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1st Telangana Assembly

2026-05-07T10:40:02Z

TabathaLea97053:

{{Short description|1st Legislature of Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = First Telangana Legislative Assembly
| before = [[13th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]]
| after = [[2nd Telangana Assembly]]
| image = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.jpg
| image_size =
| body = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = Assembly Building, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2014|07|9|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|2015|09|06|df=y}}
| election = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = {{Party index link|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| opposition = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| website =
| membership1 = 119
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image = Telangana Assembly 2014.svg
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_image_caption = '''[[Government of Telangana|Government]] (88)'''
:{{Party index link|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} (88)
'''Official Opposition (16)'''
:{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} (16)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other Opposition]] (15)'''
:{{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} (7)
:{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (5)
:{{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}} (15)
:{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} (1)
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[S. Madhusudhana Chary]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Padma Devender Reddy]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]
}}

The '''First Legislative Assembly''' of Telangana was constituted after the 2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly elections which were held on 30 April 2014 and the results were announced on 16 May 2014, with [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] from [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] taking oath as the 1st Chief Minister of Telangana on 2 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-02 |title=Telangana is born as 29th state, K Chandrasekhar Rao takes oath as first CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-is-born-as-29th-state-k-chandrasekhar-rao-takes-oath-as-first-cm/articleshow/35939720.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Composition ==

=== Presiding officers ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ As of December 2018
|-
!Designation
!Name
|-
|[[List of Governors of Telangana|Governor]]
|[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[S. Madhusudhana Chary]]<br/>{{small|([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])}}
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|[[Padma Devender Reddy]]<br/>{{small|([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])}}
|-
|[[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Leader of the House]]
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br/>{{small|([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])}}
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]<br/>{{small|([[Indian National Congress|INC]])}}
|}

=== Members ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2 colspan="2" | Party
!colspan=2 |Members
|-
!May 2014
!December 2018
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 63
|style="text-align: center;" | 88
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 21
|style="text-align: center;" | 16
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 15
|style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 7
|style="text-align: center;" | 7
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 5
|style="text-align: center;" | 5
|-
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 3
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 2
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|-
!colspan="2" | '''Total'''
!colspan=2 |119
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Koneru Konappa]]
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from BSP to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-25 |title=KCR adds to party tally with both BSP MLAs joining TRS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kcr-adds-to-party-tally-with-both-bsp-mlas-joining-trs-198261-2014-06-25 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
|[[Nallala Odelu]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]] (SC)
|[[Durgam Chinnaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|[[Nadipelli Diwakar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]] (ST)
|[[Kova Laxmi]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|[[Ajmeera Rekha]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath (ST)]]
|[[Rathod Bapu Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| Defected from BSP to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-25 |title=KCR adds to party tally with both BSP MLAs joining TRS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kcr-adds-to-party-tally-with-both-bsp-mlas-joining-trs-198261-2014-06-25 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gaddigari Vittal Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-06 |title=Lone Congress MLA from Adilabad Vittal Reddy joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Lone-Congress-MLA-from-Adilabad-Vittal-Reddy-joins-TRS/article60090015.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|[[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[Shakil Aamir Mohammed]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
|[[Hanmanth Shinde]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
| [[Gampa Govardhan]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban)]]
|Bigala Ganesh
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|Baji Reddy Goverdhan
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
|[[Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|[[Somarapu Satyanarayana]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|Putta Madhukar
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]
|[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Gangula Kamalakar]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] (SC)
|[[Bodige Shobha]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|[[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] (SC)
|[[Rasamayi Balakishan]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|Vodithela Sathish Kumar
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Medak district|Medak]]
|33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
||[[Padma Devender Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |35
| rowspan="2" |[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|[[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Died on 25 August 2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-26 |title=Thousands bid adieu to Kishta Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/thousands-bid-adieu-to-kishta-reddy/article7585088.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|Won By-election<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-17 |title=Juggernaut TRS' Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy wins Narayankhed bypoll |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/170216/juggernaut-trs-mahareddy-bhupal-reddy-wins-narayankhed-by-poll.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
|[[Babu Mohan]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[Chilumula Madan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]] (SC)
|[[J. Geeta Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|[[Chinta Prabhakar]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|40
|[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|[[Solipeta Ramalinga Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[Chief Minister of Telangana]]
|-
| rowspan="21" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|M. Sudheer Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[C. Kanaka Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |45
| rowspan="2" |[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. P. Vivekanand Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Telangana TDP MLA joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/telangana-tdp-mla-joins-trs/article64229789.ece |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-09 |title=TDP suffers fresh setback in Telangana, MLA KP Vivekananda Goud joins TRS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tdp-suffers-fresh-setback-in-telangana-mla-kp-vivekananda-goud-joins-trs/articleshow/50915366.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |46
| rowspan="2" |[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhavaram Krishna Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-31 |title=Blow to TDP as another MLA joins TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/blow-to-tdp-as-another-mla-joins-trs/articleshow/47485742.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Krishna Rao joins TRS |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-05-31/Krishna-Rao-joins-TRS/154383 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|[[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |48
| rowspan="2" |[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manchireddy Kishan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-22 |title=Ibrahimpatnam TDP MLA to join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ibrahimpatnam-tdp-mla-to-join-trs/article7129970.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-22 |title=TD MLA to join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/td-mla-to-join-trs/article7132142.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|L. B. Nagar]]
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|50
|rowspan=2|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|rowspan=2|[[Teegala Krishna Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2|Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-09 |title=Blow to TDP as four MLAs, MLC join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Blow-to-TDP-as-four-MLAs-MLC-join-TRS/article60394763.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Change of colors: Qutbullapur MLA K P Vivekananda Goud joins TRS |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/change-colors-qutbullapur-mla-k-p-vivekananda-goud-joins-trs-38740 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|rowspan=2|51
|rowspan=2|[[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency|Rajendranagar]]
|rowspan=2|[[T. Prakash Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2|Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-10 |title=Another blow to TDP as Errabelli, Prakash Goud cross over to TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/another-blow-to-tdp-as-errabelli-prakash-goud-cross-over-to-trs/article8221820.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-11 |title=Telangana TDP gets biggest shock yet; floor leader and MLA join TRS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110216/telangana-telugu-desam-gets-biggest-shock-yet.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|rowspan=2|52
|rowspan=2|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|rowspan=2|[[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2|Defected from TDP to TRS<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-09 |title=Two More TDP MLAs to Join TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Mar/09/two-more-tdp-mlas-to-join-trs-901574.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |53
| rowspan="2" |[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Kale Yadaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Rivals face off again but switch parties |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/151118/rivals-face-off-again-but-switch-parties.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] (SC)
|B. Sanjeeva Rao
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|[[P. Mahender Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="18" |Hyderabad
|57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[K. Laxman]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala|Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[Chintala Ramachandra Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |61
| rowspan="2" |[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maganti Gopinath]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |62
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| Defected from TDP to TRS
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|[[Jaffer Hussain]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|[[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|65
|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|[[T. Raja Singh]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Telangana politician)|Mumtaz Ahmed Khan]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|[[Mohammad Moazam Khan]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|rowspan=2|71
|rowspan=2|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" | [[G. Sayanna]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-04 |title=TDP MLA, Congress MLC join TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-mla-congress-mlc-join-trs/articleshow/50035892.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="17" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
| rowspan="2" |72
| rowspan="2" |[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Revanth Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to INC<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-31 |title=Revanth Reddy, former Telangana TDP leader, joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/revanth-reddy-former-telangana-tdp-leader-joins-congress/article19956467.ece |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-29 |title=Revanth Reddy to join Congress on Oct 31 in presence of Rahul Gandhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/revanth-reddy-to-join-congress-on-oct-31-in-presence-of-rahul-gandhi/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |73
| rowspan="2" |[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
| rowspan="2" |S. Rajender Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-16 |title=Another TDP MLA joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/another-tdp-mla-joins-trs/article8246665.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[V. Srinivas Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|C. Laxma Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|Alla Venkateshwar Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |77
| rowspan="2" |[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
| rowspan="2" |Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-03 |title=Congress MLA joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/congress-mla-joins-trs/article8553736.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[G. Chinna Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]] (SC)
|S. A. Sampath Kumar
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|Marri Janardhan Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
|[[Guvvala Balaraju]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|[[Yelganamoni Anjaiah Yadav]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| rowspan="2" |86
| rowspan="2" |[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramavath Ravindra Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from CPI to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawmaker And 2 Legislators Join Ruling TRS In Telangana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/lawmaker-and-2-legislators-join-ruling-trs-in-telangana-1419431 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |88
| rowspan="2" |[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nallamothu Bhaskar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-14 |title=Exodus continues: Congress MP, MLA, 2 others to join TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/exodus-continues-congress-mp-mla-2-others-to-join-trs/articleshow/52739267.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[N. Padmavathi Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Kusukuntla Prabhakar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Pailla Shekar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|95
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]] (SC)
|[[Vemula Veeresham]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi]] (SC)
|[[Gadari Kishore|Gadari Kishore Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[Gongidi Suntiha]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur (Station)]] (SC)
|[[T. Rajaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br><small> (Until Jan 2015)</small>
|-
|rowspan=2 |100
|rowspan=2 |[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=Errabelli Formally Joins TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Feb/26/errabelli-formally-joins-trs-897008.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |101
| rowspan="2" |[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |D. S. Redya Naik
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-04 |title=Congress MLA Redya Naik, daughter join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/congress-mla-redya-naik-daughter-join-trs/article6564413.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|[[Banoth Shankar Nayak]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |103
| rowspan="2" |[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Donthi Madhava Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| rowspan="2" |Joined INC<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Know Your MLA: With a rebellious streak |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/know-your-mla-with-a-rebellious-streak-900193 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |104
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
| rowspan="2" |Challa Dharma Reddy
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TDP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-09 |title=TDP MLA joins TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/TDP-MLA-joins-TRS/article60346235.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|[[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |106
| rowspan="2" |[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Konda Surekha]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from TRS to INC<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-26 |title=Konda couple join Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/konda-couple-join-congress/article25051556.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]] (SC)
|Aroori Ramesh
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|[[S. Madhusudhana Chary]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|-
|109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|[[Azmeera Chandulal]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="17" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| rowspan="2" |110
| rowspan="2" |[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| {{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from YSRCP to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-07 |title=Jagan's lone MP in Telangana joins TRS |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/4466-jagan-s-lone-mp-telangana-joins-trs |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-03 |title=Miffed with Jagan, Khammam MP and MLA to Join TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/May/03/miffed-with-jagan-khammam-mp-and-mla-to-join-trs-932177.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |111
| rowspan="2" |[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Koram Kanakaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-01 |title=Congress MLA to join Telangana Rashtriya Samiti |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140901/nation-politics/article/congress-mla-join-telangana-rashtriya-samiti |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |112
| rowspan="2" |[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Puvvada Ajay Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from INC to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-24 |title=Khammam MLA quits Congress; to join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/khammam-mla-quits-congress-to-join-trs/article8518329.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=Congress legislators join TRS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/260416/congress-legislators-join-trs.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |113
| rowspan="2" |[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|Ramireddy Venkata Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Died on 4 March 2016<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-04 |title=Cong. MLA R. Venkat Reddy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cong-mla-rvenkat-reddy-passes-away/article8314396.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|Won By-election<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-19 |title=Palair Assembly bypolls: Telangana Rashtra Samiti wrests seat from Congress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/palair-assembly-bypolls-telangana-rashtra-samiti-wrests-seat-from-congress/articleshow/52343648.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br>[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |115
| rowspan="2" |[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Banoth Madanlal]]
| {{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from YSRCP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-01 |title=Wyra, Yellendu MLAs leave for Hyderabad amid fanfare to join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/article60361293.ece |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]] (SC)
|[[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Kothagudem (Assembly constituency)|Kothagudem]]
|[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |118
| rowspan="2" |[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |Thati Venkateswarlu
| {{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Defected from YSRCP to TRS<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-05 |title=YSR Congress MLA from Aswaraopeta in Khammam district T Venkateswarulu resign to the party. He is likely to join the ruling TRS shortly. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ysr-congress-mla-from-aswaraopeta-in-khammam-district-t-venkateswarulu-resign-to-the-party-he-is-likely-to-join-the-ruling-trs-shortly-/articleshow/45762622.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|[[Sunnam Rajaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018| ]]

Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-27T08:06:22Z

TabathaLea97053: New new details!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Muzaffarnagar <Br>{{Small|UP-3}}
|established = 1952
|reservation = None
|party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|incumbent_image =
|mla = [[Harendra Singh Malik]]
| map_alt = Harendra Malik
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Muzaffarnagar.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| preceded_by=[[Sanjeev Kumar Balyan]], [[File: Sanjeev Kumar Balyan.jpg|20px]][[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| electors = 18,17,472<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
|assembly_cons = [[Budhana Assembly constituency|Budhana]]<br />[[Charthawal Assembly constituency|Charthawal]]<br />[[Muzaffarnagar Assembly constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]<br />[[Khatauli Assembly constituency|Khatauli]]<br />[[Sardhana Assembly constituency|Sardhana]]
}}
'''Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|mʊzəfːəɾ.nəgəɾ}}, {{IPA|hi|mʊd͡ʒəp.pʰəɾ.nəgəɾ|also}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Assembly segments ==
Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-3-Muzaffarnagar |url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/003_PC_Statistics_English.aspx |access-date=2 March 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|11
|[[Budhana Assembly constituency|Budhana]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|12
|[[Charthawal Assembly constituency|Charthawal]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|14
|[[Muzaffarnagar Assembly constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Kapil Dev Aggarwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|15
|[[Khatauli Assembly constituency|Khatauli]]
|[[Madan Singh Kasana]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
|44
|[[Sardhana Assembly constituency|Sardhana]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|[[Atul Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Hira Vallabh Tripathi]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Sunder Lal]]
|-
|[[Ajit Prasad Jain ]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sumat Prasad]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Latafat Ali Khan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Vijai Pal Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Saeed Murtaza]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Ghayoor Ali Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Dharamvir Singh Tyagi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Naresh Kumar Balyan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sohanveer Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[S. Saiduzzaman]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Munawwar Hasan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Kadir Rana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjeev Balyan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Harendra Singh Malik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|}

{{Pie chart
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (5 terms)
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (5 terms)
| label3 = [[Samajwadi Party |'''SP''']] (2 terms)
| label4 = [[Communist Party of India |'''CPI''']] (2 terms)
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 terms)
| label6 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 terms)
| label7 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (1 terms)
| label8 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JP(S)''']] (1 terms)
| value2 = 27.77
| value1 = 27.77
| value3 = 11.11
| value4 = 11.11
| value5 = 5.55
| value6 = 5.55
| value7 = 5.55
| value8 = 5.55
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color3 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| color4 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color6 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color7 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| color8 = {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|caption = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] are Most successful political parties in Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha elections
}}

== Elections results ==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Muzaffarnagar]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Muzaffarnagar Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/muzaffarnagar-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S243.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Harendra Singh Malik]]|votes=4,70,721|percentage=43.64|change=new}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sanjeev Balyan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,46,049| percentage=41.35|change={{down}}7.99}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dara Singh Prajapati|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,43,707|percentage=13.32|change={{up}}13.32}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,916|percentage=0.36|change={{down}}0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 24,672
|percentage = 2.29
|change = {{up}}1.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,78,669|percentage=59.35|change={{decrease}}8.85}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =18,17,322 |ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

'''Legislative Assembly Wise Results'''
{| class="wikitable sortable imitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Assembly !! 1st Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! 2nd Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! 3rd Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Margin
|-
| 11 || Budhana || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Harendra Singh Malik]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || 1,16,151 || 42.56% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Sanjeev Balyan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] || 1,00,075 || 31.86% || style="background: #FF9999;" | Dara Singh Prajapati || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || 20,288 || 19.81% || {{increase}} 16,076
|-
| 12 || Charthawal || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Harendra Singh Malik]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || 95,766 || 41.07% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Sanjeev Balyan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] || 82,085 || 34.77% ||style="background: #FF9999;" | Dara Singh Prajapati || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || 30,308 || 22.73% || {{increase}} 13,681
|-
| 44 || Sardhana || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Harendra Singh Malik]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || 80,826 || 37.67% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Sanjeev Balyan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] || 80,781 || 37.66% ||style="background: #FF9999;" | Dara Singh Prajapati || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || 37,756 || 26.69% || {{increase}} 45
|-
| 14 || Sadar || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Sanjeev Balyan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 97,401 || 40.86% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Harendra Singh Malik]] || [[Samajwadi Party |SP]] || 96,600 || 39.84% ||style="background: #FF9999;" | Dara Singh Prajapati || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || 17,570 || 16.54% || {{decrease}} 801
|-
| 15 || Khatauli|| style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Sanjeev Balyan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 83,473 || 36.56% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Harendra Singh Malik]] || [[Samajwadi Party |SP]] || 80,461 || 34.70% ||style="background: #FF9999;" | Dara Singh Prajapati || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || 37,401 || 25.60% || {{decrease}} 3012
|}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Muzaffarnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanjeev Balyan|Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan]]|votes=5,73,780|percentage=49.39|change={{decrease}}9.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]]|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|votes=5,67,254|percentage=48.83|change={{increase}}48.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,110|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,526|percentage=0.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,60,071|percentage=68.32|change={{decrease}}1.4}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}9.64}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Muzaffarnagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate='''[[Sanjeev Balyan|Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan]]'''|votes='''6,53,391'''|percentage='''58.98'''|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Kadir Rana]]|votes=2,52,241|percentage=22.77|change={{decrease}}14.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Choudhary Virender Singh]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,60,810|percentage=14.52|change={{increase}}0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pankaj Agarwal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=12,937|percentage=1.17|change={{decrease}}8.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,739|percentage=0.43|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4,01,150
|percentage = 36.21
|change = {{increase}}33.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,07,765|percentage=69.74|change={{increase}}15.37}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = {{increase}}51.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Muzaffarnagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate='''[[Kadir Rana]]'''|votes='''2,75,318'''|percentage='''36.96'''|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=[[Anuradha Choudhary|Anuradha Chaudhary]]|votes=2,54,720|percentage=34.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sangeet Singh Som|Thakur Sangeet Singh Som]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,06,667|percentage=14.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Harendra Singh Malik]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=73,848|percentage=9.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Aziz Ansari|party=Peace Party of India|votes=6,537|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 20,598
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,45,001|percentage=54.37|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Muzaffarnagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Saharanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|29.5|77.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]

Kalicharan Singh

2026-04-25T03:34:05Z

TabathaLea97053: created the bio w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalicharan Singh
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Sunil Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Sunil Kumar Singh]]
| constituency = [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|
| image_size = 180
| image =
}}
'''Kalicharan Singh''' ({{IPA|hi|kaːliːt͡ʃəɾəɳ sɪŋgʱ}}), also known as '''Kali Singh''', is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S274.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chatra, Jharkhand Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Kali Charan Singh Triumphs by 125901 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/chatra-jharkhand-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548119-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chatra election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Kalicharan Singh wins against Congress's Krishna Nand Tripathi with a margin of 220959 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chatra-election-results-2024-jharkhand-chatra-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-kalicharan-singh-bjp-krishna-nand-tripathi-cong/articleshow/110674917.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Position held==
Kalicharan Singh is a resident of Sonbigha village near Hunterganj Chatra District. He has been serving as a Member of the Committee on Coal, Mines, and Steel since 26 September 2024. He is also actively engaged in social and cultural activities, serving as the Patron of Roti Bank Chatra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5618?from=members |title=Profile: Kalicharan Singh |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kalicharan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation

2026-04-19T20:56:22Z

TabathaLea97053:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Vasai-Virar, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation]]
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| native_name = ''Vasaī-Virāra Śahara Mahānagarapālikā''
| native_name_lang = marathi
| coa_pic =
| term_limits = 5 Years
| foundation = {{start date and age|2010|07|03|df=y|p=y}}
| leader1 = Ajiv Patil
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| party1 = [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Marshal Lopes
| party2 = [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader3 = Manoj Suryavanshi
| seats = 115
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Vasai Virar City Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (71)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}}} [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]] (70)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''Opposition (44)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (43)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{URL|http://vvcmc.in}} <br />
}}

'''Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation (VVCMC)''' is the civic body that governs areas and villages in [[Vasai-Virar]] taluka in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] comprising the most populated part of [[Palghar district]]. According to the 2011 census, it is the fifth largest city in Maharashtra with a population of more than 1.3 million. The city is located 50 km north of Mumbai, on the north bank of [[Vasai Creek]], part of the estuary of the [[Ulhas River]]. It was formed on 3 July 2010 by combining four municipal councils and 53 ''gram panchayats''.

== City Areas & Towns under VVCMC ==

*'''City under VVCMC''':<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessanitation.org/fileadmin/accessanitation/Presentation/Final_conference/8_May_2013/5.1_CitySanPlan_MUN_CORP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210170344/http://www.accessanitation.org/fileadmin/accessanitation/Presentation/Final_conference/8_May_2013/5.1_CitySanPlan_MUN_CORP.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 December 2013|title=Vital Ingredients for Getting Beautifully Written Essays}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=8em}}
# Virar
#Nalasopara
# Vasai
# Naigaon
{{div col end}}

*'''Towns under VVMC''':<ref name=":2"/>
# Virar Nagar Parishad
# Nallasopara Nagar Parishad
# Vasai Nagar Parishad

49 Coastal Villages are considered as excluded from the VVCMC administration

{{Div col|colwidth=8em}}

{{div col end}}

==List of Mayor==
The '''Mayor of Vasai-Virar''' is the first citizen of the Indian city of Vasai-Virar. This person is the chief of the [[Vasai Virar Municipal Corporation]] of Vasai-Virar region, but the role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the post of the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] currently held by D. Gangadhar. The Mayor also plays a functional role in deliberating over the discussions in the Corporation.

Rajeev Patil alias ''Nana'' first held this post after creation. Other local leaders like Praveena Thakur, wife of four time member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] Hitendra Thakur of [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]] and Narayan Mankar of the same party have held this post amongst others.

=== Mayors of Vasai-Virar ===
*28 March 2010 – 4 January 2012 : Shri. Rajeev Patil
*5 January 2012 – 28 June 2015: Shri. Narayan Mankar
*29 June 2015 – 28 December 2017: Sau. Pravina Thakur
*29 December 2017 – 25 July 2019: Shri. Rupesh Jadhav
*26 July 2019 – 22 August 2019: Shri. Narayan Mankar
*23 August 2019 – 28 June 2020: Shri. Pravin Shetty
*3 Feb 2026 - Present: Shri. Ajiv Patil

==List of Deputy Mayor==
*1st Deputy Mayor: Sagir Ahmed Dange, First Muslim Deputy Mayor in VVCMC
*4th Deputy Mayor: Prakash Rodrigues, First Roman Catholic Deputy Mayor in VVCMC
*5th Deputy Mayor: Marshal Dominic Lopes(3rd Feb 2026 - Present), Second Roman Catholic Deputy Mayor in VVCMC

== Services ==
The VVMC is responsible for aiding in prevention of epidemic outbreaks through mass production of medicines, Cemeteries and Crematoria, Fire Stations, Garbage disposal and street cleanliness, House Tax, Lighthouses, Maintenance of parks and open spaces, Markets, shops, and establishments, Municipal water, Public health and hospitals, Registering of births and deaths, Removal of encroachments, Security, Sewage treatment and disposal, Street lighting, Transport and Construction of Roads.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the central and state government.<ref name="Va11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Va12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Business Today |date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Va13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Administration==
[[File:VVMC Head Office in Virar.jpg|left|thumb|VVMC Head Office, Virar]]
[[File:VVMC Office.jpg|right|thumb|VVMC Office, Mardes Village]]
The Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation is headed by a municipal commissioner who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The commissioner wields the executive powers of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power whose duties are to ensure that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The '''mayor''' (a largely ceremonial post with limited duties) heads the party with the largest vote.
All administrative proceedings in the VVMC are conducted in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''City officials'''
|-
| style="width:50%;"| '''[[Mayor]]'''
| style="width:50%;"| Mr Ajiv Yashwant Patil
|-
| '''[[Municipal commissioner]] & Administrator'''
|Mr. Manojkumar Suryawanshi (I.A.S.)
|}

==LBT-''GST''==
Local Body Tax (LBT) is a levy that traders have to pay the local municipal corporation for goods imported to the state. It is an account-based tax for every raw material used or imported into the city's limits by all businesses, traders and manufacturers and replaces traditional tax collections. All shopkeepers who sell goods over a certain value have to pay LBT. It ranges from 0% to 7% and is computed based on a trader's turnover.

VVMC started collecting LBT from 1 April 2011.

'''Vasai-Virar''' is a city and ''tehsil'' (subdistrict) in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India, comprising the most populated part of [[Palghar district]]. It is a suburb of [[Mumbai]]. According to the 2011 census, it is the fifth largest city in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Census India 2011 Cities above 1 lac population|publisher=Census India|access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> It is located in [[Palghar district]], 50 km north of [[Mumbai]]. The city is located on the north bank of [[Vasai Creek]], part of the [[estuary]] of the [[Ulhas River]]. Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation (VVMC) covers the tehsil.

Vasai-Virar is an agglomeration of several, formerly separate, towns. The area covered by the city roughly corresponds to the ancient city of [[Sopara]].

==Demographics==
The population of Vasai-Virar was 1,343,402 at the 2011 census, up from 693,350 in 2001, 365,480 in 1991, and 219,868 in 1981, there exists slums and villages as well as urban zones.<ref name=":2"/>

===Vasai Virar Religion Census===

The population of Vasai Virar City comprises many different religions. Among them, Hinduism is practiced by 943,165 people which makes up to 78.05% of the total population, which is below the national average of 80.5%.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/04-Distribution_by_Religion.pdf Distribution of Population by Religions – Census India 2011]</ref> The table given below shows the total populations of different religions that are practiced along with their percentage.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html Population By Religious Community – Census India 2011]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Religion
!Total
!Male
!Female
!Percentage
|-
|Hindu
|1,048,582
|557,942
|490,640
|78.05%
|-
|Muslim
|113,475
|60,777
|52,698
|8.45%
|-
|Christian
|110,860
|55,183
|55,677
|8.25%
|-
|Buddhist
|34,052
|17,484
|16,568
|2.53%
|-
|Jain
|23,474
|12,050
|11,424
|1.75%
|-
|Not Stated
|8,068
|3,775
|4,293
|0.60%
|-
|Sikh
|2,663
|1,404
|1,259
|0.20%
|-
|Others
|2,228
|1,156
|1,072
|0.17%
|}

===City population statistics===
The table given below shows the total population of Vasai Virar Municipal Corporation, further segregated into Rural and Urban, as well as, Male and Female numbers in the total population.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Population
!Rural
!Urban
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,343,402'''
|'''113,262'''
|'''1,230,140'''
|-
|Male
|709,771
|57,562
|652,209
|-
|Female
|633,631
|55,700
|577,931
|}

===Children===
The total children population (below 6 years of age) is given below further divided into Rural, Urban, Male and Female Numbers.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Population
!Rural
!Urban
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''162,841'''
|'''14,575'''
|'''148,266'''
|-
|Male
|84,938
|7,360
|77,578
|-
|Female
|77,903
|7,215
|70,688
|}

===Sex Ratio===
The total sex ratio along with Rural and Urban as well as Children and Adult Numbers is given in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''Total'''
|'''Rural'''
|'''Urban'''
|-
|Children (0–6)
|917
|980
|911
|-
|Adult (7+)
|893
|968
|886
|}

===Literacy===
The literacy rates of Vasai Virar is shown in the below given table. The table shows the numbers as well as the percentage literacy of Rural and Urban population of Vasai Virar. It also shows literacy numbers and percentage of male and females.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Total
!Rural
!Urban
|-
|'''Total Number'''
|'''1,033,649'''
|'''75,635'''
|'''958,014'''
|-
|'''Total %'''
|87.6%
|76.6%
|88.6%
|-
|Male (Number)
|567,948
|41,966
|525,982
|-
|Male (%)
|90.0%
|83.6%
|91.5%
|-
|Female (Number)
|465,701
|33,669
|432,032
|-
|Female (%)
|83.8%
|69.4%
|85.2%
|}

===Working Population===
The table shows the total as well as rural and urban working population of Vasai Virar. It also shows the male and female working populations.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Total
!Rural
!Urban
|-
|'''Total Number'''
|'''493,408'''
|'''45,371'''
|'''448,037'''
|-
|Male
|379,419
|29,858
|349,561
|-
|Female
|113,989
|15,513
|98,476
|}

==Civic administration==
The Vasai-Virar Town is governed by two bodies, the Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation and Gram Panchayats of the villages that are excluded from the Municipal Corporation.

===Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation===

The [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]] (VVMC) was formed on 3 July 2009. It is headed by a Municipal commissioner, an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who wields the executive power. A quinquennial election is held to elect the governing body, who are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The position of mayor is a largely ceremonial post with limited duties but the office-holder heads the party with the largest vote.

==Municipal Corporation Elections==
=== Municipal Corporation Election 2010 ===

==== Political Performance in Election 2010 ====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/bahujan-vikas-aghadi-sweeps-vasaivirar-polls/article443166.ece|title = Bahujan Vikas Aghadi sweeps Vasai-Virar polls|newspaper = The Hindu|date = June 2010}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 02
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) |||| 01
|-
| 03 || [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]] (BVA) || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 55
|-
| 04 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 03
|-
| 05 || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) || [[File:Flag of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 06 || Other Registered Parties || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 19
|-
| 07 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 08
|-
|}

=== Municipal Corporation Election 2026 ===

====Political performance in Election 2026====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]] (BVA) || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 71 || {{decrease}} 35
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) |||| 43 || {{increase}} 42
|-

| 03 || [[Shiv Sena (2022- present)|Shiv Sena]] (SS) || || 01 || -
|}

==Transport==

===Railways===
[[File:Mumbai Train.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Suburban Local Train]]
[[File:Western railway north map.jpg|thumbnail|Western Railway Line passing through Vasai Virar]]
Vasai-Virar City is Connected by Western & Central Railway. The Major Railway Stations on Western & Central Railway in Vasai-Virar city are
* [[Virar railway station]] (Western Railway): All Local, DMU Train, Memu, Shuttle, Express & Passenger Trains halt or Depart from here.
* [[Nallasopara railway station]] (Western Railway) : All Local DMU & Memu halt here.
* [[Vasai Road railway station]] (Western / Central Railway) : Vasai Road Railway Station is a Junction. All Local, DMU, Memu, Shuttle, Express & Passenger Trains halt or Depart from here.
* [[Naigaon railway station]] (Western Railway) : All Local Trains halt here.
* [[Juchandra railway station]] (Central Railway) : All DMU & MEMU halt here.
* [[Kaman Road railway station]] (Central Railway) : All DMU & MEMU halt here.

===Road===

[[File:Marcopolo bus by vvmt.jpg|thumbnail|Marcopolo Bus]]
[[File:Mini Bus in VVMT Fleet.jpg|thumbnail|Mini Bus]]

Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation started its own transport service on 3 October 2012 in association with Bhagirathi Transport Corporation Pvt Ltd, known as VVMT. It operates a large number of bus lines in the Vasai-Virar city. VVMT also plies its buses in Vasai-Virar villages. It also has operation outside city limits into neighbouring city of Mira-Bhayander, Thane City & Mumbai City. VVMT bus ply from Vasai to Thane & Vasai to Mulund.<ref name=":0">[https://sites.google.com/site/vvmtbusservices/about-us About VVMT Bus Services]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Other Towns & Cities where VVMT Buses connects
|-
| Mira-Bhayander City
|-
| Thane City
|-
| Mumbai City
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Information of VVMT Bus Routes & Bus Depot
|-
| No of Bus Routes
| 32
|-
| style="vertical-align:top;" | No of Depots
| 1 (Agarwal Nagar, Vasai East)<br />
2 (Navghar, Vasai East)
|}

'''Operations'''<br />
The VVMT uses diesel powered buses for its operation. The majority of the VVMT display boards will only have the destination name written in Marathi. All buses with electronic display board are introduced in the fleet, which have destination with the route number flashing in Marathi as well as in English on front of the buses.<ref name=":0"/>

The VVMT bus routes are spread city-wide and also to neighboring cities and towns. The VVMT operates inter-city services to three different areas beyond the municipal limits of Vasai-Virar city, i.e. into the limits of the Municipal Corporations of Mira-Bhayander, Thane and Mumbai.<ref name=":0"/>

'''Vasai-Virar city'''<br />
The local bus services of the city, which are operated by VVMC. The internal places of Vasai-Virar city which are far from the Virar, Nalasopara, Vasai Road Railway Stations are connected by VVMT. The major concentration has always been Vasai-Virar city and with vast growing population in the city.

'''Vasai-Virar Villages'''<br />
It is not official, but some faraway villages from the Virar, Nalasopara and Vasai are connected by VVMT buses. VVMT services are not so frequent in villages as in the city.

'''Mira-Bhayander City'''<br />
[[Bhayander]] and [[Mira Road]] are connected to Vasai by VVMT. Services start from Virar, Nalasopara and Vasai Road Railway Stations towards Bhanyander and Mira Road. The inter city connection between the Vasai-Virar city (which on the western railway side) and Thane / Central Mumbai City (which is on the central railway side) via Mira – Bhayander City.

'''Thane City'''<br />
Thane City is connected to Vasai by the VVMT. From Vasai it starts its services towards Thane. The inter city connection is between Vasai-Virar city (which is on the western railway side) and Thane City / Central Mumbai City (via Thane City) (which is on the central railway side).

'''Mumbai City'''<br />
[[Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport]] (BEST) is the largest public transport provider in the Mumbai city & suburbs. VVMT connects the last station in Mumbai's north-eastern suburb Mulund to the Vasai-Virar city. The inter-city connection is between Vasai-Virar city on the western railway side and Central Mumbai City on the central railway side.

==Sports==

=== Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon===

[[File:Sachin at Vasai Virar Marathon.png|thumbnail|Sachin at Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon in 2014]]
[[File:Ritesh Deshmukh at Vasai Virar Marathon.jpg|thumbnail|Ritesh Deshmukh at Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon]]

[[Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon]] is marathon race organised in [[Vasai-Virar]] area of [[Mumbai]]. Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation hosts the Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon every year. Every Year Participants from all over [[Vasai]] Taluka & from the country take part in the Marathon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vvmcmayorsmarathon.com/about.html |title=About Marathon |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927001336/http://www.vvmcmayorsmarathon.com/About.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://marathons.ahotu.com/event/vasai-virar-municipal-corporation-mayor-s-marathon#event Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation Mayor's Marathon]</ref><ref>[http://www.mumbai77.com/city/2534/vasai-virar/yearly-mayor-marathon-race/ Yearly Virar Vasai Mayor Marathon – VVMM 2014]</ref>

The Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon event is conceptualized by Aryanz Sports PR and Events for the Vasai Virar City Municipal Corporation. Its inaugural edition was in 2011 as a state level event. It got National level status in 2012.<ref name=":1"/>

The event is a National Level running event, recognized by AFI, which has a Full Marathon for men and women in different age groups. There is also a Half Marathon for Men & Women in different age groups and 11 km open run for amateurs as well as boys under 18 and Category races for Boys & Girls under-18, between 14 and 16, 12 to 14 and 10–12.

The event also offers separate prize money to participants from the Vasai Virar Taluka region in the Full Marathon and Half Marathon and 11 km Run timed races .

The event sees participation in excess of 15,000 across various categories and offers prize money in excess of Rs 30 lakhs.<ref name=":1"/>

The event has seen participation from all the top long-distance athletes of the country, among them names like G Lakshmanan, Lyngkhoi Bining, Elam, Singh, Deep Chand, Sanvroo Yadav, Shoji Mathew, Kavita Raut, Sudha Singh, Monika Athare and a host of others big names.

Actor, Model and Running enthusiast Milind Soman has been the 'Face of the Event' since its inception, helping popularise the event, while athletic and sporting greats like Sachin Tendulkar, Anju Bobby George P T Usha, Shiny Wilson, wrestlers Sushil Kumar & Yogeshwar Dutt have graced the occasion as Event Ambassadors.

There has also been the presence of Bollywood personalities like Mahima Choudhary, Riteish Deshmukh and a host of Marathi film and TV personalities.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Swimming Pool===

VVMC has built an Olympic-size swimming pool in [[Virar]].

==Climate==

Vasai-Virar has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]]. This climate is considered to be Aw according to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]] climate classification.<ref name=":4">[http://en.climate-data.org/location/6281/ Climate: Vasai-Virar]</ref> This moderate climate consists of high rainfall days and very few days of extreme temperatures. The driest month is January. There is 0 mm of precipitation in January. With an average of 870 mm, the most precipitation falls in July. With an average of 29.8 °C, May is the warmest month.<ref name=":4"/> January has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 23.1 °C. The precipitation varies 870 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 6.7 °C.<ref name=":4"/>

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Vasai-Virar
|temperature colour=pastel
|Jan high C=28.5
|Feb high C=29
|Mar high C=31
|Apr high C=32.5
|May high C=33.2
|Jun high C=32
|Jul high C=29.7
|Aug high C=29.5
|Sep high C=29.8
|Oct high C=32.1
|Nov high C=32
|Dec high C=30.3

|Jan mean C=23.2
|Feb mean C=23.7
|Mar mean C=26.3
|Apr mean C=28.3
|May mean C=29.8
|Jun mean C=29
|Jul mean C=27.4
|Aug mean C=27.1
|Sep mean C=27
|Oct mean C=27.8
|Nov mean C=26.6
|Dec mean C=24.6

|Jan low C=17.9
|Feb low C=18.5
|Mar low C=21.6
|Apr low C=24.2
|May low C=26.5
|Jun low C=26.1
|Jul low C=25.1
|Aug low C=24.7
|Sep low C=24.3
|Oct low C=23.6
|Nov low C=21.2
|Dec low C=18.9

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=0
|Feb precipitation mm=1
|Mar precipitation mm=1
|Apr precipitation mm=0
|May precipitation mm=10
|Jun precipitation mm=486
|Jul precipitation mm=870
|Aug precipitation mm=531
|Sep precipitation mm=350
|Oct precipitation mm=71
|Nov precipitation mm=6
|Dec precipitation mm=1

|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 5m)<ref>[http://en.climate-data.org/location/6281/ Climate: Vasai-Virar – en.climatedata.org]</ref>}}Vasai Virar has been ranked 35th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Key promised Deliverables(From 2026-2031)==
* Vasai-Virar Outer Ring Road
* City Cleanliness
* Dumping ground issue resolution
* Illegal Builders lobby action
* Upgradation of Road infrastructure
* Water connectivity for Villages
* Preservation of in the Western green belt from Arnala-Agashi to Koliwada-Pali
* Upgradation of electricity woes of the populace
* Ensure maintenance of Air & Water pollution under control
* RRTS(Region Rail Transport Service) from Virar HSR to Mumbai Metro Red Line(SCB Station- Bhyander) upto Yellow line(Mandapeshwar/IC Colony Station), Via Virar-Nallasopara Link Road.

==Notable Personalities==
* Saint Gonsalo Garcia(1556-1597) - First Catholic Saint from India
* Fr. Francis Dbritto(1943-2024, Nandakhal) - Environmentalist & Author of Subodh Bible
* Sr. Nandita Pereira(Nandakhal) - Superior General of Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of the Queen of Apostles (SRA), Vienna(Austria, Europe)
* Bishop Thomas Dabre(Bhuigaon) - 1st Bishop of Vasai
* Bishop Felix Machado(Remedy) - 2nd Bishop of Vasai
* Bishop Thomas Dsouza(Chulne) - 3rd Bishop of Vasai
* Bishop Ivan Pereira(Papdy) - Bishop of Jammu & Kashmir
* Bishop Simon Almeida(Gass) - Bishop of Pune Diocese
* Bishop Elias Gonsalves(Chulne) - Archbishop of Nagpur
* Bishop Malcolm Sequeira(Giriz) - Bishop of Amravati
* Mr. Govinda Ahuja - Bollywood Actor
* Mr. Aayush Mhatre - U19 India Cricket Captain

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sites.google.com/site/vvmtbusservices/ 1 – VVMT Bus Route Guide]
* [http://vasai.com 2 – VVMT Bus Route Guide]
* [http://www.mumbai77.com/city/2553/vasai-virar/vvmt-bus-routes/ 3 – VVMT Bus Route Guide]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vasai-Virar]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:46Z

TabathaLea97053: done...

