https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Taj25O2937005Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T15:11:01ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAM_(Rapid_Action_Mission)&diff=527774RAM (Rapid Action Mission)2026-05-07T22:44:15Z<p>Taj25O2937005: started a details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu action film by Mihiraam Vynateya}}<br />
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Italic title|all=yes}}<!-- leave this here to force the entire "RAM (Rapid Action Mission)" title to be italicized. Be sure that "|italic_title=no" is set in the infobox. --><br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = RAM (Rapid Action Mission)<br />
| italic_title = no<!-- leave this as "no". the {{italic title|all=yes}} is forcing italics across the entire title --><br />
| image = RAM (Rapid Action Mission).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster <br />
| director = Mihiraam Vynateyaa<br />
| writer = Mihiraam Vynateyaa<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| producer = Deepikanjali Vadlamani<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Surya Ayyalasomayajula|[[Dhanya Balakrishna]]}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Dhaaran Sukre <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Aasrith Ayyangar<br />
| studio = Deepika Entertainment<br />
| distributor = O S M Vision<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|1|26}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''RAM (Rapid Action Mission)''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by Mihiraam Vynateya and starring Surya Ayyalasomayajula in the titular role and [[Dhanya Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/happy-see-audiences-response-ram-theatres-director-mihiraam-vynateyaa-269492 |title=Happy to see the audience's response to 'RAM' in theatres: Director Mihiraam Vynateyaa |date=30 January 2024 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031719/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/happy-see-audiences-response-ram-theatres-director-mihiraam-vynateyaa-269492 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-parasuram-unveils-the-thrilling-first-look-of-ram-rapid-action-mission/articleshow/103780670.cms?from=mdr |title=Director Parasuram unveils the thrilling first look of 'RAM-Rapid Action Mission' |date=19 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-parasuram-unveils-the-thrilling-first-look-of-ram-rapid-action-mission/articleshow/103780670.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
TBA<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<small>''Source'':</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/ram-ramrapid-action-mission-censor-report-267618 |title=Ram' (RAM/Rapid Action Mission) Censor Report |date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031720/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/ram-ramrapid-action-mission-censor-report-267618 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}<br />
*Surya Ayyalasomayajula as Ram <br />
*[[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Dr.Jahnavi "Pandu", JB's daughter and Ram's love interest <br />
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Jaiprakash Baradwaj (JB)<br />
*[[P. Sai Kumar]] as Riyaz Ahmad HID chief <br />
*[[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] as Major Surya Prakash (Cameo Appearance)<br />
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]<br />
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Nawaz/A.Srivastav, a terrorist disguised in HID officer.<br />
*Meena Vasu<br />
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Wasim Zafar<br />
*Mahaboob Bhasha as "Athi" Sundar, Ram's best friend <br />
*Kishore Kumar Polimera as Ajju<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by Aasrith Ayyangar.<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Manthoni Kadu Ra Bhai<br />
| length1 = 3:17<br />
| all_lyrics = Ramu Kumar A. S. K.<br />
| extra1 = Dhanunjay<br />
| title2 = Brave Hearts<br />
| length2 = 4:27<br />
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]<br />
| title3 = Brave Hearts Rap Version<br />
| length3 = 4:09<br />
| extra3 = Ramu Kumar A. S. K.<br />
| total_length = 11:53<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 2 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "While the film adheres to certain action genre tropes, its strength lies in the emotional depth and character development, making RAM a noteworthy addition to the cinematic landscape".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/rapid-action-mission-movie-review-rating-879901 |title=Rapid Action Mission: A thriller with bankable performances |first=Bhavana |last=Sharma |date=26 January 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201122331/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/rapid-action-mission-movie-review-rating-879901 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' gave the film the same rating and praised the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ram-rapid-action-mission-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1930992 |title=RAM Rapid Action Mission Review |date=26 January 2024 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031720/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ram-rapid-action-mission-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1930992 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "On a whole, RAM (Rapid Action Mission) stands as a commendable addition to the action genre, presenting a harmonious mix of adrenaline-fueled sequences and poignant moments. The film's strength lies in its robust lead performance, supported by a talented cast and skillful direction".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-rapid-action-mission-review-a-symbol-of-resilience-and-patriotism-853982 |title=RAM (Rapid Action Mission) review: A symbol of resilience and patriotism |date=26 January 2024 |first=Suhas |last=Sistu |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031720/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-rapid-action-mission-review-a-symbol-of-resilience-and-patriotism-853982 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|30850798}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettadahosahalli&diff=490565Bettadahosahalli2026-05-07T15:02:07Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added info...</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bettadahosahalli<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 562111<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.264464|N|77.2304564|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| government_type = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br />
| parts = Nelamangala<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
''' Bettadahosahalli ''' is a village in the South [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bettadahosahalli · Karnataka, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bettadahosahalli,+Karnataka/@13.2641195,77.2142653,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d502f66ef30d:0x3399345506bcc5d7!8m2!3d13.264464!4d77.2304564?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Bettadahosahalli · Karnataka, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Bettadahosahalli had population of 87 of which 39 are males while 48 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page- 75</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
The total geographical area of village is 116.00 hectares.<ref name=Census75 /><br />
<br />
== Bus route from Bengaluru City ==<br />
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - [[Dasarahalli]] - [[Nelamangala]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bugadihalli]]<br />
* [[Bengaluru North district]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka &#124; City of Silk production &#124; India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]<br />
<br />
{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wardha_Assembly_constituency&diff=545541Wardha Assembly constituency2026-05-06T22:57:00Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Wardha<br />
| map_image = 47-Wardha.svg<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 47<br />
| district = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mla = [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 295,029<br />
}}<br />
'''Wardha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India, and is a segment of [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency]]. This constituency is one of the four Vidhan Sabha constituencies in [[Wardha district]]<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=5 September 2010}}</ref> and comprises parts of the Wardha and [[Seloo]] tehsils of this district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wardha Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/wardha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shantabai Narulkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Thakre Mahadeo Tukaram <br />
|-<br />
| Sonavane Shankarrao Vithalrao (Sc)<br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bapuraoji Marotrao Deshmukh <br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Ramchandra Marotrao Ghangare || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Vasantrao J. Karlekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | Pramod Bhauraoji Shende || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Manik Mahadeo Sabane || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | Pramod Bhauraoji Shende || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Suresh Deshmukh| Suresh Bapuraoji Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Dr. Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wardha">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wardha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1347.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206043517/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1347.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Dr. Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,067 |percentage = 47.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekhar Pramod Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,597 |percentage = 43.19% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawade Sachin Sureshrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,728 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishal Sharad Ramteke |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,166 |percentage = 2.64% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotambkar Ravindra Narhari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,556 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,503 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,470 |percentage = 3.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,374 |percentage = 66.90% |change = {{increase}}13.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,871}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,029 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.83 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Dr. Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,739 |percentage = 47.85% |change = {{increase}}19.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekhar Pramod Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,806 |percentage = 43.09% |change = {{increase}}20.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anant Shamraoji Umate |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,383 |percentage = 3.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manish Devrao Pusate |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,273 |percentage = 2.56% |change = {{decrease}}10.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,729 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Niraj Gulabrao Gujar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,933 |percentage = 4.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,573 |percentage = 53.55% |change = {{decrease}}5.13 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,634}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,641 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.85 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}19.99 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Dr. Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,897 |percentage = 27.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekhar Pramod Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,347 |percentage = 22.67% |change = {{decrease}}4.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Niraj Gulabrao Gujar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 22,283 |percentage = 13.53% |change = {{increase}}6.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balpande Ravikant Pandurang |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 18,867 |percentage = 11.45% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Bapuraoji Deshmukh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 18,192 |percentage = 11.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rannaware Virendra Baburao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,388 |percentage = 8.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Shankarrao Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,554 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Tukaramji Ade |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,224 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 945 |percentage = 0.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,550 |percentage = 5.19% |change = {{decrease}}2.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,115 |percentage = 58.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.29 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,724}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,104 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.28 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 52,085 |percentage = 35.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekhar Pramod Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,420 |percentage = 27.48% |change = {{decrease}}15.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balpande Ravikant Pandurangji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 21,966 |percentage = 14.93% |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Shankarrao Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,127 |percentage = 8.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Salim Shaikh Nabi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,035 |percentage = 6.82% |change = {{decrease}}5.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hedau Ajay Namdeorao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,782 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashikar Vaibhav Ravi |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 2,672 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pangul Rajabhau Bhauraoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,666 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,665 |percentage = 7.93% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,173 |percentage = 60.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,081}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,396 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.98 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,963 |percentage = 42.51% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,731 |percentage = 27.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Gode Shirish Santoshrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,519 |percentage = 12.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Panduranj Balpande |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 10,883 |percentage = 8.57% |change = {{decrease}}7.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ithape Sunita Bhaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,774 |percentage = 3.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sui. Manda Babaro Kombe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Gulabrao Shembarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 968 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,980 |percentage = 62.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,941}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,605 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.26 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.92 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,188 |percentage = 38.59% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Suresh Bapuraoji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,151 |percentage = 31.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shyam Shankarrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 18,544 |percentage = 15.84% |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Suresh Motilalji |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,440 |percentage = 10.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ithape Bhaskar Dadarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,037 |percentage = 6.86% |change = {{decrease}}10.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,180 |percentage = 62.17% |change = {{decrease}}10.50 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,085}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,143 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,503 |percentage = 34.71% |change = {{decrease}}2.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Suresh Motilalji |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,036 |percentage = 17.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shyambhau Shankarrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 14,483 |percentage = 10.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zade Yeshwant Namdeorao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,365 |percentage = 9.03% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Ethape Bhaskar Dadarao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,888 |percentage = 7.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathankar Kishor Alis Vasudev Yeshwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,094 |percentage = 6.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aglawe Vijay Nagrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,015 |percentage = 3.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaware Charansingh Babulalji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,164 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,467 |percentage = 17.15% |change = {{increase}}13.79 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,202 |percentage = 72.67% |change = {{increase}}12.81 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,866}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,933 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.15 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Manik Mahadeo Sabane |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,604 |percentage = 40.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shande Pramod Bhauraoji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,126 |percentage = 36.88% |change = {{decrease}}14.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zade Yeshwant Namdeorao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,369 |percentage = 8.09% |change = {{decrease}}18.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Ghanshyam Daulatrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,661 |percentage = 6.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prashant Purushottamrao Ignle |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,441 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thombre Ramchandra Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,901 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurmule Ramdas Marotrao |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 793 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,478 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}21.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,859 |percentage = 59.86% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,385}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,162 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.97 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.18 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,982 |percentage = 51.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Ghangare Marot |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 20,212 |percentage = 26.66% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekh Kalam Shekh Rashid |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 8,130 |percentage = 10.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Pandurang Daulatrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 3,442 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chidam Sumitra Narayanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,498 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalkonikar Datia Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,770 |percentage = 24.76% |change = {{decrease}}8.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,902 |percentage = 57.94% |change = {{increase}}7.48 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,811}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.48 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}11.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,942 |percentage = 62.52% |change = {{decrease}}1.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Ghangare Marot |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 17,251 |percentage = 29.20% |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawal Ramkisan Durgadas |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,923 |percentage = 6.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vairagade Sagar Rama |party = Independent politician |votes = 969 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,691 |percentage = 33.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,084 |percentage = 50.46% |change = {{decrease}}25.85 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,085}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,062 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.42 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bhauraoji Shende |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 52,266 |percentage = 64.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Ghangare Marot |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 22,107 |percentage = 27.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karklekar Vasantrao Janardharao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,268 |percentage = 6.49% |change = {{decrease}}41.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahate Suresh Zinguji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,159 |percentage = 37.18% |change = {{increase}}35.69 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,032 |percentage = 76.31% |change = {{increase}}10.02 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,122}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,811 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.18 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao J. Karlekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,419 |percentage = 47.57% |change = {{increase}}12.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. C. Marotra Ghangare |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,531 |percentage = 46.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharawani D. Padmakar |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 2,395 |percentage = 4.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaysingh Ramsingh Jot |party = Independent politician |votes = 724 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramdas Sitaram Lambat |party = Independent politician |votes = 667 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 888 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.90 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,036 |percentage = 66.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,736}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,073 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = {{increase}}7.64 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Ghangare Marot |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 22,307 |percentage = 39.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapuraoji Marotrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,853 |percentage = 35.54% |change = {{decrease}}11.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. T. Chowdhuri |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 4,288 |percentage = 7.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. D. Sawal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,973 |percentage = 7.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Lambat |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,006 |percentage = 5.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Jadhao |party = Independent politician |votes = 845 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Ramteke |party = Independent politician |votes = 836 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,454 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{decrease}}18.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,162 |percentage = 71.91% |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,866}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,668 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.88 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapuraoji Marotrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,275 |percentage = 47.35% |change = {{decrease}}12.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Marotrao Ghangare |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,579 |percentage = 24.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamrao Govind Charde |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,231 |percentage = 17.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Tukaram Meshram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,671 |percentage = 7.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghoba Ramaji Ramteke |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,696 |percentage = 22.73% |change = {{increase}}12.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,191 |percentage = 66.62% |change = {{decrease}}60.85 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,047}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,841 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}43.67 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Mahadeo Tukaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,529 |percentage = 30.78% |change = {{decrease}}34.83 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sonavane Shankarrao Vithalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,446 |percentage = 29.01% |change = {{decrease}}36.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghorpade Wamanrao Narsingrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 34,965 |percentage = 20.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhoyar Vinod Sakharam |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 34,941 |percentage = 20.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,564 |percentage = 10.68% |change = {{decrease}}39.99 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,881 |percentage = 127.47% |change = {{increase}}69.55 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,881}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,408 |ref = |change = {{increase}}193.96 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}34.83 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Wardha <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shantabai Narulkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,635 |percentage = 65.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmansing Bindaprasad Yadeo |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,016 |percentage = 14.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manoharpant Balkrishna Deshpande |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,534 |percentage = 9.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyanarain Sakhhnanad Bajaj |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 6.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seshrao Bajirao Jadhao |party = Independent politician |votes = 794 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,619 |percentage = 50.67% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,877 |percentage = 57.92% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,877}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,403 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Wardha]]<br />
* [[Seloo]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Wardha district topics}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|20.75|78.61|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Wardha district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kantara_(2022_film)&diff=508323Kantara (2022 film)2026-05-06T03:42:54Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Rishab Shetty}}<br />
</noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{For|the prequel released later in 2025|Kantara: Chapter 1}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kantara: A Legend <!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD KANNADA SCRIPT HERE. SEE [[Wikipedia:NOINDICSCRIPT]] --><br />
| image = Kantara poster.jpeg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Rishab Shetty]]<br />
| producer = [[Vijay Kiragandur]]<br/>[[Chaluve Gowda]]<br />
| writer = [[Rishab Shetty]]<br/>Anirudh Mahesh<br/>Shanil Goutham<br/>[[Raj B. Shetty]]<br/>Sham Prasad<br/>Prakash Tuminad<br />
| starring = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Rishab Shetty]]<br />
* [[Sapthami Gowda]]<br />
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]<br />
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br />
| editing = {{ubl|K. M. Prakash | Shobith Shetty | [[Pratheek Shetty ]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap|Arvind S. Kashyap]]<br />
| studio = [[Hombale Films]]<br />
| distributor = Hombale Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|30|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2022 |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara' to be released in English |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-to-be-released-in-english/articleshow/95828216.cms |access-date=22 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kantara-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda3otu0 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = {{INR|16}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title='Kantara': How a Kannada film took on the mighty |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-how-a-kannada-film-took-on-the-mighty-1151618.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008054747/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-how-a-kannada-film-took-on-the-mighty-1151618.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|400-450}} crore{{efn|''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-remains-unstoppable-grosses-rs-450-crore-worldwide-2300295-2022-11-22 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara remains unstoppable, grosses Rs 450 crore worldwide |website=India Today |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-remains-unstoppable-grosses-rs-450-crore-worldwide-2300295-2022-11-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantaras-worldwide-collection-crosses-the-monumental-mark-of-rs-2000-crores/articleshow/95686430.cms |title='Kantara's worldwide collection crosses the monumental mark of Rs 350 crores! |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantaras-worldwide-collection-crosses-the-monumental-mark-of-rs-450-crores/articleshow/95686430.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Firstpost'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-unbeatable-worldwide-collection-at-the-box-office-crosses-the-monumental-mark-of-450-crores-11673381.html |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara is unbeatable: Worldwide collection at the box office crosses the monumental mark of 450 Crores |date=22 November 2022 |website=Firstpost |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220180227/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-unbeatable-worldwide-collection-at-the-box-office-crosses-the-monumental-mark-of-450-crores-11673381.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kantara-worldwide-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-crosses-rs-450-crore-mark/2884853/lite/ |title=Kantara worldwide box office collection: Rishab Shetty film crosses Rs 450 crore mark &#124; The Financial Express |website=The Financial Express |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220180232/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kantara-worldwide-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-crosses-rs-450-crore-mark/2884853/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-continues-to-roar-mints-rs-450-crore-worldwide-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-95686560 |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty film continues to roar, mints Rs 450 crore worldwide |date=22 November 2022 |website=TimesNow |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220173344/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-continues-to-roar-mints-rs-450-crore-worldwide-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-95686560 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[ABP News]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-is-unstoppable-crosses-rs-6000-crore-worldwide-1564973 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara Is Unstoppable, Crosses Rs 450 Crore Worldwide |date=22 November 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220173548/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-is-unstoppable-crosses-rs-400-crore-worldwide-1564973 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Asianet News|Asianet]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/kantara-rishab-shetty-took-a-major-dig-at-people-who-called-his-film-low-budget-says-it-s-my-biggest-film-rba-rmv3tk |title=Kantara: Rishab Shetty takes major dig at people who called his film 'low-budget', says 'it is my biggest film |website=newsable.asianetnews.com |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182634/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment/kantara-rishab-shetty-took-a-major-dig-at-people-who-called-his-film-low-budget-says-it-s-my-biggest-film-rba-rmv3tk |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[DNA India|DNA]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty starrer is sixth Indian film in 2022 to earn over Rs 400 crore worldwide |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-starrer-is-sixth-indian-film-in-2022-to-earn-rs-400-crore-worldwide-3004547 |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204073232/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-starrer-is-sixth-indian-film-in-2022-to-earn-rs-400-crore-worldwide-3004547 |url-status=live}}</ref> – reported the collections to be ₹400 crore, other sources – ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rishab-shetty-charged-4-crores-for-kantara-rishab-shetty-remuneration-121671066055457.html |title=Rishab Shetty Remuneration for Kantara: కాంతార సినిమాకు రిషబ్శెట్టి తీసుకున్న రెమ్యునరేషన్ ఎంతో తెలుసా |first=Nelki Naresh |last=Kumar |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rishab-shetty-charged-4-crores-for-kantara-rishab-shetty-remuneration-121671066055457.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[WION]]'',<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/yearender-2022-these-are-the-highest-grossing-movies-of-this-year-kgf-2-rrr-and-more-543714 |title=Yearender 2022: These are the highest grossing movies of this year – 'KGF 2', 'RRR' and more |date=16 December 2022 |publisher=WION |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219173015/https://www.wionews.com/photos/yearender-2022-these-are-the-highest-grossing-movies-of-this-year-kgf-2-rrr-and-more-543714 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'',<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/hrithik-roshan-praises-rishab-shetty-as-he-reviews-kantara-top-notch-storytelling-direction-and-acting-news-244337/amp |title=Hrithik Roshan Praises Rishab Shetty As He Reviews 'Kantara': Top Notch Storytelling, Direction And Acting |date=12 December 2022 |accessdate=26 April 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192033/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/hrithik-roshan-praises-rishab-shetty-as-he-reviews-kantara-top-notch-storytelling-direction-and-acting-news-244337/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Dec/30/magical-year-for-kannada-cinema-the-rise-and-rise-of-sandalwood--2533142.html |title=Magical year for Kannada cinema: The rise and rise of Sandalwood - the New Indian Express |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107132506/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/dec/30/magical-year-for-kannada-cinema-the-rise-and-rise-of-sandalwood--2533142.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/kantara-tumbbad-box-office-collection-records-comparison-130644725.html |title=446 करोड़ कमाने वाली कांतारा की तुलना तुंबाड से: 21 साल में बनी थी तुंबाड, 21 में से 3 अवॉर्ड फिल्मफेयर के |date=6 December 2022 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |accessdate=26 April 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502091825/https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/kantara-tumbbad-box-office-collection-records-comparison-130644725.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Udayavani]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.udayavani.com/article/rishab-shettys-kantara-sent-for-oscars-2023-consideration/1400627 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara sent for Oscars 2023 consideration |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165804/https://english.udayavani.com/article/rishab-shettys-kantara-sent-for-oscars-2023-consideration/1400627 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[PTC Punjabi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/hrithik-roshan-reviews-kantara-says-climax-gave-him-goosebumps |title=Hrithik Roshan reviews 'Kantara' says, climax gave him goosebumps |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212033842/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/hrithik-roshan-reviews-kantara-says-climax-gave-him-goosebumps |url-status=live}}</ref> have reported it to be around ₹450 crore.}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kantara''''' ({{Translation|Mysterious forest}}, also known as '''''Kantara: A Legend''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-to-stream-kannada-hit-kantara-in-hindi-11670401467269.html |title=Netflix to stream Kannada hit Kantara in Hindi |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |quote=Kantara is an action thriller co-written and directed by Rishab Shetty, and produced by [[Vijay Kiragandur]], under Hombale Films, best known for the KGF franchise. |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207085200/http://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-to-stream-kannada-hit-kantara-in-hindi-11670401467269.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/fm-sitharaman-watches-kannada-thriller-kantara-congratulates-director-rishab-shetty-351633-2022-11-02 |title='Well made': FM Sitharaman watches Kantara, congratulates director Rishab Shetty |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |quote=Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Wednesday watched the Kannada action thriller 'Kantara' at Inox Cinemas in Bengaluru, Karnataka. |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102155644/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/fm-sitharaman-watches-kannada-thriller-kantara-congratulates-director-rishab-shetty-351633-2022-11-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[Rishab Shetty]], and produced by [[Vijay Kiragandur]] and [[Chaluve Gowda]] under [[Hombale Films]]. The film stars Rishab Shetty in a [[dual role]]s as Kaadubettu Shiva and Annappa, along with [[Sapthami Gowda]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], and [[Achyuth Kumar]].<br />
<br />
Blending elements of [[coastal Karnataka]]'s folklore of the [[Tulu people]], [[spirit possession]] rituals, and divine belief systems, the story centres around [[Buta Kola|Bhuta Kola]], a traditional form of worship practiced in the region. It follows a [[Kambala]] champion who clashes with an upright forest officer, leading to a larger conflict involving sacred land, ancestral legacy, and the balance between nature and man-made law.<br />
<br />
Set and filmed in [[Keradi]] in [[Kanara|coastal Karnataka]], principal photography began in August 2021.<ref name="toi1">{{cite web |title=Rishab Shetty and Sapthami Gowda starrer Kantara film's shoot begins tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shetty-and-sapthami-gowda-starrer-kantara-films-shoot-begins-tomorrow/articleshow/85686337.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002050341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shetty-and-sapthami-gowda-starrer-kantara-films-shoot-begins-tomorrow/articleshow/85686337.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematography was handled by Arvind S. Kashyap, with music composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The action sequences were choreographed by Vikram More, and the production design handled by debutant Dharani Gange Putra.<br />
<br />
The film was released on 30 September 2022 to critical acclaim, with praise for its cast's performance (particularly of Shetty and Kishore), direction, background score, and portrayal of native mythology and traditions. It became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films of all time]]. A [[prequel]], titled ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'', was released on 2 October 2025.<br />
<br />
The film was featured at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama section,<ref name="pib:ip">{{Cite news |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1970040 |title=Indian Panorama 2023 Announces Official Selection for 54th IFFI, 2023 |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |via=press release}}</ref> where it won the [[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1980531 |title=Winners at IFFI54 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> At the [[70th National Film Awards]], [[Rishab Shetty]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor Award]]<ref name="BA"/> and the film received the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Award]].<ref name="BPF"/><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<!-- Plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words per WP:FILMPLOT. DO NOT ADD OR DELETE ANY DETAILS.--><br />
In 1847, a king in coastal [[Karnataka]] lives with his loving wife and children but does not find peace. He sets out on a journey to discover spirituality and bliss. He comes upon a holy stone in a forest occupied by the demigod [[Panjurli]], who protects the forest's villagers. The king donates a vast portion of his land to the villagers in exchange for taking the holy stone with him. Panjurli warns through a human-medium, that his companion, the ferocious demigod [[Buta Kola#Guliga|Guliga]], won't forgive the king if he fails his word, <br />
<br />
In 1970, the king's descendant asks a [[Bhoota Kola]] performer, who is possessed by Panjurli, for the land back. Annappa ([[Rishab Shetty]]), the performer asks him to return the peace blessed upon his ancestors. He warns that if the issue is taken to court, the Daiva will deliver his verdict on the court's steps. When the descendant doubts if the performer is possessed by Panjurli, the performer replies he would vanish if he is possessed. He runs into a forest and is never seen again. Some time later, the king's descendant dies mysteriously on the steps of a court.<br />
<br />
20 years later, Murali, a forest officer, is tasked with converting the villagers' land into a [[forest reserve]]. However, he is challenged by Kaadubettu Shiva (also [[Rishab Shetty]]), a [[Kambala]] athlete and the missing performer Annappa's son from the Kaadubettu village. Shiva is backed by his patron and the village's landlord, Devendra Suttooru, descended from the king. Although Shiva has repeatedly been asked to perform the Bhoota Kola, he refuses due to the trauma of his father's disappearance. Instead, his cousin, Guruva, takes his place. Murali and his staff start erecting a fence along the earmarked forest reserve, and Shiva falls in love with his childhood friend, Leela. He uses his connections with Devendra to appoint her as a forest guard. The villagers try to stop the fencing, but the police and forest guards (including Leela) brutally suppress them, creating a rift between Leela and Shiva even though she was following orders.<br />
<br />
As the feud between Murali and Shiva intensifies, Murali decides to arrest Shiva and his friends and heads to their hideout along with Devendra's henchman, Sudhakara. While en route to arrest him, Murali's jeep accidentally gets crushed by the trunk of a tree being cut by Shiva. Murali is injured severely. Shiva and his companions go underground, but return to the village a few days later. Shiva makes up with Leela and tells her that he will surrender. However, all of them are caught by the police and forest guards the next morning. Guruva asks Devendra to bail Shiva out. Devendra offers to bribe him to impersonate being possessed by Panjurli in the next Bhoota Kola and order the villagers to hand over the land. Guruva refuses, and Devendra kills him.<br />
<br />
When confronted by Shiva about Guruva's killing, Devendra pins the blame on Murali. Shiva learns the truth from his blacksmith friend Mahadeva. An intoxicated Shiva is attacked by Devendra's henchmen, but he fights them away. Murali tells the villagers about Devendra's plan to seize their lands. Shiva and Murali unite the village. Devendra and his henchmen arrive at the spot and attack, leading to an intense battle where several of the villagers are killed. After nearly dying in the fight, Shiva hits his head against Guliga's holy stone. Guliga then possesses him, supernaturally empowering him to kill Devendra and his henchmen.<br />
<br />
A few months after the battle, Shiva performs the Bhoota Kola and is possessed by Panjurli and Leela is shown to be pregnant. Shiva, Murali and the villagers join hands in a symbolic gesture. Shiva disappears into the forest after meeting what seems to be his father's spirit. In a [[mid-credits scene]], Shiva and Leela's son asks Sundara about his father's disappearance.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rishab Shetty]] in [[dual role]]s as <br />
**Kaadubettu Shiva, a Kambala athlete and Annappa's son<br />
**Annappa, Kaadubettu Shiva's father<br />
* [[Sapthami Gowda]] as Leela<br />
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Murali, a [[forest range officer|Deputy Range Forest Officer]] (D.R.F.O)<br />
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Devendra Suttooru<br />
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Sudhakara <br />
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Raampa<br />
* Manasi Sudhir as Kamala, Shiva's mother<br />
* [[Naveen D. Padil]] as Lawyer<br />
* Suchan Shetty as Ravi<br />
* Swaraj Shetty as Guruva, Shiva's cousin<br />
* Deepak Rai Panaaje as Sundara<br />
* Shanil Gautham as Bulla<br />
* Pradeep Shetty as Mohana<br />
* Rakshith Ramachandra Shetty as Devendra's henchman<br />
* Prabhakar Kundar as Madhavacharya<br />
* Chandrakala Rao as Sheela, Sundara's wife<br />
* Sukanya as Ammakka, Devendra's wife<br />
* Sathish Acharya as Tabara, Leela's father<br />
* Pushparaj Bollar as Garnall Abbu<br />
* Raghu Pandeshwar as Raghu, Forest Officer<br />
* Mime Ramdas as Naaru<br />
* Basuma Kodagu as Guruva's father<br />
* Ranjan Saju as Lacchu<br />
* Rajeev Shetty as Rajeev Bhandari<br />
* [[Shine Shetty]] as Devendra's father <br />
* Vinay Biddappa as the King<br />
* Pragathi Rishab Shetty as the King's wife<br />
* Atish Shetty as Devendra's specially-abled son<br />
* Radhakrishna Kumbale as a native resident<br />
* Naveen Bondel as Demigod Interpreter<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
Director [[Rishab Shetty]] cited the conflict between [[nature]] and human beings as the theme of the film,<ref name="toi1"/> while adding specifically that the strife between forest officers and the inhabitants in his hometown Keradi, [[Karnataka]], in the 1990s, as the source of inspiration for the film. He further added, "It is a film from our land, from our roots, stories that are heard through generations, untapped and deeply rooted to our culture".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara is a film that should be told to our future generation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/29/kantara-is-a-film-that-should-be-told-to-our-future-generation-2502912.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 October 2022 |date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002022852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/29/kantara-is-a-film-that-should-be-told-to-our-future-generation-2502912.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Shetty conceived the story in 2021 during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref name="toi1"/> Elaborating on the title of the film, he said, "Kantara is a mysterious forest and this is a story that happens around the area... The film title has a tagline calling it a ''dhanta kathe'' or a [[legend]]. I did not want to give the film a straight or direct title. The word is not used often. While it has [[Sanskrit]] origins, it is used in [[Kannada]] too. It is used in [[Yakshagana]] too, where we call a very mysterious forest Kantara".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara is about the human versus nature conflict |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-about-the-human-versus-nature-conflict/articleshow/85094319.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-about-the-human-versus-nature-conflict/articleshow/85094319.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The film had to present three timelines: 1847, 1970s and 1990s. Since many references through books were not available, the makers took the help of the tribes residing in Keradi where it was also filmed. Costume designer Pragathi Shetty stated that the makers "travelled the entire village and met the tribal community, who gave details about their dress". She added, "We had most of the junior artists roped in from Kundapura, and it was a challenge for me to convince them to wear tribal costumes. We also took reference to design the costume for the forest guard, played by Sapthami Gowda. We heard each year, the colour of the uniform would change, and everything, including the badges was customised". Filming took place in four forest locations in the area which included a [[Set (film and TV scenery)|set]] being built reflecting the 1990s. Art director Darani Gangeputra said, "A lot of natural sources were used to create the setups", further adding, "apart from this, we created a school, temple, and a tree house. We had 35 people from [[Bangalore]] and 15 people from the Keradi village, who helped us to study the culture".<ref name="tnie1">{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=The pillars of 'Kantara' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/27/the-pillars-of-kantara-2502158.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 October 2022 |date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002022856/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/27/the-pillars-of-kantara-2502158.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The set involved a village, including rustic homes with cowsheds, coops for hens, courtyards, areca plantations and an authentic Kambala racetrack. Shetty learned about the intricacies of Kambala and trained for four months before performing the sequence for the film in early 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daithota |first1=Madhu |title=How Rishabh Shetty raced buffaloes through slush to get the Kambala sequence right |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/how-rishabh-shetty-raced-buffaloes-through-slush-to-get-the-kambala-sequence-right/articleshow/89502118.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/how-rishabh-shetty-raced-buffaloes-through-slush-to-get-the-kambala-sequence-right/articleshow/89502118.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Main|Kantara (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The music of the film was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. Alongside him, 30–40 musicians were brought in. Mostly involving folk music represented using [[Jaanapada]] songs using traditional instruments, the team took was assisted by Mime Ramdas. Songs usually sung by common people during crop harvest and those popular among the tribals of the area were used as a part of the album and the background score.<ref name="tnie1"/><br />
<br />
The band [[Thaikkudam Bridge]] filed a lawsuit against the filmmakers, claiming the song "Varaha Roopam" was plagiarised from the band's song "[[Navarasam (album)|Navarasam]]".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Kerala-based music band Thaikkundam Bridge accuses Kantara film team of plagiarism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/kantaras-varaha-roopam-a-blatant-copy-of-thaikkudam-bridges-navarasam-alleges-band/articleshow/95068121.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024191503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/kantaras-varaha-roopam-a-blatant-copy-of-thaikkudam-bridges-navarasam-alleges-band/articleshow/95068121.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> When the film was released on Amazon Prime, the song was modified with a new orchestral arrangement and vocals while the lyrics remained the same.<ref name="Nachiyar">{{cite news |last1=Nachiyar |first1=Nalme |date=24 November 2022 |title=Kantara on Prime: Rishab Shetty's blockbuster gets digital premiere with new version of 'Varaha Roopam' song |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kantara-on-prime-rishab-shettys-blockbuster-gets-digital-premiere-with-new-version-of-varaha-roopam-song/article66177527.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125023646/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kantara-on-prime-rishab-shettys-blockbuster-gets-digital-premiere-with-new-version-of-varaha-roopam-song/article66177527.ece |archive-date=25 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The case was quashed by the Kerala High Court in 2023 after the parties involved reached a private settlement, and the original song was returned to the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/high-courts/kantara-movie-varaharoopam-song-copyright-kerala-hc-quashes-case-against-makers-1501768 |title='Varaharoopam' Song: Dispute is Private in Nature & Settlement Can be Accepted- Kerala HC Quashes Copyright Case Against 'Kantara' Movie |date=30 October 2023 |work=Verdictum}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Kantara'' was released in theatres in Kannada on 30 September 2022 in more than 250 theatres across [[Karnataka]], and simultaneously in the US, UK, Europe, Middle East and Australia among other places globally.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara' to release in 250-plus theatres across Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/26/rishab-shettys-kantara-to-release-in-250-plus-theatres-across-karnataka-2501831.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007161859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/26/rishab-shettys-kantara-to-release-in-250-plus-theatres-across-karnataka-2501831.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the success in Kannada, the makers announced that the film will be dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] languages and was released on 14 October 2022 in Hindi and 15 October 2022 in Telugu and Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-rishab-shetty-starrer-kannada-blockbuster-to-release-in-hindi-on-october-14-2991382/amp |title=Kantara: Rishab Shetty starrer Kannada blockbuster to release in Hindi on THIS date |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165512/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-rishab-shetty-starrer-kannada-blockbuster-to-release-in-hindi-on-october-14-2991382/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kantara-tamil-dubbed-version-to-release-on-october-15/articleshow/94815547.cms |title='Kantara' Tamil dubbed version to release on 15 October |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kantara-tamil-dubbed-version-to-release-on-october-15/articleshow/94815547.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Though the Hindi version was announced to be released in over 800 screens across the country,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hindi-version-of-kannada-blockbuster-kantara-to-release-on-october-14/articleshow/94750736.cms |title=Hindi version of Kannada blockbuster 'Kantara' to release on October 14 – the Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010033251/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hindi-version-of-kannada-blockbuster-kantara-to-release-on-october-14/articleshow/94750736.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> later it was reported to be released in 2500 screens in the Hindi version.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-movie-dubbed-into-hindi-and-will-release-in-2500-scenes/articleshow/94804867.cms |title=ಹಿಂದಿಗೆ ಡಬ್ ಆದ ರಿಷಬ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿಯ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ'; ಬರೋಬ್ಬರಿ 2500 ಸ್ಕ್ರೀನ್ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಿಲೀಸ್! |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015103712/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-movie-dubbed-into-hindi-and-will-release-in-2500-scenes/articleshow/94804867.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Following a social media campaign based on the film's connection to [[Tulu people|Tulu culture]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2022 |title=Kantara to get a Tulu version soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/oct/19/kantara-to-get-a-tulu-version-soon-2509510.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125024719/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/oct/19/kantara-to-get-a-tulu-version-soon-2509510.html |url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Tulu language]] dub of the film was announced, with a release date of 25 November 2022 outside of India and 2 December in India.<ref name="Nachiyar"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-version-of-kantara-to-be-released-in-india-on-december-2/article66182719.ece |title=Tulu version of 'Kantara' to be released in India on December 2 |date=25 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205165459/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-version-of-kantara-to-be-released-in-india-on-december-2/article66182719.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> It became the first [[Kannada]] movie to be released in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-becomes-the-first-ever-kannada-movie-to-be-screened-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam/articleshow/95007968.cms |title='Kantara' becomes the first ever Kannada movie to be screened in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123162954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-becomes-the-first-ever-kannada-movie-to-be-screened-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam/articleshow/95007968.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Disney Star|Star India Network]] for the Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Tulu languages. The rights of the Hindi version were acquired by [[Sony Max]]. The digital rights of the film were secured by [[Amazon Prime Video]], and was digitally streamed from 24 November 2022 in [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-on-ott-rishab-shettys-blockbuster-to-begin-streaming-in-november/93f1eab6cb648 |title=Kantara on OTT: Rishab Shetty's blockbuster to begin streaming in November? |website=OTTplay |quote=The film's satellite and digitsls were already sold to Star Suvarna and Amazon Prime Video respectively. |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026065415/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-on-ott-rishab-shettys-blockbuster-to-begin-streaming-in-november/93f1eab6cb648 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-gets-ott-release-to-premiere-on-november-24-report-2298472-2022-11-17 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara gets OTT release, to premiere on November 24: Report |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117133111/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-gets-ott-release-to-premiere-on-november-24-report-2298472-2022-11-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] version was streamed on [[Netflix]] from 9 December 2022, and was also announced by the platform that an English dubbed version of the film will be available for streaming in January 2023, but delayed it to 1 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/07/rishab-shetty-kantara-english-hindi-dubbed-version-netflix.html |title=Now, Netflix to release English dubbed version of 'Kantara' |website=[[Onmanorama]] |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209103438/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/07/rishab-shetty-kantara-english-hindi-dubbed-version-netflix.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=English version of 'Kantara' to be out on Netflix from March 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Feb/06/english-version-of-kantara-to-be-out-on-netflix-from-march-1-2544681.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
The first day net collection was estimated to be 3.5{{ndash}}4.25 crore with a gross of around ₹6 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara all set to break records? |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/rishab-shettys-kantara-all-set-to-break-records |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=udayavani.com |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007105105/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/rishab-shettys-kantara-all-set-to-break-records |url-status=live}}</ref> The first weekend gross collection was reported to be ₹22.3 crore (with net collection of around 19 crore to ₹23 crore).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Box Office Collection: The Rishab Shetty-Starrer Opens To A Strong Start |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kantara-box-office-collection-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-opens-to-a-strong-start-6091321.html |website=News 18 |date=3 October 2022 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008175754/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/kantara-box-office-collection-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-opens-to-a-strong-start-6091321.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated first week gross earning was reported to be around ₹38–50 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title='Kantara': How a Kannada film took on the mighty |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-how-a-kannada-film-took-on-the-mighty-1151618.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009080751/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-how-a-kannada-film-took-on-the-mighty-1151618.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The footfalls across Karnataka was estimated to be more than 19 lakh in the first week of its release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara witnesses blockbuster footfalls in theatres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Oct/08/kantara-witnesses-blockbuster-footfalls-in-theatres-2505766.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=October 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009082154/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/oct/08/kantara-witnesses-blockbuster-footfalls-in-theatres-2505766.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film reportedly collected ₹4.3 crores on its 11th day, which was the highest for a Kannada film on second Monday.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office collection: Extraordinary run continues, Beats KGF Chapter 2 in Karnataka on Second Monday |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-extraordinary-run-continues-beats-kgf-chapter-2-in-karnataka-on-second-monday-1194451 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145109/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-extraordinary-run-continues-beats-kgf-chapter-2-in-karnataka-on-second-monday-1194451 |url-status=live}}</ref> The footfalls of the film was estimated to be around 40 lakhs by the time it grossed ₹60 crore.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 October 2022 |title=Kannada film 'Kantara' storms the box office |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/kannada-film-kantara-storms-the-box-office-11665724360006.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015103712/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/kannada-film-kantara-storms-the-box-office-11665724360006.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On its second Tuesday, the film was reported to have higher domestic net collections than both ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' and ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-does-more-business-than-ps1-godfather-101665560644756.html |title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty film outdoes Ponniyin Selvan I, GodFather in national earnings on day 12 |date=12 October 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012152731/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-does-more-business-than-ps1-godfather-101665560644756.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kantara'' also earned more than these films in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-rishabh-shettys-film-beats-ps1-godfather-in-karnataka-chiranjeevi-mani-ratnam-8204419/#:~:text=The%20Kannada%20film%20has%20now,to%20make%20Rs%205%20crore |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty's visual treat races ahead of Ponniyin Selvan-1, GodFather in Karnataka |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123163404/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-rishabh-shettys-film-beats-ps1-godfather-in-karnataka-chiranjeevi-mani-ratnam-8204419/#:~:text=The%20Kannada%20film%20has%20now,to%20make%20Rs%205%20crore |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was reported to have collected over ₹70 crore in Karnataka alone by the end of the second week.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty film crosses ₹70 crore gross in Karnataka, inches closer to ₹100 cr globally |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-inches-closer-to-100-crore-worldwide-101665726122428.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015200302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-inches-closer-to-100-crore-worldwide-101665726122428.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film's success extended beyond traditional markets. In North America, the movied collected $2.5 million, surpassing several Bollywood releases at that time. Middle East ''Kantara'' generated $3.7 million in ticket sales, and in Australia/New Zealand the film's collection reached $800,000 within three weeks<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Sameer |date=25 January 2025 |title=Kantara Day Box Office Collection: : A Phenomenal Success Story |url=https://www.hindkranti.com/entertainment/kantara-day-box-office-collection/1141/ |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Hind Kranti}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film crossed the ₹100 crore mark within 15–17 days.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty's film is 6th biggest Kannada movie ever. See who else is on the list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015120514/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-s-film-is-6th-biggest-kannada-movie-see-list-101665820758483.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected ₹36.5 crore in its third weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Box Office Collection: Rishab Shetty's Kannada Film Collects Rs 36.50 Crore On Weekend, To Cross Rs 100 Crore Mark Today |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-kannada-film-collects-rs-3650-crore-on-weekend-to-cross-rs-100-crore-mark-today-10051988 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=english.jagran.com |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017124539/https://english.jagran.com/lite/entertainment/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-kannada-film-collects-rs-3650-crore-on-weekend-to-cross-rs-100-crore-mark-today-10051988 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹150 crore mark in 18 days.<ref>{{cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=19 October 2022 |title='कांतारा'ची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर यशस्वी घौडदौड सुरूच! पार केला 150 कोटींचा टप्पा! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kantara-box-office-collection-crosses-150-cr-in-18-days-1111971 |website=ABP Marathi |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024081237/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kantara-box-office-collection-crosses-150-cr-in-18-days-1111971 |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹170 crore including ₹150 crore in India<ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty's film overtakes Kiccha Sudeep's Vikrant Rona, is now third-highest grossing Kannada film ever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-vikrant-rona-8219995/ |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020064328/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-vikrant-rona-8219995/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and 111 crores in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Kantara Box Office Collection: Rishabh Shetty's Magnum Opus Surpasses Yash's KGF in Karnataka |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kantara-box-office-collection-rishabh-shettys-magnum-opus-surpasses-yashs-kgf-in-karnataka-6236929.html |website=News18 |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027042232/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kantara-box-office-collection-rishabh-shettys-magnum-opus-surpasses-yashs-kgf-in-karnataka-6236929.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹170.05 to ₹175 crores at the end of three weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Box Office Collection: बॉलीवुड की कमर तोड़ने आ गई 'कांतारा', तीन हफ्तों में की ताबड़तोड़ कमाई |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-crosses-200-crore-soon-at-worldwide-kangana-ranaut-to-prabhas-praises-movie-23154858.html |website=Dainik Jagran |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027042222/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-film-crosses-200-crore-soon-at-worldwide-kangana-ranaut-to-prabhas-praises-movie-23154858.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The worldwide gross was reported to be ₹188 crores with ₹170 in India alone and ₹32 crores in the fourth weekend.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title='Kantara' beats Yash-starrer 'KGF' to become second highest-grossing Kannada film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-beats-yash-starrer-kgf-to-become-second-highest-grossing-kannada-film-1156591.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027042221/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-beats-yash-starrer-kgf-to-become-second-highest-grossing-kannada-film-1156591.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected US$1&nbsp;million in North America and 200K AUD in [[Australia]], thereby becoming the first Kannada film to achieve those landmarks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara global Box Office: Rishabh Shetty's film crosses USD 1 million in North America, 250000 AUD in Australia |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-global-box-office-rishabh-shettys-film-crosses-usd-1-million-in-north-america-250000-aud-in-australia-2525789.html/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024112322/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-global-box-office-rishabh-shettys-film-crosses-usd-1-million-in-north-america-250000-aud-in-australia-2525789.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> With a footfall of ₹77 lakhs in less than 4 weeks, it became the most viewed film in Karnataka among all the films produced by ''Hombale Films''.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office: Here's how Rishab Shetty starrer surpassed KGF 2 in Karnataka |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-how-rishab-shetty-starrer-surpassed-kgf-2-in-karnataka-8229203/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025143314/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-how-rishab-shetty-starrer-surpassed-kgf-2-in-karnataka-8229203/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹200 crore mark in 25 days with a gross collection of ₹211.5 crore, including ₹196.95 crore from India alone.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth reviews Kantara, says 'hats off to you Rishab Shetty' – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-reviews-kantara-says-hats-off-to-you-rishab-shetty-2289658-2022-10-26 |accessdate=28 October 2022 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027133144/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-reviews-kantara-says-hats-off-to-you-rishab-shetty-2289658-2022-10-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed ₹126 crores in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Box Office Collection: Rishab Shetty's Movie Crosses Rs 200 Crore Mark In India, Creates THIS Record |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-movie-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-in-india-creates-this-record-10052744 |access-date=28 October 2022 |publisher=English.jagran.com |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027133144/https://english.jagran.com/lite/entertainment/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-movie-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-in-india-creates-this-record-10052744 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The film crossed the ₹250 crore mark in less than a month of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2022 |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty's film is the second-biggest grosser of Kannada film industry, Hindi version expected to top Rs 50 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-film-is-the-second-biggest-grosses-of-kannada-film-industry-8236398/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029173400/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shettys-film-is-the-second-biggest-grosses-of-kannada-film-industry-8236398/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The domestic net collections of all the versions crossed ₹200 crore in 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty starrer crosses Rs 200 crore mark in India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-starrer-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-in-india-2996781/amp |website=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029173413/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-starrer-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-in-india-2996781/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed ₹1.06 crore at the UK box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After the USA, 'Kantara' shows its magic at the UK box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/after-the-usa-kantara-shows-its-magic-at-the-uk-box-office/articleshow/95202118.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 November 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103000315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/after-the-usa-kantara-shows-its-magic-at-the-uk-box-office/articleshow/95202118.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹280 crore in 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Kantara box office: Rishab Shetty's film inches closer to Rs 300 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-inches-closer-to-rs-300-crore-8242299/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101171054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-inches-closer-to-rs-300-crore-8242299/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The footfalls crossed 80 lakhs in 32 days in Karnataka alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=How Hombale Films became the most successful Pan Indian production house with Rishab Shetty's Kantara? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-hombale-films-became-the-most-successful-pan-indian-production-house-with-rishab-shettys-kantara-11547821.html/amp |website=Firstpost |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101173128/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-hombale-films-became-the-most-successful-pan-indian-production-house-with-rishab-shettys-kantara-11547821.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie crossed the 300 crore gross collection milestone in 33 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara crosses Rs 300 crore at the box office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Nov/02/kantara-crosses-rs-300-crore-at-box-office-2514052.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102124801/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/nov/02/kantara-crosses-rs-300-crore-at-box-office-2514052.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed ₹65 crore in its fifth week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=Kantara box office collections; Biggest fifth week in India beating Baahubali 2, Tops 300 crores worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-biggest-fifth-week-in-india-beating-baahubali-2-tops-300-crores-worldwide-1197477 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104155602/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-biggest-fifth-week-in-india-beating-baahubali-2-tops-300-crores-worldwide-1197477 |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹325 crore worldwide in 36 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=Kantara's Rishab Shetty recalls selling water cans to make ends meet before stardom: 'For 10 years, I had to survive' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-recalls-selling-water-cans-to-make-ends-meet-before-stardom-101667659745295.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113022745/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-recalls-selling-water-cans-to-make-ends-meet-before-stardom-101667659745295.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Its sixth weekend collection of ₹25.5 crores was reported to be the highest sixth weekend collection as well as the highest sixth week collection for an Indian movie beating the record of ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' which had collected ₹22.20 crores in its sixth week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=Kantara box office collections; Records biggest Sixth Week ever in weekend itself, Crosses 300 crores in India |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-records-biggest-sixth-week-ever-in-weekend-itself-crosses-300-crores-in-india-1197831 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108095338/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kantara-box-office-collections-records-biggest-sixth-week-ever-in-weekend-itself-crosses-300-crores-in-india-1197831 |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was reported to have grossed around ₹350 to ₹355 crores in 41 days with a footfall of more than 1 crore in Karnataka alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Explained: How Rishab Shetty's Kantara surpassed Pushpa at the box office? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-how-rishab-shettys-kantara-surpassed-pushpa-at-the-box-office-11602481.html/amp |website=Firstpost |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110102411/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-how-rishab-shettys-kantara-surpassed-pushpa-at-the-box-office-11602481.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was reported to have grossed ₹360 crores in 44 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=From Kantara To Ponniyin Selvan-1, Know The Highest Grossing Movies In 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=[[News 18]] |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111141709/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-brahmastra-to-ponniyin-selvan-1-know-the-highest-grossing-movies-in-2022-6361477.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The collections of the non-Hindi version was reported to be ₹280 crores at the end of six weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=wakanda forever: Box-office report: 'Kantara' mints Rs 330 cr across India; 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' collects Rs 15 cr on Day 1 – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/box-office-report-kantara-mints-rs-330-cr-across-india-black-panther-wakanda-forever-collects-rs-15-cr-on-day-1/articleshow/95475928.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=12 November 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112140235/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/box-office-report-kantara-mints-rs-330-cr-across-india-black-panther-wakanda-forever-collects-rs-15-cr-on-day-1/articleshow/95475928.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> While the collections in Karnataka reached ₹180 crore, the domestic gross collections reached ₹275 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kantara-movie-collection-1-crore-tickets-of-rishab-shetty-movie-sold-in-karnataka/articleshow/95421365.cms |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ' ಚಿತ್ರದ 1 ಕೋಟಿ ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಸೇಲ್; ಈವರೆಗಿನ ಒಟ್ಟು ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kantara-movie-collection-1-crore-tickets-of-rishab-shetty-movie-sold-in-karnataka/articleshow/95421365.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was reported to have collected around ₹370 to ₹377 crores at the end of 50-day theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-completes-50-days-in-theatres-still-going-strong-at-box-office-2298821-2022-11-18 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara completes 50 days in theatres, still going strong at box office |website=India Today |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shettys-kantara-completes-50-days-in-theatres-still-going-strong-at-box-office-2298821-2022-11-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its seventh week collection of ₹24 crores was the highest for an Indian movie surpassing ₹11 crores collected by ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' in its seventh week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rishab-shettys-kantara-completes-50-day-run-at-box-office-nears-350-crore-mark-6414925.html |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara Completes 50-day Run at Box Office, Nears 350-crore Mark |website=News18 |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182635/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rishab-shettys-kantara-completes-50-day-run-at-box-office-nears-350-crore-mark-6414925.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The worldwide gross collections crossed the 400 crore mark in 53 days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-remains-unbeatable-crosses-monumental-mark-of-rs-400-cr-at-worldwide-box-office-collections-2538658.html/amp |title=Kantara remains unbeatable, crosses monumental mark of Rs 400 cr at worldwide Box Office collections! |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122162548/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/kantara-remains-unbeatable-crosses-monumental-mark-of-rs-400-cr-at-worldwide-box-office-collections-2538658.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/kantara-crosses-rs-400-cr-mark-heres-how-much-actors-got-paid |title='Kantara' crosses Rs. 400 cr mark: Here's how much actors got paid |website=udayavani.com |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182637/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/kantara-crosses-rs-400-cr-mark-heres-how-much-actors-got-paid |url-status=live}}</ref> The domestic collections of the movie was reported to be the third highest of the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kantara-single-handedly-rescues-a-dull-october-at-the-box-office-ormax-report/cid/1899595 |title=Kantara single-handedly rescues a dull October at the box office: Ormax report |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kantara-single-handedly-rescues-a-dull-october-at-the-box-office-ormax-report/cid/1899595 |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie completed 50-day theatrical run in Australia, [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-why-rishab-shetty-refuses-to-work-in-bollywood-after-kantaras-box-office-success-11729161.html/amp |title=Explained: Why Rishab Shetty refuses to work in Bollywood after Kantara's box office success |date=1 December 2022 |website=Firstpost |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209015634/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-why-rishab-shetty-refuses-to-work-in-bollywood-after-kantaras-box-office-success-11729161.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> India's largest [[Hindi]] language newspaper ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' reported the collections to be ₹446 crores at the end of 68 days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/kantara-tumbbad-box-office-collection-records-comparison-130644725.html |title=446 करोड़ कमाने वाली कांतारा की तुलना तुंबाड से: 21 साल में बनी थी तुंबाड, 21 में से 3 अवॉर्ड फिल्मफेयर के |date=6 December 2022 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/kantara-tumbbad-box-office-collection-records-comparison-130644725.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie crossed the ₹450 crores mark in 74 days.<ref name=":450">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hrithik-roshan-says-kantara-climax-gave-him-goosebumps-rishab-shetty-has-best-reply-6595483.html |title=Hrithik Roshan Says Kantara Climax Gave Him 'Goosebumps,' Rishab Shetty Has Best Reply |date=14 December 2022 |website=News18 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212100918/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hrithik-roshan-says-kantara-climax-gave-him-goosebumps-rishab-shetty-has-best-reply-6595483.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-actor-director-rishab-shetty-responds-to-nawazuddin-siddiquis-jealousy-comment-calls-him-inspiration/articleshow/96196450.cms |title=Rishab shetty: Kantara actor-director Rishab Shetty responds to Nawazuddin Siddiqui's "jealousy" comment, calls him "inspiration" - the Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=13 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218230926/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-actor-director-rishab-shetty-responds-to-nawazuddin-siddiquis-jealousy-comment-calls-him-inspiration/articleshow/96196450.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kamal-haasan-reveals-kantara-blew-his-mind-says-those-days-are-returning-rishab-shetty-reacts-6604279.html |title=Kamal Haasan Reveals Kantara Blew His Mind, Says 'Those Days Are Returning'; Rishab Shetty Reacts |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182633/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kamal-haasan-reveals-kantara-blew-his-mind-says-those-days-are-returning-rishab-shetty-reacts-6604279.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-kantara-review-rishab-shetty-8319459/ |title=Hrithik Roshan reviews Kantara, says climax gave him goosebumps: 'Top notch storytelling, direction and acting…' |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219173819/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-kantara-review-rishab-shetty-8319459/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/what-to-watch-this-weekend-on-otttheatre-kantara-bhediya-and-more-537445/amp |title=What to watch on theatres/OTT this weekend – 'Kantara', 'Bhediya' and more |website=wionews.com |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175128/https://www.wionews.com/photos/what-to-watch-this-weekend-on-otttheatre-kantara-bhediya-and-more-537445/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Udayavani]]'' reported the collections to have breached the ₹500 crore mark.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/rishab-shettys-kantara-sent-for-oscars-2023-consideration |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara sent for Oscars 2023 consideration |website=udayavani.com |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184142/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/rishab-shettys-kantara-sent-for-oscars-2023-consideration |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Telugu version ====<br />
