, many of them were unfamiliar with formal grammar, as their lives were spent within a highly restricted domestic sphere. Their speech remained limited to the boundaries of forts and mansions, shielded from external influences, particularly those of the male world. In [[North India]], the begums of the [[Red Fort|Qila-e-Mualla]] (Imperial Fort) enforced strict rules of seclusion upon their daughters, to the extent that they were protected even from the shadows of unrelated men. Royal residences included women's quarters ([[Zenana|zanana]]), where the women spent every moment of their lives. All social rituals like [[wedding]]s, [[funeral]]s, and other ceremonies were conducted within these enclosures. Young unmarried girls were even veiled from elder women outside their immediate family, in order to preserve their reputations. As the saying goes: "A [[palanquin]] came from her parental home, and another left from her husband's home," implying that a girl lived in seclusion all her life. These cultural and social factors contributed to the development of a distinct variety of Urdu spoken by the begums, linguistically distant from the formal standard language. <ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Muhiuddin |title=دلّی کی بیگماتی زبان |publisher=Nai Awaz, Jamia Nagar |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |pages=17–18 |language=ur |trans-title=The Begamati Language of Delhi |chapter=بیگمات کی زبان کا پس منظر |trans-chapter=Background of the Language of the Begums |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/dilli-ke-begmati-zaban-muhiuddin-hasan-ebooks?lang=ur#17}}</ref>

== Decline ==
The gradual disappearance of Begamati Urdu was already being observed as early as 1976. In his book ''Dilli ki Begamati Zaban'', Muhiuddin Hasan noted that although the dialect had not yet vanished entirely, the distinctions that once defined it were rapidly fading. According to him, the original residents of the [[Red Fort|Qila-e-Mualla]] (Imperial Fort), who were the true custodians of this speech, had gradually migrated, while people from other regions began settling in [[Delhi]]. The social custom of [[purdah]], once integral to the lives of the [[begum]]s, also declined with time. As a result, the unique features of Begamati language began to erode, with increasing influence from Punjabi accents in local speech.<ref name=":1" />

Sania, a researcher at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], further explains that social reformers such as [[Deputy Nazir Ahmad]] and [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] regarded the language as inappropriate or unrefined, which contributed to its decline. She adds "With the spread of girls’ education, the languages spoken in schools gradually replaced Begamati language. Even so, traces of Begamati language still survive in everyday conversation particularly in idioms related to the kitchen and women's domestic lives."<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Suhail Akhtar |date=10 November 2024 |title=دہلی میں بولی جانے والی بیگماتی زبان کیوں ختم ہوئی؟ |trans-title=Why did Begamati language spoken in Delhi die out? |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/176821 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209100947/https://www.independenturdu.com/node/176821 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[The Independent|Independent Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Nyōbō kotoba]] - a type of language used by Japanese court ladies in the [[Muromachi period]]
* [[Language and gender]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Urdu topics}}

[[Category:Sociolects]]
[[Category:Dialects of Urdu]]
[[Category:Gender in language]]

Konam, Nagercoil

2026-03-12T23:29:04Z

TajWoolcock75: adding post...

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Konam
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Konam, [[Nagercoil]], [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|8.1623|N|77.4094|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 64.98
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language|Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Office|Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = [[Speech]]
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 629004
|area_code_type = [[Telephone|Telephone code]]
|area_code = +914652******
|registration_plate = TN - 74 ** xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other Neighbourhoods]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil]], Chettikulum, [[Kottar]], [[Vetturnimadam]], Asaripallam, [[Vallan Kumaran Vilai]], Kurusady, Maravankudieruppu
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Konam, Nagercoil''' is a neighbourhood in [[Kanyakumari]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konam, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/konam-nagercoil-tamil-nadu-kanyakumari-district-tamil-nadu-india |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=www.ifoundbutterflies.org}}</ref>

== Location ==
Konam is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|8.1623|N|77.4094|E}}) near [[Nagercoil]].

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Konam
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = lightgreen
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|8.1623|N|77.4094|E}}
}}
== Educational institutions ==
('''''[[University College of Engineering, Nagercoil]]'''''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCEN - University College of Engineering Nagercoil |url=https://ucen.ac.in/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=ucen.ac.in}}</ref> ('''''Government College of Arts and Science, Konam'''''), ('''''Government Polytechnic College, Konam'''''), ('''''Government Industrial Training Institute, Nagercoil'''''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=YoungBuzz |url=https://www.youngbuzz.com/iti/government-industrial-training-institute-konam |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=www.youngbuzz.com}}</ref> ('''''Kendriya Vidyalaya, Nagercoil''''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us - KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NAGARCOIL |url=https://nagarcoil.kvs.ac.in/school-contact-us |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=nagarcoil.kvs.ac.in}}</ref> are some of the important educational institutions at Konam.
== Library ==
There is a '''''District Library''''' situated at Konam.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=5 January 2024 |title=Stalin inaugurates libraries, knowledge centres in districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/stalin-inaugurates-libraries-knowledge-centres-in-districts/article67709450.ece/amp/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Industry ==
Konam has the '''''District Industries Centre''''', an information and project guidance center of Kanyakumari district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2015 |title=Rs. 125 crore for Kanyakumari to promote industrial growth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-125-crore-for-kanyakumari-to-promote-industrial-growth/article7314704.ece/amp/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Also, an industrial estate is available at Konam.<ref>{{Cite book |author=P. K. Chattopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgonEAAAQBAJ&q=konam%2520industrial%2520estate&pg=PPT387 |title=The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing) - 2nd Revised Edition |date=2 April 2021 |publisher=Niir Project Consultancy Services |isbn=978-81-947379-8-8 |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Nagercoil]]

Dhan Singh Thapa

2026-03-08T18:47:07Z

TajWoolcock75: quick add article for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Army officer, recipient of Param Vir Chakra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant colonel]]
| name = Dhan Singh Thapa
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = Dhan_Singh_Thapa.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|04|28}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|09|06|1928|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Simla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1949–1980<ref name="retd"/>
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| servicenumber = IC-7990{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=79}}
| unit = [[File:8th Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[8 Gorkha Rifles|1/8 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Sino-Indian War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Dhan Singh Thapa''' [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (28 April 1928{{snd}}6 September 2005) was an Indian [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]] and recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest military decoration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DHAN SINGH THAPA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/dhan-singh-thapa|access-date=12 July 2020|website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> He was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, [[8 Gorkha Rifles]] in 1949.{{sfn|Reddy|2007}}

{{anchor | Battle of Pangong}}
The [[Sino-Indian War]] began in October 1962; on 21{{nbsp}}October, the Chinese advanced to north of [[Pangong Lake]] with the objective of capturing [[Sirijap]] and [[Yula]]. Srijap 1 was a post established on the northern bank of Pangong Lake by the 1st Battalion of [[8th Gorkha Rifles]] and was commanded by Major Dhan Singh Thapa. Soon the post was surrounded by well armed Chinese forces. Major Thapa and his men held the post and repelled three attacks before eventually being overrun. The survivors, including Thapa, were taken as prisoners of war. For his gallant actions and his efforts to motivate his men under fire he was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]].

Thapa was released from captivity after the war ended. Following retirement from the Army, he worked for a brief period with [[Sahara Airlines]]. He died on 6{{nbsp}}September 2005.

==Early life==
Dhan Singh Thapa was born to Padam Singh Thapa on 28 April 1928, in a Khas-Chhetri Gorkha Family in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He joined the 1st Battalion, [[8 Gorkha Rifles]] on 28{{nbsp}}August 1949,{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=79}} and received a temporary commission as a second lieutenant on 21 February 1951, with promotion to lieutenant on 21 February 1953.<ref name="commission">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=250 |date=15 December 1956|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2166-1956-0050-98888.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He received a permanent commission as a lieutenant on 29 September 1956,<ref name="commission"/> and was promoted to captain on 21 February 1957.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=288 |date=16 November 1957|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0046-96412.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

==Military career==
===1962 Sino-Indian War===
{{main|Sino-Indian War}}
There had long been disagreement between India and China over borders in the Himalaya region. To counter the increasing Chinese intrusions into disputed territory, then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] approved a plan called the "Forward Policy", which called for the establishment of a number of small posts facing the Chinese.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=73}}

On the night of 19–20{{nbsp}}October 1962, they attacked the [[Eastern India|eastern sector]] of the Indian defences. The same night they assaulted and overran the posts at [[Galwan]], [[Chip Chap River|Chip Chap]], and [[Pangong range|Pangong areas]] of [[Ladakh]]. On 21{{nbsp}}October, they advanced to north of [[Pangong Lake]], with the objective of capturing [[Sirijap]] and [[Yula]].{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=74}}

====Battle at Srijap====
[[File:Pangong Tso 2.jpg|300px|thumb|Pangong lake]]

The post Srijap{{nbsp}}1 was established on the northern bank of Pangong lake by the 1st Battalion, [[8 Gorkha Rifles]]. It was part of the series of posts created to implement the "Forward Policy".{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=75}} The post was strategically important for the defence of [[Chusul|Chusul airfield]].{{Sfn|Reddy|2007|p=37}} D{{nbsp}}Company of the 1st Battalion, under the command of Major Dhan Singh Thapa, was tasked to man the post, and was responsible for an area of {{convert|48|sqkm|abbr=off}}. As there were a number of other posts to be established, only 28 men of D{{nbsp}}company were present to hold Srijap{{nbsp}}1. Meanwhile, the Chinese set up three posts around it.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=75}}

On 19 October 1962, with the arrival of [[heavy infantry]] troops, the strength of Chinese forces around Srijap{{nbsp}}1 witnessed a drastic increase.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=75}} This caused Thapa to anticipate an attack; he ordered his troops to "dig fast and dig deep". As expected, the Chinese launched their first attack with [[artillery]] and [[mortar fire]] at 4:30{{nbsp}}am on 20{{nbsp}}October. This lasted for two and a half hours, providing good cover for their infantry, who moved towards the post. By the time the shelling ended, around 600 Chinese troops had closed to within {{convert|150|yards}} of the rear of the post. On sighting the Chinese, the Gorkhas immediately started firing with [[light machine gun]]s (LMG) and [[rifle]]s, killing a large number of Chinese. The attack broke up {{convert|100|yards}} from the post. The Chinese artillery caused many casualties on the Indian side. It also destroyed the communications of D{{nbsp}}Company with the rest of the battalion.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=76}}

Thapa, with his [[second-in-command]], [[Subedar]] Min Bahadur Gurung, continuously moved from place to place, adjusting the defences and boosting the soldiers' morale. As time passed, the Chinese, with the help of artillery cover, reached as close as {{convert|50|yards}} from the post. To smoke out the Indians the Chinese started attacking the post with [[incendiary bomb]]s. The Gorkhas countered with [[hand grenade]]s and [[small arms]] fire.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=76}} Subedar Gurung, who was manning an LMG, was buried when a bunker collapsed on top him. He pulled himself out of the debris and recommenced LMG fire, inflicting heavy casualties among the Chinese until eventually being killed.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=77}}

By then, the post only had seven men left, with Thapa still holding the command. The next Chinese wave came in with [[heavy machine gun]]s and rocket launchers. At this point, the post was also attacked from the lake side by [[amphibious craft]], each armed with a heavy machine gun. In the meantime two [[storm boat]]s which had been sent by battalion headquarters to find out the status of Srijap 1 reached the location. Both boats were fired upon by the Chinese. One sank, and the other was badly damaged. All the occupants of the first boat died, but the second boat with [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Rabilal Thapa managed to escape.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=77}}

By that time, after a third Chinese attack, by [[tank]]s, the post was left with only three men. A bomb fell into Thapa's bunker, but he managed to escape the fire and came out. Though his ammunition was exhausted, he jumped into the trenches and killed many intruders in hand-to-hand combat before he was overpowered and taken prisoner.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=80}} At battalion headquarters, Naik Thapa reported that Srijap{{nbsp}}1 had fallen with no survivors. Unbeknownst to him, the last three survivors had been taken prisoner. Of these, Rifleman Tulsi Ram Thapa managed to escape the Chinese and rejoined the battalion. It was not known until much later that Major Thapa had been taken [[POW|prisoner]] by the Chinese.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=77}}{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=74}}

===Prisoner of war===
Thapa was treated poorly as a prisoner of war. Against military convention he was forced to undergo a series of punishments: firstly for killing Chinese troops, and secondly for refusing to make statements against the Indian Army and the Indian government. He was released after the war ended in November 1962.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=80}}<ref name="India-China War of 1962: How it started and what happened later">{{cite web|title=India-China War of 1962: How it started and what happened later|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/india-china-war-of-1962-839077-2016-11-21|website=India Today|publisher=Living Media India Limited|accessdate=18 April 2018|date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

===Param Vir Chakra===
[[File:Major Dhan Singh Thapa statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Thapa's statue at Param Yodha Sthal, [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]

For his gallant actions on 20 October 1962, Thapa was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]].{{efn|Though it was later found that Thapa was alive, when the award was conferred, he was considered dead, i.e. it was a posthumous award.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=74}}}}{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=80}} The award citation read:

{{Quotation|
Major Dhan Singh Thapa was in command of a forward post in Ladakh. On 20 October it was attacked by the Chinese in overwhelming strength after being subjected to intensive artillery and mortar bombardment. Under his gallant command, the greatly outnumbered post repulsed the attack, inflicting heavy casualties on the aggressors. The enemy attacked again in greater numbers after heavy shelling by artillery and mortar fire. Under the leadership of Major Thapa, his men repulsed this attack also with heavy losses to the enemy. The Chinese attacked for the third time, now with tanks to support the infantry. The post had already suffered large numbers of casualties in the earlier two attacks. Though considerably reduced in number it held out to the last. When it was finally overrun by overwhelming numbers of the enemy, Major Thapa got out of his trench and killed several of the enemy in hand-to-hand fighting before he was finally overpowered by Chinese soldiers. Major Thapa’s cool courage, conspicuous fighting qualities and leadership were in the highest traditions of our Army.|author=[[Gazette of India]] Notification No.68—Press/62|source={{harv|Cardozo|2003|p=78}}}}

==Later life==
Thapa was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 21 February 1964,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=241 |date=27 June 1964|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1797-1964-0026-81936.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and to [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 28 February 1970.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1083 |date=29 July 1972|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0031-58877.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He retired from the Army on 30 April 1980.<ref name="retd">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1186 |date=29 August 1981|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0961-1981-0035-42651.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Post-retirement, Thapa settled down in [[Lucknow]], and served for a brief period as a director with [[Sahara Airlines]].{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=80}}

On 6{{nbsp}}September 2005, Thapa died. He was survived by his wife, Shukla Thapa,<ref name="Remembering the bravest of the brave">{{cite web|author1=Anuradha Mascarenhas|title=Remembering the bravest of the brave|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/remembering-the-bravest-of-the-brave/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=18 November 2017|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029013546/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/remembering-the-bravest-of-the-brave/ |archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> and three children.<ref name="Param Vir Chakra awardee Thapa dead">{{cite news|title=Param Vir Chakra awardee Thapa dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090704771300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2017|date=7 September 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029205443/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090704771300.htm|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Lt Col Dhan Singh Thapa passes away">{{cite web|title=Lt Col Dhan Singh Thapa passes away|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-col-dhan-singh-thapa-passes-away_239908.html|website=[[Zee News]]|publisher=Zee Media Corporation Ltd.|date=6 September 2005}}</ref>

== Dhan Singh Thapa Post ==
{{anchor | Post }}
{{see also | Galwan River#Sino-Indian_border_dispute | l1=Battle of Galwan | Dhan Singh Thapa#Battle_of_Pangong | l2= Battle of Pangong | Rezang La | l3= Battle of Rezang La | Gurung Hill#1962 | l4 =Battle of Gurung Hill | Jaswant Singh Rawat#Nuranang| l5= Battle of Nuranang & Sela Pass }}

The [[Indian Military]]'s permanent [[border outpost]] near the [[Pangong Tso#Geography|Finger-3]] spur of the Changchenmo Range on the northern bank of [[Pangong Tso]] is named the Dan Singh Thapa Post in the honor of Dan Singh Thapa. In 2022, the [[ITBP]] was manning the post.<ref name=dstp2>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-to-guard-dhan-singh-thapa-post-near-finger-3-again/articleshow/81144757.cms ITBP to Guard Dhan Singh Thapa post near Finger 3 again], Economic Times, 22 February 2021.</ref>

== Other honours==
In 1980s, the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI), a Government of India enterprise under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]], named fifteen of its crude oil tankers in honour of the PVC recipients. The tanker MT ''Major Dhan Singh Thapa, PVC'' was delivered to SCI in 1984, and served for 25 years before being phased out.<ref name="Vessel Details – Major Dhan Singh Thapa, PVC">{{cite web|title=Vessel Details – Major Dhan Singh Thapa, PVC|url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:9100/mmsi:-8224169/imo:8224169/vessel:MAJOR_DHAN_SINGH_THAPA_PVC|website=[[MarineTraffic]]|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Marine Division|2000|p=149}} The [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] have a stand named after him.

==See also==

* [[Baba Harbhajan Singh#Temples|Baba Harbhajan Singh Temple and bunker]]
* [[Operation_Rajiv#Geography|Bana Singh Post]]
* [[Jaswant_Singh_Rawat#Legacy|Jaswant Singh Rawat's Memorial at Sela La]]
* [[Lucky Bisht]]

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{notelist}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|first1=Major General Ian (retd.)|last1=Cardozo|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|year=2003|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7436-262-9|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation|first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty|title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7023-516-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC}}
*{{citation|first1=Great Britain. Meteorological Office|author-link=Met Office|last1=Marine Division|title=The Marine Observer, Volume 70, Issues 347–350|year=2000}}
*{{citation|first1=Kittu |last1=Reddy|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|year=2007|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlAi5sWYOe8C}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht |year=2014 |title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories |publisher=Penguin Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-01-4342-235-8}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Dhan Singh}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Shimla]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Adampur, Uttar Pradesh

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TajWoolcock75: stub

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

{{other uses|Adampur (disambiguation){{!}}Adampur}}
'''Adampur''' is a small village in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Aadampur Population - Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/158757-aadampur-uttar-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=March 10, 2025}}</ref>

It is situated at the bank of [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai River]] (a tributary of River [[Ganges]]). Adampur's nearest market is Rasooli Bazar and Kithawar Bazar.