{{short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arjuni Morgaon Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = Arjuni.jpg
| mla = [[Rajkumar Badole]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Rajkumar S. Badole.jpg
| electors = 259,324
}}
'''Arjuni Morgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] state in India. This Constituency is one of the three Constituencies located in the [[Gondia district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=5 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=18 March 2010}}</ref>

It is part of the [[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Sakoli]], [[Bhandara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]], [[Gondia]], [[Tumsar]] and [[Tirora]].<ref name=ceo/>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises Sadak-Arjuni tehsil, parts of Goregaon tehesil, Revenue Circle Mohadi and Arjuni Morgaon tehsil as well as subdivision.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=257, 260|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Manohar Chandrikapure]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Arjuni Morgaon">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Arjuni Morgaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1363.htm |access-date=11 December 2024 |work= |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211135810/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1363.htm |archive-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajkumar Badole]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,506 |percentage = 45.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansod Dilip Waman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,091 |percentage = 36.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrikapure Sugat Manohar |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 15,428 |percentage = 8.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Ramratan Panchabhai |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,453 |percentage = 2.99% |change={{decrease}}11.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Sambhaji Lanjewar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,744 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sachinkumar Nandgaye |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 801 |percentage = 0.44% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,415 |percentage = 9.00% |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,83,179 |percentage = 70.64% |change= {{increase}}1.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,82,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,59,324|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party|loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manohar Chandrikapure]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 72,400 |percentage = 41.55% |change={{increase}}22.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajkumar Badole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,682 |percentage = 41.14% |change={{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Sambhaji Lanjewar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 25,579 |percentage = 14.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivdas Shrawan Sakhare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,418 |percentage = 1.39% |change={{decrease}}4.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 718 |percentage = 0.41% |change= {{decrease}}17.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,76,415 |percentage = 69.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,74,229}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,52,915|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajkumar Badole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,401 |percentage = 37.93% |change={{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandagawali Rajesh Mulchand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,106 |percentage = 20.09% |change={{decrease}}15.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manohar Chandrikapure]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 31,893 |percentage = 18.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Yashwant Kamble |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,336 |percentage = 9.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Bhimrao Karuji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,254 |percentage = 6.04% |change={{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Sambhaji Lanjewar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,844 |percentage = 2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajbhiye Pramod Hiraman |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,765 |percentage = 2.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,295 |percentage = 17.84% |change= {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,71,504 |percentage = 71.74% |change= {{decrease}}2.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,69,805}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,073|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajkumar Badole]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,856 |percentage = 46.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ramlal Budhaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,549 |percentage = 35.72% |change={{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Yashwant Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,428 |percentage = 6.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shahare Karamchand Shankarrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,119 |percentage = 4.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghanade Manik Shamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,411 |percentage = 2.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Kabirdas Sawaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,642 |percentage = 1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Jagan Alias Jayesh Barsu |party=Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,307 |percentage = 10.88% |change= {{decrease}}9.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,49,919 |percentage = 73.93% |change= {{increase}}7.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,49,896}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,794|ref = |change= {{increase}}106.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Paulzagade Adku Sonu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,414 |percentage = 46.31% |change={{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 17,018 |percentage = 25.92% |change={{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Kewalram Donu |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 10,827 |percentage = 16.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao V. Shahare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,462 |percentage = 5.27% |change={{decrease}}19.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayansing Uikey |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 3,240 |percentage = 4.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barku Govinda Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 707 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,396 |percentage = 20.40% |change= {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,822 |percentage = 69.09% |change= {{increase}}5.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,668}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,171|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arjuni-Morgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Paulzagade Adku Sonu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,840 |percentage = 37.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,353 |percentage = 28.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. W. Dahiwele |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,124 |percentage = 24.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. T. Nahamrute |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,848 |percentage = 7.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. G. Shahare |party=Independent politician |votes = 821 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,487 |percentage = 8.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,191 |percentage = 66.40% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,986}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,127|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.82|80.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Nyato Rigia

2026-04-16T05:39:23Z

TabathaLea97053: put up a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Taliha Assembly constituency|Taliha]]
| predecessor = [[Punji Mara]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Punji Mara]]
| successor1 = [[Punji Mara]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Nyato Rigia''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a three-time member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He won [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] unopposed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Nyato Dukam (BJP): Constituency- Taliha |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/nyato-dukam-assembly-candidate-s02aed2008a023e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-16 |title=Arunachal BJP releases list of candidates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arunachal-bjp-releases-list-of-candidates/articleshow/32139289.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence?">{{cite news |date=3 June 2024 |title=Did BJP's thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress's waning confidence? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-bjp-2547256-2024-06-03 |archive-date= |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=30 March 2024 |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517124234/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees">{{cite news|title=One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|accessdate=20 May 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520102757/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|archivedate=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyato Rigia(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- TALIHA(UPPER SUBANSIRI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4629 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rigia, Nyato}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Tirtol Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:36Z

TabathaLea97053: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Tirtol}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tirtol
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 102
| type = SLA
| map_image = 102-Tirtol.svg
| map_caption = Tirtol Assembly constituency in [[Jagatsinghpur district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,49,910{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Tirtol''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=102|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419045704/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=102|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Tirtol (102) District: Jagatsinghpur|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Biridi block and Raghunathpur block and 20 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Biritol, Bishunpur, Dainlo, Garam, Gobindapur, Gopalpur, Gopalpur (Sankheswar), Ibrisingh, Jagannathpur, Kanakpur, Kanimula, Katara, Kostimallikapur, Krushnanandpur, Mulisingh, Patilo, Sanara, Tarajanga, Tirtol and Tulanga) of Tirtol block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp35.htm|title= 35 - Tirtol Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 18 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.48}}
{{bar percent|2020 (bypoll) |{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.91}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.18}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.20}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.64}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.50}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.20}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|58.31}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.30}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|71.38}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|52.87}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|67.05}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 2020.

List of members elected from Tirtol constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Tirtol Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/tirtol.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tirtol Assembly Election Results 2024: Tirtol Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/tirtol-constituency-result-18102 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 elections in India#Odisha|2020 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of Bishnu Charan Das}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Twin loss for BJP in Odisha, ruling BJD wins Balasore, Tirtol Assembly seats in bypolls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/twin-loss-for-bjp-in-odisha-ruling-bjd-wins-balasore-tirtol-assembly-seats-in-bypolls-1739856-2020-11-10 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|Bijaya Shankar Das
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Bishnu Charan Das]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Rajashree Mallick]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|Rabindranath Bhoi
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Chiranjib Biswal]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Debashish Samantaray]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Basant Kumar Biswal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Nityananda Samntaray
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Basant Kumar Biswal]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pratap Chandra Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nishamani Khuntia
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|[[Pratap Chandra Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Nishamani Khuntia
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election,[[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ramakanta Bhoi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Rajkishore Behera by a margin of 28,495 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Tirtol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
|votes = 83,740
|percentage = 42.91
|change = {{decrease}}7.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajkishore Behera
|votes = 55,245
|percentage = 28.18
|change = {{increase}}2.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Himanshu Bhusan Mallick
|votes = 52,852
|percentage = 27.25
|change = {{increase}}10.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 649
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,495
|percentage = 15.48
|change = {{decrease}}9.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,94,113
|percentage = 73.67
|change = {{increase}}2.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020 Bypoll===
In 2020 bye-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bijaya Shankar Das defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Rajkishore Behera by 41,703 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 elections in India#Odisha|2020 Odisha Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Tirtol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bijaya Shankar Das
|votes = 88,310
|percentage = 52.91
|change = {{down}}2.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajkishore Behera
|votes = 46,607
|percentage = 27.92
|change = {{down}}2.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Himanshu Bhusan Mallick
|votes = 28,778
|percentage = 17.24
|change = {{up}}3.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 700
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,703
|percentage = 24.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,603
|percentage = 70.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bishnu Charan Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Ramakanta Bhoi]] by 40,386 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Tirtol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bishnu Charan Das]]
|votes = 93,967
|percentage = 54.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
|votes = 53,581
|percentage = 30.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debi Prasad Mallick
|votes = 23,809
|percentage = 13.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,109
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,386
|percentage = 23.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,423
|percentage = 73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajashree Mallick]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Rajkishore Behera by a margin of 35,448 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=15 July 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Tirtol<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Tirtol|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18102.htm?ac=102|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Tirtol (102)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=102|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053511/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=102|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajashree Mallick]]
|votes = 88,953
|percentage = 55.2
|change = {{up}}4.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajkishore Behera
|votes = 53,505
|percentage = 33.21
|change = {{down}}1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
|votes = 14,516
|percentage = 9.01
|change = {{up}}5.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,203
|percentage = 0.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,448
|percentage = 21.99
|change = {{down}}2.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,135
|percentage = 75.48
|change = 9.37
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,13,483
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rabindra Nath Bhoi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Rajkishore Das by a margin of 34,182 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=34182 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Tirtol<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Bhoi
|votes = 82,282
|percentage = 50.64
|change = {{up}}5.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajkishore Behera
|votes = 48,100
|percentage = 34.33
|change = {{down}}16.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Latamani Das
|votes = 4,514
|percentage = 3.22
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,182
|percentage = 24.40{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,40,137
|percentage = 66.11
|change = {{down}}6.47
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,11,982
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Jagatsinghpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|20.31|86.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Tehri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:16Z

TabathaLea97053: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tehri
| mla = Kishore Upadhyay
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 84,207
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| constituency_no = 13
| map_image = Tehri Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''13-Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].

Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p. 509. Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx Government of Uttarakhand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |date=3 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/tehri.html Election in]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election!!Name!!Portrait!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Maharaj Kumar Balendu Shah
|
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Trepan Singh Negi]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan=3|Govind Singh Negi
|
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Khushal Singh Rangar]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Lokendra Dutt Saklani]]
|
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Balvir Singh Negi]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Lakhiram Joshi]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Lakhiram Joshi]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=5 align=center|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small>
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kishore Upadhyaya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kishore Upadhyaya.png|80px]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=5 align=center|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small>
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Dinesh Dhanai]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Dhan Singh Negi]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kishore Upadhyaya]]
| [[File:Kishore Upadhyaya.png|80px]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kishore Upadhyaya]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,802 |percentage=42.31% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Dhanai]] |party=Uttarakhand Janekta Party |votes=18,851 |percentage=40.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,385 |percentage=13.64% |change={{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilok Singh Negi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=742 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=415 |percentage=0.89% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Urmila |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=252 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=951 |percentage=2.03% |change= {{decrease}}13.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,801 |percentage=54.93% |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,206 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Negi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,896 |percentage=47.08% |change={{increase}}22.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Dhanai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,056 |percentage=31.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Chand Ramola |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,466 |percentage=10.06% |change={{decrease}}18.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Chandra Bahuguna |party=Hamari Janmanch Party |votes=1,067 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Maithani |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilok Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=722 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dutt Chamoli |party=Independent politician |votes=585 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhi Singh Pundir |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=507 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=476 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh Rana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=285 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,840 |percentage=15.41% |change= {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,386 |percentage=54.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,167 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Dhanai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,026 |percentage=29.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kishore Upadhyaya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,649 |percentage=28.70% |change={{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Negi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,828 |percentage=24.22% |change={{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendar Mohan |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,237 |percentage=5.51% |change={{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Ratan Singh Gunsola |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=1,978 |percentage=4.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Pramod Uniyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=914 |percentage=2.25% |change={{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Lal Bailwal |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivdayal Bahuguna |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh Rana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=308 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=377 |percentage=0.93% |change= {{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,586 |percentage=56.38% |change= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,981 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kishore Upadhyaya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,755 |percentage=35.31% |change={{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Singh Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,557 |percentage=28.14% |change={{decrease}}3.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Dhanai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,908 |percentage=22.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,201 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahaveer Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,543 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=782 |percentage=1.75% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh Rana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=615 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keshav |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=535 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushla Semwal |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=394 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satye Singh Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=327 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,198 |percentage=7.17% |change= {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,617 |percentage=58.07% |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,851 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tehri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kishore Upadhyaya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,640 |percentage=41.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Ratan Singh Gunsola |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,712 |percentage=31.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh Negi |party=Samata Party |votes=2,092 |percentage=5.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Badoni |party=Independent politician |votes=1,459 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Ram |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=1,196 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,151 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ragunath Singh Rana |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,129 |percentage=3.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Pramod Uniyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=850 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwati Prasad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=572 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Autar Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=560 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Singh Bist |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,928 |percentage=10.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,282 |percentage=43.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,364 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Tehri]]
* [[Tehri Garhwal district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.38|78.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:New Tehri]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

Nirmali Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:17Z

TabathaLea97053: put up new bio

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nirmali
|type= SLA
| map_image = 41-Nirmali constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|8. Supaul]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|41]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 304,066
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Nirmali Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Supaul district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 41 Nirmali Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Nirmali]], Raghopur and Saraigarh Bhaptiyahi [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delidmitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Nirmali Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Nirmali Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nirmali.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kamta Prasad Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-2008: Constituency defunct''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirmali<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nirmali">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nirmali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0441.htm |accessdate=29 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229182216/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0441.htm |archivedate=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:118904}}
|percentage = 53.28
|change = +3.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Baidyanath Mehta
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:81594}}
|percentage = 36.56
|change = +10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ram Pravesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6877}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siya Ram Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:2992}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Chandan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2510}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6240}}
|percentage = 2.8
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37310}}
|percentage = 16.72
|change = -6.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223169}}
|percentage = 73.39
|change = +10.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirmali<ref name=election2020 name="election2020-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92439}}
|percentage = 49.33
|change = +1.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Yaduvansh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:48517}}
|percentage = 25.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Arjun Prasad Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:12725}}
|percentage = 6.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:8886}}
|percentage = 4.74
|change = -1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Gautam Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6345}}
|percentage = 3.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aman Kumar Samajsevi
|votes = {{formatnum:3175}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2392}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gyanshanker Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2031}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4781}}
|percentage = 2.55
|change = -1.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43922}}
|percentage = 23.44
|change = +9.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187394}}
|percentage = 63.1
|change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nirmali<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Anirudh Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:79600}}
|percentage = 47.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Kumar Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:55649}}
|percentage = 33.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:10001}}
|percentage = 5.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrawan Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2728}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramdev Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2353}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Gautam Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1626}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Binod Kumar Sahu
|votes = {{formatnum:1591}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party
|candidate = Laxmi Kant Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1504}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6699}}
|percentage = 4.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23951}}
|percentage = 14.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167436}}
|percentage = 62.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|26|18|02|N|86|34|20|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Supaul district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Darauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:18Z

TabathaLea97053: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Darauli Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 107-Darauli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Vishnu Deo Paswan 
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 308,041
|abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Darauli ([[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency)''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It has reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]] since 2010. Before 2010, it was an open seat (unreserved). The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of this [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency is [[Satyadeo Ram]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 107 Darauli ([[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency) (SC) is composed of the following: [[Darauli]], [[Guthani]] and [[Andar, Siwan|Andar]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].

Darauli Assembly constituency is part of No. 18 [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Darauli Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/darauli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ramayan Shukla
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Basawan Ram
|-
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|Janata Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ramayan Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Krishna Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Lakshman Raut
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Krishna Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chandrika Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Shiv Shankar Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Amar Nath Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-

|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Shiv Shanker Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amar Nath Yadav]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Ramayan Manjhi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Satyadeo Ram]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Vishnu Deo Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Darauli<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = Vishnu Deo
|votes = {{formatnum:83014}}
|percentage = 47.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Satyadeo Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73442}}
|percentage = 41.92
|change = -8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ganesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4630}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3908}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Harilal Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3208}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradeep Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2465}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4546}}
|percentage = 2.59
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9572}}
|percentage = 5.46
|change = -2.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175213}}
|percentage = 56.88
|change = +6.72
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Darauli<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Satyadeo Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81067}}
|percentage = 50.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramayan Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:68948}}
|percentage = 42.95
|change = +15.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheo Kumar Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:3140}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Kumar Shashi Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:2521}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4863}}
|percentage = 3.03
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12119}}
|percentage = 7.55
|change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160539}}
|percentage = 50.16
|change = -1.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
<ref name="election2010">{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04107.htm | title = Bihar - Darauli | work = Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 2011-02-25 | archive-date = 27 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127025305/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04107.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="election2011">{{cite web |title=31 - Darauli Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp31.htm |access-date=2011-02-25 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Darauli<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Satyadeo Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:49576}}
|percentage = 33.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramayan Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:39992}}
|percentage = 27.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Parmatma Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:37345}}
|percentage = 25.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandrama Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:8760}}
|percentage = 5.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mira Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2593}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bimalesh Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1697}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
|candidate = Manoj Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1617}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Swatantra Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Ek Bal Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:1564}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4618}}
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9584}}
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:147762}}
|percentage = 51.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Sukharam Netdiya

2026-04-12T13:45:07Z

TabathaLea97053: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukharam Netdiya
| constituency = [[Merta Assembly constituency|Merta]]
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|13th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = Pancharam Indawar
| successor = Sukharam Netdiya
| office1 = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|14th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Laxmanram Meghwal]]
| successor1 = [[Indira Devi (politician)|Indira Devi]]
| constituency1 = [[Merta Assembly constituency|Merta]]
| native_name = सुखराम नेटड़िया
| native_name_lang = Hi
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name =
| father =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Sukharam Netdiya''' is an Indian politician who served as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Sukharam Netdiya">{{cite web|url=https://election.rajasthan.gov.in/result/assembly/result_pcwise.aspx?pc=ZTgwYmVmZDg=MTExMDRkMGNmMWE=&Type=1|title=Merta Rajasthan Assembly Election:1992 to 2018|publisher=election.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title= MERTA ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/merta|publisher= [[The Times of India|Times of India]]}}</ref>

He represented [[Merta Assembly constituency]] in [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district from 2008 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/merta-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687047.html|title=
Merta Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Laxman Ram of BJP Wins|date=
3 December 2023|publisher=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-election-results-2023-live-beawar-merta-degana-jaitaran-bhim-kumbhalgarh-rajsamand-nathdwara-seats-101701447080149.html|title=
Rajasthan Results 2023: Winners list from Beawar, Merta, Degana, Jaitaran, Bhim, Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand, Nathdwara seats|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/merta-rajasthan-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281610/|title=
Merta Rajasthan Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates
| date=3 December 2023 |publisher=financialexpress.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Netdiya, Sukharam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shujaat Ali Quadri

2026-04-12T12:06:38Z

TabathaLea97053: bio

{{Short description|Indian student activist and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Shujaat Ali Quadri
| office = Co-founder of [[DFRAC|Digital Forensics, Research and Analytics Center]]
| term_start = 2021
| term_end =
| office1 = Chairman of The Muslim Students' Organization of India
| term_start1 = 2021
| parents = Haji Shabbir Ali Quadri (father) <br> Shabana (mother)
| spouse = Shireen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1 September 1989}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh
| birth_name = Shujaat Ali Quadri
| office2 = Spokesperson of [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/sufi-sunni-clerics-to-meet-in-delhi-discuss-ways-to-stop-terrorism/articleshow/68118292.cms | title=Sufi Sunni clerics to meet in Delhi, discuss ways to stop terrorism | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 February 2019 }}</ref>
| term_start2 = 2016
| image = File:Shujaat Ali Quadri speaking in International Palestine Conference at Kennedy Auditorium AMU Aligarh.jpg
| term_end2 =
| office3 = National President of the Muslim Students' Organization of India
| term_start3 = 2017
| occupation = * [[Student activism]]
* Journalist
| predecessor3 = Syed Muhammad Quadri
| succeeded3 = Muhammad Mudassir Ashrafi
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| term_end3 = 2021
}}
'''Shujaat Ali Quadri''' (born 1 September 1989) is an Indian [[Student activism|student activist]] and journalist. Qadri is serving as Chairman of Muslim Students' Organization of India since 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shujaat Ali Quadri present Incharge/Chairman and Former National President – MUSLIM STUDENTS'ORGANIZATION OF INDIA |url=https://www.msoofindia.net/incharge-chairman/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> earlier he had served as National President of Muslim Students' Organization of India from 2017 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prophet's Ummah envisions a plural society |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/opinion-news/prophet-s-ummah-envisions-a-plural-society-15346.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Priyangi Agarwal|date=6 May 2016 |title=Muslim students, Sufi clerics to reach out to Kashmiri youths against extremism {{!}} Lucknow News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/muslim-students-sufi-clerics-to-reach-out-to-kashmiri-youths-against-extremism/articleshow/52155779.cms |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is co-founder of [[DFRAC|Digital Forensics, Research and Analytics Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://dfrac.org/hi/our-team/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=DFRAC_ORG |language=hi-IN}}</ref> He is a Deputy Director of Indo Islamic Heritage Center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codingest |title=Shujaat Ali Quadri – Usanas Foundation – Decode Diagnose Demystify |url=http://usanasfoundation.com/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Usanas Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team {{!}} IndoIslamic |url=https://indoislamic.org/team/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shujaat Ali Quadri was born on 1 September 1989 to Haji Shabbir Ali Quadri and Shabana in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Quadri is married to Shireen.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Career ==
Shujaat Ali Quadri is regular columnist in'' [[ThePrint|The Print]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=24 October 2022 |title=Delhi: Nizamuddin Dargah, a place of religious confluence, lights up for Diwali |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-nizamuddin-dargah-a-place-of-religious-confluence-lights-up-for-diwali/1181287/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2 October 2022 |title=Delhi: Writers, scholars honoured with 'Tahzeeb-e-Urdu' award for service to language |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-writers-scholars-honoured-with-tahzeeb-e-urdu-award-for-service-to-language/1151560/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Asian News |date=25 October 2022 |title=Delhi: Nizamuddin Dargah lights up for Diwali |url=https://www.siasat.com/delhi-nizamuddin-dargah-lights-up-for-diwali-2441505/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Asian News International]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: Nizamuddin Dargah, a place of religious confluence, lights up for Diwali |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-nizamuddin-dargah-a-place-of-religious-confluence-lights-up-for-diwali20221025041433/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024230012/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-nizamuddin-dargah-a-place-of-religious-confluence-lights-up-for-diwali20221025041433/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ANI News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: Writers, scholars honoured with 'Tahzeeb-e-Urdu' award for service to language |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-writers-scholars-honoured-with-tahzeeb-e-urdu-award-for-service-to-language20221002093718/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Trans World |date=19 December 2021 |title=Aligarh's Areeba shoots to fame |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-melange/aligarh-s-areeba-shoots-to-fame-1061364.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Latestly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Diwali 2022: Nizamuddin Dargah, a Place of Religious Confluence in Delhi, Lights Up for Deepavali |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-delhi-nizamuddin-dargah-a-place-of-religious-confluence-lights-up-for-diwali-4373724.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

He is an author on ''[[ThePrint|The Print]]'', ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=PFI: An organisation that did more damage than good to Muslims |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/editorial-page/pfi-an-organisation-that-did-more-damage-than-good-to-muslims |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Rashtriya Sahara,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disadvantages of Religious Bigotry: Quotations and Diagnosis |url=http://m.saharasamay.com/nation-news/676641875/disadvantages-of-religious-bigotry-quotations-and-diagnosis.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=SaharaSamay |language=hi}}</ref> [[Asian News International]] and on Thereports.in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shujaat Ali Quadri, Author at TheReports |url=https://thereports.in/author/shujaat/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=TheReports |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Govt's welfare schemes changed lives of minorities for better |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-govts-welfare-schemes-changed-lives-of-minorities-for-better20220609221339/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Opinion and activism==
Dr. Quadri is active in national and international issues. he has organized anti terror conferences in India to de-radicalize youths.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seminar-to-discuss-role-of-muslim-youths-in-nation-building-combatting-terrorism-tomorrow-118081100656_1.html | title=Seminar to discuss role of Muslim youths in nation building, combatting terrorism tomorrow | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=11 August 2018 | agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

As an activist, he is also associated with Palestine solidarity Forum and has organised several peace marches and conference to discuss the rights of Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://twocircles.net/2012nov24/march_palestine_jaipur.html | title=March for Palestine in Jaipur | date=24 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/05/india-palestine-solidarity-forum-condemn-the-israeli-apartheid-regime/ | title=India Palestine Solidarity Forum Condemn the Israeli Apartheid Regime| Countercurrents | date=13 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.palinfo.com/news/2022/4/30/Al-Aqsa-Fortress-of-Faith-and-Emblem-of-Palestinian-Resistance | title=Al-Aqsa: Fortress of Faith and Emblem of Palestinian Resistance | date=30 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ihrc.org.uk/letter-to-yahya-cholil-staquf-regarding-meeting-with-netanyahu/ | title=Letter to Yahya Cholil Staquf regarding meeting with Netanyahu - IHRC | date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>
Recently banned, [[Popular Front of India]], According to Qadri, has done more damages than good to Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/editorial-page/pfi-an-organisation-that-did-more-damage-than-good-to-muslims | title=PFI: An organisation that did more damage than good to Muslims | date=28 September 2022 }}</ref>

Talking to [[Times of India]] in 2016, he explained his plan to organize Sufi Conference which will educate Kashmiri youths about real Islam, Sufism.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/festivalbharat/videos/352494310620820/ |title=23 reactions {{!}} "Aurangzeb, who killed Sikh gurus & Hindus en masse - was a Sufi." {{!}} Aurangzeb, perpetrator of one of the largest genocides in history, & who killed Sikh gurus & Hindus en masse, was a Sufi: Sanjay Dixit lucidly dismantles... {{!}} By The Festival of Bharat {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2025-03-09 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/muslim-students-sufi-clerics-to-reach-out-to-kashmiri-youths-against-extremism/articleshow/52155779.cms | title=Muslim students, Sufi clerics to reach out to Kashmiri youths against extremism | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 May 2016 }}</ref>

He has praised Government of India in its efforts to reach out Minorities. According to him, ''several welfare schemes run by the Minority Affairs Ministry have changed the lives of minorities in the country for the better.''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/indian-govts-welfare-schemes-changed-lives-of-minorities-for-better/990657/ | title=Indian Govt's welfare schemes changed lives of minorities for better | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich district]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]

Mathew Samuel

2026-04-11T09:44:46Z

TabathaLea97053: New info!

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Mathew samuel pic.jpg|thumb|Samuel in 2013]]
'''Mathew Samuel''' is a former managing editor of the Indian news magazine ''[[Tehelka]]''. He is one of the members of the magazine, and as a special correspondent there, he instigated Tehelka's biggest corruption investigation, [[Operation West End]]. This [[sting operation]] led to the resignation of four senior ministers of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) and nearly brought down the [[BJP]]-led national government in 2001. The top politicians and officials caught in the sting were later convicted by the court of law. His YouTube channel was banned in India as on 9th May 2025.

==Career==
Mathew Samuel was born in a Christian family in Pathanapuram, Kerala. He attended St. Stephens College Pathanapuram, was active in politics, and was the college union secretary.
He worked in Delhi for ''[[Mangalam Weekly|Mangalam]]'' magazine and ''[[Mid-Day]]'' newspaper for a short period. He later joined ''[[Tehelka]]'' as a staff reporter,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehelka Sting Operator Comes Clean! |url=http://www.christianmessenger.in/tehelka-sting-operator-comes-clean/ |publisher=The Christian Messenger News Desk}}</ref> and became managing editor in 2014. He has also worked in Delhi for the publication ''[[India Today]]'', and for television channels [[NewsX]], [[Live India]] and [[India TV]]. He is based in New Delhi. He resigned from Tehelka in February 2016 to start his own news venture, [[Narada News]].

==Operation West End==
{{main|Operation West End}}
The sting was the brainchild of Mathew Samuel. He got the beginning of the story on a train journey in which one of his co-passengers turned out to be a supplier for Defence Canteens. The sting operation lasted for about eight months and revealed involvement of public figures in corruption. Samuel met with approximately 60 people, including arms dealers, and exposed corruption at high levels of power.<ref name=outlook>{{cite web|title=After Eleven Years, It Stings To Say This...|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280773|publisher=Out Look}}</ref><ref name=Trehan/><ref>{{cite book|last=Tully|first=Sir Mark|title=India In Slow Motion|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780670885589}}</ref> The public figures involved were [[George Fernandes]] (Defence Minister),<ref>{{cite web|last=KAUR|first=NAUNIDHI|title=Fernandes under fire|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1911/19110540.htm}}</ref> [[Bangaru Laxman]] (BJP president), [[Jaya Jaitly]] (president of the [[Samata Party|Samatha Party]]), R. K. Jain (treasurer of Samatha Party),<ref>{{cite web|title=R K Jain arrested five years after Tehelka expose|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=366868|publisher=Outlook|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820032811/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=366868|archive-date=20 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> R K Sharma (treasurer of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]), General Manjith Singh Aluvalia,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Sting That Has India Writhing| date=16 March 2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/16/world/the-sting-that-has-india-writhing.html?pagewanted=1|publisher=The New York Times. | last1=Dugger | first1=Celia W. }}</ref> Major General P. S. K. Chowdhary,<ref>{{cite web|title=Major General shown the door in Tehelka case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Major-General-shown-the-door-in-Tehelka-case/articleshow/1038674.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-02/india/27857195_1_tehelka-portal-corruption-in-defence-deals-tapes |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 March 2005 |archive-date=2013-06-29 }}</ref> General R. K. Murge, General Satnam Singh,<ref name=toi_04>{{cite web|title=Tehelka case: Army finds 3 officers guilty |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-19/india/28336056_1_court-martial-proceedings-tehelka-case-brig-iqbal-singh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-19/india/28336056_1_court-martial-proceedings-tehelka-case-brig-iqbal-singh|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> Brigadier Iqbal Singh,<ref name=toi_04/> Colonel Anil Saigal, H. C. Panth, P. Sasi, and Surender Kumar Surekha, a Kanpur-based businessman.

On July 30, 2020, Special CBI Judge Virender Bhat sentenced former Samata Party president Jaya Jaitley, her former party colleague Gopal Pacherwal and Major General (rtd) S.P. Murgai to a 4-year jail term.

There were 105 videotapes.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Samuel alone shot 99 tapes; the rest were shot with his colleague.<ref name=Trehan>{{cite book|last=Trehan|first=Madhu|title=Tehelka as metaphor : prism me a lie, tell me a truth|year=2009|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788174365804}}</ref>

==Narada sting operations==
{{main|Narada sting operation}}

Mathew Samuel is also credited for conducting the Narada sting operation and publishing it on the new website [[Narada News|naradanews.com]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news|title=Journalist refuses to depose in arms deal case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/journalist-refuses-to-depose-in-arms-deal-case/article3419136.ece|accessdate=19 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 May 2012}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912113604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-28/india/27193432_1_cbi-files-case-home-ministry-tehelka-reporters CBI file case against tehelka scribe under OSA]
*[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2001/mar/15def2.htm police protection for tehelka reporter in Kerala]
*[http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/06/nl-interviews-mathew-samuel/ Interview]
* [http://www.tehelka.com/tehelka-editorial/ Tehelka editorial]
* {{cite news|title=X Files: Tmc Leaders Exposed By Narada News, Caught Accepting Bribes On Camera|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/03/x-files-tmc-leaders-exposed-by-narada-news-caught-accepting-bribes-on-camera/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317051812/http://naradanews.com/2016/03/x-files-tmc-leaders-exposed-by-narada-news-caught-accepting-bribes-on-camera/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2016|date=14 March 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuel, Mathew}}
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]

Meenakshi Anoop

2026-04-11T04:48:04Z

TabathaLea97053: New pg

{{short description|Indian actress (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Anoop
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anunaya Anoop
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|10|12|df=yes}}<ref name="M">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/19/meenakshi-anoop-birthday-celebrations-17-years-iphone-gift.html|title=Meenakshi gifted iPhone 14 pro on her 17th birthday|work=ONmanorama|date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kidangoor, Kottayam|Kidangoor]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], Kerala
| other_names = Baby Meenakshi
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[Television presenter|TV host]]}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| parents =
| awards =
}}

'''Anunaya Anoop''' (born 12 October 2005),<ref name="M"/> better known by her [[stage name]] '''Meenakshi Anoop''', is an Indian actress who works primarily in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/amar-akbar-anthony-fame-baby-meenakshi-rules-kerala-district-school-youth-festival.html |title='Amar Akbar Anthony' fame 'Pathu' rules school youth festival |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |date=8 December 2015}}</ref> She is best known for her role as Fathima (Pathu/Pathumma) in the 2015 [[comedy film]] ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]] ''and Nandinikkutty (Nandini) in the 2016 crime thriller ''[[Oppam]]''.<ref name="Pathu">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-baby-singer-shreyas-amar-akbar-anthony-song-yenno-njanente-featuring-baby-meenakshi-651669 |title=Watch baby singer Shreya's 'Amar Akbar Anthony' song 'Yenno Njanente' featuring baby Meenakshi |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Meenakshi was born as Anunaya at [[Kidangoor, Kottayam|Kidangoor]] in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]] to Anoop R., a computer accountant, and Remya. She studied at NSS Higher Secondary School in Kidangoor and thereafter at MGM NSS Higher Secondary School in Lakkattoor.<ref name="Earl">{{cite web |title=അമര്‍ അക്ബര്‍ അന്തോണീസിന്റെ പുന്നാരപാത്തു |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-child-actress-meenakshi-anoop.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |date=26 October 2015 |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SMART KUTTEES |url=http://www.mangalam.com/women/womens-world/400832 |work=[[Mangalam]] |date=28 January 2016 |language=Malayalam}}</ref> She is pursuing her graduation in English at [[St. Mary's College, Manarcaud]].<ref>{{cite news |title=അച്ഛൻ പഠിച്ച കോളജിൽ താരമായി മീനാക്ഷി; ഡിഗ്രിക്ക് തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്തത് ഇംഗ്ലിഷ് സാഹിത്യം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/05/23/young-actress-meenakshi-anoop-joins-st-marys-college-for-degree-in-english.html |work=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==

Meenakshi started her acting career with a short film ''Madhura Nombaram'' directed by Akhil S. Kiran.<ref name="Earl" />

She made her film debut in [[Arun Kumar Aravind]]'s ''[[1 by Two]]'' (2014), though her scenes were not included in the film. She then went on to act in ''[[1000 – Oru Note Paranja Katha]]'', ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'', and ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'', all of which released in 2015.<ref name="Earl" /> She made her breakthrough portraying Fathima (Pathu/Pathumma) in ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (2015).<ref name="Break">{{cite web |title=പ്രേക്ഷകരെ കരയിച്ച പാത്തു |url=http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/kottayam/features/kottayam-acting-pathu.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |date=16 January 2016 |language=Malayalam |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125307/http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/kottayam/features/kottayam-acting-pathu.html |archivedate=12 April 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}} ''[[International Business Times]]'' stated about her performance, "The child artist has been receiving amazing responses from the audience and is undoubtedly loved by everyone for her innocent and natural acting."<ref name="Pathu" /> She also received the [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Child Artist (Male/Female)|Asianet Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |title=18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly bag awards |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

She acted in the Priyadarsan movie ''[[Oppam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meenakshi in Priyan's Oppam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170216/meenakshi-in-priyan-s-oppam.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=17 February 2016}}</ref> as Nandhini kutty and signed on to act in upcoming films such as ''[[Zacharia Pothen Jeevichirippundu]]''.<ref name="Break" />{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}}

Her film debut in languages other than Malayalam include, ''[[Kavacha]]'' in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]'' in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]].

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=4|2015 || ''[[1000 – Oru Note Paranja Katha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Fathima||
|-
|''[[Jamna Pyari]]''||School girl||
|-
| rowspan=5|2016 || ''[[Oppam]]'' || Nandini ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' || Street singer ||Cameo
|-
| ''[[Marupadi]]'' || ||Cameo
|-
| ''Paulettante Veedu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kolumittayi]]'' || Riya||
|-
|rowspan=3|2017|| ''[[Alamara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sadrishyavakyam 24:29''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Zacharia Pothen Jeevichirippundu]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018|| ''[[Puzhayamma]]'' || Mazha||
|-
| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Young Meenakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' ||Bride's sister||
|-
| rowspan=3|2019
| ''Vishudha Pusthakam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kavacha]]''|| Nandhini ||Kannada film
|-
| ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]''|| Isha ||Hindi film
|-
| rowspan=4|2021
| ''Meezan''|| Ponnus ||
|-
| ''The Creator''|| ||
|-
| ''Ameera''|| Ameera ||
|-
| ''Kakkapponnu''|| Megha||
|-
| 2023
| ''Class By a Soldier''|| Gayathri||
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Poyyamozhi]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2025
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]''|| Nila Hari ||
|-
|''Prìvate''|| Ashitha ||
|-
| 2026 || ''Poovu'' ||Yama Jeevan||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Poovu out on OTT: Here where to watch KPAC Leela's film on self-discovery online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/poovu-out-on-ott-here-where-to-watch-kpac-leelas-film-on-self-discovery-online/0f44768d9c396 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018{{endash}}2020
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer]]''
| Host
|Replaced [[Esther Anil]]
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2022
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 2]]''
| Host
|Replaced by [[Sreya Jayadeep]]
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2021
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer Music Night]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Eenangalude Gandharvan]]''
| Host
|
|-

| 2022{{endash}}2023
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 3]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 4]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Samthwana Sangeetham]]''
| Host
|
|-
| 2024–present
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 5]]''
| Host
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7751841|name=Meenakshi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meenakshi, Baby}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:2005 births]]

Regulating Act 1773

2026-04-04T20:28:52Z

TabathaLea97053:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of Great Britain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
|short_title = East India Company Act 1772{{efn|name=st|The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the [[Short Titles Act 1896]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]]. The modern convention for the citation of [[short title]]s omits the comma after the word "Act".}}
|type = Act
|parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
|long_title = An Act for establishing certain Regulations for the better Management of the Affairs of the ''East India Company'', as well in ''India'' as in ''Europe''.
|year = 1773
|citation = [[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 63
|introduced_by = [[Frederick North, Lord North]] on 18 May 1773
|territorial_extent = {{ubli|[[Great Britain]]|[[Bengal Presidency]]|[[Madras Presidency]]|[[Bombay Presidency]]}}
|royal_assent = 21 June 1773
|commencement = 10 June 1773 1:00pm
|repeal_date = 23 August 1916
|amendments = {{ubli|[[East India Company Act 1784]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1887]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]|[[Government of India Act 1915]]}}
|related_legislation = {{ubli|[[Tea Act 1773]]|[[East India Company (No. 4) Act 1772]]|[[East India Company Act 1793]]}}
|repealing_legislation= [[Government of India (Amendment) Act 1916]]
|status = Repealed
|original_text = https://books.google.com/books?id=8qRFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA814
|use_new_UK-LEG = yes
}}

The '''East India Company Act 1772'''{{efn|name=st}} ([[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 63) (also known as the '''Regulating Act 1773''') was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] intended to overhaul the management of the [[Bengal Presidency|East India Company's affairs in India (Bengal)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/496238/Regulating-Act|title=Regulating Act | Great Britain [1773] | Britannica}}</ref> The act did not prove to be a long-term solution to concerns over the company's affairs. The [[East India Company Act 1784]] ([[24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2]]. c. 25) was therefore subsequently enacted as a more radical reform. It marked the first step towards parliamentary control over the company and centralised administration in India.

== Background ==
By 1773, the [[East India Company]] (EIC) was in dire financial straits. The company was important to the British Empire because it was a [[monopoly]] [[trading company]] in [[India]] and the east, and many influential people were shareholders. The EIC paid {{GBP|long=no|40,000}} (equivalent to £{{Formatprice|{{inflation|UK|400000|1772|2015|r=-5}}}} in 2015) annually to the government to maintain its monopoly but had been unable to meet its commitments since 1768 because of the loss of [[tea]] sales to [[Thirteen Colonies|America]]. About 85% of all the tea in America was smuggled [[Netherlands|Dutch]] tea. The EIC owed money to both the [[Bank of England]] and the government. It had 15 million lbs ({{convert|15|lb|kg|disp=output number only|1}} million kg) of tea rotting in British warehouses and more en route from India. The act, complemented by the [[Tea Act 1773]] ([[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 44), had the principal objective of reducing the surplus of tea held by the financially troubled EIC and improving the company's financial standing.

[[Lord North]] overhauled the management of the India Company with the act. The EIC had taken over large areas of India for trading purposes and had an army to protect its interests. Company men were not trained to govern, so North's government began moves towards government control since India was of national importance. The act set up a system whereby the British government supervised the work of the EIC. Company shareholders opposed the act, and the EIC was still a powerful [[lobbying group]] in Parliament despite its financial problems.<ref>''The making of British India 1756-1858'' [[Ramsay Muir]] page 133-39</ref>

== Provisions ==
*The act limited company [[dividend]]s to 6% until it repaid a {{GBP|long=no|1.5m}} loan (passed by an accompanying act, the [[Tea Act 1773]] ([[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 64)) and restricted the [[East India Company directors|Court of Directors]] to four-year terms.<ref name=wolpert>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=A New History of India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|edition=8th|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|page=19n5}}</ref>
*First step taken by the British government to regulate and control the company's affairs in India.
*It prohibited the servants of company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents or bribes from the "natives".
*The act elevated Governor of [[Bengal]], [[Warren Hastings]] to [[Governor-General of Bengal]] and subsumed the presidencies of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] under Bengal's control.<ref name=wolpert/> It laid the foundations for a centralised administration in India.
*The act named four additional men to serve with the Governor-General on an executive [[Supreme Council of Bengal]]: [[Lt-Gen]] [[John Clavering (British Army officer)|John Clavering]], George Monson, [[Richard Barwell]], and [[Philip Francis (politician)|Philip Francis]].<ref name=wolpert/> Decisions would be taken by majority of the council, and the Governor General could only vote in the case of a tie.
*A Supreme Court was established at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] at [[Calcutta]] (1774). British judges were to be sent to India to administer the British legal system that was used there. Sir Elijah Impey was the first chief justice. The court has both civil and criminal, and original and appellate jurisdiction.
* It permitted the company to keep its territorial possession in India. It had not taken away the company's power completely, hence being termed a 'regulating act'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.learningadda.in/2021/10/how-many-amendments-in-indian-constitution-regulating-acts-in-india.html |title=Regulating Acts in India | How Many Charter Act in India | Government of India Act 1935 | Government of India Act 1919 | Pitt's India Act - LEARNING ADDA |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504103921/https://www.learningadda.in/2021/10/how-many-amendments-in-indian-constitution-regulating-acts-in-india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Subsequent developments ==
The whole act, except sections 42, 43 and 45, was repealed by section 130 of, and the fourth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61), which came into force on 1 January 1916.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1915|type=act|year=Geo5/5-6|chapter=61}}</ref>

The whole act was repealed by section 7(2) of, and the second schedule to, the [[Government of India (Amendment) Act 1916]] ([[6 & 7 Geo. 5]]. c. 37).