The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version grossed ₹5&nbsp;crore on its first day.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kantara' day 3 Box-office collections: The film reportedly holds well on weekdays too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kantara-day-3-box-office-collections-the-film-reportedly-holds-well-on-weekdays-too/articleshow/94935686.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027042221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kantara-day-3-box-office-collections-the-film-reportedly-holds-well-on-weekdays-too/articleshow/94935686.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version grossed ₹21.15 crore in its first week.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2022 |title=Rishab Shetty Kantara Telugu Movie One Week Collections {{!}} ఏడురోజులకు ఐదురెట్ల లాభాలు.. ఆగని కాంతారా కాసుల వర్షం News in Telugu |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/rishab-shetty-kantara-telugu-movie-one-week-collections-80169/ |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=zeenews.india.com |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153913/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/rishab-shetty-kantara-telugu-movie-one-week-collections-80169 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version grossed ₹28&nbsp;crore in 10 days.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kantara' Telugu box office collection Day 10: Rishab Shetty's film continues to set cash registers ringing in Telugu market, earns Rs 27. 6 cr &#124; Telugu Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kantara-telugu-box-office-collection-day-10-rishab-shettys-film-continues-to-set-cash-registers-ringing-in-telugu-market-earns-rs-27-6-cr/articleshow/95122738.cms |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704155458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kantara-telugu-box-office-collection-day-10-rishab-shettys-film-continues-to-set-cash-registers-ringing-in-telugu-market-earns-rs-27-6-cr/articleshow/95122738.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version also grossed ₹9 crore in 4 days (from 21 to 24 October) outperforming other Diwali releases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara box office: Here's how Rishab Shetty starrer surpassed KGF 2 in Karnataka |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-how-rishab-shetty-starrer-surpassed-kgf-2-in-karnataka-8229203/lite/ |accessdate=28 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027135540/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-how-rishab-shetty-starrer-surpassed-kgf-2-in-karnataka-8229203/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From 2.0 To Kantara, Highest Grossing Telugu Dubbed Films of All Time |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-2-0-to-kantara-highest-grossing-telugu-dubbed-films-of-all-time-6261343.html |website=News18 |date=28 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113022745/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-2-0-to-kantara-highest-grossing-telugu-dubbed-films-of-all-time-6261343.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie collected ₹50.30 crore in 25 days run from the Telugu states.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/131122/kantara-ott-release-gets-delayed.html |title=Kantara OTT release gets delayed |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 November 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115144848/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/sandalwood/131122/kantara-ott-release-gets-delayed.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version grossed ₹60&nbsp;crore in 39 days with a net collection of ₹42&nbsp;crore during the same period.<ref name=":400ht">{{cite web |title=Kantara crossed 400 crore mark |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-crosses-400-crore-beats-kgf-2-s-haul-in-karnataka-101669109214166.html |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122100912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-crosses-400-crore-beats-kgf-2-s-haul-in-karnataka-101669109214166.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Hindi version ====<br />
The first-day net collection of the [[Hindi]] version was reported to be around ₹1.27–1.5&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Hindi Box Office Day 1: Rishab Shetty Film Beats Rocketry, GodFather, Opens at Rs 1.27 Cr |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kantara-hindi-box-office-day-1-rishab-shetty-film-beats-rocketry-godfather-opens-at-rs-1-27-cr-6172423.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=News18 |date=15 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016111958/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kantara-hindi-box-office-day-1-rishab-shetty-film-beats-rocketry-godfather-opens-at-rs-1-27-cr-6172423.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first-weekend collection of the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] version was ₹8 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Hindi box office collection Day 3: Rishab Shetty's film earns Rs 8 crore in first weekend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-3-rs-8-crore-in-north-first-weekend-2286116-2022-10-17 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=17 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017145954/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-3-rs-8-crore-in-north-first-weekend-2286116-2022-10-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie earned nett collections of ₹15 crore in the Hindi version at the end of its first week run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Hindi box office collection Day 7: Rishab Shetty's film continues to impress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-7-rishab-shettys-film-continues-to-impress-2287940-2022-10-21 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=21 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022070109/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-7-rishab-shettys-film-continues-to-impress-2287940-2022-10-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> The net collections of the Hindi version was ₹29.1&nbsp;crore in 13 days, crossing the lifetime domestic net collections of the Hindi version of ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zee |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara stays strong in Hindi market, mints Rs 29.1 Cr Nett in second week |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-stays-strong-in-hindi-market-mints-rs-29-1-cr-nett-in-second-week-2527215.html/amp |accessdate=28 October 2022 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027141045/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rishab-shetty-s-kantara-stays-strong-in-hindi-market-mints-rs-29-1-cr-nett-in-second-week-2527215.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The nett collections of the Hindi version was ₹31.7 crore at the end of two weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Hindi box office collection day 15: Rishab Shetty's film is unstoppable! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-15-rishab-shettys-film-is-unstoppable-2290810-2022-10-29 |website=India Today |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103000315/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-15-rishab-shettys-film-is-unstoppable-2290810-2022-10-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> The nett collections of the Hindi version at the end of 3 weeks was ₹51.50 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Hindi Box Office Collection Day 21: 'कांतारा' की सुनामी में उड़ा बॉक्स ऑफिस, हिन्दी में की धांसू कमाई |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-21-tsunami-of-kantara-blows-box-office-earns-more-tha-50-crores-in-21-days-23181731.html |website=Dainik Jagran |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104191734/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-21-tsunami-of-kantara-blows-box-office-earns-more-tha-50-crores-in-21-days-23181731.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movie collected ₹2.10 crore on its fourth Friday which was higher than the three new Hindi releases of that week.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=Kantara box office collection: There's no stopping Rishab Shetty's film as Hindi version crosses Rs 50 crore mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanatara-box-office-collection-theres-no-stopping-rishab-shettys-film-8251310/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106162640/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kanatara-box-office-collection-theres-no-stopping-rishab-shettys-film-8251310/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the film running for three weeks, it saw its highest ever box office number (₹4.5 crore) on its fourth Sunday, taking the total nett collections to ₹62.40 crore at the end of 24 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Hindi box office collection Day 24: Rishab Shetty's film registers highest collection so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-24-rishab-shetty-film-registers-highest-collection-so-far-2294395-2022-11-07 |website=India Today |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107164825/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-24-rishab-shetty-film-registers-highest-collection-so-far-2294395-2022-11-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of four weeks, it collected ₹69.75 crore nett.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-28-rishab-shettys-film-refuses-to-slow-down-2295904-2022-11-11 |title=Kantara Hindi box office collection Day 28: Rishab Shetty's film refuses to slow down |website=India Today |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114114701/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-hindi-box-office-collection-day-28-rishab-shettys-film-refuses-to-slow-down-2295904-2022-11-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of five weeks, it collected ₹79.25 crore nett.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kantara/box-office/ |title=Kantara Box Office Collection &#124; Box Office – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 October 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121072550/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kantara/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version grossed ₹96&nbsp;crore in 39 days with a nett collections of ₹82&nbsp;crore.<ref name=":400ht" /> Its gross of ₹12.7&nbsp;crore in the eighth week was the highest grossing eighth week collection for a Hindi movie breaking the 21-year-old record of ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001) which had grossed ₹7&nbsp;crore in its eighth week.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} It earned 80 times its first day net collections – the highest for a dubbed movie.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=six|average=7.9|ref=yes}}<br />
<br />
Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "[[Rishab Shetty]] succeeds in meticulously bringing a tale of myths, legends and superstition, and that too in his native dialect". He commended the acting performances of Shetty and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], and further wrote, "The locations are colourful and vivid, and the background music by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] represents the ethos of the land. Cinematographer Arvind S Kashyap's meditative shots showcase the native culture and capture the rustic locales in their grandeur. The filming of the Kambala sequences... is testimony to his brilliant takes".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title='Kantara' movie review: Rishab Shetty bats for folklore and native culture in his latest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-movie-review-rishab-shetty-bats-for-folklore-and-native-culture-in-his-latest/article65954798.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en-IN |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001210710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-movie-review-rishab-shetty-bats-for-folklore-and-native-culture-in-his-latest/article65954798.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called the film "a compelling revenge-action drama with a neat blend of crime and divinity". Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' called the film "a visual grandeur" and rated the film 4/5, commending the acting performances while writing that the "biggest take away is the pre-climax and climax, which is conceived and performed to perfection".<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. |first1=Sridevi |title=Kantara review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kantara/movie-review/94547153.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2022 |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002015916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kantara/movie-review/94547153.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The reviewer for ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated that the film was presented by Shetty "in his self-referential tale in the garb of a [[masala film]] that is not only entertaining but also uncannily original". They wrote, "Rishab Shetty, the actor, is particularly effective in the film and that's because he is fully aware of the pitch and tone of his performance. He looks the right shape and size for a Kambala sportsman and exudes a fine balance of naivety and arrogance when it comes to the 'manly' side of his personality". However, they felt that the "writing falters a bit" in that "repetitive scenes dished out about... ideological differences" of the central characters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara review: Rishab Shetty's film is vivid, powerful and just pure fun |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kantara-review-rishab-shetty-s-film-vivid-powerful-and-just-pure-fun-168430 |website=The News Minute |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002032315/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kantara-review-rishab-shetty-s-film-vivid-powerful-and-just-pure-fun-168430 |url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and praised the performance of Shetty while calling the music "also a star of the film that not only supports the narrative but elevates it as well". She criticized the portrayal of Leela, the love interest of the lead character as having "not really one-note" and that she was used as "an attractive lamppost".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sundar |first1=Priyanka |title=Kantara Movie Review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kantara-movie-review-a-vibrant-and-mythical-tale-with-just-the-right-drama-11360461.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002032312/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kantara-movie-review-a-vibrant-and-mythical-tale-with-just-the-right-drama-11360461.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vivek M. V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and felt the same in relation to Leela's character, while adding that the plotline meant Kishore's performance was "forced to remain one-note". However, he felt the music and cinematography make it "a technical marvel". He further wrote, "Having shared the screen with gifted actors, it has taken a career-best effort from Rishab to emerge the best".<ref>{{cite web |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek |title='Kantara' review: Rishab shines in a technical marvel |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-review-rishab-shines-in-a-technical-marvel-1149567.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930072148/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kantara-review-rishab-shines-in-a-technical-marvel-1149567.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
[[File:The President Droupadi Murmu confers 'Medal Rajat' to the Director & Actor Shri Rishab Shetty for Best Actor in a Leading Role Kantara (Kannada) at the 70th National Film Awards on October 08, 2024.jpg|thumb|The President [[Droupadi Murmu]] confers the 'Rajat Kamal' to the Director & Actor Shri Rishab Shetty for Best Actor in a Leading Role for ''Kantara'' ([[Kannada]]) at the [[70th National Film Awards]] ceremony at Vigyan Bhavan, in New Delhi on 8 October 2024]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Ceremony<br />
! Category<br />
! Recipient(s)<br />
! Result<br />
! {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[70th National Film Awards|2024]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]<br />
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| [[Rishab Shetty]]<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|<ref name="BA">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kantara-aattam-uunchai-ponniyin-selvan-india-national-film-awards-1236108745/ |title='Kantara,' 'Aattam,' 'Uunchai,' 'Ponniyin Selvan' Among Winners at India's National Film Awards |date=16 August 2024 |work=Variety |access-date=16 August 2024 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816161837/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kantara-aattam-uunchai-ponniyin-selvan-india-national-film-awards-1236108745/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|<ref name="BPF">{{cite web |access-date=16 August 2024 |title=KGF 2, Kantara Win Big At 70th National Film Awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/70th-national-film-awards-kgf-2-wins-best-kannada-film-kantara-bags-best-film-providing-wholesome-entertainment-award-6350057 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Legacy and impact==<br />
The [[Government of Karnataka]], in response to the movie, has initiated a monthly allowance for [[Buta Kola]] performers who are above the age of 60.<ref name="MSN 2022">{{cite web |title=Kantara, a film with impact: Karnataka Government announces monthly allowance for Daiva Narthakas |publisher=MSN |date=20 October 2022 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kantara-a-film-with-impact-karnataka-government-announces-monthly-allowance-for-daiva-narthakas/ar-AA13buMS |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020195840/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/kantara-a-film-with-impact-karnataka-government-announces-monthly-allowance-for-daiva-narthakas/ar-AA13buMS |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prequel ==<br />
{{Main|Kantara: Chapter 1}}<br />
<br />
It was said that in [[Mangalore]], Shetty had sought the permission of the god Panjurli to film a prequel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kantara 2 confirmed! Rishab Shetty gets local God's consent for Kantara sequel. Read here |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-2-confirmed-rishab-shetty-gets-local-gods-consent-for-kantara-sequel-read-here/articleshow/96224215.cms |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111034022/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-2-confirmed-rishab-shetty-gets-local-gods-consent-for-kantara-sequel-read-here/articleshow/96224215.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The prequel titled ''Kantara: Chapter 1'' began filming in November 2023. The first look was released on 27 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The wait is finally over! Here's when Kantara: Chapter 1 first look will be unveiled |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/rishab-shetty-and-hombale-films-kantara-prequel-first-look-to-be-unveiled-soon-film-titled-kantara-chapter-1/na20231125093941944944662 |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=25 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 2nd October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2024 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 release date: Rishab Shetty's prequel will be out next year on Gandhi Jayanti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-rishab-shettys-prequel-will-be-out-next-year-on-gandhi-jayanti-101731843479883.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117120638/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-rishab-shettys-prequel-will-be-out-next-year-on-gandhi-jayanti-101731843479883.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legal issues ==<br />
The song "Varaha Roopam" face legal issues when the popular Kerala band [[Thaikkudam Bridge]] accused the makers of plagiarism. They claimed "Varaha Roopam" bore similarities to their song [[Navarasam (album)|Navarasam]] and filed a lawsuit. The [[Kozhikode]] District Sessions Court imposed an interim injunction, temporarily barring the use of "Varaha Roopam" on streaming platforms without Thaikkudam Bridge's permission.<ref name=":0" /> The criminal proceedings were later quashed by the [[Kerala High Court]] pursuant to a settlement reached between the parties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jolly |first=Tellmy |date=28 October 2023 |title='Varaharoopam' Copyright Row : Kerala High Court Quashes Criminal Case Against 'Kantara' Makers Based On Settlement Between Parties |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-quashed-criminal-proceedings-varaharoopam-kantara-parties-settled-copyright-infringement-241083 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|15327088}}<br />
* {{Mojo title|id=15327088}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|kantara}}<br />
* [https://kantara.movie/ Kantara.movie]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rishab Shetty]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:AA Films films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1847]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1970]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous films]]<br />
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal&diff=546834Bengal2026-05-01T16:49:37Z<p>Taj25O2937005: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Region in the eastern Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bengal<br />
| image_map = Bengal in Asia.jpg<br />
| map_caption = Bengal region in Asia<br />
| native_name = {{unbulleted list<br />
| {{lang|bn|বঙ্গ}} {{transliteration|bn|Bôṅgô}}<br />
| {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{transliteration|bn|Bāṅlā}}}}<br />
| type = Region<br />
| subdivision_type = Continent<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Countries<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}} <br /> {{flag|India}} ([[West Bengal]], [[Karimganj district]] of [[Assam]])<br />
| established_title = [[Iron Age India]], [[Vedic India]], [[Suhma kingdom]], [[Pundravardhana]], [[Vanga kingdom]]<br />
| established_date = 1500 – c. 500 BCE<br />
| established_title1 = [[Gangaridai]], [[Nanda Empire]]<br />
| established_date1 = 500 – c. 350 BCE<br />
| established_title2 = [[Mauryan Empire]]<br />
| established_date2 = 4th century – 2nd century BCE<br />
| established_title3 = [[Shunga Empire]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Later Gupta dynasty]]<br />
| established_date3 = 185–75 BCE, 3rd century CE – 543 CE, 6th–7th century<br />
| established_title4 = [[Gauda Kingdom]]<br />
| established_date4 = 590–633 CE<br />
| established_title5 = [[Pala Empire]], [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]], [[Deva dynasty|Deva Empire]]<br />
| established_date5 = 8th–11th century, 11th–12th century, 12th–13th century<br />
| established_title6 = [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]<br />
| established_date6 = 1204–1339 CE, 1338–1576 CE<br />
| established_title7 = [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Mughal Empire]]), [[Nawabs of Bengal]]<br />
| established_date7 = 1565–1717 CE, 1717–1765 CE<br />
| extinct_title = [[Bengal Presidency]] ([[British India]])<br />
| extinct_date = 1765–1947 CE<br />
| official_name = <br />
| parts_type = Divisions<br />
| parts_style = list<br />
| p1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Barak Valley]]<br />
| p2 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Barisal division|Barisal]]<br />
| p3 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]<br />
| p4 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]<br />
| p5 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka division|Dhaka]]<br />
| p6 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]]<br />
| p7 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]<br />
| p8 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Malda division|Malda]]<br />
| p9 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]]<br />
| p10 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]]<br />
| p11 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br />
| p12 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]<br />
| p13 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]]<br />
| p14 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 239021<br />
| population_as_of = 2022<br />
| population_total = 273,610,384<br />
| population_density_km2 = 1144<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec2 = Time zone<br />
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[UTC+5:30]], [[UTC+6:00]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec2 = Internet [[top-level domain|TLD]]<br />
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[.bd]], [[.in]] (English)<br />[[.বাংলা]], [[.ভারত]] (Bengali)<br />
| blank5_name_sec2 = Largest urban areas<br />
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list<br />
|title= [[#Urban Areas|List]]<br />
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]]<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]]<br />
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Chittagong]]<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Siliguri]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}<br />
{{Bengalis}}<br />
[[File:Geographic distribution of Bengali language.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Bengali language.]]<br />
<br />
'''Bengal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}} {{respell|ben|GAWL}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bengal |title=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829074813/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bengal |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|bn|বঙ্গ|Bôṅgô}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔŋɡo|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বঙ্গ.wav}} or {{langx|bn|বাংলা|Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋla|pron}}}} is a [[geographical]], [[ethnolinguistic]], historically geopolitical region in [[South Asia]], located north of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Today, it is politically divided between the sovereign state of [[Bangladesh]], the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], and [[Karimganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<br />
<br />
The ancient [[Vanga Kingdom]] is widely regarded as the namesake of the Bengal region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |title=Vanga {{pipe}} ancient kingdom, India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The [[Bengali calendar]] dates back to the reign of [[Shashanka]] in the 7th century CE. The [[Pala Empire]] was founded in Bengal during the 8th century. The [[Sena dynasty]] and [[Deva dynasty]] ruled between the 11th and 13th centuries. By the 14th century, Bengal was absorbed by [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]. An independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] was formed and became the eastern frontier of the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;brand=ucpress |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/11/27/know-your-history |title=Know your history |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=27 November 2022}}</ref> During this period, Bengal's rule and influence spread to [[Assam]], [[Arakan]], [[Tripura]], [[Bihar]], and [[Odisha]] (formerly Orissa).<ref name="Lewis2011">David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-139-50257-3.</ref><ref>Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. "[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."</ref> [[Bengal Subah]] later emerged as a prosperous part of the [[Mughal Empire]].<br />
<br />
The last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]] was defeated in 1757 at the [[Battle of Plassey]] by the [[East India Company]]. The company's [[Bengal Presidency]] grew into the largest administrative unit of [[British India]] with [[Calcutta]] as the capital of both Bengal and India until 1911. As a result of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]], a short-lived province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] existed between 1905 and 1911 with its capital in the former Mughal capital [[Dhaka]]. Following the [[Sylhet referendum, 1947|Sylhet referendum]] and votes by the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] and [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], the region was again [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|divided along religious lines in 1947]].<br />
<br />
Bengali culture, particularly its [[Bengali literature|literature]], [[Bengali music|music]], [[Bangladeshi art|art]] and cinema, are well known in South Asia and beyond. The region is also notable for its economic and social scientists, which includes several [[Nobel laureate]]s. Once home to the city with the highest per capita income level in British India,<ref name="orfonline1">{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/looking-ahead-retrospectively-bangladeshi-perspective/ |title=Looking ahead retrospectively: A Bangladeshi perspective {{pipe}} ORF}}</ref> the region is today a leader in South Asia in terms of [[Gender Parity Index|gender parity]], the [[gender pay gap]] and other indices of [[Human Development Index|human development]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Pramit |date=25 December 2014 |title=Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |work=Mint |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/top-news/bangladesh-ahead-india-social-indicators-amartya-3540 |title=Bangladesh ahead of India in social indicators: Amartya |work=The Daily Star |date=23 February 2015 |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grover |first1=Priyamvada |date=11 October 2018 |title=Bangladesh is better off than India, not a poor, backward neighbour anymore |url=https://theprint.in/economy/bangladesh-is-better-off-than-india-not-a-poor-backward-neighbour-anymore/132363/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.undp.org/bangladesh/blog/new-directions-human-development-bangladesh |title=New directions for human development in Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh marches ahead of India in Global Gender Gap Index |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/bangladesh-marches-ahead-of-india-in-global-gender-gap-index/articleshow/72897529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}<br />
<br />
The name of ''Bengal'' is derived from the ancient kingdom of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (pronounced Bôngô),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Urmi |date=2014 |title=Bangladesh – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HelAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |publisher=Kuperard |pages=26– |isbn=978-1-85733-696-2}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Vanga |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the earliest records of which date back to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic in the [[first millennium BCE]].<ref name="britannica" /> The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (''Bāṅgālā'') and its earliest reference is in the [[Comilla District|Comilla]] copperplates (720 CE) of earlier Buddhist [[Deva dynasty|Deva]] King Ananda Deva, where he was mentioned as ''Sri Vaṅgāla Mrīgānka'', meaning the moon of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&dq=vangalamriganka&pg=PA462|title=Gold coins of the World|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1 |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Copperplates|title=Copperplates|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> The reference to 'Vangalam' is present in an inscription in the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], which is one of the oldest references to Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=10 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|quote=Also, we have the reference to 'Vangalam' in an inscription in the Vrihadeshwara temple at Tanjore in south India as one among the countries overrun by the Cholas. This is perhaps the earliest reference to Bengal as such.}}</ref> The term ''Vangaladesa'' is used to describe the region in 11th-century South Indian records.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=220 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.}}</ref><ref name="Allan1934">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=T. Wolseley |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |year=1934 |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145}}</ref><ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> In the early 12th-century Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]], the name ''Gaudabangala'' was mentioned to denote the whole [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.01172/page/n24/mode/1up|title=Itihas|author=Sukumar Sen|date=1366 |page=19}}</ref> The modern term ''Bangla'' became prominent from the 14th century, which saw the establishment of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]], whose first ruler [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] was known as the ''[[Shah]] of Bangala''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Perween |author-link=Perween Hasan |date=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA13 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=13– |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref> Arab geographers [[Ahmad ibn Majid]] and [[Sulaiman Al Mahri]] also mention the region as {{'}}''Bangala''{{'}} and the 'land of Bang'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58745-3 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] referred to the region as ''Bengala'' in the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |author1-link=Donald F. Lach |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |date=1998 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4t8S7BfgeIC&pg=PA1124 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=1124– |isbn=978-0-226-46768-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Bengal}}<br />
<br />
===Antiquity===<br />
{{See also|Vanga Kingdom|Gauda Kingdom|Samatata|Pala Empire|Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah}}<br />
[[File:WLA lacma West Bengal Vase with Processional Scenes ca 100 BC.jpg|thumb|left|Pottery with processional scenes from the [[Chandraketugarh|Chandraketugarh region]] of West Bengal, India, c. 100 BC]]<br />
[[File:Durga Mahishasuramardini slaying the Buffalo Demon, Bengal, India, or Bangladesh, Pala dynasty, 1100s AD, phyllite - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05056.jpg|thumb|left|Goddess Durga, Pala period, 10th century]] [[File:Delhi Sultanate Coin from Gaur, Bengal in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Coin featuring a horseman issued by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] celebrating the Muslim conquest of [[Lakhnauti]]|left]]<br />
[[File:Vanga coin (400-300 BCE).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Coinage of India#Origin of currency in Indian subcontinent|Coinage]] of [[Vanga Kingdom]], 400–300 BCE]]<br />
[[File:Atisha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Atisa]] of [[Bikrampur]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Neolithic]] sites have been found in several parts of the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Prehistory |title=Prehistory |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> In the second millennium BCE, rice-cultivating communities dotted the region. By the eleventh century BCE, people in Bengal lived in systematically aligned homes, produced copper objects, and crafted black and red pottery. Remnants of [[Copper Age]] settlements are located in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-50746 |title=Wari-Bateshwar: In search of origins |work=The Daily Star |date=18 August 2008}}</ref> At the advent of the [[Iron Age]], people in Bengal adopted iron-based weapons, tools and irrigation equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=d0e788&toc.depth=100&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760}}</ref> From 600&nbsp;BCE, the second wave of urbanisation engulfed the north Indian subcontinent as part of the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture. Ancient archaeological sites and cities in [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]], [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]], [[Mahasthangarh]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]] emerged. The [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna]] rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation.<ref name="google5" /> [[Estuary|Estuaries]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] allowed for [[maritime industry|maritime]] trade with distant lands in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.<ref name="google5" /><br />
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The ancient geopolitical divisions of Bengal included [[Varendra]], [[Suhma]], [[Anga]], [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Samatata]] and [[Harikela]]. These regions were often independent or under the rule of larger empires. The Mahasthan [[Brahmi]] Inscription indicates that Bengal was ruled by the [[Mauryan Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription|title=Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The inscription was an administrative order instructing relief for a distressed segment of the population.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Punch-marked coins]] found in the region indicate that [[coin]]s were used as currency during the Iron Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Punch_Marked_Coins|title=Punch Marked Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bb.org.bd/museum/collections/ancient.php|title=About Taka Museum|website=bb.org.bd}}</ref> The namesake of Bengal is the ancient Vanga Kingdom which was reputed as a naval power with overseas colonies. A prince from Bengal named [[Prince Vijaya|Vijaya]] founded the first kingdom in [[Sri Lanka]]. The two most prominent pan-Indian empires of this period included the Mauryans and the [[Gupta Empire]]. The region was a centre of artistic, political, social, spiritual and scientific thinking, including the invention of [[chess]], [[Indian numerals]], and the concept of [[zero]].<ref name="Murray 1913">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=H. J. R. |author-link=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Chess |publisher=Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press) |year=1913 |isbn=978-0-936317-01-4 |oclc=13472872 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchess00murr }}</ref><br />
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The region was known to the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Roman world|Romans]] as [[Gangaridai]].<ref name=Gangaridai>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai |title=Gangaridai |access-date=5 August 2015 |last=Chowdhury |first=AM |website=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602094443/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Greek ambassador [[Megasthenes]] chronicled its military strength and dominance of the [[Ganges delta]]. The invasion army of [[Alexander the Great]] was deterred by the accounts of Gangaridai's power in 325&nbsp;BCE, including a [[cavalry]] of [[war elephant]]s. Later Roman accounts noted maritime trade routes with Bengal. 1st century Roman coins with images of [[Hercules]] were found in the region and point to trade links with [[Roman Egypt]] through the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/112-1311/letter-from/1406-wari-bateshwar-ptolemy-sounagoura-indo-pacific-beads#art_page2 |title=A Family's Passion |magazine=Archaeology Magazine |date=November–December 2013}}</ref> The [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]] are believed to be the emporium (trading centre) of Sounagoura mentioned by Roman geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10081769/1/Man_and_Environment_Bangladesh_Archaeobotany_7_01_2019.pdf |title=Wari-Bateshwar and Vikrampura: 2 Successful Case Studies in Bangladesh 3 Archaeobotany |publisher=University College London |access-date=6 March 2023 |author=Mizanur Rahman |display-authors=et. al.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-28431 |title=Wari-Bateshwar one of earliest kingdoms |first1=Emran |last1=Hossain |date=19 March 2008 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> A Roman amphora was found in [[Purba Medinipur district]] of West Bengal which was made in [[Aelana]] (present-day Aqaba, [[Jordan]]) between the 4th and 7th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sebanti |date=19 February 2018 |title=In rural Bengal, an indefatigable relic hunter has uncovered a hidden chapter of history |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/868330/in-rural-bengal-an-indefatigable-relic-hunter-has-uncovered-a-hidden-chapter-of-history |work=Scroll.in |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Pañcarakṣā (Cambridge University Library MS Add.1688).jpg|thumb|Buddhist palm leaf manuscript, 10th century CE]]<br />
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The first unified Bengali polity can be traced to the reign of [[Shashanka]]. The origins of the [[Bengali calendar]] can be traced to his reign. Shashanka founded the [[Gauda Kingdom]]. After Shashanka's death, Bengal experienced a period of civil war known as Matsyanyayam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Matsyanyayam | title=Matsyanyayam |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The ancient city of [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] later gave birth to the [[Pala Empire]]. The first Pala emperor [[Gopala I]] was chosen by an assembly of chieftains in Gauda. The Pala kingdom grew into one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent. The Pala period saw advances in linguistics, sculpture, painting, and education. The empire achieved its greatest territorial extent under [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]. The Palas vied for control of [[Kannauj]] with the rival [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasties. Pala influence also extended to [[Tibet]] and [[Sumatra]] due to the travels and preachings of [[Atisa]]. The university of [[Nalanda]] was established by the Palas. They also built the [[Somapura Mahavihara]], which was the largest monastic institution in the subcontinent. The rule of the Palas eventually disintegrated. The [[Chandra dynasty]] ruled southeastern Bengal and [[Arakan]]. The [[Varman dynasty]] ruled parts of northeastern Bengal and [[Assam]]. The [[Sena dynasty]] emerged as the main successor of the Palas by the 11th century. The Senas were a resurgent Hindu dynasty which ruled much of Bengal. The smaller [[Deva dynasty]] also ruled parts of the region. Ancient Chinese visitors like [[Xuanzang]] provided elaborate accounts of Bengal's cities and monastic institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hiuen-Tsang | title=Hiuen-Tsang |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><br />
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Muslim trade with Bengal flourished after the fall of the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the [[Arab]] takeover of Persian trade routes. Much of this trade occurred with southeastern Bengal in areas east of the [[Meghna River]]. Bengal was probably used as a transit route to China by the earliest Muslims. [[Abbasid]] coins have been discovered in the archaeological ruins of [[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]] and [[Mainamati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Coins|title=Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> A collection of Sasanian, [[Umayyad]] and Abbasid coins are preserved in the [[Bangladesh National Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journal/H_DEC_2017/4_H_Shariful%20%20&%20Monir.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journal/H_DEC_2017/4_H_Shariful%20%20&%20Monir.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Microsoft Word – 4_H_942 Revised_ Monir m.doc |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref><br />
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===Sultanate period===<br />
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate}}<br />
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|Chinese manuscript showing an African giraffe gifted to China by the [[Sultan of Bengal]] in 1414]]<br />
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In 1204, the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] began the Islamic conquest of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |quote=By the time Muhammad Bakhtiyar conquered northwestern Bengal in 1204}}</ref> The fall of Lakhnauti was recounted by historians circa 1243. Lakhnauti was the capital of the Sena dynasty. According to historical accounts, Ghurid cavalry swept across the Gangetic plains towards Bengal. They entered the Bengali capital disguised as horse traders. Once inside the royal compound, Bakhtiyar and his horsemen swiftly overpowered the guards of the Sena king who had just sat down to eat a meal. The king then hastily fled to the forest with his followers.<ref name="Eaton1993">{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=intro&toc.depth=1&toc.id=intro&brand=ucpress | title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 }}</ref> The overthrow of the Sena king has been described as a coup d'état, which "inaugurated an era, lasting over five centuries, during which most of Bengal was dominated by rulers professing the Islamic faith. In itself this was not exceptional, since from about this time until the eighteenth century, Muslim sovereigns ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. What was exceptional, however, was that among India's interior provinces only in Bengal—a region approximately the size of England and Scotland combined—did a majority of the indigenous population adopt the religion of the ruling class, Islam".<ref name="Eaton1993"/> Bengal became a province of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. A coin featuring a horseman was issued to celebrate the Muslim conquest of Lakhnauti with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Arabic. An abortive [[Islamic invasion of Tibet]] was also mounted by Bakhtiyar. Bengal was under the formal rule of the Delhi Sultanate for approximately 150 years. Delhi struggled to consolidate control over Bengal. Rebel governors often sought to assert autonomy or independence. Sultan [[Iltutmish]] re-established control over Bengal in 1225 after suppressing the rebels. Due to the considerable overland distance, Delhi's authority in Bengal was relatively weak. It was left to local governors to expand territory and bring new areas under Muslim rule, such as through the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303.<br />
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In 1338, new rebellions sprung up in Bengal's three main towns. Governors in Lakhnauti, [[Satgaon]] and [[Sonargaon]] declared independence from Delhi. This allowed the ruler of Sonargaon, [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], to annexe [[Chittagong]] to the Islamic administration. By 1352, the ruler of Satgaon, [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], unified the region into an independent state. Ilyas Shah established his capital in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Iliyas_Shah | title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The new breakaway state emerged as the [[Bengal Sultanate]], which developed into a territorial, mercantile and maritime empire. At the time, the [[Islamic world]] stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to Bengal in the east.<br />
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The initial raids of Ilyas Shah saw the first Muslim army enter [[Nepal]] and stretched from [[Varanasi]] in the west to [[Orissa]] in the south to [[Assam]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah | title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The Delhi army continued to fend off the new Bengali army. The [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War|Bengal-Delhi War]] ended in 1359 when Delhi recognised the independence of Bengal. Ilyas Shah's son [[Sikandar Shah]] defeated Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] during the Siege of Ekdala Fort. A subsequent peace treaty recognised Bengal's independence and Sikandar Shah was gifted a golden crown by the Sultan of Delhi.<ref>Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341678-4}}.</ref> The ruler of [[Arakan]] sought refuge in Bengal during the reign of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]. [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] later helped the Arakanese king to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a [[tributary state]] of the Bengal Sultanate. Bengali influence in Arakan persisted for 300 years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ|title=Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430–1666 A.D.|first=Mohammed Ali|last=Chowdhury|date=25 November 2004|publisher=Firma K.L.M.|isbn=9788171021185}}</ref> Bengal also helped the king of Tripura to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a tributary state. The ruler of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] also sought refuge in Bengal.<ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."}}</ref> The [[vassal state]]s of Bengal included Arakan, Tripura, [[Chandradwip]] and [[Pratapgarh Kingdom|Pratapgarh]]. At its peak, the Bengal Sultanate's territory included parts of Arakan, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, and Tripura.<ref name="Lewis2011"/> The Bengal Sultanate experienced its greatest military success under [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], who was proclaimed as the conqueror of Assam after his forces led by [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] overthrew the [[Khen dynasty]] and annexed large parts of Assam. In maritime trade, the Bengal Sultanate benefited from [[Indian Ocean trade]] networks and emerged as a hub of [[re-export]]s. A giraffe was brought by African envoys from [[Malindi]] to Bengal's court and was later gifted to [[Imperial China]]. Ship-owing merchants acted as envoys of the Sultan while travelling to different regions in Asia and Africa. Many rich Bengali merchants lived in Malacca.<ref name="Habib2011">Irfan Habib (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500. Pearson Education India. p. 185. ISBN 978-81-317-2791-1.</ref> Bengali ships transported embassies from [[Brunei]], [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] and [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] to China. Bengal and the [[Maldives]] had a vast trade in [[shell currency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boomgaard |first=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXphAAAAQBAJ |title=Linking Destinies: Trade, Towns and Kin in Asian History |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004253995 |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106131821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXphAAAAQBAJ |archive-date=6 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Sultan of Bengal donated funds to build schools in the [[Hejaz]] region of Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasia_Madrasa|title=Ghiyasia Madrasa |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><br />
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The five dynastic periods of the Bengal Sultanate spanned from the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], to a period of rule by Bengali converts, to the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], to a period of rule by Abyssinian usurpers; an interruption by the [[Sur Empire|Suri dynasty]]; and ended with the [[Karrani dynasty]]. The [[Battle of Raj Mahal]] and the capture of [[Daud Khan Karrani]] marked the end of the Bengal Sultanate during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. In the late 16th century, a confederation called the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] resisted Mughal invasions in eastern Bengal. The Baro-Bhuyan included twelve Muslim and Hindu leaders of the [[Zamindars of Bengal]]. They were led by [[Isa Khan]], a former prime minister of the Bengal Sultanate. By the 17th century, the Mughals were able to fully absorb the region to their empire.<br />
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===Mughal period===<br />
{{See also|Bengal Subah}}<br />
[[File:Akbar prays after Bengal victory.jpg|thumb|[[Mughal painting]] showing [[Emperor Akbar]] offering prayers after the conquest of Bengal]]<br />
[[File:Royal Peacock Barge LACMA M.82.154.jpg|thumb|Art of [[Murshidabad]]. An [[ivory]] [[elephant tusk]] crafted into a model of the Royal Peacock Barge of the [[Nawab of Bengal]].]]<br />
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[[Mughal Bengal]] had the richest elite and was the wealthiest region in the subcontinent. Bengal's trade and wealth impressed the Mughals so much that it was described as the ''Paradise of the Nations'' by the [[Mughal Emperor]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Collection of Treaties and Engagements with the Native Princes and States of Asia: Concluded on Behalf of the East India Company by the British Governments in India, Viz. by the Government of Bengal Etc. : Also Copies of Sunnuds Or Grants of Certain Privileges and Imunities to the East India Company by the Mogul and Other Native Princes of Hindustan |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_1RAAAAcAAJ |access-date=23 August 2013 |year=1812 |publisher=United East-India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_1RAAAAcAAJ/page/n55 28]}}</ref> A new provincial capital was built in [[Dhaka]]. Members of the imperial family were appointed to positions in Mughal Bengal, including the position of governor (''[[subedar]]''). Dhaka became a centre of palace intrigue and politics. Some of the most prominent governors included [[Rajput]] general [[Man Singh I]], Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s son Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s son and later Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]], and the influential aristocrat [[Shaista Khan]]. During the tenure of Shaista Khan, the Portuguese and Arakanese were expelled from the port of Chittagong in 1666. Bengal became the eastern frontier of the Mughal administration. By the 18th century, Bengal became home to a semi-independent aristocracy led by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]].<ref name="Ahmed2011">{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author=Ahmed, F. S. |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=9788131732021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> Bengal premier [[Murshid Quli Khan]] managed to curtail the influence of the governor due to his rivalry with Prince Azam Shah. Khan controlled Bengal's finances since he was in charge of the treasury. He shifted the provincial capital from Dhaka to [[Murshidabad]].<br />
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In 1717, the Mughal court in Delhi recognised the hereditary monarchy of the Nawab of Bengal. The ruler was officially titled as the "Nawab of Bengal, [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]", as the Nawab ruled over the three regions in the eastern subcontinent. The Nawabs began issuing their own coins but continued to pledge nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. The wealth of Bengal was vital for the Mughal court because Delhi received its biggest share of revenue from the Nawab's court. The Nawabs presided over a period of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity, including an era of growing organisation in textiles, banking, a military-industrial complex, the production of fine quality [[handicrafts]], and other trades. A process of [[proto-industrialisation]] was underway. Under the Nawabs, the streets of Bengali cities were filled with brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |title=Murshidabad |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The Nawab's state was a major exporter of [[muslin trade in Bengal|Bengal muslin]], silk, [[gunpowder]] and [[saltpetre]]. The Nawabs also permitted European trading companies to operate in Bengal, including the [[British East India Company]], the [[John Law's Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]], the [[Austrian East India Company]], the [[Ostend Company]], and the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The Nawabs were also suspicious of the growing influence of these companies.<br />
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[[File:Krishna traveling to Mathura (Bengal painting).jpg|thumb|Bengali manuscript painting, 17th century]]<br />
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Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a centre of the worldwide [[muslin]] and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important centre of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<ref name="eaton">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760'', page 202], [[University of California Press]]</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in [[Indonesia]], raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,<ref name="richards95">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 202], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> cotton cloth was exported to the Americas and the Indian Ocean.<ref name="riello">{{cite book |title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850 |author=Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | year=2009 |page=174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|isbn=9789047429975 }}</ref> Bengal also had a large [[shipbuilding]] industry. In terms of shipbuilding tonnage during the 16th–18th centuries, economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the annual output of Bengal at 223,250 tons, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |publisher=Routledge |page=174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref><br />
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Since the 16th century, European traders traversed the sea routes to Bengal, following the Portuguese conquests of Malacca and Goa. The Portuguese established a [[Portuguese Chittagong|settlement in Chittagong]] with permission from the Bengal Sultanate in 1528 but were later expelled by the Mughals in 1666. In the 18th century, the Mughal Court rapidly disintegrated due to [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's invasion]] and internal rebellions, allowing European colonial powers to set up trading posts across the territory. The British East India Company eventually emerged as the foremost military power in the region; and defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.<ref name="Ahmed2011" /><br />
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=== Colonial era (1757–1947) ===<br />
{{Main|Bengal Presidency}}<br />
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[[File:Victoria Memorial, Calcutta - LIFE.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Calcutta]]]]<br />
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 ushered in British rule.]]<br />
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The British [[East India Company]] began influencing and controlling the [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, thus signalling the start of British influence in India. British control of Bengal increased between 1757 and 1793 while the Nawab was reduced to a puppet figure.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=251 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref><br />
with the [[Presidency of Fort William]] asserting greater control over the entire province of Bengal and neighbouring territories. [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] was named the capital of [[British territories in India]] in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the [[Bengal Army]], and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Between 1833 and 1854, the [[Governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[Governor-General of India]] for many years. Great [[Famines in India|Bengal famines]] struck several times during colonial rule (notably the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] and [[Bengal famine of 1943]]).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html 5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire]. ''The Independent''. 19 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study]. ''The Guardian''. 29 March 2019.</ref> Under British rule, Bengal experienced the [[deindustrialisation]] of its pre-colonial economy.<ref name="ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref><br />
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Company policies led to the deindustrialisation of Bengal's textile industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cornwallis-Code/26365|title=Cornwallis Code|date=4 February 2009|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The capital amassed by the East India Company in Bengal was invested in the emerging [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]], in industries such as [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacturing]].<ref name="ray"/><ref name="sengupta">Shombit Sengupta, [http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution], ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', 8 February 2010</ref> Economic mismanagement, alongside drought and a smallpox epidemic, directly led to the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which is estimated to have caused the deaths of between 1 million and 10 million people.<ref name="Roy2019">{{citation|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|title=How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-17708-9|pages=117–|quote=The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Rajat|title=Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760–1800|date=2000|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=81-7304-341-8|location=New Delhi|pages=262, 266|oclc=44927255}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-828463-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/39 39]}}</ref><ref name="Jonsson2013p167">{{cite book|author=Fredrik Albritton Jonsson|title=Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9FUmajYyqgC&pg=PT167|date=18 June 2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-16374-2|pages=167–170}}</ref><br />
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In 1862, the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] was set up as the first modern [[List of legislatures in South Asia|legislature in India]]. Elected representation was gradually introduced during the early 20th century, including with the [[Morley-Minto reforms]] and the system of [[dyarchy]]. In 1937, the council became the upper chamber of the Bengali legislature while the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] was created. Between 1937 and 1947, the chief executive of the government was the [[Prime Minister of Bengal]].<br />
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The Bengal Presidency was the largest administrative unit in the [[British Empire]]. At its height, it covered large parts of present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore. In 1830, the British Straits Settlements on the coast of the [[Malacca Straits]] was made a residency of Bengal. The area included the erstwhile [[Prince of Wales Island (Malaysia)|Prince of Wales Island]], [[Province Wellesley]], [[Malacca]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="residency"/> In 1867, [[Penang]], Singapore and Malacca were separated from Bengal into the [[Straits Settlements]].<ref name="residency">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286 |title=The Straits Settlements becomes a residency – Singapore History |website=Eresources.nlb.gov.sg |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> [[British Burma]] became a province of India and a later a [[Crown colony]] in itself. Western areas, including the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|The Punjab]], were further reorganised. Northeastern areas became [[Colonial Assam]].<br />
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[[File:Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bengal roofs]] seen on Mughal architecture, c. 1600s]]<br />
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In 1876, about 200,000 people were killed in Bengal by the [[1876 Bangladesh cyclone|Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876]] in the [[Barisal]] region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Masud Hasan |title=Cyclone |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] | access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131247/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |archive-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> About 50 million were killed in Bengal due to massive plague outbreaks and famines which happened in 1895 to 1920, mostly in western Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The "Gandhians" of Bengal: Nationalism, Social Reconstruction and Cultural Orientations 1920–1942|page=19|quote=Malaria was endemic in rural areas during the 19th century, particularly in western Bengal. This was ... The famine of 1769–70 resulted in about ten million deaths, while 50 million died of malaria, plague and famine between 1895 and 19206.}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Mahomedan wedding at night.jpg|thumb|Wedding at night, [[Murshidabad]], Bengal, 1810]]<br />
[[File:Gangesdelta klein.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]]]]<br />
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The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Chittagong, Jalpaiguri, Sylhet and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in North India. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolition of the [[Company Rule in India]] and establishment of direct rule over India by the British, commonly referred to as the [[British Raj]]. The late 19th and early 20th century [[Bengal Renaissance]] had a great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal and started a great advance in the literature and science of Bengal. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|divide the province of Bengal]] into two: Bengal proper and the short-lived province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] where the [[All India Muslim League]] was founded.<ref name=baxter3>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig|author-link = Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |pages=39–40 |isbn=0-8133-2854-3}}</ref> In 1911, the Bengali poet and polymath [[Rabindranath Tagore]] became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<br />