==Railway station==
Its nearest [[train station]] is Antu which is {{convert|15|km}} away.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|25.973|81.780|type:adm3rd_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Pratapgarh-geo-stub}}

Siege of Calcutta

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TajWoolcock75: fix structure for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Short description|Siege during the Seven Years' War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Calcutta
| partof = [[Seven Years' War]]
| place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| date = 20 June 1756
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory
| territory = [[Nawab of Bengal]] recaptures the city of [[Calcutta]]
| combatant1 = [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = [[East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[Siraj-ud-Daula]] [[Mir Jafar]]
| commander2 = [[Roger Drake (colonial administrator)|Roger Drake]] [[John Zephaniah Holwell]]
| strength1 = 30,000–50,000 men
| strength2 = 515–1,000 men
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 500 killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}
}}
[[Image:French India 1741-1754.png|thumb|Maximum extent of French influence 1741–1754]]

The '''siege of Calcutta''' was a battle between the [[Bengal Subah]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[East India Company]] on 20 June 1756. The [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], aimed to seize [[Calcutta]] to punish the company for the unauthorised construction of fortifications at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]]. Siraj ud-Daulah caught the Company unprepared and won a decisive victory.

==Origins==
A trading post had been established in the area of [[Calcutta]] at the end of the seventeenth century by the [[East India Company]], who purchased the three small villages that would later form the base of the city, and began construction of [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] to house a garrison. In 1717 they had been granted immunity from taxation throughout [[Bengal]] by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]]. The city flourished, with a large volume of trade travelling down the [[Ganges River]].<ref name="Bedford 1997">Bedford (1997)</ref>

The attitude of the [[Nawab of Bengal|Nawabs of Bengal]], the regional governors of the territory, had been one of limited toleration towards the European traders (the French and Dutch as well as the British); they were permitted to trade, but taxed heavily.

When the elderly [[Alivardi Khan]] died in 1756, he was succeeded as [[Nawab of Bengal]] by his grandson, [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]. Compared to his predecessor, Alivardi, Siraj was more distrustful of the British, and aimed to seize Calcutta and the large treasure he believed would be held there. After he became Nawab he began searching for a pretext to drive the company from his lands.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

===First pretext===
The first pretext centered around [[Kissendass]], the son of a high-ranking Bengali official, [[Raj Ballabh]], who had incurred [[Siraj-ud-Daula]]'s displeasure. When he was released after a brief imprisonment, Ballabh had arranged for the company to allow Kissendass to enter Calcutta along with the son's pregnant wife and family fortune, while Ballabh joined forces with those who opposed Siraj-ud-Daula's succession. The fact that the Calcutta officials continued to harbor Kissendass after Siraj-ud-Daula had become nawab and had spurned his demand that they surrender the young man and his fortune to him nurtured the young ruler's conviction that the company were actively plotting with his enemies at court.

===Second pretext===
[[Image:Company rule calcutta from ftwilliam.jpg|thumb|right|200px|View of Ft. William]]

The second incident concerned the construction of new fortifications by both the Company and the French at their Bengali strongholds. Both had long been battling for dominance along the southeast coast of India, known as the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. So far, they had kept the peace in Bengal, their rivalries confined to the marketplace. But with war, though as yet undeclared, being waged between the two nations in Europe, officials at Calcutta and [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] decided that their long-neglected defenses needed to be strengthened in case hostilities erupted in Bengal.<ref name="Manas 2001">Manas (2001)</ref>

When the newly enthroned nawab learned of the new fortifications, he immediately ordered them to halt their work and to [[Demolition|raze]] any new construction, promising to protect both foreign enclaves from attack as his grandfather had before him. The French replied that they were not building foreign fortifications but merely repairing their existing structures.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/> The Company reacted differently. [[Roger Drake (colonial administrator)|Roger Drake]], the 35-year-old acting governor general of Calcutta, stated that they were only preparing for their own protection-strongly implying that the Nawab would be powerless to provide it.

==Siege==

===First battles===
Rumours quickly spread that the Company had gathered forces from [[Chennai|Madras (now Chennai)]] and planned to invade [[Bengal]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

By the end of May, a huge army of 50,000 strong had been assembled under the command of [[Raj Durlabh]]. The Nawab sent a letter to Governor Drake that was effectively a declaration of war.<ref name="Manas 2001"/>

On 3 June, the Nawab's forces surrounded the ill-prepared East India Company fort at [[Cossimbazar]], whose numbered only 50 men. Two days later, the garrison surrendered without resistance. The Nawab's army confiscated all Company guns and ammunition, then marched on to Calcutta.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

===Fort William===
When the news of disaster reached Fort William, the fog of complacency there was replaced by panic and indecision.<ref name="Berriedale 2003">Berriedale (2003)</ref>

Acting Governor [[Roger Drake (colonial administrator)|Drake]] had alienated most of his subordinates and failed to react decisively to the situation.<ref name="Manas 2001"/>

After the small garrison at [[Cossimbazar]] was lost, Drake and the council sent pleas for help to the [[France|French]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] settlements. Neither wanted to join the Company in their predicament.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

The Company then asked the authorities in [[Madras]] to send reinforcements, but the issue was decided before the letters could be answered. Drake attempted to appease the nawab's anger by promising to submit to all of his demands, but it was too late.<ref name="Manas 2001"/>

After the failure of diplomacy the council members begin to examine the state of Fort William and found that the fort had been neglected for so long that it was falling apart. The walls of the fort (18 feet tall, 4 feet thick) were crumbling in many places. Along the east wall large openings had been excavated to admit air and light. The wooden platforms of the bastions were so rotten that they could support far fewer cannons than intended, and most of the cannons proved unusable in any case. All the south wall warehouses, or godowns, had been erected outside the fort, which precluded any flanking fire from the two south bastions.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

The East India Company's chief engineer, John O'Hara, advised the council to demolish the buildings surrounding the fort so the defenders could have a clear shot at an enemy attacking from any direction. The council members' and chief military officers' houses would have to be leveled, so the council ignored O'Hara's suggestion. They decided instead to draw up a defensive line that encompassed the Company Enclave that huddled about Fort William, leaving the sprawling expanse of native dwellings and marketplaces known as "Black Town"--home to well over 100,000 Indians—to the mercy of the attacking army.

Batteries were placed across the three main thoroughfares leading to the fort from the North, South, and East. The smaller streets were blocked by [[palisade]]s.<ref name="Berriedale 2003"/>

The plan that was drawn up would require the defensive line to be adequately manned. Yet when the garrison was mustered, only 180 men were fit for duty, with only 45 were British or Irish and the rest being European half-castes{{Clarify|date=June 2025|reason=who/what are "European half-castes"?}}, whose fighting capabilities were deemed questionable.

A militia was hastily formed from the young Company apprentices (who were known as 'writers'), the crews of many vessels that still crowded the harbor, and the European population. Manningham, and Frankland whom Drake had made [[Colonel]] and [[Lieutenant Colonel]] were appointed to command the militia. The militia added another 300 men to the defense of [[Calcutta]], for a total of 515 troops.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

Defensive preparations were hampered by the disappearance of native manpower, as their [[lascars]] fled along with most of Black Town's population as the news of [[Siraj ud Daula]]'s approach spread.<ref name="Manas 2001"/>

===Omichand===
[[Omichand]] was the only Hindu wealthy enough to own a house in the European "White Town". Omichand recently had lost the prestigious position of chief investing and purchasing agent for the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] in its transaction with the Bengalis.<ref name="Berriedale 2003"/>

Suspicion grew that, to gain revenge for this considerable slight, Omichand had secretly urged [[Siraj ud Daula]] to attack the Company’s outpost and that suspicion was confirmed when two letters from the Nawab's camp were found addressed to Omichand.<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

[[Kissendass]], who was a house guest of Omichand's at the time, was also arrested when found with Omichand. They were then incarcerated in a small jail near [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]'s southeast [[bastion]], in a room that was used to house drunken and disorderly sailors known as "[[Black Hole of Calcutta|The Black Hole]]."<ref name="Bedford 1997"/>

===Siraj ud Daula's Advance===
On 13 June, the advance guard of the Nawab's army was within 15 miles of [[Calcutta]], a day's march away. All English women and children were ordered to take refuge in the fort, and the outer batteries and palisades were rushed to completion.<ref name="Berriedale 2003"/> Siraj ud Daula surrounded Fort William, and then assaulted the south wall. The gunners had no time to bring their guns up, and the Indians swarmed in. They then attacked the rest of the fort, and in little time, the fort was captured.

==Aftermath==
{{Main|Black Hole of Calcutta|Battle of Plassey|Treaty of Alinagar}}

The captured prisoners were held in a prison called the Black Hole. A narrative by one [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], plus the testimony of another survivor to a select committee of the House of Commons, placed 146 Company prisoners into a room measuring 18 by 15 feet, with only 23 surviving the night. The story was amplified in contemporary literature, becoming a notorious incident, but the facts are now widely disputed.<ref>Dalley, Jan''The Black Hole: Money, Myth and Empire'', London, Fig Tree, June 2006, {{ISBN|0-670-91447-9}}.</ref>

The city – renamed "Alinagar" – was only lightly garrisoned by the Indians, and was recaptured in January 1757 by a force led by [[Robert Clive]]; the Nawab led a counter-attack, but this was itself attacked outside the city on 2 February and defeated. The result was a recognition of the status quo in the [[Treaty of Alinagar]], signed on the 9th, which permitted the East India Company to remain in possession of the city and to fortify it, as well as granting them an exemption from duties.

However, the situation was fragile. Siraj was forced to send much of his army westwards to protect his territory from [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], leaving him militarily weak; this, coupled with personal unpopularity at home and extensive political machinations at court, gave the East India Company an opportunity to try to replace him with a new Nawab. Meanwhile, Siraj's growing involvement with the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] would provide the pretext to go to war.

The result was the [[Battle of Plassey]], on 23 June 1757, which was a decisive defeat for Siraj - betrayed by [[Mir Jafar]], a military commander who had agreed to change sides. The battle firmly established East India Company control over Bengal, with Mir Jafar the new Nawab; it is generally seen as the start of [[Company rule in India]], and the first major step in the development of the [[British Empire in India]].

==See also==
* [[Great Britain in the Seven Years War]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|url=http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc001.htm|title=The French report on Sirajuddaulah's siege of Calcutta, 1756|last=Berriedale|first=Keith|publisher=Project South Asia|access-date=2008-05-04}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bedford|first=Michael|author2=Bruce Dettman |date=April 1997|title=The Siege of Calcutta and the Infamous Black Hole|journal=Military History|location=Leesburg, Virginia|issue=April 1997|pages=34–40}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/Blackh.html|title=Black Hole of Calcutta|publisher=Manas|access-date=2008-05-04}}

{{Kolkata topics}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company|Calcutta]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Military history of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1756]]
[[Category:1756 in India]]

Waaris (1988 film)

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TajWoolcock75: fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Waaris
| image = Waaris 1988 poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Ravindra Peepat
| based_on =''Kaare — Hatthi'' by Sohan Singh Hans
| starring = [[Smita Patil]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] [[Amrita Singh]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] [[Amrish Puri]]
| producer =Swarn Yograj J. S. Cheema Baldev Gill
| screenplay =Baldev Gill
| music = Uttam-Jagdish
| editing = Subhash Sehgal
| cinematography =[[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| released = {{Film date|1988|05|06|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Waaris''''' ({{translation|Heir}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Ravindra Peepat. The film stars [[Smita Patil]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] and [[Amrita Singh]] in the lead roles. The film was adapted from the Punjabi novel ''Kaare — Hatthi'' by Sohan Singh Hans (as credited in the film). [[Rekha]] dubbed the lines for [[Smita Patil]] who died before the film's release. Patil posthumously won the Best Actress trophy at the 2nd Star & Style-Lux Awards.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afu0zjd5DYoC |title=Of the issue: Guftagu |date=23 April 1989 |volume=110 |issue=1–18 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |page=53 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Multi-millionaire widower Kishan Singh prepares a will which states that his ancestral property is equally divided among his two sons, Gajjan and Dulla, while Shravan, the son of Gajjan, is to inherit the farm land. Enraged at not willing anything to his three sons, Thade, Dara and Chhote, Dulla confronts his father, the ensuing argument ending with Dulla murdering Kishan. Dulla is apprehended by the police and is jailed, leaving his sons to be raised by Gajjan.

Years later Shravan meets with a poor young woman, Paramjit, known as Paro, and both fall in love leading to marriage. During the wedding, Dulla is released from jail and he joins the family once again. Still enraged at what he and his sons were willed by his father and angered by Gajjan's coldness towards him, Dulla quickly influences his sons and schemes with them to claim what they believe is rightfully theirs by any means. Finding a jealous admirer of Paro, Dulla consipires with him to have Shravan killed while he is visiting a poor village as part of his post-wedding commitments. Posing as a poor villager, the ex-admirer stabs Shravan and kills him before running off into the darkness, only for Dulla's sons, Thade and Dara, to burn him alive thus preventing anyone linking them to Shravan's murder.

Paro is distraught at Shravan's death and is horrified when Dulla approaches Gajjan to arrange Paro's marriage with his mentally challenged son, Chhote, to ensure his own progeny inherits Shravan's farm land, which now belongs to Paro. The proposal is angrily rejected and Paro realises that until a new heir is produced, Dulla and his sons will stop at nothing to claim the land. Determined to not let this happen but unwilling to marry another man, Paro argues for Gajjan to remarry so a new heir can inherit the land. Gajjan is reluctant to get married again at his age but Paro convinces him, putting forward her own younger sister Shibo as his new wife. However, this is complicated by the fact that Shibo is love with Binder and wants to marry only him. Much to the heartbreak of Binder, Shibo's devotion to Paro persuades her to sacrifices her love to help her sister and she marries Gajjan, eventually giving birth to his son and a new heir, much to the delight of Paro who treats the child like her own, knowing Shravan's land is now secure and away from the hands of Dulla and his sons.

Unwilling to accept defeat and obsessed with claiming the land, Dulla and his sons plan to eliminate all obstacles in their path. They ambush Gajjan with goons and mercilessly kill him before attacking the house, seeking to murder Gajjan and Shibo's new son. Paro holds off the attackers and asks Shibo to save the baby. Shibo sets off for the farm land and meets Binder, begging him to help save her son. With the help of villagers, Shibo and Binder fight off Dulla and his goons while protecting the baby. Chhote is accidentally electrocuted after trying to snatch the baby from Shibo while Thade is ambushed by villagers and stabbed to death with a pitchfork. Witnessing two of his sons die in a matter of moments, a deranged Dulla shoots at Binder and a group of villagers who are beating up Dara, only for Dara to take the brunt of Dulla's bullets and die. With his own heirs now dead, Dulla madly approaches the baby with a sword, proclaiming to make the land that his own sons could not inherit heirless. As he draws closer, Paro intervenes, sacrificing herself in killing Dulla and saving the baby. As she dies, she asks forgiveness from Shibo and Binder, happily leaving them to take care of the baby and her husband's ancestral land.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Smita Patil]] as Paramjit "Paro" Singh (Voice dubbed by [[Rekha]])
*[[Raj Babbar]] as Binder
*[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Sharvan Singh
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Sibo Singh
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Gajjan Singh
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Dulla Singh
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Kishan Singh
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Paro's Mother
*[[Navneet Nishan]] as Channo
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Chhote
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Dara
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as Thanna "Thade" Singh
*[[Ramesh Tiwari]] as Thekedar
*[[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as Sarpanch Gursharan Singh
*[[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Sibo's Real Mother
*[[Deep Dhillon]] as Police Inspector
*[[Sardar Sohi]] as Constable Hridaymal Murarilal
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Uttam Singh]] and Jagdish Sodhi and lyrics by [[Verma Malik]].The soundtrack became popular upon release. The song “Husn Ki Waadiyon Mein” sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] became a chartbuster, while the song Mere Pyar Ki Umar also became popular.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Khud Ko Samajh Na Akeli"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Husn Ki Wadiyon Mein Ishq Palta Rahega"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Duniya Tu Yaad Rakhna"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Duniya Tu Yaad Rakhna" (Sad)
| Mahendra Kapoor
|-
| "Mere Pyar Ki Umar Ho Itni Sanam"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| "Ghata Chha Gayi Hai, Bahar Aa Gayi Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
| "Ghunghat Utha Ke Na Dekh"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Jholi Mein Heere Ho Tere"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Aare Munjhe, Taare Munjhe"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0367214}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Ullam (2005 film)

2026-03-03T21:36:25Z

TajWoolcock75: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ullam
| image =
| caption =
| director = M. D. Sukumaran
| producer = Shajan Thottathil
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Geethu Mohandas]] [[Kalasala Babu]] Tony
| music = [[Kaithapram]]
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|05|08|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Ullam''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 2005|2005]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by M. D. Sukumaran. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Geethu Mohandas]], [[Kalasala Babu]] and Tony in lead roles. The film had musical score by [[Kaithapram]].

==Cast==
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Kuttan
*[[Geethu Mohandas]] as Radha
*[[Kalasala Babu]] as Raman Nair
*Tony as Divakaran
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Maash
*Master Deepak as Appukuttan
*Bindu Ramakrishnan
*[[Shantha Devi]] as Muthassi
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]

==Accolades==
*Nominated – Malayalam Cinema Best Actor Award – Suresh Gopi (also for ''Makalkku'')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.deepthi.com/malayalam/actors/suresh-gopi.html | title=Suresh Gopi – Malayalam celebrities the stories and the gossips }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1121975}}
* {{YouTube|id=82B4pcym1nc|title=Ullam}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Adutha Varisu

2026-03-03T05:07:18Z

TajWoolcock75: added info

{{short description|1983 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Adutha Varisu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| story = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| producer = [[Dwarakish]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sridevi]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1983|7|7}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Adutha Varisu''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|d|u|θ|ə|_|v|ɑːr|ɪ|s|u}} {{translation|The next heir}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]] and directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Sridevi]]. It is a remake of the 1972 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Raja Jani]]'', which itself was loosely based on the 1956 American film ''[[Anastasia (1956 film)|Anastasia]]''. The film was released on 7 July 1983.

== Plot ==
[[Zamindar]] Rathnakumar of Somanathapuram and his family are pursued by Muthukaruppan and his soldiers, who seek vengeance for the death of Muthukaruppan's brother, Jambulingam. In the attack, Muthukaruppan kills Rathnakumar and his wife, Mallikadevi, leaving their six‑year‑old daughter Radha an orphan. Rathnakumar’s courtier, Vijay, rescues Radha and attempts to flee, but he is ambushed, and Radha is thrown into the river.