==See also==
*[[East India Company Act]]
*[[East India Company Act 1784]]
*[[Charter Act 1793]]
*[[Charter Act 1813]]
*[[Government of India Act 1833]]
*[[Government of India Act 1858]]

== Note ==
{{Notelist}}
== Significance ==
The Regulating Act 1773 holds great constitutional importance as it marked the beginning of parliamentary oversight over the East India Company's administration in India. Its key significances are:

* It was the '''first step''' taken by the British Parliament to regulate and control the affairs of the East India Company.
* It ended the dual government that had existed in Bengal since 1765, wherein the Company exercised ''diwani'' rights while the Nawab retained administrative control.
* The creation of the office of the '''Governor-General of Bengal''' laid the foundation for a centralised administrative structure that would evolve into the Government of India.
* It introduced the concept of '''collective responsibility''' through the Supreme Council, where decisions required a majority vote.
* The establishment of the '''Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William''' (1774) in Calcutta introduced a formal judicial system, separating executive and judicial functions.
* It made Company servants legally accountable by prohibiting private trade and the acceptance of bribes or gifts from Indian rulers.

== Limitations ==
Despite its importance, the Act had several shortcomings:

* The Governor-General had no veto power and could be outvoted by the Supreme Council, leading to administrative conflicts—as famously seen during the tenure of Warren Hastings.
* The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was not clearly defined, causing frequent conflicts with the Supreme Council of Bengal.
* The Act did not completely curtail the powers of the Court of Directors; the Company retained significant autonomy in commercial matters.
* The Act made no provision for the governance of the Bombay and Madras presidencies in matters outside war, peace, and revenue, leaving gaps in centralised control.
* These limitations necessitated further reform, leading to [[Pitt's India Act|Pitt's India Act 1784]], which addressed many of these deficiencies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{GB legislation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1772]]
[[Category:1773 in British India]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Frederick North, Lord North]]
[[Category:East India Company Acts]]

Carmen Rose

2026-03-31T23:58:28Z

TabathaLea97053: put up

{{short description|Indian singer and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carmen Rose
| image = Carmen Rose and Osvy Viegas (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lobo at Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] in 2013
| birth_name = Carmen Rose D'Souza
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Miss Carmen Rose
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| years_active = 1963–1978
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2013)
| relatives = [[Joe Rose (Konkani actor)|Joe Rose]] (brother)
}}

'''Carmen Rose Lobo''' ([[née]] '''D'Souza'''; {{fl.|1963–1978||lk=on}}), known professionally as '''Carmen Rose''', is an Indian former singer, and theatre actress known for her work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions from 1963 to 1978.

==Career==
Lobo's introduction to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage came during the golden phase of ''[[tiatr]]'', courtesy of [[C. Alvares]]. This period also witnessed the emergence of female artists, including [[Mohana Cabral]], [[Shalini Mardolkar]], [[Philomena Braz]], Cecilia Machado, [[Antonette Mendes]], [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]], [[Jessie Dias]], and [[Betty Ferns]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=56 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-11 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lobo embarked on her theatrical journey in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1963, debuting in a significant role in one of C. Alvares' ''tiatr'' productions. Her striking appearance and melodic voice left an impression on the audience. Subsequently, she caught the attention of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], who invited her to join his ''tiatr'' ensemble, adopting the [[stage name]] Carmen Rose.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=182 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-11 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lobo's talents found expression in various ''tiatrs'' by playwrights such as J. P. Souzalin, Jacint Vaz, [[M. Boyer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Remmie Colaco, and Robin Vaz. She portrayed the character of Mafaldina in [[Kid Boxer]]'s ''tiatr Somzonnent Chuk Zali'', a role later reprised by Selza Lopes in the 2017 production of the same name, recreated by [[Tomazinho Cardozo]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=NT | date=2017-08-06 |title=Somzonnent Chuk Zali | newspaper=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/08/06/magazines/buzz/somzonnent-chuk-zali/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to her acting prowess, Lobo showcased her musical abilities by collaborating with different singers for duets, both on stage and through recordings on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. Her duet "Dotor Dotor Gunvoll leta" with Alfred Rose remains a beloved piece among radio listeners on [[All India Radio]]. Lobo also contributed her own compositions to All India Radio's programs. Underscoring her versatility, Lobo ventured into writing and producing her own ''tiatr'', titled ''Maum vo Kumpar?'' However, after 15 years of dedicated service to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], she made the difficult decision to retire. Family commitments and professional obligations compelled her to bid farewell to her stage career.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Young Carmen Rose.jpg|thumb|upright|Lobo during her youth years]]
Lobo, originally named Carmen Rose D'Souza, hails from [[Aldona]], [[Bardez]] in [[Goa]] which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). As mentioned in the ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' book from 2000, she is reported to live in [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]], along with her family. She entered into matrimony with a member of the Lobo family and subsequently adopted the Lobo surname,<ref name=":2" /> relinquishing her previous surname of D'Souza.<ref name=":0" /> Her brother [[Joe Rose (Konkani actor)|Joe Rose]], is also a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and singer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=135–136}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:13 Sr. Tiatrists honoured.jpg|thumb|Lobo along with fellow ''[[tiatrist]]s'' at the Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] in 2013]]
In December 2013, Lobo received the "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" for her dedication to the promotion and growth of ''[[tiatr]]'' ([[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]), including its songs and music. This award was presented by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) in partnership with Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-14 |title=Lifetime contribution awards to 13 tiatr artistes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/lifetime-contribution-awards-to-13-tiatr-artistes/articleshow/27316471.cms?_gl=1*12vk2kn*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwNDk1MzMwMS45Ni4xLjE3MDQ5NTMzMTcuNDQuMC4w#_ga=2.1798450.2057737340.1704880976-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''Untitled tiatr''
|Main role
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{circa|1967}}
|''Somzonnent Chuk Zali''
|Mafaldina
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Maum vo Kumpar?''
|Writer/producer
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Select discography==
*''Dotor Dotor Gunvoll leta'' (feat. [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, Carmen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]

Vanmurai Paguthi

2026-03-30T00:34:47Z

TabathaLea97053: created

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanmurai Paguthi
| image = Vanmurai Paguthi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Nagaraj
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Manikandan
*NSKJ Manogara
*Raja
*Rafia Jaffer
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />Punithan <br />'''Score:'''<br />Christy
| studio = Madurai Meenakshi Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|11|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vanmurai Paguthi''''' ({{Translation|Violent area}}) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Nagaraj and starring Manikandan, NSKJ Manogara, Raja, and Rafia Jaffer.

== Cast ==
<small>''Source''</small><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbZ3z0RAdEk|title=Vanmurai Paguthi Tamil Movie Official Team Byte #Vanmurai Paguthi Team Interview|date=30 October 2018|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=21 July 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*Manikandan as Muniyasamy
*NSKJ Manogara as Sannasi
*Raja as Velu
*Rafia Jaffer as Thavamani
*Dindigul Dhanam as Chinnathai
*Mujeed as Manickam
*Marichelvam as Paramasivan
*Theni MSP Rajendran as Thavamani's uncle
*Sivaraman as Sivaraman
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Punithan, written by Nagaraj and sung by R Arul Pragasam and Soniya. The soundtrack features two songs "Thodangiruchu" and "Sathigaariye".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/vanmurai-paguthi-song-thodangiruchu/videoshow/66477088.cms|title=Vanmurai Paguthi | Song - Thodangiruchu|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 November 2018|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/vanmurai-paguthi-song-sathigaariye/videoshow/66555774.cms|title=Vanmurai Paguthi | Song - Sathigaariye|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2018|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Arunkumar Shekar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With a better cast, with lowered voices and a more focused screenplay, Vanmurai Paguthi could have been what it teases to be at various points: A study of violence at a domestic and psychological level".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Nov/02/vanmurai-paguthi-movie-review-partly-violent-mostly-disappointing-1893497.html|title='Vanmurai Paguthi' movie review: Partly violent, mostly disappointing|first=Arunkumar|last=Shekhar|date=3 November 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "A more rehearsed cast and improved character development would have made this a regional hit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/051118/vanmurai-paguthi-movie-review-manikandan-is-the-right-actor-for-the-r.html|title=Vanmurai Paguthi movie review: Manikandan is the right actor for the rage filled role|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=5 November 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote that although it is a story that we are used to seeing in Tamil cinema, the difference is noticeable because director Nagaraj has shot it realistically without any cinematic pretensions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/tags/vanmurai-paguthi-review|title=முன்கோபத்தால் ஏற்படும் விளைவுகள் - வன்முறைப்பகுதி விமர்சனம்|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|date=2 November 2018|access-date=21 July 2025|language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News Today]]'' wrote, "''Vanurai Paguthi'' is like any other central Tamil Nadu films, but unlike them , it has a purpose which is delivered well on a strong narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2018/10/30/review-vanmurai-paguthi-looking-beyond-bloodshed/|title=Review: Vanmurai Paguthi - Looking beyond bloodshed|first=Santhosh|last=Mathevan|date=30 October 2018|website=[[News Today]]|access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12916318}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Sailendra Nath Roy

2026-03-28T08:03:06Z

TabathaLea97053: adjusted structure per standard format and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Stunt performer and Guinnes World Record holder (1964–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sailendra Nath Roy
|birth_date = {{birth year|1964}}
|birth_place = India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|4|28|1964}}
|death_place = [[Teesta River]]
| resting_place =
}}
'''Sailendra Nath Roy''' (1964–2013) was an Indian man who registered his name in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for the farthest distance travelled on a [[zip-line|zip wire]] using hair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/farthest-distance-travelled-on-a-zip-wire-(zip-line)-using-hair/|title=Sailendra Nath Roy|access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> He achieved the record at Neemrana Fort Palace, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India, on 1 March 2011. Sailendra zip lined the entire 82.5 m attached to the zip wire only by his hair, which he tied in a looped ponytail. Again in September 2012, he pulled a [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway locomotive]] with his ponytail in north Bengal for 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) in the town of [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9553076/Man-pulls-train-with-hair-in-world-record-attempt.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920112925/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9553076/Man-pulls-train-with-hair-in-world-record-attempt.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2012|title=Man pulls train with hair in world record attempt|website=The Daily Telegraph|date=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/man-uses-his-hair-to-pull-darjeeling-himalayan-train--17741.html|title=Man uses his hair to pull Darjeeling Himalayan train|publisher=indiatvnews.com|date=2012-10-20|access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref>

==Death==
Roy died on 28 April 2013, while trying to beat his own record of farthest distance travelled on a zip wire using hair. Roy died due to a heart attack during his record try at [[Teesta River]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} His ponytail became stuck in the wheeler of the rope halfway through the stunt and he was left hanging in midair for about 25 minutes. He was 49 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/guinness-record-holder-dies-while-trying-to-cross-teesta-on-zip-wire/article4663719.ece|title=Guinness record holder dies while trying to cross Teesta on zip wire|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|date=28 April 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indian-man-sailendra-nath-roy-dies-trying-to-cross-a-river-on-a-zip-wire-using-his-ponytail-8594493.html|title=Indian stuntman Sailendra Nath Roy dies trying to cross a river on a|date=29 April 2013|website=The Independent}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sailendra Nath}}
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:People from Siliguri]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths in India]]

Akabea

2026-03-27T16:33:40Z

TabathaLea97053: stub...

{{Short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language of India}}{{Cleanup lang|date=April 2025|iso=abj}}{{Infobox language
| name = Bea
| nativename = {{lang|abj|Aka-Bea}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; South Andaman island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors; Rutland island except south coast; small islands southeast of Rutland; Labyrinth Islands.
| extinct = 1920s
| ref = <ref name=":0" />
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Southern
| iso3 = abj
| linglist = abj.html
| glotto = akab1249
| glottorefname = Akabea
| altname = Bojigyab, Bôjingîjîda
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#fea500|Aka-Bea}}
| ethnicity = Bea
}}

The '''Bea language''', '''''Aka-Bea''''',<ref>also Beada ~ Biada or Bogijiab ~ Bojigniji ~ Bojigyab</ref> also called '''Bojigyab''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andamanese Languages |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095411491?p=emailAuoKDOz0i0WyA&d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095411491 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |doi=10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095411491?p=emailauokdoz0i0wya&d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095411491| doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> is an extinct [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] language of the Southern<ref name=Manoh1>Manoharan, S. (1983). "Subgrouping Andamanese group of languages." ''International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics''
XII(1): 82-95.</ref> group. It was spoken around the western [[Andaman Strait]] and around the northern and western coast of [[South Andaman]]. It was well documented in the late 19th century, but died out in the 1920s. The term {{Lang|abj|Aka-Bea}} was used both to name the language and the people who spoke it, derived from the prefix {{Lang|abj|aka-}}, used to name objects related to the tongue, and {{Lang|abj|bea}}, meaning 'spring-water'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Zamponi |first1=Raoul |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41657 |title=A grammar of Akabea |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-885579-8 |location=New York}}</ref>

==History==
The Bea were one of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], one of the ten or so [[Great Andamanese]] tribes identified by [[British Empire|British]] colonials in the 1860s. Their language was closely related to the other [[Great Andamanese languages]]. They were extinct as a distinct people between 1921 and 1931.<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931.''}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
|
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ|tʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
!{{small|voiceless}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}{{Efn|{{IPA|[s]}} occurs as an optional and idiosyncratic realization of word-final {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, as well as in non-final positions.<ref name=":0" />}}
|
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{IPA link|ŋʲ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

==== Notes ====

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages, including Aka-Bea, are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name="Templ">{{Cite book |last=Temple |first=Richard C. |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/content/AA/00/00/05/19/00001/PDF.pdf |title=A Grammar of the Andanamese Languages. Being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report of the Andanaman and Nicobar Islands. |date=1902 |publisher=Port Blair: Superintendent's Printing Press}}</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/> An adjectival example can be given by the various forms of ''yop'', "pliable, soft:<ref name="Templ"/>
*A [[cushion]] or [[sponge]] is ''ot-yop'' "round-soft", from the prefix attached to words relating to the head or heart.
*A [[Walking stick|cane]] is ''ôto-yop'', "pliable", from a prefix for long things.
*A [[wikt:stick|stick]] or [[pencil]] is {{Lang|abj|aka-yop}}, "pointed", from the tongue prefix.
*A fallen [[tree]] is {{Lang|abj|ar-yop}}, "rotten", from the prefix for [[Limb (anatomy)|limb]]s or upright things.
Similarly, ''beri-nga'' "good" yields:
*''un-bēri-ŋa'' "clever" (hand-good).
*''ig-bēri-ŋa'' "sharp-sighted" (eye-good).
*''aka-bēri-ŋa'' "good at languages" (tongue-good.)
*''ot-bēri-ŋa'' "virtuous" (head/heart-good)

The prefixes are,

{| class=wikitable
! !!Bea !!Bojigyab
|-
!head/heart
| ot- ||ote-
|-
!hand/foot
|ong- ||ong-
|-
!mouth/tongue
|âkà- ||o-
|-
!torso (shoulder to shins)
|ab- ||ab-
|-
!eye/face/arm/breast
|i-, ig- ||ir-
|-
!back/leg/butt
|ar- ||ar-
|-
!waist
|ôto-
|
|}

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages; with the Aka-Bea forms given below:
{| class=wikitable
| I, my
| ''d-''
| we, our
| ''m-''
|-
| thou, thy
| ''ŋ-''
| you, your
| ''ŋ-''
|-
| he, his, she, her, it, its
| ''a''
| they, their
| ''l-''
|}

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as ''k-'' and ''t-''.

=== Numerals ===
Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ" /> Akabea has been analyzed as an anumeric language, where words analyzed as numerals actually do not refer to specific quantities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zamponi |first1=Raoul |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |title=Akabea (Great Andamanese) as an anumeric language, and the problem of Akabea ordinals |url=https://www.academia.edu/120181191 |journal=Italian Journal of Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=3–28}}</ref>

==Sample texts==

The following [[poem]] in Aka-Bea was written by a [[Tribal chief|chief]], ''Jambu'', after he was freed from a six-month [[Prison|jail]] term for [[manslaughter]].<ref>Man, E.H. (1923). ''Dictionary of the South Andaman Language''. British India Press: Bombay</ref>

: ''ngô:do kûk l'àrtâ:lagî:ka,''
: ''mō:ro el:ma kâ igbâ:dàla''
: ''mō:ro el:mo lê aden:yarà''
:: ''pō:-tōt läh.''
: Chorus: ''aden:yarà pō:-tōt läh.''

Literally:

: thou heart-sad art,
: sky-surface to there looking while,
: sky-surface of ripple to looking while,
:: bamboo spear on lean-dost.

Translation:

: Thou art sad at heart,
: gazing there at the sky's surface,
: gazing at the ripple on the sky's surface,
:: leaning on the bamboo spear.

Note, however, that, as seems to be typical of Andamanese [[poetry]], the words and sentence structure have been somewhat abbreviated or inverted in order to obtain the desired [[rhythm]]ical effect.

== See also ==
*[[Andamanese languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Aka-Bea, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1930s]]

Epidemic

2026-03-27T08:18:15Z

TabathaLea97053: adjust article per sources

{{Short description|Rapid spread of disease affecting a large number of people in a short time}}
{{Other uses}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
[[File:2014 West Africa Ebola Epidemic - New Cases per Week.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Example of an epidemic showing the number of new infections over time.]]
An '''epidemic''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἐπί ''epi'' "upon or above" and δῆμος ''demos'' "people") is the rapid spread of [[disease]] to a large number of [[Host (biology)|hosts]] in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in [[meningococcal infection]]s, an [[attack rate]] in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology"/><ref name=Green>{{cite journal | vauthors = Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, Lev B, Leventhal A, Slater PE, Shemer J | title = When is an epidemic an epidemic? | journal = The Israel Medical Association Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–6 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11802306 | url = https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUploadPublic/IMAJ/0/55/27606.pdf }}</ref>

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g., increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host [[Immunity (medicine)|immunity]] to either an established pathogen or newly emerging [[novel pathogen]] is suddenly reduced below that found in the [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Callow PP | chapter = Epidemic | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JKTeiqPBpM4C&pg=PA246 | title = The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management | publisher = Blackwell Science Ltd. | location = Oxford | date = 1998 | page = 246 | isbn = 0-86542-838-7 }}</ref>

An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed as a [[pandemic]].<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology">{{cite book |last1=Dicker |first1=Richard C. |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6914 |title=Principles of epidemiology in public health practice; an introduction to applied epidemiology and biostatistics. 3rd ed |last2=Coronado |first2=Fátima |last3=Koo |first3=Denise |last4=Parrish |first4=R. Gibson |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year=2012 |edition=Third |location=Atlanta, Georgia}}</ref>{{rp|§1:72|location=}} The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a [[baseline (medicine)|baseline]] rate of [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]]; epidemics for certain diseases, such as [[influenza]], are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline.<ref name=Green/> A few cases of a very rare [[disease]] may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the [[common cold]]) would not. An epidemic can cause enormous damage through financial and economic losses in addition to impaired health and loss of life.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Definition==

[[File:Plague in an Ancient City LACMA AC1997.10.1 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''The Plague of Athens'' ({{Circa|1652}}–1654) by [[Michiel Sweerts]], illustrating the [[Plague of Athens|devastating epidemic that struck Athens in 430 BC]], as described by the historian [[Thucydides]]]]

The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] defines epidemic broadly: "Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area." The term "outbreak" can also apply, but is usually restricted to smaller events.<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology" />{{rp|§1:72|location=}}<ref name="Green" />

Any sudden increase in disease prevalence may generally be termed an epidemic. This may include [[contagious disease]] (i.e. easily spread between persons) such as [[influenza]]; [[Disease vector|vector-borne]] diseases such as [[malaria]]; [[Waterborne diseases|water-borne diseases]] such as [[cholera]]; and [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted]] diseases such as [[HIV/AIDS]]. The term can also be used for non-communicable health issues such as [[obesity epidemic|obesity]].<ref name="Green" /><ref>[https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/ Controlling the global obesity epidemic], the World Health Organization</ref><ref name="Martin" />

The term ''epidemic'' derives from a word form attributed to [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', which later took its medical meaning from the ''[[:s:Of the Epidemics|Epidemics]],'' a treatise by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name="Martin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin PM, Martin-Granel E | title = 2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 976–80 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16707055 | pmc = 3373038 | doi = 10.3201/eid1206.051263 }}</ref> Before Hippocrates, {{Transliteration|grc|epidemios}}, {{Transliteration|grc|epidemeo}}, {{Transliteration|grc|epidamos}}, and other variants had meanings similar to the current definitions of "[[Wiktionary:indigenous|indigenous]]" or "[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]".<ref name="Martin" /> [[Thucydides]]' description of the [[Plague of Athens]] is considered one of the earliest accounts of a disease epidemic.<ref name="Martin" /> By the early 17th century, the terms ''endemic'' and ''epidemic'' referred to contrasting conditions of population-level disease, with the endemic condition a "''common sicknesse''" and the epidemic "''hapning in some region, or countrey, at a certaine time, ....... producing in all sorts of people, one and the same kind of sicknesse''".<ref name="Lodge1603">{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/b3032810x |title=A treatise of the plague: containing the nature, signes, and accidents of the same, with the certaine and absolute cure of the fevers, botches and carbuncles that raigne in these times |publisher=Edward White |year=1603 |location=London |chapter= |quote=CHAP. 1. Of the nature and essence of the Plague}}</ref>

The term "epidemic" is often applied to diseases in non-human animals, although "[[epizootic]]" is technically preferable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKie |first=Robin |date=2021-02-21 |title=Foot and mouth 20 years on: what an animal virus epidemic taught UK science |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/feb/21/foot-and-mouth-20-years-on-what-an-animal-virus-epidemic-taught-uk-science |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2005 |title=Emergency response for epizootic diseases |url=https://www.afbini.gov.uk/articles/emergency-response-epizootic-diseases |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute |language=en}}</ref>

==Causes==
There are several factors that may contribute (individually or in combination) to causing an epidemic. There may be changes in a [[pathogen]], in the population that it can infect, in the environment, or in the interaction between all three. Factors include the following:<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology"/>{{rp|§1:72|location=}}

=== Antigenic Change ===
[[File:Differences-Between-Antigenic-Shift-and-Antigenic-Drift.webp|thumb|Illustration depicting the different mechanisms of antigenic shift and antigenic drift]]
An [[antigen]] is a [[protein]] on the [[virus]]' surface that host [[Antibody|antibodies]] can recognize and attack. Changes in the [[Antigenic variation|antigenic characteristics]] of the agent make it easier for the changed virus to spread throughout a previously immune population. There are two natural mechanisms for change - [[antigenic drift]] and [[antigenic shift]]. '''Antigenic drift''' arises over a period of time as an accumulation of [[mutation]]s in the [[Virus#Genome|virus genes]], possibly through a series of hosts, and eventually gives rise to a new strain of virus which can evade existing immunity. '''Antigenic shift''' is abrupt - in this, two or more different strains of a virus, [[Coinfection|coinfecting]] a single host, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of characteristics of the original strains. The best known and best documented example of both processes is [[influenza]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=12 December 2022 |title=How Flu Viruses Can Change |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> [[SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV2]] has demonstrated antigenic drift and possibly shift as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carabelli |first1=Alessandro M. |last2=Peacock |first2=Thomas P. |last3=Thorne |first3=Lucy G. |last4=Harvey |first4=William T. |last5=Hughes |first5=Joseph |last6=de Silva |first6=Thushan I. |last7=Peacock |first7=Sharon J. |last8=Barclay |first8=Wendy S. |last9=de Silva |first9=Thushan I. |last10=Towers |first10=Greg J. |last11=Robertson |first11=David L. |date=March 2023 |title=SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=162–177 |doi=10.1038/s41579-022-00841-7 |pmid=36653446 |pmc=9847462 |issn=1740-1534}}</ref>

=== Drug resistance ===
[[Antimicrobial resistance|Antibiotic resistance]] applies specifically to [[bacteria]] that become resistant to [[antibiotic]]s.<ref name="WHO2014">{{cite web |date=April 2014 |title=Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet N°194 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310081111/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=who.int}}</ref> Resistance in bacteria can arise naturally by [[genetic mutation]], or by one species acquiring resistance from another through [[horizontal gene transfer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Background: About Antibiotic Resistance |url=http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibioticres.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023035356/http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibioticres.shtml |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=30 October 2015 |website=www.tufts.edu}}</ref> Extended use of antibiotics appears to encourage selection for mutations which can render antibiotics ineffective. This is especially true of [[tuberculosis]], with increasing occurrence of [[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis]] (MDR-TB) worldwide.<ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{Cite web |title=Tuberculosis (TB) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=8 May 2020 |website=who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dabour R, Meirson T, Samson AO |date=December 2016 |title=Global antibiotic resistance is mostly periodic |journal=Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance |volume=7 |pages=132–134 |doi=10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.003 |pmid=27788414}}</ref>

=== Changes in transmission ===
[[File:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|thumb|Anopheles mosquito, the vector of malaria]]
[[Pathogen transmission]] is a term used to describe the mechanisms by which a disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, or parasite) spreads from one host to another. Common modes of transmission include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ: Methods of Disease Transmission |url=https://eportal.mountsinai.ca/Microbiology/faq/transmission.shtml |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital}}</ref> -
* [[Airborne transmission|airborne]] (as with influenza and COVID-19),
* [[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]] (as with cholera and typhoid),
* [[vector-borne]] (malaria, Zika) and
* [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexual]] (syphilis, HIV)

The first three of these require that pathogen must survive away from its host for a period of time; an evolutionary change which increases survival time will result in increased virulence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandavilli |first=Apoorva |date=1 October 2021 |title=Is the Coronavirus Getting Better at Airborne Transmission? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/01/health/coronavirus-aerosols-airborne.html |access-date=12 September 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Another possibility, although rare, is that a pathogen may adapt to take advantage of a new mode of transmission<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alcamí |first=Antonio |date=2023-03-28 |title=Pathogenesis of the circulating mpox virus and its adaptation to humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=13 |article-number=e2301662120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2301662120 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=10068839 |pmid=36940331|bibcode=2023PNAS..12001662A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antonovics |first1=Janis |last2=Wilson |first2=Anthony J. |last3=Forbes |first3=Mark R. |last4=Hauffe |first4=Heidi C. |last5=Kallio |first5=Eva R. |last6=Leggett |first6=Helen C. |last7=Longdon |first7=Ben |last8=Okamura |first8=Beth |last9=Sait |first9=Steven M. |last10=Webster |first10=Joanne P. |date=2017-05-05 |title=The evolution of transmission mode |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=372 |issue=1719 |article-number=20160083 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2016.0083 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=5352810 |pmid=28289251}}</ref>

=== Seasonality ===
Seasonal diseases arise due to the change in the environmental conditions, especially such as humidity and temperature, during different seasons. Many diseases display [[seasonality]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martinez |first=Micaela Elvira |date=8 November 2018 |title=The calendar of epidemics: Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases |journal=PLOS Pathogens |language=en |volume=14 |issue=11 |article-number=e1007327 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007327 |issn=1553-7374 |pmc=6224126 |pmid=30408114 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Mark Your Calendar: All Infectious Diseases Are Seasonal |url=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/mark-your-calendar-all-infectious-diseases-are-seasonal |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health |language=en}}</ref> This may be due to one or more of the following underlying factors: -<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grassly |first1=Nicholas C |last2=Fraser |first2=Christophe |date=7 October 2006 |title=Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=273 |issue=1600 |pages=2541–2550 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3604 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=1634916 |pmid=16959647}}</ref>
* The ability of the pathogen to survive outside the host - e.g. [[Waterborne diseases|water-borne]] cholera<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leitzell |first=Katherine |date=20 November 2011 |title=The Time of Cholera |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/the-time-of-cholera |journal=NASA Earthdata |language=en}}</ref> which becomes prevalent in [[Monsoon|tropical wet]] seasons, or influenza which peaks in temperate regions during winter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-09-20 |title=Learn more about the flu season |url=https://t.cdc.gov/C03 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marr |first1=Linsey C. |last2=Tang |first2=Julian W. |last3=Van Mullekom |first3=Jennifer|author3-link=Jennifer Van Mullekom |last4=Lakdawala |first4=Seema S. |date=January 2019 |title=Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |language=en |volume=16 |issue=150 |article-number=20180298 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2018.0298 |issn=1742-5689 |pmc=6364647 |pmid=30958176}}</ref>
* The behaviour of people susceptible to the disease - such as spending more time in close contact indoors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robson |first=David |date=19 October 2015 |title=The real reason germs spread in the winter |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151016-the-real-reason-germs-spread-in-the-winter |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Changes in immune function during winter - one possibility is a reduction in vitamin D, and another is the effect of cold on mucous membranes in the nose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashef |first=Ziba |date=2019-05-13 |title=Flu virus' best friend: low humidity |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/05/13/flu-virus-best-friend-low-humidity |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=YaleNews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaMotte |first=Sandee |date=6 December 2022 |title=Scientists finally know why people get more colds and flu in winter |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/06/health/why-winter-colds-flu-wellness/index.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
* Abundance of vectors such as mosquitoes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Medicine |first1=Institute of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDClwYeJdCEC |title=Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections: Workshop Summary |last2=Health |first2=Board on Global |last3=Threats |first3=Forum on Microbial |date=2008-03-18 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-17770-2 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Human behaviour ===
[[File:Punch-A_Court_for_King_Cholera.png|thumb|''A Court for King Cholera.'' Illustration from ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' (1852).]]
Changes in behaviour can affect the likelihood or severity of epidemics. The classic example is the [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak]], in which a cholera outbreak was mitigated by removing a supply of contaminated water - an event now regarded as the foundation of the science of [[epidemiology]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tulchinsky |first=Theodore H. |date=2018 |title=John Snow, Cholera, the Broad Street Pump; Waterborne Diseases Then and Now |journal=Case Studies in Public Health |pages=77–99 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2 |pmc=7150208|isbn=978-0-12-804571-8 }}</ref> Urbanisation and overcrowding (e.g. in [[refugee camp]]s) increase the likelihood of disease outbreaks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neiderud |first=Carl-Johan |date=2015-06-24 |title=How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases |journal=Infection Ecology & Epidemiology |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=10.3402/iee.v5.27060 |doi=10.3402/iee.v5.27060 |issn=2000-8686 |pmc=4481042 |pmid=26112265|bibcode=2015InfEE...527060N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Altare |first1=Chiara |last2=Kahi |first2=Vincent |last3=Ngwa |first3=Moise |last4=Goldsmith |first4=Amelia |last5=Hering |first5=Heiko |last6=Burton |first6=Ann |last7=Spiegel |first7=Paul |date=1 September 2019 |title=Infectious disease epidemics in refugee camps: a retrospective analysis of UNHCR data (2009-2017) |url=https://www.joghr.org/article/12009-infectious-disease-epidemics-in-refugee-camps-a-retrospective-analysis-of-unhcr-data-2009-2017 |journal=Journal of Global Health Reports |language=en |volume=3 |article-number=e2019064 |doi=10.29392/joghr.3.e2019064|s2cid=207998081 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A factor which contributed to the initial rapid increase in the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|2014 Ebola virus epidemic]] was [[Bathing the dead|ritual bathing]] of (infective) corpses; one of the control measures was an education campaign to change behaviour around funeral rites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maxmen |first=Amy | author-link=Amy Maxmen|date=30 January 2015 |title=How the Fight Against Ebola Tested a Culture's Traditions |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150130-ebola-virus-outbreak-epidemic-sierra-leone-funerals-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308231136/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150130-ebola-virus-outbreak-epidemic-sierra-leone-funerals-1 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>

=== Changes in the host population ===
The level of immunity to a disease in a population - [[herd immunity]] - is at its peak after a disease outbreak or a vaccination campaign. In the following years, immunity will decline, both within individuals and in the population as a whole as older individuals die and new individuals are born. Eventually, unless there is another vaccination campaign, an outbreak or epidemic will recur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Luojun |last2=Grenfell |first2=Bryan T |last3=Mina |first3=Michael J |date=February 2020 |title=Waning immunity and re-emergence of measles and mumps in the vaccine era |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1879625720300304 |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |language=en |volume=40 |pages=48–54 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.009|pmid=32634672 |s2cid=220414525 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

It's also possible for disease which is endemic in one population to become epidemic if it is introduced into a novel setting where the host population is not immune. An example of this was the introduction European diseases such as smallpox into indigenous populations during the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World" |url=http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510163413/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html |archive-date=10 May 2008}}</ref>

=== Zoonosis ===
[[File:Figure 3- Examples of Zoonotic Diseases and Their Affected Populations (6323431516).jpg|thumb|Possibilities for zoonotic disease transmissions]]
A [[zoonosis]] is an [[infectious disease]] of humans caused by a pathogen that can [[Cross-species transmission|jump]] from a non-human host to a human.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Zoonoses |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> Major diseases such as [[Ebola virus disease]] and [[salmonellosis]] are zoonoses. [[HIV]] was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved into a separate human-only disease.<ref name="Orgin2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharp PM, Hahn BH |date=September 2011 |title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=a006841 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841 |pmc=3234451 |pmid=22229120}}</ref> Some strains of [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|bird flu]] and [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|swine flu]] are zoonoses; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause [[pandemic]]s such as the [[1918 Spanish flu]] or the [[2009 swine flu]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scotch M, Brownstein JS, Vegso S, Galusha D, Rabinowitz P |date=September 2011 |title=Human vs. animal outbreaks of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic |journal=EcoHealth |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=376–380 |doi=10.1007/s10393-011-0706-x |pmc=3246131 |pmid=21912985}}</ref>

==Types==
{{Expand section|fuller description, examples, less jargon|date=September 2023}}

=== Common source outbreak ===
In a common source outbreak epidemic, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. If the exposure is singular and all of the affected individuals develop the disease over a single exposure and incubation course, it can be termed as a point source outbreak. If the exposure was continuous or variable, it can be termed as a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, respectively.<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology"/>{{rp|56}}

===Propagated outbreak===
In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures.<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology"/>{{rp|56}}Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks (sometimes referred to as '''mixed outbreak''').{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure or an environmental vector may spread a [[zoonotic]] diseases agent.<ref name="Principles of Epidemiology"/>{{rp|56–58}}

==Preparation==
{{Update|part=section|date=September 2023|reason=Needing update to reflect changes in theory and practice since the COVID-19 pandemic}}
Preparations for an epidemic include having a disease surveillance system; the ability to quickly dispatch emergency workers, especially local-based emergency workers; and a legitimate way to guarantee the safety and health of health workers.<ref name=gerson>{{cite news | vauthors = Gerson M | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-next-epidemic/2015/03/26/aee9f344-d3e8-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html | title = The next epidemic | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | date = 26 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gates B | title = The next epidemic--lessons from Ebola | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 372 | issue = 15 | pages = 1381–4 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25853741 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1502918 | author-link = Bill Gates | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Effective preparations for a response to a pandemic are multi-layered. The first layer is a disease surveillance system. [[Tanzania]], for example, runs a national lab that runs testing for 200 health sites and tracks the spread of infectious diseases. The next layer is the actual response to an emergency. According to U.S.-based columnist Michael Gerson in 2015, only the U.S. military and [[NATO]] have the global capability to respond to such an emergency.<ref name=gerson /> Still, despite the most extensive preparatory measures, a fast-spreading pandemic may easily exceed and overwhelm existing health-care resources.<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, De Wulf A, Grover J, Papadimos TJ, Bloem C, Galwankar SC, Chauhan V, Firstenberg MS, Di Somma S, Jeanmonod D, Garg SM, Tucci V, Anderson HL, Fatimah L, Worlton TJ, Dubhashi SP, Glaze KS, Sinha S, Opara IN, Yellapu V, Kelkar D, El-Menyar A, Krishnan V, Venkataramanaiah S, Leyfman Y, Saoud Al Thani HA, Wb Nanayakkara P, Nanda S, Cioè-Peña E, Sardesai I, Chandra S, Munasinghe A, Dutta V, Dal Ponte ST, Izurieta R, Asensio JA, Garg M |year=2020 |title=The 2019-2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340903626 |journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=47–93 |doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_20 |pmc=7384689 |pmid=32773996 |s2cid=218754925 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Consequently, early and aggressive mitigation efforts, aimed at the so-called "epidemic curve flattening" need to be taken.<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/> Such measures usually consist on non-pharmacological interventions such as social/physical distancing, aggressive contact tracing, "stay-at-home" orders, as well as appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., masks, gloves, and other physical barriers to spread).<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>

Moreover, India has taken significant strides in its efforts to prepare for future respiratory pandemics through the development of the National Pandemic Preparedness Plan for Respiratory Viruses using a multisectoral approach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India gets "PRET" for future pandemics: a national consultation on developing the content framework for the National Pandemic Preparedness Plan for Respiratory Viruses |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/12-02-2024-india-gets-pret--for-future-pandemics-a-national-consultation-on-developing-the-content-framework-for-the-national-pandemic-preparedness-plan-for-respiratory-viruses |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

Preceding this national effort, a regional workshop on the Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative was organized by WHO's South-East Asia Regional Office on October 12–13, 2023. Recognizing that the same capacities and capabilities can be leveraged and applied for groups of pathogens based on their mode of transmission, the workshop aimed to facilitate pandemic planning efficiency for countries in the region. The participating countries, in the aftermath of the workshop, outlined their immediate next steps and sought support from WHO and its partners to bolster regional preparedness against respiratory pathogen pandemics.<ref>{{Cite web |title="PRET" for future pandemics? Countries in WHO's South-East Asia Region outline steps to update respiratory pandemic plans |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/detail/PRET-for-respiratory-pandemics-countries-in-who-south-easta-asia-region-outline-steps-to-update-pandemic-plans |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pandemics|Medicine}}
{{div col |colwidth=25em |small=no}}
* [[List of epidemics]]
* [[Epidemiology]]
* [[Endemic (epidemiology)]]
* [[Pandemic]]
* [[Syndemic]]
* [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]
* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
* [[Mathematical modelling of infectious disease]]
* [[Compartmental models in epidemiology|Epidemic model]]
* [[Biosecurity]]
* [[Pathogen transmission]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Brook, Timothy; et al. "Comparative pandemics: the Tudor–Stuart and Wanli–Chongzhen years of pestilence, 1567–1666" ''Journal of Global History'' (2020) 14#3 pp 363–379 emphasis on Chinese history, compared to England
* Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept." ''American Historical Review'' 125.5 (2020): 1632–1667.
* {{Cite news |last=Honigsbaum |first=Mark |date=18 October 2020 |title=How do pandemics end? In different ways, but it's never quick and never neat |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/18/how-do-pandemics-end-in-different-ways-but-its-never-quick-and-never-neat |access-date=28 October 2020 |issn=0261-3077 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lietaert Peerbolte |first=Bert Jan |date=September 2021 |title=The Book of Revelation: Plagues as Part of the Eschatological Human Condition |journal=[[Journal for the Study of the New Testament]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=75–92 |doi=10.1177/0142064X211025496
|doi-access=free |issn=1745-5294 |s2cid=237332665 }}
* [[Maryn McKenna|McKenna, Maryn]], "Return of the Germs: For more than a century drugs and vaccines made astounding progress against infectious diseases. Now our best defenses may be social changes", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 323, no. 3 (September 2020), pp. 50–56. "What might prevent or lessen [the] possibility [of a virus emerging and finding a favorable human host] is more prosperity more equally distributed – enough that villagers in South Asia need not trap and sell bats to supplement their incomes and that, low-wage workers in the U.S. need not go to work while ill because they have no sick leave." (p. 56.)
* {{cite web |url=https://ipbes.net/pandemics |title=Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': Experts Warn Worse Crises to Come Options Offered to Reduce Risk |author= |work=IPBES secretariat |date=2020 |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]] |access-date=2021-10-05 |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126000615/https://www.ipbes.net/pandemics }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|epidemic}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.ecdc.europa.eu | title = European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.dundee.ac.uk/iea/ | title = International Epidemiological Association (IEA) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127143509/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/iea/ | archive-date = 2010-11-27 }}
* {{cite book | url = https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976720 | title = A Dictionary of Epidemiology (IEA) | date = 20 June 2014 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-997672-0 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.epidemiology.ch/history/betaversion.htm | title = People's Epidemiology Library | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323082628/http://www.epidemiology.ch/history/betaversion.htm | archive-date = 2012-03-23 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.laprp.com/article.php?aid=348 | title = Video Discussion of the Prostate Cancer Epidemic }}
* {{cite web | url = http://vlab.infotech.monash.edu.au/simulations/cellular-automata/epidemic/ | work = Monash Virtual Laboratory | title = Simulations of epidemic spread across a landscape | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071104183725/http://vlab.infotech.monash.edu.au/simulations/cellular-automata/epidemic/ | archive-date = 2007-11-04 }}
{{refend}}

{{Concepts in infectious disease}}
{{Public health}}
{{Epidemics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Epidemics| ]]
[[Category:Biological hazards]]

Tinsukia

2026-03-23T22:29:11Z

TabathaLea97053:

{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Tinsukia district}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tinsukia
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| space = 2
| total_width = 250
| perrow = 1/2/2/1

| image1 = New Tinsukia Railway Junction.jpg
| image4 = Jaymoti Steam Engine.jpg
| image2 = Tinkunia pukhri.jpg
| image3 =GNB Road and Ranghr Complex.jpg

| footer_align = center
| footer = ''From top, then left to right'':
[[New Tinsukia Junction railway station]], Tinkunia pukhri, Night View of GNB Road and Ranghr Complex, Jaymoti Steam Engine at Railway Heritage Museum
}}
| image_alt =
| nickname = Commercial Hub of Assam
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.500|N|95.367|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Assam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| subdivision_type4 = No. Of Wards
| subdivision_name4 = 20
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1889
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Tinsukia Municipal Board
| leader_title1 = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name1 = Udhav Agarwal, [[BJP]]
| leader_title2 = District Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Sri Swapneel Paul, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title3 = Superintendent Of Police
| leader_name3 = Sri Mayank Kumar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tinsukiamb.org.in/about.php|title=TMB | Tinsukia Municipality Board|website=www.tinsukiamb.org.in}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 30
| area_rank = 7th in Assam
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 116
| population_total = 126,389
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=298235 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104954/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=298235 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 4200
| population_rank = 7th in Assam
| population_demonym = Tinsukian
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 7861XX
| area_code = 91-374
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| registration_plate = AS-23
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 910 [[Female|♀️]]/ 1000 [[Male|♂️]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Official Language]]}}
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Assamese Language|Assamese]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most spoken language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy Rate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 89.03% {{colour|#fc5|high}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Dibrugarh]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec2 = Tinsukia, Digboi, Doom Dooma, Sadiya, Margherita, Makum
| website = {{URL|https://tinsukia.assam.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tinsukia''' (Pron: ˌtɪnˈsʊkiə) is an industrial city. It is situated {{convert|480|km|mi|0}} north-east of [[Guwahati]] and {{convert|84|km|mi|0}} away from the border with [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Tinsukia District]] of [[Assam]], India.