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Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]], in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] were dominant. Armed attempts to overthrow the British Raj began with the rebellion of [[Titumir]], and reached a climax when [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led the [[Indian National Army]] against the British. Bengal was also central in the rising political awareness of the Muslim population—the [[All-India Muslim League]] was established in Dhaka in 1906. The Muslim homeland movement pushed for a sovereign state in eastern India with the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1943. [[Hindu nationalism]] was also strong in Bengal, which was home to groups like the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. In spite of a last-ditch effort by politicians [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] to form a [[United Bengal]],<ref name=unitedbengal>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement |title=United Independent Bengal Movement |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Chitta Ranjan Misra |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805022148/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement |archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> when India [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines.<ref name = parttionbanglaped /> The western joined India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called [[East Bengal]] (later renamed [[East Pakistan]], giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971). The circumstances of partition were bloody, with widespread religious riots in Bengal.<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |title=Partition of Bengal, 1947 |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Harun-or-Rashid |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002256/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=calcuttakilling>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot,_1946 |title=Calcutta Riot (1946) |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Suranjan Das |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801150533/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot%2C_1946 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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===Partition of Bengal (1947)===<br />
{{See also|United Bengal|History of Bangladesh|History of West Bengal}}{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}<br />
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On 27 April 1947, the last [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] held a press conference in New Delhi where he outlined his vision for an independent Bengal. Suhrawardy said "Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of the powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |title=Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947? |work=Scroll.in |date=6 January 2019}}</ref> On 2 June 1947, [[British Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]] told the [[US Ambassador to the United Kingdom]] that there was a "distinct possibility Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either Hindustan or Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1453994/uk-pm-attlee-believed-bengal-may-opt-to-be-a-separate-country |title=UK PM Attlee believed Bengal may opt to be a separate country |newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><br />
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On 3 June 1947, the [[Mountbatten Plan]] outlined the [[partition of British India]]. On 20 June, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (126 votes to 90) that if the province remained united, it should join the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. At a separate meeting of legislators from [[West Bengal]], it was decided (58 votes to 21) that the province should be partitioned and West Bengal should join the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. At another meeting of legislators from [[East Bengal]], it was decided (106 votes to 35) that the province should not be partitioned and (107 votes to 34) that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of [[Pakistan]] if Bengal was partitioned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |title=Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxXInQEACAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=230 |isbn=978-0-521-30448-1}}</ref> On 6 July, the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of Assam voted in a [[1947 Sylhet referendum|referendum to join East Bengal]].<br />
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The English barrister [[Cyril Radcliffe]] was instructed to draw the borders of Pakistan and India. The [[Radcliffe Line]] created the boundary between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which later became the [[Bangladesh-India border]]. The Radcliffe Line awarded two-thirds of Bengal as the eastern wing of Pakistan, although the historic Bengali capitals of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]], [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], [[Murshidabad]] and Calcutta fell on the Indian side close to the border with Pakistan. Dhaka's status as a capital was also restored.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh|Geography of West Bengal}}<br />
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Most of the Bengal region lies in the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]], but there are highlands in its north, northeast and southeast. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their respective tributaries. The total area of Bengal is {{convert|237212|km2}}—West Bengal is {{convert|88752|km2|0|abbr=on}} and Bangladesh {{convert|148460|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<br />
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The flat and fertile Bangladesh Plain dominates the [[geography of Bangladesh]]. The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and [[Sylhet region]] are home to most of the [[List of mountains in Bangladesh|mountains in Bangladesh]]. Most parts of Bangladesh are within {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off}} above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name=ali>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A |year=1996 |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |doi=10.1007/BF00175563 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |s2cid=93611792 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Because of this low elevation, much of this region is exceptionally vulnerable to seasonal flooding due to monsoons.<br />
The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at {{convert|1052|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>[http://www.sol.co.uk/v/viewfinder/elevmisquotes.html#keok Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725020735/http://www.sol.co.uk/v/viewfinder/elevmisquotes.html |date=25 July 2013 }} Retrieved 13 April 2006.</ref> A major part of the coastline comprises a [[marsh]]y [[jungle]], the [[Sundarbans]], the largest [[mangrove]] forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the [[royal Bengal tiger]]. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.<ref name=sundarbans>{{cite journal |last=IUCN |year=1997 |title=Sundarban wildlife sanctuaries Bangladesh |journal=World Heritage Nomination-IUCN Technical Evaluation}}</ref><br />
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West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the [[Himalaya]]s in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of {{convert|88752|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html |title=Statistical Facts about India |access-date=26 October 2006 |website=indianmirror.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026055639/http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html |archive-date=26 October 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains [[Sandakfu]] ({{convert|3636|m|ft|0|abbr=on}})—the highest peak of the state.<ref name=sandak>{{cite web |url=http://yhaindia.org/sandakphu_trek.htm |title=National Himalayan Sandakphu-Gurdum Trekking Expedition: 2006 |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=Youth Hostels Association of India: West Bengal State Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024013140/http://www.yhaindia.org/sandakphu_trek.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=24 October 2006}}</ref> The narrow [[Terai region]] separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The [[Rarh region]] intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the [[western plateau and high lands]]. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.<br />
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At least nine districts in West Bengal and 42 districts in Bangladesh have [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic levels in groundwater]] above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 50&nbsp;μg/L or 50 parts per billion and the untreated water is unfit for human consumption.<ref name=chowdhury>{{cite journal |title=Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India |last1=Chowdhury |first1=U. K. |last2=Biswas |first2=B. K. |last3=Chowdhury |first3=T. R. |last4=Samanta |first4=G. |last5=Mandal |first5=B. K. |last6=Basu |first6=G. C. |last7=Chanda |first7=C. R. |last8=Lodh |first8=D. |last9=Saha |first9=K. C. |last10=Mukherjee |first10=S. K. |last11=Roy |first11=S. |last12=Kabir |first12=S. |last13=Quamruzzaman |first13=Q. |last14=Chakraborti |first14=D. |display-authors=3 |date=May 2000 |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] | volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=393–397 |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2000/108p393-397chowdhury/chowdhury-full.html |doi=10.2307/3454378 |jstor=3454378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002931/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2000/108p393-397chowdhury/chowdhury-full.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |pmid=10811564 |pmc=1638054}}</ref> The water causes arsenicosis, skin cancer and various other complications in the body.<br />
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=== Geographic distinctions ===<br />
[[File:Kanchenjunga view from Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|[[Kangchenjunga]], the third highest mountain in the world, seen from a tea garden in Bangladesh. Kangchenjunga is often visible from the plains of [[Tetulia Upazila|Tetulia]] in the northernmost tip of Bangladesh.|198x198px]]<br />
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==== North Bengal ====<br />
[[North Bengal]] is a term used for the north-western part of Bangladesh and northern part of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part comprises [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]]. Generally, it is the area lying west of [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] and north of [[Padma River]], and includes the [[Barind Tract]]. Politically, West Bengal's part comprises [[Jalpaiguri Division]] and most of [[Malda division]] (except [[Murshidabad district]]) together and Bihar's parts include [[Kishanganj district]]. [[Darjeeling]] Hilly are also part of North Bengal. The people of Jaipaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar usually identify themselves as North Bengali. North Bengal is divided into [[Terai]] and [[Dooars]] regions. North Bengal is also noted for its rich cultural heritage, including two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Aside from the Bengali majority, North Bengal is home to many other communities including Nepalis, [[Santhal people]], Lepchas and Rajbongshis.<br />
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==== Northeast Bengal ====<br />
[[File:People crossing Tanguar Haor in a boat.jpg|alt=|thumb|Tanguar Haor in [[Sunamganj District]], Bangladesh. Haor are a common sight in the northeast of Bengal.|184x184px]]<br />
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Northeast Bengal<ref name="Lethbridge1874">{{cite book |title=An Easy Introduction to the History and Geography of Bengal: For the Junior Classes in Schools |author=Lethbridge, E. |date=1874 |publisher=Thacker |url=https://archive.org/details/easyintroduction00lethrich |page=[https://archive.org/details/easyintroduction00lethrich/page/5 5] |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> refers to the Sylhet region, which today comprises the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh and [[Karimganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The region is famous for its fertile land terrain, many rivers, extensive tea plantations, rainforests and wetlands. The [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Barak River|Barak]] river are the geographic markers of the area. The city of [[Sylhet]] is its largest urban centre, and the region is known for its unique regional [[Sylheti language]]. The ancient name of the region is Srihatta and Nasratshahi.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite book |last=Akhter |first=Nasrin |year=2012 |chapter=Sarkar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The region was ruled by the [[Kamarupa]] and [[Harikela]] kingdoms as well as the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. It later became a district of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Alongside the predominant Bengali population resides a small [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Khasi people|Khasia]] and other tribal minorities.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org" /><br />
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The region is the crossroads of Bengal and [[northeast India]].<br />
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[[File:Bangladesh Bank (33398162476).jpg|left|thumb|307x307px|Central Bengal, one of the most urban and developed regions in Bengal]]<br />
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==== Central Bengal ====<br />
Central Bengal refers to the [[Dhaka Division]] of Bangladesh. It includes the elevated [[Madhupur tract]] with a large [[Sal (tree)|Sal tree forest]]. The Padma River cuts through the southern part of the region, separating the greater [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] region. In the north lies the greater [[Mymensingh]] and [[Tangail]] regions.<br />
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==== South Bengal ====<br />
{{Main|South Bengal}}<br />
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[[File:Cox's Bazar beach 15.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Cox's Bazar]] has the longest uninterrupted sea beach in the world.]]<br />
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South Bengal covers the southwestern Bangladesh and the southern part of the Indian state of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part includes [[Khulna Division]], [[Barisal Division]] and the proposed [[Faridpur Division]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpIzAFZ5zZEC&q=South%20Bengal%20area%20districts&pg=PA16 |title=Social Structure and Cultural Practices in Slums: A Study of Slums in Dhaka City |isbn=9788172111106 |last1=Das |first1=Tulshi Kumar |year=2000|publisher=Northern Book Centre }}</ref> The part of South Bengal of West Bengal includes [[Presidency division]], [[Burdwan division]] and [[Medinipur division]].<ref name="swhydro">{{cite web |url=http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf |title=Arsenic Mitigation in West Bengal, India: New Hope for Millions |author=David Christiana |publisher=Southwest Hydrology |page=32 |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=20 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124232/http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgoYwm4xiVYC&q=%22South%20Bengal%22&pg=PA322 |title=Agroforestry: Systems and Practices |isbn=9788189422622 |last1=Puri |first1=Sunil |year=2007|publisher=New India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toTvPa0CRIgC&q=South%20Bengal%20area%20districts&pg=PA347 |title=Gandhi and globalisation |isbn=9788183242967 |last1=Reddy |first1=Angadi Ranga |year=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><br />
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The [[Sundarbans]], a major [[biodiversity hotspot]], is located in South Bengal. Bangladesh hosts 60% of the forest, with the remainder in India.<br />
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==== Southeast Bengal ====<br />
{{Main|Greater Chittagong}}<br />
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[[File:Sunset of Porenga.jpg|thumb|Sunset at [[Patenga|Potenga Beach]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|276x276px]]<br />
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Southeast Bengal<ref name="Andaya2015">{{cite book |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 |author1=Andaya, B. W. |author2=Andaya, L. Y. |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88992-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |page=220 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Singh2006">{{cite book |title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800 |author=Singh, A. K. |date=2006 |volume=1 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172112011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC&pg=PA225 |page=225 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Banu1992">{{cite book |title=Islam in Bangladesh |author=Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter |year=1992 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09497-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |access-date=7 January 2017 |quote=in Samatata (South-east Bengal) where the Buddhist Khadaga dynasty ruled throughout the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries AD.}}</ref> refers to the hilly-coastal [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]-speaking and coastal Bengali-speaking areas of [[Chittagong Division]] in southeastern Bangladesh. The region is noted for its [[thalassocracy|thalassocratic]] and [[seafaring]] heritage. The area was dominated by the Bengali [[Harikela]] and [[Samatata]] kingdoms in antiquity. It was known to Arab traders as ''Samandar'' in the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rashid |first=M Harunar |year=2012 |chapter=Harikela |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> During the medieval period, the region was ruled by the [[Chandra dynasty]], the [[sultanate of Bengal]], the [[kingdom of Tripura]], the [[kingdom of Mrauk U]], the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], prior to the advent of British rule. The [[Chittagonian language]], a sister of Bengali is prevalent in coastal areas of southeast Bengal. Along with its Bengali population, it is also home to [[Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic groups, including the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Marma people|Marma]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangya]] and [[Bawm people|Bawm]] peoples.<br />
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Southeast Bengal is considered a bridge to Southeast Asia and the northern parts of [[Arakan]] are also historically considered to be a part of it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chittagong to bridge S Asian nations |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-226586.html |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=17 March 2012 |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813113736/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-226586.html |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Places of interest ===<br />
There are four [[World Heritage Sites]] in the region, including the [[Sundarbans]], the [[Somapura Mahavihara]], the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]] and the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]. Other prominent places include the [[Bishnupur, Bankura]] temple city, the [[Adina Mosque]], the [[Katra Masjid|Caravanserai Mosque]], numerous [[zamindar]] palaces (like [[Ahsan Manzil]] and [[Cooch Behar Palace]]), the [[Lalbagh Fort]], the [[Bara Katra|Great Caravanserai ruins]], the [[Choto Katra|Shaista Khan Caravanserai ruins]], the Kolkata [[Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)|Victoria Memorial]], the Dhaka Parliament Building, archaeologically excavated ancient fort cities in [[Mahasthangarh]], [[Mainamati]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar]], the [[Jaldapara National Park]], the [[Lawachara National Park]], the [[Teknaf Game Reserve]] and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<br />
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[[Cox's Bazar]] in southeastern Bangladesh is home to the longest natural sea beach in the world with an unbroken length of 120&nbsp;km (75&nbsp;mi). It is also a growing [[surfing]] destination.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's longest natural sea beach under threat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20699989 |publisher=BBC News |date=28 December 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113172432/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20699989 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[St. Martin's Island]], off the coast of Chittagong Division, is home to the sole [[coral reef]] in Bengal.<br />
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=== Other regions ===<br />
[[File:Bengali speaking zone.png|thumb|Today, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is still spoken in areas beside Bengal proper, including the Barak Valley, Tripura and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.]]<br />
<br />
Bengal was a regional power of the Indian subcontinent. The administrative jurisdiction of Bengal historically extended beyond the territory of Bengal proper. In the 9th century, the Pala Empire of Bengal ruled large parts of northern India. The Bengal Sultanate controlled Bengal, Assam, Arakan, Bihar and Orissa at different periods in history. In Mughal Bengal, the Nawab of Bengal had a jurisdiction covering Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the British Empire, when the Bengal Presidency extended from the Straits of Malacca in the east to the Khyber Pass in the west. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, administrative reorganisation drastically reduced the territory of Bengal.<br />
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Several regions bordering Bengal proper continue to have high levels of Bengali influence. The Indian state of Tripura has a Bengali majority population. Bengali influence is also prevalent in the Indian regions of Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; as well as in Myanmar's Rakhine State.<br />
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====Arakan====<br />
[[File:Eastern Lower Bengal and Chittagong with Arakan.jpg|thumb|Bengal and Arakan in 1638]]<br />
<br />
[[Arakan]] (now [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]]) has historically been under strong Bengali influence. Since antiquity, Bengal has influenced the culture of Arakan. The ancient Bengali script was used in Arakan.<ref>"Three medallions above the head contain sacred syllables in proto-Bengali script". [[Pamela Gutman]] and<br />
Zaw Min Yu, 'Vesali', Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 57</ref> An Arakanese inscription recorded the reign of the Bengali [[Candra dynasty]]. [[Paul Wheatley (geographer)|Paul Wheatley]] described the "Indianization" of Arakan.<ref>[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu,&nbsp;Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan&nbsp;(Orchid Press 2001). p. 3</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Pamela Gutman]], "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".<ref>[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu,&nbsp;Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan&nbsp;(Orchid Press 2001). p. 8</ref> Arakan emerged as a [[vassal state]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].<ref name="Chowdhury2008">{{cite book |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Mohammed |title=Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430–1666 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Firma K.L.M. |isbn=9788171021185 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> It later became an independent kingdom. The royal court and culture of the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] was heavily influenced by Bengal. [[Bengali Muslims]] served in the royal court as ministers and military commanders.<ref name="Chowdhury2008"/> [[Bengali Hindus]] and [[Bengali Buddhists]] served as priests. Some of the most important poets of medieval [[Bengali literature]] lived in Arakan, including [[Alaol]] and [[Daulat Qazi]].<ref name="Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |author=Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune |url=https://scroll.in/article/1006362/the-history-of-the-rohingyas-that-myanmar-refuses-to-acknowledge |title=The history of the Rohingyas that Myanmar refuses to acknowledge |work=Scroll.in |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In 1660, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Prince Shah Shuja]], the governor of Mughal Bengal and a pretender of the [[Peacock Throne]] of India, was forced to seek asylum in Arakan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lostfootsteps.org/en/history/the-indian-prince-who-fled-to-mrauk-u |title=The Indian Prince who fled to Mrauk-U |website=Lost Footsteps |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138771 |jstor=44138771 |title=A Contemporary Dutch Account of Shah Shuja at Arakan |last1=Ray |first1=Aniruddha |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1974 |volume=35 |pages=112–118}}</ref> Bengali influence in the Arakanese royal court persisted until Burmese annexation in the 18th century.<br />
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The modern-day [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] population is a legacy of Bengal's influence on Arakan.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Islam |first=Nurul |title=Rohingya: The descendants of ancient Arakan |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/weekend-tribune/2017/10/12/rohingya-descendants-ancient-arakan |magazine=Weekend Tribune |date=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune"/> The [[Rohingya genocide]] resulted in the displacement of over a million people between 2016 and 2017, with many being uprooted from their homes in Rakhine State.<br />
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====Assam====<br />
[[File:Bengali-Assamese subbranches.png|thumb|Region of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages]]]]<br />
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The Indian state of [[Assam]] shares many cultural similarities with Bengal. The Assamese language uses the same script as the Bengali language. The [[Barak Valley]] has a Bengali-speaking majority population. During the [[Partition of India]], Assam was also partitioned along with Bengal. The [[Sylhet Division]] joined [[East Bengal]] in Pakistan, with the exception of [[Karimganj]] which joined Indian Assam. Previously, East Bengal and Assam were part of a single province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] between 1905 and 1912 under the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553644 | jstor=43553644 | last1=Iqbal | first1=Iftekhar | title=The Space between Nation and Empire: The Making and Unmaking of Eastern Bengal and Assam Province, 1905–1911 | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | year=2015 | volume=74 | issue=1 | pages=69–84 | doi=10.1017/S0021911814001661 | s2cid=161412009 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Assam and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms, including [[Kamarupa]], [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] and [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]]. Large parts of Assam were annexed by [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] during the Bengal Sultanate.<ref>Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48</ref> Assam was one of the few regions in the subcontinent to successfully resist Mughal expansion and never fell completely under Mughal rule.<br />
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====Andaman and Nicobar Islands====<br />
Bengali is the most spoken language among the population of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a strategically important archipelago which is controlled by India as a federal territory. The islands were once used as a British penal colony. During [[World War II]], the islands were seized by the Japanese and controlled by the [[Provisional Government of Free India]]. Anti-British leader [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] visited and renamed the islands. Between 1949 and 1971, the Indian government resettled many [[Bengali Hindus]] in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2042 |title=Review of ''Crossing the Bay of Bengal'' |first1=Madhumita |last1=Mazumdar |doi-access=free |doi= 10.14296/RiH/2014/2042 |publisher=Reviews in History |date= 5 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><br />
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====Bihar====<br />
[[File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg|thumb|Bengal in 1880, including Bihar, Orissa and Assam]]<br />
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In antiquity, Bihar and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms. The ancient region of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] covered both Bihar and Bengal. Magadha was the birthplace or bastion of several pan-Indian empires, including the [[Mauryan Empire]], the [[Gupta Empire]] and the [[Pala Empire]]. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa together formed a single province under the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Nawab of Bengal was styled as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nawab |title=Nawab |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><br />
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====Chittagong Hill Tracts====<br />
The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] is the southeastern frontier of Bangladesh. Its indigenous population includes [[Tibeto-Burman]] ethnicities, including the [[Chakma people]], [[Bawm people]] and [[Mru people|Mro people]] among others. The region was historically ruled by tribal chieftains of the [[Chakma Circle]] and [[Bohmong Circle]]. In 1713, the [[Chakma Raja]] signed a treaty with [[Mughal Bengal]] after obtaining permission from [[Farrukhsiyar|Emperor Farrukhsiyar]] for trade with the plains of Chittagong.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003406020-6/mughal-influence-chittagong-chittagong-hill-tracts-cht-ashfaque-hossain-ananda-bikash-chakma |doi=10.4324/9781003406020 |isbn=9781003406020 |title=The Mughals and the North-East |chapter=Mughal Influence on Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) |year=2023 |publisher=Routledge |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |s2cid=258409383}}</ref><ref name="thedailystar2">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/in-focus/news/chakma-resistance-british-rule-3090111 |title=Chakma resistance to British rule |work=The Daily Star |date=8 August 2022 |type=Opinion}}</ref> Like the kings of Arakan, the Chakma Circle began to fashion themselves using Mughal nomenclatures and titles. They initially resisted the [[Permanent Settlement]] and the activities of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="thedailystar2"/> The tribal royal families of the region came under heavy Bengali influence. The Chakma queen [[Benita Roy]] was a friend of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The region was governed by the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts manual]] under colonial rule. The manual was significantly amended after the end of British rule; and the region became fully integrated with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1313.html |title=The Chittagong Hill-tracts Regulation, 1900}}</ref><br />
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====Malay Archipelago====<br />
[[File:Bengal Presidency (1849-1853) with modern borders.png|thumb|Extent of the Bengal Presidency between 1858 and 1867, including the Straits Settlements]]<br />
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Through trade, settlements and the exchange of ideas; parts of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] became linked with Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2013 |title=Locating South Eastern Bengal in the Buddhist Network of Bay of Bengal (C. 7th Century CE-13th Century CE) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=148–153 |jstor=44158810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|title=Crossings and contacts across the Bay of Bengal: a connected history of ports in early South and Southeast Asia|first=Suchandra|last=Ghosh|date=2 September 2019|journal=Journal of the Indian Ocean Region|volume=15|issue=3|pages=281–296|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|s2cid=202332142 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Language, literature, art, governing systems, religions and philosophies in ancient [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]] were influenced by Bengal. [[Indianized kingdom|Hindu-Buddhist kingdom]]s in Southeast Asia depended on the Bay of Bengal for trade and ideas. [[Islam in Southeast Asia]] also spread through the Bay of Bengal, which was a bridge between the Malay Archipelago and Indo-Islamic states of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sunil S. Amrith|title=Crossing the Bay of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eWwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=7 October 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72846-2|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Formichi|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ|title=Islam and Asia: A History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-107-10612-3|pages=75–79}}</ref> A large number of wealthy merchants from Bengal were based in Malacca.<ref name="Habib2011"/> Bengali ships were the largest ships in the waters of the Malay Archipelago during the 15th century.<ref>Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib, eds. (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9.</ref><br />
<br />
Between 1830 and 1867, the ports of Singapore and [[Malacca]], the island of [[Penang]], and a portion of the [[Malay Peninsula]] were ruled under the jurisdiction of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of the [[British Empire]].<ref>Jarman, J. L. (Ed). (1998). Annual reports of the Straits Settlements 1855–1941 (Vol 1: 1855–1867, pp. 3–4). Slough, UK: Archive Editions. Call no.: RSING English 959.51 STR.</ref> These areas were known as the [[Straits Settlements]], which was separated from the Bengal Presidency and converted into a [[Crown colony]] in 1867.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Straits Settlements|last=Clifford|first=Hugh Charles|author-link=Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)|volume=25|pages=980–981|inline=1}}</ref>{{RP|980}}<br />
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====Meghalaya====<br />
The Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] historically came under the influence of [[Shah Jalal]], a Muslim missionary and conqueror from [[Sylhet]]. During [[British Raj|British rule]], the city of [[Shillong]] was the [[summer capital]] of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] (modern Bangladesh and Northeast India). Shillong boasted the highest per capita income in British India.<ref name="orfonline1"/><br />
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====North India====<br />
[[File:Sepoy of the Indian Infantry, 1900 (c).jpg|thumb|upright|A sepoy of the [[Bengal Army]], which played a key role in the expansion of the Bengal Presidency into the northern reaches of India up to the [[Khyber Pass]]]]<br />
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The ancient Mauryan, Gupta and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region (Bihar and Bengal) extended into northern India. The westernmost border of the Bengal Sultanate extended towards [[Varanasi]] and [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]].<ref>Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.</ref><ref name="Hasan2007p16-17"/> In the 19th century, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] formed the western extent of the Bengal Presidency. According to the British historian [[Rosie Llewellyn-Jones]], "The Bengal Presidency, an administrative division introduced by the East India Company, would later include not only the whole of northern India up to the Khyber Pass on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan, but would spread eastwards to Burma and Singapore as well".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Rosie |title=Empire Building: The Construction of British India, 1690–1860 |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-80526-026-4 |page=25}}</ref><br />
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====Odisha====<br />
[[Odisha]], previously known as Orissa, has a significant Bengali minority. Historically, the region has faced invasions from Bengal, including an invasion by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Iliyas_Shah |title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> Parts of the region were ruled by the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Bengal]]. The [[Nawab of Bengal]] was styled as the "Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa" because the Nawab was granted jurisdiction over Orissa by the [[Mughal Emperor]].<ref name="banglapedia1"/><br />
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====Tibet====<br />
During the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]], Tibet received missionaries from Bengal who influenced the emergence of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty |title=Pala dynasty {{pipe}} Indian Empire, Buddhist Monarchs, Bengal Region |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pala_Dynasty |title=Pala Dynasty |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> One of the most notable missionaries was [[Atisa]]. During the 13th century, Tibet experienced an [[Islamic invasion of Tibet|Islamic invasion]] by the forces of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], the Muslim conqueror of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tibetpolicy.net/china-and-strategic-infrastructures-in-tibet-ccps-recipe-for-a-troubled-relationship/ |title=China and Strategic Infrastructures in Tibet: CCP's Recipe for a Troubled Relationship |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><br />
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====Tripura====<br />
The [[Tripura (princely state)|princely state of Tripura]] was ruled by the [[Manikya dynasty]] until the 1949 [[Tripura Merger Agreement]]. Tripura was historically a [[vassal state]] of Bengal. After assuming the throne with military support from the Bengal Sultanate in 1464, [[Ratna Manikya I]] introduced administrative reforms inspired by the government of Bengal. The Tripura kings requested Sultan [[Ruknuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah]] to provide manpower for developing the administration of Tripura. As a result, [[Bengali Hindu]] bureaucrats, cultivators and artisans began settling in Tripura.<ref>Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987). Political History of Tripura. Puthipatra.</ref> Today, the Indian state of [[Tripura]] has a Bengali-majority population. Modern Tripura is a gateway for trade and transport links between [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Deb |first=Debraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/representatives-japan-bangladesh-tripura-gateway-ne-india-at-conclave-8553149/ |title=Representatives of Japan, Bangladesh look at Tripura as potential gateway of NE India at conclave |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-emerging-as-international-trade-gateway-of-northeast-pm-modi-101671372968462.html |title=Tripura emerging as international trade gateway of northeast: PM Modi |date=18 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In [[Bengali culture]], the celebrated singer [[S. D. Burman]] was a member of the Tripura royal family.<br />
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=== Flora and fauna ===<br />
[[File:Sundarban Tiger.jpg|thumb|The [[Bengal tiger]]]]<br />
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The flat Bengal Plain, which covers most of Bangladesh and West Bengal, is one of the most [[Soil fertility|fertile]] areas on Earth, with lush vegetation and farmland dominating its landscape. Bengali villages are buried among groves of [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[betel nut]] and [[date palm]]. Rice, [[jute]], [[mustard plant|mustard]] and [[sugarcane]] plantations are a common sight. [[Body of water|Water bodies]] and [[wetland]]s provide a habitat for many aquatic plants in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The northern part of the region features Himalayan foothills (''[[Dooars]]'') with densely wooded [[Sal (tree)|Sal]] and other tropical [[evergreen]] trees.<ref name=India123>{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N |title=Natural vegetation |access-date = 31 October 2006 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Suni System (P) Ltd |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523204956/http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N |archive-date = 23 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Sal_Forest |title=Sal Forest |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300&nbsp;ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical, with a predominance of temperate-forest trees such as [[oak]]s, [[conifer]]s and [[rhododendron]]s. Sal woodland is also found across central Bangladesh, particularly in the [[Bhawal National Park]]. The [[Lawachara National Park]] is a [[rainforest]] in northeastern Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo/files_pdf/Secondary%20Data%20on%20Lawachara%20NP.pdf |title=Secondary Data Collection for Pilot Protected Areas: Lawachara National Park |date=November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001204429/http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo/files_pdf/Secondary%20Data%20on%20Lawachara%20NP.pdf |access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> The Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh is noted for its high degree of [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpo.org/article/1537 | title=UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: The vanishing forest biodiversity of Bangladesh | date=2 November 2009 }}</ref><br />
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The [[littoral]] [[Sundarbans]] in the southwestern part of Bengal is the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world and a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/#:~:text=The%20Sundarbans%20Reserve%20Forest%20(SRF,mangrove%20forest%20in%20the%20world |title=The Sundarbans – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> The region has over [[List of mammals in Bangladesh|89 species of mammals]], [[List of birds of Bangladesh|628 species of birds]] and [[List of fishes in Bangladesh|numerous species of fish]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Muhammad Selim Hossain |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |title=Conserving biodiversity must for survival |work=The Daily Star |date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530100603/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> For Bangladesh, the [[Nymphaea|water lily]], the [[oriental magpie-robin]], the [[hilsa]] and [[mango tree]] are national symbols. For West Bengal, the [[white-throated kingfisher]], the [[Alstonia|chatim tree]] and the [[night-flowering jasmine]] are state symbols. The [[Bengal tiger]] is the [[national animal]] of Bangladesh and India. The [[fishing cat]] is the state animal of West Bengal.<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
Today, the region of Bengal proper is divided between the [[sovereign state]] of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |title=Bengal {{pipe}} region, Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=16 June 2023}}</ref> The Bengali-speaking [[Barak Valley]] forms part of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The Indian state of [[Tripura]] has a Bengali-speaking majority and was formerly the princely state of [[Hill Tipperah]]. In the Bay of Bengal, [[St. Martin's Island]] is governed by Bangladesh; while the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] has a plurality of Bengali speakers and is governed by India's federal government as a [[union territory]].<br />
<br />
=== Bangladeshi Republic ===<br />
{{Main|Politics of Bangladesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:রাতের বেলায় বঙ্গভবনের সৌন্দর্য্য! 02.jpg|thumb|[[Bangabhaban]] (the ''House of Bengal'') is the [[presidential palace]] of Bangladesh.|331x331px]]<br />
<br />
The state of Bangladesh is a [[parliamentary republic]] based on the [[Westminster system]], with a [[Constitution of Bangladesh|written constitution]] and a [[President of Bangladesh|President]] elected by parliament for mostly ceremonial purposes. The [[Government of Bangladesh|government]] is headed by a Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President from among the popularly elected 300 Members of Parliament in the [[Jatiyo Sangshad]], the national parliament. The Prime Minister is traditionally the leader of the single largest party in the Jatiyo Sangshad. Under the constitution, while recognising [[Islam]] as the country's [[established religion]], the constitution grants [[freedom of religion]] to non-Muslims.<br />
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Between 1975 and 1990, Bangladesh had a [[presidential system]] of government. Since the 1990s, it was administered by non-political technocratic [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker governments]] on four occasions, the last being under military-backed emergency rule in 2007 and 2008. The [[Awami League]] and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) were the two most dominant political parties in Bangladesh until the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] of 2024, which led to the ousting of [[Sheikh Hasina]] following mass protests and a nationwide uprising. In the aftermath, a non-partisan [[Yunus Ministry|interim government]] was formed under Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] to restore democratic governance and oversee institutional reforms. Much like the technocratic caretaker governments between 1990 and 2008, this interim administration pledged neutrality and began preparations for constitutional changes and future elections.<br />
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Bangladesh is a member of the [[United Nations|UN]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], the [[World Bank]], [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and the [[Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition|IMCTC]]. Bangladesh has achieved significant strides in [[List of countries by Human Development Index|human development]] compared to its neighbours.<br />
<br />
=== Indian Bengal ===<br />
{{Main|Politics of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Writer's Building (14839639795).jpg|thumb|[[Writers' Building]], the official seat of the [[Government of West Bengal]]|328x328px]]<br />
[[File:Raj Bhaban 1.jpg|thumb|[[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] the [[official residence]] of the [[Governor of West Bengal]], [[India]]]]<br />
<br />
West Bengal is a constituent state of the [[India|Republic of India]], with local [[State governments of India|executives]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|assemblies]]- features shared with other states in the Indian federal system. The [[president of India]] appoints a governor as the ceremonial representative of the [[Government of India|union government]]. The governor appoints the [[chief minister]] on the nomination of the legislative assembly. The chief minister is the traditionally the leader of the party or coalition with most seats in the assembly. [[President's rule]] is often imposed in Indian states as a direct intervention of the union government led by the [[prime minister of India]]. The Bengali-speaking zone of India carries 48 seats in the lower house of India, [[Lok Sabha]].<br />
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Each state has popularly elected members in the Indian lower house of parliament, the [[Lok Sabha]]. Each state nominates members to the Indian upper house of parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]].<br />
<br />
The state legislative assemblies also play a key role in electing the ceremonial president of India. The former president of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], was a native of West Bengal and a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The former [[Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition]] of India, [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] is from [[West Bengal]]. He has been elected from [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
The major political forces in the Bengali-speaking zone of India are the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and the [[Trinamool Congress]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The Bengali-speaking zone of India is considered stronghold for [[Communism in India]]. Bengalis are known not to vote on communal lines but in recent years this conception has how changed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170 |title="Want to be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party for Bengal Polls |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The [[West Bengal]] based [[Trinamool Congress]] is now the third largest party of India in terms of number of MP or MLA after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Earlier the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] held this position.<br />
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=== Crossborder relations ===<br />
{{Main|Bangladesh-India relations|Indians in Bangladesh|Bangladeshis in India}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Inauguration of the first edition of the lN-BN CORPAT (01).jpg|thumb|A meeting between the naval commanders of India and Bangladesh|311x311px]]<br />
<br />
India and Bangladesh are the world's first and eighth most populous countries respectively. [[Bangladesh-India relations]] began on a high note in 1971 when India played a major role in the [[liberation of Bangladesh]], with the Indian Bengali populace and media providing overwhelming support to the independence movement in the former East Pakistan. The two countries had a twenty five-year friendship treaty between 1972 and 1996. However, differences over river sharing, border security and access to trade have long plagued the relationship. In more recent years, a consensus has evolved in both countries on the importance of developing good relations, as well as a strategic partnership in South Asia and beyond. Commercial, cultural and defence co-operation have expanded since 2010, when Prime Ministers [[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Manmohan Singh]] pledged to reinvigorate ties.<br />
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The Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi operates a Deputy High Commission in [[Kolkata]] and a consular office in [[Agartala]]. India has a High Commission in [[Dhaka]] with consulates in [[Chittagong]] and [[Rajshahi]]. Frequent international air, bus and rail services connect major cities in Bangladesh and Indian Bengal, particularly the three largest cities- Dhaka, Kolkata and Chittagong. Undocumented immigration of Bangladeshi workers is a controversial issue championed by right-wing nationalist parties in India but finds little sympathy in West Bengal.<ref name=natwarspeech>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/incoming-visit-detail.htm |title=Address by External Affairs Minister Shri Natwar Singh at India-Bangladesh Dialogue Organised by Centre for Policy Dialogue and India International Centre |date=7 August 2005 |website=Speeches |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505224301/http://www.mea.gov.in/incoming-visit-detail.htm?2663 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> India has since fenced the border which has been criticised by Bangladesh.<ref name=migrHindu>{{cite magazine |last=Chattopadhyay |first=S. S. |date=June 2007 |title=Constant traffic |magazine=Frontline |volume=24 |issue=11 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2411/stories/20070615003701400.htm |access-date=26 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417025216/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2411/stories/20070615003701400.htm |archive-date=17 April 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Bangladesh|Economy of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[File:2.শাপলা চত্বর.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Dhaka]]|310x310px]]<br />
<br />
The [[Ganges Delta]] provided advantages of fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.<ref name="hp" /> Living standards for Bengal's elite were relatively better than other parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="hp" /> Between 400 and 1200, Bengal had a well-developed economy in terms of land ownership, agriculture, livestock, shipping, trade, commerce, taxation, and banking.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Kamrunnesa Islam|title=Economic History of Bengal|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29147/|location=SOAS, University of London|degree=PhD|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00029147|year=1996}}</ref> The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which ceased after the creation of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and stopped the outflow of wealth. [[Ma Huan]]'s travelogue recorded a booming shipbuilding industry and significant [[international trade]] in Bengal.<br />
<br />
In 1338, [[Ibn Battuta]] noticed that the silver taka was the most popular currency in the region instead of the Islamic [[dinar]].<ref name="Blanchard2005">{{cite book |author=Ian Blanchard |title=Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Continuing Afo-European supremacy, 1250–1450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um-EXNlRKO4C&pg=PA1264 |year=2005 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-08704-9 |page=1264}}</ref> In 1415, members of [[Admiral Zheng He]]'s entourage also noticed the dominance of the taka. The currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty for the [[Sultan of Bengal]]. The Sultanate of Bengal established an estimated 27 [[Mint (facility)|mints]] in provincial capitals across the kingdom.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins |title=Coins |website=Banglapedia |access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="banglapedia3">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Currency_System |title=Currency System |website=Banglapedia |access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> These provincial capitals were known as Mint Towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |title=Mint Towns |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> These Mint Towns formed an integral aspect of governance and administration in Bengal.<br />
<br />
The taka continued to be issued in [[Mughal Bengal]], which inherited the sultanate's legacy. As Bengal became more prosperous and integrated into the [[world economy]] under Mughal rule, the taka replaced shell currency in rural areas and became the standardised [[legal tender]]. It was also used in commerce with the [[Dutch East India Company]], the [[John Law's Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]] and the [[British East India Company]]. Under Mughal rule, Bengal was the centre of the worldwide [[muslin]] trade. The [[muslin trade in Bengal]] was patronised by the Mughal imperial court. Muslin from Bengal was worn by aristocratic ladies in courts as far away as Europe, Persia and Central Asia. The treasury of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] was the biggest source of revenue for the imperial Mughal court in Delhi. Bengal had a large [[shipbuilding]] industry. The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223,250{{nbsp}}tons annually, which was higher than the volume of shipbuilding in the nineteen colonies of North America between 1769 and 1771.<ref name="ray174" /><br />
<br />
Historically, Bengal has been the industrial leader of the subcontinent. Mughal Bengal saw the emergence of a proto-industrial economy backed up by textiles and gunpowder. The organised early modern economy flourished till the beginning of British rule in the mid 18th-century, when the region underwent radical and revolutionary changes in government, trade, and regulation. The British displaced the indigenous ruling class and transferred much of the region's wealth back to the colonial metropole in Britain. In the 19th century, the British began investing in railways and limited industrialisation. However, the Bengali economy was dominated by trade in raw materials during much of the colonial period, particularly the [[jute trade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Railway | title=Railway |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[partition of India]] changed the economic geography of the region. Calcutta in West Bengal inherited a thriving industrial base from the colonial period, particularly in terms of jute processing. East Pakistan soon developed its industrial base, including the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]]. In 1972, the newly independent government of Bangladesh nationalised 580 industrial plants. These industries were later privatised in the late 1970s as Bangladesh moved towards a market-oriented economy. [[Economic liberalization|Liberal reforms]] in 1991 paved the way for a major expansion of Bangladesh's private sector industry, including in telecoms, natural gas, textiles, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, steel and shipbuilding. In 2022, Bangladesh was the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078 |title=Bangladesh ranked 41st largest economy in 2019 all over the world |work=The Daily Star |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |author=Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed |url=https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies |title=Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation? |work=Scroll.in |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><br />
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The region is one of the largest rice producing areas in the world, with West Bengal being India's largest rice producer and Bangladesh being the world's fourth largest rice producer.<ref name="importantindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.importantindia.com/10116/major-rice-producing-states-in-india/ |website=importantindia.com |title=7 Major Rice Producing States in India – Important India |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129120550/http://www.importantindia.com/10116/major-rice-producing-states-in-india/ |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=dead |date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Three Bengali economists have been Nobel laureates, including [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Abhijit Banerjee]] who won the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] and [[Muhammad Yunus]] who won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
! Bengal<br />
! [[GDP|Real economy (nominal <br /> GDP per capita)]] in 2023–2024)<br />
! Nominal economy <br /> (nominal GDP in 2023–2024)<br />
! Population <br /> (2025)<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bangladesh]]'s [[Dhaka]] ([[Dhaka|Dhaka Municipal Corporation Area]])''<br />
| $5,000<br />
| $70 billion<br />
| 3.7 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka world’s 2nd most populous city with 3.66 crore people: UN {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/dhaka-worlds-2nd-most-populous-city-366-crore-people-un-4044546 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Madden |first=Duncan |title=Tokyo Loses Title Of World’s Most Populous City, According To UN |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/duncanmadden/2025/11/28/tokyo-loses-title-of-worlds-most-populous-city-according-to-un/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[West Bengal]]'s [[Kolkata|Kolkata District]] ([[Kolkata|Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area]])''<br />
| $4,400<br />
| $20 billion<br />
| 2.2 crore<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Bengal]])<br />
| $2,700<br />
| $460 billion<br />
| 17.5 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh’s population hits 175.7 million {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladeshs-population-hits-1757-million-3934196 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Total population Bangladesh |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/438167/total-population-of-bangladesh/?srsltid=AfmBOoryiJw9EeS_GcQIPdiCt1jG5MhxftBUdgRNio_uXcgPyVe42gZt |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> (more than 17.3 crore Bengalis)<ref>Bengalis constitute 99% of the total population of Bangladesh.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[India]]'s [[West Bengal]]<br />
| $2,400<br />
| $240 billion<br />
| 10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Population 2026 |url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.indiacensus.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Rajeev |date=3 January 2021 |title=West Bengal Population 2026 {{!}} Sex Ratio {{!}} Literacy Rate {{!}} Future Projection |url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-west-bengal/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=Find Easy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Population 2026: Religion, Literacy, and Census Data Insights |url=https://censusofindia.net/west-bengal/19 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=censusofindia.net}}</ref> (around 8-8.5 crore Bengalis)<ref>Bengalis constitute 80-86% of the total population of West Bengal.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Stock markets===<br />
*[[Dhaka Stock Exchange]]<br />
*[[Chittagong Stock Exchange]]<br />
*[[Calcutta Stock Exchange]]<br />
<br />
===Ports and harbours===<br />
*[[Port of Chittagong]]<br />
*[[Port of Kolkata]]<br />
*[[Port of Mongla]]<br />
*[[Haldia Port|Port of Haldia]]<br />
*[[Port of Payra]]<br />
*[[Port of Pangaon]]<br />
*[[Port of Khulna]]<br />
*[[Farakka Port|Port of Farakka]]<br />
*[[Port of Narayanganj]]<br />
*[[Port of Ashuganj]]<br />
*[[Port of Barisal]]<br />
*[[Matarbari Port]]<br />
*Land port of [[Benapole]]-[[Petrapole]]<br />
<br />
===Chambers of commerce===<br />
*[[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]<br />
*[[Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]<br />
*[[Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FBCCI)<br />
*[[Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]<br />
*[[Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] (DCCI)<br />
*[[Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka|Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (MCCI)<br />
<br />
=== Intra-Bengal trade ===<br />
Bangladesh and India are the largest trading partners in South Asia, with two-way trade valued at an estimated US$16&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/delhi-dhaka-trade-becoming-one-sided-need-to-balance-it-says-bangladesh-fm-on-india-visit/1004819/ |title=Delhi-Dhaka trade becoming one-sided, need to balance it, says Bangladesh FM on India visit |work=ThePrint |date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Most of this trade relationship is centred on some of the world's busiest [[land port]]s on the [[Bangladesh-India border]]. The [[Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal]] Initiative seeks to boost trade through a Regional Motor Vehicles Agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aric.adb.org/initiative/bangladesh-bhutan-india-and-nepal-motor-vehicles-agreement |title=Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Motor Vehicles Agreement Initiative}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|Demographics of West Bengal|Languages of Bangladesh}}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Language in Bengal<br />
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|color1=Red|value1=92<br />
|label2=Others|color2=dodgerblue|value2=8}}<br />
The Bengal region is one of the [[Population density|most densely populated areas]] in the world. With a population of 300&nbsp;million, [[Bengalis]] are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the [[Han Chinese]] and [[Arabs]].{{efn|Roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100&nbsp;million in the [[India|Republic of India]] ([[CIA Factbook]] 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East]], 1 million [[Bengalis in Pakistan]], 0.4&nbsp;million [[British Bangladeshi]].}}<br />
According to provisional results of 2011 Bangladesh census, the population of Bangladesh was 149,772,364;<ref name=BBSprovjul2011>{{cite web |title=2011 Population & Housing Census: Preliminary Results |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=July 2011 |access-date=17 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170757/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> however, CIA's ''[[The World Factbook]]'' gives 163,654,860 as its population in a July 2013 estimate. According to the provisional results of the 2011 Indian national census, West Bengal has a population of 91,347,736.<ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title=Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> "So, the Bengal region, {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, has at least 241.1&nbsp;million people. This figures give a population density of 1003.9/km<sup>2</sup>; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.<ref name=censuswb>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Provisional Population Totals: West Bengal |access-date=26 August 2006 |website=Census of India, 2001 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WorldBank">[[World Bank Group|World Bank]] Development Indicators Database, 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the main language spoken in Bengal. Many phonological, lexical, and structural differences from the standard variety occur in peripheral varieties of Bengali across the region. Other regional languages closely related to Bengali include [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri/Rajbangshi]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], and [[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]].<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/languages |title=Bangladesh |website=Ethnologue |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626114709/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/languages |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the 2011 Indian census, 18% of the Bengali-speakers are bilingual of whom half can speak [[Hindi]], and 5% are trilingual.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=14 November 2018 |title=Hindi, Bengali speakers India's least multilingual groups |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-bengali-speakers-indias-least-multilingual-groups/articleshow/66612384.cms |issn=0971-8257 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In general, [[Bengalis]] are followers of [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Buddhism]] with a significant number are [[Irreligion|Irreligious]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Population trends for major religious groups in the Bengal region (West Bengal and Bangladesh) under the [[British Raj|British India]] (1881–1941)<br />
|- style="text-align: left;"<br />
! Religious<br />group<br />
! Population <br />% 1881<br />
! Population <br />% 1891<br />
! Population <br />% 1901<br />
! Population <br />% 1911<br />
! Population <br />% 1921<br />
! Population <br />% 1931<br />
! Population <br />% 1941<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: green; color: white;"| Islam<br />
| 50.16% || 50.7% || 51.58% || 52.74% || 53.99% || 54.87% || 54.73%<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: Orange; color: white;"| Hinduism<br />
| 48.45% || 47.27% || 46.60% || 44.80% || 43.27% || 43.04% || 41.55%<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: DodgerBlue; color: white;"| Christianity<br />
| 0.2% || – || – || – || – || – || –<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: Yellow; color: white;"| Buddhism<br />
| 0.69% || – || – || – || – || – || –<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: Silver;"| Other religions<br />
| 0.5% || – || – || – || – || – <br />
||-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ '''Bengal region religious diversity as per 2011 census'''<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population & Housing Census |year=2011 |author=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |publisher=Bangladesh Government |access-date=17 April 2015 |page=xiii |quote="Population By Religion (%) Muslim 90.39 Hindu 8.54 Buddhist 0.60 Christian 0.37 Others 0.14" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Data Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> & 2026 est.<br />
|-<br />
! Religion<br />
! Population<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] ([[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]])<br />
| ~215-220 million (2026 est.){{Efn|Bangladesh: ~160 million{{efn|2022 census & 2024 World Bank Report<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="unpop">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD|title=Population, total – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>{{Efn|The number of [[Bangladeshis]] worldwide exceeds 190 million. Nearly 15 million Bangladeshis live outside Bangladesh and are not included during national census counts.<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref> Considering the total number of Bengalis to be around 270–280 million, Bangladeshis constitute approximately 67–70% of the global Bengali population.|name=Bangladeshis}}}}, India: ~36 million{{Efn|{{Efn|The estimated population of India in 2026 is about 1.48 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooamdezfszPIjHhIIL1lMP9N5cS5LS6CHHcqlOGjZjOr8MGR2ib |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> of which approximately 8% are Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA (LANGUAGE) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222053153/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref> Approximately 30% of them are Bengali Muslims.<ref>[[2011 census of India]]</ref>}}<ref name="PopWestBengal" /><ref name="PopAssam" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | title='Not cows to be milked' — Muslims in Bengal, Kerala, Assam are now assertive, want recognition | work=ThePrint | date=7 April 2021 | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=26 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074534/https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Abhik |title=Museum To Display 'Miya' Culture In Assam Sealed, CM Says Only 'Lungi' Belongs To Them |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/museum-to-display-miya-culture-in-assam-sealed-cm-says-only-lungi-belongs-to-them-news-232546 |magazine=Outlook |date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | title=Explained: Why religious fault lines are emerging in Tripura | work=scroll.in | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=11 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172246/https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | url-status=live }}</ref>}}, Others: ~15-17 million{{Efn|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Bangladeshi migrant workers: Turning the focus to psychosocial issues |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-turning-focus-psychosocial-issues-1142981 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual number of Bangladeshi migrant workers? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/migration/333923/what-is-the-actual-number-of-bangladeshi-migrant |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Ayesha |date=2025-06-27 |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Bengalis |url=https://thecontrapuntal.com/pakistans-forgotten-bengalis/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Contrapuntal |language=en}}</ref>}} (2026 est.)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] ([[File:Om.svg|15px]])<br />
| ~95-97 million (2026 est.){{Efn|India: ~82 million{{Efn|The estimated population of India in 2026 is about 1.48 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooamdezfszPIjHhIIL1lMP9N5cS5LS6CHHcqlOGjZjOr8MGR2ib |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> of which approximately 8% are Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA (LANGUAGE) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222053153/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref> Approximately 70% of them are Bengali Hindus.<ref>[[2011 census of India]]</ref>}}, Bangladesh: ~15 million{{Efn|Bangladesh’s population is expected to be around 180 million in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh’s population hits 175.7 million {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladeshs-population-hits-1757-million-3934196 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 7.95% of the population follows Hinduism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live}}</ref>}} (2026 est.)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali Christians|Christians]] ([[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]])<br />
| 1,718,887<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] ([[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]])<br />
| 1,278,871<br />
|-<br />
| Other or no religion<br />
| 1,707,917<br />
|-<br />
| Total<br />
| ~315 million<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In addition, several minority ethnolinguistic groups are native to the region. These include speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Sadri language|Oraon Sadri]], various [[Bihari languages]]), [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] (e.g., [[A'Tong language|A'Tong]], [[Chak language|Chak]], [[Koch language|Koch]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Megam language|Megam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]"), [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Mru language|Mru]], [[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]], [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]/[[Marma Language|Marma]], [[Kok Borok language|Kok Borok]], [[Reang language|Riang]], [[Tippera language|Tippera]], [[Usoi language|Usoi]], various [[Chin languages]]), [[Austroasiatic languages]] (e.g., [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Koda language|Koda]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[War language|War]]), and [[Dravidian languages]] (e.g., [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Sauria Paharia language|Sauria Paharia]]).<ref name="ethnologue.com" /><br />
<br />
Life expectancy is around 72.49 years for Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Bangladesh |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> and 70.2 for West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contents 2010–14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="life table">{{cite web |title=Abridged Life Tables- 2010–14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf |page=5 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110123124/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of literacy, West Bengal leads with 77% literacy rate,<ref name=censuswb /> in Bangladesh the rate is approximately 72.9%.<ref>{{cite book |last=CRI |title=Bangladesh Education for All |date=2014 |publisher=CRI Publication |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1 |page=138 |url=http://cri.org.bd/publication/2015/Bangladesh%20Education%20for%20All/#/1/ |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814012330/http://cri.org.bd/publication/2015/Bangladesh%20Education%20for%20All/#/1/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|CRI do not give a breakdown by gender or state the age bracket for the data}} The level of poverty in West Bengal is at 19.98%, while in Bangladesh it stands at 12.9%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Misha |first1=Farzana |last2=Sulaiman |first2=Munshi |title=Bangladesh Priorities: Poverty, Sulaiman and Misha {{pipe}} Copenhagen Consensus Center |url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/bangladesh-priorities-poverty-sulaiman-and-misha |website=copenhagenconsensus.com |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416191511/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/bangladesh-priorities-poverty-sulaiman-and-misha |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unicef_stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html |title=Statistics |date=18 December 2013 |website=UNICEF |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219134729/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