Twelve years later, Queen Rajalakshmi, the zamindar's mother, mourns the disappearance of her granddaughter Radha, the rightful heir. The will stipulates that if Radha is not found within the next six months, the entire wealth will transfer to a trustee for public welfare. Diwan Rajalingam hires Kannan, a small‑time [[bounty hunter]], to locate a girl who can impersonate Radha and claim the throne, thereby allowing Rajalingam to seize the wealth after Rajalakshmi’s death. After months of searching, Kannan comes across a nomadic girl, Valli, a tribal dancer whose facial features resemble those of the missing Radha. Canning a way to secure Valli's cooperation, Kannan enlists his colleague to pretend to assault her, staging a fake murder. He then "rescues" Valli from the attackers on a train, gaining her trust. Valli moves into Kannan's house, concealing the murder. Kannan's cook, Ramanna, advises Valli to develop feelings for Kannan, hoping that love will keep her there permanently.

Kannan feeds Radha false information, warning her that the police are hunting her for the murder of her abuser, and insists she must begin impersonating Radha. With no alternative, Valli agrees. Over the next month, Kannan trains her in language, etiquette, dress, and body language, grooming her to play the lost heiress. Valli falls in love with Kannan, but he, harboring a deep distrust of women, rejects her affection. Valli demands that he give up his drinking; Kannan, swayed by her insistence, promises to cut back. Later, after learning how Kannan has molded her for the ruse, Valli feels betrayed and leaves, accusing him of being obsessed with money. Ramanna intercepts her, revealing Kannan's tragic past: his former friend Sundaram swindled him out of {{INRConvert|400000|year=1983}} for a business venture, and his lover Usha abandoned him when his fortunes fell. Disillusioned, Kannan turned to ruthless money‑making and shut himself off from love.

Ramanna pleads with Valli to continue the charade, warning that Kannan will relapse into alcoholism if she abandons him, noting that he was happy only when Valli was around. Valli, hoping Kannan might eventually recognize her love, agrees to play as Radha. Kannan and Rajalingam succeed in convincing Rajalakshmi that Valli is her long‑lost granddaughter, Radha. Rajalakshmi summons the courtier Vijay, Pratap, Radha's former teacher, and Dr. Gowtham for verification. After their tests, they all confirm that the girl claiming to be Radha is genuine. To remove any lingering doubt, Rajalakshmi asks what Radha's favorite childhood instrument was; Valli, playing the part, sits at a piano and performs, solidifying Rajalakshmi's belief. The sight of the piano triggers an unexplainable feeling in Valli. Ramanna suggests she make Kannan jealous by getting close to Pratap, hoping to awaken his possessiveness. Meanwhile, Valli's tribal foster parents are captured by Pratap and Rajalingam and thrown in jail.

At a public ceremony, Rajalakshmi announces the property transfer and the engagement of Radha and Pratap, sparking Kannan's jealousy. Kannan's ex‑lover, Usha, appears as a dancer, and it's revealed that she and Pratap are in a relationship. Usha pressures Pratap to marry her, but he refuses, citing the wealth he would gain. Usha threatens to expose their affair to Rajalakshmi, prompting Rajalingam to kill her. Kannan falls back into drinking, but a change of heart makes him confess his love for Radha. Radha admits she only pretended to love Pratap to manipulate Kannan. They plan a midnight escape, but Rajalingam overhears them, arrests Kannan, and has him tortured in prison, threatening Radha to stay silent or Kannan will die. Wedding preparations move forward, and Rajalingam uses a body double, Veeraiyan, wearing a mask to impersonate Kannan and avoid suspicion.

In prison, Kannan learns from Valli's tribal foster parents that Valli truly is the real Radha. They orchestrate an escape, and Kannan, disguised as a spiritual guru, infiltrates the palace, beats Veeraiyan (the fake Kannan), and takes his place, gaining Rajalingam's trust. Meanwhile, a dying Rajalakshmi reveals the hidden treasury's location to Radha, prompting Rajalingam and Pratap to follow them. Thinking Kannan is still the impostor, they approach the treasury, where Rajalakshmi finally discovers Rajalingam's treachery. Kannan engages in a fierce battle with Veeraiyan, Rajalingam, Pratap, and Rajalingam's guards. Rajalingam accidentally stabs his son Pratap while trying to defend the treasure. Rajalingam reveals to Rajalakshmi that he hired Kannan and Valli to impersonate Radha, unaware that Valli was the genuine princess Radha.

Ramanna arrives with Valli's foster parents and explains that they rescued the toddler Radha from the river and raised her as their own daughter, Valli, without knowing her true identity. As proof, they present the lion‑inscribed pendant, the zamindari heirloom from Radha's chain. Ramanna goes to fetch the police to arrest Rajalingam. The film concludes with Rajalakshmi blessing the marriage of her granddaughter Radha to Kannan.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Kannan{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=109}}
* [[Sridevi]] as Radha / Valli{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=109}}
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Pratap
* [[Silk Smitha]] as Usha<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2017 |title=Silk Smitha birth anniversary: Memorable films of the sex siren of South |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/silk-smitha-birth-anniversary-memorable-films-of-the-sex-siren-of-south |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307063451/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/silk-smitha-birth-anniversary-memorable-films-of-the-sex-siren-of-south |archive-date=7 March 2020 |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Valli's foster father
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] as Ramanna
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Diwan Rajalingam
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Vijay
* [[C. L. Anandan]] as Veeraiyan
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Muthukaruppan
* [[S. S. Chandran]] in a special appearance as Kannan's colleague
* S.R. Veeraraghavan as Dr. Gowtham
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Sundaram
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Rajalakshmi
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Valli's foster mother
* Vasantha in a cameo appearance as Mallikadevi, Rathnakumar's wife
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in a special appearance as Rathnakumar}}

== Production ==
''Adutha Varisu'' is a remake of the 1972 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Raja Jani]]'',{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=108}} which itself was loosely based on the 1956 American film ''[[Anastasia (1956 film)|Anastasia]]'' (1956).{{sfn |Nayak |2019 |p=63}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=30 July 2016 |title=How do you solve a problem like Rajini? |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/07/30/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-rajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218114753/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/07/30/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-rajini/ |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Dwarakish]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harsha |date=26 February 2018 |title=I'm her Meera, says Sridevi's ardent fan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/feb/26/im-her-meera-says-sridevis-ardent-fan-1778948.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928071626/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/feb/26/im-her-meera-says-sridevis-ardent-fan-1778948.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The filming was held at [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 1983 |title=திரைக்கு வரும் அடுத்த வாரிசு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_233/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618004612/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_233/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 June 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 April 2008 |title=ரயிலின் வேகத்தில் ரஜினி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2008-04-27/kalki2008-04-27.pdf |access-date=14 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58–61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adutha Vaarisu (1983) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233013/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000021.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adutha Varisu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/adutha-varisu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021085840/https://mossymart.com/product/adutha-varisu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The [[disco]] song "Aasai Nooru Vagai" was remixed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for ''[[Kurumbu]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Mix and match |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mix-and-match/article3023973.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130161142/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mix-and-match/article3023973.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Dan Dana Dan" from the Hindi film ''[[Department (film)|Department]]'' (2012) too was adapted from "Aasai Nooru Vagai".{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=109}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johri |first=Kanika |date=23 April 2012 |title=RGV's Dan Dan Dana Dan copied from a Rajinikanth song! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rgv-s-dan-dan-dana-dan-copied-from-a-rajinikanth-song/story-W2tNVYvPzQIA9k53c9ZFAO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321034004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rgv-s-dan-dan-dana-dan-copied-from-a-rajinikanth-song/story-W2tNVYvPzQIA9k53c9ZFAO.html |archive-date=21 March 2017 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pesa Koodathu
| lyrics1 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Vaa Raja Vandhu Paaru
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Vaazhga Raja Vaazhga Rani
| lyrics3 = Panchu Arunachalam
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Kaveriye Kavikuyiley
| lyrics4 = Panchu Arunachalam
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Aasai Nooru Vagai
| lyrics5 = Panchu Arunachalam
| extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length5 = 4:31
| title6 = Ennaiah ABC
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length6 = 4:28
| total_length = 27:05
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Adutha Varisu'' was released on 7 July 1983 and become hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் - ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622114535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for lack of originality.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 July 1983 |title=அடுத்த வாரிசு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/jul/31-07-1983/p8.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728085449/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/jul/31-07-1983/p8.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=10 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=8 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Satyarth |author-link=Satyarth Nayak |title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353056780 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about bounty hunters]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Suguna PIP School

2026-02-21T12:36:45Z

TajWoolcock75: further added section as per guidelines

{{Short description|Private CBSE school in Coimbatore, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = SUGUNA PIP School
| image =
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| location =
| region =
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| postal_code = 641 014
| zipcode =
| country = India
| country1 =
| coordinates =
| schooltype =
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| motto = A school of new thought<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suguna PIP School |title=Suguna PIP School |url=https://www.sugunapips.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107135159/https://www.sugunapips.in/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Suguna PIP School}}</ref>
| motto_translation =
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|2003|}}
| founder = G Ramaswamy Naidu
| free_label =
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| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| district = [[Coimbatore]]
| president = L Suguna
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| enrollment = 2581
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| houses = 4 - Aqua, Ignis, Terra, Ventus
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| colours = {{colour box|Blue}} {{colour box|Yellow}}
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| song = [[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo|Where the Mind is Without Fear]]
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}}

[[File:Suguna PIP School.jpg|thumb|Main gate of the school campus in [[Kalapatti]], [[Coimbatore]]]]

'''SUGUNA PIP School''' (abbreviated to '''SPIPS''') is a [[Comprehensive school|comprehensive]], [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[private school]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Established in 2003 by industrialist G Ramaswamy Naidu, the school sits on a {{convert|4.5|acre|ha}} campus and offers classes from [[kindergarten]] to [[Secondary school|senior secondary school]]. It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[New Delhi]].

==History==

The Suguna [[Charitable trust|Charitable Trust]] was established in 1973 by the Suguna Group of Industries, Coimbatore. It set up the SUGUNA PIP School in 2003 as its first CBSE-affiliated educational institution, and admitted the first batch of students in the same year.

The centenary year celebration of founder G Ramaswamy Naidu was inaugurated in 2022 by then [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[Basavaraj Bommai]], his close associate. In 2023, the chief guests for the centenary year events were [[Jagadguru]] Deshikendra Mahaswamiji (24th pontiff of the [[Sutturu#Culture|Sri Suttur Math]], [[Karnataka]]) and Krishnaraj Vanavarayar (businessman and founder of [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]], Coimbatore).

==Organisation==

[[Chair (officer)|Chairwoman]] L Suguna of the Suguna Charitable Trust serves as the management trustee and nominates members to the ten-member ''School Management Committee'' (SMC). The Group managing director (V Lakshminarayanasamy) and the school principal are [[Ex officio member|ex-officio]] members of the SMC. Seven members are selected from amongst the faculty and parents. The ''Parent-Teacher Association'' (PTA) is a fourteen-member committee, consisting of the staff and parents selected on a rotational basis, that deliberates non-management decisions twice a year.

A principal and senior principal lead the day-to-day school affairs and are supported by an academic coordinator, grade coordinators, heads of departments, and administrative officers. The [[Student council|Student Council]] handles disciplinary matters, publishes the annual school magazine (''YOUTHink''), and assists in conducting events. All students are placed in one of the four school houses at the time of admission: Aqua, Ignis, Terra, Ventus.

==Academics and curriculum==

The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and follows the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] curriculum from grades 6 to 12. Instruction is in [[English language|English]], while [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are taught as ''second'' and ''third'' languages up to grade 10.

Senior secondary students are offered a choice of academic streams: ''science'' (with mathematics), ''pure sciences'', ''commerce'', and ''humanities''. Students in grade 10 take up the [[All India Secondary School Examination]] (AISSE) conducted by CBSE to progress to the next grade. Students in grade 12 sit for the [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination]] (AISSCE).

== Campus ==
The campus is located close to the engineering, arts, and polytechnic colleges run by the Suguna Charitable Trust. It consists of the junior wing, the senior wing, an arts and laboratories block, the new block, the sports complex, an hockey 5's ground, and the G Ramaswamy Naidu Auditorium.

== Extra-curricular activities ==

* [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC)
* [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]]
* Road Safety Patrol (Coimbatore City Traffic Police)

== Affiliations and partnerships ==

* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi
* [[Science Olympiad Foundation]], New Delhi
* Uyir - Road Safety (run by the Uyir NGO, Coimbatore)
* Young Indians - Thalir (run by the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]])

== Awards and recognition ==

{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Dushara Vijayan]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] actress
* Uma T V Iyer, bronze medalist, [[European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad|European Girls' Mathematics Olympiad]] (EGMO 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Uma T V Iyer - European Girls' Mathematics Olympiad |url=https://www.egmo.org/people/person677/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108140447/https://www.egmo.org/people/person677/ |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=European Girls' Mathematics Olympiad}}</ref>
* Vijay Krishna G, [[Asian Physics Olympiad]] (APhO 2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:Schools in Coimbatore]]

Sompura Salat

2026-02-12T22:24:56Z

TajWoolcock75: started new details and citations

{{short description|Hindu artisan caste}}
'''Sompura Salat Brahmin''' are a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] stone-worker community of [[Gujarat]], They are also found in southern [[Rajasthan]], specially in the [[Mewar]] region.<ref>Folk Icons and Rituals in Tribal Life, Pramod Kumar, Abhinav Publications, 1984, p. 5-12</ref> Their origin is said to be from [[Prabhas Patan]] famous for the [[Somnath]] temple and descendants of [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]]. The term "salat" is derived from Shilavat, the old term for a temple architect. They are party of [[Sompura Brahmin]] community only but with focus on architecture.

==Culture==
Members of this clan took up artistic and masonry works as their occupation.<ref name="b">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWrTs5yt1DkC&dq=somapura+salat&pg=PA1313 |title=Gujarat, Part 3 |year=2003 |isbn=9788179911068 |pages=1313–14|publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> They maintain clan [[exogamy]] as a strict rule for marriage.<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Krishna Rao |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&dq=somapura+salat&pg=PA467 |title=Global Encyclopaedia of the Ethnography edited by K.S. Krishna Rao |year=2008 |isbn=9788182202085 |page=467|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House }}</ref><ref name=b/>

The community is vegetarian in diet and also avoids eating onions, garlic, [[Cucumber|white cucumber]] and lentils.<ref name=b/> They worship [[Ashapura Mata]] as their clan deity.<ref name="b" /> They are a [[Shivaite]] community and worship [[Shiva]] as chief deity. They, however, also observe many Hindu festivals like [[Uthasini]], [[Ramanavami]], [[Janamashtmi]], [[Holi]], [[Diwali]] while [[Shivaratri]] and [[Navaratri]] are the main festivals for the community.<ref name="b" />

==Occupation==
They are specialized in temple masonry works, artistic carvings and sculpting as well as artistic stone shaping works, especially in works of idol-making.<ref name=b/> Among the notable architecture built by them are Hawa Mahal, the royal palace near [[Wadhwan]] built for the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] and more recently the [[Somnath Temple]] built after independence of India.<ref name=b/>

==Demography==
The community is found throughout Gujarat but largely are concentrated in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]].<ref name=b/> Outside India, their population is found in United Kingdom and United States of America.<ref name=b/>

==Restoration and building of temples==
[[File:Hutessing_Temple3_Ahmedabad.JPG|thumb|Manasthambha in front of [[Hutheesing Jain Temple]]]]
Prabhashankar Oghadbhai<ref>Kshirarnava, Prabhashankar Oghadbhai Sompura, 1967</ref> of [[Palitana]] had been one of the leading designers of Nagar style of temples. He was awarded the [[Padmashri]] by the [[Government of India]]. The design and building of the modern [[Somnath Temple]],<ref>Prasad Manjari, Prabhashankar Oghadbhai Sompura, 1965</ref> known as Somnath Maha Meru Prasad, was executed by him.

While their center of activity is in Gujarat and Rajasthan, they now undertake temple architecture in different parts of India, as well as overseas. They follow texts written in the 15th century such as Prasad Manjari, written during the rule of [[Rana Raimal]] by brothers Mandan and Nathji. They originally hailed from [[Patan, Gujarat]] and were invited to settle in [[Chittorgarh]]. During the past five centuries, they have been involved in building and restoration of numerous [[Jain]] temples in Gujarat and southern Rajasthan, as well as temples built by Jains in other parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/04/stories/2004030401330200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404135201/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/04/stories/2004030401330200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-04-04|title=A SHRINE turning into a work of ART|last=P.A|date=2004-03-04|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref>

In 1992, Chandrakant Sompura, grandson of Prabhashankar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/news/020315_temple_aj.shtml|title=कैसा होगा प्रस्तावित मंदिर? {{!}} BBC Hindi|last=|first=|date=2002|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref> had designed the Sompura [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Akshardham temple]] in Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/10336/|title=Akshardham architect sends up a prayer|last=|first=|date=2002|website=www.indianexpress.com|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref> He was asked by Ashok Singhal, chief of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, to design and build the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1091816/report-no-one-says-jai-shri-ram-to-me-anymore|title='No one says Jai Shri Ram to me anymore' {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2007-04-19|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-27|language=en-US}}</ref> He was the chief architect of [[Ram Mandir|Ayodhya Ram Mandir]] and was assisted by his sons, Ashish and Nikhil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Facts And Details You Must Know |url=https://www.ekwanderingastronome.com/2024/01/ayodhya-ram-mandir-facts-and-details.html |access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>

The world's largest Ram Temple, a proposed replica of [[Angkor Wat]] to be built in Champaran, Bihar, is being designed by Piyush Sompura.<ref>चंपारण में बनेगा विश्व का सबसे वृहद राम मंदिर, https://www.prabhasakshi.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleId=120621-170449-100000, June 21, 2012</ref>

C.P. Trivedi and Sons, founded by Chandulal P. Trivedi<ref>Lives of Indian Images, Richard H. Davis, p. xii, Princeton University Press, 1999</ref> from the Sompura clan, were responsible for the restoration of the [[Dilwara Temples|Delwara]] Jain temples, the Jain temples at [[Jaisalmer Fort]] and the Amar Sagar Lake. They also designed the Kirti Stumbh at [[Hutheesing Jain Temple|Hutheesing Wadi]] in [[Ahmedabad]], Oswal Jain Temple in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], Jain Center, [[Leicester]], UK,<ref>Jain Samaj Leicester, Our History {{cite web |url=http://www.jaincentreleicester.com/our-history.asp |title=Jain Samaj Leicester - About | Our History |accessdate=2015-01-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123211249/http://www.jaincentreleicester.com/our-history.asp |archivedate=2015-01-23 }}</ref> Atma Vallabh Smarak, Delhi, and the [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]] at Gorai in northwest [[Mumbai]].