Tinsukia serves as the headquarters of the [[Moran Autonomous Council]], which is the governing council of the [[Moran people|Morans]] (an indigenous tribal group found predominantly in the Tinsukia district and neighbouring Arunachal pradesh).

== History ==
===14th century===
Tinsukia is the site of ''Bengmara'', which was originally known as ''Changmai Pathar''. It was the capital of the [[Matak rajya|Matak kingdom]] which was founded by Swargadeo [[Sarbananada Singha|Sarbananda Singha]].<ref name=NIC>{{cite web|title=Tinsukia|url=http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/bangmara.asp|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Tinsukia Coin, issued by Sarbananda Singha in Saka 1716.gif|thumb|Coin issued by Sarbananda Singha|left]]
Swargadeo Sarbananda Singha, known as Mezara, was a member of the erstwhile [[Chutiya kingdom|Chutia]] royal family and rose to become an able administrator.<ref>"The Buruk-Chutiyas, according to P. Saikia are the direct descendants of the Chutia royal family. Sarbananda Singha, the rulers of the Mataks is said to be a Buruk-Chutiya by caste."{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=31}}</ref> Mezara adopted the name Sarbananda Singha after he became the king. [[Swargadeo]] Sarbananda Singha introduced coins in his name and in Saka 1716 and 1717, he inscribed the title Swargadeo in the coins.

==Geography==
Tinsukia is located at {{Coord|27.5|N|95.37|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/03/Tinsukia.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Tinsukia, India }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 116 metres (380 feet).

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tinsukia (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|9.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Assam|Jainism]]|pink|0.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Tinsukia (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 34.46 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 33.05 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value3 = 21.29 |color3 = purple
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 4.37 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value5 = 1.89 |color5 = lightcoral
|label6 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value6 = 0.96 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = Others |value7 = 3.98 |color7 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, Tinsukia had a population of 116,322.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India / Assam / Tinsukia|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Census of India|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> It is estimated that the city has a population of 178,000 people in 2024.<ref>{{cite web| title= Census of India / Assam /Tinsukia|url=http://census2011.co.in}}</ref> Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Tinsukia had an average literacy rate of 70.15%, higher than the national average of 64.84%; male literacy was 77.89%, and female literacy 63.54%. 13.29% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/assam/pop_assam.xls|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, 34.46% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 33.05% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 21.29% [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 4.37% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.89% [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and 0.96% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam (Town) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10244/download/13356/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
Tinsukia is part of [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-06
|work = Assam
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref> [[Sanjoy Kishan]] of BJP is the current MLA of [[Tinsukia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].

==Media==
The Assamese daily ''[[Dainik Janambhumi]]'' is published from Tinsukia along with [[Guwahati]] and [[Jorhat]].

==Notable people from Tinsukia==
* [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
* [[Mahika Sharma]]
* [[Savitri Jindal]]
* [[Harekrishna Deka]]
* [[Sarbananda Singha]], Matak king

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Scott|first=James George|year =1967|title=Hsenwi State Chronicle}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Phukan| first=J. N.| title = Relations of the Ahom kings of Assam with those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 888–893| jstor=44142722|issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tinsukia}}
* [https://tinsukia.assam.gov.in Tinsukia district official website]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tinsukia| ]]

Sravanthi Juluri

2026-03-14T06:21:40Z

TabathaLea97053: created

{{Short description|Indian visual artist, painter and actress}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sravanthi Juluri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1980
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Painting]]
| training = Stain Glass Garden Studio
| movement =
| works = ''The Journey of a Butterfly''<br>''Jaago Sthree''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/mar/14/strokes-of-freedom-586054.html|title=Strokes of Freedom|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/4513/jaago-stree-art-gallery.aspx|title=Sravanthi Juluri's 'Jaago Stree Art Gallery' at State Art Gallery, Hyderabad - Photo Coverage|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
| spouse = Rahul Reddy (div, 2012)
| children = 1
| parents = Juluri Ramana Rao (father)<br>[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] (mother)
| patrons =
| awards =
}}
'''Sravanthi Juluri''' is an Indian visual artist, painter and actress,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/visually-binding/article4178301.ece|title=Visually binding|newspaper=The Hindu |date=December 9, 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-chrysalis-emerges/article5800691.ece|title=The chrysalis emerges|newspaper=The Hindu |date=March 18, 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> known for executing vibrantly colored spiritual narrative paintings, and glass art in a modified style; as well as television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Time-to-go-gallery-hopping/article16440146.ece|title=Time to go gallery hopping|newspaper=The Hindu |date=November 8, 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsaveslivesintmagazine.com/2015/09/22/indian-visual-artist-sravanthi-juluri-speaks-to-asli-my-work-has-been-a-major-source-of-healing-in-my-life-i-never-thought-my-art-could-actually-help-women-in-distress-to-come-out-in-the-open-abou/|title=Indian visual artist Sravanthi Juluri speaks to ASLI, "my work has been a major source of healing in my life. I never thought my art could actually help women in distress to come out in the open about the abuse they have faced and open up a platform to raise our voices and say no to violence against women".|date=September 22, 2015}}</ref> She is the daughter of veteran Tollywood actress [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-a-six/article8336385.ece|title=It's a six!|newspaper=The Hindu |date=March 10, 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Sravanthi was trained at Stained Glass Garden Studio and Mountain View academy in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]], U.S.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/legendary-telugu-actor-jamuna-no-more/article66438628.ece|title=Legendary Telugu actor Jamuna no more|first=Serish|last=Nanisetti|newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 27, 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/2691/603/|title=Cha: An Asian Literary Journal - A Portrait of a Painter: An Interview with Artist Sravanthi Juluri|website=www.asiancha.com}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-hyderabad-artist-sravanthi-juluri-lends-a-voice-to-women-and-their-suffering-2130295|title=Hyderabad artist Sravanthi Juluri lends a voice to women and their suffering|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sravanthi Juluri was born in [[Hyderabad]], India into the family of veteran Tollywood actress [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> She did her schooling from NASR, and Intermediate from Villa Marie in Hyderabad. Sravanthi holds [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[B. R. Ambedkar]] University. She performed as a child artist in television series “Veera Satrajit”, and “Dr. Mamatha” for [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/6989/the-journey-of-a-butterfly-by-sravanthi-juluri.aspx|title=Exclusive Coverage: The Journey Of A Butterfly: Exhibition With Recent Works By Sravanthi Juluri|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref> She is married to Rahul Reddy in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marriagedivorce.in/s605/jamuna-daughter-sravanthi-and-vijay-rahul-wedding-photos|title=Jamuna Daughter Sravanthi And Vijay Rahul Wedding Photos|website=www.marriagedivorce.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/articles/special-articles/spotlight-secret-behind-jamunas-daughters-marriage-20620|title=Spotlight: Secret Behind Jamuna's Daughter's Marriage|first=Venkat|last=Arikatla|date=April 24, 2010|website=greatandhra.com}}</ref> the couple have a Son Avish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/actress-jamuna-alleges-harassment-of-her-daughter-for-dowry-566.html|title=Actress Jamuna Alleges Harassment Of Her Daughter For Dowry - Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2012.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67NS7g2xwEs|title=actress jamuna, sravanthi vs rahul reddy|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xj7nuo|title=Jamuna's daughter files dowry {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|harasment}} case - TV5 Metro News - video Dailymotion|date=June 10, 2011|website=Dailymotion}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juluri, Sravanthi}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Painters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Painters from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

Krishnalal Bysack

2026-03-13T03:12:53Z

TabathaLea97053: created some stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian circus performer}}

{{Infobox artist
| name = Krishnalal Bysack
| image = KrishnalalBysack.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| birth_date = 21 April 1866
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 19 October 1935
| death_place = [[Baranagar]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| known_for = Gymnast and Entrepreneur
}}

'''Krishnalal Bysack''' (Bengali: কৃষ্ণলাল বসাক) was an Indian [[Circus|circus performer]] and entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Anirban |date=24 January 2014 |title=The Tropic Trapeze: Circus in Colonial India |url=https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20313/7/Ghosh_Anirban.pdf |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=চট্টোপাধ্যায় |first=সৌরপ্রভ |date=2024-03-24 |title=বিস্মৃত বাঙালি অভিযাত্রী কৃষ্ণলালের 'বিচিত্র ভ্রমণ' অভিজ্ঞতা |url=https://banglalive.com/forgotten-bengali-explorer-krishnalals-extraordinary-journey-experience-souraprabh-chatterjee/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |language=bn}}</ref> He founded the Hippodrome Circus<ref>{{Cite web |title=NewspaperSG - Terms and Conditions |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19150528-1.2.58?ST=1&AT=search&k=bysack%20great%20indian%20circus&QT=bysack,great,indian,circus&oref=article |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |language=en-SG}}</ref> with an all-Indian team and toured [[Bengal]], [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=পাতা:জীবনীকোষ-ভারতীয় ঐতিহাসিক-দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড.pdf/২০৪ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1.pdf/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AA |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=bn.wikisource.org |language=bn}}</ref> He is considered to be one the pioneers of circus and physical culture in Bengal as well as India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=পাতা:প্রবাসী (ষট্‌ত্রিংশ ভাগ, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড).djvu/৪২১ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97,_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1).djvu/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=bn.wikisource.org |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was a descendant of Sovaram Bysack,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sovaram Bysack – The Lost Icon of Bengal – Episode 1 – The Ganges Walk |date=27 November 2018 |url=http://thegangeswalk.com/sobharam-bysack-the-lost-icon-of-bengal/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> a well known merchant and [[zamindar]] during [[British Raj]] in India.

== Early life ==
Krishnalal was born in Ahiritola area of [[Kolkata]], Bengal in the year of 1866.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=মজুমদার |first=পল্লবী |date=2020-02-07 |title=সার্কাস-গিরি-কান্তার-মরু: ইতিহাসের এক ঝলক |url=https://banglalive.com/the-history-of-circus-a-journey-through-the-bengali-heritage/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=BanglaLive |language=en-US}}</ref> His father was Chandranath Basak and his mother was daughter of Brindaban Basak. He lost his mother at a young age and was raised by his grandparents.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
[[File:HippodromeCircus.jpg|left|frameless|299x299px|Hippodrome Circus Advertisement]]
Krishnalal learnt [[gymnastics]] at a young age and gained expertise over the years. In 1882, he won praises after performing gymnastics in [[Shobhabazar Rajbari|Sovabazar Rajbari]].<ref name=":0" /> He was famous for [[juggling]], [[parallel bars]], [[trapeze]], [[Spinning top|top spinning]] etc. He travelled many countries performing his shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NewspaperSG - Terms and Conditions |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19121107-1.2.40 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |language=en-SG}}</ref> In early 1900s he established his own circus known as The Great Indian Circus which was later renamed as Hippodrome Circus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu. Abanindrakrishna |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.324602 |title=Bangalir Sarkas |date=1936}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> At its peak period, there were over 200 performers in his troupe.

After retiring, he continued with teaching gymnastics and wrote his autobiography 'Bichitra Bhraman' (Bengali: বিচিত্র ভ্রমণ meaning Amazing Travelogue) which was published in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Cultures of Bengal |url=http://www.granthsouthasia.in/physical-cultures-of-bengal.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.granthsouthasia.in |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Priyanath Bose]]
* [[Soham Swami]]
* [[Ganapati Chakraborty]]
* [[Sushila Sundari]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

# [http://www.eswastika.com/20170904.pdf Feature article on Krishnalal Bysack]
# [https://boighar.in/product/bichitra-vraman-krishna-basak/ Edited and annotated Bichitra Bhraman Book]

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian circus performers]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:Jugglers]]
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Battle of Gazala

2026-03-11T19:38:49Z

TabathaLea97053: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|1942 battle during the Western Desert Campaign of World War II}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Gazala
| partof = the [[Western Desert campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image = File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-784-0246-22A, Nordafrika, Rommel im Befehlsfahrzeug "Greif".jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Panzer III and Rommel's command vehicle during the Battle of Gazala.
| date = 26 May – 21 June 1942 <br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1=05 |day1=26 |year1=1942 |month2=06 |day2=21 |year2=1942}})
| place = [[Gazala]], near [[Tobruk]], [[Libya]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|23|27|E|type:event_region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| result = Axis victory
| territory = Northeastern Marmarica recaptured by Axis forces.
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}<br />{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|British India}}
{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}}<br />{{flag|Free French Forces|name=Free France}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}{{efn|A volunteer squadron of three [[M3 Grant]]s from the American [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] under Major [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] were placed under British command and achieved a number of victories during fighting near Acroma on 11 June.{{sfn|Yeide|2006|p=52}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' recorded these as the first Americans to engage German land forces in the war.{{sfn|Time|1942}}}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ettore Bastico]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Walter Nehring]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Ludwig Crüwell]]{{efn|General [[Albert Kesselring]], in temporary command after Crüwell was captured by the British on 29 May.}}<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ettore Baldassarre]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Enea Navarini]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Benvenuto Gioda]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Claude Auchinleck]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Neil Ritchie]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[William Gott]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Charles Norrie]]
| units1 = [[Panzerarmee Afrika|''Panzerarmee Afrika/Gruppo Corazzato Africa'']]
| units2 = [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]
| strength1 = 90,000 men <small>(60,000 Italian, 30,000 German)</small><br />560 tanks <small>(228 Italian)</small><br />542 aircraft
| strength2 = 110,000 men<br />843 tanks<br />604 aircraft
| casualties1 = '''German:'''<br />3,360 men <small>(26 May – 24 June)</small>{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=274}}{{efn|300 officers, 570 NCOs and 2,490 other ranks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=274}}}}<br />400 armoured vehicles damaged or destroyed<br />'''Italian:'''<br />3,000 men<br />125 tanks<br />44 armoured cars<br />39 guns<br />74 anti-tank guns<br />450 motor vehicles
| casualties2 = 50,000{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=274}} killed, wounded or captured<br /><small>(incl. {{circa|33,000}} prisoners at Tobruk)</small>{{efn|19,000 British, 10,720 South African and 2,500 Indian troops.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=274}}}}<br />1,188 armoured vehicles damaged or destroyed
| notes = Many damaged tanks were returned to action by both sides.
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Desert}}|
}}

The '''Battle of Gazala''', also the '''Gazala Offensive''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Battaglia di Ain el-Gazala'') was fought near the village of [[Gazala]] during the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]], west of the port of [[Tobruk]] in [[Libya]], from 26 May to 21 June 1942. [[Axis powers|Axis]] troops consisting of [[Nazi Germany|German]] ({{lang|de|[[Panzer Army Africa|Panzerarmee Afrika]]}}; {{lang|de|[[Generaloberst]]}} [[Erwin Rommel]]) and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] units fought the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] ([[General (United Kingdom)|General]] Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]], also [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] [[Middle East Command|Middle East]]) composed mainly of British Commonwealth, Indian and Free French troops.

The Axis troops made a decoy attack in the north as the main attack ([[Operation Venezia]]) moved round the southern flank of the Gazala position. Unexpected resistance at the south end of the line around the [[Bir Hakeim]] box by the [[Free French]] garrison left {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} with a long and vulnerable supply route around the Gazala Line. Rommel retired to a defensive position backing onto Allied minefields (the Cauldron), forming a base in the midst of the British defences. Italian engineers lifted mines from the west side of the minefields to create a supply route through to the Axis side.

Operation Aberdeen, an attack by the Eighth Army to finish off the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}}, was poorly co-ordinated and [[defeat in detail|defeated in detail]]; many British tanks were lost and the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} regained the initiative. The Eighth Army withdrew from the Gazala Line and the Axis troops overran Tobruk in a day. Rommel pursued the Eighth Army into Egypt and forced it out of several defensive positions. The Battle of Gazala is considered the greatest victory of Rommel's career.

As both sides neared exhaustion, the Eighth Army checked the Axis advance at the [[First Battle of El Alamein]]. To support the Axis advance into Egypt, the planned attack on Malta ([[Operation Herkules]]) was postponed. The British were able to revive Malta as a base for attacks on Axis convoys to Libya, greatly complicating Axis supply difficulties at El Alamein.

==Background==

===Benghazi===

[[File:Rommel with his aides.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, with aides during the desert campaign. 1942}}]]
Following [[Operation Crusader]], in late 1941, the British Eighth Army had relieved Tobruk and driven the Axis forces from [[Cyrenaica]] to [[El Agheila]]. The Eighth Army advance of {{cvt|800|km|order=flip}} over-stretched its supply lines and in January 1942, the Allies reduced the front line garrison for work on lines of communication and supply dumps, preparatory to another westwards advance against [[Tripolitania]]. The elimination of [[Force K]] from Malta, which ran into an Italian minefield off Tripoli in mid-December and the arrival of {{lang|de|Fliegerkorps}} II in Sicily, neutralised Allied air and naval forces in Malta, allowing more Axis supplies to reach Libya.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=324–325}} After a two-month delay, German and Italian forces in Libya began to receive supplies and reinforcements in men and tanks, which continued until the end of May, when {{lang|de|Fliegerkorps}} II was transferred to the Russian front.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=348, 418}}

While aware from signals intelligence of these reinforcements, GHQ in Cairo underestimated their significance and Axis fighting strength, having greatly exaggerated the casualties inflicted on the Axis during Operation Crusader.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=335–336}} In an appreciation made in January 1942, Auchinleck alluded to an Axis fighting strength of 35,000 men, when the true figure was about 80,000 (50,000 German and 30,000 Italian troops). The Eighth Army expected to be ready by February and GHQ Cairo believed that the Axis would be too weak and disorganised to mount a counter-offensive in the meantime.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=334, 330}} On 21 January, Rommel sent out three strong armoured columns to make a tactical reconnaissance. Finding only the thinnest of screens, Rommel changed his reconnaissance into an offensive, recaptured [[Benghazi]] on 28 January and [[Timimi]] on 3 February. By 6 February, the Allies had fallen back to a line from [[Gazala]] to [[Bir Hakeim]], a few miles west of [[Tobruk]], from which the Italo-Germans had retired seven weeks before. The Allies had {{nowrap|1,309 casualties}} from 21 January, lost {{nowrap|42 tanks}} knocked out, another {{nowrap|30 through}} damage and breakdowns and forty field guns.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=139–153}}

===Gazala line===

Between Gazala and Timimi, just west of Tobruk, the Eighth Army was able to concentrate its forces sufficiently to turn and fight. By 4 February, the Axis advance had been halted and the front line stabilised from Gazala on the coast {{cvt|48|km|order=flip}} west of Tobruk, to an old Ottoman fortress at Bir Hakeim {{cvt|80|km|order=flip}} inland to the south. The Gazala line was a series of [[defensive box]]es accommodating a [[brigade]] each, laid out across the desert behind minefields and wire, watched by regular patrols between the boxes. The Free French were to the south at the Bir Hakeim box, {{cvt|13|mi}} south of the 150th Infantry Brigade box, which was {{cvt|6|mi}} south of the 69th Infantry Brigade box. The line was not evenly manned, with a greater number of troops covering the coast road, leaving the south less protected but the line was behind deep minefields and a longer line would make an attack around the southern flank harder to supply. Behind the Gazala line, were several defensive boxes. Commonwealth Keep (also known as Hill 209) was at [[Ras El Madauur]] on the main defence line of Tobruk, about {{cvt|14.5|km|order=flip}} west-south-west of the port. The [[Acroma]], Knightsbridge ({{cvt|19|km|order=flip}} south of Acroma) and [[Al Adm|El Adem]] boxes were sited to block tracks and junctions. A box at [[Retma]] was finished just before the Axis offensive but work on boxes at Point 171 {{cvt|6.4|km|order=flip}} south-east of Bir Hakeim and [[Bir el Gubi]] did not begin until 25 May.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=197–198, 216–217}}

==Prelude==

===British preparations===

[[File:GenRitchie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|{{center|General [[Neil Ritchie|Ritchie]] (holding pipe) addressing his commanders, 31 May 1942. [[Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie|Norrie]] holding map, [[William Gott|Gott]] to right of Ritchie.}}]]
Churchill pressed Auchinleck to attack to push the Axis out of Cyrenaica and relieve the pressure on Malta, which Churchill felt was essential to the war effort,
{{Blockquote|... having particular regard to Malta, the loss of which would be a disaster of the first magnitude to the British Empire and probably fatal in the long run to the defence of the Nile delta.|Winston Churchill{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=109}}}}

The Eighth Army received new equipment, including {{nowrap|167 American Lend-Lease [[M3 Lee|M3 Grant]]}} tanks equipped with 75 mm guns, and large numbers of [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|6-pounder]] anti-tank guns. Rommel thought that Allied minefields ended well north of Bir Hakeim and did not know of the "mine marsh" surrounding the box.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=112}} The Eighth Army was in the process of reorganising, changing the relationship between infantry and artillery, while the RAF commander [[Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder|Arthur Tedder]] concentrated the efforts of the [[Desert Air Force]] (DAF) on supporting the troops on the ground. Army commanders lost the power to direct air operations, which was reserved for the air commanders. A new fighter-bomber concept was developed and Air Vice-Marshal [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]], commander of the DAF, moved his headquarters to the Eighth Army HQ to improve communication.{{sfn|Clifford|1943|pp=237–238}}

Axis commanders knew that the entry of the United States into the war would give the Eighth Army access to an increase in materiel but sought to forestall an Allied offensive before these supplies could influence events. By late May, the [[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st South African Division]] was on the Gazala line nearest the coast, the [[50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division]] to the south and the [[1st Free French Division|1st Free French Brigade]] furthest south at Bir Hakeim. The 1st and 7th Armoured Divisions waited behind the main line as a mobile counter-attack force, the [[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd South African Division]] formed a garrison at Tobruk and the [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Infantry Division]] (which had arrived in April to relieve the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]]) was held in reserve. The Allies had {{nowrap|110,000 men,}} {{nowrap|843 tanks}} and {{nowrap|604 aircraft.}}{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=13}}{{sfn|Carver|2002|p=167}}

===Axis preparations===

[[File:WesternDesertBattle Area1941 en.svg|thumb|{{center|Area of Axis advance, El Agheila–El Alamein, 21 January – 21 June 1942}}]]
The Axis retreat to El Agheila after Operation Crusader reduced the supply distance from Tripoli to {{cvt|460|mi}}. The discovery of {{cvt|13000|LT}} of fuel at Tripoli eased the supply crisis, despite the delivery of only {{cvt|50000|LT}} of supplies in January. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had a much shorter supply line and the British were burdened by an over-extended supply line. {{lang|de|Luftflotte}} II in Sicily had also regained air superiority for the Axis. Rommel asked for another {{nowrap|8,000 lorries}} but this unrealistic demand was rejected and Rommel was warned that an advance would cause another supply crisis. On 29 January, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} recaptured Benghazi and next day ammunition supply to the front line failed. By 13 February, Rommel agreed to stop at Gazala, {{cvt|900|mi}} from Tripoli.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=192–193}}

Until May, monthly deliveries averaged {{cvt|60000|LT}}, less than the smaller Axis force received from June–October 1941 but sufficient for an offensive. The {{cvt|900|mi}} advance to Gazala succeeded because Benghazi was open, reducing the transport distance for about 33 percent of the supplies of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} to {{cvt|280|mi}}. The Italians tried to restrain Rommel by advocating the capture of Malta, which would postpone another offensive in Africa until the autumn but agreed to an attack on Tobruk for late May. An advance would stop at the Egyptian frontier, another {{cvt|150|mi}} east and the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} would redeploy for [[Operation Herkules]]. The capture of Malta would not alter the constraints of port capacity and distance; protecting convoys and a large port close to the front, would still be necessary for victory.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=193–195}}

[[File:Three Italian generals.jpg|thumb|{{center|From left to right, the Italian generals Nicolini, Baldassarre and Lombardi.}}]]
Air attacks directed by Kesselring against Malta greatly reduced its offensive capacity, allowing supply convoys from Italy to reach Axis forces in Africa with increased regularity.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=108}} {{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}} (Operation Venice), the Axis plan of attack, was for armoured forces to make a flanking manoeuvre south of the fortified "box" at Bir Hakeim.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=223}} On the left flank, the [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"|132nd Armoured Division "Ariete"]] would neutralise the Bir Hakeim box and on the right flank, the [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer Division]] and [[15th Panzer Division]] would advance north behind the Eighth Army defences, to destroy the Allied armour and cut off the infantry divisions on the Gazala line. On the far right of the attack, a {{lang|de|kampfgruppe}} (battle group) from the [[German 90th Light Afrika Division|90th Light ''Afrika'' Division]] was to advance to El Adem, south of Tobruk and cut the line of supply from the port to the Gazala line while holding Allied troops at Tobruk.{{sfn|Toppe|1990|pp=A-8-18–19}}

The rest of the [[XX Army Corps (Italy)|XX Motorized Corps]] and the [[101st Motorized Division "Trieste"|101st Motorised Division "Trieste"]], would open a gap in the minefield north of the Bir Hakeim box near the Sidi Muftah box, to create a supply route to the armour. Rommel anticipated that, having dealt with the Allied armour, he would capture El Adem, Ed Duda, [[Sidi Rezegh]] and "Knightsbridge". The Axis tanks would then be in a position to attack on the following day westwards against the Eighth Army defensive boxes between Gazala and Alem Hamza, meeting the eastwards attack by [[X Army Corps (Italy)|X Corps]] and [[XXI Army Corps (Italy)|XXI Corps]].{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|p=541}} By late May, the Axis forces comprised {{nowrap|90,000 men,}} {{nowrap|560 tanks}} and {{nowrap|542 aircraft.}}{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=13}}{{sfn|Carver|2002|p=167}} On 26 May, {{lang|it|[[Comando Supremo]]}} ordered Bastico and Rommel to launch the offensive, defeat the British armoured forces and capture Tobruk.{{sfn|Montanari|2007|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}

==Battle==

===Operation Venice===

[[File:Map of siege of Tobruk 1942.jpg|thumb|{{center|Axis advance, opening of Operation Venice}}]]
At 14:00 on 26 May, X Corps and XXI Corps attacked on the central Gazala positions, after an artillery concentration, beginning {{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}} (Operation Venice).{{efn |Rommel's plan (issued as "Order for Army Operations", 20 May) to encircle the Allied Army deployed between Gazala and Bir Hakeim and capture the fortress of Tobruk, was initially called Operation Theseus ({{lang|de|Unternehmen Theseus}}).{{lang|de|Venezia}} was the code name ({{lang|de|funk befehl Venezia}}) of the last-minute adjustment (evening of 26 May) for the entire motorised Axis force to advance south of Bir Hakeim.{{sfn|Stumpf|2001|pp=602–613}}{{sfn|Montanari|1993|p=199}}{{sfn|Rondeau|2013|p=169}}}} A few elements of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} and XX Mobile Corps were attached to these assault groups. During the day, the bulk of the {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Afrikakorps]]}} (DAK) moved, to give the impression that this was the main Axis assault. When night fell, the armoured formations turned south in a sweeping move around the southern end of the Gazala line.{{sfn|Toppe|1990|pp=A-8-19}}

In the early hours of 27 May, Rommel led the elements of {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}}, DAK, XX Motorised Corps and the German 90th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division, in a bold flanking move around the southern end of the Allied line, using the Allied minefields to protect the Axis flank and rear. The "Ariete" Division was held up for about an hour by the [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]] of the 7th Armoured Division, dug in about {{cvt|6|km|order=flip}} south east of Bir Hakeim at [[Rugbet el Atasc]]. The [[132nd Tank Regiment (Italy)|132nd Tank Infantry Regiment]] of the "Ariete" Division sent its experienced VIII and IX Medium Tank battalions forward, while the fresh X Medium Tank Battalion was in support. The Indian position was overrun with the loss of {{nowrap|23 tanks,}} some of which were repairable on the field, {{nowrap|30 men}} killed and {{nowrap|50 wounded}}, while the Indians lost {{nowrap|440 men}} killed and wounded and about {{nowrap|1,000 prisoners,}} including Admiral Sir [[Walter Cowan]] and most of its equipment.{{sfn|Parri|2009|p=111}}{{sfn|Montanari|1993|p=208}}{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=223}}{{sfn|Carver|1964|p=219}} The 21st Panzer Division was advancing south of the position and did not take part in the action.{{sfn|Ford|2005|p=35}}{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1994|p=156}}{{sfn|Montanari|1993|p=206}}

Further to the east, the 15th Panzer Division had engaged the 4th Armoured Brigade of the 7th Armoured Division, which had been ordered south to support the 3rd Indian and 7th Motorised brigades. In a mutually costly engagement, the Germans were surprised by the range and power of the {{nowrap|75 mm}} guns on the new M3 (Grant) tanks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=224}}{{sfn|Toppe|1990|p=A-8-25}} The 4th Armoured Brigade then withdrew toward El Adem and spent the night near the Belhamed supply base, east of El Adem. By late morning, the Axis armoured units had advanced more than {{cvt|25|mi}} north but by noon had been stopped by the [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] in more mutually-costly fighting.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=224}}

[[File:M3 Grant with knocked out Panzer I 1942.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|{{center|M3 Grant with knocked out Panzer I, 1942}}]]
On the far right of the Axis advance, the 90th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division engaged the 7th Motorised Brigade at Retma and forced it to withdraw eastwards on Bir el Gubi.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=223–224}} Resuming their advance toward El Adem before noon, armoured cars of the 90th Light came upon the advanced HQ of 7th Armoured Division near Bir Beuid, dispersing it and capturing a number of officers, including the commander, [[Frank Messervy]], who pretended to be a [[batman (army)|batman]] and escaped.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}} The "inexcusable" lapse in security left the division without effective command for the next two days. As planned, the 90th Light Division reached the El Adem area by mid-morning and captured a number of supply dumps. The following day, the 4th Armoured Brigade was sent to El Adem and the 90th Light Division was driven back to the south-west.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=224–225}}

The tank battle continued for three days; lacking possession of Bir Hakeim, Rommel drew the DAK into a defensive position, using the extensive Allied mine belts to block an Allied approach from the west. The British tanks attacked several times from the north and east against accurate defensive fire. The Axis supply situation became desperate; defending the German rear, the "Ariete" Division repulsed attacks by the British armoured brigades on 29 May and during the first week of June.{{sfn|Walker|2003|pp=117–121}}

===Bir Hakeim===
{{main|Battle of Bir Hakeim}}

The Bir Hakeim box was defended by the 1st Free French Brigade under [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]]. On 27 May, the Italian IX Tank Battalion of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment (Ariete Division), which had not been engaged in the destruction of the 3rd Indian Brigade box and had continued to advance alone at full speed, stumbled in the French positions and launched a hasty attack, which was a costly failure against the French {{nowrap|75 mm}} guns and mines.{{sfn|Walker|2003|pp=116–117}}{{sfn|Clifford|1943|p=247}}{{sfn|Montanari|1993|p=211}} On the night of {{nowrap|1/2 June,}} the 90th Light and Trieste divisions were sent south to renew the attack on Bir Hakeim, where the battle continued for another ten days.{{sfn|Toppe|1990|p=A-9-1}}

{{Blockquote|Our attacks repeatedly bogged down in the excellent French fortifications. During the first ten days of out {{sic}} attack against the French the British had remained amazingly calm. The Ariete Division alone was attacked by them on 2 June but it defended itself stubbornly. After a counter-attack by the 21st Panzer Division the situation there again became quiet.|{{lang|de|Generalmajor}} Alfred Toppe{{sfn|Toppe|1990|p=A-9-1}}}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1976-091-06, Nordafrika, Panzer III.jpg|thumb|A German Panzer III passing a burning truck.]]
Reinforced with a further {{lang|de|kampfgruppe}}, the Axis attacked Bir Hakeim again on 9 June and overran the defences by the following day.{{sfn|Toppe|1990|pp=A-9-5–A-9-7}} Ritchie ordered the remaining troops to evacuate as best they could, under the cover of darkness.{{sfn|Clifford|1943|pp=260–262}} Under fire through the night, many of the French were able to find gaps in the line through which to withdraw. The survivors then made their way some {{cvt|8|km|order=flip}} to the west, to rendezvous with transport from the 7th Motor Brigade. About {{nowrap|2,700 troops}} (including {{nowrap|200 wounded)}} of the original garrison of {{nowrap|3,600 escaped}} and about {{nowrap|500 French}} troops, many of whom were wounded, were captured when the 90th Light Division occupied the position on 11 June.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=237}}{{sfn|Toppe|1990|p=A-9-6}}

===The Cauldron===
Early on 29 May, supply vehicles supported by the Trieste and Ariete divisions, worked through the minefield north of Bir Hakeim and reached the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}}. On 30 May, Rommel pulled the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} back westward against the edge of the minefields, creating a defensive position. A link was formed with elements of the Italian X Corps, which were clearing two routes through the minefields from the west.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=226–228}} In the process, the Sidi Muftah box was overrun and the defending [[150th Infantry Brigade]] was destroyed after brutal fighting. At one point, Rommel personally led a platoon of panzer grenadiers in the attack;

{{Blockquote|In the afternoon [30th May] I personally reconnoitred the possibilities for an attack on Got el Ualeb [the Sidi Muftah box] and detailed units of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}}, 90th Light Division and the Italian Trieste Division for an assault on the British positions next morning. The attack was launched on the morning of the 31st May. German-Italian units fought their way forward yard by yard against the toughest British resistance imaginable.{{nbs}}... Nevertheless, by the time evening came we had penetrated a substantial distance into the British positions. On the following day the defenders were to receive their quietus. After heavy Stuka attacks, the infantry again surged forward against the British field positions.{{nbs}}... Piece by piece the elaborate British defences were won until by early afternoon the whole position was ours. The last British resistance was quenched. We took in all {{nowrap|3,000 prisoners}} and destroyed or captured {{nowrap|101 tanks}} and armoured cars, as well as {{nowrap|124 guns}} of all kinds.|Rommel{{sfn|Rommel|1953|p=212}}}}

Acting on mistaken reports about German tank losses, Auchinleck strongly urged Ritchie to counter-attack along the coast, to exploit the absence of German tanks and break through to Timimi and then [[Mechili]]. Ritchie was more concerned by Tobruk, brought reinforcements up to the El Adem box and created new defensive boxes opposite the gaps in the minefield.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|p=548}} Ritchie ordered the Eighth Army to counter-attack against the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} on 5 June but they were met by accurate fire from tank and anti-tank guns positioned in the cauldron. In the north, XIII Corps made no progress but the attack by 7th Armoured and 5th Indian divisions on the eastern flank of the cauldron at 02:50 initially went well. An important element of the plan was the destruction of the Axis anti-tank screen with an artillery bombardment but because of an error in plotting its position, the bombardment fell too far to the east.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|p=373}} When the 22nd Armoured Brigade advanced, it was met by massed anti-tank fire and checked. The 32nd Army Tank Brigade, advancing from the north, joined the attack at dawn but also ran into massed fire, losing fifty of seventy tanks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=232–233}}

[[File:BattleGazalaAftermath.gif|thumb|{{center|Axis attack from the Cauldron, 12–13 June}}]]
By early afternoon on 5 June, Rommel split his forces, deciding to attack east with the {{lang|it|Ariete}} and 21st Panzer divisions while he sent elements of 15th Panzer Division northwards against the Knightsbridge Box. The eastward thrust towards Bir el Hatmat dispersed the tactical HQs of the two British divisions, as well as the HQs of the [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]], the [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and other smaller units, which caused command to break down. The 22nd Armoured Brigade, having lost {{nowrap|60 of}} its {{nowrap|156 tanks,}} was forced from the battlefield by more attacks from the 15th Panzer Division. Three Indian infantry battalions, a reconnaissance regiment and four artillery regiments of the attacking force were left behind, unsupported by armour and overrun. Rommel retained the initiative, maintaining his strength in the cauldron while the number of operational British tanks diminished. A number of probes were sent to test the various opposing strong points and from 6 to 8 June, further attacks were launched on Bir Hakeim and repulsed by the French garrison. The 7th Motor Brigade and [[29th Indian Infantry Brigade]] continued to harass the Axis lines of communications.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=233–236}}

===Knightsbridge, 10 June===
[[File:Ariete tank division on the attack.jpg|left|thumb|{{center|M13/40 tanks of the {{lang|it|Ariete}} Armoured Division on the move during the battle.}}]]
Orders for the 4th Armoured Brigade were to occupy Hill 176, west of Trigh Bir Hakeim, then attack the ''Ariete'' and force it to withdraw. The 2nd Armoured Brigade was to carry out a demonstration in support of the 4th Armoured Brigade.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=54}} At 05:45 on 10 June, C Squadron, equipped with M3 Grant tanks, of the Queen's Bays left the bivouac between Rigel Ridge to the north and Trigh Capuzzo to the south, heading towards the ''Ariete'' positions. At 07:00 C Squadron of the Queen's Bays came into contact with the tank units of the ''Ariete'', which sustained the shock and at about 08:00 forced the British to withdraw.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=55}} On the start line the 6th RTR was on the right, with C Squadron on the left, B Squadron on the right and A Squadron ready to intervene on both flanks.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=56}} The 1st RTR was deployed on the left with A Squadron in the lead (intended to cover the left flank of the regiment), followed by C Squadron, the command, B Squadron and a battery of the 1st RHA.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=57}} At 08:40 the 6th RTR, preceded by a two-hour artillery preparation and covered by smoke bombs, invested the 2nd Company/VIII Battalion of the 132nd Infantry Tank Regiment.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=58}}

The formation saw the Grants in the centre and the Stuarts on the wings but their M13s and the self-propelled guns managed to prevent the envelopment and forced the British to march along the front, exposing the flanks of their tanks to Italian fire. At 09:00, finding itself under fire from anti-tank guns as well as tanks, C Squadron, 6th RTR closed in on the Italian tanks, managing to hit an Italian vehicle. The pressure on the Italian tanks managed to push them to within about {{cvt|200|m|yd|order=flip}} of the anti-tank defence line, which then found it difficult to lay its anti-tank guns as they were masked by the Italian tanks. The 88/55 gun, after having adjusted its fire, at 09:40 destroyed two British tanks and stopped a third, then C Squadron began its retreat, followed after ten minutes by the rest of the 6th RTR while the anti-tank gun was countered by counter-battery fire from the RHA. At 11:00 a patrol of the 6th RTR, sent ahead to check the situation on the battlefield, was repulsed by artillery fire and at 11:30, another attack was made and was repulsed by concentrated fire from the Italian defences. At 14:00 the Queen's Bays were ordered to intervene to support the struggling 4th Armoured Brigade and having reached the position where the retreating regiments had stopped, exchanged positions with those of the 1st RTR, without there being any further clashes with the Italians.{{sfn|Mosolo|2013|p=58}}

===Black Saturday, 13 June===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-784-0247-13, Nordafrika, zerstörte britische Panzer.2.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Abandoned British Valentines are inspected for maps, code books and tins of food}}]]
On 11 June, Rommel pushed the 15th Panzer Division and 90th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division toward El Adem and by 12 June had begun forcing the 201st Guards Brigade out of the Knightsbridge Box.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}} The 29th Indian Infantry Brigade repulsed an attack on the El Adem box on 12 June but the 2nd and 4th Armoured brigades on their left were pushed back {{cvt|6|km|order=flip}} by the 15th Panzer Division and left their damaged tanks on the battlefield. On 13 June, the 21st Panzer Division advanced against the 22nd Armoured Brigade. The {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} had combined tanks with anti-tank guns; Rommel had acted rapidly on intelligence obtained from Allied radio intercepts.{{sfn|Mellenthin|1971|p=107}}

By the end of the day, the British tank strength had been reduced from {{nowrap|300 tanks}} to about seventy; the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} had established armour superiority and a dominating line of positions, making XIII Corps on the Gazala line vulnerable to being cut off.{{sfn|Hoffman|2004|p=77}} By the end of 13 June, the Knightsbridge box was virtually surrounded and was abandoned by the Guards Brigade later that night, their commanding officer [[Thomas Bevan (cricketer)|Thomas Bevan]] having been killed the previous day.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=234}}{{sfn|McCrery|2011|pp=104–105}} Due to these failures, 13 June became known as "Black Saturday" to the Eighth Army.{{sfn|Clifford|1943|p=264}}