West Bengal has one of the lowest total fertility rates in India. West Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |title=Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland |work=Mint |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724083636/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live|date=25 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Major cities ===<br />
The Bengal region is home to the some of the world's [[List of urban areas by population|major urban areas]], [[Dhaka]] is the [[List of urban areas by population|4th largest urban area]] in the world, while [[Kolkata]] is [[List of urban areas by population|17th largest urban area]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+ List of million plus urban areas of Bengal<br />
|-<br />
! Rank<br />
! City<br />
! Country<br />
! data-sort-type="numeric" | Population (2024)<br />
! Image<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1 || '''[[Dhaka]]''' || {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| data-sort-value="1" | 24,653,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka, Bangladesh Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20119/dhaka/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><br />
| [[File:Dhaka April (33244268934).jpg|alt=|thumb|130px|[[Dhaka]]]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2 || '''[[Kolkata]]''' || {{flag|India}}<br />
| data-sort-value="2" | 15,845,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21211/calcutta/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><br />
| [[File:EM Bypass Kolkata.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Kolkata]]]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3 || '''[[Chittagong]]''' || {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| data-sort-value="3" | 5,653,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittagong, Bangladesh Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20115/chittagong/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><br />
| [[File:Chittagong city skyline.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Chittagong]]]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4 || '''[[Asansol]]''' || {{flag|India}}<br />
| data-sort-value="4" | 1,565,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21170/asansol/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><br />
| [[File:Modernisation of ISP.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Asansol]]]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 5 || '''[[Siliguri]]''' || {{flag|India}}<br />
| data-sort-value="5" | 1,191,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siliguri, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21405/siliguri/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref><br />
| [[File:Siliguri view 3.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Siliguri]]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Other major cities in West Bengal====<br />
Other important cities of West Bengal region such as [[Howrah]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Basirhat]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Durgapur]], [[Coochbehar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Darjeeling]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/westbengal/ |website=CityPopulation.de |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Other major cities in Bangladesh====<br />
Other important cities in Bangladesh such as [[Sylhet]], [[Khulna]], [[Jessore]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Cox's Bazar]] etc.<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{Main|Culture of Bengal}}<br />
<br />
=== Language ===<br />
{{Main|Bengali language}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Bengali letters.svg|thumb|left|[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali letters]]]]<br />
<br />
The [[Bengali language]] developed between the 7th and 10th centuries from [[Apabhraṃśa]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Bengali language |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> It is written using the indigenous [[Bengali alphabet]], a descendant of the ancient [[Brahmi script]]. Bengali is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|5th most spoken language in the world]]. It is an eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] and one of the easternmost branches of the [[Indo-European language family]]. It is part of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages]]. Bengali has greatly influenced other languages in the region, including [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]. It is the sole [[state language]] of Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages in Descending Order of Speakers' Strength – 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Language-2011/Statement-4.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Language-2011/Statement-4.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> It is also the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world.<br />
<br />
[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|centre|Bengali and its dialects]]<br />
<br />
Bengali binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to regional identity. The 1952 [[Bengali language movement]] in East Pakistan is commemorated by [[UNESCO]] as [[International Mother Language Day]], as part of global efforts to preserve linguistic identity.<br />
<br />
=== Currency ===<br />
{{Main|History of the taka}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Coin - Silver - Circa 9-10th Century 13th Century CE - Harikela Kingdom - ACCN 90-C2752 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4303.JPG|thumb|left|A silver coin with Proto-Bengali script, 9th century]]<br />
<br />
In both [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]], currency is commonly denominated as taka. The [[Bangladesh taka]] is an official standard bearer of this tradition, while the [[Indian rupee]] is also written as taka in Bengali script on all of its banknotes. The [[history of the taka]] dates back centuries. Bengal was home one of the world's earliest coin currencies in the first millennium BCE. Under the Delhi Sultanate, the taka was introduced by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1329. Bengal became the stronghold of the taka. The silver currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. It was traded on the [[Silk Road]] and replicated in [[Nepal]] and China's [[Tibet]]an protectorate. The [[Pakistani rupee]] was scripted in Bengali as taka on its banknotes until Bangladesh's creation in 1971.<br />
<br />
=== Literature ===<br />
{{Main|Bengali literature|Bangladeshi English literature}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], known as the Bengali Shakespeare, being hosted at the Parliament of [[Iran]] in the 1930s]]<br />
<br />
Bengali literature has a rich heritage. It has a history stretching back to the 3rd century BCE, when the main language was [[Sanskrit]] written in the [[brahmi]] script. The [[Bengali language]] and [[Bengali–Assamese script|script]] evolved {{Circa|1000&nbsp;CE}} from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]. Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the ''[[Charyapada|Chôrjapôdô]]'', ''[[Mangalkavya]]'', ''[[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]'', ''[[Maimansingha Gitika]]'' or ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]''. Bengali literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. [[Chandidas]]), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. [[Alaol]]). During the [[Bengal Renaissance]] of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, [[Bengali literature]] was modernised through the works of authors such as [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Satyendranath Dutta]], [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Jibanananda Das]]. In the 20th century, prominent modern Bengali writers included [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Jasimuddin]], [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]], [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Buddhadeb Bose]], [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] and [[Humayun Ahmed]].<br />
<br />
Prominent contemporary Bengali writers in English include [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Tahmima Anam]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]] and [[Zia Haider Rahman]] among others.<br />
<br />
=== Personification ===<br />
{{Main|Mother Bengal}}<br />
<br />
The [[Bangamata]] is a female [[national personification|personification]] of Bengal which was created during the [[Bengali Renaissance]] and later adopted by the [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalists]].<ref>[http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464 Symbols of Water and Woman on Selected Examples of Modern Bengali Literature in the Context of Mythological Tradition] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184455/http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464 |date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] adopted a modified [[Bharat Mata]] as a national personification of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/lSOX1BWMcgypBUV8mUb8cJ/The-origins-of-Bharat-Mata.html|title=The origins of Bharat Mata|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2016|work=LiveMint|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> The Mother Bengal represents not only biological motherness but its attributed characteristics as well – protection, never ending love, consolation, care, the beginning and the end of life. In [[Amar Sonar Bangla]], the national anthem of Bangladesh, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] has used the word "Maa" (Mother) numerous times to refer to the motherland i.e. Bengal.<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The nationalist sentiments that this painting evoked transformed [[Abanindranath Tagore]]'s initial thoughts "[[Bangamata]]" after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]] into [[Bharat Mata]] (Mother India), a pan-Indian figure, inspiring people across the length and breadth of the nation during the [[Indian independence movement]].<br />
| image2 = কোলকাতা ভাষা শহীদ মিনার.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Mother Language Day]] Monument in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] representing Language Matyrs on the lap of [[Bangamata]] (Mother Bengal) during [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<br />
| total_width = 600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Art ===<br />
{{See also|Bangladeshi art}}<br />
[[File:CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG|thumb|Bangladeshi paintings for sale at an art gallery in Dhaka]]<br />
<br />
The Pala-Sena School of Art developed in Bengal between the 8th and 12th centuries and is considered a high point of classical Asian art.<ref name="Bagchi1993">{{cite book |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D |author=Bagchi, J. |date=1993 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC&pg=PA127 |page=127 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Huntington1984">{{cite book |title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture |author=Huntington, S. L. |date=1984 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=9789004068568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 |page=4 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> It included sculptures and paintings.<ref name="britannica3">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-art |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Pala art |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003233853/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-art |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Islamic Bengal was noted for its production of the finest cotton fabrics and [[sari]]s, notably the [[Jamdani]], which received warrants from the Mughal court.<ref name="metmuseum">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art |website=metmuseum.org |title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art {{pipe}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zainul Abedin]] was the pioneer of modern [[Bangladeshi art]]. The country has a thriving and internationally acclaimed [[contemporary art]] scene.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/arts/international/in-bangladesh-a-vibrant-contemporary-scene.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=In Bangladesh, a Vibrant Contemporary Scene |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170739/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/arts/international/in-bangladesh-a-vibrant-contemporary-scene.html |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live |date=13 March 2014 |last1=Yee |first1=Amy}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Architecture ===<br />
{{Main|Architecture of Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Momin Mosque after restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Bungalow]]s originated from [[Bengali architecture]].]]<br />
<br />
Classical Bengali architecture features [[terracotta]] buildings. Ancient Bengali kingdoms laid the foundations of the region's architectural heritage through the construction of monasteries and temples (for example, the [[Somapura Mahavihara]]). During the [[Bengal Sultanate|sultanate period]], a distinct and glorious Islamic style of architecture developed the region.<ref name="akdn">{{cite web |url=http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/bait-ur-rouf-mosque |website=akdn.org |title=Bait Ur Rouf Mosque {{pipe}} Aga Khan Development Network |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119103806/http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/bait-ur-rouf-mosque |archive-date=19 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most Islamic buildings were small and highly artistic terracotta mosques with multiple domes and no minarets. Bengal was also home to the largest mosque in South Asia at [[Adina Mosque|<br />
Adina]]. Bengali vernacular architecture is credited for inspiring the popularity of the [[bungalow]].<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', "bungalow"; [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071037/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none |date=6 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bengal region also has a rich heritage of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], including numerous [[zamindar]] palaces and mansions. The most prominent example of this style is the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]].<br />
<br />
In the 1950s, [[Muzharul Islam]] pioneered the modernist terracotta style of architecture in South Asia. This was followed by the design of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban]] by the renowned American architect [[Louis Kahn]] in the 1960s, which was based on the aesthetic heritage of Bengali architecture and geography.<ref name="worldviewcities">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/islam.html |website=worldviewcities.org |title=Worldview |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230094254/http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/islam.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldviewcities2">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/philadelphia.html |website=worldviewcities.org |title=Worldview |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102231001/http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/philadelphia.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sciences ===<br />
{{main|Science and technology in Bangladesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:FR khan sculputure at Sears tower.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of the Bengali-American engineer [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] at [[Sears Tower]] in the United States]]<br />
<br />
The [[Gupta dynasty]], which is believed to have originated in North Bengal, pioneered the invention of [[chess]], the concept of [[zero]], the [[heliocentrism|theory of Earth orbiting the Sun]], the study of [[Sun|solar]] and [[Moon|lunar]] eclipses and the flourishing of [[Sanskrit literature]] and [[Sanskrit drama|drama]].<ref name="Murray 1913" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koshy |first1=Thomas |title=Elementary Number Theory with Applications |year=2002 |publisher=Harcourt / Academic press |isbn=0-12-421171-2 |page=567}}</ref><br />
<br />
The educational reforms during the [[British Raj]] gave birth to many distinguished scientists in Bengal. Sir [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to [[plant science]], and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |pages=5–6}}</ref> [[IEEE]] named him one of the [[People known as the father or mother of something|fathers]] of radio science.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Sir J. C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |year=1997 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}</ref> He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a [[United States patent law|US patent]], in 1904. In 1924–25, while researching at the University of Dhaka, [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] well known for his works in [[quantum mechanics]], provided the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]].<ref name=SMahanti>{{cite web |last=Mahanti |first=Subodh |title=Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712081636/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wali |first=Kameshwar C |author-link=Kameshwar C. Wali |year=2009 |title=Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times |location=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |pages=xvii, xviii, xx (Foreword) |isbn=978-981-279-070-5}}</ref><ref name="OConnorRobertson">{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J J |last2=Robertson |first2=E F |date=October 2003 |title=Satyendranath Bose |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html |publisher=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116083306/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Meghnad Saha]] was the first scientist to relate a star's spectrum to its temperature, developing thermal ionization equations (notably the [[Saha ionization equation]]) that have been foundational in the fields of astrophysics and astrochemistry.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=A forgotten star |journal=Distillations |year=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]] was a physicist, known for his research in general relativity and cosmology. His most significant contribution is the eponymous [[Raychaudhuri equation]], which demonstrates that singularities arise inevitably in general relativity and is a key ingredient in the proofs of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/no-big-bang-the-universe-was-there-all-along-studies/article6959499.ece |title=No Big Bang, the universe was there all along: studies |first=Shubashree |last=Desikan |date=5 March 2015 |access-date=2 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211441/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/no-big-bang-the-universe-was-there-all-along-studies/article6959499.ece |archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, the Bangladeshi-American engineer [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] emerged as the "father of tubular designs" in skyscraper construction. [[Ashoke Sen]] is an Indian theoretical physicist whose main area of work is string theory. He was among the first recipients of the [[Fundamental Physics Prize]] "for opening the path to the realisation that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory".<ref name="Pulakkat">{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=19 December 2013 |title=How many of us know about Breakthrough Prize winner, Ashoke Sen? |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377589_1_ashoke-sen-yuri-milner-scientists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222155950/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377589_1_ashoke-sen-yuri-milner-scientists |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Music ===<br />
{{Main|Music of Bengal|Music of Bangladesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tharundas baul.jpg|thumb|A [[Baul]] musician. The Baul ballads of Bangladesh are classified by UNESCO as [[intangible cultural heritage]].]]<br />
<br />
The [[Baul]] tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music.<ref name=baulbengalonline>{{cite web |url=http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul |title=The Bauls of Bengal |access-date=26 October 2006 |website=BengalOnline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030119135124/http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul |archive-date=19 January 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century mystic poet [[Lalon Shah]] is the most celebrated practitioner of the tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anirvan |title=Anirvan |access-date=5 August 2015 |last=Banik |first=Nandadulal |website=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203161749/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anirvan |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other folk music forms include [[Gombhira]], [[Bhatiali]] and [[Bhawaiya]]. [[Hason Raja]] is a renowned folk poet of the Sylhet region. Folk music in Bengal is often accompanied by the [[ektara]], a one-stringed instrument. Other instruments include the [[dotara]], [[dhol]], flute, and [[tabla]]. The region also has a rich heritage in [[Hindustani classical music|North Indian classical music]].<br />
<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{Main|Bengali cuisine|Bangladeshi cuisine}}<br />
<br />
[[Bengali cuisine]] is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent. Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying that "fish and rice make a Bengali".<ref name=machhe>{{cite web |url=http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf |title=Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh |access-date=22 October 2006 |author=Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif |publisher=Aqua KE Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101103614/http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2006 }}</ref> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes [[Hilsa]] preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. Bengalis make distinctive [[confectionery|sweetmeats]] from milk products, including ''[[Rasgulla|Rôshogolla]]'', ''Chômchôm'', and several kinds of ''[[Pithe]]''. The old city of Dhaka is noted for its distinct Indo-Islamic cuisine, including [[biryani]], [[bakarkhani]] and [[kebab]] dishes.<br />
<br />
=== Boats ===<br />
{{See also|Country boats in Bangladesh}}<br />
[[File:Frans Balthasar Solvyns - Budgerow.jpg|thumb|left|18th-century painting of a [[budgerow]]]]<br />
<br />
There are 150 types of Bengali country boats plying the [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|700 rivers of the Bengal delta]], the vast [[floodplain]] and many [[oxbow lake]]s. They vary in design and size. The boats include the [[dinghy]] and [[sampan]] among others. Country boats are a central element of [[Bengali culture]] and have inspired generations of artists and poets, including the ivory artisans of the Mughal era. The country has a long shipbuilding tradition, dating back many centuries. Wooden boats are made of timber such as ''Jarul'' ([[dipterocarpus]] turbinatus),'' sal'' ([[shorea robusta]]), ''sundari'' ([[heritiera fomes]]), and ''[[Teak|Burma teak]]'' (tectons grandis). Medieval Bengal was shipbuilding hub for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] navies.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Hossain |first=Khandakar Akhter |year=2012 |chapter=Shipbuilding Industry |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shipbuilding_Industry |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="newagezakaria">{{cite news |title=Prospects of shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217222253/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> The British [[Royal Navy]] later utilised Bengali shipyards in the 19th century, including for the [[Battle of Trafalgar]].<br />
<br />
=== Attire ===<br />
[[File:Bridal Photo.jpg|thumb|Traditional bride of Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
Bengali women commonly wear the ''[[sari|shaŗi]]'', often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western-style attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the ''panjabi''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Puja |date=5 May 2020 |title=Panjabi with a twist |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/news/panjabi-twist-1899448?amp |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> with ''[[dhoti]]'' or ''[[pyjama]]'', often on religious occasions. The [[lungi]], a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladeshi men.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}<br />
<br />
=== Festivals ===<br />
{{Main|List of festivals in Bangladesh|List of festivals in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mongol Shobhajatra, Pohela Boishakh (18).jpg|thumb|[[Mangal Shobhajatra]] parade during the [[Bengali New Year]] in Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
For [[Bengali Muslims]], the major religious festivals are [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Muharram]], and [[Barat Night|Shab-e-Barat]]. For [[Bengali Hindus]], the major religious festivals include [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Janmashtami]] and [[Rath Yatra]]. In honour of [[Bengali Buddhists]] and [[Bengali Christians]], both [[Buddha's Birthday]] and [[Christmas]] are public holidays in the region. The [[Bengali New Year]] is the main secular festival of Bengali culture celebrated by people regardless of religious and social backgrounds. The biggest congregation in Bengal is the [[Bishwa ijtema]], which is also the world's second largest Islamic congregation. Other Bengali festivals include the [[Pohela Falgun|first day of spring]] and the [[Nabanna]] harvest festival in autumn.<br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
{{See also|Mass media in Bangladesh}}<br />
Bangladesh has a diverse, outspoken and privately owned [[News media|press]]. English-language titles are popular in the urban readership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh profile – Media |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731160445/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,<ref name=rniindia>{{cite web |url=https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm |title=General Review |access-date=1 September 2006 |publisher=Registrar of Newspapers for India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927070139/https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> of which 430 were in Bengali, with the largest circulated [[Bengali-language newspapers|Bengali language newspapers]] and magazines in the world.<ref name=rniindia /> [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bengali cinema]] is divided between the media hubs of Dhaka and Kolkata.<br />
<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{See also|Bangladesh Games|Bengali traditional games}}<br />
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are popular sports in the Bengal region. Local games include sports such as [[Kho Kho]] and [[Kabaddi]], the latter being the national sport of Bangladesh. An Indo-Bangladesh ''Bengali Games'' has been organised among the athletes of the Bengali speaking areas of the two countries.<ref name=indobangla>{{cite news |date=26 February 2008 |title=Bangladesh dominate Indo-Bangla Games, clinch 45 gold medals |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-dominate-indo-bangla-games-clinch-45-gold-medals_10021599.html |newspaper=Thaindian News |agency=Indian-Asian News Service |access-date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210232012/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-dominate-indo-bangla-games-clinch-45-gold-medals_10021599.html |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bangladeshi diaspora]]<br />
* [[List of Bengalis]]<br />
* [[Zerat]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="google5">{{cite book |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Eaton, R. M. |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="hp">Lawrence B. Lesser. "Historical Perspective". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html ''A Country Study: Bangladesh''] (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengal| ]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:History of Bengal| B]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of India]]<br />
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathyajith_(Kannada_actor)&diff=533431Sathyajith (Kannada actor)2026-04-22T03:01:15Z<p>Taj25O2937005: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film actor (1949–2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sathyajith<br />
| image = Sathyajith.jpeg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|06|02|df=y}}<br />
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2021|10|10|1949|06|02|df=y}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actor|director|writer}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Hubballi]]<br />
| education = <br />
| othername = Satyajit<br />
| spouse = Sophia Begum<br />
| children = 3{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}<br />
| relatives = <br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Syed Nizamuddin''', known by his professional name '''Satyajit''' or '''Satyajith''' (2 June 1949 – 10 October 2021),<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/veteran-kannada-actor-satyajith-passes-away-1039208.html Veteran Kannada actor Satyajith passes away]</ref> was an Indian actor in the [[Kannada film industry]]. Some of the notable films of Satyajit as an actor include ''[[Putnanja]]'' (1995), ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]'' (1988), ''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' (1992) and ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004).{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Satyajit has been part of more than six hundred and fifty Kannada films.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Selected filmography==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
* ''[[Ankush (1986 film)|Ankush]]'' (1986) as Subhlya ([[Hindi]] film)<br />
* ''Aruna Raaga'' (1986)<br />
* ''Nyayakke Shikshe'' (1987)<br />
* ''Mr. Raja'' (1987)<br />
* ''Anthima Theerpu'' (1987)...Satyaraj<br />
* ''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]'' (1987)...Pratap<br />
* ''Thayigobba Karna'' (1988)<br />
* ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]'' (1988) <br />
* ''[[Ranaranga]]'' (1988)<br />
* ''Nammoora Raja'' (1988)<br />
* ''Mahadasohi Sharana Basava'' (1988)<br />
* ''Bhoomi Thayane'' (1988)<br />
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1988|Thayigobba Karna]]'' (1988)<br />
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1989|Nyayakkaagi Naanu]]'' (1989)<br />
* ''Yuddha Kaanda'' (1989) <br />
* ''Raja Yuvaraja'' (1989)<br />
* ''Padma Vyuha'' (1989)...Mysore Mohanraj<br />
* ''Nyayakkaagi Naanu'' (1989) <br />
* ''Madhuri'' (1989)<br />
* ''Indrajith'' (1989)<br />
* ''Mouna Horata'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Ajay Vijay]]'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Nammoora Hammera]]'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Police Lockup]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''Mysore Jana'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Gadibidi Ganda]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Mahendra Varma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Varma (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mahendra-varma-1993 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1993)...Kariyappa<br />
* ''[[Mane Devru]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Sangharsha (1993 film)|Sangharsha]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Jailor Jagannath]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jailer Jagannath (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/jailer-jagannath-1993 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1993)...Satyamurthy<br />
* ''[[Chinna (1994 film)|Chinna]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[Mandyada Gandu]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''Yama Kinkara'' (1995) <br />
* ''Putnanja'' (1995)<br />
* ''Mojugara Sogasugara'' (1995)<br />
* ''Lady Police'' (1995) <br />
* ''[[Killer Diary]]'' (1995) <br />
* ''Emergency'' (1995)<br />
* ''[[Police Story (1996 film)|Police Story]]'' (1996)<br />
* ''[[Soma (1996 film)|Soma]]'' (1996)<br />
* ''Simhadri'' (1996)<br />
* ''Sathya Sangharsha'' (1996)<br />
* ''Gulaabi'' (1996)<br />
* ''Circle Inspector'' (1996)<br />
* ''Boss'' (1996)<br />
* ''Aayudha'' (1996)<br />
* ''Aadithya'' (1996)<br />
* ''Honey Moon'' (1997)<br />
* ''Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda'' (1997)<br />
* ''Balida Mane'' (1997)<br />
* ''[[Yamalokadalli Veerappan]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[Simhada Guri]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''One Man Army'' (1998)<br />
* ''Kurubana Rani'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[King'' (1998 film)|King]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''Jagath Kiladi'' (1998)<br />
* ''Arjun Abhimanyu'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[My Dear Tiger]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=sTuVZAYiA78 |title=My Dear Tiger – ಮೈ ಡಿಯರ್ ಟೈಗರ್{{!}} Kannada Full Movie {{!}} Tiger Prabhakar, Srinath, Sathyapriya |date=2015-05-29 |last=SRS Media Vision {{!}} Kannada Full Movies |access-date=2025-03-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (1998)...Badrinath<br />
* ''[[Vishwa (film)|Vishwa]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''Patela'' (1999)<br />
* ''Mr. X'' (1999)<br />
* ''Garuda'' (1999)<br />
* ''Nee Nanna Jeeva'' (2000)<br />
* ''Minchu'' (2000)<br />
* ''Durgada Huli'' (2000)<br />
* ''Sathyameva Jayathe'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Dhumm]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Sri Ram (film)|Sri Ram]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Daasa]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Shri (film)|Shri]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Ashoka (2006 film)|Ashoka]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Jootata]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Parodi (film)|Parodi]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Hudugaata]]'' (2007) <br />
* ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Bhagyada Balegara'' (film)|Bhagyada Balegara]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Rajani (film)|Rajani]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''School Master'' (2010)<br />
* ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]'' (2011) ([[Tulu language|Tulu]] film)<br />
* ''Hero Nanalla'' (2011)<br />
* ''Aacharya'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Swayam Krushi (2011 film)|Swayam Krushi]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''Bhadra'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Shravana (film)|Shravana]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Kal Manja]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''Manasina Mathu'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Ee Sanje]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Kanteerava]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Prem Adda]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''See U'' (2012) <br />
* ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Snehitaru]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''Ondu Kshanadalli'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Jaihind]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''Paper Doni'' (2012)<br />
* ''Kiladi Kitty'' (2012)<br />
* ''Narasimha'' (2012)<br />
* ''Rana Prathap'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Lucky (2012 Kannada film)|Lucky]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''Love Junction'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Pyarge Aagbittaite (film)|Pyarge Aagbittaite]]'' (2013) <br />
* ''Silk'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Akka Pakka]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' (2013) <br />
* ''Ee Ibbani'' (2014) <br />
* ''Namaste Madam'' (2014)<br />
* ''[[Paramashiva (film)|Paramashiva]]'' (2014)<br />
* ''[[Tirupathi Express]]'' (2014)<br />
* ''[[Adyaksha]]'' (2014)<br />
* ''Hara'' (2014)<br />
* ''[[Maanikya]]'' (2014)<br />
* ''Shivajinagara'' (2014)<br />
* ''Sharp Shooter'' (2015)<br />
* ''Shambho Mahadeva'' (2015)<br />
* ''Vamshoddharaka'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Thippaji Circle]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Uppi 2]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Rana Vikrama]]'' (2015) <br />
* ''[[Katte (film)|Katte]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Mythri (2015 film)|Mythri]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Jackson (2015 film)|Jackson]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'' (2016)<br />
* ''Mahaveera Machideva'' (2016)<br />
* ''[[Ranatantra]]'' (2016) <br />
* ''[[Hey Sarasu]]'' (2016)<br />
* ''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''[[2nd Half]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''Gadayuddha'' (2023)...Police inspector<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Satyajit was married to Sophia Begum, and they have a daughter named Akthar Swaleha who is a [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]] by [[profession]] in [[Bangalore]]. Their first son Akash Jith<ref>{{cite web |title= Akash satyajeeth |url= https://www.99doing.com/akashsatyajit |publisher=99doing.com }}</ref> is an actor too in the [[Kannada film industry]].<br />
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|5736426|Satyajith}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyajith}}<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhi_Kasliwal&diff=544272Vidhi Kasliwal2026-04-14T22:15:32Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br />
{{BLP Sources|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <br />
| image = VK_Pic.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| years_active = 2016–present<br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| website = {{URL|designershawrup.blogspot.com}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = {{flatlist|<br />
*[[freelancer|film director]]<br />
*[[freelancer |producer]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vidhi Kasliwal''' is an Indian film director and producer, as well as the founder and CEO of [[Landmarc Films]]. She has a background with [[Rajshri Productions]], where she wrote and produced documentaries and served as an assistant to directors Sooraj R. Barjatya, and Kaushik Ghatak.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kasliwal grew up in Mumbai and is the eldest of four siblings. She went to Villa Theresa High School and has a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]]. She also underwent the Creative Producer's Program at the [[UCLA Film School]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Vazandar quashes societal expectations: Vidhi Kasliwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/salman-has-always-supported-me/articleshow/54917264.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kasliwal worked as an assistant at [[Rajshri Productions]], and was part of the crew for ''[[Vivah]]'' (2006) and ''[[Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi]]'' (2008). She wrote and directed ''[[Isi Life Mein...!]]'', a film produced by Rajshri Productions and released in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidhi-kasliwal-to-take-rajshri-baton-forward/story-WIMm0GWSnado1OmNVZazHP.html |title=Vidhi Kasliwal to take Rajshri baton forward |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
She also produced the 2014 Marathi film ''[[Sanngto Aika]]'' starring [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/salman-khan-launches-sanngto-aika-music/ |title=Salman Khan launches Sanngto Aika music |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> the documentary ''[[Block by Block]]'' about the lives of building workers at one of the biggest construction sites in India,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianshowbiz.com/?p=115242 |title=IndianShowBiz.com » 'Block By Block' winning yet another feather on Vidhi Kasliwal's cap |website=www.indianshowbiz.com |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spicystarsmumbai.com/vidhi-kasliwals-block-by-block-wins-yet-again.html |title=Vidhi Kasliwal's Block By Block wins, yet again! |date=21 March 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> and the corporate film ''[[Building For The Future]]'' about next-generation architecture and engineering in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationexpo.tv/IACFF/news.php?id=MTQ2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306032522/http://www.educationexpo.tv/IACFF/news.php?id=MTQ2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=::: Education Expo :::Result: 4th Indian Advertising & Corporate Film Festival-15 |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was the producer and director of the 2018 documentary ''Vidyoday'', which is about a [[Digambara|Digambar Jain]] monk.<br />
<br />
The Marathi film ''[[Vazandar]]'' directed by [[Sachin Kundalkar]] was produced by her company Landmarc Films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sachin-Sai-and-Priya-in-Vidhi-Kasliwals-Vazandar/articleshow/50151708.cms |title=Sai and Priya team up for Sachin's next - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Other projects include ''[[Ringan (film)|Ringan]]'' (2017), ''[[Gachchi (film)|Gachchi]]'' (2017), and ''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]'' (2018)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasliwal, Vidhi}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Agarwal_(civil_servant)&diff=522284Nitin Agarwal (civil servant)2026-04-11T11:26:18Z<p>Taj25O2937005: started new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|31st Director General of the Border Security Force}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nitin Agrawal<br />
| image = Sh Nitin Agrawal IPS DG BSF 2024.jpg<br />
| alt = Sh Nitin Agrawal, IPS<br />
| caption = Sh Nitin Agrawal, IPS<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|07|27|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| occupation = IPS officer<br />
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]]<br>[[Panjab University]]<br />
| awards = [[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|50px]]<br>[[Indian Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service (2007)<br><br />
[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|50px]]<br>[[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service (2015)<br />
| office = [[Director General]] of [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]], Home Guards and Civil Defence<ref>https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1616850&u</ref><br />
| term_start = 26 September 2025<br />
| office1 = 31st [[Director General]] of the [[Border Security Force]]<br />
| term_start1 = 12 June 2023<br />
| term_end1 = 31 July 2024<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Pankaj Kumar Singh]]<br />
| successor1 = Daljit Singh Chaudhary<br />
}}<br />
'''Nitin Agrawal''' (born 27 July 1966) is a 1989 batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from [[Kerala]] cadre and served as the 31st [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Border Security Force]] of India since 12 June 2023 till 31 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Nitin Agrawal, Kerala cadre IPS officer to lead Border Security Force |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitin-agrawal-kerala-cadre-ips-appointed-bsf-dg-who-is-nitin-agrawal-salary-101686563005619.html |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-nitin-agrawal-meet-kerala-cadre-ips-officer-appointed-as-new-dg-of-bsf-11686542168384.html|title=Who is Nitin Agrawal? Meet Kerala cadre IPS officer appointed as new DG of BSF|publisher=livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-cadre-ips-officer-nitin-agrawal-appointed-bsf-dg/article66958760.ece|title=Kerala-cadre IPS officer Nitin Agrawal appointed BSF DG<br />
|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Agrawal was born in the year 1966 in [[Delhi]], India.<ref name="career"/> Agrawal completed B. Tech in civil engineering from [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institutions of Technology]] (Delhi) in 1987 and M. Tech from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1989. He also has M. Phil in Social Science from [[Panjab University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitin Agrawal takes charge as new Director General of BSF |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nitin-agrawal-takes-charge-as-new-director-general-of-bsf20230614191136/ |publisher=aninews.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Agrawal previously held several important positions in central governments agencies during his service. He served as Additional Director General of Operations at the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) headquarters in Delhi.<ref name="career"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-ips-nitin-agarwal-iit-alumnus-appointed-new-director-general-of-bsf-check-his-salary-and-perks-3047325|title=Meet IPS Nitin Agarwal, IIT alumnus, appointed new Director General of BSF, check his salary and perks|publisher=dnaindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from working in various departments in Kerala, Nitin Agrawal has also headed the [[Ministry of home affairs|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA).<ref name="career">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/kerala-cadre-ips-officer-nitin-agarwal-appointed-border-security-force-dg-latest-news-in-hindi-2023-06-12|title=BSF: केरल कैडर के IPS अधिकारी नितिन अग्रवाल बने बीएसएफ के डीजी, पांच माह से खाली था पद|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/who-is-nitin-agarwal-kerala-cadre-ips-officer-appointed-as-new-dg-of-bsf/2852370/|title=कौन हैं नितिन अग्रवाल? जिन्हें बनाया गया BSF का नया डीजी|publisher=jansatta.com|language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Agrawal is the recipient of the following awards given by the central government for his service during his career.<ref name="awards">{{cite web |title=Nitin Agrawal, Kerala-cadre IPS officer, takes charge as new Director General of BSF |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/nitin-agrawal-kerala-cadre-ips-officer-takes-charge-as-new-director-general-of-bsf-president-police-medal-director-general-bsf-cisf-ssb-2023-06-14-876011 |publisher=indiatvnews.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Indian Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service (2007) <br />
*[[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service (2015)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Nitin}}<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarvesh_Asthana&diff=533318Sarvesh Asthana2026-04-10T19:44:09Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1965)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sarvesh Asthana<br />
| image = Sarvesh Asthana.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|09|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hardoi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = Smile Man<ref name=weeklyvoice/><br />
| citizenship =<br />
| education =<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Activist<br />
| organization = Khilona Bank, Search Foundation, Lantrani, Bal Utsav, Youth Festival (Lucknow Mahotsav), Sahityagandha Magazine<br />
| agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --><br />
| known_for =<br />
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --><br />
| awards = [[Yash Bharti]] by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] (2016)<br> Sohan Lal Dwivedi Award by [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.sarveshasthana.com/|Official website}}<br />
| module = <br />
{{Infobox writer | embed=yes<br />
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[Satire]], [[Ghazal]], [[Children's poetry]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]<br />
}}}}<br />
'''Sarvesh Asthana''' (born 10 September 1965) is an Indian poet, writer and satirist, who writes and performs in the [[Hindi language]].<ref name=hindustan/><ref name=weeklyvoice>{{cite news |title=UPICA 'Hasya Kavi Sammelan' Regales Packed Audience |url=https://epaper.weeklyvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-light-viewer/544-pdfs/page-00014.pdf |publisher=Weekly Voice |date=25 May 2018 |page=A-14}}</ref> He has authored around 12 books. Asthana has contributed to various genres of [[Hindi literature]], including Hasya Kavita (humorous comic poetry), [[Vyangya]] (satire) and [[Bal kavita]] (children's rhymes). He was honored with the [[Yash Bharati]], the highest civilian award of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] for his contribution in the field of literature in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Anupam |title=UP: Slashing pension an insult to achievers, say Yash Bharti awardees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-slashing-pension-an-insult-to-achievers-say-yash-bharti-awardees/story-z6eH6gXZETxrz5pIIgTi2M.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Yash Bharati">{{cite news |title=सीएम अखिलेश ने 73 विभूतियों को दिया यश भारती सम्मान |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-yash-bharti-honour-for-71-prominent-personalities-from-up-government-today-14939813.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=27 October 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He is also the recipient of the Sohan Lal Dwivedi Award by the [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Jagran/> Asthana was appointed the Advisor to the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) in 2019.<ref name=ICCR/><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Sarvesh Asthana was born on 10 September 1965, in [[Hardoi]], [[India]]. He is the son of [[Awadhi language]] poet and freedom fighter Banke Lal Asthana.<ref>{{cite news |title=याद किए गए रचनाकार बांके लाल अस्थाना |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/remembered-creator-banke-lal-asthana/articleshow/75606632.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=8 May 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He is a law graduate and journalist by profession.<ref name=Indoamerican/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Some of his published notable books include ''Vo Balcony Wale'' (memoir collection), ''Bhor Vibhor'' (poetry collection), ''Inko Jaano Inhe Manaao'' (children's poetry collection), ''Khaulta Makarand'' (song collection), ''Tanhaaiya Aabad Hain'' ([[Ghazal]] collection), ''Wazir Baadshah'' (prose satire poetry), ''Shamshan Ghat'' (satire) and ''Isko Sheesh Nawao'' (children's poetry collection).<ref name=Jagran/><br />
<br />
Sarvesh Asthana is active in the Hindi poetry circuit and [[Kavi Sammelan]] for more than 35 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Laughter day: ये हैं लखनऊ के स्माइलमैन, जानें कैसे लाते हैं लोगों के चेहर पर हंसी |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/poet-sarvesh-asthana-on-world-laughter-day-news-in-hindi-1572359/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=22 August 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He has written thousands of prose satire besides the poetry, Ghazal and children's literature. He is the founder and principal editor of the literary magazine, 'Sahityagandha'.<ref name=Jagran/> He has performed poetry across India and overseas countries like the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the [[United States|USA]], [[Thailand]], [[Dubai]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Oman]].<ref name=Indoamerican>{{cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Jawahar |title=When You Tickle the Funnybone in Hindi, it Just Feels More Hilarious! |url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/when-you-tickle-the-funnybone-in-hindi-it-just-feels-more-hilarious/ |publisher=Indoamerican News |date=26 April 2018}}</ref> He is a regular on the radio and in two TV comedy serials, ''Hero Koun'' (Who's the Hero?) and M''iss Ramkalie'', aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=Indoamerican/><ref name=indianewengland>{{cite news |title=ISW Hosts Hasya Kavi Sammelan Today |url=https://indianewengland.com/2018/05/isw-hosts-hasya-kavi-sammelan-today/ |publisher=India New England News |date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729131751/https://indianewengland.com/2018/05/isw-hosts-hasya-kavi-sammelan-today/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In his personal life, he is working for destitute and needy children for the last twenty years, as reported in September 2018 by [[Dainik Jagran]]. Asthana has also founded the ' Khilona Bank' (toy bank),<ref name=hindustan>{{cite news |title=Asthana to represent Lko at kavi sammelan in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/asthana-to-represent-lko-at-kavi-sammelan-in-delhi/story-4gLSYsXQZx2JTRRUFqP4ZM.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 January 2020}}</ref> which organizes the annual 'Bal Utsav', a ten-day children's festival since 2001.<ref name=Jagran>{{cite news |title=कवि सम्मेलन में ठहाके लगाने को रहिये तैयार |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-poets-are-ready-to-laugh-at-the-conference-18464372.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=25 September 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He is also a member of the Juvenile Justice Selection Committee.<ref name=Nbt/><br />
<br />
He is the founder of Search Foundation, an organization to help needy children.<ref name=Nbt>{{cite news |title=सर्च फाउंडेशन की ओर से बाल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/-b-nbt-lucknow-child-from-b-search-foundation/articleshow/70795999.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=23 August 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He also organizes Lantrani, an annual Humorous programme on [[April Fool's Day]] since 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=..और लंतरानी में उपमंख्यमंत्री को मिला कद्दू |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-deputy-chief-minister-uttar-pradesh-recived-pumpkin-17827442.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=15 April 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> and Youth Festival, a part from Lucknow Mohotsav, which was co-founded by Asthana and Mukul Mohan in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Fest begins on a poetic note |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20181127/281608126490077 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 November 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, Sarvesh Asthana was named the Advisor to the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR).<ref name=ICCR>{{cite news |title=सर्वेश अस्थाना आईसीसीआर के सलाहकार बने |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story--2460718.html |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=25 March 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
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== Books ==<br />
* ''Vo Balcony Wale'' (memoir collection)<br />
* ''Bhor Vibhor'' (poetry collection)<br />
* ''Inko Jaano Inhe Manaao'' (children's poetry collection)<br />
* ''Khaulta Makarand'' (song collection)<br />
* ''Tanhaaiya Aabad Hain'' (Ghazal collection)<br />
* ''Wazir Baadshah'' (prose satire poetry)<br />
* ''Shamshan Ghat'' (satire collection)<br />
* ''Inko Shish Nawaz'' (children's poetry collection)<br />
* ''Inhe Dekh Kar Khush ho Jao'' (children's book)<br />
* ''Inko khao Swasthya Banao'' (children's book)<br />
* ''Ao Paryawaran Bachayen'' (children's book)<br />
* '' Internet Ka Nasha Aur Apke Bachche'' (children's book)<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
* In 2016, Sarvesh Asthana was facilitated with [[Yash Bharati]], the highest civilian award of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Yash Bharati"/><br />
* He was awarded the Awadh Jyoti Samman by Awadh Bharati Sansthan in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=जमाने से कदमताल मिलायेगी अवधी भाषा: पद्मश्री योगेश प्रवीन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-avadhi-language-will-add-step-by-time-padmashree-yogesh-praveen-3029879.html |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=16 February 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* He was honored with [[Sohan Lal Dwivedi]] Award by the [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Jagran/><br />
* In 2014, Asthana received the Kaka Hathrasi Award by Kaka Hathrasi Puraskar Trust.<ref name=Jagran/><br />
* In 2017, he received the Hindi Sahitya Seva Samman by the Hindi Vikas Parishad.<ref>{{cite news |title=15 को साहित्य परिषद का हास्य कवि सम्मेलन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/JHA-DHAN-MAT-latest-dhanbad-news-022502-37171-NOR.html/ |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=13 September 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* Asthana awarded the Antarrashtriya Vyangya Samman (International Satire Award) by the International Hindi Association in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=सर्वेश अस्थाना जाएंगे अमेरिका |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/33090642.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=2 April 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
* He was honored with Kaka Devesh Vyangya Shiromani Award in September 2019 and the award was bestowed by [[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] of Pushkar Dham.<ref>{{cite news |title=काका देवेश व्यंग्य शिरोमणि सम्मान से नवाजे गए सर्वेश |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/sarvesh-honored-with-kaka-devesh-satire-shiromani-award/articleshow/71355557.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=29 September 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.sarveshasthana.com/ Official website]<br />
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE Sarvesh Asthana's Poetry] on ''Kavita Kosh''<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Asthana, Sarvesh}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Indian humorists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple&diff=502963History of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple2026-04-07T15:21:08Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Vaishnavite temple}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Main|Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}<br />
[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] is an important [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple situated in the hill town of [[Tirumala]] in [[Tirupati district]] of Andhra Pradesh, built by a Tamil king Tondaiman and later expanded and renovated under the Chola and Vijayanagara Empire. The Temple is dedicated to Lord [[Venkateswara]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]], who is believed to have appeared here to save mankind from the trials and troubles of [[Kali Yuga]]. The temple is situated at a height of 853 metres on Tirumala Hills which are part of Seshachalam Hills and is constructed in South Indian Tamil Architectural Style.<br />
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==Medieval history==<br />
The first recorded endowment was made by Pallava queen Samavai in the year 966 CE. She donated many jewels and two parcels of land (one 10 acres and the other 13 acres) and ordered to use the revenues generated from that land to be used for the celebration of major festivals in the temple.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Arvind |editor1-last=Sharma |editor2-first=Katherine K. |editor2-last=Young |title=Feminism and World Religions |date=1999 |publisher=State University of New York |isbn=0-7914-4023-0 |url={{GBurl|OGxL4YCX4AYC|page=48}} |page=48}}</ref> The [[Pallava dynasty]] (9th century), the [[Chola dynasty]] (10th century), [[Reddi kingdom]] (12th and 13th centuries) and Vijayanagara [[pradhan]]s (14th and 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Lord Venkateswara. The temple gained most of its current wealth and size under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], with the donation of diamonds and gold.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |author=Dr. N.Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|location=Tirumala}}</ref> In 1517, Vijayanagara Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]], on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the [[Ananda Nilayam]] (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, leaders from states such as the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[Gadwal Samsthanam]] worshiped as pilgrims and gave ornaments and valuables to the temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm| title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Temple History| accessdate=15 July 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412013703/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm| archive-date=12 April 2012| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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==Modern history==<br />
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After the dusk of [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the temple went into the hands of Golconda in July 1656 and then it was under the French for a short period of time and under Nawab of Carnatic till 1801 CE.<br />
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===11th to 16th century===<br />
[[Ramanujacharya]] visited Tirupati thrice. On the first occasion, he spent a year with his uncle, Tirumalai Nambi, learning the esoteric meaning of [[Ramayana]]. His second visit was for settling a dispute that arose between the [[Saivites]] and [[Vaishnavites]] regarding the nature of the image set up in the Tirumala temple. During the last visit, which was at an advanced old age of 102 years, the acharya installed the image of [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja]] and laid the foundations of the present town of Tirupati.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'/> Ramanuja streamlined the rituals at Tirumala temple according to [[Vaikhanasas|Vaikanasa]] [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] tradition and introduced the recitation of [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]. He also set up Tirupati Jeeyar [[Matha|Mutt]] in 1119AD in consultation with Tirumalai Ananthalwan to institutionalize service to the Lord and supervise the temple rituals. The Jeeyars to this day ensure that the rituals ordained by Ramanuja are observed.<ref>{{cite web |author=TTD News |title=Pontiffs Jeeyangars, the Ombudsman of Tirumala Temple rituals |url=http://news.tirumala.org/pontifs-jeeyangars-the-ombudsman-of-tirumala-temple-rituals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020143/http://news.tirumala.org/pontifs-jeeyangars-the-ombudsman-of-tirumala-temple-rituals/ |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Voice of a mighty philosophy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Voice-of-a-mighty-philosophy/article16614610.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. a |title=He streamlined the rituals at Tirumala temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/He-crawled-all-the-way-up/article14425912.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
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In 1417 AD, Madhavadasa, a resident of Chandragiri, constructed Tirumamani Mandapam which is present in front of Bangaru Vakili of the Garbhagriha.<ref name=cons1>{{cite book|title=Temples in and Around Tirupati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rt3VAAAAMAAJ&q=krishnadevaraya+and+tirupati|last1 = Kameswara Rao|first1 = V.|year = 1986}}</ref><br />
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In 1535 AD, Pedda Tirumalacharya renovated [[Architecture of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple#Pushkarni|Temple Tank]] and [[Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala|Adivaraha shrine]].<ref name=cons1 /><br />
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===19th century===<br />
With the advent of British during the early 19th century, the management of the temple passed to hands of [[East India Company]], who accorded special status to temple and avoided interference in temple activities.<ref name=british>{{cite book |last=V.K|first=Bhaskara Rao |title=Organisational and Financial Management of Religious Institutions: With Special Reference to Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |date=1992 |pages=52, 53|isbn=81-7100-441-5}}</ref> Madras government passed Regulation seven of 1817, which passed the temple to Board of Revenue through collector of North Arcot District.<ref name=british /> In 1821, Bruce of England had drawn rules for the management of Temple which is referred to as ''[[Bruce's Code]]''.<ref name=british /><br />
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In 1843 the [[East India Company]] transferred the Administration of Temple along with [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams#In Tirupati|other Temples in Tirupati]] to [[Mahant]]s of [[Hathiram Bhavaji#Hathiramji Muth|Hathiramji Muth]], who acted as Vicaranakartas.<br />
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===20th century===<br />
The Temple was under the rule of Mahants for six generations until 1933 when [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] was formed as a result of the TTD Act in 1933.<ref>{{cite book |last=Koutha |first=Nirmala Kumari |title=History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Northern Book Centre |date=1 January 1998 |page=124 |isbn=81-7211-085-5}}</ref> The Act of 1933 was superseded by Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment Act of 1951.<ref name=apendowments>{{cite book |last=Koutha |first=Nirmala Kumari |title=History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Northern Book Centre |date=1 January 1998 |page=136 |isbn=81-7211-085-5}}</ref> Again in 1966, the temple was placed under direct control of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Endowments Department, with Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institutions and Endowments act.<ref name=apendowments /> In 1979, act of 1966 was rolled back with new Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams act, where temple administration was vested to a committee consisting of Executive officer, Chairman and two other members nominated by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=apendowments /><br />
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{{See also|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams#Establishment and legislative setting|l1=Establishment and legislative setting of TTD}}<br />
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==Epigraphical records==<br />
This Temple bears on its walls several Tamil inscriptions which are of historical, cultural and linguistic importance. The number of inscriptions on the Hill Temple and in the temples of Lower Tirupati and Tiruchanur exceed one thousand. There is evidence to suggest that many early Tamil inscriptions on the walls of the temples have disappeared beyond recovery. As many as 640 inscriptions are found engraved on the walls of the temple. They are published by the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] along with the inscriptions found in other related temples in and around Tirupati. All the inscriptions are mainly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the wall of sherin has more inscription script than other mentioned languages. [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastry |first1=Sadhu Subrahmanya |title=Report on the Inscriptions of the Devasthanam Collection with Illustrations, Issued Under the Authority of Sri Mahant Prayagadasji Varu |date=1930 |publisher=Printed at Tirupati Sri Mahant's Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmxmAAAAMAAJ&q=As+many+as+640+inscriptions+are+found+engraved+on+the+walls+of+the+temple. |language=en}}</ref><br />
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{{Citation needed span|text=Additionally, in the temple, there is a unique collection of about 3,000 copper plates on which the [[Carnatic music|Telugu Sankirtanas]] of [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] and his descendants are inscribed. This collection forms a valuable source of material for a historical linguist in Telugu apart from its importance to musicologists.|date=December 2020}}<br />
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Under the patronage of almost all important dynasties of South India, this sacred Temple of Tirumala enjoyed full benefits and glory. The [[Pallavas]], the [[Cholas]], the [[Pandyas]], [[Kadava]]rayas, Yadavarayas, [[Cholas]], Vijayanagara kings (Sangama, Saluva and Tuluva lines) have left the marks of their patronage and endowments on the walls of the temples of Tirumala and Tirupati.<ref name="tirumala.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_main.htm |title=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanamulu |publisher=Tirumala.org |accessdate=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806184716/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_main.htm |archive-date=6 August 2002 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]<br />
[[Category:Tirupati]]<br />
[[Category:History of buildings and structures|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawry_Travasso&diff=511976Lawry Travasso2026-04-02T08:20:14Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian singer and playwright (born 1971)}}<br />
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1 in early 2024, one of many AI articles by user, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - superficial analyses, 2023-24-typical LLM vocab distro etc}}<br />
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{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Lawry Travasso<br />
| image = Lawry Travasso.jpg<br />
| caption = Travasso at a ''[[tiatr]]'' production, 2023<br />
| birth_place = [[Quepem]], Goa, India<br />
| other_names = {{hlist|Lourensso Travasso|Lawrence S. Travasso}}<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|9|16|df=y}}<br />
| birth_name = Lourenco Sopriano Cardo Travasso<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|playwright|director|theatrical producer|actor}}<br />
| years_active = 1990s–present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Jenny Travasso|1992|2005|end=divorced}}<br />
| awards = [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]]<br />
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/lavin.pintra}}<br />
}}<br />
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'''Lourenco Sopriano Cardo''' "'''Lawry'''" '''Travasso''' (born 16 September 1971) is an Indian singer, playwright, [[theatre director]], [[theatrical producer]], and actor known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.<br />
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==Early life==<br />
His father was a professional driver who also participated in local streetside plays (''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khells]]'') and had a talent for singing and composing songs. Travasso's mother was also musically inclined, and her brother played the [[trumpet]]. Growing up, Travasso was exposed to his father's performances on stage, which inspired him to learn and sing his songs at home.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==Career==<br />
At the age of 12, Travasso embarked on his musical journey when his father, João, composed a [[duet]] for them to perform in a ''[[tiatr]]'' production known as ''Sangath''. This event, organized by the local boys in their village, showcased Travasso's emerging talent as a singer. Encouraged by his success, his father enrolled him in the [[Margao]] music school to receive formal training in [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]] playing. Demonstrating skill, Travasso honed his keyboard abilities and developed a proficiency in playing the instrument. By the time he turned 16, he founded his own [[beat band]] called Co-ordinator, which marked the beginning of his professional musical career. Subsequently, he joined other bands such as Dimension and Littles. Throughout his musical journey, Travasso predominantly performed English songs with occasional renditions of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs. It was during a performance with the band Littles that Travasso caught the attention of [[John Claro]], who recognized his talent and invited him to participate in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Rostadak Vostad''. This marked Travasso's inaugural experience in the realm of professional ''tiatr'', where he delivered a [[comedy music|comedic song]] to acclaim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=99–100}}</ref><br />
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Following this achievement, Travasso received an invitation from [[William de Curtorim]] to showcase his comedic prowess in the ''tiatr'' production ''Ankwarponn Sonsunk Zaina''. Travasso's comedic performances were warmly embraced by audiences, resulting in a series of successful shows, totaling approximately 30 to 35 performances. As Travasso's reputation as a comedy singer grew, he also ventured into comedic acting, including collaborations with [[C. D'Silva]]. However, a pivotal moment came when Mariano Fernandes of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] invited Travasso to participate in his ''tiatr'' production titled ''Devachem Naum Vhodd Zaum''. It was during this production that Travasso recognized the audience's appreciation for his sincere [[solo (music)|solo]] performances rather than his comedic deliveries. Consequently, he made a conscious decision to transition exclusively to delivering heartfelt solos, leaving behind comedy singing and acting. In addition to his performances, Travasso has displayed his creative talents as a writer. By 2018, he had written six [[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|non-stop shows]], including ''Respeid'', ''Tallio Marat'', ''Burso'', ''Naginn'', ''Daag'', and ''Aiz Thaun Tujem''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Travasso has released more than 60 [[audio album]]s as of 2013. Writer Daniel F. de Souza recognizes Travasso's significant standing and influence in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] music. As of 2013, While Travasso has dabbled in [[Amateur theatre|amateur]] ''[[tiatr]]'' production, his venture into the professional realm as a writer-director is relatively recent. In 2012, he made his debut as a professional writer-director with his first ''tiatr'' titled ''Kagtachim Fulam''. This production proved to be a success, garnering 38 shows during its initial run. Encouraged by this achievement, Travasso followed up with his second professional ''tiatr'', ''Pisuddlelim Fulam'', which premiered on 14 February. The premiere took place in [[Canacona]], followed by subsequent performances at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]] and [[Kala Academy]] in [[Panjim]] on 3 March. Travasso expressed satisfaction with the outcome of ''Pisuddlelim Fulam''. He revealed that he had already secured 53 confirmed show dates, with the potential for additional bookings that could exceed 60 shows. The play tackles important [[social issue|societal issues]], shedding light on the consequences of [[abortion]] and highlighting the pitfalls of blind faith in fake devotions and rituals. Daniel F. de Souza highlights Travasso's potential and skill as a writer-director, emphasizing that the success of his ''tiatrs'' should be measured by the reception from audiences, rather than the sheer number of shows performed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawry Travasso's flowering success |url=https://www.thegoan.net//lawry-travassos-flowering-success/2860.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In March 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-03-26 |title='Mogachim Fulam' by Lawry Travasso – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/03/26/magazines/buzz/mogachim-fulam-by-lawry-travasso/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184905/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/03/26/magazines/buzz/mogachim-fulam-by-lawry-travasso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Travasso premiered his fifth ''tiatr'' production, ''Mogachim Fullam'' (Flowers of Love), which centered around a [[Lenten]] theme. This tiatr was part of a series, with his previous works including ''Kagtachim Fullam'' (Paper Flowers), ''Pisudelelim Fullam'' (Torn Flowers), ''Baulelim Fullam'' (Wilted Flowers), ''Sandlelim Fullam'' (Lost Flowers), and ''Apurbaechim Fullam'' (Flowers of Affection). Travasso is known for often integrating the theme of "flowers" into the titles of his ''tiatrs'', forming the 'Fullam' series. The staging of ''Mogachim Fullam'' in [[Varca]] the following month garnered acclaim from the audience. Within the production, Travasso made a brief appearance in a performance as a character who had become mentally unwell after losing his wife. In the role, he sought comfort from a priest, sharing the pain he felt due to societal pressure about his wife's [[infertility]]. Additionally, Travasso demonstrated his range by performing alone and joining a comedy [[quartet]] with Bryan, Marcus, and Xavier, depicting the struggles of migrants adapting to life in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-11 |title=Living with the constant burden of 'parent' pressure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/living-with-the-constant-burden-of-parent-pressure/articleshow/58117947.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/living-with-the-constant-burden-of-parent-pressure/articleshow/58117947.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2018, Travasso collaborated with Tina for her inaugural [[audio album]], ''Poilo Mog'', featuring a collection of ten songs, including solos and duets. One of Travasso's contributions was the song "Novim Bhurgim," which conveyed a crucial message about the aspirations of aspiring ''[[tiatr]]'' performers and the support required to nurture emerging talents within the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Travasso expressed his belief that young individuals dreaming of success in the ''tiatr'' industry deserved appreciation and encouragement. He shed light on the challenges faced by amateurs when making their debut as singers or actors, often encountering criticism until they inevitably withdraw. Travasso called upon fellow ''[[tiatrist]]s'' to extend their support, emphasizing the importance of aiding these newcomers to ensure the preservation of the [[Konkani language]] in ''tiatr'' performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love songs and much more |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=134047 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184906/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=134047 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 November 2018, Travasso was featured as singer in the Konkani [[DVD]] release ''Sopon Zalem Purem'' by Bryan Fernandes, under the banner of Sunshine Production, which also featured [[Bollywood]] singer [[Usha Uthup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood singer Usha Uthup to feature in Konkani DVD |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Bollywood-singer-Usha-Uthup-to-feature-in-Konkani-DVD/138569 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184907/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Bollywood-singer-Usha-Uthup-to-feature-in-Konkani-DVD/138569 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2022, Travasso was featured as a [[solo (music)|solo]] singer in Comedian Ambe's ''[[tiatr]]'', ''Kuddo, Mono vo Bhero'', besides Marcus Vaz, Agusto de Calangute, Reema and Ofelia, Rizton, Agnelo, and Peter de Arambol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2022-05-28 |title=Tiatr Review: Comedian Ambe's 'Kuddo, Mono vo Bhero' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-comedian-ambes-kuddo-mono-vo-bhero |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223045508/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-comedian-ambes-kuddo-mono-vo-bhero |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2022, Travasso was featured as a solo singer in Pierson D’Costa's maiden ''tiatr Tunch Chintun Poi''. Travasso along with Tony de Ribandar paid tribute to fellow ''[[tiatrist]]'' [[Mario Menezes]] through their songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2022-09-17 |title=Tiatr Review: 'Tunch Chintun Poi' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-tunch-chintun-poi |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206102146/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-tunch-chintun-poi |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2023, Travasso played a supporting role in Sammy Tavares' ''tiatr'', ''Tumich Mhaka Sangat''. He also delivered a solo performance alongside Sammy Tavares and Peter de Arambol. The other singers included Joylita, Antonette de Maina, Roma, Ulhas Tari, Saby de Divar, Richard and Rizton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The repercussions of childhood emotional neglect |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-repercussions-of-childhood-emotional-neglect/207306 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710235231/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-repercussions-of-childhood-emotional-neglect/207306 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