Virendra Trivedi, nephew of Chandulal Trivedi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu Temple Architecture Design Project {{!}} Arc|url=http://templearchitectvkt.com/project_details.php?title=2-pagoda-at-essal-world-mumbai-&id=52|access-date=2021-01-11|website=templearchitectvkt.com}}</ref> also participated on the [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]] project, but is best known for being the chief architect responsible for the [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)|Akshardham temple]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Day At A Theme Park Temple|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-day-at-a-theme-park-temple/294068|access-date=2021-01-11|website=outlookindia.com|date=17 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu Temple Architecture Design Project {{!}} Arc|url=http://templearchitectvkt.com/project_details.php?title=1-akshardham-at-delhi-&id=99|access-date=2021-01-11|website=templearchitectvkt.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=SINGH|first=KAVITA|date=2010|title=TEMPLE OF ETERNAL RETURN: THE SWĀMINĀRĀYAN AKSHARDHĀM COMPLEX IN DELHI|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20801632|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=70|issue=1|pages=47–76|jstor=20801632|issn=0004-3648}}</ref>

Dhiren Sompura, the owner of [https://devalayaart.com/ Devalaya Art] <ref>{{Cite web|title=108 Feet Statue of Buddha, Hisua Village - Bihar {{!}} Arc|url=http://devalayaart.com/project_details.php?title=2-pagoda-at-essal-world-mumbai-&id=52|website=devalayaart.com}}</ref> is responsible for the Famous [[Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)|108 Feet Statue Of Buddha, Hisua Village - Bihar]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK6EKzE0obA|Kotyark Dham Temple], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIQRjjqJT8U|Palikeshwar Mahadev Dhari-Pali], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIQRjjqJT8U|Palikeshwar Mahadev Dhari-Pali]. He has also created fine architectural structures with detailed stone carving work.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Devalaya art - temple architect, vastusastra temple construction, stone statue, marble house temple, mandir shapati, moorti art, mandir designer | url=http://www.devalayaart.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129142005/http://devalayaart.com/ | access-date=2024-12-24 | archive-date=2021-11-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]

Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights

2026-02-12T01:53:51Z

TajWoolcock75: Started article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
The '''Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights''' (DCPCR) is a statutory body established under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005. The Commission is under the [[Government of Delhi]] and is headed currently by Chairperson Anurag Kundu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will make Delhi child labour free by 2023: DCPCR chairperson Anurag Kundu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/aug/01/will-make-delhi-child-labour-free-by-2023-dcpcr-chairperson-anurag-kundu-2177479.html |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act|url=http://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcpcr/DCPCR/Home/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=dcpcr.delhi.gov.in|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615190524/http://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcpcr/DCPCR/Home/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Activities==
The Commission is entrusted with matters on child rights including protection of children from cruelty, abuse, exploitation, substance abuse, disability discrimination, and their [[right to education]], health, play, and enforcement of legal protection.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2021|first=Priya|last=Menon|title=DCPCR recommends ban on sex assignment surgeries on intersex children in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dcpcr-recommends-ban-on-sex-assignment-surgeries-on-intersex-children-in-delhi/articleshow/80253025.cms|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* DCPCR launched Child Rights Fellowship in collaboration with [[Ashoka University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=DCPCR Press release |url=http://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcpcr/DCPCR/Press+Release1/Child+Rights+Fellowship |website=DCPCR }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* DCPCR is launching an International Journal of Child Rights with Justice [[Madan Lokur]] as chairperson of its advisory board.<ref>{{cite news |title=DCPCR to launch International Journal of Child Rights |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/dcpcr-to-launch-international-journal-of-child-rights/1960983 |agency=Outlook}}</ref>

==Current members==
*Chairperson: Mr. Anurag Kundu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act|url=https://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/chairperson|access-date=2023-03-05|website=dcpcr.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>
*Member Secretary: Shri. Rakesh Bhatnagar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act|url=https://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/member-secretary|access-date=2023-03-05|website=dcpcr.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>
*Members <ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act|url=https://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/members|access-date=2023-03-05|website=dcpcr.delhi.gov.in|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129045939/https://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/members|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Ranjana Prasad
# Nidhi Dwivedi
# Neeraj Kumar Pandey
# Nitin Tyagi
# Abhinandita Dayal Mathur

==See also==
*[[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcpcr/DCPCR/Home/ DCPCR website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615190524/http://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcpcr/DCPCR/Home/ |date=15 June 2021 }}
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Child-related organisations in India]]

Swargachitra Appachan

2026-02-06T23:33:20Z

TajWoolcock75: started first post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian film producer and distributor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Swargachitra Appachan
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Pinakkatt D. Abraham
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Kodanchery]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Producer|distributor}}
| years_active = 1986 – present
| notable_works = ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''; ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]''
}}
'''Pinakkatt D. Abraham''', better known as '''Swargachitra Appachan''' is an Indian film [[Film producer|producer]], [[Film distributor|distributor]], and [[entrepreneur]]. He is the founder of production and distribution company Swargachitra, best known for producing ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''.

==Career==
Among the films produced by him, ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' is considered as one of the best thrillers ever made in India as well as one of the best Malayalam films ever made.<ref name=Rediff>{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/16bb.htm | title=Of Bhool Bhulaiya, and a classic dumbed down | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=16 October 2007 | first=Rajaneesh | last=Vilakudy | accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> ''Manichitrathazhu'' was remade after nearly 10 years in various languages, including [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] (''[[Apthamitra]]''), [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] (dubbed) (''[[Chandramukhi]]''), [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] (''[[Rajmohol]]''), and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] (''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''), all being commercially successful. ''Manichitrathazhu'' was selected as second greatest Indian film through an IBNLive poll.<ref name=IBNRanking>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll/391184-8-66.html "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll"] . [[IBN Live]]. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref>

==Filmography==
;Production
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Poovinnu Puthiya Poonthennal]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| Distributed by Central Pictures
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]''
| Distributed by Ghandhimathi
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''
| [[Siddique-Lal]]
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]''
| Fazil
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''
| rowspan="2" | Siddique-Lal
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Vietnam Colony]]''
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''
| rowspan="2" | Fazil
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Aniathipravu]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]''
|[[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
|Tamil film
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Maa Bapu Bommaku Pellanta]]''
| [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| Telugu film<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/guide/bapubomma.html | title=Telugu cinema - Bapubommaki Pellanta - ravi Raja Pinisetty - Gayatri Raghuram, Ajay Raghavendra }}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Vesham]]''
| [[V. M. Vinu]]
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| Bharathan
| Tamil film<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay is 'Azhagiya Tamizh Magan'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-is-azhagiya-tamizh-magan-news-tamil-kkfvhVghbfgsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808144010/https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-is-azhagiya-tamizh-magan-news-tamil-kkfvhVghbfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=8 August 2019 |date=9 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[CBI 5]]''
| [[K. Madhu]]
|
|}

;Distribution
*''[[In Harihar Nagar]]''
*''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]''
*''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''
*''[[Vietnam Colony]]''
*''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''
*''[[Manathe Vellitheru]]''
*''[[Kabooliwala]]''
*''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''
*''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]''
*''[[Aniathipravu]]''
*''[[Aaram Thampuran]]''
*''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]''
*''[[Ustaad (1999 film)|Ustaad]]''
*''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''
*''[[Daivathinte Makan]]''
*''[[Raavanaprabhu]]''
*''[[Praja]]''
*''[[Kakkakuyil]]''
*''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''
*''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]''
*''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''
*''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]''
*''[[Nerariyan CBI]]''
*''[[CBI 5]]''

==See also==
* [[Navodaya Appachan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10878913}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appachan, Swargachitra}}
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bahishkarana

2026-02-05T22:30:11Z

TajWoolcock75: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bahishkarana_Official_Poster.jpeg
| caption = Official Poster
| genre = [[Drama]]
| director = Mukesh Prajapathi
| screenplay = Mukesh Prajapathi Shaymu Chennu (Dialogue)
| starring = [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Sritej]] [[Ravindra Vijay]] [[Ananya Nagalla]]
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Kiran Reddy Thumma
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Telugu
| music = Sidharth Sadasivuni
| cinematography = [[Prasanna Kumar]]
| editor = Raviteja Girijala
| producer = Prashanti Malisetti
| runtime = 30-40 minutes
| company = Pixel Pictures Pvt Ltd
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|07|19|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Bahishkarana''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime drama]] [[streaming television|streaming television series]] directed by Mukesh Prajapathi and produced by Prashanti Malisetti. The series features [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Ravindra Vijay]], [[Sritej]], [[Ananya Nagalla]], Shanmukh, Mehboob Basha and Chaitanya Sagiraju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teaser of Telugu Web Series Bahishkarana Out |url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/teaser-of-telugu-web-series-bahishkarana-out-anjalis-transformation-is-stunning-article-111552937 |website=TimesNowNews.com |date= 7 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Anjali Starrer Bahishkarana Teaser out |url= https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/anjali-starrer-bahishkarana-web-series-teaser-out-1297452.html |website= TV9telugu.com |date= 7 July 2024 |language=te}}</ref> It premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana OTT Release Date|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anjali-bahishkarana-web-series-to-stream-on-zee5-ott-platform-from-july-19-121720095815424.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704182433/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anjali-bahishkarana-web-series-to-stream-on-zee5-ott-platform-from-july-19-121720095815424.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2024 |website=HindustanTimes.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana OTT Streaming Date|url= https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/bahishkarana-on-zee5-ott-here-is-when-anjali-ananya-nagalla-ravindra-vijay-web-series-will-stream-online-170098 |website=ABPLive.com |date= 4 July 2024 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= From Aadujeevitham to Bahishkarana: Watch 7 OTT releases this Friday on Netflix, Zee 5, Disney+ Hotstar|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-aadujeevitham-to-bahishkarana-watch-7-ott-releases-this-friday-on-netflix-zee-5/articleshow/111826193.cms?from=mdr |website=EconomicTimes.com | date=18 July 2024 |language=En | last1=Mishra | first1=Shalinee }}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=#|overall=|title=|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dead Fish
|ShortSummary = Set in the tranquil village of Peddapalli, the story begins on a seemingly ordinary day. Darshi, a caring father, sets off to buy new clothes for his daughter, Siri. Back home, Lakshmi, Siri's mother, awaits Darshi's return with anticipation. Their peaceful evening is shattered by the unexpected visit of Shivaya, the village sarpanch, whose arrival sets the stage for a series of tragic events.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana Episode list |url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28756614/episodes/?ref_=tt_eps_sm |website=IMDB |language=en}}</ref>
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Brave Heat
|ShortSummary = Pushpa, a mysterious outsider, arrives in the village seeking the sarpanch. Chitti, a local villager, guides her to the sarpanch, who allows Pushpa to stay on the outskirts and assigns Darshi to help her. As Darshi and Chitti accompany Pushpa to the temple, they encounter Suri's gang, who tease Pushpa. However, Pushpa skillfully handles the situation, earning Suri's ire. The episode ends with a hint of conflict brewing between Suri and Pushpa, setting the stage for future developments.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Devil Inside
|ShortSummary = The episode opens with the discovery of a young girl's body hanging from a banyan tree, leading to a tense confrontation between Suri and the sarpanch. As the investigation unfolds, Darshi and Pushpa's bond deepens, culminating in a proposal and acceptance. Surprisingly, the sarpanch supports their decision, even providing them with money for their wedding. However, upon returning home, Darshi and Pushpa find Lakshmi beaten. In a shocking twist, the sarpanch insists that Darshi marry Lakshmi instead of Pushpa. Torn between love and duty, Darshi reluctantly agrees to the marriage, leaving viewers questioning the sarpanch's true motives.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = New Beginning
|ShortSummary = The episode begins with the sarpanch's men setting fire to Pushpa. As the investigation into the girl's death intensifies, Darshi's downfall becomes imminent, and Pushpa's loneliness deepens. Despite their initial conflict, Darshi and Lakshmi reconcile after sharing their past traumas. Darshi decides to help Pushpa escape the village, but before he can meet her, he finds himself involved in a violent confrontation with a rapist trying to harm a young girl. However, the episode ends on a cliffhanger as Darshi is arrested, leaving viewers wondering who is behind his downfall.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Ashes to Ashes
|ShortSummary = The episode delves into the past agonies of each character, revealing the hidden truths that have shaped their lives. A minor girl's plea exposes the sarpanch's true nature, while Chitti's failed escape attempt reveals Suri's sinister deeds and the village's dark secrets. Determined to seek justice, Darshi reflects on past events and resolves to confront the truth with Chitti's unwavering support. The episode concludes with a devastating blow as Pushpa arrives with the news of Darshi's demise. Darshi is buried under the rose plant gifted by the sarpanch, igniting a silent resolve among the women of the village. Reflecting on the injustices and repression they have endured, they find strength in their sorrow and unite in their determination to seek revenge.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = A Heart Attack
|ShortSummary = In this climactic episode, the village finally learns the fate of the missing girls and the true reason behind Darshi's death. The sarpanch's cruelty is exposed, revealing the dark reality behind his authoritative facade. As the truth comes to light, Lakshmi and Pushpa reflect on the injustices and repression they have endured. United in their sorrow, they find the strength to seek revenge, proving that when a woman decides to fight, she is unstoppable.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==Cast==
*[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Pushpa<ref>{{cite web |title= Anjali on Zee 5's Bahishkarana - My character will haunt you for days|url= https://www.ottplay.com/news/anjali-on-zee-5s-bahishkarana-my-character-will-haunt-you-for-days/bc6a6ace8a803|website= ottplay.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ravindra Vijay]] as Shivaya
*[[Sritej]] as Darshi<ref>{{cite web |title= Sritej on Bahishkarana: Anjali will shock you with her bold performance|url= https://www.ottplay.com/news/sritej-on-bahishkarana-anjali-will-shock-you-with-her-bold-performance/966647ba61824|website= ottplay.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ananya Nagalla]] as Lakshmi
*Shanmukh as Suri
*Mehboob Basha as Chitti
*Chaitanya Sagiraju as Gopi

==Release==
The series was released on 19 July 2024.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==Reception==
Bahishkarana largely drew positive reviews. The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 in its review.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana Review |url= https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-pawan-kothuri-movie-as-hero-average-student-nani-song-saara-saara-released-romantic-melody-saara-saara-release-121721435699474.html |website= hindustantimes.com |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' rated it 3 as well, commenting, " The series' compelling premise and exploration of social issues are commendable."<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana: Rustic Revenge Drama |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/bahishkarana-review-telugu-webseries-1721383411 |website= IndiaGlitz.com |language=en}}</ref> The show drew similar ratings from ''[[NTV (India) |NTV]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana Web Series Review|url= https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/zee5-original-bahishkarana-web-series-review-in-telugu-638808.html |website= NTVTelugu.com |date= 19 July 2024 |language=te}}</ref> ''[[OTT Play]]'' commended Anjali's performance in the show and stated, "Anjali leads from the front and plays a bold role for the first time in her career. She, as Puspa, holds our attention."<ref>{{cite web |title= Bahishkarana Review: A predictable but gripping social drama with excellent performances | url=
https://www.ottplay.com/review/bahishkarana-review-a-predictable-but-gripping-social-drama-with-excellent-performances/b004f48394662 |website= OTTPlay.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id= tt28756614}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/bahishkarana/0-6-4z5588145 Bahishkarana] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about revenge]]
[[Category:Crime drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)

2026-02-04T21:05:02Z

TajWoolcock75: added info

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actress
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a Child Actress
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1972-73
| lastawarded = [[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|2021]]
| reward = {{ubl|Silver Medal|[[Indian Rupee|₹]] 20,000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Baby Bhairavi
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 24
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Brunda
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)''' is a film award of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]], given during the annual [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]. The award honours [[Kannada language]] films.