====Rigel Ridge====

On 13 June, the 21st Panzer Division attacked Rigel Ridge in the middle of a sandstorm.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=242–243}} The Germans overran part of the 2nd Scots Guards at the Knightsbridge Box at the west end of Rigel Ridge, overlooked by the 6th South African Anti-tank battery of the 2nd Field Regiment, [[Natal Field Artillery]] and a battery of the [[11th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (Honourable Artillery Company)|11th (HAC) Regiment RHA]] nearby. The South African gunners kept firing until their guns were destroyed, allowing the withdrawal of other Allied formations.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=98}} The South African battery commander had decided to stay and maintain fire against the German tanks, to delay the Germans for as long as possible. The remaining guns were commanded individually and fired at the Panzers over open sights. The German tanks took up positions behind the ridge, with anti-tank guns placed between them. A column of Panzers attacked from the rear, surrounding them and cutting off all escape and the gunners kept firing until the eight guns had been destroyed. About half the gun detachments were killed and wounded, including the battery commander and many officers. The last gun in action was manned by Lieutenant Ashley and a signaller; when the battery had been silenced, the Axis tanks approached cautiously and the South African gunners were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1994|p=163}}

===Eighth Army retreat===

On 14 June, Auchinleck authorised Ritchie to withdraw from the Gazala Line. The defenders in the El Adem and two neighbouring boxes held on and the 1st South African Division was able to withdraw along the coast road, practically intact.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|pp=554–555}} The road could not accommodate two divisions and the remaining two brigades of the 50th (Northumbrian) Division could not retreat eastwards because of the Axis tanks and attacked south-west, breaking through the lines of the [[27th Infantry Division "Brescia"]] and [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]] of X Corps; then headed south into the desert, before turning east.{{sfn|Clifford|1943|pp=269–272}} London would not contemplate a withdrawal to the better defensive positions on the Egypt–Libya frontier and on 14 June, Auchinleck ordered to Ritchie to hold a line running south-east from Acroma (west of Tobruk) through El Adem to Bir El Gubi. By the evening of 15 June, the defensive box at Point 650 had been overrun and on 16 June, the defenders at Point 187 had been forced by lack of supplies to evacuate. The defensive boxes at El Adem and Sidi Rezegh were also attacked by the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}}. On 17 June, both boxes were evacuated, ending any chance of preventing the encirclement of Tobruk. Ritchie ordered the Eighth Army to withdraw to Mersa Matruh, about {{cvt|100|mi}} east of the frontier, leaving Tobruk to threaten the Axis lines of communication as in 1941.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|pp=556–561}} The retreat became known to some as the Gazala Gallop.{{sfnm|1a1=Nash|1y=2013|1p=182|2a1=Sadler|2y=2015|2p=18}}

===Fall of Tobruk===
{{main|Axis capture of Tobruk}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-785-0294-32A, Tobruk, englische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|{{center|Allied prisoners are marched out of Tobruk}}]]
In February 1942, the army, navy and air force commanders-in-chief in Cairo had agreed that Tobruk should not stand another siege. Auchinleck viewed the defence of Tobruk as a lesser matter and told Ritchie that he did not intend to hold it at all costs.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=261}} An immense store of supplies of every description had been accumulated around the port for an Allied offensive and Auchinleck expected it to be able to hold out for two months with the supplies in the fortress. The defences at Tobruk had not been maintained and it was garrisoned by inexperienced troops. Gott garrisoned Tobruk with the two brigades of 2nd South African Division (Major-General [[Hendrik Klopper]]) along with the [[22nd Guards Brigade|201st Guards (Motorised) Brigade]], [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]], [[32nd Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom)|32nd Army Tank Brigade]] and the [[4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade]].{{sfn|Bierman|Smith|2003|p=178}}

Operation Venice ({{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}}) began on 26 May 1942 and drove the Eighth Army east of Tobruk, leaving it vulnerable to attack from the east.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|pp=561, 559}} The [[British prime minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] had placed great store on the symbolic value of Tobruk and there was an exchange of ambiguous signals, leading to the port becoming surrounded and besieged, rather than evacuated as originally planned.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|pp=561, 559}} {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} penetrated a weak spot on the eastern defensive perimeter and took the port within twenty-four hours. The garrison of 33,000 men was captured, many of those on the western perimeter not having been engaged.{{sfn|Harper|2017|p=23}} Over 1,000 vehicles in working order, {{cvt|5000|LT}} of food and {{cvt|1400|LT}} of petrol were captured.{{sfn|Carver|2002|p=123}} The surrender was the largest capitulation of British Empire forces in the war after the [[Battle of Singapore]] in February 1942.{{sfn|Harper|2017|p=23}} Later in the year, a Court of Inquiry ({{lang|la|[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]}}) found Klopper to be largely blameless for the surrender and ascribed the defeat to failures among the British high command. The findings were kept secret until after the war, doing little to restore the reputation of Klopper and his troops.{{sfn|Horn|Katz|2016|p=194}}

==Aftermath==

===Analysis===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-443-1582-32, Nordafrika, Generaloberst Erwin Rommel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|{{center|Generaloberst Erwin Rommel, west of Tobruk}}]]
With the capture of Tobruk, the Axis gained a port nearer the Aegean–Crete route and a large amount of Allied supplies. If the Allies could not stop the Germans in Egypt, they would take the Suez Canal and potentially drive for the oilfields in the Middle East. Hitler rewarded Rommel with a promotion to the rank of field-marshal, the youngest German officer ever to achieve this rank.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=275}} Rommel remarked he would have preferred another panzer division.{{sfn|Rommel|1953|p=233}}

Churchill wrote,

{{Blockquote|This was one of the heaviest blows I can recall during the war. Not only were its military effects grievous, but it had affected the reputation of the British armies.|Winston Churchill{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=1}}}}

Auchinleck dismissed Ritchie on 25 June and assumed command of the Eighth Army for the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], where he stopped Rommel's advance.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=285, 331–357}} In August, Auchinleck was replaced as Eighth Army commander by the XIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General [[William Gott]] and as C-in-C [[Middle East Command]] by General Sir Harold Alexander. Gott was killed when his aircraft was shot down and Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] was appointed as his replacement.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=367–370}}

In 2017, [[James Holland (author)|James Holland]] wrote,

{{Blockquote|As Rommel said to a captured British officer, 'What difference does it make if you have two tanks to my one, when you spread them out and let me smash them in detail?' That one sentence really did encapsulate the nub of the matter and the failure of the Auk's approach. Frankly, he and his senior commanders should have known better by now.{{sfn|Holland|2017|p=207}}}}

===Casualties===
The Eighth Army suffered 50,000 casualties, including {{circa| 35,000 prisoners}} taken at Tobruk.{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=16}}{{sfn|Ford|2005|p=10}} The Germans suffered {{nowrap|3,360 casualties}}, about 15 per cent of their force.{{sfn|Carver|1964|p=249}}{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=274}} Italian casualties were 3,000 men, 125 tanks, 44 armoured cars, 450 motor vehicles, 39 guns and seventy-four {{nowrap|47 mm}} anti-tank guns.{{sfn|Montanari|1989|p=291}} On 30 June, the ''Afrika Korps'' reported that Axis tank losses were {{circa|400 and}} that only {{nowrap|44–55 German}} tanks were operational, the Italian XX Corps was down to fifteen tanks and the 90th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division had only {{nowrap|1,679 men}} left.{{sfn|Ellis|2001|p=57}}{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=39}} The Eighth Army lost thousands of tons of supplies, nearly {{nowrap|800,000 rounds}} of artillery ammunition, nearly {{nowrap|13 million}} rounds of small-arms ammunition and a huge number of tanks. Hundreds of damaged tanks had been left behind when armoured regiments retreated and it was estimated that there were {{nowrap|1,188 tank}} casualties in 17 days. On 22 June, the Desert Air Force had {{nowrap|463 operational}} aircraft, {{nowrap|420 of}} them in the Middle East, the Germans {{nowrap|183 and}} the Italians {{nowrap|238, with}} another {{nowrap|174 in}} reserve and {{nowrap|500 in}} the Mediterranean excluding Italy.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|p=283}} The Royal Army Ordnance Corps recovered {{nowrap|581 tanks}} up to 19 June, repaired {{nowrap|278 and}} sent {{nowrap|222 back}} to Egypt {{nowrap|(326 being}} US-made tanks). The Eighth Army was reduced to about {{nowrap|185 operational}} tanks by the end of the battle and shuffling operational tanks and crews between units disrupted unit organisation. Seven field artillery regiments, {{nowrap|6,000 lorries}} and two tank repair workshops (which had been moved into Tobruk) were lost. By 1 July, the Eighth Army was back at El Alamein, with {{nowrap|137 serviceable}} tanks, {{nowrap|42 en route}} from workshops and {{nowrap|902 tanks}} waiting to be repaired.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=238–239}}{{sfn|Barr|2005|pp=39–40}}

===Subsequent operations===
{{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} began {{lang|de|Unternehmen Aïda}} an advance upon Egypt, while the Eighth Army fell back to El Alamein. Auchinleck decided not to hold Mersa Matruh, choosing to fight a delaying action with X and XIII Corps. The {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} was delayed at the [[Battle of Mersa Matruh]] but signal failures led to disorganisation and the X Corps line of retreat along the coast road being cut off. The corps broke out at night to the south and worked its way around the German positions, collided with Axis forces several times and lost more than {{nowrap|6,000 prisoners,}} forty tanks and a large quantity of supplies.<ref>Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Battle_report_of_Panzerarmeeafrika_for_28_June_1942.jpg page 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030043341/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Battle_report_of_Panzerarmeeafrika_for_28_June_1942.jpg |date=30 October 2008 }} and [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_report_of_Panzerarmeeafrika_for_29_June_1942.jpg page 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325125623/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_report_of_Panzerarmeeafrika_for_29_June_1942.jpg |date=25 March 2009 }}</ref> Auchinleck had ordered the bulk of the Eighth Army to retire another {{cvt|160|km|order=flip}} to El Alamein, {{cvt|100|km|order=flip}} from Alexandria. The retirements brought the Eighth Army closer to its base and the [[Qattara Depression]] to the south of El Alamein closed the southern flank. The Allied and Axis forces fought the First Battle of El Alamein, the [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]] and the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]. [[Operation Agreement]], a British landing at Tobruk during the night of {{nowrap|13/14 September,}} to rescue Allied prisoners, was a failure.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=20–23}}

==Orders of battle==
Allied and Axis forces, Gazala, 26 May – 21 June 1942

===Allies===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
* '''Middle East Command''' ([[Claude Auchinleck]])
;;'''[[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]''' ([[Neil Ritchie]])
;[[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] ([[William Gott]])
* [[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st South African Division]] ([[Dan Pienaar]])
** [[1st South African Infantry Brigade|1st South African Infantry Brigade Group]]
** [[2nd South African Infantry Brigade|2nd South African Infantry Brigade Group]]
** [[3rd South African Infantry Brigade|3rd South African Infantry Brigade Group]]
* [[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd South African Division]] ([[Hendrik Klopper]]) (in Tobruk)
** [[4th South African Infantry Brigade|4th South African Infantry Brigade Group]]
** [[6th South African Infantry Brigade|6th Infantry South African Brigade Group]]
** [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade|9th Indian Infantry Brigade Group]] ([[Bernard Campbell Fletcher|Bernard Fletcher]]) (from 5th Indian Division and moved to 7th Armoured Division at the Cauldron in early June)
** [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ([[Andrew Anderson (general)|Andrew Anderson]]) (from Army Reserve to replace 9th Indian Infantry Brigade Group)
* [[50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division]] ([[William Havelock Ramsden|William Ramsden]])
** [[150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|150th Infantry Brigade Group]] (Haydon)
** [[151st Infantry Brigade|151st Infantry Brigade Group]] ([[John Nichols (British Army officer)|John Nichols]])
** [[69th Infantry Brigade|69th Infantry Brigade Group]] (Hassall)
* [[1st Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Army Tank Brigade]] (O'Carroll)
* [[32nd Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom)|32nd Army Tank Brigade]] (Willison)
;[[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] ([[Charles Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie|Charles Norrie]])
* [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] ([[Herbert Lumsden]])
** [[2nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Armoured Brigade Group]] (Briggs)
** [[22nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|22nd Armoured Brigade Group]] (Carr)
** [[201st Guards Motor Brigade]] ([[John Charles Oakes Marriott|John Marriott]] until 17 June then G. F. Johnson)
* [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] ([[Frank Messervy]])
** [[4th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Armoured Brigade Group]] (Gatehouse)
** [[18th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Motor Brigade Group]] ([[James Renton]])
** [[31st Indian Armoured Division|3rd Indian Motor Brigade Group]] (Filose)
** [[29th Indian Infantry Brigade]] Group ([[Denys Whitehorn Reid|Denys Reid]]) from [[5th Indian Infantry Division]]
** [[1st Free French Division|1st Free French Brigade Group]] ([[Marie Pierre Kœnig|Marie Kœnig]]) (under 7th Armoured Division command when defending Bir Hakeim){{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}}

'''Army Reserve'''
* [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Infantry Division]] ([[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]])
** [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ([[Charles Hamilton Boucher|Charles Boucher]])
** 2nd Free French Brigade Group
* [[10th Indian Infantry Division]] ([[Thomas Wynford Rees|Thomas Rees]]) (arriving from Iraq)
** [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (MacGregor)
** [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]] (Purves)
** [[25th Indian Infantry Brigade]] ([[Ronald Gervase Mountain|Ronald Mountain]])
* [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (Andrew Anderson) (from [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]])
* [[1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Brigade]]
* [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]] from mid-June ([[Dudley Russell]]) (from 4th Indian Infantry Division)

===Axis===
Details from Pitt 2001 unless indicated.{{sfn|Pitt|2001|pp=347–348}}
* {{lang|it|'''Comandante Superiore:''' Generale d'Armata}} ([[Ettore Bastico]])

'''{{lang|de|[[Panzer Army Africa|Panzerarmee Afrika]]}}''' ({{lang|de|Generaloberst}} [[Erwin Rommel]])
* '''{{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps|Deutsches Afrika Korps]]}}''' ({{lang|de|Generalleutnant}} [[Walter Nehring]])
** [[33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzer Division]] ({{lang|de|Generalleutnant}} [[Gustav von Värst]] [wounded 27 May then Oberst [[Eduard Crasemann]]])
** [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer Division]] ({{lang|de|Generalmajor}} [[Georg von Bismarck]])
** [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|90th Light Division]] ({{lang|de|Generalmajor}} [[Ulrich Kleemann]])
* '''{{lang|it|[[Italian XX Motorized Corps|Corpo d'Armata di Manovra XX]]}}''' ({{lang|it|Generale di Corpo d'Armata}} [[Ettore Baldassarre]])
** [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"|132nd Armoured Division "Ariete"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Giuseppe De Stefanis]])
** [[101st Motorized Division "Trieste"|101st Motorised Division "Trieste"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Arnaldo Azzi]])

'''{{lang|de|Infanteriegruppe Crüwell}}''' ([[Ludwig Crüwell]]){{efn|{{lang|de|Gruppe Crüwell}} was part of {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} but Rommel temporarily split the force in half, Crüwell commanding the infantry formations along the original front line, while Rommel joined the mobile forces in the flanking move. After Crüwell was captured on 29 May 1942, {{lang|de|Gruppe Crüwell}} was placed under the temporary command of Field Marshal [[Albert Kesselring]], who had been visiting the front.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=227–228}}}}
* '''{{lang|it|[[Italian X Corps|Corpo d'Armata X]]}}''' ({{lang|it|Generale di Corpo d'Armata}} [[Benvenuto Gioda]])
** [[27th Infantry Division "Brescia"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Giacomo Lombardi]])
** [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Antonio Franceschini]])
* '''{{lang|it|[[Italian XXI Corps|Corpo d'Armata XXI]]}}''' ({{lang|it|Generale di Corpo d'Armata}} [[Enea Navarini]])
** [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"|102nd Motorised Division "Trento"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Francesco Scotti (Italian soldier)|Francesco Scotti]])
** [[60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"]] ({{lang|it|Generale di Divisione}} [[Mario Soldarelli]])
** Light Infantry Regiment 155 (detached from 90th Light Division)

==See also==
* [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]]
* [[List of Italian military equipment in World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of French military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* [[List of World War II Battles]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist|50em}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}

===Books===
* {{cite book |first=Niall |last=Barr |title=Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein |publisher=Overlook |location=Woodstock NY |year=2005 |isbn=1-58567-738-8}}
* {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Bierman |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |title=Alamein; War Without Hate |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |orig-year=2002 |year=2003 |isbn=0-670-91109-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Michael |last=Carver |author-link=Michael Carver |title=Tobruk |publisher=[[Pan Books]] |location=London |year=1964 |oclc=1089494}}
* {{cite book |title=Dilemmas of the Desert War: The Libyan Campaign 1940–1942 |last=Carver |first=M. |year=2002 |orig-year=1986 |publisher=Batsford |location=Staplehurst |edition=2nd pbk. Spellmount |isbn=978-1-86227-153-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Three Against Rommel: The Campaigns of Wavell, Auchinleck and Alexander |first=Alexander |last=Clifford |author-link=Alexander Clifford |year=1943 |publisher=Harrap |location=London |oclc=186758297}}
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* {{cite book |first=Chris |last=Ellis |title=21st Panzer Division: Rommel's Afrika Korps Spearhead |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |year=2001 |isbn=0-7110-2853-2}}
* {{cite book |first=Ken |last=Ford |title=Gazala 1942: Rommel's Greatest Victory |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84603-264-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Greene |first=J. |last2=Massignani |first2=A. |title=Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942 |year=1994 |publisher=Combined Books |location=Conshohocken, PA |isbn=0-58519-391-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Harper |first=Glyn |year=2017 |title=The Battle for North Africa: El Alamein and the Turning Point for World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03142-6 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903090223/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Karl |title=Erwin Rommel |year=2004 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=1-85753-374-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Holland |first=James |author-link=James Holland (author) |year=2017 |title=The War in the West, A New History: The Allies fight back 1941–1943 |volume=II |publisher=Bantam Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-593-07167-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Ronald |year=1998 |orig-year=1968 |title=Rommel As Military Commander |publisher=B&N Books |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi |isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Compton |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Compton Mackenzie |title=Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence |volume=I |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1951 |oclc=59637091}}
* {{cite book |last=McCrery |first=Nigel |title=The Coming Storm: Test and First-Class Cricketers Killed in World War Two |year=2011 |publisher=Pen and Sword |volume=II |isbn=978-1-5267-0698-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Mead |title=Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II |year=2007 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Friedrich von |last=Mellenthin |author-link=Friedrich von Mellenthin |title=Panzer Battles: 1939–1945: A Study of the Use of Armor in the Second World War |title-link=Panzerschlachten |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1971 |location=New York |orig-year=1956 |isbn=0-345-24440-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=S. |title=Rommel's Lieutenants: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, France, 1940 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CN |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-27599-185-2}}
* {{cite book |first=Mario |last=Montanari |series=Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale |volume=III |title=El Alamein (gennaio – novembre 1942) |trans-title=El Alamein (January–November 1942) |language=it |publisher=Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico |location=Roma |edition=online |via=issuu |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/volume-iii-parte1-singola-testo |year=1989 |oclc=313319483 |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726155514/https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/volume-iii-parte1-singola-testo |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Mario |last=Montanari |series=Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale |volume=III |title=El Alamein (gennaio – novembre 1942) |trans-title=El Alamein (January–November 1942) |language=it |publisher=Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico |location=Roma |year=1993 |oclc=313319483}}
* {{cite book |last=Montanari |year=2007 |title=The Three Battles of El Alamein: June–November 1942 |publisher=Italia Stato maggiore dell'esercito Ufficio storico |location=Roma |isbn=978-8-88-794079-4}}
* {{cite book |first=N.S. |last=Nash |title=Strafer Desert General: The Life and Killing of Lieutenant General WHE Gott CB CBE DSO MC |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barnsley |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78159-090-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Parri |first=Maurizio |title=Tracce di Cingolo - Storia dei Carristi 1917–2009 |trans-title=Track Traces - History of the Tankers 1917–2009 |via=docplayer |year=2009 |publisher=Associazione Nazionale Carristi d'Italia/Commandante 132° Reggimento Carri |location=Roma |url=https://docplayer.it/11926199-Maurizio-parri-tracce-di-cingolo-compendio-generale-di-storia-dei-carristi.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206100121/https://docplayer.it/11926199-Maurizio-parri-tracce-di-cingolo-compendio-generale-di-storia-dei-carristi.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Mosolo |first=Enzo |date=August 2013 |title=10 giugno 1942, Africa Settentrionale |trans-title=10 June 1942, North Africa |language=it |series=Storia Militare |volume=239}}
* {{cite book |last=Pitt |first=Barrie |title=The Crucible of War: Auchinleck's Command |year=2001 |orig-year=1980 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |edition=2nd pbk. Cassell, London |isbn=0-304-35951-3}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004a}} |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |volume=III |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield, UK |year=2004a |orig-year=1960 |isbn=1-845740-67-X |display-authors=1}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004}} |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |volume=IV |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004 |orig-year=1966 |isbn=978-184574-068-9 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last=Rommel |first=Erwin |edition=1982 |year=1953 |editor-last=Liddell Hart |editor-first=B. H. |title=The Rommel Papers |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-80157-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Benoit |last=Rondeau |title=Afrikakorps, L'Armée de Rommel |trans-title=Afrikakorps, The Army of Rommel |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2013 |language=fr |oclc=851936614}}
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Sadler |title=Ghost Patrol: A History of the Long Range Desert Group, 1940–1945 |publisher=Casemate |location=Oxford |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-61200-336-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Reinhard |last=Stumpf |translator-last1=Osers |translator-first1=Ewald |translator-last2=Brownjohn |translator-first2=John |translator-last3=Crampton |translator-first3=Patricia |translator-last4=Willmot |translator-first4=Louise |title=The Global War Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 |chapter=Part V The War in the Mediterranean 1942–43: Operations in North Africa and in the Central Mediterranean |volume=VI |series=Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt for the Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt |location=Stuttgart |year=2001 |orig-year=1990 |edition=eng. trans. Cambridge University Press, London |isbn=0-19-822888-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Toppe |first=Alfred |series=FMFRP 12-96 |title=German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II |volume=II |orig-year=~1947 |year=1990 |publisher=Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps |location=Washington |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA244832 |oclc=23705039 }}
* {{cite book |first=I. W. |last=Walker |title=Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa |year=2003 |publisher=Crowood Press |location=Marlborough |isbn=978-1-86126-646-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Yeide |first=Harry |year=2006 |title=Weapons of the Tankers: American Armor in World War II |location=St. Paul, MN |publisher=Zenith Press |isbn=978-0-7603-2329-8}}

===Journals===
* {{cite journal |last1=Horn |first1=Karen |last2=Katz |first2=David |year=2016 |title=The Surrender of Tobruk in 1942: Press Reports and Soldiers' Memories |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/151031/140609 |journal=Scientia Militaria |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=190–208 |doi=10.5787/44-1-1167 |doi-access=free |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110230039/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/151031/140609 |url-status=live }}

===Magazines===
* {{cite magazine |ref={{harvid|Time|1942}} |author= |title=Massachusetts: For Services Rendered |magazine=Time |date=20 July 1942 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795996,00.html |access-date=19 May 2018 |location=New York |url-access=subscription |oclc=910607431 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024041605/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795996,00.html |url-status=live }}

===Websites===
* {{cite web |author= |title=The History of the British 7th Armoured Division: The Desert Rats: Engagements 1942 |url=http://www.desertrats.org.uk/battles1942.htm#Gazala |date=May–June 1942 |access-date=13 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810080033/http://www.desertrats.org.uk/battles1942.htm#Gazala |archive-date=10 August 2015 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Agar-Hamilton |first1=J. A. I. |last2=Turner |first2=L. F. C. |title=Crisis in the Desert: May–July 1942 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Cape Town |year=1952 |edition=1st |volume=II |oclc=776803251}}
* {{cite book |last=Forczyk |first=Robert |title=Desert Armour: Tank Warfare in North Africa, Gazala to Tunisia, 1942–43 |year=2023 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |edition=1st ePDF |isbn=978-1-4728-5983-9}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=French |title=Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1939–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-820641-0}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Dando |first=N. |title=The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 |type=PhD |url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |year=2014 |publisher=Plymouth University |oclc=885436735 |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004183311/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Charles F. |title=The Rommel Murder: The Life and Death of the Desert Fox |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |year=2002 |orig-year=1994 |isbn=0-8117-2472-7}}
* {{cite book |first1=Andrea |last1=Molinari |last2=Anderson |first2=Duncan |title=Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84603-006-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Gazala}}
* [https://www.theblackvault.com/documents/wwii/marine1/1296ii.pdf German Experiences during The Battle of Gazala]
* [https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/Ufficio-Storico-SME/Documents/150312/fondoN-1-11-relazioni-repertorio.pdf Italian commanders 1940–1945 (in Italian)]
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/420702a.html Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons Official Report 2 July 1942]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119232943/http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-gazala-1942/ Battle of Gazala animated battle map (Mark Cannon)]

{{World War II}}
{{Tank battles|style=wide}}
{{French Resistance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gazala, Battle Of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 in Libya]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:Libya in World War II]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
[[Category:Tank battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving Germany]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Erwin Rommel]]
[[Category:May 1942 in Africa]]
[[Category:June 1942 in Africa]]

Armaan: Story of a Storyteller

2026-03-11T09:27:51Z

TabathaLea97053: slightly expanded formatting per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Armaan: Story of a Storyteller
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rehan Chaudhary
| producer = Simon Fernandes
| writer = Rehan Chaudhary
| starring = Poojan Trivedi<br>Alisha Parjapati<br>Netri Trivedi<br>Prashant Barot
| music = Samir.Mana
| cinematography =
| editing = Rashesh Desai
| studio = Happy Endings Productions
| distributor = [[Dhudiya Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|2|10|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Armaan: Story of a Storyteller ''''' (Short ''Armaan'') is a 2017 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[drama film]] directed by Rehan Chaudhary. Starring Poojan Trivedi, Alisha Prajapati, Netri Trivedi, Prashant Barot and Twisha Bhatt.

==Cast==
* Poojan Trivedi as Armaan
* Alisha Prajapati as Alie
* Netri Trivedi as Biyara<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/netris-role-is-like-arjun/articleshow/57039093.cms|title=Netri's role in Armaan is like that of Arjun in Mahabharata|date=8 Feb 2017|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Prashant Barot as Rajubhai
* D.Kay as Dev Kakkad
* Twisha bhatt as Priya
* Raahul vyas as Joy

===Filming===
The film is set and shot in [[Ahmedabad]] & [[Vadodara]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Armaan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Samir - Mana
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|1|21}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:26
| label = Krup Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Samir Mana gave the Music of the film and the lyrics were penned by D - Kay. The Music of the film was released by Krup Music.{{tracklist
| total_length =
| headline = Track list
| all_music =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ishq No Rang
| lyrics1 = D - Kay
| extra1 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]], Parth Oza
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Aa Duniya Ma
| lyrics2 = D - Kay
| extra2 =[[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Nazariya
| lyrics3 = D - Kay
| extra3 = [[Meet Jain]]
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Ishq No Rang Unplugged<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/ishq-no-rang-lagyo-unplugged-released-ahead-of-v-day/articleshow/56917316.cms|title=shq no rang lagyo unplugged released ahead of V-Day|date=4 Feb 2017|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
| lyrics4 = D - Kay
| extra4 = Alisha Prajapati
| length4 = 3:02
|}}

==Release==
The film was released on 10 February 2017 in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/T69sBRhXp8BGtTiEEPyaDO/Film-wrap-Jolly-LLB-2-to-rule-the-movies-this-week.html|title=Film wrap: 'Jolly LLB 2' to rule the movies this week|date=11 Feb 2017|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref name="trailer">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bagWVAjszFw|title=Armaan Gujarati Movie {{pipe}} Official Trailer|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=4 Oct 2016|work= KrupMusic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/armaan-story-of-a-storyteller/movie-review/57061180.cms|title=Armaan - story of a storyteller Movie Review|date=9 Feb 2017|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6399490}}
* [https://www.dhudiya.com/movies/armaan-story-storyteller Armaan: Story of a Storyteller]{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Dhudiya Entertainment]]

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]

{{Gujarati-film-stub}}
{{2010s-drama-film-stub}}

Ani I. V. Sasi

2026-03-03T13:46:06Z

TabathaLea97053: done

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ani I. V. Sasi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Director, Screenwriter, Editor, Executive Producer
| years_active = 2017{{Endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[I. V. Sasi]] (father)<br>[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] (mother)
}}
'''Ani I. V. Sasi''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter. He is the son of the late prolific filmmaker [[I. V. Sasi]] and actress [[Seema (actress)|Seema]].

==Early life ==
Ani is the son of Malayalam filmmaker [[I. V. Sasi]] and actress [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]. Growing up, anime, Tamil films (including [[Crazy Mohan]] and [[Suresh Krissna]]'s works) and Malayalam films influenced his way of thinking.<ref name="father">{{Cite web|date=19 July 2021|title=I can never work like my father, IV Sasi: Ani|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/jul/19/i-can-never-work-like-my-father-iv-sasi-ani-2332023.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Hope">{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-02 |title=Ani IV Sasi: I want to make films that give people hope |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Jul/02/ani-iv-sasi-i-want-to-make-films-that-give-people-hope |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TW">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Ani IV Sasi's short film 'Maya' released on YouTube; revenue to be donated for COVID relief works |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/06/11/ani-iv-sasis-short-film-maya-released-on-youtube-revenue-to-be-donated-for-covid-relief-works.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613192327/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/06/11/ani-iv-sasis-short-film-maya-released-on-youtube-revenue-to-be-donated-for-covid-relief-works.html |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Ani studied in Chennai and worked on his father's ''[[Vellathooval]]'' (2009) as part of his college practical.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/43461/ |title=കൗമാരം തൂവല്‍പോലെ, Interview |work= Mathrubhumi |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063633/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/43461/ |archive-date=19 December 2013|language=ml }}</ref> He worked as an associate director under [[Priyadarshan]] for ten Malayalam and Hindi films starting with ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (2010) and later for ''[[Oppam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=30 November 2021 |title=Marakkar's intricate audio-visual design deserves the big screen: Ani IV Sasi |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2021/nov/30/mohanlal-s-marakkar-s-intricate-audio-visual-design-deserves-the-big-screen-ani-iv-sasi-28129.html |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130211716/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2021/nov/30/mohanlal-s-marakkar-s-intricate-audio-visual-design-deserves-the-big-screen-ani-iv-sasi-28129.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
His made his debut as a director for the Tamil short film ''[[Maya (2017 film)|Maya]]'' (2017), from which the story about the insomniac chef inspired his feature film debut ''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=8 June 2021 |title=Ani IV Sasi's short film 'Maya', about a writer's inspiration, releases June 11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-had-won-the-best-short-fiction-award-at-the-chicago-south-asian-film-festival/article34761152.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609070709/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-had-won-the-best-short-fiction-award-at-the-chicago-south-asian-film-festival/article34761152.ece |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="TW"/> Although Ani initially wanted to make the film in Malayalam, the film was made in Telugu as producer [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] took a liking to the film's script as opposed to a commercial film script that Ani had developed.<ref name="father"/> Ani credits anime and [[Steven Spielberg]] as inspirations to get into filmmaking.<ref name="Hope"/> He worked as a co-writer for Priyadarshan's ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (2021).<ref name="TW"/> Ani collaborated with writer Vasanth Maringanti, who sent him four scripts out of which he chose the village drama ''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]'' to develop as a feature film. The film has been inspired by the works of [[Jandhyala]] and his erstwhile mentor Priyadarshan.<ref name="Hope"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ani-iv-sasi-on-uppu-kappurambu-keerthy-sureshs-innocent-sarpanch-role-will-surprise-many/ee20b1b3d0588|title=Ani. I.V. Sasi on Uppu Kappurambu: Keerthy Suresh's innocent sarpanch role will surprise many|first=Avad |last=Mohammad|date=2 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|work=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Language
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Maya (2017 film)|Maya]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Short film; also editor
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || Telugu ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Language
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Producer !! Editor
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Forbidden Love (2020 TV series)|Forbidden Love]]'' || {{partial|Executive}} || {{No}}
|[[Hindi]]
|Episode: "Anamika"
|-
|2021
|''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Tamil
|Episode: "Summer of '92"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4410287}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasi, Ani I. V.}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gopura Vasalile

2026-03-03T04:52:26Z

TabathaLea97053: expanded layout for clarity

{{short description|1991 film by Priyadarshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gopura Vasalile.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| screenplay = Priyadarshan<br />[[Gokula Krishnan]] {{small|(Dialogues)}}
| story = [[Sreenivasan]]
| producer = M. K. Thamizharasu<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2010 |title=Arulnidhi the star is born! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/news-interviews/28305093_1_arulnidhi-vamsam-film |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130626021054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/news-interviews/28305093_1_arulnidhi-vamsam-film |archive-date=26 June 2013 |access-date=2023-05-01 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<br />[[Bhanupriya]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Arul Nithi Films
| released = {{Film date|1991|3|22|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gopura Vasalile''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|oʊ|p|ʊr|ə|_|v|ɑː|s|əl|i|l|eɪ}} {{translation|At the doorstep of the [[gopuram]]}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[black comedy]] film directed by [[Priyadarshan]], starring [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Bhanupriya]]. It relies on various subplots from the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]]'' (1990) and the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=3 June 2022 |title=#FilmyFriday! Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran: A prank gone right |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-pavam-pavam-rajakumaran-a-prank-gone-right/articleshow/91977046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-pavam-pavam-rajakumaran-a-prank-gone-right/articleshow/91977046.cms |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Vikatan">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=6 July 2022 |title=கோபுர வாசலிலே: நவரச நாயகன், பிரியதர்ஷன், பி.சி.ஸ்ரீராம், இளையராஜா - அப்பறம் அந்த க்ளைமாக்ஸ் ட்விஸ்ட்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/remembering-the-classic-movie-of-director-priyadarshan-gopura-vasalile |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929130605/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/remembering-the-classic-movie-of-director-priyadarshan-gopura-vasalile |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=27 December 2011 |title=It's raining remakes in Bollywood in 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/news-interviews/30559342_1_agneepath-ravi-teja-s-telugu-chashme-buddoor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224110215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/news-interviews/30559342_1_agneepath-ravi-teja-s-telugu-chashme-buddoor |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 22 March 1991,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopura Vasalile |url=https://www.directorpriyadarshan.com/movie/gopura-vasalile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812130945/https://www.directorpriyadarshan.com/movie/gopura-vasalile |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Priyadarshan|directorpriyadarshan.com]]}}</ref> and ran for more than 100 days in many theatres, thus becoming a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-30 |title=Happy Birthday, Priyadarshan: From 'Gopura Vasalile' to 'Snegithiye' - a look at five box office hits of the legend in Tamil cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-from-gopura-vasalile-to-snegithiye-lesa-lesa-nimir-and-sometimes-a-look-at-five-box-office-hits-of-the-legend-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/73737244.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manohar ([[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]) is a schoolteacher in a local town. He is a bachelor living along with his friends ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Junior Balaiah]], [[Charle]]). Manohar has had a troubled love life, having lost his lover Kasthuri ([[Suchitra Murali|Suchitra]]) in a car accident. His friends are wastrels who roam about the town, flirting with the local girls. During one such dalliance with an army officer's ([[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]) daughter Kalyani ([[Bhanupriya]]), they are put behind bars for a few days. Manohar also gets peeved with their uncouth behavior and reprimands them for it. Humiliated, the friends decide to wreak their revenge on Manohar. They collude with Pethaperumal ([[Janagaraj]]), a clerk in a local bank, and attempt to trick Manohar into believing that Kalyani is in love with him. A few anonymous letters later, the plan comes out successful.

In the meantime, during the course of a few accidental events, Manohar comes across to Kalyani as a brave and resourceful hero. Impressed, she seeks his hand in marriage through the help of her father. This sudden development takes his scheming friends aback. They cook up evidences to convince Manohar that Kalyani is a prostitute. The gullible Manohar believes the subterfuge and cancels the plans of marriage. Despondent after the twin love failures in his life, Manohar attempts suicide in a hotel. Thinking that he is dead, the friends flee the town to avoid police confrontations. It is finally revealed to the viewers that Manohar was rescued by the police later and had reunited with Kalyani, after the foul play was decoded. Manohar pardons the friends as they had played some role in developing a love with his wife and invites them to a banquet at his new house atop a hill.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Manohar
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Kalyani
* [[Suchitra Murali|Suchitra]] as Kasthuri
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Manohar's friend
* [[Janagaraj]] as Pethaperumal
* [[Charle]] as Manohar's friend
* [[Junior Balaiah]] as Manohar's friend
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Kalyani's father
* [[Nagesh]]
* [[Sukumari]] as Manohar's mother
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]]
* [[Mohanlal]] as the [[accordion]]ist in the song "Keladi En" (cameo appearance)
* [[Arulnithi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2011 |title=No politics, just acting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jun/12/no-politics-just-acting-261817.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929054711/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jun/12/no-politics-just-acting-261817.html |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Malayalam director [[Priyadarshan]] was to have made his Tamil debut with the film ''Chinnamanikkuyile'', which never saw a theatrical release. As a result, ''Gopura Vasalile'' became his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=ஓஸ்கார் விருதை குறிவைக்கும் தமிழ் படம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/11624 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125303/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/11624 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=ta}}</ref> It is also the first appearance of Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]] in a Tamil film.<ref name="Vikatan" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2019 |title=Mohanlal made his Tamil debut in Gopura Vasalile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/mohanlal-made-his-tamil-debut-in-gopura-vasalile/articleshow/68752905.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929130559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/mohanlal-made-his-tamil-debut-in-gopura-vasalile/articleshow/68752905.cms |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopura Vaasalile Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/gopura-vaasalile-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812164801/https://mossymart.com/product/gopura-vaasalile-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopura Vasalile (1991) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/gopura-vasalile-songs-T0000054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808131305/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/gopura-vasalile-songs-T0000054 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Kadhal Kavithaigal" is set to the raga [[Mayamalavagowla]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=134}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — The magic of Mayamalavagowla |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095504/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> "Naadam Ezhundadadi" is set to [[Shree ranjani]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=26 October 2012 |title=Six-note splendour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sixnote-splendour/article4034523.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129094848/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sixnote-splendour/article4034523.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=145}} and "Thalattum Poongkaatru" is set to [[Simhendramadhyamam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=20 January 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — The passionate appeal of Simhendramadhyamam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201141513/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kadhal Kavithaigal" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Piraisoodan]]
|-
| "Keladi En" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam ||Piraisoodan
|-
| "Naadam Ezhundadadi" || [[S. Janaki]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||Piraisoodan
|-
| "Priyasakhi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. Janaki || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Dhevadhai Pol" || [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. N. Surendar]]|| Vaali
|-
| "Thalattum Poongkaatru" || S. Janaki|| Vaali
|}

== Critical reception ==
Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the music, cinematography and acting of Karthik and Janagaraj, but felt Bhanupriya did not get much scope to act.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=21 April 1991 |title=கோபுர வாசலிலே |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/apr/21-04-1991/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220812130001/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/apr/21-04-1991/p17.jpg |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nagar revolt

2026-02-28T06:37:59Z

TabathaLea97053: New pg!

{{Short description|Peasant uprising in the Nagar region of the Mysore kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
The '''Nagar Revolt''', also known as the ''Nagara peasant rebellion'', was an uprising in the Nagar region (present day [[Shimoga district]]) of the [[Mysore kingdom]], which began in August and September 1830. Primarily comprising farmers and minor officials, the rebels were bolstered by the support of some local rulers and mercenaries. The revolt continued for nearly one year, but was ultimately put down by the kingdom with the help of the [[British East India Company]]. On 9 October 1831, the administration of the kingdom was taken over by the British East India Company - a state of affairs that lasted for 50 years before the [[Wodeyar]]s were re-instated as rulers under the aegis of the Crown.

==Background==
After the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], the British East India Company assumed indirect control of the Kingdom of Mysore through a subsidiary alliance with the Wodeyar dynasty. [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] became the king of Mysore.<ref name="SUKHist">{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|authorlink=Suryanath U. Kamath|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-date=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref> Wasteful expenditure, ill-considered grants of land to undeserving courtiers and courtly intrigue between the royal family and Maratha Brahmin advisors led to declining revenue and rising costs in the kingdom, ultimately resulting in a recession in the 1820s.

Nagar was part of the [[Malnad]] or highland regions of Mysore. Prior to its integration with the Mysore kingdom, it was part of the [[Keladi]] kingdom, a state that declared independence from the [[Vijayanagar empire]] in 1639.<ref name="JrnyMdrs">{{cite book|last= Buchanan-Hamilton|first= Francis|authorlink=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&q=kilidi&pg=PA128 |title=A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar – on Google Books|publisher=Asian Educational Services|date=1807|isbn= 9788120603868|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Nagar was the capital of Keladi in 1763 when [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] annexed Keladi into the Mysore kingdom. Haider and his successor [[Tipu Sultan]] considered Keladi strategic in its geographic location as a buffer region between the kingdom and the [[Maratha]] state, but their efforts to integrate it into Mysore economically and culturally were resisted by the local population.