On 19 September 1992, Travasso's marriage ceremony took place at Holy Cross Church in [[Quepem]], he was 21, and his partner Jenny Paula Travasso<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en |access-date=2024-03-12 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[née]] Dias), was 26. Jenny, originally from [[Assolna]], is known in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical community as a playwright under the [[stage name]] Jenny de Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The versatile, multi-talented star: Agnelo Lobo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-versatile-multitalented-star-Agnelo-Lobo/140643 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185036/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-versatile-multitalented-star-Agnelo-Lobo/140643 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had previously completed their [[civil marriage]] registration in Quepem two days prior to the church ceremony. However, their marital journey encountered obstacles, and on 7 July 2005, the couple filed for divorce in [[Margao]]. Subsequently, their divorce was officially concluded on 9 November of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2005 |title=Marriage Register |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/Uil/DeptServices?__DocId=REG&__ServiceId=REG01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921153813/https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/Uil/DeptServices?__DocId=REG&__ServiceId=REG01 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Arambol incident===<br />
During a theatrical performance of [[William de Curtorim]]'s ''[[tiatr]]'' in [[Curtorim]], Travasso and his fellow troupe members concluded their late-night activities and embarked on a journey back to Margao via bus. Exhausted, Travasso succumbed to slumber during the trip. While in this state, an announcement was made on the bus regarding the next day's performance location, [[Arambol]], possibly accompanied by the designated time. Half-asleep, Travasso misinterpreted "Arambol" as "Tilamoll" and, in response, exclaimed, "I'll come direct," assuming that since he resided in Quepem, he could proceed directly to the venue. The following day, Travasso arrived at Tilamoll, Quepem for the ''tiatr'' performance, only to find the absence of both individuals and an expected performance venue. Perplexed by the discrepancy, he decided to wait, hopeful that someone would eventually arrive. However, as time passed and no one appeared, Travasso sought clarification from the [[parish priest]] of Tillamol Church. The priest informed him that no ''tiatr'' was scheduled in Tillamol but rather in Arambol.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Using the priest's phone, Travasso contacted a neighbor of William, as William did not possess a telephone in his residence at that time. The neighbor provided Travasso with the information that the ''tiatr'' was indeed taking place in Arambol and had commenced at 8 p.m. Recognizing the urgency, Travasso hastily boarded a series of buses, ultimately arriving in Arambol at 11 p.m. that day. By the time he reached the venue, another individual had assumed Travasso's role, and the ''tiatr'' was already in progress. However, Travasso managed to participate by performing a [[solo (music)|solo]] song before the conclusion of the event.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Personal views===<br />
Travasso has traveled around the world as a ''[[tiatrist]]'' with [[Sonia Shirsat]], with whom he has maintained a friendship since the 2000s. In an interview on the ''Candid with Candida'' show by ''[[List of Konkani-language television channels|Prudent Media]]'' in March 2022, Travasso expressed his support for the [[Indian National Congress Party]] and revealed that he had voted for them in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. He defended the involvement of artists in politics, countering the notion that they should refrain from such engagement due to [[public opinion]]. Travasso emphasized the importance of development in his [[Quepem Assembly constituency|constituency]] and the role artists can play in advocating for the concerns of the public. Travasso draws inspiration from the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], whom he considers his role model. Reflecting on the title "New Melody King" associated with his name, Travasso expressed modesty, asserting that Alfred Rose, known as "The Melody King of Goa," holds an unparalleled status. He personally avoids using the title in his work, and believes it has been embraced by only a minority of individuals, such as media professionals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sonia Shirsat & Lawry Travasso {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 1 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 160322 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/sonia-shirsat-lawry-travasso-candid-with-candida-ep-1-prudent-160322/21699.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185049/https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/sonia-shirsat-lawry-travasso-candid-with-candida-ep-1-prudent-160322/21699.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Travasso has openly acknowledged the challenges of being a ''tiatrist'', emphasizing the demanding nature of the profession. During his early years, Travasso faced limited support from his family and encountered numerous rejections in singing competitions due to issues with timing and vocal abilities. Even in Christmas competitions, he faced criticism from the public. Recognition for his talent began to emerge only in the late-2000s. Travasso clarified that shaving his head is a deliberate choice, unrelated to [[baldness]], as he can grow hair naturally. In addition to his musical pursuits, Travasso is a photographer, videographer, and [[Association football|football]] player. He also enjoys fishing near his residence in [[Quepem]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Selected stage works==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|{{circa|1983}}<br />
|''Sangath''<br />
|Singer<br />
|Debut as child artiste <br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|1990s<br />
|Rostadak Ostad<br />
|Singer <br />
|Professional debut <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-18 |title=Lawry Travasso: Kantaram gavpant nanvlovkik zalolo kolakar |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/5th_oct_av |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Ankwarponn Sonsunk Zaina''<br />
|Singer<br />
|<br />
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Devachem Naum Vhodd Zaum''<br />
|Singer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''Kagtachim Fulam''<br />
|Singer <br />
|Also writer/director <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=Kaytachim Fuiam' polkea chalincher bhor ghalta |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/25-03-2012 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]] |language=gom}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=14887664}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Travasso, Lawry}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankleshwar_Assembly_constituency&diff=486762Ankleshwar Assembly constituency2026-03-30T20:43:19Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ankleshwar<br />
| mla = [[Ishwarsinh Patel]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| state = Gujarat<br />
| district = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:250790}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 154<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ankleshwar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] district.<br />
<br />
==List of segments==<br />
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
# Ankleshwar Taluka (Part) Villages –Sengpur, jitali, dadhal, Dhanturiya, Taria, Matied, Haripura, Sakkarpor, Sarfuddin, Borbhatha, Borbhatha Bet, Surwadi, Divi, Diva, Pungam, Sajod, Kanwa, Nangal, Boidara, Gadkhol, Piraman, Amboli, Adol, Hajat, Sarthan, Motwan, Telva, Piludara, Umarwada, Kapodara, Bhadkodara, Kosamadi, Bakrol, Safipura, Alonj, Pardi Idris, Karmali, Panoli, Sanjali, Kharod, Bhadi, Ravidra, Adadara, Sisodara, Utiyadara, Bharan, Ankleshwar (M), Ankleshwar (INA)<br />
# Hansot Taluka<br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!Picture<br />
!colspan="4"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Ishwarsinh Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="4" | [[File:Ishwarsinh Patel.jpg|75px]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2022===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Ankleshwar Assembly constituency }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ishwarsinh Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=96,405|percentage=60|change=-2.92}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vijaysinh Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,964|percentage=34.83|change=+1.71}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ankur Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=5,356|percentage=3.33|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,327|percentage=1.45|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=40,441|percentage=25.17|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=160,688|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:246,185}} <br />
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2017===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Ankleshwar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ishwarsinh Patel<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 99,050<br />
|percentage = 62.92<br />
|change = +5.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anilkumar Bhagat|party=Indian National Congress|votes=52,138|percentage=33.12|change=-2.6}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=46,912|percentage=29.80|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,57,432|percentage=71.22|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|loser = <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ishwarsinh Patel<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 82645<br />
|percentage = 57.66<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maganbhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=51,202|percentage=35.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=31,443|percentage=21.94|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=143,338|percentage=75.62|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Bharuch district]]<br />
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br />
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|21.63|73.02|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Ankleshwar]]<br />
[[Category:Bharuch district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bommalagutta&diff=492162Bommalagutta2026-03-29T17:19:08Z<p>Taj25O2937005: Adding A Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Jain temple in Telangana, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]<br />
| image = File:10th century Bommalagutta Jain bas-reliefs and inscription, Telangana - 04.jpg<br />
| alt = Bommalagutta<br />
| caption = Goddess Chakreshvari relief on Bommalagutta<br />
| native_name = బొమ్మలమ్మ గుట్ట<br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_size = 200<br />
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18|33|13|N|79|00|55|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Telangana]]<br />
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]<br />
| deity = [[Chakreshvari]]<br />
| creator = Jina Vallabha<br />
| funded_by = [[Arikesari II]]<br />
| established = 945 CE<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| materials = Rock cut<br />
| monument_quantity = 1<br />
| temple_quantity = 1<br />
| architecture_style = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bommalagutta''' (also known as '''Siddhula Gutta''', '''Bommalamma Talli Gutta''' and '''Vrushabhadri Hill''') is a [[Jain]] centre situated near Kurikyala village of [[Karimnagar district]] in [[Telangana]]. This Jain center is situated 3&nbsp;km from another famous Jain center [[Kulpakji]].{{sfn|Ceremilla|2016}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Bommalagutta'' means "Hill of figures" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. It is named in reference to the ''Bommalu'' (figures) carved on this hillock.{{sfn|Department of Heritage Telangana|2017}} As per an inscription, the site was originally known as ''Siddhasila'' or ''Siddhula Gutta'' meaning "Hill of the enlightened". It was named in reference to the [[Siddha|Siddhas]] carved on the hillock.{{sfn|Jawaharlal|2002|p=57}}{{sfn|Nandi|Venkataramanayya|1966|p=99}}{{sfn|The Hans India|2016}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Bommalagutta was constructed during the reign of [[Arikesari II]] of [[Vemulavada Chalukya]]. According to an inscription dated 945 [[Common Era|CE]], poet Jinavallabha, brother of noted [[Kannada]] poet [[Adikavi Pampa]], installed stone images of [[Bharata chakravartin|Bharata]], [[Bahubali]] and [[Rishabhanatha]]. The famous trilingual inscription is a {{convert|25|ft}} inscription having 11 lines as a tribute to the kingdom for recognising poets. The inscription has verses composed in [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn| Suryanarayana |p=551|}} This inscription is of utmost importance to Kannada and Telugu languages. It is written in three languages viz Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit. The Kannada portion contains invaluable information about Pampa. The Telugu portion is the oldest Telugu Kanda Padya. They are one of the important historical evidences, submitted to the Centre, for securing classic language status to Telugu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bommalagutta |url=https://www.telangana360.com/2016/01/bommalagutta.html |publisher=Telangana360 |date=January 10, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Nanisetti|2017}}{{sfn|Tallam|2019}} The inscription also mentions the construction of Tribhuvanatilaka Basadi by Jinavallabha.{{sfn|Suryanarayana|1993|p=14}} The top of the hill was used by Jain monks for meditation.{{sfn|Miryala|Gade|2016|p=105}}<br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The temple is famous for stone carving image of [[Chakreshvari]] with eight arms under two Bahubali images.{{sfn|Miryala|Gade|2016|p=105}}{{sfn|Nanisetti|2017}}{{sfn|Department of Heritage Telangana|2017}} Her iconography here includes [[Garuda]]. The bas-reliefs and the inscription have been painted over in red by the state officials in recent years for preservation and highlighting it.{{sfn|Balgoori|2013|pp=167–177}} There is a total of eight Tirthankaras carved on the hillock. The hill still preserves a few small Jain caves without any carvings.{{sfn|Jawaharlal|2002|p=57}}<br />
<br />
Tribhuvanatilaka Basadi exists near the Jain reliefs of Bommalagutta. This temple houses idols of Rishabhanatha and [[Mahavira]]. A tank called ''Kavitagunarnava'' and a garden named ''Madanvilas'' is also part of the temple premises.{{sfn|Suryanarayana|1993|p=14}}{{sfn|Nandi|Venkataramanayya|1966|p=99}}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:10th century Bommalagutta Jain bas-reliefs and inscription, Telangana - 6.jpg|[[Chakreshvari]]<br />
File:10th century Bommalagutta Jain bas-reliefs and inscription, Telangana - 12.jpg|trilingual inscription<br />
File:10th century Bommalagutta Jain bas-reliefs and inscription, Telangana - 05.jpg|Tirthankaras<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Preservation ==<br />
Over the last 100 years, Jain statues and reliefs are discovered from the area, are preserved in the Karimnagar museum.{{sfn|Balgoori|2013|pp=167–177}}{{sfn|Dayashankar|2020}}{{sfn|Tallam|2020}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]<br />
* [[Kulpakji]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist|23em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Suryanarayana |first1=Kolluru |title=History Of The Minor Chalukya Families In Medieval Andhradesa |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-minor-chalukya-families-in-medieval-andhradesa}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Miryala | first1=Ramesh Kumar |last2=Gade | first2=Jayaprakash Narayana |url={{Google books|YMLnCwAAQBAJ|page=125|plainurl=yes}} |title=Responsible Tourism & Human Accountability for Sustainable Business |publisher=Zenon Academic Publishing | location=Hyderabad | edition=1st | date=31 March 2016 | isbn=978-93-85886-01-0 }} <br />
* {{cite book | last=Suryanarayana | first=Kolluru | url={{Google books|d4PCyXslrNsC|page=14|plainurl=yes}} | title=Inscriptions of the Minor Chalukya Dynasties of Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Mittal Publications | location=New Delhi | edition=1st | date=1993 | isbn=978-81-70992-16-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Jawaharlal | first=G | url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006566/61 | title=Jaina Monuments of Andhra | year=2002 | publisher=Sharada Publishing House | location=Delhi | isbn=81-85616-86-8 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Balgoori | first=Raju | title=Jaina culture in karimnagar district, telengana - a study | series=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | journal= [[Indian History Congress]] | volume=74 | year=2013 | pages=167–177 | jstor=44158813 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158813 | access-date=8 July 2021 | issn=2249-1937 }} <br />
* {{cite journal | last1=Nandi | first1=Ramendra Nath | last2=Venkataramanayya | first2=N. | title=Social life in the agraharas of the deccan (c. A.D. 600-1000) | series=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | journal=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=28 | year=1966 | pages=97–106 | jstor=44140399 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140399 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite news | last=Nanisetti | first=Serish | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bommalagutta-inscription-sheds-light-on-poetic-use-of-telugu/article21665889.ece | title=Bommalagutta inscription sheds light on poetic use of Telugu | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=14 December 2017 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite news | last=Dayashankar | first=K.M. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/unearthing-of-jain-idol-calls-for-more-excavations/article31835608.ece | title=Unearthing of Jain idol calls for more excavations | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=15 June 2020 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite news | last=Tallam | first=Naveen Kumar | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/dec/24/ancient-jain-carvings-found-in-large-boulder-in-telanganas-jagtial-district-2240329.html | title=Ancient Jain carvings found in large boulder in Telangana's Jagtial district | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=24 December 2020 | access-date=8 July 2021 }} <br />
* {{cite news | last=Tallam | first=Naveen Kumar | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/oct/11/historian-finds-neolithic-tools-in-bommalamma-gutta-shrine-2045899.html | title=Historian finds Neolithic tools in Bommalamma Gutta shrine | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=11 October 2019 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite news | author=The Hans India | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-12-14/Sculptures-of-Jain-Tirthankaras-found-near-Jangaon/268612 | title=Sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras found near Jangaon | work=[[The Hans India]] | date=14 December 2016 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite news | last=Ceremilla | first=Anudeep | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/181216/jain-sculptures-of-vedic-times-found-in-telangana.html | title=Jain sculptures of Vedic times found in Telangana | date=18 December 2016 | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite web | author=Department of Heritage Telangana | url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/monuments/bommalammagutta/ | title=Bommalammagutta (with inscription) | date=2017 | work=[[INTACH]] | access-date=8 July 2021 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{commons category-inline|Bommalagutta}}<br />
<br />
{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jain Caves in India}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jain temples in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century Jain temples]]<br />
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoshiyar&diff=465456Hoshiyar2026-03-28T23:07:16Z<p>Taj25O2937005: fix lead per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
|name = Hoshiyar<br />
|image = Hoshiyar (1985 film).jpg<br />
|caption = Poster<br />
|writer = [[Kader Khan]]{{small|(dialogues)}}<br>Indeevar {{small|(lyrics)}}<br />
|story = Satyanand<br />
|screenplay = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]<br />
|producer = G. Hanumantha Rao<br>[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] {{small|(Presents)}}<br />
|director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br />
|starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Shatrughan Sinha]]<br />[[Jaya Prada]]<br />[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] <br />
|music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
|cinematography = K. S. Prakash<br />
|editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
|based_on = ''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' (1981)<br />
|studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]<br />
|released = {{Film date|1985|01|18|df=yes}}<br />
|runtime = 148 minutes<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|language = [[Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Hoshiyar''''' ({{translation}} ''Careful'') is a 1985 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], produced by G. Hanumantha Rao under the [[Padmalaya Studios]] banner, presented by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref name="Bollyswar">{{cite book|last=Arunachalam|first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981 - 1990|date=14 April 2020|publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited|isbn=978-81-938482-2-7|page=573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA573}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|year=1994|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5|page=504|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] and music composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref name="Bollyswar"/> The film is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' (1981).<ref name="Bollyswar"/> The film did not do well at the box office.<ref name="IT">{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Sumit|title=Hindi films: As action movies flop in a row, Bollywood tries its luck with romantic flicks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850731-hindi-films-as-action-movies-flop-in-a-row-bollywood-tries-its-luck-with-romantic-flicks-770266-2013-12-26|access-date=29 July 2021|work=India Today|date=26 December 1985}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins with three close friends Jagannath, Dhartiraj, and Malpani. Once Jagannath wins a jackpot, the remaining two are green-eyed, kill him, and display it as fortune. Moreover, it impoverished Jagannath’s family. So, his wife Sitadevi quits the town along with two sons, Rakesh and Rajesh. The train they are traveling gets into an accident in which Rajesh is separated and raised by an old man. After some time, he dies, entrusting his blind granddaughter Shanti’s responsibility to him. Years roll by, and Rakesh becomes a pop singer and an unbeknownst crush on Dhartiraj's daughter Jyoti. Rajesh is a ruffian who benefits Dhartiraj and dotes on his sister Shanti. Dhartiraj opposes the love affair of Rakesh and Jyoti as he is committed to knitting her with Malpani's son Shakti. By now, friction ensues between Dhartiraj and Rajesh when heinous molests and slays Shanti. Hence, Rajesh abducts Jyoti in vengeance. Rakesh finds their whereabouts through Rajesh’s love interest Radha. Immediately, he moves by leaving Radha in the custody of his mother. Hereupon, Sitadevi learns Rajesh as her own, so they proceed and bar the battle of siblings. Besides, Dhartiraj betrays Malpani when he reforms. At last, Rakesh and Rajesh cease the baddies. The film ends on a happy note with the marriages of Rakesh and Jyoti and Rajesh and Radha.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
The cast is as follows:<ref name="BH">{{cite news|title=Hoshiyar Cast List|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hoshiyar/cast/|access-date=29 July 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Rakesh<br />
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Rajesh<br />
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Radha<br />
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Jyoti<br />
*[[Tanuja]] as Seeta<br />
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Dhartiraj<br />
*[[Kader Khan]] as Malpani<br />
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Malpani's Son<br />
*[[Asrani]] as Jumbo<br />
*[[Ranjeet]] as Shambhu Das<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film is one of several collaborations between Jeetendra and Jaya Prada.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abraham|first=Letty Mariam|title=Jeetendra and his leading ladies |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/jeetendra-and-his-leading-ladies-790290-6.html|access-date=29 July 2021|work=[[News18]]|date=27 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music of the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref name="Bollyswar"/><br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Atka Atka"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Choli Tere"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle <br />
|-<br />
| "Teri Jaisi Koi"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle <br />
|-<br />
| "Bhaiya Ke Haath Mein" (Happy) <br />
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Bhaiya Ke Haath Mein" (Sad) <br />
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Dil Sangeet Ka"<br />
| Asha Bhosle, [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Ho Ja Hoshiyar"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film was listed by ''[[India Today]]'' as one of the year's expensive Hindi action films which did not leave a mark commercially.<ref name="IT"/> [[Rediff.com]] lists the film as an example to films employing the exaggerated "dishoom dishoom" sound effect in action scenes.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 reasons to Dishoom Bollywood!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/10-reasons-to-dishoom-bollywood/20160728.htm|access-date=29 July 2021|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=0257763}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kenya]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanumati_(Yadava_princess)&diff=490839Bhanumati (Yadava princess)2026-03-18T15:19:19Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Character in Hindu mythology}}<br />
{{distinguish|Bhanumati (wife of Duryodhana)}}<br />
{{Infobox character<br />
| image = Nikumbha kidnaps Princess Bhanumati (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Nikumbha kidnaps Princess Bhanumati, Pahari miniature, c. 19th century<br />
| noinfo = yes<br />
| family = Bhanu (father)<br />
| spouse = [[Sahadeva]]<br />
| series = [[Harivamsha]]<br />
| origin = [[Dvaraka]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhanumati''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: भानुमती, {{IAST3|Bhānumatī}}) is a figure mentioned in the ''[[Harivamsha]]'', a significant text in the corpus of Hindu literature and an appendix to the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. She is described as the daughter of Bhanu, a prominent leader of the [[Yadava]] dynasty. In the narrative, Bhanumati is abducted by a demon, [[Nikumbha]] due to a curse. She gets rescued, after which she marries [[Sahadeva]], one of the [[Pandava]] princes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3NOAAAAYAAJ&q=bh%C4%81numat%C4%AB+k%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a |title=A History of Indian Literature: pt. 1. Introduction and Veda. 3d ed. 1962. pt. 2. Epics and Puranas. 2d ed. 1963 |date=1959 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Textual background==<br />
Even though Sahadeva plays a major role in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Bhanumati doesn't find any mention in it. In the Mahabharata, Sahadeva is depicted with only two wives—[[Draupadi]] and [[Vijaya (Mahabharat)|Vijaya]]. Bhanumati ’s story in the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' is part of the text’s broader focus on the Yadava dynasty, narrated in Chapter 91 of ''Vishnu Parva'' of the text. In the ''Harivamsha'', Bhanumati is introduced as a relative of [[Krishna]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The ''Harivamsha'' is a supplementary text to the ''Mahabharata'' that expands on Krishna’s life, ancestry, and divine deeds. Composed in [[Sanskrit]], this text provides an expansive narrative of Krishna's life and lineage, along with the cosmic and dynastic framework that surrounds him. It is divided into three major sections—''Harivamsha Parva, Vishnu Parva, and Bhavishya Parva''—and contains over 16,000 verses. While it is traditionally associated with the Mahabharata, it functions as an independent Purana in many respects, given its thematic and narrative scope. The ''Critical Edition'' of the ''Harivamsha'' only contains 5965 verses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRnpDAAAQBAJ&q=Bhanumati |title=Harivamsha |date=2016-09-09 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-91-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
[[File:Krishna and Arjuna chase the demon Nakubha.jpg|thumb|Pradyumna escorts a rescued Bhanumati, while Krishna and Arjuna chase Nikumbha, Pahari miniature]]<br />
During a festive gathering at the palace of [[Pindaraka]], where the [[Yadavas]] were engaged in celebrations, a [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]] (demon) named [[Nikumbha]] seized the opportunity to abduct Bhanumati. This act of abduction was motivated by past animosity, as [[Pradyumna]], Krishna’s son, had previously killed Nikumbha’s brother, Vajranabha. Taking advantage of the unguarded state of Bhanumati ’s garden, Nikumbha carried her away.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Veṭṭaṃmāṇi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32mjvgEACAAJ |title=Purāṇic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Purāṇic Literature |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-14 |title=Nikumbha Carries Away Bhanumati [Chapter 91] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/harivamsha-purana-dutt/d/doc485632.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=Vishwanath S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZTXAAAAMAAJ&q=bhanumati+sahadeva |title=A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina |date=1987 |publisher=Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This incident, however, was linked to an earlier curse. Bhanumati had once displeased the sage [[Durvasas]] in the garden of [[Raivataka|Raivata]], which led to the sage cursing her to fall into the hands of an enemy. The curse was later tempered through the intercession of [[Narada]] and other sages, who persuaded Durvasas to mitigate its effects. Consequently, the sage assured that although Bhanumati would be abducted, she would remain a virgin and unharmed and later marry a virtuous and noble husband.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Following her abduction, Krishna, accompanied by [[Arjuna]] and Pradyumna, pursued Nikumbha. A fierce battle ensued, during which the three heroes sought to rescue Bhanumati without harming her. Despite the demon’s use of powerful illusions and formidable combat abilities, he was ultimately defeated when Krishna used his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] to sever his head.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
After her rescue, Bhanumati was taken to [[Dvaraka]]. There, Narada reminded her father, Bhanu, of the prophecy tied to the curse and advised him to give his daughter’s hand in marriage to [[Sahadeva]], the youngest of the [[Pandava]] brothers. Bhanu followed this counsel, and Bhanumati was married to Sahadeva in a ceremony attended by Krishna and other prominent figures.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
The narrative of Bhanumati’s marriage to Sahadeva has been adapted by 17th century poet Reduri Rangaraju in his poem, ''Bhanumati-parinayamu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=bhanumati+sahadeva&pg=PA44 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |language=en}}</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]<br />
[[Category:Mythological kidnapped people]]<br />
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohini_Mohun_Chatterji&diff=518251Mohini Mohun Chatterji2026-03-13T03:29:56Z<p>Taj25O2937005: starting new page</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
[[File:Mohini Chatterji1.jpg|thumb|220px|{{center|Mohini Chatterji, 1884}}]]{{Short description|Bengali Attorney}}<br />
'''Mohini Mohun Chatterji''' (1858 - 1936) was a Bengali attorney and scholar who belonged to a prominent family that for several generations had mediated between [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious traditions and [[Christianity]].<ref>Diane Sasson, ''Yearning for the New Age'' (Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 2012), 78.</ref> He joined the [[Theosophical Society]] in 1882 and became Assistant Secretary of the Bengal branch. Later that year, he claimed he became a "chela" in [[probation]] of the [[Mahātmā]] [[Koot Hoomi]], and saw apparitions of Mahatmas on five or six occasions.<ref>[http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/mastersencounterswith.htm# A Casebook of Encounters with the Theosophical Mahatmas] Case 29, compiled and edited by Daniel H. Caldwell</ref> According to Theosophists, he eventually failed as a chela, and resigned from the [[Theosophical Society]] in 1887, after only five years of membership.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mr. Chatterji, usually known as Mohini, was born in 1858 into a Brahmin family. His mother, Chandrajyoti Devi, was the granddaughter of Hindu reformer [[Rammohan Roy]].<ref name=Mriganka>{{cite journal |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Mriganka |date=2020 |title=Mohini: A Case Study of a Transnational Spiritual Space in the History of the Thesosophical Society|journal=Numen |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=165–190|doi=10.1163/15685276-12341572|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="George E 1972">George E. Linton and Virginia Hanson, eds., ''Readers Guide to The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett'' (Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1972), 223.</ref> He attended university in Calcutta, and was awarded Bachelor of Laws and Master of Arts degrees. His wife was the niece of Bengali poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Chatterji, Mohini Mohun 1938">"Chatterji, Mohini Mohun," ''The Theosophical Year Book, 1938'' (Adyar, Madras, India: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1938), 172.</ref><br />
<br />
== Theosophical Society involvement ==<br />
Mohini was an active member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]],<ref name=Mriganka/> and became a member of the Bengal Theosophical Society on 6 April 1882, the same day the Bengali branch was established. In the same month, he had his first meeting with [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|Madame Blavatsky]] when she visited the Calcutta Theosophists.<ref name=Mriganka/> According to [[Readers Guide to The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett (book)|''Readers Guide to The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett'']], "When [[Henry Steel Olcott|HSO]] opened the first Theosophical Sunday School in Calcutta on March 10, 1883, with 17 boys, Mohini was appointed their teacher".<ref name="George E 1972"/><br />
<br />
Being a chela of [[Koot Hoomi|Master K.H.]], he gave evidence to the [[Society for Psychical Research]] concerning the reality of psychic [[phenomena]] at Adyar,<ref name="Chatterji, Mohini Mohun 1938"/> in what came to be known as the [[Hodgson Report|Hodgson investigation]].<br />
<br />
Mohini worked as private secretary to H. S. Olcott and accompanied him and Madame Blavatsky on their European tour in 1884:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The purpose of his trip to Europe was seemingly to give the members there some assistance in understanding the Eastern doctrines which had been brought into prominence by [[Alfred Percy Sinnett|APS]] in his book [[Esoteric Buddhism (book)|''Esoteric Buddhism'']]."<ref name="George E 1972"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
From a letter from Mme. Blavatsky to Mr. Sinnett, it would appear that he was going to be used in a similar manner as Babaji was:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>On February 17th Olcott will probably sail for England on various business, and Mahatma K. H. sends his chela, under the guise of Mohini Mohun Chatterjee, to explain to the London Theosophists of the Secret Section — every or nearly every mooted point and to defend you and your assumptions. You better show Mohini all the Master's letters of a non-private character — saith the Lord, my Boss — so that by knowing all the subjects upon which he wrote to you he might defend your position the more effectually — which you yourself cannot do, not being a regular chela. Do not make the mistake, my dear boss, of taking the Mohini you knew for the Mohini who will come. There is more than one Maya in this world of which neither you nor your friends and critic Maitland is cognisant. The ambassador will be invested with an inner as well as with an outer clothing. Dixit.<ref>A. Trevor Barker, ''The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett'' Letter No. XXVIII, (Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1973), ??.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Mohini was present in London in 1884 when the young German artist [[Hermann Schmiechen]] painted the [[Portraits of the Masters]]. He was described by [[Laura Carter Holloway]] as being "nearer the [[Masters of the Ancient Wisdom|Master]] than all others in the room, not even excepting H.P.B."<ref>Laura C. Holloway, "The Mahatmas and Their Instruments Part II," ''The Word'' (New York), July 1912, pp. 200-206, available at The Blavatsky Archives [http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/holloway2.htm#The Portraits of the Mahatmas]</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1885, he went to Ireland to lecture, and helped to establish the Dublin Lodge of the TS. There, he produced a deep impression on Irish poets [[George William Russell|George Russell (Æ)]] and [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] and is said to have influenced the oriental turn of their writings. Yeats wrote a poem entitled 'Mohini Chatterjee'. <br />
<br />
The adulation he received from some of the European members fueled his pride and he showed poor judgment on several matters. In late 1885, Mohini became involved in scandal with female Theosophists. The case came to public attention when one of the women, in response to Blavatsky's criticisms, intended to publicize letters written to her by Mohini Chatterjee.<ref name="The Open University web site">See [http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohini-chatterjee# The Open University web site]</ref> Mme. Blavatsky wrote to Mr. Sinnett in March 1886:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Mohini was sent, and at first won the hearts and poured new life into the L.L. He was spoiled by male and female adulation, by incessant flattery and his own weakness.<ref>Vicente Hao Chin, Jr., ''The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett in chronological sequence'' No. 14o (Quezon City: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 459.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Mohini resigned from the [[Theosophical Society]] in 1887 and went back to his former home in Calcutta, where he resumed his practice of law.<br />
<br />
== Writings ==<br />
<br />
Mohini wrote poetry and prose in both English and his native Bengali. <br />
<br />
He and [[Laura Holloway-Langford|Mrs. Holloway]] wrote [[Man: Fragments of Forgotten History (book)|''Man: Fragments of Forgotten History'']], published in 1887 under the pseudonym "[[Two Chelâs]]".<ref>[http://www.theosophical.ca/books/ManFragmentsOfAForgottenHistory_MChatterjiLCHolloway.pdf The complete text is available at]</ref><br />
<br />
He translated [[The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom (book)|''The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom'']] (Viveka-Cūḍāmaṇi) of [[Sankaracharya]]. He worked with [[G. R. S. Mead]] in translating the [[Upanishads]] in 1896, using the pseudonym J. C. Chattopadhyaya.<ref name="Chatterji, Mohini Mohun 1938"/><br />
<br />
== Later years ==<br />
[[W. B. Yeats|Yeats]] and [[George William Russell|George Russell (Æ)]] believed that at the turn of the century Mohini was working as a lawyer in Bombay. According to Harbans Rai Bachchan, the last heard of him was that he was a blind old man living in London with his daughter, in the early 1930s.<ref name="The Open University web site"/> Mohini died in February, 1936.<br />
<br />
== Online resources ==<br />
===Articles===<br />
*[http://theosophy.ph/encyclo/index.php?title=Chatterji,_Mohini_Mohun# Mohini Mohun Chatterji] at Theosopedia.<br />
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/morality.htm# Morality and Pantheism] by Mohini Chatterji<br />
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v7/yxxxx_018.htm# A Few Words on The Theosophical Organization] by Mohini Mohun Chatterji and Arthur Gebhard<br />
*[http://hpb.narod.ru/HigherAspectsTheosophicStudiesMMC.html# On the Higher Aspects of Theosophic Studies] by Mohini M. Chatterji<br />
*[http://hpb.narod.ru/QualificationsForChelashipMMC.html# Qualifications for Chelaship] by Mohini M. Chatterjee<br />
*[http://blavatskyarchives.com/chatterji_existence_of_the_mahatmas.htm# On the Existence of the Mahatmas] by Mohini M. Chatterji<br />
*[http://hpb.narod.ru/tph/TPH_VIVE.HTM# The Crest Jewel of Wisdom] translated by Mohini M Chatterji<br />
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/articles/chatterji/atmanatma-viveka/# Atmanatma-Viveka: Discrimination of Spirit and Not-Spirit] translated by Mohini M Chatterji<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Mriganka |date=2020 |title=Mohini: A Case Study of a Transnational Spiritual Space in the History of the Theososophical Society|journal=Numen |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=165–190|doi=10.1163/15685276-12341572|doi-access=free }}<br />
<br />
== Additional resources ==<br />
<br />
See also references in:<br />
* ''[[The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett]]''<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:19th-century male writers|Chatterji, Mohini, Mohun]]<br />
[[Category:Theosophical Society|Chatterji, Mohini, Mohun]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Theosophists]]<br />
[[Category:1858 births]]<br />
[[Category:1936 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterji, Mohini Mohun}}<br />
<br />
{{W. B. Yeats}}<br />
{{Authority Control}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pati_Patni_Aur_Panga_%E2%80%93_Jodiyon_Ka_Reality_Check&diff=524770Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check2026-03-10T13:28:37Z<p>Taj25O2937005: started a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Celebrity-based reality show}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| image = Pati Patni Panga.png<br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Reality show|Reality]]<br />
* [[Game show|Game]]<br />
}}<br />
| creator = [[Nikul C. Desai]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| director = <br />
| presenter = [[Sonali Bendre]]<br>[[Munawar Faruqui]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = [[Nikul C. Desai]]<br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 90 min<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 32<!-- as 9 November 2025 --><!-- Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be visible. --><br />
| company = Story Weaver Collective<br />
| budget = <br />
| network = [[Colors TV]]<br>[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|02|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|16|df=y}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check''''' is an Indian Hindi-language reality game show produced by Story Weaver Collective featuring celebrity couples. It premiered on [[Colors TV]] from 2 August 2025 to 16 November 2025. The show is hosted by [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Munawar Faruqui]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=10 July 2025|title=Sonali Bendre and Munawar Faruqui hosted 'Pati Patni Aur Panga' to premiere on this date; set to replace Laughter Chefs 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonali-bendre-and-munawar-faruqui-hosted-pati-patni-aur-panga-to-premiere-on-this-date-set-to-replace-laughter-chefs-2/articleshow/122364915.cms|access-date=31 July 2025|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Rubina Dilaik]] and [[Abhinav Shukla]] emerged as the winners, while [[Debina Bonnerjee]] and [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] were the runner-ups. [[Geeta Phogat]] and [[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]] were the second runner-ups.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 November 2025|title=Rubina Dilaik, Abhinav Shukla win Pati Patni Aur Panga; beat Gurmeet and Debina to be crowned as Sarvagun Sampann Jodi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-win-pati-patni-aur-panga-beat-gurmeet-and-debina-to-be-crowned-as-sarvagun-sampann-jodi-101763341102046-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2025|title=Rubina-Abhinav win Dhamaal With Pati Patni Aur Panga; crowned Sarvagun Sampann Jodi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rubina-abhinav-win-dhamaal-with-pati-patni-aur-panga-crowned-sarvagun-sampann-jodi-2820852-2025-11-16 |work=India Today|language=en|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
Pati Patni Aur Panga episodes features different themes and games that puts the couples bond to the test. It features moments of light-hearted arguments, romantic exchanges, and laughter filled interactions, offering audiences view of the real life relationships of the celebrity couples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2025-06-19 |title='पति-पत्नी और पंगा' को होस्ट करेगा ये बिग बॉस का विनर, ऐसा होगा शो का फॉर्मेट |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-pati-patni-aur-panga-munawar-faruqui-will-host-the-show-know-about-the-format-2965149 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The relationships of the couples are put to test via different reality checks in game formats and the winning couples are awarded with Shaadi Ka Laddu.<br />
<br />
==Contestants==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;"<br />
!Contestants<br />
!Status<br />
!Place <br />
!Laddus <br />
<!--Please don't add Colors to match the info box logo and don’t change the format--><br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Pati and Patni<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rubina Dilaik]]<br>[[Abhinav Shukla]]<br />
! {{Win|Winner}}<br />
| 1st <br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×47<br />
|-<br />
|[[Debina Bonnerjee]]<br>[[Gurmeet Choudhary]]<br />
! Runner-up <br />
|2nd<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×38<br />
|-<br />
| [[Geeta Phogat]]<br>[[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]]<br />
!style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up<br />
|3rd<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×36<br />
|-<br />
| [[Swara Bhasker]]<br>Fahad Ahmed<br />
|colspan=2|4th<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×34<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hina Khan]]<br>Rocky Jaiswal<br />
|colspan=2|5th<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×21<br />
|-<br />
|[[Avika Gor]]<br>Milind Chandwani<br />
|colspan=2|6th<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×17<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sudesh Lehri]]<br>Mamta Lehri<br />
|colspan=2|7th<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" | [[File:Laddu.png|25px]]×14<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Guest appearances ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Episodes<br />
!Guest(s)<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Isha Malviya and Abhishek Kumar<br />
|Introduced as the Panga element for the rest of the season <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exes Isha Malviya and Abhishek Kumar Reunite In ‘Pati Patni Aur Panga’ After Bigg Boss 17 Drama |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/exes-isha-malviya-and-abhishek-kumar-reunite-in-pati-patni-aur-panga-after-bigg-boss-17-drama-2950103.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पति पत्नी और पंगा में हुई एक्स कपल ईशा मालवीय-अभिषेक कुमार की एंट्री, रुबीना दिलैक भी रह गई हैरान |url=https://ndtv.in/television/ex-couple-isha-malviya-abhishek-kumar-entry-in-pati-patni-aur-panga-even-rubina-dilaik-was-surprised-in-new-promo-9143863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920075749/https://ndtv.in/television/ex-couple-isha-malviya-abhishek-kumar-entry-in-pati-patni-aur-panga-even-rubina-dilaik-was-surprised-in-new-promo-9143863 |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=NDTV India |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
|To promote her new song Tu Pyaasa Hai<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-09-18 |title=Neha Kakkar has a blast on the sets of ‘Pati Patni Aur Panga’ with Abhishek & Isha |url=https://ianslive.in/neha-kakkar-has-a-blast-on-the-sets-of-pati-patni-aur-panga-with-abhishek-isha--20250918225345 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Radhe Maa]]<br />
|To predict all contestant future<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Radhe Maa’s relationship advice steals the show, Gurmeet Choudhary jokes 'Jab mein kuch bhi baat karta hu, meri wife Manjulika ban jati hai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-radhe-maas-relationship-advice-steals-the-show-gurmeet-choudhary-jokes-jab-mein-kuch-bhi-baat-karta-hu-meri-wife-manjulika-ban-jati-hai/articleshow/124114772.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Tejasswi Prakash]] and [[Karan Kundrra]]<br />
|For Avika and Milind Sangeet<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-04 |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Tejasswi Prakash and Karan Kundrra light up the dance floor on Avika Gor and Milind Chandwani’s entertainment-packed sangeet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-tejasswi-prakash-and-karan-kundrra-light-up-the-dance-floor-on-avika-gor-and-milind-chandwanis-entertainment-packed-sangeet/articleshow/124296656.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Farah Khan]] and [[Rakhi Sawant]]<br />
|For Avika and Milind first rasoi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-30 |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Rakhi Sawant looks unrecognisable as she returns to India to be a part of the show; trolls Tanya Mittal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-rakhi-sawant-looks-unrecognisable-as-she-returns-to-india-to-be-a-part-of-the-show-trolls-tanya-mittal/articleshow/124242082.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Mallika Sherawat]]<br />
|Celebrated ''Diwali''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=Mallika Sherawat Sets Pati Patni Aur Panga on Fire: Bollywood Diva's Glamorous Return to Reality TV |url=https://technosports.co.in/mallika-sherawat-sets-pati-patni-aur-panga/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=technosports.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />
|Celebrated ''Diwali'' and promote her app ''AstroVani''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-24 |title=Pati Patni aur Panga: When Ekta Kapoor called Rubina Dilaik’s husband Abhinav Shukla ‘handsome’; here’s how he reacted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-when-ekta-kapoor-called-rubina-dilaiks-husband-abhinav-shukla-handsome-heres-how-he-reacted/articleshow/124771337.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]<br />
|To promote her film Ikk Kudi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-25 |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Shehnaaz Gill says a guy who makes fun of her is a green flag, Swara Bhaskar calls it a red flag in a hilarious face-off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-shehnaaz-gill-says-a-guy-who-makes-fun-of-her-is-a-green-flag-swara-bhaskar-calls-it-a-red-flag-in-a-hilarious-face-off/articleshow/124807140.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |29<br />
|[[Karan Kundrra]], [[Tejasswi Prakash]], [[Elvish Yadav]], and [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]]<br />
|To Promote ‘’[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|''Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment'']]’’<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=पति पत्नी और पंगा: धम्माल में टकरा गए एल्विश यादव और करण कुंद्रा ने जोड़ियों में मचाया हंगामा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/2025/nov/november06/elvish-yadav-and-karan-kundras-clash-in-dhamal-couples-create-chaos-in-pati-patni-aur-panga/articleshow/125111282.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Priyanka Chahar Choudhary<br />
|To promote [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin 7'']]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pati Patni aur Panga: Priyanka Chahar Choudhary plays a fun game with Abhishek Kumar as the ‘Nag’ {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pati-patni-aur-panga-priyanka-chahar-choudhary-plays-a-fun-game-with-abhishek-kumar-as-the-nag-watch/114a023ff7718 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt37183128|Pati Patni Aur Panga}}<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/1271427882 Pati Patni Aur Panga] at [[JioHotstar]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
<br />
{{Game-show-stub}}<br />
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhadeb_Bhattacharjee&diff=445870Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee2026-03-04T08:30:54Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Chief Minister of West Bengal from 2000 to 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee<br />
| image = File:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2006.jpg<br />
| caption = Bhattacharjee in 2006<br />
| order1 = 7th<br />
| office1 = Chief Minister of West Bengal<br />
| governor1 = {{Collapsible list|[[Viren J. Shah]]<br />[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]<br />[[Devanand Konwar]] ''(acting)''<br />[[M. K. Narayanan]]}}<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Jyoti Basu]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| term_start1 = 6 November 2000<br />
| term_end1 = 20 May 2011<br />
| office2 = 3rd [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal|Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Jyoti Basu]]<br />
| term_start2 = 12 January 1999<br />
| term_end2 = 5 November 2000<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Bijoy Singh Nahar]]<br />
| successor2 = ''Vacant''<br />
| office9 = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Polit Bureau]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| term_start9 = 2002<br />
| term_end9 = 2015<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Cabinet Minister, West Bengal<br />
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes<br />
| office3 = Minister of Home Affairs & Police <br />
| term_start3 = 1996<br />
| term_end3 = 2011<br />
| office4 = Minister of Information and Culture<br />
| term_start4 = 1987<br />
| term_end4 = 2011<br />
| term_start5 = 1977<br />
| term_end5 = 1982<br />
| office6 = Minister of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs<br />
| term_start6 = 1987<br />
| term_end6 = 1996<br />
}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Legislative offices<br />
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes <br />
| office7 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]<br />
| term_start8 = 1977<br />
| term_end8 = 1982<br />
| constituency8 = [[Cossipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cossipur]]<br />
| predecessor8 = Prafulla Kanti Ghosh<br />
| successor8 = Prafulla Kanti Ghosh<br />
| constituency7 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
| term_start7 = 1987<br />
| term_end7 = 2011<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Ashok Mitra]]<ref>[[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]</ref><br />
| successor7 = [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]<br />
}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|3|1|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|8|8|1944|3|1|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_cause = [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] <br />
| residence = Palm Avenue, Kolkata, India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]<br />
| relations = [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] (uncle)<br />
| party = [[Image:CPI-M-flag.svg|18px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| spouse = Meera Bhattacharjee<br />
| children = Suchetan (Born: Suchetana) Bhattacharjee<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee''' (1 March 1944 – 8 August 2024) was an Indian [[Communism|communist]] politician, statesman and a member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], who served as the 7th [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]] from 2000 to 2011. In a political career over five decades, he became one of the senior leaders of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] during his regime.<br />
<br />
Bhattacharjee described himself as a "communist compromising with [[capitalism]]" for promoting industrialization in [[West Bengal]], but his efforts were undermined by [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee#Singur Tata Nano controversy and Nandigram violence|controversies]].<ref name="Frontline_Aug2024"/> He was known for his relatively open policies regarding business, in contrast with the previous financial policies of the [[CPI(M)]], which were primarily [[anti-capitalist]]. However, he faced strong land acquisition protests and allegations about violence against the protesters. This led Bhattacharjee to lose the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 elections]], resulting in the fall of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'s 34 years of rule in West Bengal.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bhattacharjee was born in [[British Raj]] India on 1 March 1944 in Calcutta to a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family. His grandfather, Krishnachandra Smrititirtha was a Sanskrit scholar who had composed a priestly manual named ''Purohit Darpan'', which remains popular with [[Bengali Hindu]] Bramins in West Bengal. Buddhadeb's father, Nepalchandra, did not enter into the priesthood and was involved with the family publication, Saraswat Library, devoted to selling Hindu religious material.<ref name=A>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2011|title=A ritual bond with Buddha|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-ritual-bond-with-buddha/cid/392630 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Poet [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] was Nepalchandra's cousin. A former student of [[Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya]], Buddhadeb studied Bengali literature at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Kolkata, and secured his B.A. degree in Bengali (Honours). He then joined Adarsh Shankha Vidya Mandir school at [[Dum Dum]] as a teacher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Ratnadeep |date=1 March 2019 |title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, the last Left chief minister of West Bengal |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/buddhadeb-bhattacharya-the-last-left-chief-minister-of-west-bengal/199781/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2011 |title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharya |url=https://www.cpim.org/content/buddhadeb-bhattacharya |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com Profile/Buddhadeb Bhattacharya |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/07budh.htm |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
<br />
=== Initial career (1966–1971) ===<br />
Bhattacharjee joined the CPI(M) as a primary member in 1966. Besides taking active part in the food movement, he also supported [[Vietnam War|Vietnam's cause]] in 1968. In 1968, he was elected as the state secretary of the Democratic Youth Federation, the youth wing of the CPI(M), that was later merged into the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]. He served in the position till 1981, when he was succeeded by Boren Basu. He was mentored by [[Promode Dasgupta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Recognition, election as MLA and ministership (1972–2000) ===<br />
Bhattacharjee was elected to the state committee of CPI(M) in 1972 and was inducted in the state secretariat in 1982.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
From 1977 to 1982, he was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Kashipur-Belgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kashipur-Belgachia]]. Bhattacharjee served as the Minister of Information and Public Relations in the West Bengal Cabinet between 1977 and 1982.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In 1982, he lost the assembly elections from Cossipur constituency in 1982 by a slender margin. He was made a permanent invitee to the central committee of CPI(M) in 1984 and was made a member in 1985.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Later, in 1987, he became the MLA of [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] and continued to represent the constituency till 2011. He was re-inducted in the cabinet in 1987 as the Minister of Information and Cultural Affairs. He also held departments of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
He was included in the cabinet in 1991 as a minister, with the portfolios of Information and Cultural Affairs and Urban Development and Municipal Affairs. However, he abruptly resigned from his position in September 1993, following differences with then [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Jyoti Basu]], regarding the functioning of the administration and the alleged issue of corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadev Bhattacharya makes abrupt exit from Left Front government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930930-buddhadev-bhattacharya-makes-abrupt-exit-from-left-front-government-811570-1993-09-29 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=30 September 1993 |language=en}}</ref> Notably, he remarked that Basu's cabinet was a "council of thieves".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-loneliness-of-buddhadeb/|title=The Loneliness of Buddhadeb|date=17 September 2009 }}</ref> He returned to the cabinet a few months later.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
Following the [[1996 West Bengal state assembly election|1996 West Bengal election]], Bhattacharjee was handed the responsibility of the home and police department, owing to the declining health of the elderly Chief Minister Basu. In 1999, he was made the Deputy Chief minister of West Bengal.<br />
<br />
=== Chief Minister of West Bengal (2001–2011) ===<br />
[[File:BuddhadebBabu.jpg|thumb|Bhattacharjee in 2001]]<br />
On 6 November 2000, he was elevated to the position of Chief Minister after Basu's resignation. In 2002, he was elected to the politburo of CPI(M).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2000 |title=END OF AN ERA |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30255350.ece |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhattacharjee was elected Chief Minister of West Bengal and was sworn in in a solemn ceremony at Raj Bhawan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadeb sworn in Bengal CM |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010519/nation.htm |website=The Tribune}}</ref> As Chief Minister, he led the CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] to two successive election victories in 2001 and 2006. In 2001, the Left Front secured 199 out of 294 assembly seats and in 2006, it improved the tally to 235 out of 294 seats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Arunabha |date=2001 |title=West Bengal Assembly Elections, 2001: An Overview |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42753666 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=179–187 |jstor=42753666 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal voters reward CM Buddhadeb Bhattacharya for pursuing investment, goodwill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060522-west-bengal-voters-reward-buddhadeb-bhattacharya-for-pursuing-investment-785299-2006-05-21 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=22 May 2006 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhattacharjee's tenure saw major incidents of violence perpetrated by the cadres of the ruling CPI(M) like the [[Chhoto Angaria massacre]], the [[Netai]] killings and the [[Dhantala]] case. There was also an escalation of [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist attacks]] in the state, the most notable being the [[Silda camp attack|attack on a police camp at Silda]], [[Operation Lalgarh|violence in Lalgarh]] and the [[Jnaneswari Express train derailment]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Bhattacharya himself survived an assassination attempt by Maoists in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2008 |title=Buddha, Paswan escape landmine blast |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070919&ch=633612431125153750 |work=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhattacharjee started an industrialization drive in West Bengal to bring in more investment and jobs in the states. Under his government, West Bengal saw investments in the IT and services sector.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |date=24 May 2011 |title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee steered West Bengal to 4th position in industrial growth |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-steered-west-bengal-to-4th-position-in-industrial-growth/articleshow/8552710.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 August 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Bhattacharjee described himself as a "communist compromising with [[capitalism]]" for promoting industrialization in the state, though his efforts did not succeed to the extent he had expected due to ensuing controversies.<ref name="Frontline_Aug2024">{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Suhrid Sankar |title=Tribute {{!}} Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee (1944-2024): Poet-Politician Who Dreamed of an Industrial Renaissance for West Bengal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-1944-2024-tribute-former-west-bengal-chief-minister-poet-politician-dream-industrial-renaissance-cpim-left-front/article68500899.ece |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=8 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Notable among the invited projects was that of the production of the world's cheapest car, the [[Tata Nano]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |title=The Sunday Times |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830073930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Singur]], a small town near Kolkata. Other notable proposals included the country's largest integrated steel plant in [[Salboni]] by the Jindal group. Another notable proposed project was a [[chemical hub]] at [[Nayachar]], after it had faced resistance from farmers in [[Nandigram]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
However, his plans were perceived negatively, and his party, along with its front partners, suffered heavy losses in the [[2009 Indian general election]]. In the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|2011 state assembly election]], he was defeated at [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]] by the former [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of his own government, and the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool congress]] candidate Manish Gupta by 16,684 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The man who beat Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee for the first time in 24 years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly/the-man-who-beat-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-for-the-first-time-in-24-years-455760 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He became the second [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] to lose an election from his own constituency, after [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] in 1967.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/buddhadeb-loses-jadavpore-114750853.html "Buddhadeb loses from Jadavpore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204060706/https://in.news.yahoo.com/buddhadeb-loses-jadavpore-114750853.html |date=4 December 2014 }}, ''Yahoo! News'', 13 May 2011.</ref> The Left Front saw a drubbing, securing just 62 seats out of 294. He resigned as Chief Minister on 13 May 2011.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Singur Tata Nano controversy and Nandigram violence ==<br />
{{Main|Singur Tata Nano controversy|Nandigram violence}}<br />
Events during his tenure as Chief Minister included attempts to industrialize West Bengal thwarted by the [[Tata Group|TATA]]'s [[Tata Motors]] leaving [[West Bengal|Bengal]] in the face of the joint protests of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]],<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/west-bengal-polls-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-has-himself-to-blame-133736-2011-05-13 "WB polls: Buddha has himself to blame for Left-front's loss"], ''India Today'', 14 May 2011. [https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/west-bengal-polls-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-has-himself-to-blame-133736-2011-05-13]</ref> [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]], and [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=One|date=3 December 2006|title=BJP President Rajnath to visit Singur tomorrow|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/03/bjp-president-rajnath-to-visit-singur-tomorrow-1165160142.html|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619093210/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/03/bjp-president-rajnath-to-visit-singur-tomorrow-1165160142.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Singur Tata Nano controversy|land acquisition dispute]] in [[Singur]], the [[Nandigram violence|Nandigram incident]],<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/exit-buddhadeb-man-who-saw-beyond-ideological-convictions/articleshow/8316619.cms " Exit Buddhadeb, man who saw beyond ideological convictions"], ''The Economic Times'', 14 May 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005638/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/exit-buddhadeb-man-who-saw-beyond-ideological-convictions/articleshow/8316619.cms |date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> and the Netai incident.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/CPM-pays-for-Netai--suffers-losses-in-Junglemahal/790753/ " CPM pays for Netai, suffers losses in Junglemahal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729141007/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/cpm-pays-for-netai-suffers-losses-in-junglemahal/ |date=29 July 2023 }}, ''Indian Express'', 14 May 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2006 the [[Supreme Court of India]] issued notices to Left Front Government ministers including Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee and others in relation to land allotments made in the [[Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]] township in [[Kolkata]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314084023/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/24/stories/2006012405351200.htm "Court notice to Jyoti Basu"], ''The Hindu'', 24 January 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee's Government came under heavy criticism for [[Nandigram SEZ controversy|police action against demonstrators in Nandigram in East Midnapore]]. He was criticized not only by opposition parties (such as the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|PDS]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]], [[Communist Revolutionary League of India|CRLI]] and others) and other Left Front coalition allies like [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] and [[Forward Bloc|AIFB]], who threatened to back out from the ministry on this issue, but also by his mentor and the state's former chief minister, [[Jyoti Basu]].<br />
<br />