==Award winners==
The following is a partial list of the award winners and the films they received it for.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! Role
! Film
|-
| [[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|2021]]
|'''Bhairavi'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-rakshit-shetty-to-archana-jois-see-full-list-of-winners-9398693|title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Rakshit Shetty To Archana Jois, See Full List Of Winners|website=NDTV.com|date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|
| ''Bhairavi''
|-
| [[2020 Karnataka State Film Awards|2020]]
|'''Hitaishi Poojar'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|website=DeccanHerald.com|date=12 March 2025}}</ref>
|
|''Paaru''
|-
| [[2019 Karnataka State Film Awards|2019]]
|'''Vaishnavi Adiga'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-list-out/articleshow/117465925.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019 List Out|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|
|''Sugandhi''
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards|2018]]
|'''Baby Sinchana'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=4 May 2020|website=bangalore mirror}}</ref>
|
|''Andavada''
|-
| 2017
| '''Shlagha Saligrama'''<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">{{Cite news|title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ: ಶುದ್ದಿ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಚಿತ್ರ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms|work=Vijay Karnataka|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241007103916/https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms|archive-date=2024-10-07|language=kn|date=2018-10-26|trans-title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2017 Announced}}</ref>
|
| ''Kataka''
|-
| 2016
|
* '''Revathi'''
* '''Siri Vanalli'''<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms Karnataka State Film Award Winners for 2016]</ref>
|
|
* ''Beti''
* ''[[Jeerjimbe]]''
|-
| 2015
| '''Mevisha''' <ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List]</ref>
|
| ''Savi Nilaya''
|-
| 2014
| '''Lahari'''<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/528628/after-national-honour-harivu-bags.html After national honour, 'Harivu' bags top State film award]</ref>
|
| ''Aata Paata''
|-
| 2013
| '''Shreya'''<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karantaka-State-Film-Awards-announced/articleshow/45756810.cms Karantaka State Film Awards announced]</ref>
|
| ''Athi Aparoopa''
|-
| 2012
| '''Lepana''' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Darshan and Nirmala bag Top Honors |accessdate=2017-01-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
|
| ''Sheshu''
|-
| 2011
| '''Suhasini''' <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms | title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners | date=14 March 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Sunayana | last=Suresh | accessdate=15 December 2019 }}</ref>
|
| ''Bannada Kode''
|-
| 2010-11
| '''Prakruthi''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/karnataka-state-film-awards-puneeth-and-kalyani-are-the-best/#94321-0-Super-060412|title = Karnataka State Film Awards: Puneeth and Kalyani are the best|date = 6 April 2012}}</ref>
|Chaitra
| ''Hejjegalu''
|-
| 2009-10
| '''Madhushree''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |title=Vishnuvardhan Anu Prabhakar {{!}} Karnataka State Film Awards {{!}} Aaptha Rakshaka Pareekshe |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
| ''Kinnara Baale''
|-
| 2008-09
| '''Sanya Iyer''' <ref>[https://info1778.blogspot.com/2011/05/state-film-awards-2008-09-karnataka.html INFORMATION: STATE FILM AWARDS 2008-09 (KARNATAKA)]</ref>
| Rachana
| ''Vimukthi''
|-
| 2007-08
| '''Prakruthi'''
|
| ''Gubbachchigalu''
|-
| 2006-07
| No Award <ref>[http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ Karnataka State Film Awards – 2006-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831085929/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ |date=2011-08-31 }}</ref>
|-
| 2005-06
| No Award <ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award05_06.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2005-06 announced - Nayi Neralu bagged the first best film award]</ref>
|-
| 2004-05
| '''Bodhini Bhargavi''' <ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 announced - Monalisa bagged the first best film award]</ref>
| Munni
| ''[[Hasina (film)|Haseena]]''
|-
| 2003-04
| No Award <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070416004119/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071511170500.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : Entry only to invitees at film awards function]</ref>
|-
| 2002-03
| '''Raksha''' <ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award02_03.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2002-2003 announced - Artha of B. Suresh bagged the Best Film Award]</ref>
|
| ''[[Bimba (film)|Bimba]]''
|-
| 2001-02
| '''[[Deepa Bhaskar|Deepa]]''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/$FILE/A0580283.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022703/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/%24FILE/A0580283.pdf |archivedate=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|Putti
| ''Putti''
|-
| 2000-01
| No Award <ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014049/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm The Hindu : Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards]</ref>
|-
| 1999-2000
| No Award <ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
| 1997-98
| '''Niveditha Shivarajkumar'''
| Chummy
| ''[[Andaman (1998 film)|Andaman]]''
|-
| 1995-96
| '''Sindhu'''
| Meera
| ''Mouna Raaga''
|-
| 1990-91
| '''[[Shamili]]'''
| Pallavi
| ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]''
|-
| 1989-90
| '''Jahnavi'''
|
| ''Belli Belaku''
|-
| 1985-86
| '''Rekha'''
| Thulasi
| ''Thulasidala''
|-
| 1981-82
| '''Rekha'''
| Nancy
| ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]''
|-
| 1976-77
| '''Indira'''
|
| ''[[Nagarahole (film)|Nagarahole]]''
|-
| 1975-76
| '''Poornima Rajkumar'''
| Shobha
| ''[[Premada Kanike]]''
|-
| 1972-73
| '''Brunda'''
|
| ''Sankalpa''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Mysore State]]

Kirkee Assembly constituency

2026-02-03T10:00:43Z

TajWoolcock75: adding page...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kirkee
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 59,453
| mla = Ganpat Narayan Kamble
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Kirkee Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ganpat Narayan Kamble || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Narayan Kamble |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,893 |percentage = 50.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Giriju Randhir |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,726 |percentage = 9.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadu Bhimji Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,692 |percentage = 9.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thasen Raghoba Pandale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,338 |percentage = 8.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Janardan Sadashiv Ranpise |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,792 |percentage = 6.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shewantabai Purshottam Chaura |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 4.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deoram Genba Abnave |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,120 |percentage = 3.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,167 |percentage = 41.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,236 |percentage = 45.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,453 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru

2026-01-28T01:24:44Z

TajWoolcock75: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru#Engineering]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Madarihat railway station

2026-01-27T01:25:53Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Madarihat Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 17, Madarihat, Dooars, Dist - Alipurduar
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7000|89.2833|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MDT
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Madarihat Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Madarihat Railway Station'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arrivals at MDT/Madarihat (1 PFs)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/madarihat-mdt/7170|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-28|archive-date=2023-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821111859/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/madarihat-mdt/7170|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a railway station that serves the town of [[Madarihat]], in the [[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, in the [[Alipurduar railway division]]. Major trains like [[Kanchan Kanya Express]], [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Special]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=NJP Alipurduar Tourist Vistadome Special Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-alipur-duar-tourist-special-05777/8374/444/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> [[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]],<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> [[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Dhubri Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> and others stop and pass through this station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alipurduar district]]

Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:26:53Z

TajWoolcock75:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| name = Khagaria
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri Bakhtiarpur]] [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]] [[Alauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alauli]] [[Khagaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] [[Beldaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beldaur]] [[Parbatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parbatta]]
| incumbent_image =
| electors = 1,673,314 (in 2019)
}}

'''Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khagaria Lok Sabha Constituency of Bihar: Full list of candidates, polling dates|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/khagaria-lok-sabha-constituency-of-bihar-full-list-of-candidates-polling-dates-2194783.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=zeenews-india-com.cdn.ampproject.org|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822011708/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/khagaria-lok-sabha-constituency-of-bihar-full-list-of-candidates-polling-dates-2194783.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1957 and from 1957 to 2019, the constituency has elected six parliamentarians from the [[Yadav]] caste as well as five parliamentarians from the [[Kushwaha]] caste. Both the Yadav and Kushwaha communities are preponderant in this constituency and dominate the political scenario.<ref name=Bhaskar>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/dominance-of-yadav-and-kushwaha-in-khagaria-lok-sabha-bihar-bhaskar-latet-news-132739550.html|title=खगड़िया लोकसभा क्षेत्र में यादव और कुशवाहा का वर्चस्व:अब तक 6 यादव तो 5 कुशवाहा बने सांसद; कैसर के सामने हैट्रिक लगाने की चुनौती|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=28 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403134758/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/dominance-of-yadav-and-kushwaha-in-khagaria-lok-sabha-bihar-bhaskar-latet-news-132739550.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
In this constituency a total of eleven candidates from Yadav and [[Koeri]] caste has been elected between 1957 and 2019 general elections. The Koeri candidates who became MPs from this constituency are [[Kameshwar Prasad Singh]], [[Chandra Shekhar Prasad Verma]], [[Satish Prasad Singh]], [[Shakuni Choudhury]] and [[Renu Kushwaha]].<ref name=Bhaskar/> In 2024 Indian general elections, the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA alliance]] put Sanjay Kushwaha against Rajesh Verma of [[National Democratic Alliance]]. Sanjay Kushwaha who belonged to Koeri caste was sought as candidate to fulfill region's caste dynamics. The CPI(M) candidate Sanjay Kumar was also picked up by alliance as his father [[Yogendra Singh Kushwaha]] has been an MLA from [[Khagaria Assembly constituency]] located within this Lok Sabha constituency and the voters were supposed to prefer local candidate against outsider.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-red-land-cpm-lok-sabha-poll-race-nda-muslim-mp-9298133/|title=In Bihar’s ‘Red land’, CPM back in LS poll race after 30 years, NDA’s lone Muslim MP now with it|access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506165755/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-red-land-cpm-lok-sabha-poll-race-nda-muslim-mp-9298133/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/its-local-vs-outsider-in-khagaria-seat-this-time/articleshow/109673886.cms|title=It's local vs outsider in Khagaria|website=Times of India|access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507062016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/its-local-vs-outsider-in-khagaria-seat-this-time/articleshow/109673886.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides this, according to CPI(M)'s official social media handles, Kushwaha is a nephew of [[Indian independence activist]] [[Prabhu Narayan]], who was martyred during 1942 [[Quit India movement]], while trying to unfurl India's national flag, at the age of 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-prabhunarayan-gave-martyrdom-in-just-21-years-for-the-country-39-s-independence-6882706.html|title=Story of Prabhu Narayan who gave martyrdom at the age of 21|access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507062054/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-prabhunarayan-gave-martyrdom-in-just-21-years-for-the-country-39-s-independence-6882706.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C5NyYEFITFl/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet|title=Meet CPI(M) candidate}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==

Since last delimitation exercise, from 2009 Lok Sabha elections Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-11-01 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|76
|[[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|140
|[[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|148
|[[Alauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alauli]] (SC)
|rowspan="4"| [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|[[Ram Chandra Sada]]
|-
|149
|[[Khagaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
|Bablu Kumar
|-
|150
|[[Beldaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beldaur]]
|[[Panna Lal Singh Patel]]
|-
|151
|[[Parbatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parbatta]]
|Babulal Shorya
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
Source:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=2009-01-31 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jiyalal Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Kameshwar Prasad Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|Shiva Shankar Prasad Yadav
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|Gyaneshwar Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Satish Prasad Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Chandra Shekhar Prasad Verma]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Sharan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1956)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Shakuni Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Renu Kushawaha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Rabindra Kumar Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Khagaria]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khagaria">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khagaria |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0425.htm|access-date=13 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713122548/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0425.htm |archive-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|candidate=[[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|Rajesh Verma]]|votes=5,38,657|percentage=50.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha|votes=3,77,526|percentage=35.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=31,111|percentage=2.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,61,131|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,62,299|percentage=57.62|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Khagaria]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate=[[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
|votes=5,10,193
|percentage=52.77
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate=[[Mukesh Sahani]]
|votes=2,61,623
|percentage=27.06
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=Priadarshi Dinkar
|votes=51,847
|percentage=5.36
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,596
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=2,48,570
|percentage=25.71
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=9,67,411
|percentage=57.7
|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Khagaria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=69 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=[[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]|votes=3,13,806|percentage=35.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Krishna Yadav]]|votes=2,37,803|percentage=26.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|votes = 2,20,316
|percentage = 24.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=23,868|percentage=2.66|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=76,003|percentage=8.48|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,96,310|percentage=59.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khagaria district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

{{coord|25.5|86.5|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]

Bertil Lintner

2026-01-11T07:51:10Z

TajWoolcock75: new.

{{Short description|Swedish journalist, author and strategic consultant}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Bertil Lintner.jpg
| name = Bertil Lintner
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = [[Sweden]]
| citizenship = [[Swedish nationality law|Swedish]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = Expertise on Burmese issues
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[Writer]]
| relatives =
| spouse = Hseng Noung
| website = [http://www.asiapacificms.com/ Asia Pacific Media Services]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bertil Lintner''' (born 1953) is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[journalist]], author and strategic consultant who has been writing about Asia for nearly four decades.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Bertil Lintner CV |url=https://asiapacificms.com/services/bertil_lintner_cv2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714061819/https://asiapacificms.com/services/bertil_lintner_cv2021.pdf |archive-date=14 Jul 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Asia Pacific Media Services}}</ref> He was formerly the Burma (Myanmar) correspondent of the now defunct ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', and Asia correspondent for the Swedish daily ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'' and [[Denmark]]'s ''[[Politiken]]''. He currently works as a correspondent for ''[[Asia Times]]''.

==Life and work==
Bertil Lintner has written extensively about Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), India (with an emphasis on north east India), [[China]] and [[North Korea]] in various local, national and international publications of over thirty countries.<ref name=Bio /> He is considered to be the first journalist to reveal the growing relationship between Burma and North Korea on strategic cooperation. He mainly writes about organized crime, ethnic and political insurgencies, and regional security. He has published several books including, ''Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy'', ''Blood Brothers: The Criminal Underworld of Asia'', ''World.Wide.Web: Chinese Migration in the 21st Century—and How It will Change the World'', and ''Great Leader, Dear Leader: Demystifying North Korea Under The Kim Clan''.<ref name=Books>{{cite web|title=Lintner Books|url=http://asiapacificms.com/books/|publisher=asiapacificms.com|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref>

Lintner was [[blacklist]]ed by the Burmese military from the 1980s until the ban was lifted in 2012. Even so, Lintner was the first foreign journalist to learn about [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]'s release from [[house arrest]] in 1995. Lintner continues to be interested in Burma where he also teaches investigative journalism to Burmese journalists.

Lintner lives in [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] with his wife Hseng Noung, an ethnic [[Shan people|Shan]] from Burma. They have a daughter who was born in [[Kohima]], India, during their epic "18-month, 2,275-kilometer overland journey from northeastern India across Burma’s northern rebel-held areas to China" in 1985-87.<ref name=Mansfield>{{cite news|last1=Mansfield|first1=Stephen|title=Last glimpses of a vanishing people|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/1999/03/17/books/book-reviews/last-glimpses-of-a-vanishing-people/#.VTEnSGbXeHk|accessdate=17 April 2015|publisher=Japan Times|date=17 May 1999}}</ref> They travelled by foot, jeep, bicycle, and elephant, among the rare handful of people to enter the isolated area, then controlled by various ethnic insurgents.<ref name=Mansfield/> This culminated in his second book, ''Land of Jade: A Journey from India through Northern Burma to China''.<ref name=Bio />

In 2004, Lintner received an award for excellence in reporting about North Korea from the Society of Publishers in Asia and, in 2014, another award from the same society for writing about religious conflicts in Burma. He is also the recipient of three writing grants from the [[MacArthur Foundation|John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]]. He was the president of the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand]] (FCCT) from 1993-95.<ref name=Bio />

Lintner’s most recent book, ''The Costliest Pearl: China’s Struggle for India’s Ocean'', was published in 2019 and covers [[Geostrategy|geostrategic]] conflicts in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marwah |first=Reena |date=2020 |title=Book review: Bertil Lintner, The Costliest Pearl: China's Struggle for India's Ocean |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520930401 |journal=China Report |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=501–503 |doi=10.1177/0009445520930401 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Books==
{{Library resources box|about=no|by=yes}}

* ''Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy'', Review Publishing, Hong Kong, 1989, and White Lotus, Bangkok, 1990.
* ''Land of Jade: A Journey from India through Northern Burma to China'', First published in Kiscadale Publications in 1989, most recent edition by Orchid Press, Bangkok, 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcUsAwEACAAJ |title=Land of Jade: A Journey from India Through Northern Burma to China |date=2011 |publisher=Orchid Press |isbn=978-974-524-139-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma'', Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Publications, Ithaca, 1990.
* ''The Kachin: Lords of Burma's Northern Frontier'', Teak House Books, Chiang Mai, 1997.
* ''Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948'', Westview Press, Boulder, 1994, and Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai, 1999, 2003 and 2011.
* ''Blood Brothers: Crime, Business and Politics in Asia'', Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2002.
* ''Blood Brothers: The Criminal Underworld in Asia'', [[Palgrave Macmillan]], New York, 2003.
* ''Great Leader, Dear Leader : Demystifying North Korea Under the Kim Clan'', Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai, 2005
* ''Merchants of Madness: The Methamphetamine Explosion in the Golden Triangle (coauthored with Michael Black)'', Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai, 2009.
* ''Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma’s Struggle for Democracy'', Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai, 2011.
* ''World.Wide.Web: Chinese Migration in the 21st Century — and How It will Change the World'', Orchid Press, Bangkok, 2011.
* ''Great Game East: India, China and the Struggle for Asia’s Most Volatile Frontier'', Harper Collins, New Delhi, 2012, and Yale University Press, New Haven, 2015.
* ''China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World'', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2018.
* ''The Costliest Pearl: China’s Struggle for India’s Ocean'', Hurst & Company, London, 2019, and Westland Publications, India, 2019.

==See also==
*[[Ye Htoon]]
*[[John McBeth]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lintner, Bertil}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Swedish journalists]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Writers about the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in Myanmar]]

List of districts of Jharkhand

2026-01-07T07:04:06Z

TajWoolcock75: brief corrected intro per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name =Districts of Jharkhand
| map =Districts of Jharkhand map.svg
| category =Districts
| territory =[[Jharkhand]]
| start_date =
| current_number =24 districts
| number_date =
| population_range =[[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]] – 461,790 (lowest); [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] – 2,914,253 (highest)
| area_range =[[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] – {{Convert|1341|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] – {{Convert|7224|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government =[[Government of Jharkhand]]
| subdivision =[[Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]
| caption =Districts of Jharkhand
}}
The [[India|Indian]] state of [[Jharkhand]] is divided into 24 districts. Districts are the major administrative units of a state which are further subdivided into [[Subdivision in India|sub-divisions]] and [[Community development block|blocks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Districts of Jharkhand|url=http://jharkhand.gov.in/districts_list.html|publisher=Government of Jharkhand Portal}}</ref>

==Administration==
A district in an Indian state is an administrative and geographical unit, headed by a [[Deputy Commissioner#India|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC), an officer belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), who also functions as the [[District Magistrate]] and [[District Collector]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} DISTRICT RANCHI, GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND {{!}} India |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), an officer belonging to [[Indian Police Service]] is entrusted with the responsibility of police administration, maintaining law and order and related issues.

==History==
At the time of formation, Jharkhand state had 18 districts. Later, six more districts were carved out by reorganizing these districts. The 23rd and 24th districts- Khunti and Ramgarh (carved out of erstwhile Ranchi and Hazaribagh District respectively) were made a district on 12 September 2007.