The land revenue system implemented by [[Shivappa Nayaka]] in Keladi, called ''shist'', allowed land to be private property, and taxation of land was based on whether it was fallow or cultivated, soil quality and fertility. The system was prevalent for more than a century and highly popular.<ref name="SUKHist" /> When Keladi was conquered by Haider, taxation policies underwent changes, and by the early 19th century, the ''Shurtee'' and ''Sayar'' system was adopted under Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. The Shurtee system involved many middlemen between the land cultivator and the king, with each committing to a minimum amount of tax revenue from the land under his jurisdiction, obtained through a bidding process. The system lent itself to corruption, with land administrators levying illegal taxes on the cultivators, contractors keeping any surplus income to themselves and competitors constantly out-bidding each other for tax collection contracts. The Sayar was a toll levied on goods being transported by cultivators. The population in Nagar resented the pressures they were subjected to by the new tax regime.

Descendants of the erstwhile rulers of Keladi, called the ''Palegars'', continued to enjoy an influence across the region, and they, led by Rangappa Naik, encouraged the retention of a distinct political identity in Nagar. The emergence of a pretender to the Keladi royal lineage, Boodi Basavappa, complicated the situation across Keladi. Basavappa, in reality Sadara Mulla the son of a farmer, had obtained the signet rings of the last Keladi ruler from the latter's spiritual advisor and exploited his possession of them to stake a claim to the kingdom of Nagar. He also carried a falsified document that elicited support for his claim from the British East India Company. Basavappa exploited the rising opposition to the taxation system amongst the farmers of the region, and rose to lead the uprising that began in 1830.

A significant part of the Nagar population was [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]], and the dominance of [[Deshastha Brahmin]] in the kingdom's administration could also have played a role in inciting the rebellion.<ref name="Lind">{{cite book |last= Lind|first= Kyrre Magnus|title=The Nagar Rebellion 1830 – 31: Administration and rule in an Indian Native State (unpublished dissertation)|url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/23415/18305.pdf|year= 2004|publisher= University of Oslo|location= Oslo|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref>

Due to declining revenue from Nagar, the king deputed two of his advisors, Ram Rao and Venkata Kistniah, to visit the region in 1827. The farmers complaints of taxation of uncultivated land and excessive pressure by administrators including torture, resulted in Ram Rao remitting the collection of some rent. Political opponents of Ram Rao attributed this remission to his receiving bribes and personal ambitions of influence over the geography. The king appointed his relative, Veera Raj Urs as the Nagar administrator in the place of Kishen Rao, and Urs revoked the remissions.

==The rebellion==
The local leaders and peasants started gathering in mass meetings, called ''Kuttams'', to express their dissatisfaction with the tax system and the administration. Rumours about the return of the kingdom of Nagar, centred around Boodi Basavappa's claims, also circulated ever since Basavappa proclaimed himself king of Nagar during his wedding in April 1830. In August, he deputed a confidant, Monnappa, to attack the Anantapur fort in Nagar. The attack failed but disturbances began breaking out across the Nagar district. The peasants of Nagar sent letters to neighbouring areas asking people to gather in Kuttams and stop paying taxes and cultivating land. The letters were accompanied by leaves of [[Margosa]], a signal in the region for farmers to mobilize.

By December 1830, Basavappa and Rangappa Naik together had inspired uprisings in areas far away, like [[Bangalore]], [[Chitradurga|Chittledurg]] and [[Hassan district|Manjarbad]]. Many of the insurgents believed Basavappa's assertion that the British supported his claim to the Nagar throne. Naik promised lower taxation and a restoration of the Keladi kingdom, evoking nostalgia amongst the farmers for what they regarded as happier times. The local administration of the kingdom resorted to increasingly violent means of countering the rebellion, with more than 50 deaths and 200 injured in clashes in Nagar alone by the end of 1830. However they had to contend with desertions from their ranks: around 1500 of the 15000 ''Candachar Peons'' (armed police) joined the rebellion. The peons in remote regions of the kingdom were not particularly loyal to the king, and they were not paid regularly, with arrears amounting in many cases to up to 18 months of salary.

Meanwhile, the king, upset by Urs' inability to deal with the rebellion, re-instated Kishen Rao as administrator in November. Kishen Rao, with the kingdom's troops at his disposal, marched to Nagar. En route, at Holi-Hoonor, he came across two to three thousand farmers in a kuttam. When the latter tried to take a local fort on 7 December, Kishen Rao's troops killed 10 farmers and injured more than a hundred in an engagement. The kuttam dispersed only to regroup 25 kilometres north, at Honnali, where their ranks were swollen to between seven and twenty thousand by other farmers joining the meeting. Kishen Rao's army attacked this meeting too, and captured 25 farmers whose noses and ears were cut off. The ensuing panic resulted in thousands of peasants fleeing to territory owned by the British East India Company.

The Company had remained at an arm's length from events. Apart from warning the king about the progress of the uprisings and the ensuing violence and reporting to the government of the [[Madras Presidency]], the local Resident, James Archibald Casamajor, tried to keep British troops out of the action. He advised the king to travel himself or dispatch his Dewan to the Nagar region to quell the rebellion and address its causes. He also assented to holding a regiment of Company infantry and two squadrons of cavalry in Bangalore for any emergencies.

The king decided to travel first to Manjarbad, which had also been affected. Casamajor reached the region earlier and advised the farmers to maintain peace and await the king's arrival. The Dewan of the king, Venkata Raj Urs, wrote to the peasants in Yeggetti taluk, telling them of the king's imminent arrival. As the king traveled through troubled areas, he dismissed a few errant administrators. He reached [[Channarayapatna]] in Manjarbad on 18 December 1830 and ordered the masses gathered there to disperse. Infuriated, the farmers refused. The army executed 5 farmers and flogged several more. The kuttam broke up, and the king returned to Mysore rather than visiting Nagar.

Rangappa Naik and his nephew laid siege to the forts in Culdroog and Camundroog, Nagar, in December. The king again removed Kishen Rao and appointed Annappa in his place. Venkataraj Urs traveled to retake the two forts. The rebels fought Annappa and the kingdom's army for two months, forcing Annappa to retreat to the Anantapur fort. When the rebels besieged Anantapur, the army suffered significant losses and Annappa was forced to seek refuge in Company territory. He, and a Company military officer, Lieutenant Rochfort, then joined Venkataraj Urs. The forts were retaken by March 1831. The last battle in Camundroog resulted in 50 rebel and 23 army deaths.

Rochfort and Urs joined Annappa and Infantry Commander Syed Salar at Shimoga, and marched to Honnali, where the insurgents had occupied the fort. They stormed the fort on 12 March 1831, and captured 180 rebels. Of these, 99 were executed. There are conflicting reports of who ordered the executions. Salar wrote to Urs claiming that Rochfort did, but Annappa later testified that it was Urs who decided himself. Urs blamed Annappa instead while Rochfort claimed he had no judicial authority and had handed the prisoners over to the native leaders.

Rochfort captured Nagar town on 26 March 1831, and Chendergooty fort on 6 April, without much fighting. The Company sent their 24th Regiment, under Colonel Woulfe, from Bangalore to Shimoga to maintain civil peace. The regiment turned back a large cavalry which was traveling south from the Maratha kingdom to aid Basavappa in mid-April.

The king replaced Venkataraj Urs with Baloji Rao as Dewan in April. Violence continued in Nagar though. The Company's 15th Regiment had to return from Futtehpet after several soldiers were killed and injured by rebels. The Company responded with re-inforcements. In late May, the rebels retook Nagar, but Company and royal forces marched out even as the Resident held discussions with the rebels. On 12 June 1831, the Resident and the majority of the rebels signed terms of peace. Basavappa was rumoured to have escaped to the Hyderabad kingdom, while Rangappa Naik was thought to have died.

There are varying accounts of the death toll during the rebellion. The Mysore kingdom's tally of rebels executed was 164, while the investigating Committee estimated it at 240. Rebels killed in action are believed to be around 500-600 by one account, while Annappa claimed that his troops killed 700.<ref name="EICCommitteeReport">{{cite report|last1=Hawker |first1=Thomas |authorlink1= Thomas Hawker (British Army officer)|last2=Morison |first2=William |authorlink2=William Morison (1781–1851)|last3=Macleod |first3=J M |last4=Cubbon |first4=Mark |authorlink4=Mark Cubbon (army officer) |date=12 December 1833|title=Report on the Insurrection in Mysore|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127086/page/n1|publisher=Mysore Government Press}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The king surrendered his kingship on 19 October 1831. The kingdom of Mysore was ruled directly by the British for the next half century, restoring native rule, in 1881, subordinated to the British Crown.<ref name="SUKHist" />

The British East India Company appointed a committee to determines the causes of the uprising. Comprising [[Thomas Hawker (British Army officer)|Major General Thomas Hawker]], [[William Morison (1781–1851)|William Morison]], J M Macleod and [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], the committee spent a year investigating, and submitted its report on 12 December 1833 to [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Lord William Bentinck]]. The committee relied on oral testimony by witnesses, some of which were contradictory and a few also proven to be false. Most witnesses were active participants in the events under investigation and some went on to be employed by the British administration. The report blamed the rebellion on the king's style of ruling and personal character, and not particularly on tax laws. The report did acknowledge that the standard of living in the kingdom had deteriorated since the turn of the century, due to factors beyond the king's control, like bad crop seasons and reduced income.<ref name="EICCommitteeReport" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{British colonial campaigns}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:1830 in India]]
[[Category:1831 in India]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1830]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1831]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]

Ajmer–Sealdah Express

2026-02-28T06:36:48Z

TabathaLea97053: further add citations per standard format and corrected details after review

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sealdah-Ajmer Express (Erstwhile 2985/2986 Sealdah-Ajmer Express)
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|09|12}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction||Ajmer}} (AII)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} (SDAH)
| distance = {{convert|1647|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12987 / 12988
| speed = {{convert|61.18|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12987 / 12988 '''Sealdah-Ajmer Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} in India.

It operates as train number 12988 from Ajmer Junction to Sealdah and as train number 12987 in the reverse direction.

==History==

[[Broad Gauge]] line reached [[Jaipur]] & [[Ajmer]] on 1992/1993 year. [[Kolkata]] got connected with [[Jaipur]] by [[Howrah-Jodhpur Express]](Jodhpur/Bikaner Superfast Express) from [[Howrah Junction]] on 3rd July 1995. But the Marwari Association of Bengal wanted another train from [[Sealdah]]. Hence 2985/2986 Sealdah - Jaipur/Ajmer Express was started in 1999. At first it was just Sealdah -Jaipur Express & in 2000 became Sealdah - Ajmer Express. The train used to cover {{convert|1764|km|0|abbr=on}} in 30 hrs 45 mins at {{convert|57.36|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed. But in 2007 after [[Agra]] - [[Achhnera]] - [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] - [[Bandikui]] Line became [[Broad Gauge]], covering {{convert|1647|km|0|abbr=on}} in 28 hrs 45 mins {{convert|57.29|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed. Eventually when new 5 digit number system started, 2985/2986 was withdrawn & [[Jaipur]]-[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] Double Decker Express was given 12985/12986 number in 2009. To compensate, on 12 September 2009, 2987/2988(later 12987/12988) Sealdah-Ajmer Express was started covering {{convert|1647|km|0|abbr=on}} in 28 hrs 45 mins {{convert|57.29|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed.

==Current service==

The 12987 Sealdah-Ajmer Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|1647|km|0|abbr=on}} in 26 hrs 45 mins at {{convert|62|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed and in 27 h 05 min at {{convert|60.84|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average speed as 12988 Ajmer-Sealdah Superfast Express.

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.
[[File:12987 Sealdah Ajmer Superfast Express - Sleeper coach.JPG|thumb|12987 Sealdah–Ajmer Superfast Express – Sleeper coach]]

==Route and halts==

The 12988 / 12987 Ajmer–Sealdah Superfast Express runs from Ajmer Junction via {{stnlnk|Madar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kishangarh}}, {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bharatpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Achhnera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Fort}}, {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}, [[Kanpur Central]], {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}, [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Jn.]], {{stnlnk|Bhabua Road}}, {{stnlnk|Sasaram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dehri-on-Sone}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Asansol}}, {{stnlnk|Durgapur}} & {{stnlnk|Bardhaman Junction}} to Sealdah.

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Ajmer Junction to Sealdah, and vice versa.

==Coach composition==
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Tier Economy
* 1 PC – Pantry car
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 2 End-on Generators
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Red;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||M1||M2||PC||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A2||A1||GEN||GEN||EOG
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railways]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/ IRCTC]
* [http://www.irfca.org IRFCA]
* [http://m.indiarailinfo.com/train/ajmer-sealdah-express-12988-aii-to-sdah/771 Ajmer–Sealdah Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer-Sealdah Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Haodijam Chaitanya

2026-02-26T21:11:44Z

TabathaLea97053: created initial entry basic info.

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Haodijam Chaitanya ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯥꯎꯗꯤꯖꯝ ꯆꯩꯇꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ}})''', also known as '''Haodijamba Chaitanya ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯥꯎꯗꯤꯖꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯆꯩꯇꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ}})''', or '''Haodeijamba Chaitanya Singha''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465595|title=Haodeijamba Chaitanya Singhagi Lairikshing Punshinba|last=Sanahal Singh|first=rajkumar|date=1982}}</ref> was an early social and literary reformer from [[Manipur]]. He played an important role in social movements, public service, and the early development of printed literature in the [[Meitei literature]] ([[Manipuri language]]).<ref name=":0">Manihar Singh, Ch. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1996.</ref><ref>Parratt, John. Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur. India: Mittal Publications, 2005.</ref>

== Early life ==

Haodijamba Chaitanya was born as Haodijam Chaitanya Singh in [[Shillong]] in 1867. He was the son of Haodijam Gokul Singh, also called Polando Singh, who worked as a [[:en:wikt:syce|syce]] (horsekeeper) for Col. Kittinge, the Chief Commissioner of [[Assam]], during the rule of Maharaja [[Chandrakirti Singh]].
His family title was Haodijam, which led to the form Haodijamba Chaitanya.<ref name=":1">Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur. N.p.: Blue Rose Publishers, 2021.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>Indian Literature Since Independence: A Symposium. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1973.</ref>

Chaitanya studied in a mission school and grew up in a cosmopolitan environment. He became fluent in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], along with his [[Meitei language|own language]]. Because of his education and upbringing in a city, he was considered more advanced in outlook than many people of his time.<ref name=":2">Das, Sisir Kumar. A History of Indian Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 2005.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

After fifteen years of service in a government office, his father returned to [[Imphal]]. Soon after the [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891]], Chaitanya worked as a postal overseer on the Cachar–Manipur Road. In 1895, he joined the State Office (later the State Secretariat) as a [[Tehsil|Tehsildar]] Clerk.<ref name=":0" />

== Social reform activities ==

=== Opposition to slavery and abuse of power ===

Chaitanya first opposed the actions of royalty and nobility who ignored British orders banning the keeping of slaves. When the king’s elder brother was involved in an incident, Chaitanya worked with the police, with support from the [[Political general|Political Agent]], and succeeded in freeing two bonded slaves.<ref name=":0" />

He also appealed to the Political Agent to stop the queen mother from making harmful appointments and dismissals in offices and royal institutions. This action helped reduce public dissatisfaction.<ref name=":0" />

=== Conflict with Maj. Maxwell ===

In 1892, Maj. Maxwell, who later became the Political Agent of Manipur, took Sanatombi, daughter of former Maharaja [[Surachandra Singh|Surchandra Singh]] and wife of Nongmaithem Manikchand, as his concubine. This shocked orthodox Manipuri society, especially because a woman of royal blood was living with a foreigner.<ref name=":0" />

With Chaitanya’s help, Manikchand submitted a strong complaint to Maxwell, accusing him of adultery and requesting compensation for marriage expenses. Maxwell suspected Chaitanya’s involvement and removed him from his job. When he returned as Political Agent in 1900, he expelled Chaitanya from Manipur on weak grounds.<ref name=":0" />

Chaitanya appealed to the [[Viceroy of India]] and was allowed to return in 1905.<ref name=":0" />

=== Later exile ===

Chaitanya later led a people’s movement to end [[Forced labor|forced labour]] in Manipur. Because of this, he was expelled again in 1915 by Col. Cole, the Political Agent at the time. His appeals for return and for a pension were ignored, and he lived the rest of his life in poverty in [[Cachar kingdom|Cachar]].<ref name=":0" />

== Character and interests ==

Official records state that Chaitanya was competent and dutiful in his service. Although he earned a modest income and lived simply, he enjoyed hunting on horseback. He was deeply aware of [[Meitei culture|the cultural heritage of his people]].<ref name=":0" />

== Contribution to Meitei literature ==

Chaitanya played a leading role in the early printing of Manipuri books in [[Meitei language|the vernacular language]], using [[Bengali script]]. This was notable at a time when printing presses were rare in the region.<ref>Mohanty, P. K.. Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume. India: Isha Books, 2006.</ref><ref name=":0" />

A Manipuri translation of [[the Bible]] in [[Devanagari script]] had been printed at [[Serampore]] in 1824, but it was not widely circulated.<ref name=":0" />

=== Published works ===

Chaitanya is credited with four published works:<ref name=":0" />

1. Khamba Thoibigi Warini (1899)

2. Khahi Ngamba (1900)

3. Thakhel Ngamba (1902)

4. Chingthangkhomba (1902)<ref>Northeast India: A Reader. India: Taylor & Francis, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Another work, ''Manipurer Itihas'', describes the history of Manipur beginning from [[Hindu mythology]]. Because the book has no author’s name, its authorship is uncertain, though its prose style suggests Chaitanya’s influence. It was printed by the [[Baptist Missions|Baptist Mission]] and published by the Political Agent, Manipur, in 1890. It is considered the first printed work in Manipuri about Manipur in Bengali script.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Problems of Modern Indian Literature. India: Statistical Pub. Society : distributor, K. P. Bagchi, 1975.</ref>

=== Description of works ===

; Khamba Thoibigi Warini

This book describes the ideal love story of [[Khamba and Thoibi]]. Chaitanya said it was a transliteration of an old text in the indigenous script, but its style and content suggest otherwise. The prose is simple and resembles paraphrased versions commonly sung by professional ballad singers.<ref name=":0" />

The work includes details rarely mentioned elsewhere, such as the marriage of [[Khamnu]] (Khamba’s elder sister) to Pheirojamba, the birth of their child, and the tragic end of [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]] and [[Thoibi]]. Chaitanya also used punctuation and chapter headings, which were largely absent in traditional manuscripts.<ref name=":0" />

; Khahi Ngamba

This is a prose version of [[Khahi Ngamba|an original manuscript]]. Chaitanya showed a good knowledge of [[Old Manipuri]] and wrote in a distinct [[Modern Manipuri]] style. Apart from small differences—such as the absence of the opening prayer, new names for the king and his men, and the omission of a note about its composition during Maharaja Chandrakirti’s time—the content closely follows the original. It was printed by Abdul Raham at the Chronicle Press, [[Sylhet]].<ref name=":0" />

; Thakhel Ngamba

This is also a prose version of [[Takhel Ngamba|an original manuscript]], with only two important differences. Chaitanya addressed the opening prayer to [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]] instead of [[Meitei deities]] and the king, and he omitted the part where King [[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)|Garibniwaj]] takes a new name after conquering Samsok in [[Burma]]. It was printed by Charuchandra Ghosh at the Chronicle Press, Sylhet.<ref name=":0" />

; Chingthangkhomba

Chaitanya’s last published work retells the life story of the Meitei king [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Chingthangkhomba]].<ref name=":0" /> It includes episodes such as:

* the [[Ancient Moirang|Moirang]] king’s demand for land

* the [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa|Burmese invasion]] supported by the [[Keke Moirang|Moirang]] king

* the capture of princes [[Labanyachandra|Labyanachandra]] and [[Madhuchandra Singh|Modhuchandra]]

* Chingthangkhomba’s stay at the Assamese court

* his taming of [[Shamu (Meitei culture)|a wild elephant]]

* his return to Manipur after defeating the Burmese

* the death of his maternal uncle

* the installation of the idol of [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]] after a divine command in a dream<ref name=":0" />

The language includes some Bengali words and shows Bengali influence in spelling. Even so, Chaitanya’s works mark an important stage in the development of Manipuri prose and show the growth of [[Modern Meitei|Modern Manipuri]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
* [[Umang Lai]]
* [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]]
* [[Numit Kappa]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaitanya, Haodijam}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Hindus]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Social reformers]]
[[Category:Multilingual poets]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Kolleru Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-23T03:43:19Z

TabathaLea97053: improved intro for clarity and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kolleru Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = File:Egrets in AP W IMG 3792.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Birds near Kolleru Lake
| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Eluru]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|37|N|81|12|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref name="Ramsar1" />
| area = {{convert|673|km2|acre|abbr=on}}
| established = {{Start date|1999|11}}
| governing_body = [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]
| url =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002<ref name="Ramsar1" />
}}
}}
'''Kolleru Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[sanctuary]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers 673 square kilometers. It was established in November 1999, under the ''[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]''. The sanctuary protects part of the [[Kolleru Lake]] wetland, which gained [[Ramsar Convention]] for International importance in 2002.<ref name="Ramsar1">{{cite web|title=Kolleru Lake|url=http://www.ramsar.org/kolleru-lake|website=Ramsar Wetlands|publisher=Ramsar|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary|title=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary|website=www.sanctuariesindia.com|publisher=|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512091905/http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{further|Kolleru Lake}}
Kolleru Bird Sanctuary is located in the [[Eluru district|Eluru]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] between the River [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and River [[Godavari]] deltas spread over 10 to 25 km from [[Eluru]] City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/kolleru_lake/kolleru_lake.htm|title=Kolleru Lake|last=Ramsar convention|first=Wet land|website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org|publisher=}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The main flora of the sanctuary is ''[[Phragmites]] karka'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7YICQAAQBAJ&dq=phragmites+karka+kolleru+lake&pg=PA382 Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management] edited by Dennis F. Whigham, D. Dykyjová, S. Hejný (page-382)</ref> a weed that grows up to 10 feet in height and that offers shelter for some species of [[birds]]. The aquatic vegetation includes species such as ''[[Nymphaea lotus|Nymphaeae nouchali]]'', ''[[Nymphoides indica|Nyphoides indicum]]'', ''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'', ''[[Nechamandra alternifolia]]'', ''[[Limnophila indica]]'', ''[[Vallisneria spiralis]]'', ''[[Blyxa octandra]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'', ''[[Scirpus articulatus]]'', ''[[Paspalidium germinatum]]'', ''[[Typha angustifolia|Typha angustata]]'', and ''[[Phragmites|Phragmites karka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cpreec.org/67.htm|title=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre|last=Kolleru Lake|first=Flora|website=www.cpreec.org|publisher=|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112817/http://cpreec.org/67.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Contour dispute ==
[[Contour line|Contours]] are lines drawn on a map, joining points of equal height above the sea level ([[mean sea level]]). In the past, the water level in the lake was between contour 7 and 10 during the monsoon, and it fell to contour 3 during the dry season. The area in contour 3 is 135 square kilometres and the area in contour 10 is 901 square kilometres.

These conditions do not prevail any more with fish tanks and roads occupying most of the lake. The local fishing community known as [[Suryavansha]] [[Vaddi]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/5854/panchayat-reigns-supreme|title=Panchayat reigns supreme|last=Kolleru lake|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org|publisher=}}</ref> say that from the times of 13th century during [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] rule they have had descendant rights on Kolleru Lake; they have appealed to the government to decrease from +5 contour (308 km<sup>2</sup>) to +3 contour (135 km<sup>2</sup>), asserting that they were protectors of birds from [[Narasimhadeva I|Langula Gajapathi Raju]] period.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WbQBAAAAYAAJ&dq=kolleti+kota&pg=PA279 The imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 8] by Sir William Wilson Hunter</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bird sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kolleru Bird Sanctuary}}
*[http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html Kolleru Water Lake Tourism Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024023/http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html |date=20 August 2016 }}
*[http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ Committee makes secret visit to Kolleru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603193538/http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ |date=3 June 2016 }}
*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-seeks-changes-in-contours-of-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article6722672.ece Ap seeks changes in contours of kolleru wild life sanctuary]

{{Wildlife sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project

2026-02-21T15:07:28Z

TabathaLea97053: basic added citations to improve readability

{{Short description|Thermal power plant in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Nabinagar Power Generating Company
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of the Nabinagar Power Generating Company
| coordinates = {{coord|24.776|N|84.158|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = Ankorha, [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]], [[Bihar]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 2011
| commissioned = under construction
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator = Nabinagar Power Generating Company
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 3 Unit 1980 MW is operational
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]] and Alstom
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1,980 [[Megawatt|MW]] upcoming
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Sivanpur village in Ankorha in [[Nabinagar|Nabinagar taluk]] in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]], [[Bihar]]. It was conceptualised in 1989 by the then [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] who sent the <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2011 |title=S N Sinha's brainchild NTPC project gets approval |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |accessdate=23 February 2007}}</ref> proposal to set up a NTPC's super thermal power project at Nabinagar in Bihar's [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] to then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]]; but the project went into limbo as the following state governments failed to follow it. In 2007, [[Manmohan Singh]]'s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2011 |title=PM DR MANMOHAN SINGH APPROVES NTPC PROJECT IN BIHAR PROMISED BY THEN CM SN SINHA |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |accessdate=23 February 2007}}</ref> government finally put a stamp of approval on it.

The power plant is owned by the '''Nabinagar Power Generating Company'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1pULjL5yjTxVvPBlDGlcPN/NTPC-to-take-over-Kanti-Nabinagar-JV-plants-for-Rs3000-cro.html|title=NTPC to take over Kanti, Nabinagar JV plants for Rs3,000 crore|date=11 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-to-take-over-kanti-nabinagar-jv-plants/articleshow/63253971.cms|title=NTPC to take over Kanti, Nabinagar JV plants|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>- initially a 50:50 joint venture between [[NTPC Limited]] and [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://energy.bih.nic.in/docs/Schemes-Nabinagar-STPP.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821174641/http://energy.bih.nic.in/docs/Schemes-Nabinagar-STPP.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Nabinagar plant will have capacity of 4380 MW( 660 MW × 6).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Land-acquisition-a-major-hurdle/articleshow/48701848.cms|title=Land acquisition a major hurdle|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> The project's generation capacity initially was to be 3960 MW but in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Bihar-to-get-179-MW-more-power-from-Nabinagar-plant/article14570544.ece|title=Bihar to get 179 MW more power from Nabinagar plant|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 August 2016 }}</ref> the production capacity was increased to 4380 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nabinagar-plant-may-start-power-generation-by-year-end/articleshow/61373974.cms|title=Nabinagar plant may start power generation by year end|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 2017 }}</ref> Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project will be third largest power project in India, after 4700 MW [[Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station]] ([[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]) and maharashtra belar.

This Super Thermal Power Project is spread over 2970 acres, which includes 150 acres of land for the township and 63 acres of land for construction of rail corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nabinagar-plant-may-start-power-generation-by-year-end/articleshow/61373974.cms|title=Nabinagar plant may start power generation by year end|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 2017 }}</ref> On 17 April 2018, Bihar state cabinet, headed by chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]], gave its nod to handing over of Nabinagar Power Generating Company to [[National Thermal Power Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-to-hand-over-3-power-plants-to-ntpc/articleshow/63805597.cms|title=Patna to hand over 3 power plants to NTPC|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2018 }}</ref> On 15 May 2018, Bihar Government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to hand over the thermal plant to [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] for a 33-year lease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/state-happy-with-power-deal-231000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055408/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/state-happy-with-power-deal-231000|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2018|title=State happy with power deal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-transfers-3-power-plants-to-ntpc-on-lease-for-30-years/articleshow/64180512.cms|title=Bihar transfers 3 power plants to NTPC on lease for 30 years|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1532187#|title=NTPC signs MoU with Government of Bihar; aims to improve performance of Power Sector in Bihar}}</ref> For the Nabinagar plant's Bihar would get 78% of the electricity generated from the plant, while UP would get 11%, jharkhand 3% and Sikkim 1%.

==Capacity==
The planned capacity of the power plant in 1980 MW (3×660 MW). Unit-1 with capacity to generate 660 MW, is scheduled to be commissioned in Dec'18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/abad-power-plant-unit-to-be-commissioned-in-september/articleshow/63537214.cms|title=Aurangabad power plant unit to be commissioned in December|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 March 2018 }}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1st || 1 || 660 || Sep 6, 2019|| Running <ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-commissions-first-unit-of-nabinagar-plant- commercial operation date (COD) completed -660 capacity-reaches-55786mw/articleshow/70247370.cms</ref>
|-
| 1st || 2 || 660 || July 30, 2021 || Running
|-
| 1st || 3 || 660 || June 1, 2022|| Running
|-
| 2nd || 4 || 800 || TBD|| Under Construction
|-
| 2nd || 5 || 800 || TBD|| Under Construction
|-
| 2nd || 6 || 800 || TBD|| Under Construction
|}

==Future expansion==
There is a plan to add three units of 800 MW each at the site in future.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Ultra Mega Power Projects]]
* [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited]]
* [[Nabinagar Thermal Power Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Nabinagar_Super_Thermal_Power_Project Nabinagar Super Thermal Project] at [[SourceWatch]]
{{Power stations of Bihar}}
{{Industry and company in bihar}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Son River basin]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bihar]]
[[Category:Companies based in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Bihar]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

V. S. Sangwan

2026-02-12T03:19:56Z

TabathaLea97053: stub

{{short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = V. S. Sangwan
| image = Dr Virender S Sangwan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|8|22}}
| birth_place = [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Ophthalmology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Orbis International]] | [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] | [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] | [[Massachusetts Eye and Ear]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[limbal stem cell]] biology
| awards = {{ublist| 2002 Dr. P. Siva Reddy Researcher of the Year Award | 2003 Dr. Vengal Rao Award | 2005 Col. Rangachary Award | 2006 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2007 [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] National Technology Award | [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|AAO]] Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Virender Singh Sangwan''' (born 22 August 1964) is an Indian [[ophthalmologist]] and the ''Dr. Paul Dubord Chair'' professor and director of the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]], [[Hyderabad]]. Known for his research on [[limbal stem cell]]s, Sangwan is the founder secretary and an adviser of the Uveitis Society of India. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the [[Government of India]] for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2006.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |date=2016 |access-date=12 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016194310/http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:MDU Main Entrance Gate.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to Maharshi Dayanand University]]
Born in the north Indian state of [[Haryana]], Virender S. Sangwan graduated in medicine from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] in 1986 and completed his MS in ophthalmology in 1991.<ref name="Dr Virender Sangwan on HVP">{{Cite web|url=https://himalayanhealthproject.org/dr-virender-sangwan/ |title=Dr Virender Sangwan on HVP |date=2017 |publisher=Himalayan Vision Project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055352/https://himalayanhealthproject.org/dr-virender-sangwan/ |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> Subsequently, he did a fellowship at [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] (LVPEI) on [[cornea]] and [[Anterior segment of eyeball|anterior segment]] surgery and during his stay there, [[Gullapalli Nageswara Rao]], the founder of the institute, advised him about the opportunity to join [[Orbis International]] as an acting medical director at [[Orbis International#The Orbis Flying Eye Hospital|Orbis Flying Eye Hospital]] which he accepted.<ref name="Pioneer gives hope to neglected surface disease patients">{{Cite web|url=http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/cornea-external-disease/news/print/ocular-surgery-news-india-edition/%7Baabd6ee8-669a-4c85-acf0-cd7f61642773%7D/pioneer-gives-hope-to-neglected-surface-disease-patients |title=Pioneer gives hope to neglected surface disease patients |date=September 2008 |publisher=Healio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055656/http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/cornea-external-disease/news/print/ocular-surgery-news-india-edition/%7Baabd6ee8-669a-4c85-acf0-cd7f61642773%7D/pioneer-gives-hope-to-neglected-surface-disease-patients |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> He held the position for over 18 months and left for another fellowship program on ocular immunology and [[uveitis]] at [[Massachusetts Eye and Ear]], an associate of [[Harvard Medical School]] under the supervision of Charles Stephen Foster, who would later found the ''Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution''.<ref name="About Dr. Foster">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uveitis.org/about/about-dr-foster |title=About Dr. Foster |date=2017 |publisher=Uveitis.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006170022/http://www.uveitis.org/about/about-dr-foster |archive-date=2016-10-06 }}</ref> Returning to India, he re-joined LVPEI as a cornea specialist, became an associate director<ref name="Biography on Orcid">{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8229-4158 |title=Biography on Orcid |date=2017 |publisher=Orcid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055517/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8229-4158 |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> and a director<ref name="Key People">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lvpei.org/key-people.php |title=Key People |date=2017 |publisher=L. V. Prasad Eye Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117020257/http://www.lvpei.org/key-people.php |archive-date=17 January 2015 |df=dmy-all |access-date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> and heads ''SRUJANA Centre for Innovation''<ref name="Our Team - Virender Singh Sangwan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lvpei.org/our-team/our-team-vssangwan.php |title=Our Team – Virender Singh Sangwan |date=2017 |publisher=L. V. Prasad Eye Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013022318/http://www.lvpei.org/our-team/our-team-vssangwan.php |archive-date=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all |access-date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> as well as the ''Center for Ocular Regeneration'', a joint venture of LVPEI and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="The people who make this possible">{{Cite web|url=http://lvpmitra.com/team/ |title=The people who make this possible |date=2017 |publisher=LVPEI Mitra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105121652/http://lvpmitra.com/team/ |archive-date=2016-11-05 }}</ref> He holds the ''Dr.Paul Dubord Chair in Cornea'' at LVPEI<ref name="RG Info">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virender_Sangwan2/info |title=RG Info |date=2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054953/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virender_Sangwan2/info |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> and is as an adjunct associate professor at [[University of Rochester]].<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/virender-sangwan |title=Virender Sangwan on INK Talks |date=2017 |publisher=INK Talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701223552/http://www.inktalks.com/people/virender-sangwan |archive-date=2016-07-01 }}</ref>

Virender Sangwan is married to Vandana who is a dental surgeon and the couple has two children, Sonalika and Sahil.<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Anterior-uveitis.jpg|thumb|235px|Anterior uveitis]]
Sangwan has done extensive work on [[limbal stem cell]]s which is reported to have assisted in restoring vision to patients with corneal injuries.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=32 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055725/http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=32 |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> Along with Geeta K. Vemuganti, an ophthalmologist with interest in limbal stem cell studies, he carried out research on the subject and together they developed a methodology for growing stem cells for subsequent transplantation in human eyes for repairing injured [[epithelium]] and cornea.<ref name="Directors">{{Cite web|url=http://lvpmitra.com/team/ |title=Directors |date=2017 |publisher=LVP Mitra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105121652/http://lvpmitra.com/team/ |archive-date=2016-11-05 }}</ref> This was subsequently put on clinical trial in 2011,<ref name="Pioneer gives hope to neglected surface disease patients" /> reported to be the largest successful trial of [[stem cell therapy]] on humans, till then.<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks" /><ref name="Eye of the Stem Cell">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/20110919-indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-virender-singh-sangwan-747568-2011-09-10 |title=Eye of the Stem Cell |date=10 September 2011 |publisher=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911110237/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-virender-singh-sangwan/1/150688.html |archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref> Later, with the assistance of two philanthropists, they established ''Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory'' where he furthered his work. The methodology developed by him involved harvesting of cell tissues from the healthy eye of the patient and cultivation of the cell tissues on [[amniotic sac]] membrane which was then transplanted on the injured eye; he has done over 800 transplants at LVPEI, reportedly with 76% success rate.<ref name="Eye of the Stem Cell: Virender Singh Sangwan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/20110919-indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-virender-singh-sangwan-747568-2011-09-10 |title=Eye of the Stem Cell: Virender Singh Sangwan |date=10 September 2011 |publisher=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911110237/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-virender-singh-sangwan/1/150688.html |archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref> Later, he also developed a methodology for culturing [[conjunctival]] and limbal stem cells together which is known to have application in treating patients with extreme ocular damage of the outer surface.<ref name="Biography on Orcid" /> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Sangwan VS [au] ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Sangwan%20VS%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50 |title=Sangwan VS [au] |date=2017 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |page=List of articles on PubMed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403010017/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Sangwan%20VS%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50 |archive-date=2017-04-03 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} of which many have been listed by online article repositories such as [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=okOmDcAAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061009/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=okOmDcAAAAAJ&hl=en |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]],<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virender_Sangwan2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701231738/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virender_Sangwan2 |archive-date=2016-07-01 }}</ref> and his work has drawn citations in texts by others.<ref name="Jeon2015">{{cite book|author=Kwang W. Jeon |title=International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b92oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |date=16 November 2015 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-802476-8 |pages=102– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065008/https://books.google.com/books?id=b92oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |archive-date= 1 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="G.P.2015">{{cite book|author=TALWAR, G.P. |title=TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, ALLIED AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVuNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |year=2015 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-203-5125-7 |pages=475– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401062608/https://books.google.com/books?id=mVuNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref><ref name="HerranzHerran2012">{{cite book|author1=Raul Martin Herranz |author2=Rosa M. Corrales Herran |title=Ocular Surface: Anatomy and Physiology, Disorders and Therapeutic Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8KfacHi54C&pg=PA226 |date=18 October 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-57808-740-2 |pages=226– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055651/https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8KfacHi54C&pg=PA226 |archive-date= 1 April 2017 }}</ref> He has also served as an investigator in a number of clinical projects undertaken by ''Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory''.<ref name="Current Projects">{{Cite web|url=http://research.lvpei.org/laboratories/stem-cell-biology.php |title=Current Projects |date=2017 |publisher=Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055419/http://research.lvpei.org/laboratories/stem-cell-biology.php |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref>

Sangwan, having undergone two years' of training at Foster's laboratory on ocular immunology, had started his Indian career focusing on ocular inflammatory diseases such as [[Uveitis]] and his early work was in this field was as an uveitis and retina specialist at LVPEI.<ref name="Pioneer gives hope to neglected surface disease patients" /> This gave him the opportunity to interact with the pioneers of uveitis treatment in India such as Narsing A. Rao, Amod Gupta, Rajeeve Buddi, Jyotirmay Biswas and S. R. Rathinam and when Rao inspired the others to form the ''Uveitis Society of India'' in 1999, he was among the founder members, serving as its founder secretary and treasurer,<ref name="History">{{Cite web|url=http://indianuveitis.org/demo/?page_id=7 |title=History |date=2017 |publisher=Uveitis Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401143822/http://indianuveitis.org/demo/?page_id=7 |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> where he is a member of the advisory board of the society.<ref name="Executive Team">{{Cite web|url=http://indianuveitis.org/demo/?page_id=19 |title=Executive Team |date=2017 |publisher=Uveitis Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401143921/http://indianuveitis.org/demo/?page_id=19 |archive-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> He is involved with the ''Himalayan Vision Project'', a joint venture between LV Prasad Eye Institute and Himalayan Health Project<ref name="Dr Virender Sangwan on HVP" /> and has been associated with journals, including ''Indian Journal of Ophthalmology'', ''Comprehensive Ophthalmology Update'', ''Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology'', ''International Ophthalmology'' and ''British Journal of Ophthalmology''. A vice president of the Asia Cornea Society,<ref name="Vice president">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiacorneasociety.org/about.asp?info=4 |title=Vice president |date=2017 |publisher=Asia Cornea Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602075929/http://www.asiacorneasociety.org/about.asp?info=4 |archive-date=2 June 2016 }}</ref> he is an honorary member of ''North African Centre for Sight and Visual Sciences'' as well as the national societies of ophthalmology of Peru and El Salvador. He sat in the international steering committees of ''Lux Uveitis Multicenter Investigation of a New Approach to Treatment'' (LUMINATE) trial and ''LUCIDA Program for Prevention of Corneal Transplant Rejection'' of Lux Biosciences and is a former secretary of ''Eye Bank Association of India''.<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks" /> The invited speeches or keynote addresses delivered by him include a lecture on ''Cell-based Therapy for Ocular Reconstruction'' at the ''Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration'' of [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] in October 2010.<ref name="Cell-based Therapy for Ocular Reconstruction">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxcenter.pitt.edu/cell-based-therapy-ocular-reconstruction |title=Cell-based Therapy for Ocular Reconstruction |date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060752/http://www.foxcenter.pitt.edu/cell-based-therapy-ocular-reconstruction |archive-date=April 1, 2017 }}</ref> and the [[TEDx]] talk titled, ''Square Peg in Round Hole'' at [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] on 14 January 2012.<ref name="TEDxNITCalicut - Dr Virender Singh Sangwan - Square Peg in Round Hole">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BETomMIjTck |title=TEDxNITCalicut – Dr Virender Singh Sangwan – Square Peg in Round Hole |date=15 March 2012 |publisher=TEDx Talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722173641/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BETomMIjTck |archive-date=22 July 2014 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh giving away the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize – 2006 to Dr. Virender Singh Sangwan, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad for Medical Sciences, in New Delhi on September 26, 2006.jpg|thumb|V.S.Sangwan receiving Santi Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2006.]]
Sangwan received the Dr. P. Siva Reddy Researcher of the Year Award of the Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences in 2002 and two of his papers won the Dr. Vengal Rao Award of Andhra Pradesh Ophthalmic Society and Col. Rangachary Award of the All India Ophthalmology Society in 2003 and 2005 respectively.<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> and he received the National Technology Award of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2007.<ref name="Biography on Orcid" /> He is also a recipient of Achievement Award of the [[American Academy of Ophthalmology]] and [[Fortune magazine]] published a report on the stem cell research of Sangwan in its October 2007 issue.<ref name="Virender Sangwan on INK Talks" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=M.S Sridhar, Aashish K Bansal, Virender S Sangwan, Gullapalli N Rao |title=Amniotic membrane transplantation in acute chemical and thermal injury |journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology |date=2000 |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00500-6
|pmid=11004281 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fernandes, Merle; Sridhar, Mittanamalli S; Sangwan, Virender S, Rao, Gullapalli N |title=Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Ocular Surface Reconstruction |journal=Cornea |date=2005 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1097/01.ico.0000151501.80952.c5 |pmid=16015081 |s2cid=37918350 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Virender S. Sangwan, Himanshu P. Matalia, Geeta K. Vemuganti, Ghazala Ifthekar, Anees Fatima, Shashi Singh, Gullapalli N. Rao |title=Early Results of Penetrating Keratoplasty After Cultivated Limbal Epithelium Transplantation |journal=Arch. Ophthalmol. |date=2005 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=334–340 |doi=10.1001/archopht.123.3.334|pmid=15767475 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last= Fatima A, Sangwan VS, Iftekhar G, Reddy P, Matalia H, Balasubramanian D, Vemuganti GK|title=Technique of cultivating limbal derived corneal epithelium on human amniotic membrane for clinical transplantation |journal= Journal of Postgraduate Medicine|date=2006 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=257–61 |pmid=17102542|s2cid=9303739 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Indumathi Mariappan, Savitri Maddileti, Soumya Savy, Shubha Tiwari, Subhash Gaddipati, Anees Fatima, Virender S Sangwan, Dorairajan Balasubramanian, Geeta K Vemuganti |title=In vitro culture and expansion of human limbal epithelial cells |journal=Nature Protocols |date=2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1470–1479 |doi=10.1038/nprot.2010.115|pmid=20671730 |s2cid=8086269 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Virender S Sangwan, Rajat Jain, Sayan Basu, Anupam B Bagadi, Shraddha Sureka, Indumathi Mariappan, Sheila MacNeil |title=Transforming ocular surface stem cell research into successful clinical practice |journal= Indian Journal of Ophthalmology|date=2014 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=29–40 |pmc=3955067 |pmid=24492499 |doi=10.4103/0301-4738.126173 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{portal|Biography|India|Medicine}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Corneal epithelium]]
* [[Regenerative medicine]]
* [[Corneal transplantation]]
* [[Regeneration in humans]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangwan, V. S.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