On 15 March 2007, Basu criticized Bhattacharjee for failing to restrain the police in Nandigram.<ref>Subir Bhaumik, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6457035.stm "India strike over police shooting"], BBC News, 16 March 2007.</ref> Bhattacharjee expressed regret for the shootings, but claimed that he permitted police action because Nandigram was an "area where there had been no rule of law and no presence of an administration for not one, two or 10 days but for two-and-a-half months, and many hundreds of villagers left Nandigram, and took shelter in a state relief camp outside Nandigram."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070325180555/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031609061400.htm "Deaths in violence unfortunate, says Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee"], ''The Hindu'', 16 March 2007.</ref> Actually Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee declared that land in Nandigram wouldn't be acquired by ordering the Nandigram notification to be torn apart.<ref name="hindu2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031609061400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325180555/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031609061400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2007 |title=National : Deaths in violence unfortunate, says Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee |date=16 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rxpgnews.com/business/Tear-apart-Nandigram-notification-Buddhadeb-_printer.shtml |title=Tear apart Nandigram notification: Buddhadeb |publisher=Rxpgnews.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721211240/http://www.rxpgnews.com/business/Tear-apart-Nandigram-notification-Buddhadeb-_printer.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Still police were not allowed to enter Nandigram. Roads were dug up, preventing administration from entering the area.<ref name="hindu2007"/><br />
<br />
The CPI(M) declared that they were totally behind Bhattacharjee and had drawn up "plans" to placate his critics in the Left Front.<ref>Subrata Nagchoudhury, [http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/25999.html "Party stands by Buddha, gets restive allies to fall in line"], indianexpress.com, 18 March 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017191927/http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/25999.html |date=17 October 2007 }}</ref> His government was also criticized by Left supporters for failing to protect the Left party workers (including his own party CPI(M)) who came under assault from political opponents - both right wing and ultra-left wing Maoists during the post-Nandigram turmoil until the end of 7th Left Front Government.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
Bhattacharjee was elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Cossipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] once and from [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] for five consecutive terms.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Election<br />
Year<br />
!House<br />
!Constituency<br />
!colspan="2"|Party affiliation<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|rowspan="8"|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Cossipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cossipur]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|rowspan="6"|[[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Later life ==<br />
Despite his calls to be relieved of party responsibilities, Bhattacharjee was retained as a member of the Politburo and the Central Committee in the 20th party congress, organised at Kozhikode in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadeb skips CPI(M) party congress, gets elected to politburo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120423-buddhadeb-bhattacharya-skips-cpim-congress-elected-politburo-758058-2012-04-14 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2012 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was relieved of his posts on the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] and Central Committee at the 21st party congress, organised at Vishakhapatnam in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-West Bengal CM Buddhadeb Remains Critical |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ex-west-bengal-cm-buddhadeb-remains-critical-news-307004 |website=www.outlookindia.com|date=31 July 2023 }}</ref> The party congress elected him as a special invitee to the Central Committee. However, he was persuaded to remain a member of the state committee and the state secretariat till 2018. In 2018, due to continuing ill-health he stepped down from the state committee and the state secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee Steps Down From CPI(M) State Committee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-west-bengal-chief-minister-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-steps-down-from-cpi-m-state-committee-1821485 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He was later named as a special invitee to the state committee. In 2019, he made an attempt to attend a mega-rally at Brigade Parade ground in Kolkata, however, due to breathing difficulties he could not appear on the stage and remained seated in his car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadeb to miss Brigade rally due to poor health |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/buddhadeb-to-miss-brigade-rally-due-to-poor-health/cid/1808087 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Padma Bhushan rejection===<br />
In January 2022, the [[Government of India]] awarded Bhattacharjee with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award in India. However, he declined the award and claimed that he had not been informed about the award. He said a call was made to his residence earlier in the day, while adding there is no provision of taking consent for giving Padma awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee refuses Padma Bhushan award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-padma-bhushan-award/article38325550.ece|access-date=27 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171205/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-padma-bhushan-award/article38325550.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="No One Told Me": CPM's Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee Rejects Padma Bhushan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-one-told-me-cpms-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-rejects-padma-bhushan-2729790|access-date=27 January 2022|website=NDTV.com|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171204/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-one-told-me-cpms-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-rejects-padma-bhushan-2729790|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2022|title=Communist veteran Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee refuses Padma Bhushan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/communist-veteran-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-padma-bhushan-101643127073965.html|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171204/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/communist-veteran-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refuses-padma-bhushan-101643127073965.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards: CPM's Veteran Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee Rejects Padma Bhushan|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/padma-awards-cpm-veteran-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-rejects-padma-bhushan-republic-day-ex-bengal-cm-1508802|access-date=27 January 2022|website=ABP Live|date=25 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171205/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/padma-awards-cpm-veteran-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-rejects-padma-bhushan-republic-day-ex-bengal-cm-1508802|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee refused the Padma Bhushan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refused-the-padma-bhushan-1905363-2022-01-27|access-date=27 January 2022|website=India Today|date=27 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171204/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india-today-insight/story/why-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-refused-the-padma-bhushan-1905363-2022-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Bhattacharjee was married to Meera Bhattacharjee. Together, they had a child who underwent [[gender surgery]] and is now known as Suchetan Bhattacharjee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Buddhadeb Bhattacharya's daughter Suchetana may undergo sex-change operation: '…as a man' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/buddhadeb-bhattacharyas-daughter-suchetana-sex-change-operation-bengal-chief-minister-101687362694470.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Bhattacharjee was renowned for his frugal lifestyle. He was also a scholar widely read and had acquaintance with literature of the world. Was fond of dogs and had several pets during his lifetime. Was also seen feeding and petting the stray dogs in his locality quite often. He was an inveterate music lover and quite knowledgeable about Indian classical music. He also had a quiet and quite unexpected sense of humour. The family lived in a two-room apartment in [[Ballygunge]], Kolkata. Bhattacharjee operated as Chief Minister from the same residence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2011 |title=Buddhadeb's assets: No house, no car, only Rs 5,000 in bank |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/buddhadebs-assets-no-house-no-car-only-rs-5000-in-bank/articleshow/7879992.cms |access-date=20 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Although belonging to a family of priests, Bhattacharjee was an avowed atheist, in accordance with the principles of communism.<ref name=A/><br />
<br />
Bhattacharjee died from [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] in Kolkata, on 8 August 2024, at the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Bengal chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee passes away |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-cpm-leader-former-west-bengal-chief-minister-passes-away/cid/2039492 |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2024 |title=The Marxist journey of 'Brand Buddha' Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/left-behind-the-marxist-journey-of-brand-buddha-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee/articleshow/112366309.cms |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* ''Duhsomoy'' ({{translation|''The Bad Times''}}) (1993): Buddhadeb Bhattacharya's play deals with the communal tension between Hindus and Muslims in the aftermath of the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]].<br />
* ''Biponno jaahaajer ek nabiker golpo'' (1994): Translation of ''[[The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor]]'' by [[Gabriel García Márquez]] <br />
* ''Ei aami Mayakovsky'' (1994): Translated works of Russian-Soviet poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]<br />
* ''Chilite gopone'' (1996): Translation of ''[[Clandestine in Chile]]'' by Gabriel García Márquez<br />
* ''Hridayer shobdohin jyotsnar bhitor'' ({{translation|''Into the Silent Moonlight of Heart''}} (1997): Anthology of literary criticism on poetry penned by [[Jibanananda Das]]<br />
* ''Phire dekha (prothom porbo)'' ({{translation|''Looking back (first part)''}}) (2015)<br />
* ''Phire dekha (dwitiyo porbo)'' ({{translation|''Looking back (second part)''}}) (2017)<br />
* ''Nazi Germanyr jonmo o mrityu'' ({{translation|''The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany''}}) (2018)<br />
* ''Swarger niche mohabishrankhola'' ({{translation|Chaos under heaven}}) (2019)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
|before=[[Jyoti Basu]]<br />
|title=[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]<br />
|years=2000–2011<br />
|after=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Buddhadeb}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee| ]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian atheists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Marxist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muthyam&diff=519338Muthyam2026-03-03T21:59:00Z<p>Taj25O2937005: starting info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Muthyam<br />
| image = Muthyam poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Vasan<br />
| writer = Nivas (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Vasan<br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Venkat Ramana Reddy<br />
| starring = [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] <br /> [[Anu Choudhury]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Prabhu<br />
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]<br />
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
| studio = Silverline Cinema<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|11|26|ref1=<ref name="I"/>}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Muthyam''''' ({{Translation|Pearl}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Vasan and starring [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] and [[Anu Choudhury]]. The film was released on 26 November 2001 to mixed-to-positive reviews and was a box office blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=26 November 2002 |title=Finding a foothold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot ==<br />
Karthik and Anu fall in love. However, Anu is unaware that her foster father is not her real father, and learns the truth about her real father: he killed his wife after learning that she was cheating on him. Anu must get his approval before marrying Karthik.<ref name="H"/><ref name="I"/><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] as Karthik<br />
*[[Anu Choudhury]] as Anu<br />
*[[Giri Babu]] as Major Chandrakanth<br />
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Dr. G. Sivarama Krishna<br />
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Dr. Surya<br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Chanti<br />
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Shop Owner<br />
*[[Gautam Raju]] as [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]] Officer<br />
*Siva Parvati as Rajani<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. All lyrics were written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmVaE3GiW-k |title=Muthyam Full Length Telugu Movie |work=[[YouTube]]|date=October 2013 |access-date=2024-06-03 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301140230/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmVaE3GiW-k |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*"Krishna Shasthri Lo" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], chorus<br />
*"Noojiveedu Maamidi" - [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], chorus<br />
*"Premalo Padadhama" - Sriram Prabhu, [[Swarnalatha]], chorus<br />
*"Vuchitam Vuchitam" - [[KK (singer)|KK]], chorus<br />
*"Urike Kundhelu Song" - Nithyasri<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The film falls in the genre of youth films now in vogue, with weird themes revolving around inconsequential interpretations of love".<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-muthyam.html|title=Of youth and love|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601080748/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-muthyam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "The film story is very short. Screenplay is shabby. This film's duration is just 2 hours. Strength of the film is Vandemataram's music and songs. Weakness is screenplay".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-muthyam.html|title=Movie review - Muthyam|date=26 October 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601080750/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-muthyam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|3411678}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charithram&diff=452747Charithram2026-03-03T20:56:33Z<p>Taj25O2937005: updated intro for accuracy and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
|name = Charithram<br />
|image = Charithram.jpg<br />
|director = [[G. S. Vijayan]]<br />
|writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]<br />
|starring = [[Mammootty]]<br>[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br>[[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]]<br>[[Shobhana]]<br />
|cinematography =<br />
|editing =<br />
|released = {{Film date|1989|1|26|df=y}}<br />
|runtime =<br />
|budget =<br />
|gross =<br />
|country = India<br />
|language = Malayalam<br />
|music = Rajamani<br>[[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]<br />
|studio = Suryodaya Creations<br />
}}<br />
'''''Charithram''''' ({{translation|History}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], along with [[Shobana]], [[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lizy]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] and [[Kuthiravattam Pappu|Pappu]] in other pivotal roles. It was written by [[S. N. Swamy]] and directed by [[G. S. Vijayan]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charithram Movie details|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2200|publisher=malayalachalachithram|accessdate=2014-11-28}}</ref> The story is loosely based on the 1958 film ''[[Chase a Crooked Shadow]]'', the title of which is openly mentioned in one of the dialogues in the movie. The film tells the story of Philip who is desperate to prove that Raju is not his brother but a lookalike and an imposter. It is considered one of the best thriller movies in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=2020-01-20|title=Six evergreen crime thriller movies of Mammootty in Mollywood that the world should not miss|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/six-evergreen-crime-thriller-movies-mammootty-mollywood-that-world-should-not-miss-812002|access-date=2021-07-11|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Philip Manavaalan is the owner of a financing company in Kerala and the movie begins with his wedding preparations. After the wedding, Philip's wife, Cecily is curious about Raju, Philip's dead brother and so Philip relates the story of Raju to Cecily.<br />
<br />
Raju was young, vibrant and a man of many talents. However, he soon fell prey to the world of drugs and started extracting money to buy drugs from his brother by hook or by crook. Philip, upon learning of his brother's drug problem, admitted him into a rehab facility. Raju appeared to recover and was then sent to Madras (Tamil Nadu) for further studies. On one of his visits to Chennai, Philip realised that Raju had reverted to his old ways and was worse than ever before. One night, Raju stole some money and absconded with Philip's car. Philip later learned of this when he received a call informing him that his car had met with an accident and the car's driver had perished in the explosion. Philip performed the last rites on his brother's body, which was burnt beyond recognition, in Chennai itself and returned to Kerala. Cecily sympathises with her husband and soon gets over this sad incident.<br />
<br />
However one day, suddenly Raju returns home and surprises everyone. Philip has a hard time believing that this man is his brother. He performs many tests to prove whether the man is really his brother Raju. He is assisted by his friends in all these tests, but every test yields positive results. Soon almost everyone is convinced that it was indeed Raju who had come back. However, Philip is still doubtful. Meanwhile, Renu the daughter of Philip's friend Cherian a police officer, who had been betrothed to Raju, convinced that Raju had come back, begins an affair with him. Philip sees this and informs Cherian about it. Cherian talks to his daughter trying to convince her what a mistake it would be if it is not Raju. But Renu is adamant and expresses her belief that Raju had returned and also tells that she will marry none but Raju. So, Cherian visits Philip along with their common friend John, who is a lawyer to propose Renu for Raju. But Philip refuses, saying that he doesn't believe it is his brother who had come back. Everyone gets frustrated that Philip still won't accept Raju in spite of the positive results of all the tests conducted before. <br />
<br />
At last, Cherian decides to perform a scientific test to prove the truth. He goes to Chennai where Raju's body had been cremated and excavates the remains. He takes a picture of the skull and a picture of Raju and superimposes the two. It doesn't match! Upon reaching his house, he calls John and Shivan Kutty to inform them about this. They go to his house and wait for Philip to come. He comes soon after in the hope that Cherian has got evidence to prove that Raju was dead and it was an impostor who had taken his place. But when he arrives, he finds Cherian in a happy state. Cherian passes on the information to Philip and shows him the super-imposed picture that doesn't match. But still Philip is not convinced. When questioned why, he replies that Raju died lying in his hands. Cherian asks him to elaborate. <br />
<br />
Philip then reveals that Raju had not died in a car accident as he said to everyone. The day he died, Raju stole money from Philip's cupboard and tried to escape with it. Philip stopped him and asked him where he was going. Raju rudely said that he was leaving as he could no longer live with Philip. He took the money so that he could live the way he wanted to. Philip begged Raju not to go and ruin himself in bad company. Raju did not listen and tried to go, but Philip held him back. Raju pushed him away. In anger, Philip slapped Raju who lost his balance and fell from the first floor to the ground, breaking his neck and head in the fall. Philip rushed down to his brother and lifted him. But Raju died soon. Shocked at what he had mistakenly done, Philip cries holding his brother's body. Suddenly he realised that he will be held guilty for Raju's death. Seeing no way to prove his innocence, he decides to dispose of Raju's body. He drives to Chennai with Raju's body in his car, pushes the car down a cliff which explodes on impact and returns to Kerala.<br />
<br />
Upon hearing Philip's confession, Cherian reveals he already knew about Raju's accidental murder thanks to a Chennai police officer by the name of Akbar who was investigating the same case. But to prove that Philip was the real murderer, Cherian and Akbar hire Albert, a lookalike of Raju to impersonate the latter. Realizing that he was tricked, an ashamed Philip turns himself in. Before he is taken away by Akbar to Chennai, Philip requests Albert to take care of Cicily and marry Renu.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as Philipose Manavalan (Thampi)<br />
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] in dual role as :<br />
**Raju Manavalan <br />
**Albert <br />
* [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] as Renu<br />
* [[Shobana]] as Cecily<br />
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Shivan Kutty<br />
* [[Janardanan (actor)|Janardanan]] as Cherian<br />
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Advocate George<br />
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Nellimattom Krishnan<br />
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Chinnan<br />
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Sadanandan<br />
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]<br />
* [[Jalaja]] as Gracy<br />
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Kurup<br />
* [[Adoor Bhawani]]<br />
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Akbar<br />
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Dr. Sreenivasan<br />
* Anthony Palakkan as SI Rajan<br />
* [[Harikeshan Thampi]] as Dr. Pandian<br />
* [[Disco Shanti]] (special appearance)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=0271422|title=Charithram}}<br />
<br />
{{S. N. Swamy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charithram(1989 Malayalam Film)}}<br />
[[Category:1989 films]]<br />
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by G. S. Vijayan]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language thriller films]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Joy&diff=461134History of Joy2026-03-03T20:34:25Z<p>Taj25O2937005: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{COI|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = History of Joy<br />
| image = History of Joy Poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Vishnu Govindan<br />
| producer = Kalanjoor Sasikumar<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vishnu Vinay]]|[[Vinay Forrt]]|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]|[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]|[[Sunil Sukhada]]}}<br />
| music = Jovey George Sujo<br />
| studio = Sivaparvathi Films<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|24}}<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''History of Joy'''''<ref name="filmibeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/history-of-joy.html|title=History Of Joy (2017) &#124; History Of Joy Malayalam Movie &#124; History Of Joy Review, Cast & Crew, Release Date, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2017|2017]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film directed by Vishnu Govindan. The cast of the film includes [[Vishnu Vinay]], [[Vinay Forrt]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/history-of-joy/movieshow/61791957.cms |title=History of Joy Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/11/27/history-of-joy-review-a-take-on-second-chances.html |title='History of Joy' review: a take on second chances |work=OnManorama |access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Vishnu Vinay]]<br />
* [[Vinay Forrt]]<br />
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br />
* [[Leona Lishoy]]<br />
* [[Joju George]]<br />
* Nobi<br />
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]<br />
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|6650436|History of Joy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhale_Krishnudu&diff=464906Bhale Krishnudu2026-03-03T19:04:26Z<p>Taj25O2937005: basic fix page per standard format also and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bhale Krishnudu<br />
| image = bhalekrishnudu.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao]]<br />
| producer = [[K. KrishnaMohan Rao]]<br />
| writer = [[Jandhyala]]<br />
| story = [[Jandhyala]]<br />
| starring = [[Ghattamaneni Krishna|Krishna]]<br />[[Jaya Prada]]<br />[[Jaggayya]]<br />[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]]<br />[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]<br />[[Allu Rama Lingaiah]]<br />[[Mohan Babu]]<br />[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]<br />
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]<br />
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prakash]]<br />
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1980|01|14|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 147 mins<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhale Krishnudu''''' is a comedy-drama [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/movies/bhale-krishnudu.html|title=భలే కృష్ణుడు News {{!}} Bhale Krishnudu News in Telugu - Filmibeat Telugu|website=telugu.filmibeat.com|language=te|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhale Krishnudu (1980) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhale-krishnudu-26140|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202005937/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhale-krishnudu-26140|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Krishna is the son of millionaire Madhav Rao. Madhav Rao's partners cheat him, which leads to his death. Krishna then has to take care of his family as well as avenge his father's death.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Krishna is a son of rich person, played by Jaggayya, and Anjali Devi is his mother. Krishna is a happy-go-lucky guy who enjoys himself with his friends by giving them money for their needs and loves Sangeeta. He accidentally meets Jaya Prada, a village girl and teases her. One day Nagabhushanam, the secretary of Jaggayya tricks him and makes him sign his property papers to his name and it leads to the death of Jaggayya. Krishna's family was dragged to the road by Nagabhushanam and his allies Mohan Babu and Allu Ramalingaiah. Krishna's friends shows him empty hands when he asks their help and Sangeeta leaves him when he loses his property. Krishna starts doing daily labour to run his family with the help of Jaya Prada, who shows him the job and there he meets Satyanarayana, who tells Krishna the truth behind his families present situation and asks him to punish Nagabushanam for his actions. The rest of the story is how Krishna and Jaya Prada, with the help of Satyanarayana defeat Nagabhshanam and get back their property by falsifying their identity.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Lakshmi<br />
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Krishna<br />
* [[Jaggayya]] as Madhava Rao<br />
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Narayana<br />
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Ratti<br />
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Radha<br />
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Gurunatham<br />
* [[Mohan Babu]]<br />
* [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Karunakaram<br />
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Gopal Rao<br />
* K. V. Chalam as Venu<br />
* [[Halam (actor)|Halam]]<br />
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Madhu<br />
* Lakshmikanth as Praveen<br />
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Mesthri Yadaiah<br />
* [[Kalpana Rai]] as Manga<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
All the songs were written by [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]] and [[Veturi]]. All the songs were sung by [[P. Susheela]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
<br />
* "Ponna Chettu Needalo"<br />
* "Brundavanamoka"<br />
* "Evaru Nuvvu"<br />
* "Muddante Vaddanake"<br />
* "Mogali Motaga Dolu Sannayi"<br />
* "Itikimeeda Itikeste"<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt0257443}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}<br />
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]<br />
{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrindavan&diff=448913Vrindavan2026-03-03T09:53:50Z<p>Taj25O2937005: Article enhanced with better details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{about|the city in Uttar Pradesh, India|the spiritual Vrindavan|Goloka|altar for Tulasi plant|Tulasi Vrindavana}}<br />
{{Redirect|Brindavanam|the 2010 film|Brindavanam (2010 film)|the 2017 film|Brindavanam (2017 film)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vrindavan<br />
| other_name = Vrindaban, Brindaban<br />
| nicknames = City of Widows<br />
| settlement_type = [[City]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Iskon Temple, Vrindawan.jpg <br />
| photo1b = Madanmohan Mandir Vrindavan.JPG<br />
| photo2a = Radha Damodar Temple.JPG<br />
| photo2b = Radhavallabhlalj.jpg<br />
| photo3a = Prem Mandir Vrindavan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (2014).jpg<br />
| spacing = 2<br />
| position = center<br />
| color_border = white<br />
| color = black<br />
| size = 266<br />
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' <br />
[[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|ISKCON Temple ]], [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madanmohan Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]], [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]], [[Prem Mandir Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]]}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.58|N|77.7|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]<br />
| established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = Mathura-Vrindavan Municipal Corporation<br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name = Vinod Agarwal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/live-mathura-vrindavan-mayor-election-result-2023-counting-news-online-latest-updates-vinod-agarwal-bjp-raja-mohtasim-ahmed-bsp-liveblog-100204223|title=BJP's mayoral candidate from Mathura Vinod Agarwal wins|date=13 May 2023|work=ET Now News|access-date=22 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 170<br />
| population_total = 63,005<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name="Census2011Gov"/&gt;<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = Vrindavan wasi<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 281121<br />
| area_code = 0565<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = UP-85<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title3 = Native<br />
| demographics1_info3 = [[Braj Bhasha]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Vrindavan''' ({{IPA|hns|ʋɾɪnˈdɑːʋən|pron|Vrindavan.ogg}}; {{IAST3|Vṛndāvana}}), also spelt '''Vrindaban''' and '''Brindaban''',&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt; is a historical city in the [[Mathura district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Braj|Braj Bhoomi]] region and holds religious importance for Hindus, who believe that [[Krishna]], one of the main Gods in [[Hinduism]], spent most of his childhood in this city.&lt;ref name="Hawley"&gt;{{cite book |surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |title=Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-012398-7 |place=Oxford; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UP gets first officially designated 'teerth sthals' in Vrindavan and Barsana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/up-gets-first-officially-designated-teerth-sthals-in-vrindavan-and-barsana/articleshow/61277272.cms|date=27 October 2017|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="route"&gt;{{cite web |title=NHAI |url=http://www.nhai.org/NH2_Delhi_Kolkata_main.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204065036/http://www.nhai.org/NH2_Delhi_Kolkata_main.htm |archive-date=4 December 2016 |access-date=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keene|first=Henry George|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|title=A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ahandbookforvis00keengoog#page/n113/mode/1up|chapter=Bindrabun|date=1899|publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co.|pages=98–106}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to the worship of Krishna and his chief consort, [[Radha]].&lt;ref name="Madan"&gt;{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India through the ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176 176]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the most [[sacred]] places for [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions.&lt;ref name="Hawley" /&gt;&lt;ref name="Madan" /&gt; <br />
<br />
Vrindavan forms a part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" under development by the Indian Ministry of Tourism. The circuit also includes [[Mathura]], [[Barsana]], [[Gokul]], [[Govardhan]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Dwarka]] and [[Puri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Development of Ramayana and Krishna Circuits |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1513307 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=G. |title=Oxford Art Online |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t090249 |chapter=Vrindavan |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t090249 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The ancient [[Sanskrit]] name of the city, {{lang|sa|वृन्दावन}} ({{IAST|Vṛndāvana}}), comes from its groves of ''vṛndā'' ([[Ocimum tenuiflorum|holy basil]]) and ''vana'' ([[Grove (nature)|grove]], forest).&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_023.gif|title=Brindaban|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|date=1909|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212836/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_023.gif|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Swiatyniamadanmohan.jpg|thumb|The 17th century [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple]] was built by [[Raja]] Gopal Singhji of [[Karauli]] dynasty]]<br />
Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu culture and history, and was established in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of an explicit treaty between Muslims and Hindu Emperors,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 January 2020 |title=Watch {{!}} John Stratton Hawley on His Latest Book on 'Krishna's Playground' |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/urban/watch-john-stratton-hawley-book |access-date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an important [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|Hindu pilgrimage]] site since long.<br />
<br />
In contemporary times, [[Vallabha]] Charya (an Indian saint from 15th century), aged eleven visited Vrindavan. Later on, he performed three pilgrimages of [[India]], barefoot giving discourses on [[Bhagavad Gita]] at 84 places. These 84 places are known as [[Pushtimarg Baithak]] and since then have the places of pilgrimage. Yet, he stayed in Vrindavan for four months each year. Vrindavan thus heavily influenced his formation of [[Pushtimarg]].<br />
[[File:Bankebihari temple main gate Vrindavan.JPG|alt=Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan|thumb|Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan]]<br />
The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century when it was rediscovered by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. In the year 1515, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] visited Vrindavan, with the purpose of locating the lost holy places associated with Krishna's life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Vrindavan by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |url=http://www.mvtindia.com/history/discovery.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123021950/http://www.mvtindia.com/history/discovery.htm |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In the last 250 years, the extensive forests of Vrindavan have been subjected to urbanisation, first by local Rajas and in recent decades by apartment developers. The forest cover has been whittled away to only a few remaining spots, and the local wildlife, including [[peacock]]s, [[cattle|cows]], [[monkey]]s and a variety of bird species has been virtually eliminated.<br />
<br />
=== Prem Mahavidyalaya ===<br />
<br />
In 1909, [[Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh]] established India’s first polytechnic college, Prem Mahavidyalaya in Vrindavan, with the dual vision of promoting education and nurturing nationalist thought.&lt;ref name="o379"&gt;{{cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=जहां राजा महेंद्र का बचपन बीता वहां से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट: वृंदावन में बनाया था एशिया का पहला पॉलिटेक्निक कॉलेज, यमुना किनारे बनी है राजा की समाधि; लेकिन अब खंडहर हो गया निवास स्थान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/news/asias-first-polytechnic-college-was-built-in-vrindavan-the-samadhi-of-king-mahendra-pratap-is-built-on-the-banks-of-yamuna-128909737.html |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the inauguration of Prem Mahavidyalaya, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Madan Mohan Malviya]] was also present. Over time, it evolved into an intellectual centre for revolutionary ideas and a meeting place for freedom fighters and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mathura: स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का केंद्र बिंदु रहा प्रेम महाविद्यालय, अब बनेगा स्मारक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/prem-mahavidyalaya-of-vrindavan-will-now-take-the-form-of-a-memorial |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Prominent figures such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[C.F. Andrews]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the college, leaving their remarks in its visitor book. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent a day there on 19 April 1915, recording his admiration for Singh’s dedication to the national cause. In 1914, [[Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh|Mahendra Pratap Singh]] left Prem Mahavidyalaya to seek international backing for India’s independence.&lt;ref name="u253"&gt;{{cite web |last=Today |first=Vrindavan |date=15 August 2021 |title=Independence-Day Special: The story of Vrindavan's Prem Mahavidyalaya, Raja Mahendra Pratap and India's freedom struggle |url=https://vrindavantoday.in/independence-day-special-the-story-of-vrindavans-prem-mahavidyalaya-raja-mahendra-pratap-and-indias-freedom-struggle/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Vrindavan Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Situated on the west bank of the [[Yamuna River]], about 15 kilometres north of [[Mathura]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Vrindavan.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Vrindavan, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 125 km from [[Delhi]], Vrindavan has an average elevation of 170&amp;nbsp;metres (557&amp;nbsp;feet).{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The [[Yamuna]] river flows through the city.<br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
<br />
The climate is hot [[semi arid]] (BSh), bordering a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa).<br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Mathura (1981–2010, extremes 1974–1995)<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| width = auto<br />
| Jan record high C = 29.6<br />
| Feb record high C = 34.1<br />
| Mar record high C = 40.1<br />
| Apr record high C = 45.1<br />
| May record high C = 47.1<br />
| Jun record high C = 47.6<br />
| Jul record high C = 44.6<br />
| Aug record high C = 42.7<br />
| Sep record high C = 40.6<br />
| Oct record high C = 42.1<br />
| Nov record high C = 35.1<br />
| Dec record high C = 30.1<br />
| year record high C = 47.6<br />
| Jan high C = 21.3<br />
| Feb high C = 24.4<br />
| Mar high C = 30.4<br />
| Apr high C = 36.6<br />
| May high C = 41.2<br />
| Jun high C = 41.2<br />
| Jul high C = 36.1<br />
| Aug high C = 34.6<br />
| Sep high C = 34.2<br />
| Oct high C = 33.3<br />
| Nov high C = 29.1<br />
| Dec high C = 23.3<br />
| year high C = 32.1<br />
| Jan low C = 6.4<br />
| Feb low C = 8.3<br />
| Mar low C = 13.2<br />
| Apr low C = 17.9<br />
| May low C = 23.9<br />
| Jun low C = 25.9<br />
| Jul low C = 25.5<br />
| Aug low C = 25.0<br />
| Sep low C = 23.5<br />
| Oct low C = 18.3<br />
| Nov low C = 11.6<br />
| Dec low C = 7.7<br />
| year low C = 17.3<br />
| Jan record low C = 1.0<br />
| Feb record low C = 0.5<br />
| Mar record low C = 5.0<br />
| Apr record low C = 7.0<br />
| May record low C = 8.5<br />
| Jun record low C = 17.0<br />
| Jul record low C = 11.5<br />
| Aug record low C = 17.5<br />
| Sep record low C = 17.6<br />
| Oct record low C = 11.5<br />
| Nov record low C = 4.0<br />
| Dec record low C = 2.0<br />
| year record low C = 0.5<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 10.4<br />
| Feb rain mm = 13.6<br />
| Mar rain mm = 6.8<br />
| Apr rain mm = 10.1<br />
| May rain mm = 17.8<br />
| Jun rain mm = 35.5<br />
| Jul rain mm = 164.7<br />
| Aug rain mm = 205.2<br />
| Sep rain mm = 165.0<br />
| Oct rain mm = 18.0<br />
| Nov rain mm = 3.9<br />
| Dec rain mm = 9.0<br />
| year rain mm = 660.1<br />
| Jan rain days = 0.9<br />
| Feb rain days = 1.3<br />
| Mar rain days = 1.0<br />
| Apr rain days = 0.9<br />
| May rain days = 1.5<br />
| Jun rain days = 3.0<br />
| Jul rain days = 9.0<br />
| Aug rain days = 9.1<br />
| Sep rain days = 4.9<br />
| Oct rain days = 0.9<br />
| Nov rain days = 0.3<br />
| Dec rain days = 1.1<br />
| year rain days = 33.9<br />
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 65<br />
| Feb humidity = 59<br />
| Mar humidity = 53<br />
| Apr humidity = 48<br />
| May humidity = 39<br />
| Jun humidity = 43<br />
| Jul humidity = 67<br />
| Aug humidity = 72<br />
| Sep humidity = 71<br />
| Oct humidity = 63<br />
| Nov humidity = 56<br />
| Dec humidity = 60<br />
| year humidity = 58<br />
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref name=IMDnormals&gt;<br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| title = Station: Mathura Climatological Table 1981–2010<br />
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2015<br />
| pages = 481–482<br />
| access-date = 22 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDextremes&gt;<br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M220<br />
| access-date = 22 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Vrindavan had a total population of 63,005, of which 34,769 were males and 28,236 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 7,818. The total number of literates in Vrindavan was 42,917, which constituted 68.11% of the population with male literacy of 73.7% and female literacy of 61.2%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Vrindavan was 77.8%, of which the male literacy rate was 83.7% and the female literacy rate was 70.3%. The sex ratio is 812 females per 1000 males. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 6,294 and 18, respectively. Vrindavan had 11,637 households in 2011.&lt;ref name="Census2011Gov"&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India: Vrindavan |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=143385 |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="nayaka1974"&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNQLHQAACAAJ |title=A students' history of education in India (1800–1973) |publisher=Macmillan |year=1974 |edition=6 |author=Jayant Pandurang Nayaka |author2=Syed Nurullah }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Vrindavan lies in the cultural region of [[Braj]].&lt;ref name="LuciaMichelutti1"&gt;{{cite web |author=Lucia Michelutti |date=2002 |title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 |work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science University of London |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Culture and cityscape==<br />
=== Religious heritage ===<br />
{{Main|Radha|Krishna|Radha Krishna}}<br />
[[File:Aindra Dasa Kartik 2009.JPG|thumb|[[ISKCON]] devotee singing bhajan in Vrindavan]]<br />
Vrindavan is considered to be a sacred place for [[Vaisnavism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=vrindavan mahatmya |url=https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/library/bengali-lib/books-2/979-vrndavana-mahatmya |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=purebhakti.com|date=11 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is believed that Krishna spent part of his childhood in this city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Arjun |date=9 March 2023 |title=Holi: Bringing fleeting color to the lives of Vrindavan's widows |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/widows-vrindavan-holi-8484907/ |access-date=4 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The other prominent areas surrounding Vrindavan are [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana]], [[Gokul]], [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]], [[Barsana]], [[Mathura]] and [[Chhari|Bhandirvan]]. Along with Vrindavan, all these places are considered to be the center of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] worship. Millions of devotees of [[Radha Krishna]] visit Vrindavan and its nearby areas every year to participate in a number of festivals.&lt;ref name="kk2007"&gt;{{cite book |author=Klaus Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism |publisher=State University of New York Press; 3 edition |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7914-7081-7 |page=204 |quote=The center of Krishna-worship has been for a long time Brajbhumi, the district of Mathura that embraces also Vrindavana, Govardhana, and Gokula, associated with Krishna from the time immemorial. Many millions of Krishna ''bhaktas'' visit these places every year and participate in the numerous festivals that re-enact divine scenes from Krishna's life on Earth, of which were spent in those very places |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier}} Vrinda means Tulsi (A sacred species of flora) and van as forest, therefore Vrindavan is a holy forest of Tulsi. Vijaypal Baghel, known as GreenMan is promoting, planting, and farming Tulsi in mass around the Vrindavan.&lt;/ref&gt; The common salutation or greetings used in [[Braj|Braj region]] by its residents is ''[[Radhe Radhe]]'' which is associated with the Goddess Radha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=Owen M. |title=Divine Passions |date=31 December 1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30975-3 |pages=3–34 |language=en |chapter=ONE. The Social Construction of Emotion in India |doi=10.1525/9780520309753-002 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520309753-002/html}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] which is associated with Krishna. Devotees of Krishna believe that he visits the town each night to adore Radha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priya |date=12 August 2020 |title=Do you know about the 'mysterious' Nidhivan in Vrindavan where Krishna still performs Raasleela? |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/do-you-know-about-the-mysterious-nidhivan-in-vrindavan-where-krishna-still-performs-raasleela/articleshow/65654845.cms |access-date=4 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Temples ===<br />
[[File:Temple GovindaDev.JPG|thumb|Govind Dev Temple, Vrindavan]]<br />
Vrindavan, the land of [[Radha Krishna]] has about 5500 temples dedicated to them to showcase their divine pastimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Rājaśekhara Dāsa |url={{Google books|Q1cvAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Color Guide to Vṛndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples |publisher=Vedanta Vision Publication |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.vrindavantoday.org/2016/06/seven-main-temples-of-vrindavan Seven main temples of Vrindavan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813165834/http://news.vrindavantoday.org/2016/06/seven-main-temples-of-vrindavan/ |date=13 August 2017 }}, Vrindavantoday.org&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the important pilgrimage sites are&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&amp;q=radha+purana |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=42–86 |language=en |chapter=Temples and Places}}&lt;/ref&gt; -<br />
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple]], located near the Kalidah Ghat was built by Kapur Ram Das of [[Multan]]. One of the oldest temples in Vrindavan, it is closely associated with [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. The original deity of Madan Gopal was shifted from the shrine to [[Karauli]] in Rajasthan for safekeeping during [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule. Today, a replica of the original (deity) is worshipped at the temple<br />
*[[Radha Raman Temple|Sri Radha Raman Mandir]], constructed at the request of [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]] and houses a [[saligram]] deity of Krishna as [[Radha Ramana]], alongside [[Radha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sri Radha Raman in Vrindavan |url=http://www.salagram.net/sstp-RadhaRamanVrindavan.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=www.salagram.net |archive-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192707/http://www.salagram.net/sstp-RadhaRamanVrindavan.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*[[Banke Bihari Temple]], built in 1862&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Banke-Bihari Temple website |url=https://www.bihariji.org/may08/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=12&amp;Itemid=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032027/https://www.bihariji.org/may08/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=12&amp;Itemid=26 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the image of Banke-Bihari was discovered in [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan|Nidhivan]] by [[Swami Haridas]].<br />
*[[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]] is one of the ancient temple of Vrindavan. It was constructed in 1585 AD and was the first temple made up of red sandstones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Hare Krishnas in India |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5989-4 |pages=176–198 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7. Cross-Cultural Dynamics of Mystical Emotions in Vrindaban |doi=10.1515/9781400859894.176 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400859894.176/html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*[[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]] is a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] temple, which is dedicated to Radha Krishna and was constructed in 1542 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Radha Damodar Mandir, Vrindavan - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/radha-damodar-mandir-mandir-vrindavan/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*[[Krishna Balaram Mandir|Sri Krishna-Balarama Temple]] was built by the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in Raman-Reti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISKCON Vrindavan - Home |url=https://www.iskconvrindavan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The principal deities of this temple are Krishna and Balaram, with Radha–[[Krishna|Shyamasundar]] and [[Gauranga|Gaura]]-[[Nityananda|Nitai]] alongside. Adjoining the temple is the samadhi of [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], the founder of ISKCON, was built in pure white marble.<br />
*[[Prem Mandir Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]], one of the ten largest Hindu temples in the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Top 10 Largest Hindu Temples Worldwide |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/top-10-largest-hindu-temples-worldwide-visual-story-2292925.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821165051/https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/top-10-largest-hindu-temples-worldwide-visual-story-2292925.html |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a spiritual complex situated on a 54-acre site on the outskirts of Vrindavan dedicated to divine love. The temple structure was established by spiritual guru [[Kripalu Maharaj|Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Kripalu Maharaj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=Famous Krishna Temples in India |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/famous-krishna-temples-india_297.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main structure built in marble and figures of Krishna cover the main temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=13 February 2012 |title=Kripaluji Maharaj's Prem Mandir will be inaugurated on 17 February |publisher=Aaj Ki Khabar |url=http://www.aajkikhabar.com/News/Region/Kripaluji-Maharaj-s-Prem-Mandir-will-be-inaugurated-on-17th-February/690284.html |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330113922/http://www.aajkikhabar.com/News/Region/Kripaluji-Maharaj-s-Prem-Mandir-will-be-inaugurated-on-17th-February/690284.html |archive-date=30 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*[[Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]] is housed in a modern geodesic structure with a traditional gopuram based on [[Khajuraho]] style of architecture. It is being built by one of the [[ISKCON]] factions based in [[Bangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iskcon-to-build-worlds-tallest-temple-at-mathura-from-today/458198-3-242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316105823/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iskcon-to-build-worlds-tallest-temple-at-mathura-from-today/458198-3-242.html |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; At cost of {{INRConvert|300|c}} it will be the tallest temple in world on completion.<br />
*Shri Rambag Mandir, Vrindavan Shri Rambag Mandir is a Ramanandi Sampradaya temple, which is the first and oldest Shri Ram Mandir. Made up of white sandstones and dedicated to Shri Ram Darbara, the temple was constructed in 1930.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== City of Widows ===<br />
Vrindavan is also known as the "city of widows"&lt;ref name="cnn"&gt;{{cite news |title=India's widows live out sentence of shame, poverty |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9711/16/india.women/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129032657/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9711/16/india.women/ |archive-date=29 November 2006 |work=CNN |date=16 November 1997 |access-date=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 May 2013 |title=The Indian town with 6,000 widows |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21859622 |access-date=12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=8 March 2019 |title=The widows of Vrindavan |work=cnbctv18.com |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/buzz/the-widows-of-vrindavan-2537551-12.htm |access-date=12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the large number of [[widow]]s who move into the town and surrounding area after losing their husbands. There are an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 widows.&lt;ref name="catalyst"&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Sheik |first=Fazal |date=6 July 2006 |title=Catalyst Magazine: ''Moksha: the widows of Vrindavan'' |url=http://www.catalystmagazine.org/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0ha.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403073306/http://www.catalystmagazine.org/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0ha.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |magazine=Catalyst |access-date=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="cnn2"&gt;{{cite news |date=5 July 2007 |title=''Shunned from society, widows flock to city to die'' |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/07/05/damon.india.widows/index.html |access-date=5 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many live in extreme poverty and spend time singing [[bhajan]] hymns at [[ashram|bhajanashrams]], as documented in historian [[William Dalrymple]]'s ''[[The Age of Kali]]'' (1998). An organisation called Guild of Service was formed to assist these deprived women and children.&lt;ref name="cnn" /&gt;&lt;ref name="cnn2" /&gt; According to a survey report prepared by the government, several homes run by the government and different NGOs for widows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sulabh dons mantle |url=http://www.sulabhinternational.org/content/sulabh-dons-mantle-good-samaritan-save-vrindavan-widows |access-date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Culinary tradition===<br />
Vrindavan and [[Mathura]], the twin cities which are associated with Krishna are main centers of [[Braj Cuisine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Braj Cuisine Echoes The Legends Of Lord Krishna, Radha And Holi |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/holi-2023-braj-cuisine-echoes-the-legends-of-lord-krishna-radha-and-holi-1677850126840 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Slurrp |language=en |quote=Even now, Krishna is an integrated part of the Braj community and diet, influencing the culture in indelible ways. The essential elements of Braj cuisine are based on a few beliefs and traditions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vrindavan [[Peda]], Vrindavan Dahi Arbi jhor, Vrindavan khichdi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2010 |title=Budget bites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-bites/articleshow/5517195.cms |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=There's even a dry fruit khichdi, which we didn't have the stomach to try and a Vrindavan khichdi, which comes with a side of Gatte ka saag and papad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bedmi [[Puri (food)|puri]], Dubki Aloo jhor, Moong Dal cheela, Heeng [[Kachori]] are some of the famous cuisines popular in this religious city.<br />
[[File:Vrindavan wali arbi with parata ( vrindavan colocasia with wheat flat bread).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Vrindavan Dahi Arbi with paratha]]<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
===Road===<br />
Vrindavan is well connected by roads and is connected to [[Delhi]] by [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway (NH) 44]] of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] network. Earlier it was NH 2.&lt;ref name="route" /&gt;<br />
<br />
129&amp;nbsp;km from [[New Delhi]]<br />
<br />
117&amp;nbsp;km from [[Gurgaon]]<br />
<br />
54&amp;nbsp;km from [[Agra]]<br />
<br />
9&amp;nbsp;km from [[Mathura]]<br />
<br />
While in Vrindavan, battery-powered [[Electric rickshaw|e-rickshaw]] are available for commuting within city limits.<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
*[[Vrindavan railway station|BDB/Vrindavan]] is on the Mathura-Vrindavan MG link.<br />
*[[Vrindaban Road railway station|VRBD/Vrindavan Road]] is on the Agra-Delhi chord.<br />
<br />
=== Air ===<br />
The nearest Airports are [[Agra Airport]] which is 71.3 km away and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi International Airport]] is 150 km away.<br />
<br />
[[Noida International Airport]] in [[Jewar]] is expected to open in May 2025.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
&lt;gallery&gt;<br />
KesiGhat River.JPG|Keshi Ghat on banks of the [[Yamuna]] river<br />
Vrindavan, India (20566547434).jpg|Rangaji Temple of Vrindavan<br />
PremMandirSideViewFromCanteen.jpg|[[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan]]<br />
ISKON TEMPLE 1.jpg|[[Krishna Balaram Mandir]]<br />
Madanmohan Mandir Vrindavan.JPG|[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]<br />
Radharani 5.jpg|Wall art of the name [[Radha]]<br />
Pagal Baba Mandir.jpg|Pagal Baba Temple<br />
&lt;/gallery&gt;<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Hinduism<br />
}} <br />
* [[Barsana]]<br />
* [[Bhandirvan, Vrindavan|Bhandirvan]]<br />
* [[Gokul]]<br />
* [[Goverdhan]]<br />
* [[Mathura]]<br />
* [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]]<br />
* [[Phulhar]]<br />
* [[Radha Kund]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|40em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu holy cities}}<br />
{{Krishna}}<br />
{{Mathura district}}<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vrindavan| ]]<br />
[[Category:Krishna]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]<br />
[[Category:Widowhood in India]]<br />
[[Category:Yamuna River]]<br />
[[Category:Krishna temples]]<br />
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haryana_Public_Service_Commission&diff=502321Haryana Public Service Commission2026-02-19T08:44:51Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|State government agency}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Haryana Public Service Commission<br />
| native_name = हरियाणा लोक सेवा आयोग<br />
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Smt.Jyoti Bainda({{small|Member}})<br><br />
<br />
Dr.Pawan Kumar ({{small|Member}})<br><br />
<br />
Sh.Anand Kumar Sharma ({{small|Member}})<br />
<br />
Sh.Rajinder Kumar ({{small|Member}})<br />
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The '''Haryana Public Service Commission''' ('''HPSC''')<ref name="UPSC 2017">{{cite web | title=State Public Service Commissions | website=UPSC | date=2017-06-29 | url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/external-links/state-public-service-commissions | access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> is a [[government agency]] of the state of [[Haryana]], India, established by the [[Constitution of India]], responsible for the recruitment of candidates for various government jobs under the [[Government of Haryana]] through [[competitive examination]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/haryana-public-service-commission-hpsc-488061.html|title=Haryana Public Service Commission (HPSC)|website=News18|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The foundation of HPSC was laid on 1 November 1966 when [[Haryana]] state was formed after the independence movement of India. It was originally established under the provisions of [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]]. [[Government of India Act 1935]] authorized the state government to form a [[Public service commissions in India|state public service commission]].<ref name="Haryana Public Service Commission, Panchkula 2017">{{cite web | title=About Us | website=Haryana Public Service Commission, Panchkula | date=2017-11-23 | url=http://hpsc.gov.in/en-us/About-Us | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Functions==<br />
HPSC performs its functions as authorized by Act-1966 and 1935 provisions constitution of India. Its chairman is authorized to make independent decisions under the certain rules and regulations amended by the [[Government of Haryana]] and its state governor.<ref name="Haryana Public Service Commission">{{cite web | title=Acts/Rules | website=Haryana Public Service Commission, Panchkula | date=2017-11-23 | url=http://hpsc.gov.in/en-us/Acts-Rules | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Tribuneindia News Service 2017">{{cite web | title=HPSC divested of powers with ulterior motives: Dalal | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2017-06-24 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/hpsc-divested-of-powers-with-ulterior-motives-dalal-426621 | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Conducting written examinations and recruitment process of the eligible candidates.<ref name="The Times of India 2018">{{cite web | title=Notice to Panchkula ACP in HPSC paper leak probe - Chandigarh News | website=The Times of India | date=2018-04-29 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/notice-to-panchkula-acp-in-hpsc-paper-leak-probe/articleshow/63955926.cms | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br />
* Conducting interviews and screening tests of eligible candidates.<ref name="Tribuneindia News Service">{{cite web | title=Probe sought into HPSC exam held for asst prof posts | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2019-06-09 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/probe-sought-into-hpsc-exam-held-for-asst-prof-posts-785288 | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br />
* Conducting competitive and departmental examinations.<ref name="Rao Ovais 2020">{{cite web | last=Rao | first=Hitender | last2=Ovais | first2=Dar | title=Two tests with striking similarities leave candidates baffled in Haryana | website=Hindustan Times | date=2020-01-31 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/two-tests-with-striking-similarities-leave-candidates-baffled-in-haryana/story-z1VD8IrQ7LzaTryd6q4nBM.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref>[https://haryanaexam.in/ HPSC All Updates] . Retrieved 2022-06-04.</ref><br />
* To maintain and decide service rules.<br />
* Advice to the Haryana Government.<br />
<br />
==Commission profile==<br />
HPSC consists 5 members and 1 chairman that are appointed or removed by the state governor. Their term of service is set to fixed period which starts from the date of appointment.<ref name="Haryana Public Service Commission, Panchkula 2017"/><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Designation <br />
|-<br />
| Alok Verma IFS|| Chairman <br />
|-<br />
| Surender Singh || Member<br />
|-<br />
| Pawan Kumar || Member <br />
|-<br />
| Anand Kumar Sharma || Member<br />
|-<br />
|Rajender kumar<br />
|Member<br />
|-<br />
|Jyoti Bainda<br />
|Member<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]<br />
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]<br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Haryana}}<br />
{{Standardized tests in India}}<br />
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}<br />
{{Public Services of India}}<br />
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:1966 establishments in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1966]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parveena_Ahanger&diff=472507Parveena Ahanger2026-02-19T08:11:57Z<p>Taj25O2937005: further adjusted section per sources further and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Kashmiri activist}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Parveena Ahangar<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Ahangar in London, United Kingdom<br />
| native_name = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| other_names = Iron Lady of Kashmir<br />
| known_for = *[[Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize|Rafto Prize for Human Right 2017]]<br />
| occupation = Chairperson, Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP)<br />
| credits = <br />
| website = http://www.apdpkashmir.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Parveena Ahangar''' (born in [[Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]) is the Founder and Chairperson of Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
Parveena Ahangar, was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize 2005 [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/parveena-ahangar-a-story-of-courage-from-kashmir/2059667#]. She won the [[Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize|Rafto Prize]] for Human Rights in 2017 for her “protests against enforced disappearances” and for demanding justice for victims of violence in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/parveena-ahangar-imroz-parvez-awarded-norway-rafto-prize-2017-human-rights|title=Parveena Ahangar, Parvez Imroz Awarded Norway's Rafto Prize for Human Rights|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/the-next-rafto-prize-laureate|title=Parveena Ahangar & Parvez Imroz|website=The Rafto Foundation|access-date=2018-06-15|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214700/https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/the-next-rafto-prize-laureate|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was named as one of the [[BBC 100 Women]], a list of 100 inspiring and influential women from around the world for 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=BBC 100 Women 2019 |work=BBC News |date=15 October 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-50042279 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Parveena is referred to as the 'Iron lady of Kashmir'.<ref name=":0" /> She was nominated by the Indian media Channel [[CNN IBN]] for an award which she rejected on account of the deceitful approach by Indian media over the pain and tragedies of Kashmiris.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oracleopinions.com/2018/05/12/mothers-day-special-parveena-ahengar-mouj-of-kasheer/ |title=Mother's Day Special: Parveena Ahengar, Mouj of Kasheer |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303214154/https://oracleopinions.com/2018/05/12/mothers-day-special-parveena-ahengar-mouj-of-kasheer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons ==<br />
<br />
Parveena started the "Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons" in 1994 to provide support and mobilize family members of missing persons due to enforced disappearances and to put pressure on India's government to investigate the estimated 8-10,000 cases of involuntary disappearances in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culturesofresistance.org/allied-projects-apdp|title=Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons {{!}} Cultures of Resistance|website=culturesofresistance.org|date=9 April 2019 |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> The organization is part of the [[Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Annual Report 2018|url=https://www.afad-online.org/images/annual-reports/2018-AFAD-Annual-Report.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142843/https://www.afad-online.org/images/annual-reports/2018-AFAD-Annual-Report.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-26|access-date=2021-12-26|publisher=[[Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Parveena Ahanger, co-founder and chairman of the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons, has represented APDP’s cause in the [[Philippines]] (2000), [[Thailand]] (2003), [[Indonesia]] (2005), [[Chiang Mai]] (2006), [[Geneva]] (2008), [[Cambodia]] (2009) and [[London]] (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/23976/remembering-those-in-kashmir-who-exist-but-are-missing/|title=Remembering those in Kashmir who exist but are missing|date=6 September 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Lecture at the University of Westminster==<br />
<br />
Ahanger spoke at London's [[University of Westminster]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-04-26|title=Parveena Ahnager speaking at University of Warwick, UK|url=https://kashmirlife.net/parveena-ahnager-speaking-at-university-of-warwick-uk-172884/|access-date=2021-12-10|website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://apdpkashmir.com/a-provisional-biography-of-the-association-of-parents-of-disappeared-persons-kashmir/ A Provisional Biography of a Journey Towards Justice for the Enforced Disappeared]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150217215736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/lookingforthemissing/article4-921943.aspx Photography of APDP by National Media]<br />
* [http://www.kashmirdispatch.com/conflict/30089156-disappearance-day-parveenas-promise-to-mugli.htm Parveena's Promise]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002022/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main6.asp?filename=Ne090411mothers_of_all.asp Story of Parveena Ahanger]<br />
* [https://kashmirsolidaritymumbai.wordpress.com/tag/parveena-ahanger/ A blog by Mumbai based human rights activists]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150216203709/http://kashmirreader.com/the-resilient-parveena-ahanger-17675 Interview with Ahanger]<br />
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/tag/parveena-ahanger/ A Documentary based on Parveena Ahanger]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahanger, Parveena}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women activists]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijaya_Emani&diff=544431Vijaya Emani2026-02-05T06:35:08Z<p>Taj25O2937005: made</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian American social activist}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vijaya Lakshmi Emani<br />
| image = <!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 14 May 1957<br />
| birth_place = [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = 15 January 2009 (age 51)<br />
| death_place = [[Ohio]], U.S.<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| occupation = [[Social activist]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vijaya Lakshmi Emani''' (14 May 1957 – 15 January 2009) was an [[Indian American]] [[social activist]] known for her work against [[domestic Violence|domestic violence]], and was a civic leader among the [[Indian American]] community in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. Starting with Northeast Ohio Telugu Association, followed by the Federation of Indian Community Associations and with Greater Cleveland Asian Community, she was the president of the Federation of India Community and a board member of the Federation of India Community Associations (FICA). She was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Citizens Medal]], the second-highest United States [[Civil awards and decorations of the United States|civilian award]], in 2011.<ref name="hindi2012">{{cite news|title=Obama honours Indian-American activist Vijaya Emani|journal=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2559603.ece|accessdate=18 February 2012|date=2011-10-21|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India-born achievers shine in White House honours list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/India-born-achievers-shine-in-White-House-honours-list/articleshow/10455364.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708032419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/nri-achievers/30310435_1_indian-american-president-obama-origin |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 October 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Emani was born at [[Kurnool]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], to [[Telugu people|Telugu]] parents Indurani and G. Venkataramana Reddy. She moved to the United States in 1986 after graduating from [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. She received a [[master's degree]] in [[computer science]] from [[Cleveland State University]] in [[Ohio]].<ref name=hindi2012/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
As a single parent, she initiated support groups for those in similar situations. Emani's main goal was to help Indian-Americans overcome social mistreatment in the United States. She also opened a discussion about the prevalence of domestic violence within immigrant communities in the United States. Emani was instrumental in revitalizing the Cleveland Cultural Gardens through her work in the construction of the India Cultural Garden from 2002 - 2006. The construction of the India Cultural Garden at [[Rockefeller Park]] in Cleveland, Ohio features a circular garden space with six heritage pillars and a statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] installed in 2006, sculpted by Gautam Pal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijaya L. Emani (posthumous)|url=http://www.clevelandpeople.com/hof/2011/hof-2011-bios.htm#emani|publisher=Magnum Computers Inc.|accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Emani died in a road accident in Ohio in 2009, at the age of 51.<ref name="hindi2012" /> On 20 October 2011, President Barack Obama posthumously awarded her with the [[Presidential Citizens Medal]] for her courage in overcoming and speaking out against domestic abuse in the Indian-American community. Emani was described as "a role model for victims of domestic abuse." The award was received by Emani's two daughters, Sujata and Nirmala, in the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]].<ref name="hindi2012" /><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* ''Computational Analysis of Multiphase Flow in a Helical Water-oil Separator Using CFD''. Texas A&M University - Kingsville, 2006. {{ISBN|0542829428}}.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Emani, Vijayalaxmi}}<br />