==Administrative Divisions and District==

There are 24 districts of Jharkhand, which are grouped in to 5 divisions. These divisions are:
# [[Palamu division]] - 3 Districts: [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]], [[Latehar district|Latehar]] - Headquarters: [[Medininagar]]
# [[North Chotanagpur division]] - 7 Districts: [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Koderma district|Koderma]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] - Headquarters: [[Hazaribagh]]
# [[South Chotanagpur division]] - 5 Districts: [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Simdega district|Simdega]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]] - Headquarters: [[Ranchi]]
# [[Kolhan division]] - 3 Districts: [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela-Kharsawan]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]] - Headquarters: [[Chaibasa]]
# [[Santhal Pargana division]] - 6 Districts: [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[Pakur district|Pakur]], [[Godda district|Godda]], [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]] - Headquarters: [[Dumka]]
Below is the list of districts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!SI No.
!Code<ref name="distcodes">{{cite web |date=12 February 2018 |title=NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2 |url=https://eforms.nic.in/docs/assets/download/NIC_Policy_on_format_of_e-mail_Address.pdf |access-date=10 May 2021 |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India |pages=5–10 }}</ref>
!District
!Headquarters
!data-sort-type="number" | Area<ref name=":0" /> (km2)
!data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref name=":0">[http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - District Level)]</ref> (2011)
!data-sort-type="number" | Population Density (/km2)
!Map
|-
|1
|BO
|[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
|[[Bokaro Steel City]]
|2,883
|2,062,330
|715
|[[File:Bokaro in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|2
|CH
|[[Chatra district|Chatra]]
|[[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]
|3,718
|1,042,886
|280
|[[File:Chatra in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|3
|DE
|[[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
|[[Deoghar]]
|2,477
|1,492,073
|602
|[[File:Deoghar in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|4
|DH
|[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
|[[Dhanbad]]
|2,040
|2,684,487
|1316
|[[File:Dhanbad in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|5
|DU
|[[Dumka district|Dumka]]
|[[Dumka]]
|3,761
|1,321,442
|351
|[[File:Dumka in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|6
|ES
|[[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|3,562
|2,293,919
|644
|[[File:East Singhbhum in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|7
|GA
|[[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
|[[Garhwa]]
|4,093
|1,322,784
|323
|[[File:Garhwa in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|8
|GI
|[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
|[[Giridih]]
|4,962
|2,445,474
|493
|[[File:Giridih in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|9
|GO
|[[Godda district|Godda]]
|[[Godda]]
|2,266
|1,313,551
|580
|[[File:Godda in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|10
|GU
|[[Gumla district|Gumla]]
|[[Gumla]]
|5,360
|1,025,213
|191
|[[File:Gumla in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|11
|HA
|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Hazaribagh]]
|3,555
|1,734,495
|488
|[[File:Hazaribagh in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|12
|JA
|[[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
|[[Jamtara]]
|1,811
|791,042
|437
|[[File:Jamtara in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|13
|KH
|[[Khunti district|Khunti]]
|[[Khunti]]
|2,535
|531,885
|210
|[[File:Khunti in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|14
|KO
|[[Koderma district|Koderma]]
|[[Kodarma]]
|1,655
|716,259
|282
|[[File:Koderma in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|15
|LA
|[[Latehar district|Latehar]]
|[[Latehar]]
|4,291
|726,978
|169
|[[File:Latehar in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|16
|LO
|[[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
|[[Lohardaga]]
|1,502
|461,790
|307
|[[File:Lohardaga in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|17
|PK
|[[Pakur district|Pakur]]
|[[Pakur]]
|1,811
|900,422
|497
|[[File:Pakur in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|18
|PL
|[[Palamu district|Palamu]]
|[[Medininagar]]
|4,393
|1,939,869
|442
|[[File:Palamu in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|19
|RM
|[[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
|[[Ramgarh Cantonment]]
|1,341
|949,443
|708
|[[File:Ramgarh in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|20
|RA
|[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|5,097
|2,914,253
|572
|[[File:Ranchi in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|21
|SA
|[[Sahebganj district|Sahibganj]]
|[[Sahebganj|Sahibganj]]
|2,063
|1,150,567
|558
|[[File:Sahebganj in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|22
|SK
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela-Kharsawan]]
|[[Saraikela]]
|2,657
|1,065,056
|401
|[[File:Seraikela Kharsawan in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|23
|SD
|[[Simdega district|Simdega]]
|[[Simdega]]
|3,774
|599,578
|159
|[[File:Simdega in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|-
|24
|WS
|[[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|[[Chaibasa]]
|7,224
|1,502,338
|208
|[[File:West Singhbhum in Jharkhand (India).svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Administrative divisions of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand]]

==Notes and references==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Districts of Jharkhand}}

* [https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand Latest news of Jharkhand. (in hindi)]

*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Jharkhand}}
*[http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/districts-in-jharkhand.html Travel guide to Jharkhand's districts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090513031444/http://jharkhand.nic.in/ Jharkhand State Government Official website]

{{Jharkhand}}
{{Districts of India}}

[[Category:Districts of Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:Jharkhand-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Jharkhand]]

Dombivli Fast

2026-01-01T08:44:40Z

TajWoolcock75: Started a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dombivli Fast
| image = Dombivli Fast.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nishikanth Kamath]]
| producer = Sameer Gaikwad
| writer = Nishikanth Kamath (screenplay) Sanjay Pawar (screenplay and dialogues)
| starring = [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] Sandesh Jadhav
| narrator =
| music = Sanjay Mourya Alwyn Rego Sameer Phatarpekar (background score)
| cinematography = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| editing = [[Amit Pawar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|12|16}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|95 lakh}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chumbhale |first=Ameya |date=2011-09-24 |title=Mantra of success that Marathi film industry has discovered since 2005 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mantra-of-success-that-marathi-film-industry-has-discovered-since-2005/articleshow/10099499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}
'''''Dombivli Fast''''' ({{langx|mr|डोंबिवली फास्ट}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[psychological ]][[action drama]] film directed by [[Nishikanth Kamat]]. It is the story of a [[middle class]] bank employee, Madhav Apte, an ordinary, law-abiding and honest citizen who faces constant frustration with the injustice and corruption that pervades in all walks of his life. The film portrays Apte's mental breakdown as he reaches his [[breaking point (psychology)|breaking point]], and his rampage as a [[vigilante]] across [[Mumbai]] to set things right. The film stars [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] in the lead with [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] and Sandesh Jadhav.

The film bears resemblance to the 1993 [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film [[Falling Down]], starring [[Michael Douglas]].

Kamat remade the film in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' with [[R. Madhavan]] playing the lead in the year 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/everything-you-know-about-tamil-films-is-probably-wrong|title=Everything You Know about Tamil Films Is Probably Wrong {{!}} OPEN Magazine|website=OPEN Magazine|date=8 March 2013 |access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>

==Plot==
Madhav Apte lives a lower-middle-class life in Dombivli area of Mumbai together with his wife Alka, son Rahul and daughter Prachi. He travels to his workplace, Nariman Point, each day by train; and takes the Dombivli Fast local train to return home. Cheating, corruption, and dishonesty are something which he hated the foremost. He was a person with strong morals and principle, and lived life in step with it. Wherever he would see injustice and corruption, he would fight and argue; be it along with his wife or his daughter's educator or perhaps his boss. Alka was jaded with Madhav's adamant behavior and in a very fit of anger, had told him that his values and morals are only worth something if he can bring a change in society. Little did Alka know that her words would make a robust impact on Madhav! Then started the fight of Madhav against everyone who broke the foundations and was on the incorrect side of the law. Soon, his actions shook the complete city and brought a substantial change too. But how long will society allow Madhav to bring this change? And till what extent will Madhav achieve bringing a change? He's pushed to a corner by everybody who finds his path of righteousness too difficult to handle, and in some unspecified time in the future, he snaps. He goes on a rampage trying to correct everything that goes against his principles, and so starts mayhem on the streets of Mumbai, ultimately ending in a very tragic climax with him getting encountered.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Madhav Apte
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Alka Apte, Madhav's wife
*[[Dushyant Wagh]] as Rahul Apte, Madhav's son
* Sandesh Jadhav as Insp. Subhash Anaspure
* Srushti Bhokse as Prachi Madhav Apte, Madhav Apte's daughter
*[[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Keshav Joshi, Patient Relative in Hospital (Guest Role)
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Women speaker
* [[Balkrishna Shinde]]
{{div col end}}

==Awards==
*[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]
* 2006 [[Star Screen Awards]] - Best Actor Male (Marathi) - [[Sandeep Kulkarni]]
* 2006 [[Asian Festival of First Films]] - Best Director(Swarovski Trophy) - [[Nishikant Kamat]]
* 2006 [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] - Best Film(Jury Award)
* 2006 [[National Film Awards]] - Best Feature Film in Marathi(Silver Lotus Award)
*2006 [[Pune International Film Festival]] - Best Marathi Film (Sant Tukaram award from the [[Government of Maharashtra]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://piffindia.com/marathi-competition-winners.php|title=Pune International Film Festival|website=piffindia.com|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Evano Oruvan]]
* [[Falling Down]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0833444}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100518180516/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/348842/Dombivli-Fast/overview New York Times Review of 'Dombivli Fast']
*
* {{YouTube|id=b4yOigE-j7Q|title=''Dombivali Fast''}}
{{Nishikant Kamat}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}

[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nishikant Kamat]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2005 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about consumerism]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]

Xenophrys serchhipii

2025-12-18T04:15:21Z

TajWoolcock75: started a info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Megophrys serchhipii'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T136086A166113466 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T136086A166113466.en |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Xenophrys serchhipii
| authority = Mathew and Sen, 2007
| synonyms = ''Megophrys serchhipii'' Mathew and Sen, 2007
}}

'''''Xenophrys serchhipii''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Megophryidae]], known from a single specimen from [[Serchhip]], [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xenophrys serchhipii Mathew and Sen, 2007 |website=Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Xenophrys/Xenophrys-serchhipii |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28026530}}

[[Category:Xenophrys|serchhipii]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2007]]

{{Megophryidae-stub}}

Bombay Mint sovereign

2025-12-10T03:39:14Z

TajWoolcock75: Started new article

{{Short description|Historic coin minted in Bombay}}

The '''Bombay Mint sovereign''' is a British one [[pound sterling|pound]] coin (known as a [[Sovereign (British coin)|sovereign]]) dated 1918, minted from August 1918 to April 1919 at the Royal Mint’s Bombay branch. It has an "I" mint mark, to distinguish it from other sovereigns.
{{Infobox Coin
| Denomination = Sovereign
| Country = British India
| Value = £1
| Unit =
| Gold_troy_oz = 0.2354
| Mass = 7.98805
| Diameter = 22.0
| Thickness = 1.52
| Edge = Milled
| Composition = .917 gold, .083 copper
| Years of Minting = 1918
| Mint marks = I
| Obverse = Sovereign George V obverse.jpg
| Obverse Design = The British monarch ([[George V]] at the time)
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Reverse = Sovereign Reverse (India).jpg
| Reverse Design = [[Saint George and the Dragon]]
| Reverse Designer = [[Benedetto Pistrucci]]
| Reverse Design Date = 1918
}}

Gold bound for London from South Africa was diverted to India due to naval blockades during the First World War. As a result, a branch mint was established in India and, for one year only, Sovereigns were struck in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]).<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.royalmint.com/sovereign/all/1918-George-V-Sovereign-Struck-in-India/ | title=1918 George V Sovereign Struck in India}}</ref>

==Background==

India had its own distinctive gold coinage during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, however sovereigns and half-sovereigns were also used. Sovereigns minted in Sydney, Australia, were especially popular in India due to their yellow colour,<ref name="auto"/> as they contained silver alloy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://britanniacoincompany.com/buy-coins/gold-coins/1918-sovereign-india/ | title=1918 Bombay Mint Gold Full Sovereign King George V Indian Coin }}</ref>

==Indian Branch Mint established==

The possibility of establishing a branch mint in Bombay was initially considered at the turn of the century, however it wasn’t until 1917 that the Government of [[British Raj | British India]] requested that sovereigns be minted locally. Construction of a new building for the purpose began in the early part of 1918, inside the grounds of an existing mint and concluded in May 1918. Dies arrived from London the following month, while automatic weighing machines and two coining presses arrived in early August. <ref name="auto"/> The fifth branch of the [[Royal Mint]] began issuing sovereigns on 15 August using gold shipped from South Africa (thereby avoiding war-time naval blockades).

Under the new Deputy Master, R. R. Kahan, 1,294,372 Sovereigns were struck at the branch mint in Bombay, distinguished from other Sovereigns by the inclusion of a small ‘I’ mint mark for India. The Bombay branch of the Royal Mint ceased operations with the minting of the last sovereign, on 22 April 1919.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces46001.html | title=1 Sovereign George V Bombay Mint }}</ref>

The Indian 15 rupee gold piece, also minted only in 1918, was struck to the same specifications as sovereigns.<ref>’’Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins’’, Third Edition, Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler, Krause Publications, 1992, Iola Wisconsin, p. 447</ref>

==Modern I mint mark sovereigns==

As India prohibits the importation of gold coins,<ref name=indiaban>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/chidambaram-rules-out-lifting-ban-on-import-of-gold-coins/article5261146.ece |title=Chindambaram rules out lifting ban on import of gold coins |work=The Hindu |date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122023/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/chidambaram-rules-out-lifting-ban-on-import-of-gold-coins/article5261146.ece |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref> on 17 February 2013 a new partnership between the Royal Mint and MMTC-PAMP India was announced - a five-year license under which the [[MMTC Ltd|MMTC]]-PAMP facility at Rojko-Meo Industrial Estate in District Mewat, Haryana would strike Sovereigns.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sites.google.com/view/thepettyhoard/the-indian-sovereigns | title=History of the Indian Sovereigns}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mints of the United Kingdom]]

Walkeshwar

2025-11-24T09:13:42Z

TajWoolcock75: correct details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Walkeshwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = File:Walkeshwar.jpg
| image_caption = View of the Walkeshwar Teertha at Banganga
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9475964|N|72.7959574|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 022
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400006<ref name="pcode">{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Malabar-hill/|title=Pin code : Walkeshwar, Mumbai
|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| registration_plate = MH 01
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Walkeshwar''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʋaːɭkeʃʋəɾ]]]) is an affluent area in [[South Mumbai]], India, at the north-western end of the [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] loop. It has a large Gujarati population. It is mostly known for [[Walkeshwar Temple]], [[Banganga Tank]] and [[Jain]] temples.

==Etymology==
Walkeshwar takes its name after Lord [[Shiva]], one part of the [[Trimurti|Trinity]] of [[Hinduism]]. The modern form of the word derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word for an idol made of sand - [[Valuka Iswar]],<ref>[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/architecture/building/walkeshwar.html Walkeshwar Temple]</ref> an avatar of Shiva - in a legend celebrated at the [[Walkeshwar Temple]], situated at the highest point of the city.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000000937u00009000.html Walkeshwar village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112533/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000000937u00009000.html |date=4 March 2016 }} ''[[British Library]]''.</ref>

==Legend==
Legend has it that [[Hindu]] god, [[Rama|Ram]] paused at that spot on his way from [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] to [[Lanka]] in pursuit of the demon king, [[Ravana]] who had kidnapped his wife, [[Sita]]. Then [[Lord Rama]] was advised to worship [[Linga|Shiv linga]] and he is said to have constructed the original [[linga]] of sand, after getting tired of waiting for his brother, [[Lakshman]] to bring an idol. The name is etymologically derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word for an idol made of sand -- ''[[Valuka Iswar]]'', an [[Avatar]] of [[Shiva]].

As the story progresses, later when Ram was thirsty, as there was no fresh water readily available (only sea water), he shot an arrow and brought [[Ganges]] over here. Hence ''Bana'' (arrow in Sanskrit) ''[[Ganges]]''. The water that feeds the tank stems from an underground spring at that spot, despite its proximity to the sea.

==Overview==
Walkeshwar also includes [[Malabar Hill]], and is close to the [[Hanging Gardens of Mumbai|Hanging Gardens]]. [[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|Raj Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[governor of Maharashtra]], has the maximum number of Gulmohur trees thus making a pretty site in the season is located here besides some of the most expensive neighbourhoods in the whole country, prices ranging from Rs 92,000 to Rs 1,00,000 per square foot (approximately $US1656–1800 per square foot), which can be compared to residential luxury apartments in the US. It probably has the most expensive real estate in the whole of India. It has a lot of prime residential buildings in the area. Most of the buildings are sea facing and the location has lot of natural character. The sea is very calm here as it is the bay area. There is also a [[Jainism|Jain]] temple, near the Malabar Hill Police Station.

==Places of interest==
[[File:Jain temple in bombay 3.jpg|thumb|Babu Amichand Panalal Adishvarji Jain Temple]]
*'''Babu Amichand Panalal Adishvarji Jain Temple''' : Babu Amichand Panalal Adishvarji Jain Temple is one of the most visited Jain temple in Mumbai. This temple was built in 1904 and belongs the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of [[Jainism]]. The temple is known for its intricate carvings, architecture and paintings. It is dedicated to Adishvarji(Rishabhanatha), the first tirthankara of Jainism. The mulnayak is a sculpture of Adishvarji. Padmavati and Ghantakaran Mahavir are also represented. The Parshvayaksha the 'adhisthayak Dev' form of Lord Parshwanatha is found here. There are carvings of Navgraha, Yaksha and Yakshi on the ceiling. Chandanbala Jain Temple lies close by.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jaintirthyatra.com/Tirth-Details/456/Babu_Amichand_Panalal_Adishvarji_Jain_Temple_Valkeshvar.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730072027/http://www.jaintirthyatra.com/Tirth-Details/456/Babu_Amichand_Panalal_Adishvarji_Jain_Temple_Valkeshvar.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=87457 |title = Mumbai Babu Amichand Panalal Adishvarji Temple @ HereNow4U}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbai77.com/city/2217/temples-churches/jain-temple-valkeshvar-malabar-hills/|title = Valkeshvar Jain Temple ( Derasar | Mandir ) at Malabar Hills - Mumbai|date = March 2012}}</ref>
*'''[[Valkeshvar Temple]]''' also known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is a temple dedicated to Shiva. The temple and the attached fresh water Banganga Tank were built in 1127 AD.
*'''[[Hanging Gardens of Mumbai|The Hanging Gardens]]''' or Ferozshah Mehta Gardens, are terraced gardens at the top of Malabar Hill, in the west, facing Kamala Nehru Park. The sun set views over the Arabian Sea,are majestic beyond sculpted hedges. The park was laid out in 1881 by Ulhas Ghapokar over Bombay's main reservoir.
*'''[[Banganga Tank]]''' is an ancient water tank which is part of the [[Valkeshwar Temple|Valkeshwar Temple Complex]] in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai in India built in the 1127 AD.