National Dairy Development Board

2026-02-08T11:30:37Z

TabathaLea97053: further add article per standard format and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian statutory body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Dairy Development Board
| logo = National Dairy Development Board.gif
| type = [[Statutory body]]
| purpose = {{ublist|Dairy industry regulation
|[[Dairy industry]] development}}
| headquarters =
| parent_organization = Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India.
| subsid = {{ublist|[[Mother Dairy]] | {{abbr|IDMC Ltd|Indian Dairy Machinery Company, Ltd}} | [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]]|NDDB CALF Ltd.|NDDB Dairy Services|NDDB Mrida Ltd.}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.nddb.coop}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1965|7|16|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
| founder = Dr [[Verghese Kurien]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Dr. Meenesh Shah
| location = [[Anand, Gujarat]], India
}}

The '''National Dairy Development Board''' ('''NDDB''') is a [[statutory body]] set up by an Act of the [[Parliament of India]] and an Institution of National Importance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDDB's Role in the White Revolution and Challenges Ahead |url=https://indiadairy.com/expert-article/nddbs-role-in-the-white-revolution-and-challenges-ahead/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=IndiaDairy |language=en-US}}</ref> It is under administrative control of the [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2027125 | access-date=2025-05-11 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The main office is in [[Anand, Gujarat]] with regional offices throughout the country. NDDB's subsidiaries include Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd (IDMC),<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd., Anand (IDMC), NDDB Dairy Services NDDB Mrida Ltd., NDDB CALF Ltd. |url=https://www.nddb.coop/links/inst/idmc |website=National Dairy Development Board |access-date=10 September 2023 |date=2017}}</ref> [[Mother Dairy]] and [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]], Hyderabad, NDDB Dairy Services, NDDB Mrida Ltd., NDDB CALF Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subsidiaries {{!}} nddb.coop |url=https://www.nddb.coop/links/inst |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.nddb.coop}}</ref> The Board was created to finance and support producer-owned and controlled organisations. Its programmes and activities seek to strengthen farmer cooperatives and support national policies that are favourable to the growth of such institutions. Cooperative principles and cooperative strategies are fundamental to the board's efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nddb.coop/about|title=National Dairy Development Board official website}}</ref>

Meenesh Shah was appointed the Chairman of NDDB in 2021.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=((National Dairy Development Board)) |title=Meenesh Shah takes over additional charge of Chairman, NDDB |url=https://www.nddb.coop/node/2213#:~:text=of%20Chairman%2C%20NDDB-,Meenesh%20Shah%20takes%20over%20additional%20charge%20of%20Chairman%2C%20NDDB,June%2C%202021%20until%20further%20orders |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127092917/https://www.nddb.coop/node/2213 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |date=25 June 2021}}</ref>

==Establishment==
[[File:Mansinh Institute of Training, National Dairy Development Board, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Mansinh Institute of Training of National Dairy Development Board at [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]]]]
The NDDB was founded by Dr. [[Verghese Kurien]] in 1965. The prime minister of India at that time, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], wished to replicate the success of the Kaira Cooperative Milk Producers' Union ([[Amul]]) across India.<ref name="gupta 2019">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sharad |title=Remembering Verghese Kurien – India's first milkman |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/remembering-verghese-kurien-indias-first-milkman/article30084051.ece |access-date=11 March 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=26 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Kurien had been instrumental in Amul's success, where he had instituted a producer-run, democratic farmers' cooperative model. Until this time, India's own dairy industry was limited in its capacity and dominated by traders who set pricing. Marginal milk producers reaped little reward in this system, and the country's foreign exchange was expended in European and New Zealand dairy industries, purchasing dairy imports to fill the shortfall.<ref name="gupta 2019"/><ref name="tehelka">{{cite news|last=Suhrud|first=Tridip|author-link=Tridip Suhrud|title=The magic of manthan|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp|access-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916183627/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp|archive-date=16 September 2012|newspaper=Tehelka|date=16 September 2012}}</ref>

Between the start of the NDDB's landmark project in 1970, ''[[Operation Flood]]'' and its founder's retirement in 1998, India quadrupled its milk production, with the board's technical and organisational support.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurien|first=Verghese|chapter=India's Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations |title=Ending poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work |date=2007 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC, USA|editor1-last=Narayan|editor1-first=Deepa |editor2-last=Glinskaya|editor2-first=Elena|pages=37–67|isbn=978-0-8213-6876-3}}</ref> By then India had 81,000 dairy cooperatives, formed with the assistance of NDDB on their "Amul" pattern. In 1998, India became the largest milk producer in the world, when its output surpassed that of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |author1=((World Food Prize Foundation)) |author1-link=World Food Prize |title=1989: Kurien The World Food Prize - Improving the Quality, Quantity and Availability of Food in the World |url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien/ |website=www.worldfoodprize.org |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108053638/https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien/ |archive-date=8 November 2021 |location=Ames, Iowa, USA |language=en-us}}</ref> The country remains a major dairy-producing nation.<ref name="HT 11">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2011 |access-date=16 May 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006163514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Agencies==
#NDDB Dairy Services, a wholly owned subsidiary
#Mother Dairy Fruit and Vegetable Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary

==Initiatives==
In 2012, under the national dairy plan (NDP) programme, NDDB had initiated plans to boost dairy farming by targeting 40,000 villages in fourteen major milk producing states including Punjab.<ref name="NDDB Reference1">{{cite news |title=NDDB plans to boost dairy farming in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/nddb-plans-to-boost-dairy-farming-in-punjab/story-Wo429ElNY4ba1Wq4MmxYhL.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=18 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The project was aimed at covering about 2.7 million milch animals in these states.<ref name="NDDB Reference1" /><ref name="NDDB Reference2">{{cite news |title=Dairy development by NDDB in India |url=https://www.dairyindustries.com/news/35782/dairy-development-by-nddb-in-india/ |access-date=11 March 2021 |publisher=Dairy Industries International |date=12 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, the NDDB launched a "manure management initiative" at the Mujkuva Dairy Cooperative Society (DCS) in Anand district, wherein [[biogas]] plants are installed by dairy farmers outside their residences for producing gas to be used as cooking fuel. In addition to biogas, bio-slurry produced from these biogas plants will also be used by the farmers in their own fields for soil conditioning. Surplus bio-slurry can be sold to other farmers or converted into organic fertilisers.<ref name="NDDB Reference3">{{cite news|date=28 October 2020|title=Anand district: NDDB begins initiative for dairy farmers on manure management|language=en|publisher=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anand-district-nddb-begins-initiative-for-dairy-farmers-on-manure-management-6906092/|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2000, in accordance with the plans of NDDB to reach out to more states, it signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the administration of [[Ladakh]] to promote dairying and rural livelihoods in the newly formed union territory.<ref name="NDDB Reference4">{{cite news |title=NDDB to promote dairying in Ladakh, inks MoU with UT - Vadodara News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/nddb-to-promote-dairying-in-ladakh-inks-mou-with-ut/articleshow/78521176.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDDB Reference5">{{cite news|date=1 November 2020|title=NDDB to build 3 new dairy plants in Jharkhand at cost of Rs 90 crore|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/nddb-to-build-3-new-dairy-plants-in-jharkhand-at-cost-of-rs-90-crore/articleshow/78974076.cms|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

In one innovative approach, NDDB, in collaboration with [[All India Radio]] (AIR), launched ''Radio Samvad''—an awareness series on radio for dairy farmers of the [[Vidarbha]] and [[Marathwada]] regions. {{As of|2020}}, a twice weekly, 30-minute episode was broadcast from Nagpur, Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Osmanabad and Nanded radio stations on subjects related to scientific dairy animal management. Subject experts from NDDB conduct the sessions.<ref name="NDDB Reference2" />

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Amrita Patel}}, head of NDDB 1998–2014
* {{annotated link|Agriculture in India}}
* {{annotated link|Cooperative movement in India}}

===Dairy cooperatives===
* [[Aavin]], the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation
* [[Amul]], the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd
* [[Bihar State Milk Co-operative Federation]], producers of the ''Sudha'' dairy brand
* [[Karnataka Milk Federation]], producers of the ''Nandini'' brand
* [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation]], trade name: ''Milma''
* [[Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd]], brand name: ''Vita''
* [[Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation]] (OMFED)

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nddb.coop/ National Dairy Development Board]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India]]
[[Category:Shastri administration]]
[[Category:Dairy organizations]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]

K. R. Savithri

2026-02-07T23:14:06Z

TabathaLea97053: created initial data more to come.

{{short description|Indian actress in Malayalam movies (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. R. Savithri
| image=
| birth_name=
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|07|25}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthani]]
| occupation = Actress
| children=[[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] <br /> [[Ragasudha]]
| relatives = [[K.R. Vijaya]] (sister)<br /> K.R. Vatsala (sister)
| years_active= 1976-2008
}}
'''K. R. Savithri''' (born 25 July 1952) is an Indian actress in [[Malayalam movie]]s. She is one of the prominent supporting actresses in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and Tamil movies.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} She is born at [[Thiruthani]]. Her father is Ramachandra Nair and mother is from Kerala. Actresses [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[K. R. Vatsala]] are her sisters.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Her daughters [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] and [[Ragasudha]] are also actresses. She currently resides at [[Chennai]] with family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ranjith-weds-actress-Ragasudha/articleshow/45106284.cms |title=Ranjith weds actress Ragasudha - The Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112045057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ranjith-weds-actress-Ragasudha/articleshow/45106284.cms |archive-date=2014-11-12}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Chuzhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Aadharsam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1983 || ''[[Yudham]]'' || Malathy ||
|-
| ''[[Parasparam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1985 || ''[[Yathra]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sannaham]]'' || Gouriyamma ||
|-
| ''[[Saandham Bheekaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thammil Kandappol'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1986 || ''[[Deshadanakkili Karayarilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padayani (film)|Padayani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Koodanayum Kattu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Sreedharante Onnaam Thirumurivu'' || Aswathy's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1988 || ''[[Anuragi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ormayil Ennum'' || ||
|-
| ''Oozham'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Jeevitham Oru Raagam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1990 || ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Samrajyam]]'' || Shah's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Mridula (film)|Mridula]]'' || Banumathiyamma ||
|-
| ''Vacation'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]'' || Aunty ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbasametham]]'' || Rema ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Arabia'' || Bhairavi's mother ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || Arif Hussain's wife ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1976 || ''Punitha Anthoniyar'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Kai Varisai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1984 || ''Andha June 16-Am Naal'' || ||
|-
| ''En Uyir Nanban'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cooliekkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1988 || ''Manaivi Oru Mandhiri'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Maduraikara Thambi'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Sattathin Marupakkam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1990 || ''[[Thalattu Padava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Salem Vishnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Agni Theertham'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Veluchami]]'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Thuraimugam]]'' || Mangalam ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' || Jyothy's mother ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ezhuthiyatharadi]]'' || Devi's mother ||
|-
|}

===Telugu===
* [[Jagan (film)|Jagan]] (1984)

==Television==
* ''Thendral'' (TV series)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0767799}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savithri, K. R.}}
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

D. Shankar Singh

2026-02-06T06:23:39Z

TabathaLea97053: stub

{{short description|Indian Kannada filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = D. Shankar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, producer
| spouse = [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]]
| relatives = [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]] (son) <br> [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] (daughter) <br> [[Jai Jagadish]] (son-in-law) <br> [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] (grandson) <br> [[Rishika Singh]] (grand daughter)
| known_for =
}}

'''D. Shankar Singh''' was an Indian [[film director]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/d-shankar-singh|title=D Shankar Singh biography|work=Chitraloka.com}}</ref> [[film producer|producer]], [[screenwriter]], [[Film exhibitor|exhibitor]] and a [[freedom fighter]] during the [[British rule in India]]. Singh, along with [[B. Vittalacharya]] co-found the "Mahatma Pictures", a production venture in 1946, that has produced over a hundred [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]].<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sepia-stories-at-60/article2271837.ece|title=Sepia stories at 60 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 March 2007}}</ref> The very first film to release under this banner was ''[[Krishnaleela]]'' in 1947.<ref name="cl1">{{cite web |title= History 21 - Birth of Mahatma Pictures |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3744-mahatma-pictures-details.html |website= chitraloka.com |date= 19 August 2013 |accessdate= 25 November 2014 |archive-date= 3 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170203110811/http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3744-mahatma-pictures-details.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> His first directorial project was ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' in 1951. The film is recorded in history as one of the first Kannada films to have screened for over 100 days in cinema halls.<ref name="Hindu1"/>

Some of the popular films under his production and direction include ''[[Bhakta Ramadas (film)|Bhakta Ramadas]]'' (1948), ''[[Nagakannika]]'' (1949), ''Dallali'' (1953), ''Madiddunno Maraaya'' (1954), ''Gandharva Kanya'' (1955), ''Bhale Kiladi'' (1970) and ''Bangarada Kalla'' (1973).

==Career==
Shankar Singh was an employee with the [[Brooke Bond Taj Mahal Tea House|Brooke Bond Tea]] company. His interest towards films brought him closer to yet another budding director [[B. Vittalacharya]]. In 1942, they both initially formed two touring talkies named after [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and called them "Mahatma Touring Talkies" and "Jawahar Touring Talkies" respectively. He actively took part in the freedom struggles during the British rule in India and was a staunch follower of Gandhi. Following the successful run of the touring talkies units, the duo formed a new production house and named it "Mahatma Pictures" in 1946.

In 1947, the production house released their first venture ''[[Krishnaleela]]'', starring Kemparaj Urs in the lead role, the film also featured Varadaraj, younger brother of actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and Sharadamma, both making their debuts. The film was directed by C. V. Raju and had a musical score by [[P. Kalinga Rao]], who was noted from this film and also marked the debut of the lyricist Kunigal Prabhakar Shastry and acclaimed writer [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]].<ref name="cl1"/> The film was received well with Varadaraj's comedy role of Makaranda being appreciated. Their second production project was in 1948, with the Kemparaj Urs-directed devotional drama ''[[Bhakta Ramadas (film)|Bhakta Ramadas]]''. In 1949, Singh and Vittalacharya produced ''[[Nagakannika]]'', directed by G. Vishwanathan and featuring Jayashri in the lead role. The film was talked about for its glamorous role portrayed by Jayashri.

In the next decade, Singh became a full-fledged screenwriter and director with his debut film ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]'', becoming one of the first most commercially successful films in Kannada cinema history. Starring [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] and [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]], the film screened across Karnataka for more than 100 days. In 1952, he partnered with Vittalacharya in both direction and production for the film ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'', featuring Vimalananda Das and Prathima Devi in stellar roles. It also marked the film-acting debut of Rajkumar, who was given a brief character to play; one of the seven [[Saptarishi]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3762-rajkumar-s-first-film.html|title=History 25 - Rajkumar's First Film|publisher=Chitraloka.com|date=23 August 2013|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185308/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3762-rajkumar-s-first-film.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1953, Singh produced and directed ''Dallali'', featuring Subbanna in the lead role and in the same year he introduced his son [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] in the film ''Chanchala Kumari''.

Throughout the 1950s and 60s, Singh produced and directed many successful films and became one of the most commercially viable artists in Kannada cinema. All his films were shot at the Navajyothi Studio in Mysore.

==Legacy==
Shankar Singh is often referred to as one of the legendary filmmakers of the early Kannada cinema era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadacinemalist.wordpress.com/2016/09/10/dshankarsingh/|title=D Shankar Singh Kannada Movie Director, Producer|work=Kannada cinema list|date=10 September 2016}}</ref> He is believed to be a staunch follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and actively participated in the freedom campaigns across Karnataka. His passion towards the arts field drove him to collaborate with a hotelier, B. Vittalacharya and produce some of the best known Kannada films starting from the mid-1940s. Although during that era, all Kannada films were being made and shot in [[Madras]] (the present [[Chennai]]), Singh is believed to have not moved to Madras for any of his projects. All his films were being shot at Navajyothi Studios in [[Mysore]].<ref name="Hindu1"/> Mahatma pictures is also noted for breaking conventions and being experimental towards film making. It was also a pioneer in introducing graphical effects in Kannada cinema by adapting many trick shots in many mythological and folklore films.

Recognizing Singh's determination of making Kannada films in Karnataka, the Government began to subsidize Kannada films. In 1962, Singh insisted the then Chief Minister [[S. Nijalingappa]] to extend the patronage for films made in Karnataka. Considering his point, the Government levied a surcharge of a rupee per ticket to fund the development of Kannada industry. Singh is credited to be first to explore the shooting locales in and around Karnataka.

Apart from the leading actor of Kannada cinema, Dr. Rajkumar, Mahatma Pictures has the distinction of introducing many successful artists to the film industry such as [[P. Kalinga Rao]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|T. N. Balakrishna]], [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] and [[Arjun Sarja]] among others.<ref name="Hindu1"/>

==Personal life and family==
Shankar Singh was married to the actress [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]], who played lead roles in many of his directorial and production projects. Their son [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] and daughter [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] are both Kannada film directors and producers. Actor [[Auditya]] is his grandson and actress [[Rishika Singh]] is his granddaughter.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;"| Film
! colspan="3" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Story
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| 1947 || ''[[Krishnaleela]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Debut feature
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Bhakta Ramadas (film)|Bhakta Ramadas]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Nagakannika]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Released in Kannada and Tamil
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Dallali'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Chanchala Kumari'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Sowbhagya Lakshmi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Sri Krishna'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Muttidella Chinna'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Maadiddunno Maharaaya'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Gandharva Kanya'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Aashadaboothi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Shivasharane Nambiyakka'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Daiva Sankalpa'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Prabhulinga Leele'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Mangala Suthra'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Shivalinga Sakshi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Raja Satyavrata'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Bhakta Chetha'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Sri Dharmasthala Mahathme'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Bhale Khiladi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Onde Kula Onde Daiva'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Jwala Mohini'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Bangarada Kalla'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Nagakanye]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5809965}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Shankar. D}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]

Arshad Sauleh

2026-02-06T05:49:01Z

TabathaLea97053: stub...

{{Short description|Indian painter (born 1971)}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Arshad Sauleh
| image = Arshad Sauleh 2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Arshad Hussain
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Old city]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Painting]] Calligraphy
| training = [[University of Kashmir]]
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| spouse =
| awards = 2016 – Ram Mehar Malik National Award by Raskala Munch Safedun Rohtak Haryana
}}

'''Arshad Sauleh''' ([[Urdu]]: ارشر صالح) is an artist and a radio broadcaster born in a Muslim family at [[Srinagar]] in the summer capital of [[Kashmir]] who has remained host/judge of several noted art exhibitions<ref>{{cite news|title=Arshad Sauleh hosts exhibition |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Sep/12/arshad-sauleh-hosts-exhibition-27.asp |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205205528/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Sep/12/arshad-sauleh-hosts-exhibition-27.asp |archivedate=5 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=J&K Bank Children's Painting Contest: Badamwari filled with colours, concerns over food-wastage|url=http://jkbank.net/pressreleasetemplate.php?id=760|accessdate=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818202344/http://jkbank.net/pressreleasetemplate.php?id=760|archive-date=18 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> besides he is teaching art at Government College of Education in [[Srinagar]].

== Contribution and awards ==

Arshid Sauleh represented India in the 2002 International Exhibition of Quranic paintings in Iran. He was honored by Ministry of Heritage and Islamic Guidance, Government of Iran to the tenth International Exhibition on Quranic Paintings. During [[Kashmir conflict]]

*2011-Merit Award by State Academy of Art Culture and Language Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Achievements of Arshad |url=http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-%E2%80%98through-art-we-bring-out-glory-of-human-nature-19545.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615190205/http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-%E2%80%98through-art-we-bring-out-glory-of-human-nature-19545.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=Daily Kashmir Images |accessdate=11 June 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[M F Husain]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}



{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sauleh, Arshad}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Gatewadi

2026-01-23T12:42:56Z

TabathaLea97053: brief expand section for clarity and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gatewadi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 022488
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-16,17
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Parner]]
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gatewadi''' is a village in [[Parner taluka]] in [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4099 Villages in Parner taluka-Glorious India]</ref>

==Religion==
The majority of the population in the village is [[Hindu]].

==Economy==
The majority of the population has farming as their primary occupation.

==See also==
* [[Parner taluka]]
* [[Villages in Parner taluka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

Biccavolu

2026-01-18T21:16:48Z

TabathaLea97053: general fix intro per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Biccavolu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Subhramanya Swamy Temple in Biccavole.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Subrahmanya Swami Temple in Bikkavolu
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Bikkavolu
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 14,278
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533343
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Biccavolu''' is a village in [[East Godavari district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> The village is known for its famous Subrahmanya Swamy Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-19|title=Bikkavolu Subramanya Swamy Temple - History, Timing, Pooja, Kumar|url=https://gotirupati.com/bikkavolu-subramanya-swamy-temple/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Temple Darshan, Pooja and Sevas Information|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=correspondent|first=dc|date=2021-08-10|title=Ancient stone idol stolen from Nandi temple|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100821/ancient-stone-idol-stolen-from-nandi-temple.html|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ఈ గుడిలోని వినాయకుడి చెవిలో మనసులో కోరికలు చెబితే..|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/religion/hinduism/history-of-lakshmiganapathi-temple-at-bikkavolu-in-andhrapradesh/articleshow/57036893.cms|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bikkavolu is located at {{coord|16.9500|N|82.0500|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Bikkavolu.html Falling Rain Genomics. Bikkavolu]</ref> It has an average elevation of 12 meters (42 feet).

== History ==
[[File:Basic map of the Eastern Chalukya Group of Temples at Biccavolu.png|thumb|250px|left|Map of [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] Group of Temples at Biccavolu]]
'''Bikkavolu''' was also known as Birudanka Rayapuram during the reign of Vengi Chalukyas. <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mllBAQAAIAAJ | title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras | date=1882 | publisher=E. Keys, at the Government Press }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Biccavolu had population of 19,405. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Biccavolu has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 66%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Murugan temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Biccavolu Mandal]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]

Icestock sport in India

2026-01-18T20:46:31Z

TabathaLea97053: created initial pg w/ refs

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Icestock in India
| image = Icestock Team india.jpg
| caption = Indian icestock team in 2021
| union = Indian Icestocksport Federation
| country = India
| sport = [[Icestock]]
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first =
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}

'''Icestock''' is a sport that has become popular in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] in India that have a cold climate and is being taken up in the rest of the country as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=J-K: Over 200 athletes participate in Summer Ice-Stock championship in Srinagar |url=https://theprint.in/india/j-k-over-200-athletes-participate-in-summer-ice-stock-championship-in-srinagar/1117916/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

[[Gulmarg]] is the hub of icestock in India and hosts two national competitions of icestock each year: the National Icestock Championship<ref>{{cite news |title=7th National Icestock sports Championship 2020-21 at Gulmarg; J&K emerges overall Champions |url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/59934/-7th-national-icestock-sports-championship-2020-21-at-gulmarg-jak-emerges-overall-champions.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=www.crosstownnews.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=NETWORK |first1=GK NEWS |title=9th Ice stock National Championship begins at Gulmarg |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/9th-ice-stock-national-championship-begins-at-gulmarg/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=2 February 2023}}</ref> and an event in the [[Khelo India Winter Games]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Islam |first1=Irshad Ul |title=Ice Stock game results |url=https://jksportscouncil.in/news-activities/ice-stock-game-results |website=Jammu & Kashmir Sports Council |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wani |first1=Fayaz |title=Gulmarg to host third edition of Khelo India from today |url=https://newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Feb/10/gulmarg-to-host-third-edition-of-khelo-india-from-today-2546114.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Aadil Manzoor Peer]] is the captain of the Indian national icestock team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=EXCLUSIVE: Love and passion for Ice Stock - Kashmir's Aadil battled lack of infra, now dreams to represent India in Olympics |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/sports/other-sports/exclusive-love-and-passion-for-ice-stock-kashmirs-aadil-battled-lack-of-infra-now-dreams-to-represent-india-in-olympics/na20230716122921206206501 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=16 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He has represented the country in several international competitions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Network |first1=KL News |title=Kashmiri Village Boy Rises To Captain Indian National Ice Stock Team |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmiri-village-boy-rises-to-captain-indian-national-ice-stock-team-323533/ |website=Kashmir Life |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aadil Peer makes Kashmir proud, becomes captain of India’s national Ice Stock team — The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/aadil-peer-makes-kashmir-proud-becomes-captain-of-indias-national-ice-stock-team/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

[[Faheem Masood Shah]] is an icestock player from Jammu and Kashmir who has competed in nearly 200 international matches and won medals on three continents. In addition to competitive achievements, he has been active in developing snow sport ecosystems in India through youth outreach and sport science initiatives. He has also been featured in reportage highlighting the growth of winter sports in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=How a Batamaloo Boy Became India’s Ice Warrior |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/12/how-a-batamaloo-boy-became-indias-ice-warrior/ |work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Faheem |title=Faheem Masood Shah: Pioneering the Icestock revolution in Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2024/02/19/faheem-masood-shah-pioneering-the-icestock-revolution-in-jammu-kashmir/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=Kashmir Reader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sport, science and snow: A portrait of Faheem Masood Shah |url=https://www.cxowords.com/uncategorized/sport-science-and-snow-a-portrait-of-faheem-masood-shah/ |website=cxowords.com |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

[[Mohammad Sarfaraz]], popularly known as Sarfi, is an Indian international icestock athlete from Kashmir who has represented India at multiple international events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet international Icestock Champion of Kashmir valley |url=https://www.thekashmirtalk.com/meet-international-icestock-champion-of-kashmir-valley |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Kashmir Talk}}</ref>

Zerhan Ashaiq won three gold medals in addition to Silver and a bronze medal at the 2024 National Icestock Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pampore boy gets three gold medals in ice stock championship |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/sports-news/pampore-boy-gets-three-gold-medals-in-ice-stock-championship-27144.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref>

Zafeera Zahoor is another young player who has been successful at the national level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zafeera Zahoor: A versatile ice stock sport player |url=http://www.risingkashmir.in/zafeera-zahoor-a-versatile-ice-stock-sport-player-c66b04e7-9da1-499d-986c-e37d5c4cd9df |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=www.risingkashmir.in}}</ref>

The western state of [[Gujarat]] has been successful in icestock, despite having a warm climate.<ref>{{cite news |title=State players stock medals at Icestock competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/state-players-stock-medals-at-icestock-competition/articleshow/89126811.cms |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Two players from Gujarat took part in the 14th Icestock World Championship in Italy in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two from Gujarat in Icestock world championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/two-from-gujarat-in-icestock-world-championship/articleshow/89785571.cms |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> A speech and hearing-impaired tribal woman from Gujarat won a bronze medal at the 9th Ice Stock National Championship in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribal woman wins bronze at national ice stock competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/tribal-woman-wins-bronze-at-national-ice-stock-competition/articleshow/97673986.cms |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eva Patel bags bronze at the Ice Stock National Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/eva-patel-bags-bronze-at-the-ice-stock-national-championship/articleshow/97701779.cms |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2023}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:FaheemMASOOD.jpg|Indian icestock player [[Faheem Masood Shah]]
File:Sarfaraz.jpg|Indian icestock player [[Mohammad Sarfaraz]]
File:Aadil Manzoor Icestock.jpg|Indian icestock player [[Aadil Manzoor Peer]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Icestock in India}}

==External links==
* [https://indianicestock.com/ Indian Icestocksport Federation]

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]
[[Category:Winter sports in India]]
[[Category:Ice stock sport]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

5th Jharkhand Assembly

2026-01-13T00:40:21Z

TabathaLea97053: stub

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the India state of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
<section begin="Infobox"/>{{Infobox legislature
|name = 5th Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
|legislature =
|coa_pic =
|coa_res =
|house_type = Unicameral
|term_length = 2019-2024
|body =
|houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|foundation = 2019
|disbanded = 2024
|preceded_by = [[4th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|succeeded_by = [[6th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|term_limits = 5 years
|leader2_type =
|leader2 =
|party2 =
|leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|leader1 = [[Rabindra Nath Mahato]]
|party1 = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|election1 = [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|7 January 2020]]
|leader3_type = Leader of the House<br />([[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]])
|leader3 = [[Hemant Soren]]
|party3 = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|election3 = 02 July 2024
|leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader5 = [[Amar Kumar Bauri]]
|election5 = 16 October 2023
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|members = '''82 (81+1 Nominated)'''
|structure1 = Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha 2023.svg
|structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Jharkhand|Government]] (45)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}}} [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (45)
:*{{Color box|#215B30}} [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (26)
:*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}} [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (1)

'''Official Opposition (30)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (30)
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (26)
:*{{Color box|#FF33FF}} [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] (3)
:*{{Color box|#003366}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD (U)]] (1)
'''[[Nominated]] (1)'''
:{{Color box|Black}} [[Nominated|NOM]] (1)
'''[[Casual vacancy|Vacant]] (6)'''
:{{Color box|White}} [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]] (6)

|voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
|last_election1 = [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|30 November - 20 December 2019]]
|next_election1 = [[Next Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|November - December 2024]]
|session_room =
|session_res = 300px
|meeting_place = Jharkhand Vidhansabha, Kute village, Ranchi
|session_room2 =
|session_res2 = 300px
|meeting_place2 =
|website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
|footnotes =
}}

<section end="Infobox" />

The '''5th [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]''' was constituted after the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]. It is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Jharkhand]].<section begin="Composition"/><section end="Composition"/><section begin="Parties and leaders"/><section end="Parties and leaders"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
<section begin="MLA Header"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2|Alliance
! Remarks
|-<section end="MLA Header"/><section begin="Sahebganj district"/>
|rowspan="4"|[[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
| 1
| [[Rajmahal Assembly constituency|Rajmahal]]
| [[Anant Kumar Ojha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2
| rowspan=2| [[Borio Assembly constituency|Borio]]
| [[Lobin Hembrom]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Disqualified on 25 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-07-25 |title=Speaker disqualifies two Jharkhand MLAs under anti-defection law |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/speaker-disqualifies-two-jharkhand-mlas-under-anti-defection-law/article68446761.ece/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-
| 3
|[[Barhait Assembly constituency|Barhait]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
|-<section end="Sahebganj district"/><section begin="Pakur district"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| 4
| [[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]]
| [[Dinesh William Marandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 5
| [[Pakur Assembly constituency|Pakur]]
| [[Alamgir Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister (Parliamentary Affairs, Rural development)
|-
| 6
| [[Maheshpur Assembly constituency|Maheshpur]]
| [[Stephen Marandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Pakur district"/><section begin="Dumka district"/>
| rowspan="2"|[[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| rowspan=2| 7
| rowspan=2| [[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara]]
| [[Nalin Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant - Won in [[2024 Indian general election]] to [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka Lok Sabha Constituency]]'''
|-<section end="Dumka district"/><section begin="Jamtara district"/>
|rowspan="2"|[[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| 8
| [[Nala Assembly constituency|Nala]]
| [[Rabindra Nath Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
|-
| 9
| [[Jamtara Assembly constituency|Jamtara]]
| [[Irfan Ansari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Cabinet Minister (Rural Development, Rural Works and Panchayati Raj)
|-<section end="Jamtara district"/><section begin="Dumka district 2"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| 10
| [[Dumka Assembly constituency|Dumka]]
| [[Basant Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 11
| [[Jama Assembly constituency|Jama]]
| [[Sita Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 12
| [[Jarmundi Assembly constituency|Jarmundi]]
| [[Badal Patralekh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister (Agriculture, Animal husbandry and cooperatives)
|-<section end="Dumka district 2"/><section begin="Deoghar district"/>
| rowspan="4"|[[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| rowspan=2| 13
| rowspan=2| [[Madhupur Assembly constituency|Madhupur]]
| [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Died
|-
| [[Hafizul Hasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister (Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sports, Youth Affairs Minority and backward Welfare. (Minority affairs)
|-
| 14
| [[Sarath Assembly constituency|Sarath]]
| [[Randhir Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 15
| [[Deoghar Assembly constituency|Deoghar]]
| [[Narayan Das (Jharkhand politician)|Narayan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-<section end="Deoghar district"/><section begin="Godda district"/>
| rowspan="4" | [[Godda district|Godda]]
| rowspan=2| 16
| rowspan=2| [[Poreyahat Assembly constituency|Poreyahat]]
| rowspan=2| [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| colspan="2" |
| rowspan=2| Switched from [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM (P)]] to [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=JVM-P splits: Babulal Marandi in BJP, 2 MLAs join Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jvm-p-splits-babulal-marandi-in-bjp-2-mlas-join-congress-6273007/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|-
| 17
| [[Godda Assembly constituency|Godda]]
| [[Amit Kumar Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 18
| [[Mahagama Assembly constituency|Mahagama]]
| [[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Godda district"/><section begin="Koderma district"/>
|[[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| 19
| [[Kodarma Assembly constituency|Kodarma]]
|Dr. [[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-<section end="Koderma district"/><section begin="Hazaribagh district"/>
| rowspan="2"|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| 20
| [[Barkatha Assembly constituency|Barkatha]]
| [[Amit Kumar Yadav]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Switched from Independent to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].
|-
| 21
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
| [[Umashankar Akela]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Hazaribagh district"/><section begin="Ramgarh district"/>
|rowspan="3"|[[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
|22
|[[Barkagaon Assembly constituency|Barkagaon]]
|[[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |23
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Mamta Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Disqualified on 26 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=Jharkhand: Congress legislator Mamata Devi loses membership post conviction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/jharkhand-congress-legislator-mamata-devi-loses-membership-post-conviction-101672067727938.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sunita Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Won in 2023 bypoll after disqualification of sitting MLA
|-<section end="Ramgarh district"/><section begin="Hazaribagh district 2" />
| rowspan="4" |[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| rowspan=2| 24
| rowspan=2| [[Mandu Assembly constituency|Mandu]]
| [[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Disqualified on 25 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/speaker-disqualifies-two-jharkhand-mlas-under-anti-defection-law/article68446761.ece/|title=Speaker disqualifies two Jharkhand MLAs under anti-defection law|first=Amit|last=Bhelari|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 July 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-
| rowspan=2| 25
| rowspan=2| [[Hazaribagh Assembly constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Manish Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Won in [[2024 Indian general election]] to [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh Lok Sabha Constituency]]
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-<section end="Hazaribagh district 2" /><section begin="Chatra district" />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chatra district|Chatra]]
| 26
| [[Simaria Assembly constituency|Simaria]]
| [[Kishun Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 27
| [[Chatra Assembly constituency|Chatra]]
| [[Satyanand Bhogta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-<section end="Chatra district" /><section begin="Giridih district" />
| rowspan="8"|[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| 28
| [[Dhanwar Assembly constituency|Dhanwar]]
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM (P)]] merged into [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-09 |title=Babulal Marandi announces merger of JVM(P) and BJP on Feb. 17 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/babulal-marandi-announces-merger-of-jvmp-and-bjp-with-immediate-effect/article30792674.ece |access-date=2022-02-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 29
| [[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar]]
| [[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 30
| [[Jamua Assembly constituency|Jamua]]
| [[Kedar Hazra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|31
| rowspan=2|[[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| [[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Resigned on 1 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand's JMM MLA Sarfaraz Ahmad resigns from assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/jharkhands-jmm-mla-sarfaraz-ahmad-resigns-from-assembly-2831218 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kalpana Soren (Politician)|Kalpana Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Won in 2024 Bypoll<ref name="Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren’s wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=4 June 2024 |title=Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren's wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jailed-jharkhand-cm-hemant-sorens-wife-kalpana-wins-gandey-bypoll/article68251544.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604155220/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jailed-jharkhand-cm-hemant-sorens-wife-kalpana-wins-gandey-bypoll/article68251544.ece |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 32
| [[Giridih Assembly constituency|Giridih]]
| [[Sudivya Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 33
| rowspan="2" | [[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
| [[Jagarnath Mahto]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Died on 6 April 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jharkhand minister Jagarnath Mahto dies at Chennai hospital |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jharkhand-minister-jagarnath-mahto-dies-at-chennai-hospital/articleshow/99290261.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Baby Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Won in 2023 Bypoll
|-<section end="Giridih district" /><section begin="Bokaro district" />
| rowspan="4" | [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| 34
| [[Gomia Assembly constituency|Gomia]]
| [[Lambodar Mahto]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 35
| [[Bermo Assembly constituency|Bermo]]
| [[Kumar Jaimangal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 36
| [[Bokaro Assembly constituency|Bokaro]]
| [[Biranchi Narayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 37
| [[Chandankiyari Assembly constituency|Chandankiyari]]
| [[Amar Kumar Bauri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Leader of Opposition (LoP)
|-<section end="Bokaro district" /><section begin="Dhanbad district" />
| rowspan="7"|[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| 38
| [[Sindri Assembly constituency|Sindri]]
| [[Indrajit Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 39
| [[Nirsa Assembly constituency|Nirsa]]
| [[Aparna Sengupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 40
|[[Dhanbad Assembly constituency|Dhanbad]]
| [[Raj Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 41
|[[Jharia Assembly constituency|Jharia]]
| [[Purnima Niraj Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 42
|[[Tundi Assembly constituency|Tundi]]
| [[Mathura Prasad Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 43
| rowspan=2| [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]
| [[Dulu Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Won in [[2024 Indian general election]] to [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad Lok Sabha Constituency]]
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-<section end="Dhanbad district" /><section begin="East Singhbhum district" />
| rowspan="6"|[[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| 44
|[[Baharagora Assembly constituency|Baharagora]]
| [[Samir Mohanty|Samir Kr. Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 45
|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| [[Ramdas Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 46
|[[Potka Assembly constituency|Potka]]
| [[Sanjib Sardar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 47
|[[Jugsalai Assembly constituency|Jugsalai]]
| [[Mangal Kalindi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 48
|[[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur East]]
| [[Saryu Roy (Politician)|Saryu Roy]]
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 49
|[[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur West]]
| [[Banna Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-<section end="East Singhbhum district" /><section begin="Seraikela Kharsawan district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| 50
|[[Ichagarh Assembly constituency|Ichaghar]]
| [[Sabita Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 51
|[[Seraikella Assembly constituency|Seraikella]]
| [[Champai Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance }}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Switched from [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-<section end="Seraikela Kharsawan district" /><section begin="West Singhbhum district" />
| rowspan="6" | [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| 52
|[[Chaibasa Assembly constituency|Chaibasa]]
| [[Deepak Birua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 53
|[[Majhgaon Assembly constituency|Majhgaon]]
| [[Niral Purty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 54
|[[Jaganathpur Assembly constituency|Jaganathpur]]
|[[Sona Ram Sinku]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 55
| rowspan=2| [[Manoharpur Assembly constituency|Manoharpur]]
| [[Joba Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Won in [[2024 Indian general election]] to [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbum Lok Sabha Constituency]]
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-
| 56
|[[Chakradharpur Assembly constituency|Chakradharpur]]
| [[Sukhram Oraon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="West Singhbhum district" /><section begin="Seraikela Kharsawan district 2" />
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| 57
|[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
| [[Dashrath Gagrai|Dasrath Gagrai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Seraikela Kharsawan district 2" /><section begin="Ranchi district" />
|[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| 58
|[[Tamar Assembly constituency|Tamar]]
| [[Vikash Kumar Munda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Ranchi district" /><section begin="Khunti district" />
|rowspan="2"|[[Khunti district|Khunti]]
| 59
|[[Torpa Assembly constituency|Torpa]]
| [[Koche Munda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 60
|[[Khunti Assembly constituency|Khunti]]
| [[Nilkanth Singh Munda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-<section end="Khunti district" /><section begin="Ranchi district 2" />
| rowspan="7" |[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| 61
|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
| [[Sudesh Mahto|Sudhesh Kumar Mahto]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 62
|[[Khijri Assembly constituency|Khijri]]
| [[Rajesh Kachhap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 63
|[[Ranchi Assembly constituency|Ranchi]]
| [[C.P.Singh|Chandreshwar Prasad Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 64
|[[Hatia Assembly constituency|Hatia]]
| [[Navin Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 65
|[[Kanke Assembly constituency|Kanke]]
| [[Sammari Lal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 66
| rowspan=2|[[Mandar Assembly constituency|Mandar]]
| [[Bandhu Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| colspan="2" |
| Disqualified on 8 April 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Speaker passes disqualification order of MLA Bandhu Tirkey |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/speaker-passes-disqualification-order-of-mla-bandhu-tirkey.html |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shilpi Neha Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|Won in 2022 bypoll after disqualification of sitting MLA
|-<section end="Ranchi district 2" /><section begin="Gumla district" />
| rowspan="3" | [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| 67
|[[Sisai Assembly constituency|Sisai]]
| [[Jiga Susaran Horo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 68
|[[Gumla Assembly constituency|Gumla]]
| [[Bhushan Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 69
|[[Bishunpur Assembly constituency|Bishunpur]]
| [[Chamra Linda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Gumla district" /><section begin="Simdega district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| 70
|[[Simdega Assembly constituency|Simdega]]
| [[Bhushan Bara]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 71
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
| [[Naman Bixal Kongari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Simdega district" /><section begin="Lohardaga district" />
| [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| 72
|[[Lohardaga Assembly constituency|Lohardaga]]
| [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-<section end="Lohardaga district" /><section begin="Latehar district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
| 73
|[[Manika Assembly constituency|Manika]]
| [[Ramchandra Singh|Ramachandra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-
| 74
|[[Latehar Assembly constituency|Latehar]]
| [[Baidyanath Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
|
|-<section end="Latehar district" /><section begin="Palamu district" />
| rowspan="5" | [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| 75
|[[Panki Assembly constituency|Panki]]
| [[Kushwaha Shashi Bhushan Mehta|Kushwaha Shashi Bhusan Mehta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 76
|[[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]]
| [[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 77
|[[Bishrampur Assembly constituency|Bishrampur]]
| [[Ramchandra Chandravanshi|Ramachandra Chandravanshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 78
|[[Chhatarpur, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
| [[Pushpa Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 79
|[[Hussainabad Assembly constituency|Hussainabad]]
| [[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Switched from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] to [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-<section end="Palamu district" /><section begin="Garhwa district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
| 80
|[[Garhwa Assembly constituency|Garhwa]]
| [[Mithilesh Kumar Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 81
|[[Bhawanathpur Assembly constituency|Bhawanathpur]]
| [[Bhanu Pratap Sahi|Bhanu Pratap Shahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-<section end="Garhwa district" />
|
| 82
| Nominated
| Glen Joseph Galstaun
| bgcolor=#000000|
| colspan=3|Nominated
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of deputy chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
*[[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|5th]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024|2019]]

Institute for Studies in Industrial Development

2026-01-06T03:56:10Z

TabathaLea97053: brief fixed intro as per guidelines further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| native_name =
| image_name = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID).png
| image_size = 270px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng = Policy Research to Foster India's Industrial Transformation
| established =
| closed =
| type = Registered Society
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = S. K. Misra
| chancellor =
| president =
| Executive Director =
| total_staff =
| director = Prof. Nagesh Kumar
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Vasant Kunj]], [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|28|32|36.9|N|77|08|53.2|E|}}
| campus =
| former_names = Corporate Studies Group (CSG)
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = ISID
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://isid.org.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes = Indian Council of Social Science Research subsidiary
}}
[[File:India Industrial Development Report 2024-25.png|thumb|311x311px|'''India Industrial Development Report 2024-25''']]
'''The Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID)''' is a public-funded, autonomous institution dedicated to conducting policy research, advocacy, capacity-building, and outreach activities to foster the industrial transformation of India.