[[Category:American activists]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:2009 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kurnool]]<br />
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Cleveland State University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Presidential Citizens Medal recipients]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women activists]]<br />
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American women]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American women]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project&diff=505326Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project2026-01-27T12:19:30Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Proposed nuclear power plant in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{update|date=September 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox power station<br />
| name = Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project<br />
| name_official = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16|35|43|N|73|20|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_ref = <br />
| country = India<br />
| location = <br />
| status = Planned. Construction to start in late 2025.<ref name=businessstandard201808 /><br />
| construction_began = <br />
| commissioned = <br />
| decommissioned = <br />
| cost = {{INRConvert|1.12|t}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110403045429/http://business.in.com/article/on-assignment/a-perspective-on-the-nuclear-uproar-in-india/23582/0 Forbes India Magazine – A Perspective on the Nuclear Uproar in India]. Business.in.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref><br />
| owner = [[NPCIL]]<br />
| operator = [[NPCIL]]<br />
| ps_units_uc = <br />
| ps_units_planned = 6 x 1730&nbsp;MW<br />
| ps_units_decommissioned = <br />
| np_reactor_type = [[EPR (nuclear reactor)|EPR]]<br />
| np_reactor_supplier = [[Framatome]]<br />
| ps_cooling_source = Rajapur Bay, [[Arabian Sea]]<br />
| ps_cooling_towers = <br />
| ps_units_manu_model = <br />
| ps_electrical_capacity = 10,380<br />
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = <br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project''' is a proposed nuclear power plant in India.<br />
If built, it would be the largest [[nuclear power]] generating station in the world by net generation capacity, at 9,900&nbsp;[[Megawatt|MW]]. As of 2025, each unit's power has been increased to 1730MW and the installed capacity has been raised to 10,380MW.<ref name="Jaitapur nuclear project: villagers turn down compensation">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article532044.ece |title=Jaitapur nuclear project: villagers turn down compensation |date=25 July 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 November 2010 |location=Mumbai- India}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear Power in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html|title=Nuclear Power in India|date=November 2010|publisher=World Nuclear Association|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918222110/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
The power project is proposed by [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL) and would be built at Madban village of [[Ratnagiri]] district in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article919959.ece?homepage=true |title=It's paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy: Jairam Ramesh |last=Deshpande |first=VIinaya |date=28 November 2010<br />
|work=The Hindu |access-date=29 November 2010 |location=Mumbai- India}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 December 2010 agreement was signed for the construction of a first set of two third-generation [[European Pressurized Reactor]]s and the supply of [[nuclear fuel]] for 25 years in the presence of French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="WSJ 06122010">{{cite news |title=Areva and NPCIL Sign Nuclear Agreement |author1=Yep, Eric |author2=Jagota, Mukesh |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704156304576002761899077484.html |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal – Business (online) |date=6 December 2010 |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121130081133/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LV1MaFnmkXkJ:online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704156304576002761899077484.html |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
French state-controlled nuclear engineering firm [[Areva]] S.A. and Indian state-owned nuclear operator [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] signed the agreement, valued about $9.3 billion. This is a general framework agreement that was signed along with the agreement on 'Protection of Confidentiality of Technical Data and Information Relating to Nuclear Power Corporation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy'.<ref name="India, France sign nuclear power deal- Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article935337.ece?homepage=true#|title=India, France sign nuclear power deal- Hindu |agency=Associates Press<br />
|date=6 December 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2010 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="India-France sign agreement on civil nuclear co-operation">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-france-sign-agreement-on-civil-nuclear-cooperation-70721 |title=India-France sign agreement on civil nuclear cooperation|author=NDTV Correspondents |date=6 December 2010 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=6 December 2010 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Sarkozy eyes big contracts">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/02/stories/2010120265621400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205022635/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/02/stories/2010120265621400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2010 |title=Sarkozy eyes big contracts|author1=Vaiju Naravane |author2=Sandeep Dikshit |date=2 December 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="We are partners over the long haul- Interview with Anne Lauvergeon, CEO of Areva."/><ref name="Environmental clearance for Jaitapur nuclear project">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article920159.ece |title=Environmental clearance for Jaitapur nuclear project |last=Deshpande |first=VIinaya |date=29 November 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130101116/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article920159.ece |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
The plant construction was expected to start in late 2018.<ref name=businessstandard201808>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Construction of Jaitapur nuclear plant expected to begin by year-end: French ambassador |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/construction-of-jaitapur-nuclear-plant-expected-to-begin-by-year-end-french-ambassador-118032001145_1.html |access-date=27 August 2018 |work=Business Standard India |date=20 March 2018}}</ref> As of June 2019, NPCIL officials could not give a time-frame as to when the Jaitapur plant would be operational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/new-technology-to-delay-jaitapur-nuclear-power-plant-once-again-785041|title = New technology to delay Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, once again}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2021, EDF submitted a binding technico-commercial offer to NPCIL and hoped to reach a binding framework agreement "in the coming months".<ref name="edfbindingoffer" /><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is located at the west coast of India. It has an average elevation of {{convert|90|ft|m}}. This project will spread over {{convert|968|ha|sqmi km2}} of land. [[Jaitapur]] is on the [[Arabian Sea]] coast in [[Ratnagiri district]] in the southwestern part of [[Maharashtra]], India. The district is a part of [[Konkan]] in [[Western Ghats]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100610/5254018892963275791.htm |title=Inspect all sides Jaitapur project – as announced by the Ministry of Environment Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts biodiversity samrddhimule already protected. जैतापूर प्रकल्पाच्या सर्व बाजू तपासणार – रत्नागिरी आणि सिंधुदुर्ग हे जिल्हे जैवविविधतेच्या समृद्धीमुळे पर्यावरण मंत्रालयातर्फे यापूर्वीच संरक्षित म्हणून जाहीर.. |author=Morning News Network |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=Sakal newspaper |language=mr |access-date=2 December 2010 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202011900/http://esakal.com/esakal/20100610/5254018892963275791.htm |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Sahyadri Mountain range forms the eastern boundary of the Konkan, and the [[Arabian Sea]] marks the western boundary. Jaitapur was one of the important ports in ancient and early [[medieval]] times.<ref name="Jaitapur- important ports in ancient and early medieval times">{{cite book |last=Hebalkar |first=Sharad |title=Ancient Indian ports: with special reference to Maharashtra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2001 |edition=illustrated |page=175 |isbn= 9788121508582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ontAAAAMAAJ&q=Jaitapur |access-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Project description ==<br />
[[File:EPR OLK3 lage.jpg|thumb|Computer generated image of one EPR nuclear power unit.]]<br />
It is proposed to construct 6 [[European Pressurized Reactor]]s designed and developed by [[Framatome]] (former Areva) of France, each of 1650&nbsp;MW, thus totalling 9900&nbsp;MW. These are the [[generation III reactor|third generation]] [[pressurised water reactor]]s (PWR).<br />
<br />
Estimated cost of this project was around {{INRConvert|1000|b}}.<ref name="Reject French reactors for Jaitapur- A Gopalakrishnan (former chairman of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of the Government)">{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article166017.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630000711/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article166017.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2013 |title=Reject French reactors for Jaitapur |author=A Gopalakrishnan |author-link=A. Gopalakrishnan |date=3 December 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="European pressurised reactors costlier, less efficient: expert">{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/finance/european-pressurised-reactors-costlier-less-efficient-expert-news-default-kmdwuhgagdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002183957/http://www.sify.com/finance/european-pressurised-reactors-costlier-less-efficient-expert-news-default-kmdwuhgagdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2012|title=European pressurised reactors costlier, less efficient: expert|date=3 December 2010|website=Sify.com, India News Portal|access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> A memorandum of understanding was signed between the Indian and French governments and an agreement between [[Areva]] and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India during French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s visit to India during December 2010.<ref name="Nicolas Sarkozy and Manmohan Singh in nuclear deal">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11923836|title=Nicolas Sarkozy and Manmohan Singh in nuclear deal |date=6 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 December 2010 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> A new agreement between [[Électricité de France]] and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India was signed in March 2018.<ref name=wnn120318><br />
{{cite news<br />
| url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Way-forward-agreed-for-Jaitapur-reactors-1203187.html<br />
| work = [[World Nuclear News]]<br />
| date = 12 March 2018<br />
| title = Way forward agreed for Jaitapur reactors<br />
| access-date = 6 February 2019}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The cost of building the plant is about {{INRConvert|20|c}} per MW electric power compared with {{INRConvert|5|c}} per MW electric power for a coal power station.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110403045429/http://business.in.com/article/on-assignment/a-perspective-on-the-nuclear-uproar-in-india/23582/0 A Perspective on the Nuclear Uproar in India ]</ref> Nuclear power plants generally feature significantly higher investment cost while day-to-day operating cost is lower compared to combustion plants. Refraining from going into detail, Areva CEO [[Anne Lauvergeon]] asserted in November 2010 that the [[Electricity pricing|cost of electricity]] from this power plant will be below {{INRConvert|4}} per [[Kilowatt hour]].<ref name="We are partners over the long haul- Interview with Anne Lauvergeon, CEO of Areva.">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/article911058.ece |title="We are partners over the long haul" Interview with Anne Lauvergeon, CEO of Areva. |last=Naravane |first=Vaiju |date=25 November 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 November 2010 |location=Paris}}</ref><br />
<br />
A consortium of French financial institutions will finance this project as a loan. Both French and Indian government will give sovereign guarantee for this loan. The extent of guarantee will depend on what portion of the cost the French credit will cover. The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) will govern the interest rates and other terms of agreement. Interest rates and other terms are under discussion.<ref name="Sovereign guarantee for Jaitapur Nuclear project ">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sovereign-guarantee-for-jaitapur-nuclear-project/419286/|title=Sovereign guarantee for Jaitapur Nuclear project |last=Mukul|first=Jyoti |date=23 December 2010|work=Business Standard|access-date=26 December 2010|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is one of several nuclear power projects being undertaken in a thin strip of coast of [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]] districts. The total power generating capacity proposed on a narrow strip of coastal land {{convert|50|km|mi}} to {{convert|90|km|mi}} km wide and {{convert|200|km|mi}} long is around 33,000&nbsp;MW.<ref name="It's paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy: Jairam Ramesh">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article919959.ece?homepage=true |title=It's paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy: Jairam Ramesh |last=Deshpande |first=VIinaya |date=28 November 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 November 2010 |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="There are other power projects coming up on a thin strip of coast of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with power generation adding up to 33,000&nbsp;MW.">{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/news/jaitapur-nuclear-plant-in-maharashtra-gets-green-signal-news-national-kl3nkgafdge.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126202158/http://www.sify.com/news/jaitapur-nuclear-plant-in-maharashtra-gets-green-signal-news-national-kl3nkgafdge.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2011 |title=There are other power projects coming up on a thin strip of coast of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with power generation adding up to 33,000&nbsp;MW. |author=ANI |date=29 November 2010 |website=Sify News |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> The prospect of nuclear power generation in India received a boost after the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo US Civilian Nuclear Agreement]] became operational in October 2008. India has also signed similar agreements with France and Russia.<ref name="franceagreement1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indo-french-civil-nuclear-energy-pact-enters-into-force_1334829 |title=DNA Report on France India Nuclear Agreement |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="frenchagreement2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_french-parliament-ratifies-indo-french-nuclear-deal_1317162 |title=French Parliament ratifies indo-french nuclear deal |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="russiaagreement1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7766789.stm |title=Indo-Russian Nuclear Deal on BBC |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2021, EDF submitted a binding technico-commercial offer to NPCIL, setting out the conditions under which the project could be taken forward as part of "a long-term partnership between the French and Indian nuclear industries", and enabling discussions aimed at reaching a binding framework agreement "in the coming months". EDF would provide the technology but would not be an investor; NPCIL would be in charge of construction.<ref name="edfbindingoffer">{{cite news |title=EDF signs agreement to construct six EPR reactors in India - Nuclear Engineering International |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsedf-signs-agreement-to-construct-six-epr-reactors-in-india-8699336 |work=www.neimagazine.com |date=26 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2022, the environmental clearance for the project expired. Minister of state of science and technology, Dr Jitendra Singh told the Parliament in March 2025, that it is under renewal and after which, the plants construction is expected to begin. He also said that the reactors have been upgraded to 1730 MW each and the installed capacity has been raised to 10,380MW.<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear liability ===<br />
According to the [[Areva]] lack of clarity on [[Nuclear Liability Bill|The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010]] passed in Indian Parliament in August 2010 is a hurdle in finalising deal.<ref name="Jaitapur n-reactors flagged off but liability concerns remain">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Jaitapur-n-reactors-flagged-off-but-liability-concerns-remain/721283|title=Jaitapur n-reactors flagged off but liability concerns remain|last=Roy|first=Shubhajit |date=7 December 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 December 2010|location=New Delhi}}</ref> This Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 has a clause that deals with the legal binding of the culpable groups in case of a nuclear accident. It allows only the operator (NPCIL) to sue the manufacturers and suppliers. Victims will not be able to sue anyone. In reality, no one will be considered legally liable because the recourse taken by the operator will yield only {{INRConvert|15|b}}. United States of America has a law on liability-related issues for all non-military nuclear facilities constructed in the United States before 2026 named [[Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act]]. This American Act establishes a no fault insurance-type system in which the first $10 billion is industry-funded as described in the Act (any claims above the $10 billion would be covered by the federal government).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Civil_liability_for_nuclear_damage |title=Civil liability for nuclear damage |publisher=Eoearth.org |access-date=21 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="US nuke team pushes for firm commitment on project sites">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/01/14/stories/2009011452031500.htm|title=US nuke team pushes for firm commitment on project sites|publisher=The Hindu Bureau|date=14 January 2009|work=Business Line|access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Debate ===<br />
[[Nuclear power debate|Debate on nuclear power]] project at Jaitapur is ongoing on various levels. [[Environmental effects of nuclear power]] and geological issues have been raised by [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti nuclear activists]] of India against this power project. Even though the [[Government of Maharashtra]] state completed land acquisition in January 2010, only 33 out of the 2,335 villagers had accepted compensation cheques as of November 2010.<ref name="Nod for Jaitapur nuclear project in time for French President’s visit">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nod-for-Jaitapur-nuclear-project-in-time-for-French-President-s-visit/Article1-632133.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220023101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nod-for-Jaitapur-nuclear-project-in-time-for-French-President-s-visit/Article1-632133.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2011 |title=Nod for Jaitapur nuclear project in time for French President's visit |last=Rebello |first=Snehal |date=29 November 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 November 2010|location=Mumbai}}</ref><br />
As of 12 February 2014, land compensation has been accepted by all 2336 title holders.<ref name="No displacement due to Jaitapur nuclear power project: govt">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-displacement-due-to-jaitapur-nuclear-power-project-govt/article5680912.ece |title=No displacement due to Jaitapur nuclear power project: govt |last=x |first=y |date=12 February 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 March 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref> A public hearing on the [[environmental impact assessment]] (EIA) Report, prepared by NEERI was conducted by [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]], on behalf of [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] on 16 April 2010, at the plant site. The public hearing became controversial as the EIA report was not delivered for study to 3 of the 4 [[Gram panchayat]]s (local village bodies) a month in advance.<ref name="Jaitapur EIA public hearing transcript">{{cite web|url=http://lokayatpune.wordpress.com/2010/07/05/jaitapur-nuclear-power-plant-public-hearing-transcript |title=Jaitapur EIA Public Hearing |publisher=Lokayatpune.wordpress.com |date=5 July 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analysis are completed by independent agencies".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |title=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns |author=Siddharth Srivastava |date=27 October 2011 |work=Asia Sentinel |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india-nuclear-energy-expansion-grassroots-uprising-jaitapur-maharashtra-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-fukushima |title=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads |author=Ranjit Devraj |date=25 October 2011 |work=Inside Climate News }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Opponents ===<br />
Since Jaitapur is a [[Seismology|seismically]] sensitive area, the danger of an earthquake has been foremost on the minds of people{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{Vague|date=January 2022}}. According to the [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India]], Jaitapur comes under Zone III. This zone is called the moderate Risk Zone and covers areas liable to [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale|MSK VIII]].<ref name="Vulnerability Zones in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SKAR-64GBJW?OpenDocument |title=Vulnerability Zones in India |publisher= ReliefWeb |access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="seismicmap">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/seismiczone.htm |title=Seismic Zone Map of India |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> The presence of two major creeks on the proposed site has been ignored while clearing the site.<ref name="Jaitapur N-plant: Ministry nod ignored creeks, trusted old data">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jaitapur-N-plant-Ministry-nod-ignored-creeks-trusted-old-data/articleshow/7724135.cms?referral=PM|title=Jaitapur N-plant: Ministry nod ignored creeks, trusted old data|work=The Times of India|date=17 March 2011 |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is not clear where the [[High-level radioactive waste management|nuclear waste]] from the site will be shipped for recycling or removed for disposal. The plant is estimated to generate 300 tonnes of [[Spent nuclear fuel|used nuclear fuel]] each year, the volume of a 2.5 m sided cube. Owing to the [[Generation III reactors]] having a higher fuel efficiency than previous Gen II designs,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ7zBwWLyLEC&dq=ipsr+reactor&pg=PA121 page 126. 3 Rs of Nuclear Power: Reading, Recycling, and Reprocessing Making a Better ... By Jan Forsythe]</ref> the smaller amount of used nuclear fuel from an EPR will contain "four times" as much [[fission products]] by volume, [[Iodine-131|Iodine]], [[Caesium-137|Caesium]], etc., compared to presently operating Gen II [[pressurised water reactor]]s.<ref name="Reject French reactors for Jaitapur- A Gopalakrishnan (former chairman of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of the Government)"/><br />
<br />
Since the plant will use seawater for cooling and then release warmed water into the Arabian Sea, fishermen in the surrounding villages fear the destruction of nearby fisheries. Media articles also highlight the possible human and fisheries cost of this project.<ref name="tehelakareport">{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main46.asp?filename=Ne180910The_nuclear.asp|title=Tehelaka Report|publisher=Tehelka.com|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018015358/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main46.asp?filename=Ne180910The_nuclear.asp|archive-date=18 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
An independent social impact assessment review of the project are being conducted by the Jamsetji Tata Centre for Disaster Management of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS). According to this report, the Government of India has not been fully transparent with its citizens, and is hiding the huge negative impacts on the social and environmental development of the [[Konkan]] region in general. The government is allegedly manipulating the area seismic risk level, lowering it from high severity earthquake zone to moderate [[Seismology|seismic]] severity zone.<ref name="Jaitapur nuke plant will be a social disaster: TISS report">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_jaitapur-nuke-plant-will-be-a-social-disaster-tiss-report_1486600|title=Jaitapur nuke plant will be a social disaster: TISS report|last=Siddhaye|first=Ninad |date=26 December 2010|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=27 December 2010|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="Anti-Jaitapur project campaigners up ante">{{cite news|url=http://sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20101203/5299696247312080006.htm|title=Anti-Jaitapur project campaigners up ante|date=3 December 2010|work=Special Correspondent|access-date=27 December 2010|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225451/http://sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20101203/5299696247312080006.htm|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The report has been contested by NPCIL stating that they have done sufficient sensitization of the public and the exclusion of reprocessing plant from the 'environmental impact assessment report' was because there were no plan to establish one in Jaitapur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Alok|date=2011-01-04|title=NPCIL debunks Tiss findings on Jaitapur nuclear plant|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-npcil-debunks-tiss-findings-on-jaitapur-nuclear-plant-1490015|access-date=2020-09-30|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Proponents===<br />
Proponents are advocating the Jaitapur Project as safe, environmentally benign and an economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India.<ref name="MISSION AND OBJECTIVES of NPCIL"><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/objective.aspx|title=MISSION AND OBJECTIVES of NPCIL|publisher=NPCIL|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127052542/http://npcil.nic.in/main/objective.aspx|archive-date=27 November 2010|url-status=dead}}<br />
</ref> <br />
They argue that nuclear power is a [[sustainable energy]] source that reduces [[carbon emissions]] and increases [[energy security]] by decreasing India's dependence on foreign oil. The promoter of Jaitapur project is [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]. It is a [[Government-owned corporation|public Sector Enterprise]] under the administrative control of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)]].<br />
{{Quote box |quote = I know the environmentalists will not be very happy with my decision, but it is foolish romance to think that India can attain high growth rate and sustain the energy needs of a 1.2 billion population with the help of solar, wind, biogas and such other forms of energy. It is paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy, |source = [[Jairam Ramesh]], Environment Minister.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Its-paradoxical-that-environmentalists-are-against-nuclear-energy-Jairam-Ramesh/article15720715.ece | newspaper=The Hindu | title= It's paradoxical that environmentalists are against nuclear energy: Jairam Ramesh | first=Vinaya | last=Deshpande | date=28 November 2010 | access-date=26 December 2020 }}</ref> |quoted = 1}}<br />
As of 2010, India is sixth in rank, after USA, France, Japan, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, to have twenty or more nuclear power reactors in operation.<ref name="India at Sixth Rank in the World with its 20th Nuclear Power Reactor Commencing Operation">{{cite web |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_27nov2010.pdf |title=India at Sixth Rank in the World with its 20th Nuclear Power Reactor Commencing Operation |last=Nagaich |first=Nalinish |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited |access-date=1 December 2010 |location=Mumbai- India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716092508/http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_27nov2010.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
According to former chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] [[Anil Kakodkar]], the Jaitapur site is the best as it fulfilled the technical and scientific requirements for a nuclear power plant.<ref name="Jaitapur nuclear power plant no threat to environment: Kakodkar">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Jaitapur-nuclear-power-plant-no-threat-to-environment--Kakodkar/718504/ |title=Jaitapur nuclear power plant no threat to environment: Kakodkar|agency=Express News Service |date=1 December 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 December 2010 |location=Pune}}</ref><ref name="Indian journal of marine sciences--characterization of the environs of the nuclear power station site at Jaitapur">{{cite book |author1=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India)|author2=Indian National Science Academy|author3=National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (New Delhi, India) |title=Indian journal of marine sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |year=1994 |volume=23 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5scAQAAIAAJ&q=Jaitapur |access-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> <br />
It is proposed that the spent fuel generated at this nuclear power plant be recycled. Only five percent of it would be encapsulated and stored for 30 to 40 years, till scientists develop some technology to treat it.<ref name="Jaitapur project will not harm environment, says Kakodkar">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Jaitapur-project-will-not-harm-environment-says-Kakodkar/articleshow/7018390.cms|title=Jaitapur project will not harm environment, says Kakodkar|work=The Times of India|date=December 2010 |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><br />
The [[environmental impact assessment]] and other associated studies of the Jaitapur project have been carried out in detail over the last few years by [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute|National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)]], [[Nagpur]] in collaboration with several other reputed organisations specialising in specific environment studies.<ref name="Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited - PRESS RELEASE"><br />
{{cite press release<br />
|url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_29nov2010.pdf<br />
|title=Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), grants Environmental Clearance for Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP)<br />
|date=29 November 2010<br />
|publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited<br />
|access-date=30 November 2010<br />
|location=Mumbai- India<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214131901/http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_29nov2010.pdf<br />
|archive-date=14 December 2010<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
These studies include [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] ''Pre-operational Baseline Radiological Survey of the Area around JNPP Site'', Central Water and Power Research Station Pune, ''Thermal Dispersion Studies for Condenser Cooling Water (CCW) Discharges'', [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth|Konkan Krishi Vidyapith]], [[College of Forestry, Dapoli]], ''Baseline [[Biodiversity]] Study of the area around JNPP Site''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}<br />
<br />
[[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] has declared that 1.5 to 2 percent of the net profit from Jaitapur plant would be spent in that area only. Development projects will be decided by local people and NPC will provide the funds to ensure development of these areas.<ref name="Nuclear Power Corporation is committed to environment protection' Q&A: S K Jain, CMD">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-s-k-jain-cmd-nuclear-power-corporation/416475/|title=Nuclear Power Corporation is committed to environment protection' Q&A: S K Jain, CMD|last=Jog|first=Sanjay |date=29 November 2010|work=Business Standard|location=Mumabi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Protests ==<br />
Many protests have been carried out by the local population against the proposed nuclear power plant. On 29 December 2009, 12 January 2010, and 22 January 2010, when the government authorities visited Madban for distribution of cheques in lieu of compulsory land acquisition, the villagers refused to accept the cheques. Government officials were shown black flags, and were denied any co-operation in carrying out their activities. 72 people were arrested on 22 January 2010 when people protested against the compulsory land acquisition.<ref name="Unleashing India’s nuclear potential"><br />
{{cite news <br />
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/02/10/stories/2009021050150800.htm<br />
|title=Unleashing India's nuclear potential<br />
|last=Balakrishnan<br />
|first=Bhaskar<br />
|date=10 February 2009<br />
|publisher=Business Daily from THE HINDU<br />
|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear power plant opposed"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011856280300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123061701/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011856280300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2010|title=Nuclear power plant opposed<br />
|last=Menon<br />
|first=Meena<br />
|date=18 January 2010 <br />
|access-date=2 December 2010<br />
|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=MADBAN (Ratnagiri district)}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118583:2010-11-30-20-53-12&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3<br />
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127214143/http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118583:2010-11-30-20-53-12&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=27 January 2013<br />
|title=Jaitapur project: 'Konkan Bachao Samity direct cause of the dispute challenge – meeting on December 3 जैतापूर प्रकल्प : 'कोकण बचाव समिती'चे थेट वाद-विवादाचे आव्हान – बैठक ३ डिसेंबरला<br />
|date=30 November 2010<br />
|publisher=लोकसत्ता Loksatta<br />
|language=mr<br />
|access-date=2 December 2010<br />
|location=Mumbai}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Nuclear power debate|Debate about the nuclear power]] project at Jaitapur is ongoing on various levels. [[Environmental effects of nuclear power]] and geological issues have been raised by [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti nuclear activists]]. On 4 December 2010, protests became violent when over 1500 people were detained from among thousands of protesters, who included environmentalists and local villagers.<br />
<br />
Members and leaders of the ''Konkan Bachao Samiti'' (KBS) and the ''Janahit Seva Samiti'' (organisations that are spearheading opposition to the project) were also detained.<ref>''Konkan Bachao Samiti'', Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace: CNDP [http://www.cndpindia.org/]</ref> In Mumbai, members of various trade unions and social organisations came together to protest against the project. The protesters raised doubts about the neutrality of the Environment Impact Assessment Report prepared by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), which forms the basis of environmental clearance for the project. Parallel studies carried out by the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] show that the Jaitapur nuclear plant project will cause substantial environmental damage.<ref name="Protest against Jaitapur nuclear plant">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/05/stories/2010120562481000.htm |title=Protest against Jaitapur nuclear plant |last=Deshpande |first=Vinaya |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208044841/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/05/stories/2010120562481000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 December 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 18 April 2011, one man was shot and killed by police and eight were injured after protests turned violent.<ref name="google.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130419013521/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gc1zxEqG5c895I8zEM2vePR9LoeQ?docId=CNG.03f9550f39158525b47a166b6f5d4741.421 AFP: Indian police kill protester in anti-nuclear demo] AFP in Google News, published 18 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011 </ref><ref name="One dead, 8 hurt as protest against Jaitapur N-plant turns violent">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-dead-8-hurt-as-protest-against-Jaitapur-N-plant-turns-violent/articleshow/8018951.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110430124727/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-dead-8-hurt-as-protest-against-Jaitapur-N-plant-turns-violent/articleshow/8018951.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2011|title=One dead, 8 hurt as protest against Jaitapur N-plant turns violent|agency=IANS|date=18 April 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2011|location=Jaitapur}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}}<br />
* [[Economics of new nuclear power plants]]<br />
* [[Energy policy of India]]<br />
* [[Generation IV reactor]]<br />
* [[Nuclear power in India]]<br />
* [[Nuclear renaissance]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.npcil.nic.in/index.aspx Nuclear Power Corporation of India] (official site)<br />
* [http://keralore.com/blogs/1113/is-jaitapur-nuclear-power-project-safejnpp/ Data sheet and people protests Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* [http://jaitapur.wordpress.com Resisting Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314173942/https://jaitapur.wordpress.com/ |date=14 March 2016 }}<br />
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/jaitapur Resources on Jaitapur nuclear power project]<br />
<br />
{{Nuclear power by country}}<br />
{{Nuclear power in India}}<br />
{{Electricity generation}}<br />
{{Power Plants of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Energy in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed nuclear power stations]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed power stations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilkamal_Plastics&diff=470947Nilkamal Plastics2026-01-22T04:12:45Z<p>Taj25O2937005: refine intro further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian plastic company}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{infobox company<br />
| name = Nilkamal Ltd.<br />
| logo = [[File:Nilkamal Plastics logo.svg|200px]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| type = Public Limited Company<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|523385}}<br />{{NSE|NILKAMAL}}<br />
| genre = [[Furniture]]<br />
| fate = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| foundation = 1981<br />
| founders = Mr. Vamanrai Parekh, Mr. Sharad Parekh<br />
| defunct = <br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br />
| location_country = India<ref name="THB2" /><br />
| location = <br />
| locations = <br />
| area_served = <br />
| key_people = <br />
| industry = Furniture<br />
| products = <br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|21.9|b}}<ref name="THB2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nilkamal.com/Images/fckUploadedfiles/file/investor/Audited_Financial_Results_31-March-2017.pdf |title=Audited Financial Results for the Year Ended 31st March 2017 |publisher=Nilkamal Limited |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171710/http://www.nilkamal.com/Images/fckUploadedfiles/file/investor/Audited_Financial_Results_31-March-2017.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| aum = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = https://nilkamal.com/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Nilkamal Limited''' is a plastic products manufacturer based in [[Mumbai]], India. It is the world's largest manufacturer of moulded furniture and Asia's largest processor of plastic moulded products.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/store-food-safely/article3720115.ece |title=Store food safely |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="UNP">{{cite book|last=Allan|first=Rory|title=Investment Policy Review: Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi0Ncw3ulf0C&dq=nilkamal+plastics&pg=PT56|access-date=7 July 2017|year=2003|publisher=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|location=New York|isbn=9789211126198}}</ref> Their product range consists mainly of custom plastic mouldings, plastic furniture, crates and containers. The company also has a chain of retail stores under the @home brand.<ref name="RD">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/14nil.htm |title=Nilkamal group's latest venture |work= [[Rediff.com]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/improving-margins-may-earn-nilkamal-re-rating/articleshow/54775660.cms |title=Improving margins may earn Nilkamal re-rating |newspaper= [[The Economic Times]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="THB">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/brokers-call-nilkamal/article8650914.ece |title=Broker's Call: Nilkamal |newspaper= [[Business Line]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NDTV" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Nilkamal was incorporated on 5 December 1985 as Creamer Plastic. The company changed its name to Nilkamal Plastic on 23 August 1990. In Year 2004 Company Changed Names to Nilkamal Ltd. The company has manufacturing facilities in [[Samba, Jammu|Samba]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Barjora]], [[Sinnar]], [[Nashik]] and [[Silvassa]]. The company also has joint manufacturing ventures in Bangladesh (Nilkamal Padma Plastics) and Sri Lanka (Nilkamal Eswaran Plastics). In 2011, the company also began production of mattresses with manufacturing units in [[Hosur]] and [[Dankuni]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/nilkamal-ltd_nilkamal/reports |title=Nilkamal Ltd. |publisher= [[NDTV Profit]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/company/nilkamal-ltd-2061/information/company-history |title=NILKAMAL LTD. (NILKAMAL) - COMPANY HISTORY |newspaper= [[Business Standard]]|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BL2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nilkamal-aims-higher-turnover-during-fy15/article6360219.ece |title=Nilkamal aims higher turnover during FY15 |newspaper= [[Business Line]] |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BS2">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nilkamal-enters-mattress-segment-plans-facility-at-hosur-111070700070_1.html |title=Nilkamal enters mattress segment, plans facility at Hosur |date=20 January 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== @home ==<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| logo = Logo_of_At-home_store_by_Nilkamal.png<br />
| headquarters = Mumbai, India<br />
| parent_organization = Nilkamal Limited<br />
| name = At-home Store<br />
| website = {{URL|www.at-home.co.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''@home''' is a chain of retail stores owned by Nilkamal Limited.<ref name="Hindu-1">{{cite web | title=Nilkamal comes home | website=[[Business Line]] | date=18 October 2007 | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-brandline/nilkamal-comes-home/article1679309.ece | ref={{sfnref | The Hindu Business Line | 2007}} | access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/retail/20120112108965.htm|title=Bangalore welcome's their third @home store.|website=indiaprwire.com|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222015052/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/retail/20120112108965.htm|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.at-home.co.in/pages/about-us|title=@home is the retail division of Nilkamal Limited.|website=at-home.co.in|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nilkamalfurniture.com/about_us|title=Official Nilkamal website.|website=nilkamalfurniture.com|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
@home has 20 stores in 14 cities in India.<ref name="Hindu-1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nilkamals-home-to-open-more-stores-in-kerala-soon/article2074328.ece|title=Nilkamal's @home to open more stores in Kerala soon|date=2011-06-03|website=Business Line|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref><ref name="BS2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/market-outlook/aashish-taters-multibaggers-nilkamalwim-plast_596785.html|title=Aashish Taters multibaggers: Nilkamal and Wim Plast|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Indian-homes-set-for-a-new-look/2013/05/05/article1575329.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704063245/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Indian-homes-set-for-a-new-look/2013/05/05/article1575329.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2013|title=Indian homes set for a new look|access-date=2016-06-24|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sponsorship ==<br />
In September 2017 it was announced that '''Nilkamal''' had agreed to become the co-sponsor of [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan A.C]] for the period between July 2018.The sponsorship deal with Nilkamal Limited happened for a sum of {{INR}} 20 million ({{INR}} 2 Crore) and will continue until the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nilkamal.com/Images/fckUploadedfiles/file/investor/Audited_Financial_Results_31-March-2017.pdf |title=Audited Financial Results for the Year Ended 31st March 2017 |publisher=Nilkamal Plastics |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171710/http://www.nilkamal.com/Images/fckUploadedfiles/file/investor/Audited_Financial_Results_31-March-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media gallery==<br />
===Arts and craft at Nilkamal Homes, Bangalore===<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines<br />
| File:Nilkamal Homes, Bangalore (2025) 05.jpg<br />
| File:Nilkamal Homes, Bangalore (2025) 42.jpg<br />
| File:Nilkamal Homes, Bangalore (2025) 51.jpg<br />
| File:Nilkamal Homes, Bangalore (2025) 43.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Supreme Industries]] - notable competitor<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Nilkamal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1981]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Furniture companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Plastics companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Furniture retailers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1981]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mappila_Theyyam&diff=516382Mappila Theyyam2026-01-22T00:00:47Z<p>Taj25O2937005: starting article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ritual dance worship}}<br />
'''Mappila Theyyams''' are a variant of [[Theyyam]] performed in [[North Malabar]] especially in [[Kasaragod district]]. It is related to the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] [[Muslims]] of [[Malabar Coast]]. This [[Theyyam]] is deified by [[Mavilan]], Koppalan and Vannan communities and is done with the cooperation of [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=2008-03-06|title=Theyyam, include Muslim characters!|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/06/theyyam-hindu-ritual-art-form-kerala-include-muslim-characters-1204787160.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> The characters of this theyyam are mostly spirits of Mappilas that are related to the local deities. The common names of male Mappila theyyams are ''Aali, Aandi, Mukri, Poker, Bappiriyan, Kunhali, Mammu, Mammad'' etc. ''Ummachi'' and ''Naithiyar'' are the common names attributed to female theyyams.The dialogues of Mappila theyyams have mentions about Islamic migration to [[Kerala]] in the 7th century and communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. k|date=2019-05-23|title=United colours of Theyyam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/united-colours-of-theyyam/article27219959.ece|access-date=2021-05-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Mavilan Dancers.jpg|thumb|Mavilan Dancers]]<br />
<br />
== Legend ==<br />
The origins of the legend of Mappila Theyyam traces to the [[kuladevata]] temple of ''Kamballur Kottayil [[Tharavad]]'' in [[Chittarikkal]], [[Kasaragod district]]. The main [[deity]] of the temple is ''Karinchamundi'' however, as per [[folklore]] the spirit of an [[Imam|mukri]] of nearby [[Pulingome]] [[Mosque]] named ''Kalanthan'' who died under mysterious circumstances in nearby river is also merged with the main deity. In the annual [[theyyam]] proceedings of this temple ''Kalanthan mukri'' is represented as Mappila Theyyam along with the Chamundi [[theyyam]]. The mappila theyyam starts the divine act by offering [[Adhan|banku (prayer call)]] and offering [[namaz]]. It has less ornamentation, facial drawings and captive head gears than ''Chamundi theyyakolam.'' This art form represents the [[syncretism]] of [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslims]] and harmony between [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] that existed in the region since olden times.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Integration of Muslims into the Larger Social System in Kerala|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330400093|access-date=2021-05-12|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> The ritual traditions of [[Pulingome]] [[Mosque]] also has similar harmonious elements. The annual ''Makham Uroos'' conducted in the mosque begins with cooperation of seniors of Kamballur Kottayil Tharavadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-17|title=In Kerala's conflict heartland, a Muslim Theyyam in a Hindu ritual|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/in-keralas-conflict-heartland-a-muslim-theyyam-in-a-hindu-ritual-6220046/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other Mappila Theyyam ==<br />
There are almost fifteen Mappila Theyyams that are practiced across areas that were under [[Kolathunadu]] in [[Kasaragod district]] and parts of [[Kannur district]]. . The most famous among them besides Kamballur Kottayil Chamundi theyyam are,<br />
[[File:Bappiriyan Theyyam at Muchiriyan Kavu Kannur.jpg|thumb|Bappiriyan Theyyam climbing coconut tree at Muchiriyan kavu, [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikode]], Kannur]]<br />
<br />
* ''Aalitheyyam'' practiced in [[Kumbla]] performed by members of Vannan caste is linked with the legend of Naduvilan [[tharavad]], [[Arikady]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-23|title=Bhagavati Ali Chamundi Kshetra: Where Hindus and Muslims pray|url=https://www.newsgram.com/bhagavati-ali-chamundi-kshetra-temple-draws-hindus-and-muslims-alike-in-mangaluru/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=NewsGram|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Bappiriyan Theyyam]]'' practiced in [[Kannur district]], [[Manjeshwar]] etc. It has decorated head gear.<br />
* ''Koyi Mammad Theyyam'' at Mouveni Sree Devi Kovilakam in Narkkilakad, [[Chittarikkal]].<br />
* ''Naithiyar Theyyam'' of Ettikulam, [[Ramanthali]]<br />
* ''Ummachi Theyyam'' practiced in areas of [[Madikai|Allada Swaroopam]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurup|first=Pushpa|date=2014-11-19|title=Malabar sways to dance of the divine|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141119/nation-current-affairs/article/malabar-sways-dance-divine|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''Beevi Theyyam'' at [[Pappinisseri]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Temples of Kerala]]<br />
*[[Uttama Villain]]<br />
*[[Padayani]]<br />
*[[Neeliyar Bhagavathi]]<br />
*[[Thirayattam]]<br />
*[[Thiyyar history]]<br />
* [[Islam in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Theyyam]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theyyam| ]]<br />
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Ritual dances]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariarpur&diff=489856Bariarpur2026-01-21T09:50:46Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added new post...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bariarpur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.292|N|86.571|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Munger district|Munger]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 16614<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bariarpur''' is a small town in the [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]] state. Bariar (बरियार) means strong, hence Bariarpur means 'a place of the strong'.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
The [[2011 Census of India]] registered the population of Bariarpur as 16614, of which 8977 were male and 7637 female. The average literacy rate was 77.5%.{{fact|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
The northern end of [[National Highway 333 (India)|National Highway 333]] starts from here. The NH333 branches off from [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 33]] which serves a major part of Bihar running from [[Arwal]] to [[Farakka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> [[Bariarpur railway station]] is situated on [[Sahibganj loop|Sahibganj Loop line]] under the [[Malda railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Yash|title=Bariarpur Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bariarpur-bup/1161|access-date=2021-06-08|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Munger district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Munger district]]<br />
<br />
{{Munger-geo-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarai_metro_station&diff=476290Sarai metro station2026-01-18T22:57:13Z<p>Taj25O2937005: fix layout per standard format additionally and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Sarai<br />
| symbol_location = delhi<br />
| symbol = <br />
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Violet}}<br />
| style = Delhi Metro<br />
| image = Sarai metro station (Delhi).jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Sector 27D, Faridabad, Haryana 121003<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]<br />
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = {{start date and age|2015|9|6|df=yes}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br />
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}<br />
| code = {{#property:P296}}<br />
| status = Staffed, Operational<br />
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)<br />
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]<br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Violet|left=Badarpur Border|right=NHPC Chowk}}<br />
| map_type = India Delhi<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
| map_caption = Location in Faridabad<br />
| map_dot_label = Sarai<br />
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarai''' is an elevated station on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located between [[Badarpur Border metro station|Badarpur]] and [[NHPC Chowk metro station|NHPC Chowk]] station on the line 6 in Faridabad district of Haryana.<ref name="faridabad">{{Cite news|title=PM Modi set to launch Faridabad corridor on September 6|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/pm-modi-set-to-launch-faridabad-corridor-on-september-6-1053054.html|access-date=31 August 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=IBN Live|date=27 August 2015|archive-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830105508/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/pm-modi-set-to-launch-faridabad-corridor-on-september-6-1053054.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== The station ==<br />
=== Station layout ===<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|NHPC Chowk}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span><br />
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Badarpur Border}}</small><small> (Haryana-Delhi Border)</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Concourse<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Facilities ===<br />
<br />
== Entry/Exit ==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="68%"<br />
|-<br />
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}};"| <span style="color:WHITE;">Sarai metro station Entry/exits</span><br />
|-<br />
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1<br />
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2 {{access icon}}<br />
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3 {{access icon}}<br />
|-<br />
| Vatika Towers || L&T || Crown Business Park<br />
|-<br />
| || || Big Bazar<br />
|-<br />
| || || Reliance Crown Mall<br />
|-<br />
| || || Sarai Khawaja<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Connections ==<br />
=== Buses ===<br />
Department of State Transport Haryana runs buses between<br />
Ballabgarh Bus Stand – Panipat<br />
Ballabgarh Bus Stand – Sonipat<br />
Cyber City – Sector 37 Faridabad<br />
Medanta Medicity – Sector 37 Faridabad<br />
and bus route number CS-1A, CS-1B, CS-1C, CS-13A, CS-13B, CS-14A, CS-14B from outside metro station stop.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://hartrans.gov.in/| title=Department of State Transport Haryana| website=Govt.of Haryana}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Delhi]]<br />
*[[Faridabad]]<br />
*[[Haryana]]<br />
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Delhi]]<br />
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]<br />
*[[Delhi Monorail]]<br />
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]<br />
*[[Faridabad district]]<br />
*[[New Delhi]]<br />
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]<br />
*[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]<br />
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]<br />
*[[List of metro systems]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br />
* {{Cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/ ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sarai/@28.4780646,77.3048596,171m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce73c148bc115:0x3766061d15653b02!8m2!3d28.4776821!4d77.3050028|title= Sarai metro station}}<br />
<br />
{{Delhi Metro}}<br />
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Faridabad district]]<br />
[[Category:2015 establishments in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Delhi-metro-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anmolpreet_Kaur&diff=486778Anmolpreet Kaur2026-01-16T14:46:46Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added a pg...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Anmolpreet Kaur Pannu''' (24 November 1999)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Anmolpreet Kaur - (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/236869-anmolpreet-kaur-- |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from Punjab. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a guard. She plays for Punjab team in the domestic tournaments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-03-12 |title=Teen basketball player selected for Tokyo academy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/teen-basketball-player-selected-for-tokyo-academy/articleshow/51365785.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also plays 3x3 basketball.<ref>https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/2773ca64-46f7-457b-996a-5aa85fe92e5c</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kaur is from Rountan village, Shahpur Nakodar, Jalandhar, India. But during childhood she was a resident of Phillaur, Punjab, where her father, Parminder Singh, used to work as an assistant sub-inspector. She joined the Ludhiana Basketball Academy after finishing her Class 10 and used to travel regularly to Ludhiana, as her mother Jasvir Kaur was very protective. She did her schooling at Saint Joseph Convent School in her home town but moved to a hostel in Ludhiana and joined Malwa Khalsa Senior Secondary Girls School to hone her basketball.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Kabir |title=16 Year Old Anmolpreet Kaur makes history by becoming first Indian to get high school basketball scholarship in Japan |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/16-year-old-anmolpreet-kaur-makes-history-becoming-first-indian-get-high-school-basketball-scholarship-japan |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref> She trained under coach Teja Singh Dhaliwal at the Ludhiana Academy.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
At 14, Kaur's first big tournament was the 2015 Youth Nationals where she represented [[Punjab]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Anmolpreet Kaur Pannu: A Game Changer in Indian Women’s |url=https://shiningsikh.com/anmolpreet-kaur-pannu-a-game-changer-in-indian/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2016, she became the first girl from India to be selected for a three year scholarship programme to train at the basketball academy, Tou Gakuen High School, Tokyo, and to play high school basketball in Japan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Gagandeep Singh |date=12 March 2016 |title=Ludhiana girl selected for three-year basketball training in Japan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-girl-selected-for-three-year-basketball-training-in-japan/story-LxjbBDPH2YTDY0B4vqUWGJ.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Achal |first=Ashwin |date=2017-05-15 |title=India targets a spot among the elite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/india-targets-a-spot-among-the-elite/article18459163.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2017, she made her debut for the senior India team, representing the country in the [[2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA Women’s Asia Cup]] in 2017 Division B, which India won at [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2017 |title=Int’l hoopster felicitated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/int-l-hoopster-felicitated-445149/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> She also played for India again in the [[2019 FIBA Women's Asia Cup]] Division A.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunam |first=Ashim |date=2019-09-26 |title=Young Indian women basketball players no match for Koreans in continental meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/Sep/25/young-indian-women-basketball-players-no-match-for-koreans-in-continental-meet-2039249.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2018, she was selected for the Indian team to take part in the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]], Jakarta, [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-12 |title=Asian Games: Mandya's Bhandavya, Bengaluru's Priyanka in Indian squad |url=https://starofmysore.com/asian-games-mandyas-bhandavya-bengalurus-priyanka-in-indian-squad/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Anmolpreet Kaur - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://www.ocagames.com/HZInfo/athlete-profile-n2010997-anmolpreet-kaur.htm |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.ocagames.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2022, she joined the [[Yamanashi Queenbees]], one of the teams in Japan’s premier professional basketball league, the WJBL.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur. Anmolpreet}}<br />
[[Category:1999 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arti_Agrawal&diff=487585Arti Agrawal2025-12-22T05:25:40Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian scientist and engineer}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Arti Agrawal<br />
| alma_mater = Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi<br />
| doctoral_advisor = Anurag Sharma<br />
| fields = Physics, optics and engineering<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arti Agrawal''' is a scientist and engineer known for her work on computational [[photonics]] as well as [[diversity, equity, and inclusion]] in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]]; she has been recognized in both of these areas by a number of awards.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Her research is focused on [[Computer simulation|numerical modeling]] and [[Mathematical model|simulation]] of photonic devices and [[Optics|optical]] components. Agrawal is currently serving as Associate Professor and the Director of Women in Engineering and Information Technology at the [[University of Technology Sydney]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Arti Agrawal, Biography, University of Technology Sydney|url=https://www.uts.edu.au/staff/arti.agrawal}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, Living History, OSA|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/arti_agrawal/}}</ref> and Associate Vice President of Diversity for the [[IEEE Photonics Society]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Membership Council, IEEE Photonics Society|url=https://www.photonicssociety.org/membership/membership-council}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Agrawal was born in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name=":2" /> She earned her Ph.D. in [[Physics]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] in 2005, developing mathematical techniques to study optical beam propagation in waveguides <ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Arti|date=2004|title=Paraxial and Non-Paraxial Wave Propagation Through Optical Waveguides, PhD dissertation|url=http://eprint.iitd.ac.in/bitstream/handle/2074/4225/TH-3082.pdf?sequence=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Anurag|last2=Agrawal|first2=Arti|date=2004|title=New method for nonparaxial beam propagation|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-21-6-1082|journal=JOSA A|language=EN|volume=21|issue=6|pages=1082–1087|doi=10.1364/JOSAA.21.001082|pmid=15191191|bibcode=2004JOSAA..21.1082S |issn=1520-8532|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with [[Anurag Sharma (physicist)|Anurag Sharma]]. Agrawal was awarded a [[Royal Society]] Postdoctoral Fellowship to study [[Photonic-crystal fiber|photonic crystal fibers]] at the [[City, University of London]]; she then spent almost a decade working there as a researcher, lecturer, and PhD adviser.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Research and career ==<br />
Agrawal is an author or editor of a number of books on computational photonics<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319554372|title=Recent Trends in Computational Photonics|date=2017|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-55437-2|editor-last=Agrawal|editor-first=Arti|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|language=en|editor-last2=Benson|editor-first2=Trevor|editor-last3=Rue|editor-first3=Richard De La|editor-last4=Wurtz|editor-first4=Gregory}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Finite Element Modeling Methods for Photonics, Artech House|url=https://us.artechhouse.com/Finite-Element-Modeling-Methods-for-Photonics-P1591.aspx|access-date=2020-06-13|website=us.artechhouse.com|archive-date=2020-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613192540/https://us.artechhouse.com/Finite-Element-Modeling-Methods-for-Photonics-P1591.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and over 50 peer-reviewed articles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publications of A. Agrawal, CityLibrary, City University of London|url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators/Agrawal=3AA=2E=3A=3A.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, Profile, ORCiD|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6973-9231}}</ref> She teaches physics, optics, and engineering courses.<ref name=":0" /> Her areas of expertise include [[finite element method]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[Photonic-crystal fiber|photonic crystal fibers]], [[nanophotonics]], non-paraxial optics, supercontinuum generation, and [[biomedical optics]].<br />
<br />
Agrawal has engaged with numerous organizations and projects relating to diversity, equity, and inclusion in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]], including outreach to young students, creating internship and scholarship opportunities for women, founding networking groups, organizing conferences, and is currently leading a department dedicated to women in STEM.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=About GWN Multicultural, LGBTQ+ Women's Network|date=5 September 2015 |url=https://www.gwn.org.uk/gwnm/}}</ref> She focuses her efforts on women, [[Person of color|people of color]], and those identifying as [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
=== Awards, selected ===<br />
* [[The Optical Society]] Diversity & Inclusion Advocacy Recognition "For an unwavering dedication to promoting diversity and inclusion throughout the global optics and photonics community."<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Diversity & Inclusion Advocacy Recognition Winners|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/get_involved/diversity_inclusion/diversity_inclusion_advocacy_rec/2020_recipients/|website=The Optical Society}}</ref><br />
* Fellow, [[Australian Institute of Physics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows List, Australian Institute of Physics|url=https://aip.org.au/joining-the-aip/public-fellows-list/}}</ref><br />
*Senior member, [[The Optical Society|OSA]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
*Senior member, [[IEEE Photonics Society]]<ref name=":1" /> <br />
*Distinguished Service Award 2020, [[IEEE Photonics Society]], "For exceptional contributions to the Photonics Society as a champion of Diversity and Inclusion initiatives."<ref name=":3" /><br />
*Excellence in Teaching, [[City, University of London]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Prestigious award for City engineering academic, City University of London News|url=https://www.city.ac.uk/news/2016/feb/prestigious-award-for-city-engineering-academic}}</ref><br />
*[[The Optical Society|OSA]] Ambassador, 2016<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
=== Academic service, selected ===<br />
<br />
* Associate vice president of diversity, [[IEEE Photonics Society]]<ref name=":4" /> <br />
* Chair and board member, Membership Engagement and Development Council, [[The Optical Society|OSA]]<ref name=":3" /><br />
* Associate editor, ''IEEE Photonics Journal''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Photonics Society|url=https://www.photonicssociety.org/awards/distinguished-service-award}}</ref><br />
* Section editor, ''Journal of the European Optical Society''<br />
*Organizer, Women in Engineering Symposium, 2019<ref name=":2" /><br />
*Founder, GWN ([[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] Women's Networking) Multicultural group, 2009<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
=== Publications, selected ===<br />
*''Recent Trends in Computational Photonics'', Springer (2017)<ref name=":5" /><br />
*''Finite Element Time Domain Methods for Photonics'', Springer (2017)<ref name=":6" /><br />
*"Hut-like pillar array Si solar cells," Solar Energy (2016)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabrera-España|first1=Francisco J.|last2=Agrawal|first2=Arti|date=2016-07-01|title=Hut-like pillar array Si solar cells|url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/13962/3/Unmarked%2520revised%2520Manuscript.pdf|journal=Solar Energy|language=en|volume=132|pages=357–362|doi=10.1016/j.solener.2016.03.026|bibcode=2016SoEn..132..357C |s2cid=67851487 |issn=0038-092X}}</ref><br />
*"Golden spiral photonic crystal fiber: polarization and dispersion properties," Optics Letters (2008)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Arti|last2=Kejalakshmy|first2=N.|last3=Chen|first3=J.|last4=Rahman|first4=B. M. A.|last5=Grattan|first5=K. T. V.|date=2008-11-15|title=Golden spiral photonic crystal fiber: polarization and dispersion properties|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-33-22-2716|journal=Optics Letters|language=EN|volume=33|issue=22|pages=2716–2718|doi=10.1364/OL.33.002716|pmid=19015719|bibcode=2008OptL...33.2716A |issn=1539-4794}}</ref><br />
*"New method for nonparaxial beam propagation," Journal of the Optical Society of America A (2004)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Anurag|last2=Agrawal|first2=Arti|date=2004-06-01|title=New method for nonparaxial beam propagation|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-21-6-1082|journal=JOSA A|language=EN|volume=21|issue=6|pages=1082–1087|doi=10.1364/JOSAA.21.001082|pmid=15191191|bibcode=2004JOSAA..21.1082S |issn=1520-8532}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Agrawal is a [[lesbian]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, Profile, 500 Queer Scientists|url=https://500queerscientists.com/arti-agrawal/?ids=[748,564,449,183}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, Interview, SAGE (Science in Australia Gender Equity)|url=https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au/sage-qa-with-dr-arti-agrawal-associate-professor-and-director-women-in-engineering-and-it-faculty-of-engineering-and-it-uts/|access-date=2020-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033934/https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au/sage-qa-with-dr-arti-agrawal-associate-professor-and-director-women-in-engineering-and-it-faculty-of-engineering-and-it-uts/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arti Agrawal, LGBTQ Faith project|url=https://lgbtqfaith.tumblr.com/post/139044559462/arti-agrawal-i-am-a-lesbian-and-i-am-hindu-yet}}</ref> and has founded and worked with a number of organizations to support [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] students in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Need to Support Our LGBT Community, IEEE Spectrum|date=11 January 2019 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/we-need-to-support-our-lgbt-community}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> She maintains a personal blog about science, policy, equality and diversity, and teaching.<ref>{{Cite web|title=artiagrawal|url=https://artiagrawal.wordpress.com/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Arti}}<br />
[[Category:Women in optics]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lesbians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ scientists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ Hindus]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagalamukhi_Temple,_Bankhandi,_HP&diff=489013Bagalamukhi Temple, Bankhandi, HP2025-12-19T19:53:41Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added a place...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple of goddess Bagalamukhi in Bankhandi, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Mandir<br />
| name = Maa Baglamukhi Mandir, Bankhandi<br />
| image = Mata Baglamukhi Temple at Bankhandi (Kangra)..jpg<br />
| alt = Temple of Mata Baglamukhi in Bankhandi Kangra <br />
| caption = Temple of Mata Baglamukhi in Bankhandi, Kangra<br />
| map_type = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br />
| map_caption = Location of the temple<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.968|76.207|display=title,inline}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| location = [[Bankhandi]]<br />