Kamala Nehru Park, named after the wife of PM Jawaharlal Nehru, is one of the oldest parks in Mumbai, a verdant oasis in the city. Its extent appears to be shoe-like so it is also known as Shoe Park.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Mumbai 03-2016 77 sunset at Marine Drive.jpg|Skyline of Walkeshwar during sunset
File:Village of Walkeshwar, Mumbai, 1860.jpg|Village of Walkeshwar, Mumbai, 1860
File:Walkeshwar, Bombay, c. 1855.jpg|Walkeshwar, Bombay, c. 1855
File:Shiva temple walkeshwar.JPG|[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] stands Guard at a [[Shiva]] Temple Walkeshwar, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
File:Malabarpoint governmenthouse bombay.jpg|''Malabar Point'', [[Bombay]], 1865
File:Bombay10.jpg|Priyadarshini Park in Mumbai
File:Mumbai 03-2016 26 Hanging Garden.jpg|The Hanging Gardens at Malabar Hill
File:Bangangatank.jpg|Banganga tank
File:Banganga temple shikhara.jpg|Walkeshwar Temple
File:Ancient Statues Walkeshwar.JPG|Ancient statues around Banganga Tank, Walkeshwar
File:Jain temple in bombay 3.jpg|Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple
File:India-7810 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|Carving of Navgraha, Yaksha and Yakshi on ceiling of Jain Temple
File:Mumbai Jain-Tempel.jpg|Idol of Parshvantha
File:Padmavati Devi Walkeshwar Jain Temple.jpg|Goddess Padmavati at Walkeshwar Jain Temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Walkeshwar Temple]]
* [[Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar]]
* [[Malabar Hill]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Walkeshwar}}
* [https://tildekarthik.blogspot.com/2011/02/photo-walk-in-walkeshwar-walkeshwar.html Photos of Banganga Tank Walkeshwar]

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

BharatPe

2025-11-19T04:14:03Z

TajWoolcock75: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Indian Financial Technology Company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox website
| name = BharatPe
| logo = BharatPe logo.svg
| screenshot =
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}}
| key_people = Nalin Negi (CFO) Ankur Jain (CPO) Aparna Kuppuswamy (CRO) Ajit Kumar (CTO) Parth Joshi (CMO)
| industry = [[Internet]] [[E-commerce]]
| type = [[Financial service]]
| founder = Ashneer Grover Shashvat Nakrani Bhavik Koladiya
| chairman = [[Rajnish Kumar (banker)|Rajnish Kumar]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| language = [[Multilingual]]
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required
| users =
| services = UPI payments and digital money lending for merchants
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1700|c}} (FY24)<ref>{{cite news |title=BharatPe's revenue crosses Rs 1,000 Cr in FY23|url=https://entrackr.com/2023/12/exclusive-bharatpes-revenue-crosses-rs-1000-cr-in-fy23/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=Entrackr}}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|66|c}} (FY24)
| current_status = Active
| parent = Resilient Innovations Private Limited
| subsidiaries =
| website = {{URL|https://bharatpe.com/}}
}}

'''BharatPe''' is an Indian [[fintech]] company that sells digital payment and [[financial services]] to small merchants and [[kirana store|Grocery store]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=BharatPe acquires loyalty platform PAYBACK, aims to expand merchant base to 20 million by 2023 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/bharatpe-acquires-loyalty-platform-payback-aims-to-expand-merchant-base-to-20-million-by-2023-9611421.htm |website=www.cnbctv18.com |language=en |date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bureau 2024 c015">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=BL Bengaluru | title=BharatPe marks close of $100 m debt round | website=BusinessLine | date=2024-01-19 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bharatpe-marks-close-of-100-m-debt-round/article67756458.ece | access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref name="Dey 2024 v345">{{cite web | last=Dey | first=Asmita | title=BharatPe, MobiKwik see surge in new merchants | website=The Times of India | date=2024-02-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bharatpe-mobikwik-see-surge-in-new-merchants/articleshow/107766615.cms | access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref name="Das 2023 i608">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Basudha | title=BharatPe turns profitable 5 years after launch, reports annualised revenue of Rs 1,500 crore | website=Business Today | date=2023-11-28 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bharatpe-turns-profitable-5-years-after-launch-reports-annualised-revenue-of-rs-1500-cr-407385-2023-11-28 | access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>

== History ==
According to Peerzada Abrar of ''[[Business Standard]]'', "BharatPe was founded in 2018 by Ashneer Grover and Shashvat Nakrani, with the vision of making financial inclusion a reality for Indian merchants."<ref name=Abrar>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=BharatPe's valuation crosses $2.85 bn in $370 mn in Series E equity round |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharatpe-s-valuation-crosses-2-85-bn-in-370-mn-in-series-e-equity-round-121080400340_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, the company acquired Payback India, a "multi-brand loyalty programme".<ref>{{cite web |title=Valued at $2.85 billion, Bharat Pe raises fresh $370 million in funding led by Tiger Global |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/valued-at-2-85-billion-bharat-pe-raises-fresh-370-million-in-funding-led-by-tiger-global/2304447/ |website=The Financial Express |date=5 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ranjan |first1=Abhinav |title=BharatPe acquires loyalty platform Payback India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/news-bharatpe-acquires-payback-india-710657 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

In April 2024, BharatPe elevated Nalin Negi as its CEO, 15 months after he took over as the interim CEO and CFO in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=BharatPe elevates Nalin Negi as CEO|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bharatpe-names-nalin-negi-as-new-ceo-11713247569750.html |access-date=2024-04-16|work=Mint |date=16 April 2024}}</ref>

On 20 August 2024, BharatPe announced extending its credit offerings for its merchants to secured loans. The company will now enable secured two-wheeler loans and Loans Against Mutual Funds (LAMF) through lending partners OTO Capital for two-wheeler loans and Volt Money for LAMF.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=BharatPe to now offer collateral-free loans to merchants; partners with OTO Capital, Volt Money |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme/bharatpe-to-now-offer-collateral-free-loans-to-merchants-partners-with-oto-capital-volt-money/3587587/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BharatPe launches secured loans for merchants, expands credit offerings |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bharatpe-launches-secured-loans-for-merchants-expands-credit-offerings-124082000657_1.html}}</ref>

=== 2023 data theft allegations ===
In 2023 Ashneer Grover, who had left the company, accused his fellow co-founder Bhavik Koladiya of data theft. Grover claimed that Koladiya, who has since left BharatPe, had stolen data of 150 million users.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/ashneer-grover-accuses-bharatpe-co-founder-of-biggest-data-theft-in-india |title=Ashneer Grover accuses BharatPe co-founder of biggest data theft in India |date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
In November 2023, BharatPe filed a petition against Ashneer Grover for allegedly disclosing confidential information.<ref name="Banthia 2023 o099">{{cite web | last=Banthia | first=Jyoti | title=BharatPe files petition against Ashneer Grover for divulging confidential information | website=BusinessLine | date=2023-11-24 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bharatpe-files-petition-against-ashneer-grover-for-divulging-confidential-information/article67569658.ece | access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref> BharatPe announced on Sep 30 2024 that it had reached a settlement with him. Under this agreement, a portion of his shares will be transferred to the Resilient Growth Trust. Both sides have consented to refrain from any legal proceedings as part of the settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Ashneer Grover settles with BharatPe after ugly legal battle, ends ties to firm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/ashneer-grover-settles-legal-dispute-with-bharatpe-ends-all-company-ties-2608545-2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Investments ==
BharatPe has a stake in Unity Small Finance Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=BharatPe nominates Partha Pratim Sengupta to Unity Small Finance Bank board |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/bharatpe-partha-pratim-sengupta-unity-small-finance-bank-16972181.htm |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
* Loyalty Solutions & Research Private Limited
* Resilient Payments Private Limited<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-11 |title=BharatPe gets payment aggregator licence from RBI |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2023/Jan/11/bharatpegets-paymentaggregatorlicence-from-rbi-2536745.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Resilient Digi Services Private Limited (formerly Resilient TechServ Pvt Ltd)
* Resilient Capital Private Limited
* Trillionloans Fintech Private Limited

== PostPe ==
In October 2021 BharatPe launched the country's first BNPL (Buy Now Pay Later) product.<ref name="Das 2023 i608">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Basudha | title=BharatPe turns profitable 5 years after launch, reports annualised revenue of Rs 1,500 crore | website=Business Today | date=2023-11-28 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bharatpe-turns-profitable-5-years-after-launch-reports-annualised-revenue-of-rs-1500-cr-407385-2023-11-28 | access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://bharatpe.com/}}

{{FinTech in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]

Rahul Raj

2025-11-16T23:29:17Z

TajWoolcock75: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian music composer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rahul Raj
| image = Rahul Raj BNC.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Music Composer]]| [[Orchestration|orchestrator]]|Record producer|Music director| singer}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed=yes
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Piano]]|[[Electronic keyboard]]| [[MIDI keyboard|MIDI Master keyboards]]|[[synthesizer]]|guitar|drums}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|[[Filmi]]|[[World music]]|[[Classical music|Classical]]}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Sony Music]]|[[Satyam Audios]]|[[Muzik 247]]|[[Manorama Music]]|Saina Music}}
| website =
}}
}}

'''Rahul Raj''' is an Indian music composer. He has composed and produced [[Film score|scores]] and soundtracks predominantly for [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] movies. He is an alumnus of the prestigious [[Berklee College of Music]] and holds a postgraduate degree in scoring for films, TV and video games.

==Early life==
Rahul Raj was born in [[Cochin|Kochi]] to Advocate E. Thankappan and N. S. Kunjoonjamma. His schooling was in Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Elamakkara [[Kochi]]. He has one sister, Rehna Raj. From the age of 6, he was trained in [[Mridangam]] and Carnatic Music. He graduated as an IT Engineer from CUSAT, Kochi and later on pursued courses such as CCNP and CCIE in Bangalore ILloka networks, before moving to London.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/INTERVIEW-OF-THE-WEEK-Chasing-The-Music-Of-Heart |title=INTERVIEW OF THE WEEK: Chasing the Music of Heart - Trivandrum News | Yentha.com |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026192834/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/INTERVIEW-OF-THE-WEEK-Chasing-The-Music-Of-Heart |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPcjXhjE1Es|title=I Personally - Rahul Raj - Part 01 Kappa TV|website=YouTube|date=31 March 2013 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

During his stint in London, he underwent training in Electronic Sound Production. He helped Pradeep Menon, a UK-based Indian businessman, remix a Tamil Ayappa record that was originally produced, composed and sung by Pradeep Menon and Shashi Kumar in 1985. The devotional album produced in the UK, Canada and India is titled Sabari Beats.<ref name="archive">{{cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501080300.htm|title=The Hindu : Extolling the deity of Sabari hill|website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201155824/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501080300.htm|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=1 February 2003}}</ref>

==Career==

On returning to India, Rahul composed more than 100 jingles for commercials in Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi and Telugu. During this period, he had also composed original themes for many television productions, including shows for Asianet and Amrita TV.<ref name="auto1"/>


His first feature film score and soundtrack were for ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'', directed by [[Anwar Rasheed]] starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead. The film was a major box-office success and became a cult classic leaving a lasting impact on Kerala's popular cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Mohanlal’s Chotta Mumbai Returns To Theatres: A Cult Classic Revs Up Again! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/mohanlals-chotta-mumbai-returns-to-theatres-a-cult-classic-revs-up-again-73581.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album became a [[popular culture|pop culture phenomenon]] over the years.<ref>https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2025/05/15/rahul-raj-music-director-interview.html</ref><ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/06/08/chotta-mumbai-re-release-massive-response-fans-dancing-theatres-mohanlal-thala.html</ref>

In 2008, he scored a hit with [[Anwar Rasheed]]'s Mammootty-starrer ''[[Annan Thampi]]''. But his subsequent releases that year, including ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' and ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' failed to make any impact.

His only release in 2009 was [[Shyamaprasad]]'s ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'', for which he won the [[Vayalar]] Award. The award was given by a jury of old school musicians including [[Malayalam music|K.P. Udayabhanu]].


In 2010, he won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Kerala State Award]] for Best Background Score for ''Ritu''. The same year, he was invited to [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York]] to rework and expand ''[[Pomp and Circumstance Marches]]'', the traditional convocation music used by them, composed by [[Edward Elgar|Sir Edward Elgar]]. In addition to expanding Edward Elgar's piece, he composed two original music pieces for the convocation, ''Dance of the Gods'' and ''The Circumstance by Rahul Raj''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-right-scores/article473086.ece |title=The right scores |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105010129/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-right-scores/article473086.ece |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |last1=George |first1=Liza }}</ref> In the same year he signed a project called ''Mathilukalkkapuram'', a sequel to [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'s classic ''[[Mathilukal]]''. The Mammootty starrer which also had [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and [[Resul Pookutty]] on board as cinematographer and sound designer respectively was subsequently shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2011%2F02%2F17&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=25&EntityId=Ar02401&AppName=1 |title=Times Group epapers - the Times of India epaper, Economic Times epaper, Maharastra Times ePaper, Mirror epaper |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055427/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2011%2F02%2F17&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=25&EntityId=Ar02401&AppName=1 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


In 2011, Rahul Raj made his debut in [[Telugu cinema]] by composing music for the [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]] – [[Shruti Haasan]] starrer ''[[Oh My Friend (2011 Telugu Film)|Oh My Friend]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article902288.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Real life on reel | date=21 November 2010 | access-date=8 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article902288.ece | archive-date=5 May 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The audio of the film opened to overwhelming responses and rave reviews, climbing to the No. 1 position in Telugu music charts, with the song "Maa Daddy Pockets" in particular becoming a rage among the youth. The audio went on to mark record sales of 3 lakh CDs within nine days of release.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Its-Rahul-rage-in-Tollywood/articleshow/10566143.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714215245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-31/news-and-interviews/30346381_1_chotta-mumbai-audio-release-tollywood | url-status=live | archive-date=14 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=It's Rahul rage in Tollywood!}}</ref>

After almost a two-year hiatus, in 2012 he returned to the Malayalam industry by scoring for [[Amal Neerad]]'s ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]''. The songs became sensational hits and the background score received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHCa5S3hut4&feature=g-all-u |title=Music Director Rahul Raj on his movie "Bachelor Party" - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619180529/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHCa5S3hut4&feature=g-all-u |archive-date=19 June 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="filmmatter">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmmatter.com/2012/06/review-bachelor-party-usual-amal-neerad.html|website=filmmatter.com|title=2012/06/review-bachelor-party-usual-amal-neerad|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2013, he composed for ''[[Kili Poyi]]'', which was supposedly the first [[stoner film]] in [[Malayalam Cinema]]. Though the film opened to mixed responses, the title song became a huge hit.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-spectrum-of-2013/article5508558.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Music spectrum of 2013 | date=27 December 2013 | access-date=2 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230032055/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-spectrum-of-2013/article5508558.ece | archive-date=30 December 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Several critics hailed the background score as the most interesting technical aspect of the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17119.html |title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200458/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17119.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Rahul had a dull opening in 2014 with the high budget romantic comedy ''[[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]'' and ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]'' the much hyped sequel to the cult comedy classic ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' failing at the box office. Rahul had composed only three tracks for ''London Bridge'', as he had to leave the project owing to scheduling conflicts. Later in the year, the Telugu film ''[[Paathshala (2014 film)|Paathshala]]'' for which he had composed, became a box office success. Rahul's songs for the movie were received well,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/audioreview-paathshala.html |title=Paathshala music review - Telugu cinema news |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075348/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/audioreview-paathshala.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/paathshala-movie-audio-review.html |title=Audio Review : Paathshala – Meaningful Album |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316131851/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/paathshala-movie-audio-review.html |archive-date=16 March 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> but it was his background score that was unanimously praised by all reviewers, as a major plus point, crediting it to have elevated the movie to a different level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.justtelugu.com/paathshala-movie-review/ |title=Paathshala Movie Review | Justtelugu |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221054451/http://www.justtelugu.com/paathshala-movie-review/ |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thelawa.com/posts/reviews/1/2713/mahi-v--raghav-paathshala-2014-telugu-movie-review-and-rating.html |title=Mahi V. Raghav-Paatashala 2014 telugu movie review and rating | TheLawa |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013025614/http://www.thelawa.com/posts/reviews/1/2713/mahi-v--raghav-paathshala-2014-telugu-movie-review-and-rating.html |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediatimez.com/entertainment/telugu/reviews-3/movie-review-3/paathshala-movie-review |title=Paathshala Movie Review |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017211559/http://www.mediatimez.com/entertainment/telugu/reviews-3/movie-review-3/paathshala-movie-review |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/paathshala-review-audience-call-it-new-age-tollywood-movie-611046 |title='Paathshala' Review: Audience Call it New-Age Tollywood Movie |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110190436/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/paathshala-review-audience-call-it-new-age-tollywood-movie-611046 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moviemint.com/paathshala-movie-review-a-new-age-drama/ |title=Paathshala Movie Review: "A New Age Drama" - Your Refreshment |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013024244/http://www.moviemint.com/paathshala-movie-review-a-new-age-drama/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The year 2015 opened on a favourable note for Rahul, as his background score for the [[Mammootty]] starrer ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]'' received praise.<ref>{{cite web|author=T |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18422955&programId=1074209438&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=%40%40%40&tabId=3 |title=Movie Reviews |publisher=Manoramaonline.com |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=മനീഷ് നാരായണന് |url=http://www.southlive.in/reviews/4952 |title=ഫയര്മാന് | Southlive |publisher=Southlive.in |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219221523/http://www.southlive.in/reviews/4952 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/fireman-movie-review-565 |title=Fireman Movie Review |publisher=Metromatinee.com |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320034730/http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/fireman-movie-review-565 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mathew |first=Tony |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/this-fireman-sets-fire-to-theatres.html |title=This Fireman sets fire to theatres |publisher=English.manoramaonline.com |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318014155/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/this-fireman-sets-fire-to-theatres.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His second release of the year was [[Sidhartha Siva]]'s ''[[Ain (film)|Ain]]'' which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]. The month of August saw the release of his songs from ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'', a heist film set in the 1980s. The song ''Hemanthamen'' went on to rake in unanimous praise from critics and public alike, being hailed as an outstanding nostalgic melody.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-mix/hemanthamen-song-from-kohinoor.html |title=തനി നാടൻ 'മണവുമായി' ഹേമന്തമെൻ |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910001218/http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-mix/hemanthamen-song-from-kohinoor.html |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The year 2017 opened on an excellent note with his song ''Lailakame'' from ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' becoming a smash hit,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/rahul-rajs-cover-for-lailakame-from-ezra-goes-viral/articleshow/57603535.cms|title = Rahul Raj's cover for Lailakame from Ezra goes viral - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> prompting several cover versions, including one by Rahul Raj himself.

In early 2018, the film ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' met with negative reviews with the music too receiving a lukewarm response. He signed [[Academy Award]] Winner [[Resul Pookutty]]'s multilingual titled ''[[The Sound Story]]'' directed by Pookutty's protege Prasad Prabhakar. The movie was touted to feature 164 tracks comprising background score pieces and 2 songs.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/now-meet-resul-pookutty-the-actor/articleshow/61037085.cms |title=Now, meet Resul Pookutty, the actor! - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 October 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/now-meet-resul-pookutty-the-actor/articleshow/61037085.cms |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He composed the songs of the film, but opted out before composing the background score, as there were schedule conflicts with his stint in Berklee, [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030918/a-musical-break-1.html|title = A musical break|date = 3 September 2018}}</ref>

In June 2019, he composed and conducted the symphonic piece ''Birth of the Nemesis'', which was performed by the London Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2019/07/19/interview-with-music-director-rahul-raj.html|title = സ്വപ്നം യാഥാർഥ്യമായപ്പോൾ ഈ ഭൂമിയിൽ തന്നെയില്ല; മറഞ്ഞുപോയ ഹേമന്തത്തെ പറ്റി രാഹുൽ രാജ്}}</ref> He returned from Europe in July 2019 and was immediately signed by [[Priyadarshan]] to compose the [[background score]] of his magnum opus ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham]]'', a historical epic set in the 16th century. Having no release in 2020 due to pandemic-induced postponements, his first release after the 2020 lockdown was the [[Mammootty]]-starrer ''[[The Priest (2020 film)|The Priest]]'' in early 2021. The film opened to mixed reviews, but the music met with overwhelmingly positive responses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/reviews/priest-review-gripping-mystery-thriller/|title = The Priest Review: A gripping mystery thriller!|date = 11 March 2021}}</ref> particularly the score with ''IBTimes'' hailing it as the major highlight of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/priest-movie-review-mammoottys-film-classic-horror-crime-thriller-834090|title = The Priest movie review: Mammootty's film is a classic horror crime thriller|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 11 March 2021}}</ref> His first release in 2022 was the [[Mohanlal]]-starrer ''[[Mohanlal|Aarattu]]'', directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] which received predominantly positive reviews for the music, despite the film being critically panned. Meanwhile, veteran director [[Sathyan Anthikad]] signed him to score his [[Jayaram]]-starrer ''[[Makal]]''. He scored two films in 2023, both ending up has box-office duds with the music too making no significant impact. His notable upcoming releases are the [[Suresh Gopi]]-starrer ''[[Suresh Gopi|Varaaham]]'' directed by Sanal V. Devan, ''[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|The Statesman]]'' directed by Kishore Prakash Menon and an untitled film directed by [[Rathish Ambat]] in [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]]; ''Yaar'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]; and another untitled film in [[Bollywood|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/107125/The-New-Indian-Express-Kochi/19042013#page/20/2 |title=The New Indian Express Group the New Indian Express-Kochi epaper dated Fri, 19 Apr 13 |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191917/http://www.readwhere.com/read/107125/The-New-Indian-Express-Kochi/19042013#page/20/2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Interview-with-Rahul-Raj/articleshow/28992896.cms |title=Interview with Rahul Raj - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102003725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Interview-with-Rahul-Raj/articleshow/28992896.cms |archive-date=2 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2013, Rahul Raj was designated as the President of the FEFKA Music Directors' Union, the official association of film composers in the [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music directors rubbish claims made by singers |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Music-directors-rubbish-claims-made-by-singers/2013/08/29/article1757222.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Music-directors-rubbish-claims-made-by-singers/2013/08/29/article1757222.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 August 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web |title=www.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98-singer%E2%80%99s-role-important-limited%E2%80%99 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98-singer%E2%80%99s-role-important-limited%E2%80%99 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112061219/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-mollywood/article/%e2%80%98-singer%e2%80%99s-role-important-limited%e2%80%99 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Film discography==
===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="beige" align="center"
!Year
!Film
!Language
! Songs
! Score
! Director
!Other notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Anwar Rasheed]]||
|-
| ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Shaji Kailas]]||
'''Winner''' – JayCee Foundation Award for Best Music Direction
|-
|rowspan="5"|2008
| ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||[[Anwar Rasheed]]||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Rajesh-Faisal||
|-
| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||Bipin Prabhakar||
|-
| ''Maya Bazar'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||Thomas Sebastian||
|-
| ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||[[Deepu Karunakaran]]||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2009
|''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]] •'' || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || [[Shyamaprasad]]||'''Winner''' – [[Kerala State Film Award]] – Best Background Score '''Winner''' – Vayalar Movie Award – Best Music Direction
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="beige" align="center"
!Year
!Film
!Language
! Songs
! Score
! Director
!Other notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2010
|''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}|| Sajeevan ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2011
||''[[Oh My Friend (2011 Telugu Film)|Oh My Friend]]'' • ||Telugu ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}}|| [[Venu Sriram]] ||'''[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] Debut'''. '''Winner''' – Maa Music Award – Best Debut Music Composer
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
|''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}|| [[Amal Neerad]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
|''[[Kili Poyi]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}|| [[Vinay Govind]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Paisa Paisa (2013 film)|Paisa Paisa]]''• || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prasanth Murali|| [[film score|Background Score]] only.
|-
|| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}}|| Vinod Vijayan || [[Anthology film]]. Segment: ''Day of Judgement.''
|-
|rowspan="4"|2014
|| ''[[London Bridge (2013 film)|London Bridge]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}}|| Anil C. Menon || Opening Credits Theme & 2 songs only.
|-
|| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||[[Mamas K. Chandran]] ||
|-
||''[[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]'' • || Tamil ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||Raj-Suresh ||[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] Debut.
|-
||''[[Paathasala]]'' • || Telugu ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Mahi V. Raghav]]||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015
|| ''[[Fireman (2015 Film)|Fireman]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}}||[[Deepu Karunakaran]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Ain (film)|Ain]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||[[Sidhartha Siva]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}|| [[Vinay Govind]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Style (2015 film)|Style]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} || [[Binu Sadanandan]]||[[Background Score]] only.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2016
|| ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Vipin Das||
|-
|| ''[[Karingunnam Sixes]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||[[Deepu Karunakaran]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasaba (2016 film)|Kasaba]]''• || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||Nithin Renji Panicker ||
|-
|| ''[[White (2015 film)|White]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||Uday Ananthan ||
|-
|| ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim|IDI- Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Sajid Yahiya]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017
|| ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' • ||Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||Jay K||
|-
|| ''[[E (2017 film)|E]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Kukku Surendran ||
|-
||''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' • || Malayalam||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018
||''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]'' • || Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{No}}||[[Shyamaprasad]]|| One song only.
|-
|| ''[[Kaly movie|Kaly]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Najim Koya||
|-
||''[[Boban Samuel|Vikadakumaran]]'' •|| Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||[[Boban Samuel]]||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Sreejith Vijayan||
|-
||''[[B.Tech (film)|B. Tech]]'' • || Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Mridul Nair||
|-
||''[[Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal]]'' • || Malayalam||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||Sooraj Tom||
|-
||''[[Rahul Riji Nair|Dakini]]'' • || Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{No}}||[[Rahul Riji Nair]] || Guest composer. Two songs only.
|-
||''[[The Sound Story]]'' •||Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||Prasad Prabhakar||Announced by [[Resul Pookutty]]. Multilingual film.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oscar-award-winning-resul-pookutty-to-turn-actor-in-oru-kadhai-sollattuma--tamil-news-199681 |title=Oscar winner Resul Pookutty to debut as an actor - Tamil News |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024917/https://www.indiaglitz.com/oscar-award-winning-resul-pookutty-to-turn-actor-in-oru-kadhai-sollattuma--tamil-news-199681 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{No}}||[[B. Unnikrishnan]] ||Announced by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]. Guest composer. Two songs only.
|-
||''[[Shine Tom Chacko|Oru Nakshathramulla Aakasham]]'' • || Malayalam||{{Yes}} ||{{No}} ||Ajith Pulleri, Suneesh Babu || Guest composer. Two songs only.
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="beige" align="center"
!Year
!Film
!Language
! Songs
! Score
! Director
!Other notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
||''[[The Priest (2020 film)|The Priest]] • ''|| Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}||Jofin T. Chacko ||
|-
|| ''[[Mamta Mohandas|Lalbagh]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Prasanth Murali||
|-
||''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' • ||Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Priyadarshan]]||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|-
|| ''[[Aaraattu (film)|Aaraattu]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[B. Unnikrishnan]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=Mohanlal's next is Aaraattu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/17/mohanlals-next-is-aaraattu-2224293.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128014736/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/17/mohanlals-next-is-aaraattu-2224293.html |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Jeo Baby|Freedom Fight]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Jeo Baby]]||Anthology film. Segment ''Old Age Home''.
|-
|| ''[[Makal]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Sathyan Anthikad]]||
|-
|| ''[[Eesho (film)|Eesho]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Nadirshah]]|||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|-
|| ''[[Lovefully Yours Veda]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Praghesh Sukumaran||
|-
|| ''[[Shine Tom Chacko|Dance Party]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Sohan Seenulal]]|| Three songs and score.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|-
|| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Ullas Krishna||
|-
|''Porattu Nadakam'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Noushad Saffron||
|-
|| ''[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|Manorathangal]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||[[Rathish Ambat]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|-
|| ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Sharan Venugopal||
|-
|''[[Oka Padhakam Prakaram]]''||Telugu||{{yes}}||{{no}}|| Vinod Vijayan||
|-
|| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aabhyanthara-kuthavali-first-look-poster-1.10312714|title='ആഭ്യന്തര കുറ്റവാളി' കോമഡി ചിത്രമോ? ആസിഫ് അലിയുടെ പിറന്നാൾ ദിനത്തിൽ ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ|date=4 February 2025|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> • ||Malayalam||{{no}}||{{yes}}|| Sethu Nath Padmakumar||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|-
|| ''[[Suresh Gopi|Varaaham]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/07/indian-2-singer-abby-v-to-debut-in-malayalam-with-suresh-gopis-varaaham|title=Indian 2 singer Abby V to debut in Malayalam with Suresh Gopi's Varaaham|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=7 July 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Sanal V. Devan||
|-
|| ''[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Kaalante Thangakkudam]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Nithish K.T.R||
|-
|| ''[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|The Statesman]]'' • || Malayalam ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||Kishore Prakash Menon||
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director !! Notes
|-

|2020||''Mattoru Kadavil''|| Rahul K Shaji ||
|-
|2025||''Adavi The Forest''|| Rahul K Shaji || Pre Production in Progress
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Award
! Year
! Project
! Category
! Outcome
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''[[Kerala State Film Award]]'''
| 2009
| ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''[[Vayalar|Vayalar Movie Award]]'''
| 2009
| ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''
| [[Vayalar|Best Music Composer]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''[[Music|Jay Cee Foundation Award]]'''
| 2007
| ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]''
| [[Music|Best Music Composer]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''[[Maa Music|Maa Music Award]]'''
| 2011
| ''[[Oh My Friend]]''
| [[Maa Music|Best Debut Music Composer (Telugu)]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers Music Awards]]'''
| 2018
| ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Lailakame (Ezra)]]''
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Best Song Composition]]
| {{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2508427}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Rahul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]

Dalit music

2025-10-28T07:27:50Z

TajWoolcock75: typo fix

{{short description|Music made by Dalit people in India}}
'''Dalit music''' or '''Bahujan music''' is [[music]] created, produced, or inspired by [[Bahujan]]s and [[Dalit]]s, people often discriminated against on the basis of [[Caste system in India|caste]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/528733/dalit-musicians-are-playing-a-new-tune/|title=Dalit Musicians Are Playing A New Tune|date=2019-12-12|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> including '''''Dalit rock''''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/844792/from-dnyaneshwari-to-dalit-rock-the-evolution-of-maharashtras-revolutionary-music|title=From Dnyaneshwari to Dalit rock: The evolution of Maharashtra's revolutionary music|last=Chanda-Vaz|first=Urmi|website=Scroll.in|date=2 August 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> '''''Bhim rap'''''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/bhim-rap-to-dalit-pop/articleshow/67211247.cms|title=Bhim rap to Dalit pop: How the music of protest is thriving|website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2018 |access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> and '''''Dalit pop'''''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/An-equal-music/article14580390.ece|title=An equal music|last=Gaikwad|first=Rahi|date=2016-08-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as well as the [[music genre]]s of the [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasi]]s, including ''[[Chamar]] pop'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/ginni-mahi-dalit-chamar-rap-ambedkar-ravidass-punjab/story/1/12902.html|title=Ginni Mahi, queen of Chamar pop, is more than a Dalit icon|website=Dailyo.in|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ''Bhim Palana'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/dalit-women-active-participants-ambedkarite-movement|title=Dalit Women as Active Participants in Ambedkarite Movement|date=2020-01-09|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ''Bhim geet''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/these-arrows-dont-miss-their-mark/296965|title=These Arrows Don't Miss Their Mark|website=Outlook India Magazine|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] music.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ginni-mahis-fresh-take-on-punjabi-music/article30692064.ece|title=Ginni Mahi's fresh take on Punjabi music|last=Sahai|first=Shrinkhla|date=2020-01-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Background==
Music is espcially important to Dalits as it is an expression of their protest, folk tales and assertion. In [[Maharashtra]], ''Dalit shahirs'' the singers and writers mostly creating content of Ambedkarite ideology and against caste oppression.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-songs-are-sabotaged-dalits-and-their-music|title=Why Songs Are Sabotaged: Dalits and their Music|date=2019-10-30|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/dalit-shahirs-of-maharashtra-bhimrao-kardaks-jalsa-against-caste-4479325.html|title=Dalit shahirs of Maharashtra: Bhimrao Kardak's jalsa against caste|website=Firstpost|date=23 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/878456/in-the-verses-of-dalit-shahirs-you-can-hear-the-history-of-indias-anti-caste-movement|title=In the verses of Dalit shahirs, you can hear the history of India's anti-caste movement|last=Maitreya|first=Yogesh|website=Scroll.in|date=9 June 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

In [[Nepal]], Dalit musicians are known as ''[[Naumati Baaja]] musicians''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/nepali-dalits-gorkha-casteism-culture|title='They Like Our Music, Not Us': Nepali Dalits Unite to Fight Prejudice|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], ''Chamar pop'' movement was started by [[Kanshi Ram]] to popularize the [[BAMCEF]] launched in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/chartbustin-chamars/article9246140.ece|title=Chartbustin' Chamars|last=Andre|first=Abhimanyu Kumar & amp & Aletta|website=The Hindi Business Line|date=21 October 2016 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Parai]]s are used by dalits to express through music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/music/resistance-and-identity-through-music-parai-dalit|title=Resistance and identity through music|website=National Herald|date=11 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

==Artists==
{{Main article|List of Dalits#Music}}

* [[The Casteless Collective]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/not-all-musicians-shun-politics-751072.html|title=Not all musicians shun politics|date=2019-07-31|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>
* [[Amar Singh Chamkila]], Punjabi singer, songwriter, musician, performer and composer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Attri|first=Pardeep|title=Did caste kill 'Elvis of Punjab' - Amar Singh Chamkila?|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8686:did-caste-kill-elvis-of-punjab-amar-singh-chamkila&catid=119:feature&Itemid=132|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Round Table India|language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[Hans Raj Hans]], Punjabi folk and sufi singer, M.P of North West Delhi <ref>{{Cite news|title=Hans Raj Hans: BJP's new Dalit face is versatile in music as well as politics|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/hans-raj-hans-bjps-new-dalit-face-is-versatile-in-music-as-well-as-politics/articleshow/69029908.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>
* [[Navraj Hans]], Punjabi singer, actor, entrepreneur and performer<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daler Mehndi's daughter gets engaged to Hans Raj Hans' son - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Daler-Mehndis-daughter-gets-engaged-to-Hans-Raj-Hans-son/articleshow/20171869.cms|access-date=2020-09-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yuvraj Hans]], Punjabi singer and actor
* [[Jitendra Haripal]], Sambalpuri folk singer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paschim Odisha Dalit Surakshya Parishad seeks Rajya Sabha berth for Padma Shri Jitendra Haripal- The New Indian Express|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/jun/21/paschim-odisha-dalit-surakshya-parishad-seeks-rajya-sabha-berth-for-padma-shri-jitendra-haripal-1993040.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121064958/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/jun/21/paschim-odisha-dalit-surakshya-parishad-seeks-rajya-sabha-berth-for-padma-shri-jitendra-haripal-1993040.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=2020-09-21|website=cms.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
* [[Kanth Kaler]], Punjabi folk singer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fighter Chamars in Beghampura - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fighter-chamars-in-beghampura/1088680/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* [[Kishore Kumar]] 'Pagla'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Maya-plays-Dalit-identity-card/articleshow/3761330.cms|title=Maya plays Dalit identity card|last=Dash|first=Dipak Kumar|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2008 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>
* [[Ginni Mahi]], Punjabi folk singer, rapper and stage performer <ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Indian 'Chamar pop' singer challenges caste with music {{!}} DW {{!}} 03.10.2016|url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-chamar-pop-singer-challenges-caste-with-music/a-35947703|access-date=2020-09-21|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Mooralala Marwada]], Sufi folk singer<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|date=2013-03-16|title=The poet of equality|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-poet-of-equality/article4512166.ece|access-date=2020-09-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Daler Mehndi]], Punjabi Dalit singer
* [[Mukund Nayak]], folk singer, songwriter and [[Jhumair]] dancer.
* [[Nandlal Nayak]], folk artist, music composer and Nagpuri film director.
* [[Miss Pooja]], Punjabi Bhangra artist and singer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-16|title=Punjabi singer Miss Pooja joins BJP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjabi-singer-miss-pooja-joins-bjp/story-gLXWrdy8YRS0azC1Q67BbO.html|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manjit Rupowalia]], Punjabi singer
* [[Sumeet Samos]], rapper and singer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title='A world without sorrow': Dalit musicians in India fight bias|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/3021171/untouchable-caste-dalits-india-stand-their-rights-through|access-date=2020-09-21|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sheetal Sathe]], folk singer, poet, and Dalit rights activist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai Bhim - The Beats of Dalit Resistance|url=https://www.arre.co.in/music/jai-bhim-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-dalits-india-sheetal-sathe-sachin-mali-naxalites-songs-resistance-music/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Arré|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mirasi]]
* [[Dalit literature]]
* [[Chamar]]
* [[Black music]]
* [[Dalit]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Sherinian, Zoe C. ''Tamil Folk Music as Dalit Liberation Theology'' (2014)

[[Category:Music by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Musician castes]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Traditional music]]
[[Category:Popular music]]