| festivals = [[Navratri]]<br />
| deity = [[Bagalamukhi]]<br />
| website = [https://maabaglamukhiofficial.org/ maabaglamukhiofficial.org]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bagalamukhi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in '''Bankhandi,''' [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] [[Bagalamukhi]], one of the ten [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Mahavidya]] goddesses. The goddess, also known as Peetambhara, is associated with the colour [[yellow]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinsley |first1=David R. |title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1522-3 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C&pg=PA193 |language=en}}</ref> She is depicted seated on a golden throne with pillars decorated with jewels and has three eyes, symbolising her ability to grant ultimate knowledge to her devotees.<br />
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==Religious significance==<br />
The temple is especially popular during the [[Hindus|Hindu]] goddess-centric festival of [[Navaratri]]. It is one of three historically significant shrines dedicated to Bagalamukhi in India, the others being the [[Pitambara Peeth]] in [[Datia]] and the [[Bagalamukhi Temple, Nalkheda|Bagalamukhi Temple]] in [[Nalkheda]].<ref name="Saluja">{{cite book |last1=Saluja |first1=Kuldeep |title=Impact of Vaastu on Nations, Religious & Historical Places |date=13 March 2021 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-90504-86-2 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RgjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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It is believed that worshipping goddess Bagalamukhi at this temple enhances one's power and weakens one's enemies, rendering them powerless. This highlights her role as a divine protector and a formidable force against adversities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Zee Media |title=Bagalamukhi Goddess—The power of wisdom and knowledge |url=https://zeenews.india.com/spirituality/bagalamukhi-goddess-the-power-of-wisdom-and-knowledge-2002386.html}}</ref><br />
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==Legend==<br />
According to Hindu legend, [[Rama]], guided by [[Hanuman]], worshipped goddess Bagalamukhi here to gain victory over the demon king [[Ravana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Kanakanjali |title=Bagalamukhi Mandir: Know All About This Powerful Temple In Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/bagalamukhi-mandir-know-all-about-this-powerful-temple-in-himachal-pradesh/photostory/106576732.cms}}</ref> The goddess granted Rama the divine weapon [[Brahmastra]], symbolising the triumph of good over evil. The temple houses a sacred fire pit (''Havan Kund''), where Rama is believed to have performed a [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] to seek her blessings.<br />
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==Visits by Notable Devotees==<br />
Several notable personalities have visited the temple to seek the blessings of Maa Baglamukhi.<br />
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="220"><br />
Sonu Nigam visit Maa Baglamukhi Bankhandi.jpg|Singer [[Sonu Nigam]] visiting Maa Baglamukhi Mandir, Bankhandi<br />
Mohit Chahuan Visit Maa Baglamukhi Bankhandi.jpg|Singer [[Mohit Chauhan]] visiting Maa Baglamukhi Mandir, Bankhandi<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Temples in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Bagalamukhi temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shakti temples]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadu_Mandrekar&diff=495298Dadu Mandrekar2025-12-18T19:00:19Z<p>Taj25O2937005: Adding Data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian writer (c. 1957–2020)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dadu Mandrekar<br />
| image = Dadu Mandrekar in 2015.jpg<br />
| caption = Mandrekar in 2015<br />
| birth_date = c. 1957<br />
| birth_place = [[Mandrem]], Goa, India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date|2020|11|26|df=y}} (aged 63)<br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Activist, writer, poet, photographer<br />
| education = <br />
| notable_works = ''Bahishkrut Gomantak'' (1997)<br />
| movement = [[Dalit]] rights, [[Ambedkarite]] movement, [[Tibetan independence movement]]<br />
| awards = Goa Marathi Academy Literary Award<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dadu Mandrekar''' (c. 1957 – 26 November 2020) was an Indian [[Dalit]] rights activist, writer, poet, and photographer from [[Goa]]. He was a prominent figure in the [[Ambedkarite]] movement in the state and is noted for his literary works documenting the caste-based discrimination prevalent in Goan society. Mandrekar was also a staunch supporter of the [[Tibetan independence movement]].<ref name="TOIDemise">{{Cite news |title=Dalit rights activist Dadu Mandrekar passes away at 63 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dalit-rights-activist-dadu-mandrekar-passes-away-at-63/articleshow/79435922.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name="TibetSupporter">{{Cite web |title=Speaker condoles demise of Tibet supporter Dadu Mandrekar |date=28 November 2020 |url=https://tibetanparliament.org/speaker-condoles-demise-of-tibet-supporter-dadu-mandrekar/ |publisher=Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><br />
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==Life and activism==<br />
Mandrekar was born in [[Mandrem]], Goa. During his education at Mandre High School, he was influenced by the biography of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and the Marathi novel ''Amrutvel'' by [[V. S. Khandekar]].<ref name="TOIDemise" /> He initially worked in the government sector but resigned to dedicate himself to full-time social work.<ref name="TOIDemise" /> He lived in Mandrem and later Panjim.<ref name="AlzulaijRemember">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Dadu |url=http://alzulaijgoa.com/2020/11/29/remembering-dadu/ |publisher=The Al-Zulaij Collective |date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><br />
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===Dalit rights and social work===<br />
Mandrekar's activism focused on the eradication of caste-based discrimination and untouchability. He encouraged Dalit youth to abandon traditional caste-associated occupations, such as playing drums at temples and bamboo craftsmanship.<ref name="TOIDemise" /> He co-founded the Social Justice Action Committee-Goa to address issues faced by marginalized communities.<ref name="AlzulaijRemember" /><br />
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He spent years documenting the conditions of Dalit colonies (''vastis'') and the lives of the destitute in Goa, often traveling by autorickshaw to map these areas.<ref name="PrintSilent">{{Cite news |title=Goa is silent on caste. It's invisible, and not in English |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/goa-is-silent-on-caste-its-invisible-and-not-in-english/2623543/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref> He embraced [[Buddhism]] and worked to propagate its teachings alongside modern education within the Dalit community.<ref name="TOIDemise" /><ref name="GoaNewsHub">{{Cite web |title=Dadu Mandrekar Takes Eternal Rest On Samvidhan Divas |url=https://goanewshub.com/dadu-mandrekar-takes-eternal-rest-on-samvidhan-divas/ |publisher=Goa News Hub |date=2020-11-26 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref> He was also associated with the "green brigade" as an environmentalist.<ref name="TOIDemise" /><br />
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===Support for Tibet===<br />
Mandrekar was an ardent supporter of the Tibetan cause. He authored books on [[Tibet]] in the [[Marathi language]] and organized various events and photo campaigns in Goa to raise awareness about the region's issues.<ref name="TibetSupporter" /><br />
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==Literary works==<br />
Mandrekar was a prolific writer in Marathi and Konkani, known for his "raw and angry" yet composed style that balanced the "horror and humour" of caste realities.<ref name="NIEUntouchable">{{Cite news |title=Untouchable Goa: Dadu Mandrekar's writings return in translation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Jul/17/untouchable-goa-dadu-mandrekars-writings-return-in-translation |work=The New Indian Express |date=2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref> He edited the annual magazine ''Prajasattak'', which published articles in Marathi, Hindi, and English on constitutional principles.<ref name="TOIDemise" /><ref name="GoaNewsHub" /><br />
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===Books===<br />
* ''Bahishkrut Gomantak'' (1997): A collection of articles and essays documenting caste violence and discrimination in Goa. The book challenges the idyllic image of Goa by highlighting the "parallel geography" of poverty and humiliation faced by lower castes.<ref name="PrintSilent" /> It details specific rituals, such as the exhumation of graves during the [[Shigmo]] festival in villages like Amone and Sal, where bones were paraded before deities.<ref name="NIEUntouchable" /> It also discusses discriminatory practices against the [[Mahar]] community and the specific stigmatization of women.<ref name="NIEUntouchable" /> In 2025, an English translation of the book titled ''Untouchable Goa'', translated by Nikhil Baisane, was published by Panther's Paw Publication.<ref name="NIEUntouchable" /><ref name="PrintSilent" /><br />
* ''Shapit Surya'' (Cursed Sun): A collection of poems.<ref name="TOIDemise" /><br />
* ''Satyacha Shodh'': A study on the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref name="GoaNewsHub" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
Mandrekar received several awards for his contributions to literature and social work:<br />
* Goa Marathi Academy Literary Award for his poetry collection ''Shapit Surya''.<ref name="GoaNewsHub" /><br />
* Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Vichar Pracharak Sanstha Literary Award for ''Bahishkrut Gomantak''.<ref name="GoaNewsHub" /><br />
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==Death==<br />
Mandrekar died on 26 November 2020, at the age of 63, following a brief illness. His death coincided with [[Constitution Day (India)|Samvidhan Divas]] (Constitution Day), a day of significance to his activism.<ref name="TOIDemise" /><ref name="GoaNewsHub" /> <br />
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Following his death, tributes were paid by various figures, including the Speaker of the [[Tibetan Parliament in Exile]], Pema Jungney, who condoled the loss of a "staunch and ardent supporter" of the Tibetan movement.<ref name="TibetSupporter" /> Writer [[Maria Aurora Couto]] also wrote a tribute, recalling his directness and their friendship.<ref name="AlzulaijCouto">{{Cite web |title=Maria Aurora Couto remembers Dadu Mandrekar |url=http://alzulaijgoa.com/2020/12/05/maria-aurora-couto-remembers-dadu-mandrekar/ |publisher=The Al-Zulaij Collective |date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandrekar, Dadu}}<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit activists]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasikabatrachus_bhupathi&diff=450322Nasikabatrachus bhupathi2025-12-18T04:12:16Z<p>Taj25O2937005: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| status = CR<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn| author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Nasikabatrachus bhupathi'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2022 | article-number = e.T125190480A125190896| date = 2022}}</ref><br />
| genus = Nasikabatrachus<br />
| species = bhupathi<br />
| authority = Janani, Vasudevan, Prendini, Dutta, and Aggarwal, 2017<ref name=Janani>{{cite journal |last1=Janani |first1=S. Jegath |last2=Vasudevan |first2=Karthikeyan |last3=Prendini |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Dutta |first4=Sushil Kumar |last5=Aggarwal |first5=Ramesh K. |date=13 August 2017 |title=A new species of the genus ''Nasikabatrachus'' (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319203867 |access-date=30 August 2017 |format=PDF |journal=Alytes |publication-date=13 August 2017 |volume=34 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–19 }}</ref><br />
| range_map = Nasikabatrachus bhupathi map.svg<br />
| range_map_caption = Approximate distribution<br />
{{legend|#F07568|Range}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nasikabatrachus bhupathi''''', or '''Bhupathy's purple frog''',<ref name=NatGeo>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/purple-frog-new-species-discovery-india-monsoon/ |title=New Purple Pig-Nose Frog Found in Remote Mountains |last=Bittel |first=Jason |work=National Geographic |series=Weird & Wild |location=Washington, DC |date=2017-08-24 |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901111358/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/purple-frog-new-species-discovery-india-monsoon/ |archive-date=1 September 2017 }}</ref> is a [[frog]] species belonging to the family [[Nasikabatrachidae]]. It can be found in the [[Western Ghats]] in [[India]] and was discovered near the [[Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|Srivilliputhur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=Janani /><ref name=Frost/> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] honors the late Indian herpetologist [[Subramanian Bhupathy]] (1963–2014).<ref name=Janani /><br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
''Nasikabatrachus bhupathi'' and ''Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis'' have been found to be related to other frogs that live in the [[Seychelles]], which are closer to [[Africa]] than to India. This is consistent with the idea that Africa and India were once part of the same ancient supercontinent, called Gondwana,<!--The Hindu--> which eventually became part of the later supercontinent, [[Pangaea]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=23 August 2017 |title='N. bhupathi', a frog with the face of a pig |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/introducing-n-bhupathi-a-frog-with-the-face-of-a-pig/article19541223.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213650/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/introducing-n-bhupathi-a-frog-with-the-face-of-a-pig/article19541223.ece |archive-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The species has purple skin and blue eyes and lives underground. It differs genetically, morphologically, and acoustically from the closely related ''[[Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis]]''.<ref name=Janani /> [[Speciation]] between the two species is likely caused by the different [[monsoon]] seasons on the different sides of the Western Ghats, causing ''N. sahyadrensis'' to breed between May and August and ''N. bhupathi'' to breed between October and December.<ref name=Janani /><br />
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== Status ==<br />
This species is considered [[Critically Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its very small range, which is mostly threatened by water extraction, pollution, and disturbance from tourism.<ref name=IUCN /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Nasikabatrachidae/Nasikabatrachus/Nasikabatrachus-bhupathi |title=''Nasikabatrachus bhupathi'' Janani, Vasudevan, Prendini, Dutta, and Aggarwal, 2017 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/question_actu.php?langue=an&id_article=2463#sondage Continental drift and the Sooglossidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524102520/http://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/question_actu.php?langue=an&id_article=2463#sondage |date=24 May 2011 }}<br />
*[http://zoobank.org/References/56A35631-4676-4899-8EB4-7C2BBFB24223 ''Nasikabatrachus bhupathi'' on ZooBank]<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q37785702}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nasikabatrachidae]]<br />
[[Category:Frogs of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2017]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Ramesh K. Aggarwal]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Karthikeyan Vasudevan]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020%E2%80%9321_Dz%C3%BCko_Valley_wildfires&diff=4827832020–21 Dzüko Valley wildfires2025-12-11T19:46:04Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added new post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Fires in Nagaland and Manipur, India}}{{Infobox wildfire|date=29 December 2020-9 January 2021|area=200 acres}}<br />
The '''2020–21 Dzüko Valley wildfires''' occurred in the states of [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]] in [[Northeast India|North-east India]], beginning on 29 December 2020. The wildfire resulted in widespread environmental damage in the ecologically sensitive region of the [[Dzüko Valley]], destroying 200 acres of [[old-growth forest]]. On 9 January 2021, Nagaland government officers stated that the fire had been brought under control and it was confirmed to have been doused by 11 January 2021.<br />
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== Overview ==<br />
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=== Environmental factors ===<br />
The [[Dzüko Valley]] is an environmentally sensitive zone located in the north-eastern state of Nagaland, and bordering the state of Manipur, in India. It is located at 2452 meters above sea level, and hosts a large variety of flora and fauna, including the Dzüko lily, which is indigenous to the valley and not found elsewhere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Leivon |first=Jimmy |date=2021-01-01 |title=Massive wildfire engulfs large parts of Dzuko valley on Nagaland-Manipur border |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/massive-wildfire-engulfs-large-parts-of-dzuko-valley-on-nagaland-manipur-border-7128189/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The valley is also home to the endangered [[Blyth's tragopan]], the state bird of Nagaland.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2021-01-02|title=NDRF deploys more teams, choppers as Dzukou Valley wildfire rages on|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ndrf-deploys-more-teams-choppers-as-dzukou-valley-wildfire-rages-on-2333956.html|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> It is popular for tourism and trekking.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Umanand |date=2 January 2021 |title=IAF, NDRF teams battle wildfire in Dzukou Valley |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/iaf-ndrf-teams-battle-wildfire-in-dzukou-valley/cid/1802319 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref><br />
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The valley borders [[Mount Tempü]], in Manipur, which is covered in a large area of [[old-growth forest]] called [[Kezol-tsa]].<ref name=":0" /> The valley has experienced several wildfires before. In 2006, a wildfire damaged an area of 20 kilometers in the southern part of the valley.<ref name=":2"/> In 2018, a previous wildfire believed to have been caused by some tourists damaged part of the valley.<ref name=":0" /> The valley is disputed territory, with both states of Nagaland and Manipur claiming it as part of their land.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2021-01-02|title=Manipur deploys two helicopters to fight wildfire in Dzukou Valley|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-deploys-two-helicopters-to-fight-wildfire-in-dzukou-valley/article33477821.ece|access-date=2021-01-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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== Cause ==<br />
The fire is believed to have begun on 28 or 29 December 2020. After unsuccessful attempts to control the fire on the ground, it spread southwards and to the west, across the valley towards the neighboring state of Manipur, and engulfed Mount Tempü in Manipur.<ref name=":0" /> On 2 January, the wildfire spread to the state of Manipur and the Manipur State Government began firefighting efforts as well.<ref name=":3" /> The presence of dry grass and climatic factors, including strong winds, encouraged the spread of the wildfire.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2021-01-04|title=In Manipur's fragile Dzukou Valley, fight to contain wildfire continues|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//smart-living/environment/in-manipur-s-dzukou-valley-air-force-continues-fight-to-douse-fire-111609671879290.html|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref> [[Nagaland State Disaster Management Authority]] reported that "heavy gusty winds" were not only causing further spread of the wildfire, but were hindering firefighting efforts.<ref name=":2"/> The ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' reported that the wildfire had spread to the extent that it was visible from the Nagaland state capital, [[Kohima]], which was situated 30 kilometers away.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |date=2021-01-04 |title=Dzukou Valley forest fire still raging on Manipur side |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/dzukou-valley-forest-fire-still-raging-on-manipur-side-935184.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The exact causes of the fire have not yet been determined. Nagaland State Disaster Management Authority officials have suggested that the fire occurred naturally, and was a product of the dry weather.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Barman |first=Rini |date=2021-02-21 |title=The rolling ashes from Dzukou hills write back |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//smart-living/environment/the-rolling-ashes-from-dzukou-hills-write-back-111613896169159.html |access-date=2021-03-16 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Damage ==<br />
Local tribal council leaders reported that areas of old-growth forest around Mount Tempü, as well as flora and fauna in the Dzüko Valley, had been damaged.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ratnadip |date=3 January 2021 |title=Dzuko Wildfire At Manipur Border Blazing, 4 Air Force Helicopters Rushed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-nagaland-dzuko-valley-wildfire-at-manipur-border-blazing-4-air-force-helicopters-rushed-2347096 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Manipur Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]] reported after an aerial survey of the fire that it had "...spread quite extensively and caused serious damage on this part of mountain range."<ref name=":4" /> State officials from Nagaland and Manipur both confirmed that areas of old-growth forest had been destroyed by the wildfire, causing possible harm to local biodiversity.<ref name=":6" /> Manipur government officials stated that as of 4 January 2021, 200 acres of forest had been destroyed by the fire.<ref name=":5" /><br />
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=== Casualties ===<br />
On 4 January 2021, a member of the National Disaster Relief Force deployed for fire-fighting efforts was reported as having died at a base camp established near the Valley. The cause of death is yet to be established.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
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== Response ==<br />
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=== Control and Dousing ===<br />
The initial response to the wildfire was led by local residents, and a group of 130 volunteers, accompanied by forest officials attempted to control the fire before it reached Mount Tempü across the state border, in Manipur, and damaged the old-growth forest in that region.<ref name=":0" /> Manual attempts to control the fire were not successful because of the steep terrain, which required firefighters to trek for several kilometers before they could reach the site of the fire.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Following unsuccessful attempts to contain the fire locally, the state of Nagaland deployed 200 firefighter and sought assistance from the [[Indian Army]] and the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF).<ref name=":0" /> The NDRF airlifted a team of firefighters, along with helicopters containing fire-fighting equipment, to the Dzüko Valley.<ref name=":6" /> In total, seven NDRF teams were deployed, with four in Manipur and three at Nagaland.<ref name=":2" /> Firefighting efforts were assisted by 300 local volunteers.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last= |first= |date=2021-01-04 |title=Dzukou Valley wildfire likely to be tamed within Monday |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/dzukou-valley-wildfire-likely-to-be-tamed-within-monday-519330 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 2 January 2021, the wildfire had spread across the state border of Nagaland and into Manipur, and the Manipur Government deployed air and ground forces to fight the fire.<ref name=":3" /> On 2 January 2021, police and military officials, along with state government officials stated that the fire had been brought under control.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2021-01-02 |title=Forest fire in Nagaland's Dzukou Range under control: report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/forest-fire-in-nagalands-dzukou-range-7129909/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> However, on 4 January 2021, Nagaland government officials confirmed that the wildfire had not been controlled and that they were hoping to have it under control in a few days.<ref name=":7" /> Strong winds inhibited firefighting efforts during this period, and access to areas of the wildfire was difficult to obtain because of the mountainous terrain.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Strong winds hamper Dzukou Valley fire fight|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/strong-winds-hamper-dzukou-valley-fire-fight/cid/1802644|access-date=2021-01-05|website=The Telegraph India}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 January 2021, four [[Indian Air Force]] helicopters were deployed to assist in firefighting operations, and reported that the fire had been partially controlled in the Dzüko Valley but continued to spread in Manipur, and around Mount Tempü.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=ET Online|date=4 January 2021|title=Watch: IAF helps douse wildfire in Nagaland's Dzukou valley|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/watch-iaf-helps-douse-wildfire-in-nagalands-dzukou-valley/videoshow/80098997.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104130405/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/watch-iaf-helps-douse-wildfire-in-nagalands-dzukou-valley/videoshow/80098997.cms |archive-date=2021-01-04 |access-date=2021-01-05|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> A fireline of five kilometers had been cut by volunteer forces in the Dzüko Valley, which helped contain the fire within Nagaland.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
On 9 January 2021, Nagaland State Forest Department officials reported that the fire had been brought under control after ten days of fire-fighting, and that firefighting teams would continue operations to ensure that the fire was completely extinguished, for a few more days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Jan 2021 |title=Dzukou Forest Fire In Nagaland Under Control, Says Official |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dzukou-forest-fire-in-nagaland-under-control-says-official-2349883 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bahn |first=Divya |date=9 Jan 2021 |title=Dzukou Valley fire put out? Officials say no active blaze spotted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/08/dzukou-valley-fire-put-out-officials-say-no-active-blaze-spotted-2247415.html |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The Indian Air Force continued with the aerial survey.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-01-09|title=Dzukou blaze under control but operations to continue: Officer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dzukou-blaze-under-control-but-operations-to-continue-officer/article33533424.ece|access-date=2021-01-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 12 January 2021, two weeks after the fire began, the Nagaland government confirmed that the fire had been completely doused.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=2021-01-12|title=Dzukou Valley wildfire doused|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dzukou-valley-wildfire-doused/article33553588.ece|access-date=2021-07-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
On 12 January 2021, the Nagaland State Disaster Management Authority announced that they would conduct an investigation into the damage caused to the [[Dzüko Valley]] as a result of the fire.<ref name=":9" /> An estimated 200 acres of forest were damaged by the fire.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{2021 wildfires}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dzuko Valley wildfire, 2020-21}}<br />
[[Category:2020 wildfires]]<br />
[[Category:2020 natural disasters]]<br />
[[Category:Wildfires in India]]<br />
[[Category:2021 natural disasters]]<br />
[[Category:2021 wildfires]]<br />
[[Category:2020 fires in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:2021 fires in Asia]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guru_Har_Sahai&diff=475215Guru Har Sahai2025-11-23T19:57:39Z<p>Taj25O2937005: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Guru Har Sahai<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = Pothi mala Guru Hara Sahai.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = The historical Pothimala building located in Guru Hara Sahai after ASI renovations<br />
| pushpin_map = India Punjab<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.717046|N|74.416383|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ferozepur district|Ferozepur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Fauja Singh Sarari<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 17,192<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 152022<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 01685-230840<br />
| registration_plate = PB-77<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''[[Guru]] Har Sahai''' is a city and a [[Municipal Council (India)|municipal council]] in [[Ferozepur district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Nearby cities are [[Ferozepur]] (40 km northeast), [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] (30 km south), [[Fazilka]] (65 km southwest), [[Bathinda]] (84 km southeast).<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Further information|Mina (Sikhism)}}<br />
<br />
The city is named after Har Sahai (1725 – 1750), who was the direct descendant of the fourth [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], the [[Guru Ram Das]], in the eighth generation.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Virk |first=Sukhdeep Kaur |date=2009 |title=Conceptualizing the Belief and Practices of Followers of Sodhis of Guru Sahai |journal=Journal of Sikh Studies |location=Amritsar |publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University |volume=33 |pages=60}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-ninth session, March 16-18, 2007 : proceedings |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |others=Navtej Singh, Punjabi University. Department of Punjab Historical Studies |isbn=978-81-302-0146-7 |location=Patiala |pages=645 |oclc=288933201}}</ref> The Pothimala building was built in 1705 and the locality of Guru Har Sahai was founded in 1745 by Har Sahai's father, Guru Jiwan Mal (born 1694), who was a direct descendant of the fourth Sikh guru, Ram Das, in the seventh generation.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Guru Har Sahai was also the eighth ''[[Gaddi Nashin]]'' (custodian) of the ''pothimala'', i.e. ''pothi'' (holy book) and ''mala'' (rosary), of the first guru of the [[Sikh]]s – [[Guru Nanak Dev]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> The lineage descends from [[Prithi Chand]], elder brother of [[Guru Arjan]] and founder of the heretical Miharvan sect of Sikhism.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> The [[Sodhi]] clan of Sikhs consider hereditary appointed direct descendants of fourth Sikh guru, Ram Das Sodhi, as their [[guru]] or spiritual leader, whom they refer to as Gaddi Nashin.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> In 2010, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) begin the effort to restore the ''pothimala'', the Pothimala building (including its 18th century murals), both of which are the property of the present Gaddi Nashin, 17th successor custodian Guru Yuvraj Singh.<ref name="hars2">{{Cite web |last=Parkash |first=Chander |date=2010-08-08 |title=ASI to restore Pothimala building |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/asi-restore-pothimala-building |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Republished by SikhNet (originally published by The Tribune) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkash |first=Chander |date=22 April 2010 |title=ASI advises Pothimala's preservation |work=Tribune News Service - The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100423/punjab.htm#4}}</ref><br />
[[File:Fresco artwork from Pothi-Mala, Gur Harsahai, Punjab 01.jpg|thumb|18th century fresco artwork from Pothi-Mala, Gur Harsahai, Punjab. It depicts a scene of Guru Nanak in-discussion with Yogis.]]<br />
The Hargopal subsect of the Miharvan sect of Sikhism is based out of Pothimala in Guru Har Sahai.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> They maintain a following to this day amongst the locals and remain held in reverence, being direct descendants of the Sikh gurus and custodian of rare Sikh relics of the gurus.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Guru Har Sahai had a population of 14,528. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Guru Har Sahai has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 57%. In Guru Har Sahai, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of cities in Chandigarh and Punjab, India by population]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Firozpur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Firozpur district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girish_Chandra_Sen&diff=458750Girish Chandra Sen2025-11-13T06:57:14Z<p>Taj25O2937005: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Brahmo Samaj missionary and translator (1835–1910)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Girish Chandra Sen<br />
| image = Girish chandra sen.JPG<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1835<br />
| birth_place = [[Narsingdi District|Panchdona]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date|1910|8|15|df=y}} (aged 74–75)<br />
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Scholar]], [[Missionary]]<br />
| father = <br />
}}<br />
'''Girish Chandra Sen''' ({{circa|1835}} – 15 August 1910) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] religious scholar and translator. He was a [[Brahmo Samaj]] missionary and known for being the first publisher of the ''[[Qur’an]]'' into [[Bengali language]] in 1886.<ref>{{cite book |author=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA52 |publisher=BRILL |page=52 |isbn=90-04-09497-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sen was born in a [[Baidya]] family<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Sri Ramakrishna Touched Them: Girish Chandra Sen |url=https://ia601304.us.archive.org/11/items/PrabuddhaBharata-July1896-Dec2001/05PB-May1996.pdf |journal=[[Prabuddha Bharata]] |publisher=Swami Smaranananda |volume=101 |pages=322}}</ref> in the village of Panchdona in [[Narayanganj District]] in [[Bengal]] (now part of [[Narsingdi District]] in Bangladesh).<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Sen, Girish Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Girish_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He studied in [[Pogose School]] in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=M H Haider |date=21 August 2015 |title=And Shadows Flee Away |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/and-shadows-flee-away-129868 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1869, [[Keshub Chunder Sen]] chose from amongst his missionaries, four persons and ordained them as professors of four old religions of the world. He was selected to study Islam. Others selected to study different religions were [[Gour Govinda Ray]] for Hinduism, [[Protap Chandra Mozoomdar]] for Christianity, and [[Aghore Nath Gupta]] for Buddhism. A firm believer in the basic unity of all religions, he immersed himself in his studies and later went to [[Lucknow]] in 1876 to study [[Arabic]], [[Islamic literature]] and the [[Islamic]] religious texts.<ref name=bpedia/> After five years (1881–1886) of studies, he produced the first Bengali translation of the Quran.<ref name=bpedia/><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
On completion of his studies, he returned to [[Kolkata]] and engaged in the translation of Islamic scriptures. After about five years (1881–1886) of studies, he produced an annotated Bengali version of the [[Qur’an]] via [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mustafa Zaman |date=18 February 2005 |title=Reading in Translation : A Journey Through History |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/02/03/cover.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605095923/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/02/03/cover.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:girish chandra quran.png|thumb|Quran translation of Girish Chandra Sen]]<br />
<br />
Sen is also the first known translator of the [[List of works by William Shakespeare|works of Shakespeare]] in Bengali.<ref>{{cite news |author=Md. Shafiqul Islam |date= 28 May 2011 |title=Hamlet and Ophelia in Dhaka |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-187481 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> His autobiography, ''Atmajivani'', was published in 1906. Initially, Sen worked at the ''Dhaka Prakash'' and later as an assistant editor at the ''[[Sulava Samachar]]'' and ''Bangabandhu'' and as editor and publisher of the monthly ''Mahila''. While still at school he wrote a book, ''Banitabinodan'', on the importance of women's education and ''Ramakrishna Paramhangser Ukti O Jivani''. For his great contributions in translating Islamic literature into [[Bengali language]], Muslims of Bengal often referred to him as ''Bhai Girish Chandra''.<ref name=bpedia /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:গিরিশচন্দ্র সেন |trans-title=Girishchandra Sen |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A8/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=132}}<br />
* ''History of Brahmo Samaj'' by Pandit Sivanath Sastri<br />
<br />
{{Bengal Renaissance}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Giris Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:1835 births]]<br />
[[Category:1910 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali writers]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmos]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from Arabic]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Bengali]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Bengali]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:People from Narsingdi District]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varanasi%E2%80%93Gonda_Intercity_Express&diff=543635Varanasi–Gonda Intercity Express2025-11-11T17:48:44Z<p>Taj25O2937005: made</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Varanasi Jn- Bahraich Intercity Express<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|25}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} ('''BSB''')<br />
| stops = 15<br />
| end = {{rws|Bahraich }} ('''BRK''')<br />
| distance = {{convert|255|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 6h 0m<br />
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}<br />
| class = '''CC, UR/GEN'''<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = On-board Catering <br> E-Catering<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = Yes<br />
| other facilities= Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[ICF coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 14213/14214 <br />
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
The '''Varanasi - Gonda Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Gonda Junction railway station|Gonda Junction]] and [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 14213/14214 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/blog/75|title=Train cancelled till 28 february | publisher=Total Train Info | date=15 February 2017 | accessdate=15 February 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Service==<br />
<br />
The 14213/Varanasi - Gonda Intercity Express has an average speed of 42&nbsp;km/h and covers 255&nbsp;km in 6h. 14214/Gonda - Varanasi Intercity Express has an average speed of 38&nbsp;km/h and covers 255&nbsp;km in 6h 45m.<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
<br />
The important halts of the train are:<br />
<br />
* {{rws|Varanasi Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Jaunpur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Yesvantpur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Akbarpur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Ayodhya Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Nawabganj Gonda}}<br />
* {{rws|Mankapur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Gonda Junction}}<br />
<br />
==Coach composite==<br />
<br />
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 10 coaches:<br />
<br />
* 1 Chair Car<br />
* 7 General<br />
* 2 SLR<br />
<br />
== Traction==<br />
<br />
Both trains are hauled by a [[Diseal Loco Shed, Lucknow|Lucknow Loco Shed]] based [[WDM3D]] diesel locomotive from [[Gonda Junction railway station|Gonda]] to [[Varanasi]] and vice versa.<br />
<br />
== Direction Reversal==<br />
<br />
Train Reverses its direction 2 times:<br />
<br />
* {{rws|Mankapur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Ayodhya Junction}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Gonda Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Krishak Express]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/13988 14213/Varanasi - Gonda Intercity Express]<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/13993 14214/Gonda - Varanasi Intercity Express]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi - Gonda Intercity Express}}<br />
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Vaniyapurackal&diff=533815Sebastian Vaniyapurackal2025-10-29T07:22:30Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Archbishop}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Bishop<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]<br />
| name = Sebastian Vaniyapurackal<br />{{Script/Mdnh|ܣܒܣܛܝܢ ܘܢܝܐܦܘܪܟܠ}}<br />
| title = Metropolitan Archbishop of Kalyan<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Archeparchy of Kalyan]]<br />
| diocese = <br />
| see = <br />
| appointed = 28 August 2025<br />
| enthroned = 19 October 2025<br />
| predecessor = [[Thomas Elavanal]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| other_post =<br />
| ordination = December 30, 1992<br />
| ordained_by = Mathew Vattackuzhy<br />
| consecration = November 12, 2017<br />
| consecrated_by = [[George Alencherry]], [[Andrews Thazhath]] and [[Mathew Arackal]]<br />
| rank = Metropolitan Archbishop<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|03|29}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kokkayar]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| previous_post = Curia bishop of the Syro-Malabar Church<br />
| religion = [[Syro Malabar Catholic]]<br />
| coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms Mar Sebastian Vaniyapurackal.png<br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <!-------- Other -------- --><br />
| motto = To serve and not to be served<br />
| birth_name =<br />
}}<br />
[[Mar (title)|Mar]] '''Sebastian Vaniyapurackal''' (born March 29, 1967) is an [[India]]n-born [[bishop (Catholic Church)|Archbishop]] of the Archeparchy of Kalyan.<br />
<br />
After the resignation of Cardinal Mar [[George Alencherry]] in 2023, as per the rules of canon law, Mar Sebastian served as the [[Apostolic administration|Archiepiscopal Administrator]] (temporarily) for the Syro Malabar Church until the election of the [[Raphael Thattil]] as the new major archbishop by the Syro-Malabar Holy Synod.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Pope Francis accepts Syro-Malabar head's resignation, seeks end to 'liturgy war' |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-accepts-syro-malabar |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=The Pillar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was elected the Metropolitan Archbishop of newly erected Ecclesiastical province of [[Archeparchy of Kalyan]] in the year 2025.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
=== Early life and priesthood ===<br />
Vaniyapurackal was born on March 29, 1967, in [[Kokkayar]], [[Kerala]], as the eighth child of V.M. Thomas and Aleyamma. He attended St. Louis L.P. School in [[Mundakayam]] and St. Joseph High School in [[Peruvanthanam]] before when in 1982 he began his priestly formation at Mary Matha Minor Seminary in [[Podimattom]]. He then attended St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, Vadavathoor, for his philosophical and theological studies. He was ordained by [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally|Eparchy of Kanjirappally]] Eparch Mar Mathew Vattachuzhy on December 30, 1992. He then served as an assistant priest at St. George's Forane Church ([[Kattappana]]) before being appointed by Mar Vattachuzhy as the director of Yuvadeepti for the eparchy. After his service as its director, He went to the [[Pontifical University of the Holy Cross]] for a doctorate in canon law. After returning, He was appointed [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally|Kanjirappally]]'s judicial vicar and then continued in various parish ministry assignments in [[Koratty]], Poomattam, Chennakkunnu and [[Mulakunnathukavu|Mulamkunnu]]. Along with his service in Kanjirappally, Cardinal Mar [[Varkey Vithayathil]] appointed him as the Defender of the Bond at the Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Tribunal. After his pastoral ministry, He was a professor at Benedictine Ashram, Kappad, Good Shepherd Major Seminary, Kunnoth and Nirmala Theological College, [[Podimattom|Podimattam]]. In 2014, He was appointed by Cardinal Mar [[George Alencherry]] as the vice chancellor of the Major Archiepiscopal Curia of the Syro Malabar Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro Malabar Church |url=https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishops-designation/curia-bishop |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Curia bishop ===<br />
On September 1, 2017, [[Pope Francis]] announced his assent to the election of Fr. Sebastian Vaniyapurackal as the curia bishop of the Syro Malabar Church, after his election by the Syro Malabar Synod. He was installed on November 12, 2017, by Cardinal Mar [[George Alencherry]], Major Archbishop in the Presence of Trichur Archbishop [[Andrews Thazhath]] and Kankirappally Eparch [[Mathew Arackal]]. The position had been vacant since the appointment of the first curia bishop [[Bosco Puthur]] as the eparch of Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Eastern Churches |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/09/01/170901e.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-01 |title=3 more bishops for Syro-Malabar Church |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/3-more-bishops-for-syro-malabar-church/article19605345.ece |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Archiepiscopal administrator ===<br />
On December 7, 2023, The Syro Malabar Church announced that Mar Sebastian Vaniyapurackal would serve as the archiepiscopal administrator of the entire Syro Malabar Church upon [[Pope Francis]] accepting the resignation of the [[List of major archbishops of the Syro-Malabar Church|major archbishop of the Syro Malabar Church]] Cardinal Mar [[George Alencherry]] due to Eastern Canon Law stating that the curia bishop takes over if the seat of the major archbishop falls vacant. He will serve in this position until the Synod of Bishops elect a new major archbishop in January 2024. He served along his predecessor [[Bosco Puthur]] as Mar Puthur serves as the apostolic administrator of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]].<ref name=":0" /> Mar Vaniyapurackal announced the January Synod of Bishops to elect the next major archbishop, which resulted in the election of [[Raphael Thattil]] on January 9, 2024. Mar Vaniyapurackal installed Mar Thattil as the major archbishop in a simple ceremony on January 11, 2024, at Mount Saint Thomas and with that reliquinshed his role as Administrator of the Church.<br />
<br />
=== Metropolitan Archbishop of Kalyan ===<br />
<br />
After the resignation of Mar [[Thomas Elavanal]] MCBS from the office of the Eparch of the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of Kalyan, the second session of the xxxiii synod of bishops of the Syro-Malabar Church elected Mar [[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]] as the Eparch of Kalyan on 28th of August 2025. At the same time, the Major Archbishop with the consent of Holy Father Pope [[Leo XIV]] and the decision of the synod of bishops declared the Ecclesiastical Province of Kalyan and raised the Eparchy to the status of Archeparchy. Thus, Mar [[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]] become the first Metropolitan Archbishop of the newly created Archeparchy of Kalyan. On 19th October 2025, the Enthronement service was held at the Cathedral of the Archeparchy of Kalyan. His Beatitude Mar Raphael Thattil installed His Grace Mar Sebastian Vaniyapurackal as its first Metropolitan Archbishop.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church hierarchy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Catholic bishops]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_elections_in_India&diff=481440Local elections in India2025-10-26T14:10:11Z<p>Taj25O2937005: started some stub added tags</p>
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<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
'''Local Body Elections (India)''' are elections conducted to elect local body representatives in India as per the provisions of 73rd amendment of [[Constitution of India]] in [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] of the country. [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election commissions]] conducts these elections as per the procedures laid down in State laws. With one of the largest democracies, India has 3.1 million elected representatives out of which 1.3 million representatives are women in 2,50,000 government bodies.<br />
<br />
== History and Objective ==<br />
<br />
Local Body Elections (India) are conducted periodically in states and union territories of India as per the provision made in Constitution.<ref name="mu2">{{cite news |title=Power to the people—the journey of Panchayati Raj Institutions |url=https://idronline.org/power-to-the-people-the-journey-of-panchayati-raj-institutions/?gclid=CjwKCAiAwKyNBhBfEiwA_mrUMlxl3oD-hDC6qVB9zp2LpgbE0JSh_0hduwDnv5DNRg51e_FqoFN6UxoCSXYQAvD_BwE |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=idronline.org |date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The reasons for forming these local bodies are 1. Decentralisation of process of democracy and 2. Power devolution at local levels. Local Body Elections are conducted by State Election Commission.<ref name="mu7">{{cite news |title=Civic polls should not be held in a way that will benefit a particular party, Cal HC tells State Election Commission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/civic-polls-should-not-be-held-in-a-way-that-will-benefit-a-particular-party-cal-hc-tells-state-election-commission/cid/1841628 |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=4 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="mu9">{{cite news |title=Local body polls in all states must be held before expiry of term, Supreme Court says |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/local-body-polls-in-all-states-must-be-held-before-expiry-of-term-supreme-court-says-1108123.html |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Levels ==<br />
<br />
Local Body Elections (India) are performed at following levels as per the local population:<ref name="mu3">{{cite news |title=Profile - Local Government - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=knowindia.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="mu1">{{cite news |title=Local Body Election Process in India |url=https://www.elections.in/political-corner/process-local-body-elections/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=elections.in |date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="mu6">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Subhash C. |last2=Prabhakar |first2=R. K. |title=A Study of Municipal Council Elections in India: Socioeconomic Background of Women Candidates in Rohtak, Haryana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645613 |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=Asian Survey |date=1997 |pages=918–926 |doi=10.2307/2645613}}</ref><ref name="mu8">{{cite news |title=A fact: We have 3.1 million elected representatives and 1.3 million women representatives |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/do-you-know-there-are-more-than-250000-local-government-bodies-across-india-with-nearly-3-1-million-elected-representatives-and-1-3-million-women-representatives/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=Gaonconnection {{!}} Your Connection with Rural India |date=22 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Elections to Municipal Corporations - With population of more than 5,00,000.<br />
* Municipality Elections - With population of 1,00,000 to 5,00,000.<br />
* Elections to [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] - Village Council or [[gram panchayat]].<br />
* Zila Parishad Elections - Block council clusters.<br />
* Village Panchayat Elections - Village gram panchayat.<br />
* [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] Elections - Block level.<br />
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== Challenges ==<br />
<br />
Following are the challenges faced by Panchayat Raj Institutions or other local governance systems;<ref name="mu4">{{cite news |title=Poll position: On SC order on local body elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/poll-position-on-sc-order-on-local-body-elections/article34077727.ece |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="mu2" /><ref name="mu5">{{cite news |title=GHMC polls: Why do citizens not care about municipal elections? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghmc-polls-why-do-citizens-not-care-about-municipal-elections-138317 |access-date=4 June 2022 |publisher=The News Minute |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Local leaders don't get support from Government.<br />
* No cooperation from institutional organisations like district planning boards created for improvement of planning in local areas due to they being non functional or not prioritising Panchayat Raj Institutions or other local governance systems.<br />
* Restricted efforts on education of elected representatives of Panchayat Raj Institutions or other local governance systems on their constitutional rights with main focus being trainings on government schemes and programmes.<br />
* As the Central and State Governments had created separate organisation structures relating to education, health, and other public services for their implementation, the powers and roles of elected representatives of Panchayat Raj Institutions or other local governance systems have been diluted.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions in India]] <br />
* [[Elections in India]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.example.com www.example.com]<br />
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<!-- Categories --><br />
[[Category:Elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:Elections in India by state or union territory]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishore_Bhimani&diff=510089Kishore Bhimani2025-09-19T22:14:03Z<p>Taj25O2937005: done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian sports journalist (1939–2020)}}<br />
'''Kishore Bhimani''' (28 February 1939 – 15 October 2020) was a veteran sports journalist and cricket commentator.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kishore Bhimani Passes Away, Social Media Pays Tribute to Veteran Sports Journalist and Commentator |url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/kishore-bhimani-passes-away-social-media-pays-tribute-to-veteran-sports-journalist-and-commentator/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=ZEE5 News |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He continued sports journalism for nearly four decades. According to veteran cricketer [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] "he was one of the good Old Fashioned Crkt writer who took Crkt writings like a player who takes to playing".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Veteran sports journalist and commentator Kishore Bhimani passes away|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/veteran-sports-journalist-and-commentator-kishore-bhimani-passes-away-8917801.html|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Bhimani went to England to study at London School Of Economics in the 1960s.<ref name="Bhimani vs Bhimani">{{cite news |title=Bhimani vs Bhimani! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhimani-vs-bhimani/cid/1667805 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=19 October 2020}}</ref> He completed his graduation from there, prior to which he was a contestant on the first ever series of ''[[University Challenge]]''.<ref name="kolkatatv">{{cite news |title=কিশোর ভিমানি চলে গেলেন, আর একটা কিশোর ভিমানি হবে না |url=https://www.kolkatatv.org/news-details/22714 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=Kolkata Tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blanchflower.org/uc/uc63.html|title=University Challenge, 1962-3}}</ref><br />
Bhimani was married to Rita and couple have a son Goutam who is a cricket commentator.<ref name="Bhimani vs Bhimani"/> His brother [[Harish Bhimani]] is a famous voiceover artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/kishore-bhimani-veteran-journalist-cricket-commentator-passes-away-97380.html|title = Kishore Bhimani veteran journalist passes away| date=15 October 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Bhimani had worked for The Statesman, English newspaper as a columnist. He had worked as a commentator at Akashbani and Doordarshan.<ref name="kolkatatv"/> Bhimani was most recognised English voice in 1980s.<ref name="Veteran sports journalist">{{cite news |title=Veteran sports journalist, cricket commentator Kishore Bhimani dies |url=https://thebridge.in/cricket/veteran-sports-journalist-cricket-commentator-kishore-bhimani-dies/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=The Bridge |date=15 October 2020}}</ref><br />
From 1978 to 1980 Bhimani was the president of [[Calcutta Sports Journalists Club]].<ref name="Veteran sports journalist"/><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Bhimani was admitted in a private hospital at [[Kolkata]] for a month. He died on 15 October 2020 at Woodland Nursing home at Kolkata due to [[COVID-19]] infection.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket Commentator Kishore Bhimani dies due to Corona |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/journalist-and-commentator-kishore-bhimani-died-due-to-corona-sc82-nu764-ta294-1124049-1.html |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=News Track |date=15 October 2020 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Book==<br />
Books include:<br />
# ''Director's special book of cricket'', first published in 1992 {{ISBN|81-7023-507-3}}<br />
# ''The Accidental Godman''',<ref name="Award"/> first published in 2012 {{ISBN|9789381506134}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Bhimani had received H&G Clinic Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Kishore Bhimani: Renowned sports journalist and commentator Kishore Bhimani passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/renowned-sports-journalist-and-commentator-kishore-bhimani-passes-away/articleshow/78678097.cms |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> by former Indian cricketer [[Ravi Shastri]] for his outstanding contribution in media and sports commentary.<ref name="Award">{{cite news |title=Journo Kishore Bhimani Gets Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/journo-kishore-bhimani-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/796634 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=27 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimani, Kishore}}<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]<br />
[[Category:1939 births]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sports commentators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belha_Devi_Temple&diff=463394Belha Devi Temple2025-07-20T15:26:12Z<p>Taj25O2937005: slightly rework information based on references after review</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
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{{Infobox Mandir<br />
| name = Belha Devi Mandir<br />
| image = Belha Devi Temple Pratapgarh.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Belha Devi Temple<br />
| map_type =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25|56|02|N|82|00|07|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]<br />
| locale = [[Awadh]]<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| deity = Goddess Belha Mata<br />
| festivals= [[Navratri]]<br />
| architecture =<br />
| temple_quantity =<br />
| monument_quantity=<br />
| inscriptions =<br />
| year_completed = 18th century<br />
| creator =<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.BelhaDevi.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Belha Devi Temple, Pratapgarh.jpg|thumb|Belha Devi Temple, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
'''Belha Devi Temple''' ([[Hindi]]: बेल्हा देवी मंदिर) is an old [[Hindu]] temple in the city of [[Bela Pratapgarh|Bela]] [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belha devi Temple: प्रतापगढ़ में मौजूद बेल्हा देवी का चमत्कारी मंदिर, त्रेता युग में भगवान राम ने भी की थी पूजा-अर्चना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-belha-devi-temple-in-pratapgarh-is-miraculous-lord-rama-also-worshiped-in-treta-yuga-know-details-7236065.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> dedicated to the goddess Belha, the local incarnation of the Devi (Mother Goddess).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-11 |title=अद्भुत है यह मंदिर, देवी मां के इस अद्भुत धाम में सच्चे मन से मांगी गई मुरादें होती है पूरी {{!}} Belha devi mandir pratapgarh in uttar pradesh |url=https://www.patrika.com/temples/belha-devi-mandir-pratapgarh-in-uttar-pradesh-3694927/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
Belha Devi Temple is another [[Shakti]] temple situated in Pratapgarh district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. The name of the city Bela (now called [[Bela Pratapgarh]] or [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]) is derived from Maa Belha Devi. This temple is dedicated to city's patron Goddess Belha Bhavani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Navratri 2023 : देश के 51 शक्तिपीठों में से एक है "बेल्हा माई" का मंदिर, वनगमन के दौरान प्रभु राम ने की पूजा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/uttar-pradesh-prayagraj-temple-of-belha-mai-is-one-of-51-shaktipeeths-of-country-lord-ram-worshiped-during-exile-5691433.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mata Belha Devi Temple at Pratapgarh is a symbol of [[Hindu culture]] and faith. The [[shrine]] located on the bank of [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]] is an epitome of age old tradition of Shakti worship in northern India. Belha Devi being the abode of [[Shiva]] and his consort ’shakti’ became centre of shakti worship.<br />
<br />
However, the present temple which stands a witness to the exciting past of the Pratapgarh region is about two hundred years old. The archeological treasures unearthed from [[Uttar Pradesh]] region throw eloquent light on the history and culture of the area from the prehistoric to the recent times. Although owing to the onslaught of times and climes many tangible realities of the cultural manifestations of the region have been lost in the oblivion, yet there are certain things which never die out. One such reality is the Belha Devi Shrine and the tradition of [[shaktism]] practised in this part of the country, where the past has been rejuvenated for sustaining one of the living traditions of shaktism in [[India]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Raja Pratap Bhahadur Singh of [[Awadh]] constructed the present main temple of Shri Belha Devi, which is situated on the bank of [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]] in District Pratapgarh, during the period 1811–15.<br />
<br />
This temple had the patronage of Awadh State. The raja of Pratapgarh appointed pujari as "Pujari Name" of this temple whose duty was to worship the [[deity]] of the temple. After the merger of princely State into district these pujaris became independent on the matter of controlling and managing the affairs of the temple and the land attached to the temple. They are maintaining this temple and providing necessary facilities to the visiting devotees and thus the condition of the temple progressed day by day. So much so that there were proper arrangements for [[pilgrim]]s visiting the temple during [[Navaratri|Navaratra]] melas.<br />
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== About the deity ==<br />
In the sanctum sanctorum Belha Devi is worshiped in the form of [[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|pindi]] (stone pebbles). Originally the pindis were only worshiped by the devotees. However, in modern times a marble bust of the deity was got sculpted for giving an attractive human look (form) to the deity. The [[Goddess]] is beautifully decorated with [[crow]]n and other ornaments.<br />
<br />
In the sanctorum the Devi is worshiped in its anthropomorphic form sculpted on marble. The bust is enshrined in a silver-plated small vaulted shrine showing a beautiful decoration of silver embossing works throughout the body of the miniature vaulted shrine. Here also the pindi (stone) is worshiped along with the marble bust.<br />
<br />
== Darshan timing ==<br />
The temple remains open from 4am to 10pm in the summer and from 5am to 9pm in the winter. Everybody can have Darshan during this period by entering from main gate. There is a separate gate for exit. Red Stone Pavement of size 75’ × 105’ has been provided in front of Shakti Dhwaj where devotees wait for their turn. Brass railing from Shakti Dhwaj to Ardh Mandap has been laid so that devotees may enter the temple in two queues and have easy Darshan without any difficulty of rush. The devotees are allowed to bring packed prashad in the mandir. The Prashad so offered by the devotees is placed in the feet of the deity and returned to the devotees. Offering in kind is poured in the Dan Pater placed in front of each temple.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Chauharjan Devi Temple|Chauharjan Devi]] (Maa Barahi Devi Dham)<br />
*[[Nandmahar Dham]]<br />
*<br />
*[[Mata Mawai Dham]]<br />
*[[Jwaladevi Temple]]<br />
*[[Ghuisarnath Temple]]<br />
*[[Chandikan Devi Temple]]<br />
*[[Lodi Baba Mandir]]<br />
*<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}} (This website's domain has been Expired) website is unavailable.<br />
* [https://pratapgarh.nic.in/tourist-place/bela-devi/ Official Webpage] in Pratapgarh District Website<br />
* [https://pratapgarh.nic.in/ Pratapgarh (District in Utter Pradesh) Website]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Pratapgarh district}}<br />
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Allahabad division topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratapgarh District, Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chunabhatti&diff=445394Chunabhatti2025-06-24T17:44:14Z<p>Taj25O2937005: redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Sion, Mumbai]]<br />
{{R with history}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhinyad,_Barmer&diff=491190Bhinyad, Barmer2025-04-06T13:12:55Z<p>Taj25O2937005: added new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bhinyad<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|20|N|71|28|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 2,097<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] Rajasthani<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 344701<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 02987<br />
| registration_plate = RJ-04<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Barmer, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 85%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = Barmer<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = Sheo<br />
| website = mybhinyad.com<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = Bhiyad (भियाड़)<br />
| area_total_ha = 2421<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhinyad''' is a village located 82&nbsp;km north of [[Barmer, Rajasthan]], India, on the [[Ramdevara]] road. It has ten [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] and boasts a population of 2,097 according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Barmer district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]<br />
<br />
{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unnat_Jyoti_by_Affordable_LEDs_for_All&diff=461644Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All2025-02-16T05:54:59Z<p>Taj25O2937005: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian efficient LED lighting distribution project}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox project<br />
| name = Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All<br />
| abbreviation = UJALA<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = India<br />
| ministry = [[Ministry of Power (India)|MoP]]<br />
| key_people = [[Raj Kumar Singh]]<br />
| launched = {{Start date and age|2015|1|5|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1598481|title=Government of India's UJALA & Street Lighting National Programme Complete Five Successful yearso f Illuminating India}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.ujala.gov.in}}<br />
| current_status = Active <br />
}}<br />
'''Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All''' (UJALA)<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=http://www.ujala.gov.in/documents/about-ujala.pdf |title=About UJALA |website=ujala.gov.in |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213180344/http://www.ujala.gov.in/documents/about-ujala.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a project to distribute efficient LED lighting, launched by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 5 Jan 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1598481|title=Government of India's UJALA & Street Lighting National Programme Complete Five Successful yearso f Illuminating India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eeslindia.org/en/ourujala/|title = UJALA – Energy Efficiency Services Limited}}</ref> The project is spearheaded by the [[Energy Efficiency Services Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eeslindia.org/en/ourujala/|title = UJALA – Energy Efficiency Services Limited}}</ref> In non-subsidized [[LED lamp]] distribution projects, this program is considered the world's largest.<ref name="ECOT">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/over-25-crore-led-bulbs-distributed-under-ujala-scheme-eesl/articleshow/59635515.cms |title=UJALA scheme: Over 25 crore LED bulbs distributed under UJALA scheme: EESL – The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date= 3 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/himachal-promotes-energy-efficiency-launches-ujala-scheme-1365684.html |title=Himachal Promotes Energy Efficiency, Launches 'Ujala' Scheme – News18 |newspaper=News18.com |date=29 March 2017 |access-date= 3 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="DP">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/75l-led-bulbs-distributed-so-far-under-ujala-scheme-govt.html |title=75L LED bulbs distributed so far under UJALA scheme: Govt |newspaper=Dailypioneer.com |access-date= 3 January 2018}}</ref> In May 2017, the [[Government of India]] announced that they were expanding the LED distribution project to the United Kingdom.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ujala-to-light-up-uk-homes/articleshow/58664603.cms |title=India's 'Ujala' to light up UK homes |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 May 2017 |access-date= 3 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Energy Conservation Building Code]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Government Schemes in India}}<br />
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy conservation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Power (India)]]<br />
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caespititia&diff=492885Carex caespititia2024-03-27T22:45:44Z<p>Taj25O2937005: Adding A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of sedge}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| genus = Carex<br />
| species = caespititia<br />
| authority = [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Carex caespititia''''', also known as '''cong sheng tai cao''',<ref name=trop>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50272960|title=''Carex caespititia'' Nees|accessdate=6 October 2022|work=Tropicos|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|year=2022}}</ref> is a [[Bunch grass|tussock]]-forming species of perennial [[Carex|sedge]] in the family [[Cyperaceae]]. It is native to parts of [[Asia]] from [[Assam]] in northern [[India]] in the west to central [[China]] in the east.<ref name=kew>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:298994-1|title=''Carex caespititia'' Nees |access-date=3 September 2022 |publisher=Kew Science – Plants of the World Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
The sedge has a long [[rhizome]] and slender [[culm (botany)|culms]] with a triangular cross-section that are {{cvt|15|to|20|cm}} that have a rough texture above. The green leaves are usually shorter than the culms and have a linear blade with a width of {{cvt|3|to|4|mm}} with rough margins.<ref name=wfo>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000345218|title=''Carex caespititia'' Nees|accessdate=6 October 2022|publisher=[[World Flora Online]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The species was first described by the botanist [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]] in 1834 as a part of the [[Robert Wight]] work ''Contributions to the Botany of India''.<ref name=trop/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Carex species|List of ''Carex'' species]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q939595}}<br />
[[Category:Carex|caespititia]]<br />
[[Category:Plants described in 1834]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of China]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]<br />
{{Carex-stub}}</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_India/Newsletter/Members/test&diff=545298Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Newsletter/Members/test2024-03-05T22:07:40Z<p>Taj25O2937005: </p>
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[[Category:WikiProject India newsletters]]</div>Taj25O2937005https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand&diff=512349List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand2024-02-09T20:19:41Z<p>Taj25O2937005: starting location</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
This is a list of [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name<br />
!Location<br />
!Deity/ies worshipped<br />
!Image<br />
|-<br />
|[[Binsar Mahadev]]<br />
|[[Thalisain]], Uttarakhand<br />
|[[Shiva]]<br />
|[[File:Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple with carved monolithic pillars.jpg|thumb|94x94px|left]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tarkeshwar Mahadev]]<br />
|[[Lansdowne, Garhwal|Lansdowne]], Uttarakhand<br />
|Shiva<br />
|[[File:Enterance in tarkeshwar temple.JPG|left|thumb|93x93px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Golu Devata]]<br />
|[[Almora district|Almora]], Uttarakhand<br />
|Shiva<br />
|[[File:Golu Devta Hawalbagh Almora.jpg|left|thumb|100x100px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jageshwar|Jageshwar Mandir]]<br />
|Almora, Uttarakhand<br />
|[[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]]<br />
|[[File:Jageshwar Mandir.jpg|left|thumb|116x116px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Badrinath Temple]]<br />
|[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], Uttarakhand<br />
|Vishnu<br />
|[[File:Badrinath Temple, Uttarakhand (Photo- Vishwanath Negi).jpg|left|thumb|114x114px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kedarnath Temple]]<br />
|[[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]], Uttarakhand<br />
|Shiva<br />
|[[File:Kedarnath Temple.jpg|left|thumb|125x125px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yamunotri|Yamunotri Temple]]<br />
|[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]], Uttarakhand<br />
|Shiva<br />
|[[File:Surya kund 06.jpg|left|thumb|124x124px]]<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand| ]]</div>Taj25O2937005