Registered on October 7, 1986, under the Indian Societies Registration Act 1860, ISID in 1988, became one of the institutions that are supported by the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] ([[ICSSR]]), (Government of India), through grants-in-aid. Since 2006, the Institute operates from its own well-appointed campus located in the Vasant Kunj Institutional Area in South Delhi.

ISID is recognized as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) by the Government of India. It is also listed on DARPAN portal of NITI Aayog (India’s Planning Agency) as a recognized think-tank. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Research Network on Trade (ARTNet) and the South Asia Network on SDGs (SANS) of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). ISID’s Databases and e-resources are accessed by the academic community across the country through the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre of the University Grant Commission (UGC).

== ISID: Policy Research to Foster India’s Industrial Transformation ==
Manufacturing-led transformation has been an important pathway to prosperity globally—employed by developed countries such as the US, Germany, and Japan, as well as newly industrialised countries such as the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and China.

As India embarks on achieving its aspiration to achieve a developed country status by 2047, the manufacturing sector seems to be an answer to creating decent jobs for its youthful population and fostering inclusive prosperity.

ISID seeks to support India’s manufacturing-led transformation through its policy research, advocacy, capacity-building and outreach activities.

== Research Themes & Key Projects ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Theme !! Activity
|-
| Industrial Structure, Policies, Employment, and Statistics ||
* The India Industrial Development Reports (IIDRs)
* Future of Manufacturing in South Asia: Inputs for the UNIDO’s Industrial Development Report 2025-26
* Strategies for Escaping the Middle Income Trap
* Revamping the Industrial Statistics
* Role of Public Sector in India in the Changed Global Context
* Trends in Corporate Performance in the Manufacturing Sector
|-
| Leveraging MSMEs and Start-ups for Industrial Transformation ||
* Envisioning the Role of MSMEs in India’s Industrial Transformation
* Towards Resilient and Sustained Growth of the MSME Sector in India: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic
* Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Job Creation: A Study of India’s Start-ups Ecosystem
* Financial Accessibility, Institutional Environment and Participation of MSMEs in the GVCs
* Informal Enterprises and MSMEs in Textiles and Clothing Value-chain
* UK-India Bilateral Trade in Fintech and Fintech-Enabled Services: Emerging Trends and Potential for Growth
|-
| Globalization, FDI, Trade and GVC Participation ||
* Deepening India’s Integration with the Japanese and Korean GVCs
* Leveraging FDI for India’s Industrial Transformation: Magnitudes, Quality, Challenges and Opportunities
* Liberalisation, International Trade, and Industrial Productivity in Indian Manufacturing
* Enhancing the Effectiveness of India’s Trade Agreements with South Korea and Japan
* Strategy for Leveraging ASEAN FTA and Trade Potential with the Middle East Countries for Pharma Sector in India
|-
| Technology, Innovation and Industry 4.0 ||
* R&D Scenario in Indian Pharma Industry to meet the Global Challenges
* Emergence of a Leading Global Innovative Firm from India
* Empowering MSMEs through IPR Awareness and Management
* Technological Changes, Skill Requirement and Labour Demand in the Construction Sector
* Determinants of Innovation by Indian Enterprises
|-
| [[Public health|Green Industrialization]]||
* Towards a Green Industrial Strategy for India and other Emerging Economies
* Enhancing the Policy Space for Sustainable Industrialization: Issues for the G-20 Agenda
* Identifying Enablers for Green Transition of MSMEs in India
* Sustainable Industrialization and Innovation: Accelerating SDG-9 Achievement in South Asia
|-
| Spatial Dimensions of Industrial Development and Industrial Infrastructure ||
* Trends in Inter-Regional Disparities in Indian Manufacturing
* Exploring the Product Space Map of the Indian Manufacturing
* Landscape of Regional Manufacturing in India: Reflections from Commodity Flow Analysis
* Spatial Dynamics of Manufacturing Landscape in India: A District Level Comparative Analysis of Pre- and Post-Reform Contexts
* Regional Disparities across States in India
|-
|Sectoral Studies on Competitiveness of Indian Manufacturing
|
* Rapid Growth of Labour-intensive Sectors in India-Textiles, Leather, Gems and Jewellery and Food Processing
* Make-in-India: An Assessment of the Impact on Six Manufacturing Sectors
* Fostering Medical Device Industry of India
* Import Dependence, Technology Gaps and International Competitiveness of Indian Electrical Equipment Industry
* Electrical Equipment Sector: Technology Gaps, Technology Transfer, and Import Dependence
* Non-Electrical Machinery Industry: Technological Change and Competitiveness in Machine Tools Industry
* Automobile Industry: Technology, Changing Product Lines and Policy Initiatives
|}

== Conferences Policy Dialogues and Research Seminars ==
'''National Conferences on India's Industrial Transformation'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISID {{!}} Institute for Studies in Industrial Development |url=https://isid.org.in/events/national-conferences/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ISID |language=en-US}}</ref>

ISID instituted, in 2023, an annual series of flagship conferences on India’s industrialization at which policy makers, industry leaders as well as young researchers from across the top institutions in the country present their insights and research.

'''Policy Dialogues'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISID {{!}} Institute for Studies in Industrial Development |url=https://isid.org.in/events/policy-roundtable-and-conferences/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ISID |language=en-US}}</ref>

ISID organizes policy roundtables with senior exports and policy makers on themes of contemporary relevance throughout the year.

'''Research Seminars'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISID {{!}} Institute for Studies in Industrial Development |url=https://isid.org.in/events/research-seminars/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ISID |language=en-US}}</ref>

ISID Seminar Series provides a platform to in-house as well as outside researchers to present their new research.

== Capacity-Building Activities ==
'''ISID-JNU PhD Programme in Economics and Public Policy'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISID {{!}} Institute for Studies in Industrial Development |url=https://isid.org.in/phd-programme/about-phd-programme/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ISID |language=en-US}}</ref>

As an apex national institute focused on industrialization, ISID has launched a specialized PhD Programme. Started in 2024-25 in partnership with the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) which will provide degree, the programme focuses on industrial development and related public policy for creation of much needed expertise in the country in this area. The two batches admitted so far, come from different parts of the country.

'''Capacity-Building Programmes for University Teachers and Researchers'''

ISID also organizes capacity-building and research methodology programmes focused on industrialization for faculty members and researchers of academic institutions, typically ranging for two-weeks but also shorter duration.

== Publications ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISID {{!}} Institute for Studies in Industrial Development |url=https://isid.org.in/publications/books-monographs/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ISID |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [https://isid.org.in/publication/reimagining-india-korea-economic-partnership-pathways-to-deeper-integration/ Reimagining India–Korea Economic Partnership: Pathways to Deeper Integration], edited by Reji K Joseph & Byungyul Park, published by ISID, KIET, December 2025.
* [https://isid.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/20250827-ERIA-CII-ISID-study.pdf An ERIA-CII-ISID Study on India–Japan Economic Partnership for Resilient and Diversified Value Chains], Anita Prakash (Ed), Nagesh Kumar, Danish A Hashim, So Umezaki, Shiro Armstrong, and Samuel Hardwick, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, August 2025
* [https://isid.org.in/publication/fdi-msmes-digitalization-and-green-industrialization-challenges-opportunities-and-policy-lessons-for-india/ FDI, MSMEs, Digitalization, and Green Industrialization: Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Lessons for India], Editors Nagesh Kumar, Satyaki Roy, Springer Singapore, March 2025
* [https://isid.org.in/publication/inclusive-economic-growth-in-india-inducing-prosperity-and-ending-deprivations/ Inclusive Economic Growth in India: Inducing Prosperity and Ending Deprivations], Shiladitya Chatterjee, Routledge, December 2024
* [https://isid.org.in/publication/indias-industrial-development-report-2024-25/ India Industrial Development Report 2024-25], by the research team of ISID, published by Academic Foundation, November 2024.
* [https://isid.org.in/publication/epw-special-issue-on-indias-industrial-transformation/ EPW Special Issue on India's Industrial Transformation], guest edited by Prof Nagesh Kumar, Special Issue of Economic & Political Weekly (EPW), August 2024.
* Anjali Tandon, (2023), “[https://isid.org.in/publication/labour-and-capital-use-in-indian-manufacturing-structural-aspects/ Labour and Capital Use in Indian Manufacturing: Structural Aspects]”, Routledge, India.
* Shailender Kumar Hooda, (2022), “[https://isid.org.in/publication/shailender-kumar-hooda-2021-health-sector-state-and-decentralized-institutions-routledge-taylor-francis-group-30-november/ Health Sector, State and Decentralised Institutions in India]”, Routledge, India.
* Saraswathy, B (2018), “[https://isid.org.in/publication/beena-saraswathy-2018-the-globalisation-of-indian-business-cross-border-mergers-and-acquisitions-in-indian-manufacturing-routledge-united-kingdom/ The Globalisation of Indian Business: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Manufacturing]”, Routledge, UK.* {{cite book
| url = http://www.isid.org.in/book%271402.html
| title = Access to Medicines in India
| author1 = Sakthivel Selvaraj
| author2 = Dinesh Abrol
| author3 = K.M. Gopakumar
| year = 2014
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
| archive-date = 8 November 2016
| access-date = 14 January 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108021636/http://www.isid.org.in/book%271402.html
| url-status = dead
}}

* {{cite book
| url = http://www.isid.org.in/book%271401.html
| title = India's Policy Milieu: Economic Development, Planning and Industry
| author = Professor S.K. Goyal
| year = 2014
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
| archive-date = 24 January 2017
| access-date = 14 January 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170124103712/http://www.isid.org.in/book%271401.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = https://www.amazon.co.uk/Small-Medium-Enterprises-India-Infirmities/dp/B00CKBDSB0
| title = Small and Medium Enterprises in India: Infirmities and Asymmetries in Industrial Clusters
| author = Satyaki Roy
| year = 2013
| publisher = Routledge, Oxon
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/29153/
| title = India's FDI Inflows: Trends and Concepts
|author1=K.S. Chalapati Rao |author2=Biswajit Dhar | year = 2011
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Unfreedom and Waged Work: Labour in India's Manufacturing Industry
|author1=Sunanda Sen |author2=Byasdeb Dasgupta | year = 2009
| publisher = Sage Publication India
| isbn = 978-8178299402
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Labour Regulation in Indian Industry (Volume 1–10)
| author = T.S. Papola
| year = 2008
| publisher = Bookwell Publishers
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Indian Industrial Development and Globalisation: Essays in Honour of Professor S.K. Goyal
|author1=S.R. Hashim |author2=K.S. Chalapati Rao |author3=K.V.K. Ranganathan |author4=M.R. Murthy | year = 2008
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = India and China: Building Complementarities and Competitiveness into WTO Regime
|author1=T.P. Bhat |author2=Atulan Guha |author3=Mahua Paul | year = 2008
| publisher = Bookwell Publishers
| isbn =
}}

* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Indian Multinationals in the World Economy: Implications for Development
| author = Jaya Prakash Pradhan
| year = 2008
| publisher = Bookwell Publishers
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = High-tech Industries, Employment and Global Competitiveness
|author1=S.R. Hashim |author2=N.S. Siddharthan | year = 2008
| publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Transnationalization of Indian Pharmaceutical SMEs
|author1=Jaya Prakash Pradhan |author2=Partha Pratim Sahu | year = 2008
| publisher = Bookwell Publishers
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = ISID Index Series: Volume One
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 2006
| publisher = Economic and Political Weekly (1966 - 2006)
| isbn =
| edition = Revised
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Enterprise Development in Mountain Areas: Guidelines for Entrepreneurs, Promotional Agencies and Policy Makers
|author1=T.S. Papola |author2=D.N. Awasti | year = 2004
| publisher = Himalaya Publishing House
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = ISID Index Series: Volume Two, Sixteen Economic Journals
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID) and Indian Economic Association Trust for Research & Development
| year = 1998
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}

* {{cite book
| url =
| title = ISID Index Series: Forty Years of The Indian Journal of Labour Economics Index: 1958-1997
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 1998
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development & Indian Society of Labour Economics
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = ISID Index Series: Volume One (Economic and Political Weekly 1966-1996)
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 1996
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development & Indian Economic Association Trust for Research & Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Delhi Atlas, 2d Edition
| year = 1996
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url = https://archive.org/details/indiastradepolic00dijc
| url-access = registration
| title = India's Trade Policy and the Export Performance of Industry
|author1=Pitou van Dijck |author2=Rao K.S. Chalapati | year = 1994
| publisher = Sage
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Economic Liberalization and Indian Agriculture
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 1994
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Delhi Atlas: Colony and Area Maps
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 1993
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Political Economy of India
| author = Chandra Sekhar
| year = 1992
| publisher = Vikas
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Patterns in Indian Agricultural Development: A District Level Study
| author = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| year = 1989
| publisher = Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| url =
| title = Monopoly Capital and Public Policy
| author = S. K. Goyal
| year = 1979
| publisher = Allied Publishers
| isbn =
}}

== The Facilities ==
[[File:ISID campus view.jpg|thumb|350x350px|ISID campus view ]]
[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, unveiling the plaque to inaugurate the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development Campus (ISID) in New Delhi on May 01, 2007.jpg|thumb|300x300px|'''The then Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, unveiling the plaque to inaugurate the ISID campus on May 01, 2007''']]

===The Campus and Research Facilities===

ISID is equipped with a well-stocked library, specialized in documentation and databases on industrialization and development. It maintains its own databases on industrial development which are accessed by other academic institutions through INFLIBNET of UGC. ISID also has state-of-the-art conferencing facilities and a guest house to facilitate residential academic activities.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Deindustrialization|Deindustrialisation]]
* [[Division of labour]]
* [[Great Divergence]]
* [[Idea of Progress]]
* [[Newly industrialized country|Newly industrialised country]]
* [[Urbanization|Urbanisation]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{official|http://www.isid.org.in}}

{{Higher education in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Political and economic think tanks based in India]]

Rahmani30

2026-01-05T11:53:53Z

TabathaLea97053: put up data

{{Short description|Educational programme in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox organisation
|name =Rahmani30
|image = Rahmani30-Anisabad.jpg
|founder = [[Wali Rahmani]]
}}

'''Rahmani30''' is an Indian educational movement that was started in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] under the banner of 'Rahmani Program of Excellence', by [[Wali Rahmani]] with [[Abhayanand]], former DGP Bihar as the academic head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8550548.stm|title=BBC News - Indian school helping the brightest Muslims|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017|date=18 March 2010}}</ref> It is modelled after the [[Super 30]] format of educational organizations pioneered by Abhayanand and caters to Indian Muslim students.

Rahmani30 provides education and preparation for medical, IIT, CA, CS and LAW entrance education. Established in 2008, acceptance rate of Rahmani 30 is 0.1%, less than IITs. The program selects 30 meritorious and talented candidates each year from economically challenged sections of society only Muslims and trains them for the [[Joint Entrance Examination]], the entrance examination for premium institutes like [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology|International Institutes of Information Technology]], [[National Institutes of Technology (India)]], [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]], trains for [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)]], entrance examination for premium Medical institutes like [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], CA, CS and trains for LAW entrances for admission in the premium institutes like [[National Law Universities]].

Over a hundred students who attended Rahmani30 are now studying in the [[Institutes of National Importance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/rahmani-30-they-ride-science-dreams-to-milestone-of-excellence/|title=Rahmani 30: They ride science dreams to milestone of excellence|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=29 November 2017|date=12 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8550548.stm|title=BBC News - Indian school helping the brightest Muslims|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017|date=18 March 2010}}
*{{cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/ms-rahmani-30-scholarship-test-admissions-iits-1088823/|title=MS - Rahmani 30 scholarship test for admissions into IITs | The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/12503-stellar-results-for-super-30-rahmani-30-students-in-jee.html|website=patnadaily.com|title=Stellar Results for Super 30, Rahmani 30 Students in JEE|accessdate=29 November 2017|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120195247/https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/12503-stellar-results-for-super-30-rahmani-30-students-in-jee.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rahmani-30-in-the-vast-expanse-of-despair-its-the-oasis-of-hope-for-muslim-students-in-bihar-2475948.html|website=firstpost.com|title=Rahmani 30: In the vast expanse of despair, it's the oasis of hope for Muslim students in Bihar|accessdate=29 November 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/rahmani-30-they-ride-science-dreams-to-milestone-of-excellence/|title=Rahmani 30: They ride science dreams to milestone of excellence|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=29 November 2017|date=12 January 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/feature/rahmani-30-a-school-of-hope_100204033.html|title=Rahmani-30: A school of hope|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195112/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/feature/rahmani-30-a-school-of-hope_100204033.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rahmani-30-sends-81-to-iit-in-7-yrs-calls-it-revolution/|title=Rahmani 30 sends 81 to IIT in 7 yrs, calls it 'revolution'|date=22 June 2015}}

==External links==
* [http://rahmanimission.info/rahmani30.html, Official website]

[[Category:Education in Patna]]
[[Category:Indian educational programmes]]
[[Category:University-preparatory schools]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:Islamic education in India]]

Atmakur mandal, Anantapur district

2025-12-11T16:41:38Z

TabathaLea97053: done...

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6457|77.3565}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Atmakur, Anantapur district|Atmakur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=408}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 268.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 38,970
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Atmakur mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Atmakur, Anantapur district|Atmakur]] town.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Atmakur mandal comprises 9,796 households. The total population is 38,970, with 20,037 males and 18,933 females. The child population is 4,367. Scheduled Castes constitute 6,306 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 3,917 individuals.

The number of literate individuals stands at 21,001, highlighting a significant disparity between the literate and illiterate populations, the latter being 17,969. The workforce in Atmakur mandal includes 21,354 workers, while 17,616 individuals are categorized as non-workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Atmakur Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Atmakur mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=407}}</ref>

#Atmakur
#Brahmana Yaleru
#Goridindla
#Madigubba
#Padamatiyaleru
#Sanapa
#Talupuru
#Thopudurthi

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Anantapur district}}

{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

Ready Steady Po

2025-12-03T21:17:51Z

TabathaLea97053: put up a post - done

{{Short description|Indian television game show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ரெடி ஸ்டெடி போ}}
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Game show]]
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
'''season 1'''
* [[Rio Raj]]
* Andrews
'''season 2'''
* [[Rio Raj]]
* Andrews
'''season 3'''
* [[Rakshan]] (1-6)
* [[VJ Vishal]] (1-20)
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] (7-20)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 83
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.48–60 minutes per episode
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|18}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related =
}}

'''''Ready Steady Po''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television reality [[Game show]], that airs on [[Star Vijay]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Over six years, Ready Steady Po has rolled out three seasons. This show features a two teams of young and energetic girls compete in exciting games to win.

The first season was premiered on 18 June 2017. [[Rio Raj]] and Andrews as the hosts for the first two seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ready Steady Po: TV host VJ Andrews is excited about the new season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ready-steady-po-tv-host-vj-andrews-is-excited-about-the-new-season/articleshow/67324108.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The third season was premiered on 11 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=New game show 'Ready Steady Po seasons 2' set to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-ready-steady-po-seasons-2-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/100640230.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Rakshan]] and [[VJ Vishal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=மீண்டும் விஜய் டிவியில் வந்தது ரசிகர்களின் பேவரெட் ஷோ Ready Steady Po- தொகுத்து வழங்கப்போவது இவர்களா? |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/super-show-back-in-vijay-tv-1685434094|website=cineulagam.com|date=31 May 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| '''[[Ready Steady Po#Season 1|1]]'''
| 53
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|18}}
| {{start date|df=yes|2018|06|24}}
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| '''[[Ready Steady Po#Season 2|2]]'''
| 20
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|12|30}}
| {{start date|df=yes|2019|05|19}}
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| '''[[Ready Steady Po#Season 3|3]]'''
| 20
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|11}}
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|10|22}}
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season of Ready Steady Po was aired from 18 June 2017 to 24 June 2018 and ended with 53 Episodes. [[Rio Raj]] and Andrews as the hosts.

==Season 2==
The second season of Ready Steady Po was called '''Ready Steady Po Reloaded'''.<ref>{{cite web |title='Ready Steady Po' to be back with a bang|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ready-steady-po-to-be-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/67288992.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It was aired on every Sunday at 13:00 from 30 December 2018 to 19 May 2019 and ended with 20 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay TV airs season 2 of Ready Steady Po|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/vijay-tv-airs-season-2-of-ready-steady-po-93781.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|date=3 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The season has every episode will have two teams with three members each, and will have four interesting and entertaining rounds. [[Rio Raj]] and Andrews has officially once again been appointed as the host for the second time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ready Steady Po 2: Girls team to compete with boys team this week |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ready-steady-po-2-girls-team-to-compete-with-boys-team-this-week-96633.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Season 3==
The third season of Ready Steady Po was called '''Ready Steady Po Vachchu Seiyaporam'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=மீண்டும் வருகிறது விஜய் டிவி-யின் பிரபல நிகழ்ச்சி 'ரெடி ஸ்டெடி போ'.! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-ready-steady-po-back-again-to-entertain-audience-1009673.html|website=tamil.news18.com|date=8 June 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> The show launched on 11 June 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=ஜூன் 11ஆம் தேதி ஆரம்பமாகும் 'ரெடி ஸ்டெடி போ' நிகழ்ச்சியின் புதிய சீசன்|url=https://www.kumudam.com/news/cinema/the-new-season-of-ready-steady-go-will-begin-on-june-11|website=www.kumudam.com|date=15 June 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> on every Sunday at 13:30 on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vijay's blockbuster game show 'Ready Steady Po' is back again to entertain the fans|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/star-vijay-channel-ready-steady-po-game-show-is-back-vijay-tv-rakshan-ezhil-pugazh-latest-promo-video-tamil-news-338370|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=15 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Rakshan]], [[VJ Vishal]]<ref>{{cite web |title='ரெடி ஸ்டெடி போ': ஸ்டார் விஜய்யின் பிளாக்பஸ்டர் கேம்ஷோ|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-tv-new-program-ready-steady-po-from-july-11-tamilfont-news-338364|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=15 June 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> and [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]. The third season of the show was ended from 22 October 2023, with 20 Episodes.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ready-steady-po/14463 Ready Steady Po] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|12587442}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language quiz shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Kailasanathar Temple, Sivappalli

2025-12-03T07:02:18Z

TabathaLea97053: created initial place more to come.

{{short description|Hindu temple in Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Kailasanathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Sembanarkoil|Sembonarkovil]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="bmj">பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref name="shaivam">[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/356/sivappalli-kailasanathar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, சிவப்பள்ளி (திருச்செம்பள்ளி) Sivappalli (Thiruchempalli), 6-71-1]</ref><ref name="shiva">[http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vt_kovil2/vt63.php தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், சிவப்பள்ளி, 6-71-1]</ref>

==Vaippu Sthalam==
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]]. Now this place is called Tiruchempalli. Tiruchempalli was part of Sembonarkovil. It became Tirusivanpalli and then Tirusivampalli. Now it is called as Tiruchempalli.<ref name=shaivam/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity in the [[garbhagriha]] is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' known as Kailasanathar. The Goddess is known as [[Parvati]]. Shrine of [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikesvarar]] is also found here.<ref name="bmj"/>

==Specialities==
While Dakshan was conducting [[yajna]], Parvathi and Muruga came here. After Parvati left this place, [[Muruga]] halted here. Very near to this place, [[Keelaparasalur Veerateswarar Temple|Karuppariyalur]] is found. In Karuppariyalur, Daksha was killed by Lord Shiva. It is said that [[Virabhadra]] went through this place. The [[Darśana|darshan]] of this temple is incomplete without going and worshipping the presiding deity and Parvati.<ref name=shaivam/> Having [[Mount Meru]] as bow Lord Shiva destroyed the asura. In the hymns of Appar so many pallis are found such as Chirappalli, Sivappalli, Sembonpalli, Nanipalli, Thavapalli, Parappalli and Kolliaraippalli. Appar says whoever utter the names of these temples would reach the feet of the Lord Shiva.<ref name=shiva/>

==Structure==
As the main temple of Shiva got dilapidated, the sculptures of presiding deity and the Goddess taken from the place and is kept in the Muruga temple nearby. On either side of the entrance to the Murga temple, they are kept. The entrance is found without [[gopura]]. Apart from shrines of presiding deity and Goddess who were brought from the Shiva temple, the main shrine of [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena|Deivanai]], originally meant for Muruga is found. A sculpture of Virabhadra is found in a separate shrine. On the head of Virabhadra, linga is found and on his feet Dakshan is found. Virabhadra is holding sword in his hand. As the deities of Shiva and Parvati were brought and kept in this Muruga temple, this is known as Muruga Temple.<ref name=shiva/>

==Location==
One time [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is held in this temple regularly. In [[Mayiladuthurai]]-Akkur road, after reaching Sembonarkovil, Mukkoottu road could be arrived. From there in left, at a short distance Angalamman Temple is found. Next to that temple, this temple, known as Muruga Temple or Subramaniaswami Temple could be reached.<ref name=shiva/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vaippu sthalam}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Autograph (TV series)

2025-11-09T04:26:24Z

TabathaLea97053: added...

{{Short description|Indian teen drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Autograph serial title card.jpg
| caption = Season 1 title card
| genre = [[Teen drama]]
| writer = Anil Bass
| director = Sujith Sunder
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ranjith Raj]]
* [[Sarath Kumar (actor)|Sarath Kumar]]
* Ambarish M. S.
* Soniya Srijith
* Sreekutty
* [[Shaalin Zoya]]
}}
| open_theme = "Ormathan Thalile"
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 646
| producer = Ali Khan<ref name=":1" />
| location = [[Kerala]]
| cinematography = Manoj Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title='അത് വിവരിക്കാൻ എനിക്കറിയില്ല, സംഭവിച്ചു പോയതാണ് '; പ്രണയത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ശ്രീക്കുട്ടി |trans-title='I don't know how to describe it, it just happened'; Sreekutty on love |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/serial-actress-sreekutty-talk-about-her-love-and-marriage-shhh2d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
| editor = Joby Pannapara
| runtime = 18–20 minutes
| company = Bava Creations
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|10|5|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2012|4|6|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Autograph''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[teen drama]] television series that aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 5 October 2009 to 6 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2009 |title=Asianet launches 'Vigram' and 'Autograph' |url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/headlines/asianet-launches-vigram-and-autograph-090923 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Indian Television |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Padma |date=22 June 2021 |title=11 Forgotten Malayalam Television Serials |url=https://www.pinklungi.com/11-forgotten-malayalam-television-serials/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=pinklungi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The series delves into the high school and college lives of five close friends who are known as "Five Fingers" and explores themes of friendship and relationships.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2010 |title=Autograph completes 200 episodes in Asianet |url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/45571_autograph-completes-200-episodes-in-asianet |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=afaqs! |language=en |publication-place=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>

At the 2011 [[Asianet Television Awards]], it received several accolades, including Best Director (Sujith Sunder), Best Screenplay (Anil Bass), Best Editor (Joby Pannapara), Best New Face – Female ([[Shaalin Zoya]]), and Best Actress – Character ([[Sona Nair]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title='Asianet Television Awards 2011' on Asianet |url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/48334_asianet-television-awards-2011-on-asianet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424112033/https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/48334_asianet-television-awards-2011-on-asianet |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref> The show was re-telecast on [[Asianet Plus]] during the 2020 [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], though it was quickly replaced by the Malayalam-dubbed ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (2013–2014)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Bidhun |date=27 April 2020 |title=മാനസപുത്രിയും ഓട്ടോഗ്രാഫും അടക്കമുള്ള ഹിറ്റ് പരമ്പരകള്‍ മടങ്ങിയെത്തുന്നു {{!}} asianet plus re telecast old hit serials |trans-title=Hit serials including Manasaputhri and Autograph are returning |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/asianet-plus-re-telecast-old-hit-serials-q9g9dj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623185014/https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/asianet-plus-re-telecast-old-hit-serials-q9g9dj |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. S. |first=Anish |date=17 May 2020 |title=Mahabharatham Malayalam Telecast On Asianet Plus - 6.30 P.M To 7.30 P.M |url=https://www.keralatv.in/mahabharatham-serial-asianet-plus/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Kerala TV |language=en-US |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321102955/https://www.keralatv.in/mahabharatham-serial-asianet-plus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The first season centers on James, Rahul, Sam, Nancy, and Mridhula, a group of high school students known as Five Fingers. The story begins when Rahul and Mridhula witness a murder committed by businessman Chandra Kumar "C.K." and his [[henchman]] Stephen Gomez. At school, the group begins a rivalry with a new student, Deepa Rani, whose mother, Sethu Lekshmi, later becomes the principal. After vacation, Five Fingers are wrongfully accused of killing their schoolmate Rosy, but their innocence is proven when Stephen, the true culprit, is arrested with help from their friend Jyothi. Later, C.K. illegally releases Stephen, who—with Deepa's help—attempts to murder Mridhula but accidentally kills Jyothi. Concerned about legal consequences, Deepa turns against C.K., who then tries to kill her; however, Five Fingers manage to save her. She reveals the truth behind Jyothi's murder to the group, while James learns from Sethu Lekshmi that he is C.K.'s [[stepbrother]]. Meanwhile, C.K. enters a [[by-election]] and kills Stephen to safeguard his political reputation. During C.K.'s TV interview, Five Fingers manipulate the broadcast to expose him, resulting in his failure and arrest for Stephen's murder.

The second season is set in a [[law college]], where Five Fingers—now with Deepa replacing Mridhula, who moves to the United States—gets involved in a series of conflicts with 4 the People, a gang of fifth-year [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] students led by Mahendran. Later, a new party is formed by Five Fingers, who go on to win the college union election, further escalating their rivalry with the gang. When rumors of an affair between his sister Priya and James surface, Mahendran forces her into an arranged marriage with his cousin Prakash Madhavan, a convicted criminal. However, the marriage is called off, and James's unexpected death impacts Deepa's [[Mental health#Mental disorders|mental health]]. She recovers with Dr. Premkumar's treatment and, alongside her friends, begins investigating the cause of James's death. However, when James, presumed dead, returns alive, Deepa is found missing, and C.K. emerges as the prime suspect. But, James and his friends discover that Deepa was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] and murdered by Stephen, who was also presumed dead. After capturing James, Rahul, and Sam, Stephen holds them in his custody, but the trio manages to escape. The season concludes with C.K. killing both Stephen and his henchman Ram, after which James and his friends discontinue their course due to Deepa's absence.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===

* [[Ranjith Raj]] as James Albert,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakul |first=V. G. |date=10 July 2019 |title=ഓട്ടോഗ്രാഫിലെ പ്ലസ് ടു 'പയ്യൻ' അച്ഛനായി; പ്രാർഥന പോലെ ജീവിതത്തിലേക്ക് ഇസബെൽ |trans-title=The 'plus two boy' in Autograph becomes a father; Izabel enters life like a prayer |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/2019/07/10/ranjith-raj-actor-and-daughter-special.html |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Vanitha |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-23 |title=Autograph fame Ranjith Raj: Most of the viewers don't know my real name, they still call me James |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-fame-ranjith-raj-most-of-the-viewers-dont-know-my-real-name-they-still-call-me-james/articleshow/75324484.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> leader of Five Fingers group and the [[illegitimate son]] of the late businessman Nandha Gopala Menon. He is the stepbrother of Menon's elder son, Chandra Kumar "C.K.", and is raised by his mother, Leenamma, a [[quarry]] worker.
* [[Sarath Kumar (actor)|Sarath Kumar]] as Rahul Krishnan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shaik Imthiyaz |date=2015-02-26 |title='Autograph' Actor Sarath Kumar Died in Road Accident |url=https://allindiaroundup.com/news/autograph-actor-sarath-kumar-died-road-accident/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=All India Roundup |language=en-US |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723133510/http://allindiaroundup.com/news/autograph-actor-sarath-kumar-died-road-accident/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a member of Five Fingers and the son of an influential businessman who loses his mother at a young age. In the first season, Rahul's [[infatuation]] with Mridhula leads to multiple conflicts, including the temporary breakup of Five Fingers.
* Ambarish M. S. as Samkutty "Sam",<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-29 |title=Ranjith Raj to Sonia: Here is how the Autograph actors look now and what keeps them busy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ranjith-raj-to-sonia-here-is-how-the-autograph-actors-look-now-and-what-keeps-them-busy/photostory/97416613.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131070949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ranjith-raj-to-sonia-here-is-how-the-autograph-actors-look-now-and-what-keeps-them-busy/photostory/97416613.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> one of the Five Fingers, often portrayed as a humorous character who values friendship. Orphaned at a young age, he is raised by his grandparents.
* Soniya Srijith (season 1) and [[Meghna Vincent]] (season 2) as Nancy Samuel,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=U. R. |first=Arya |date=31 July 2017 |title=My husband and I were quite amused by the trolls, we just laughed them off! : Meghna Vincent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-husband-and-i-were-quite-amused-by-the-trolls-we-just-laughed-them-off-meghna-vincent/articleshow/59841388.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a Five Fingers member who spends most of the first season at the school and boarding premises due to her parents' separation. In the middle of the second season, she leaves for [[Kolkata]] to care for her father, whose health declines.
* Sreekutty as Mridhula "Mridhu" Menon<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Malayalm Serial Actress Sreekutty's Marriage With Manoj Kumar |url=https://www.kerala9.com/news/movie-gallery/malayalm-serial-actress-sreekuttys-marriage-with-manoj-kumar/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Kerala9.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325050655/https://www.kerala9.com/news/movie-gallery/malayalm-serial-actress-sreekuttys-marriage-with-manoj-kumar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (season 1), a member of Five Fingers and the daughter of Dr. Nirmala Prakash and Shivasankara Menon. At the end of the first season, Mridhula leaves for the United States to live with her mother, who suffers a [[stroke]].
* [[Shaalin Zoya]] as Deepa Rani,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scaria |first=Sherin |date=2 January 2012 |title='Negative' honour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/negative-honour/article2767118.ece |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> daughter of Sethu Lekshmi and Prabhul Patel. Initially portrayed as Five Fingers' archrival in the first season, she later joins the group in the second season, replacing Mridhula Menon.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sona Nair]] as Sethu Lekshmi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Sparkling Sona |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/Jul/08/sparkling-sona-269400.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> the school principal, Deepa's mother, the wife of Prabhul Patel, and a former [[criminal defense lawyer]]. She is featured prominently in the first season and makes a brief appearance in the second.
* [[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Chandra Kumar "C.K.", a businessman and James's stepbrother. In the first season, C.K. is depicted as cruel and manipulative. However, his character undergoes a positive transformation in the second season, as he begins to accept James as a true brother.
* Binny George as Baby Clara.
* Kaviraj Achari as Stephen Gomez, the warden of the boys' boarding facility and C.K.'s henchman for most of the first season. In the second season, he is initially introduced under the alias "Mr. X," but is ultimately revealed to be Stephen Gomez, who emerges as the primary antagonist.
* Sreehari as Kuruvila (season 1), the school manager and Susanna's husband. After Stephen's arrest, he takes on the role of warden at the boys' boarding facility.
* [[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-19 |title=For a long innings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/for-a-long-innings/article7006897.ece |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as Sasi (season 1), peon of the school who is a well-wisher of Five Fingers.
* Jishin Mohan as Ram Narayanan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-15 |title=Jishin Mohan on 'Autograph' re-run: It is exciting to watch the show again, but every scene reminds me of Sarath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jishin-mohan-on-autograph-re-run-it-is-exciting-to-watch-the-show-again-but-every-scene-reminds-me-of-sharath/articleshow/75756613.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a student who is initially a friend of Five Fingers and Mridhula's love interest. In the second season, he allies with Stephen Gomez to seek revenge on Five Fingers, who are responsible for his arrest in a drug-related case.
* Niya Renjith and Swapna Treasa as Nandini (season 1), a teacher of morality and discipline, an out-of-syllabus subject. She is Deepan's love interest and relocates to [[Mumbai]] to join a new school around the middle of the first season.
* Amritha Prasanth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Amritha Varnan married Prasanth Kumar {{!}} photos |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2021/01/amritha-varnan-marriage-photos.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref> as Jyothi Viswanath (season 1), a friend of Five Fingers who is murdered by Stephen Gomez in the girls' boarding facility, with Deepa's knowledge.
* Subhash Menon as [[Inspector of Police#Kerala|CI]] Sarath Chandran ( season 1 ), an honest and sincere police officer who investigate Rosy's murder case & support five fingers
* Murali Mohan as Prabhul Patel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (season 1), the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] (CP), husband of Sethu Lekshmi, and father of Deepa Rani.
* [[Sarath Das]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-19 |title=Big time on small screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Big-time-on-small-screen/article15696987.ece |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125005853/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Big-time-on-small-screen/article15696987.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> as Deepan (season 1), a physics teacher who loves Nandini. Midway through the first season, he leaves the school to care for his mother, who is hospitalized after a head injury.
* [[Shiju AR]] as Devanarayanan IPS (season 1), a principled and disciplined police officer who is appointed as Police Commissioner following the deputation of Prabhul Patel.
* Nijash Jash as Ben Johnson (season 1), Deepa's close friend and a classmate of Five Fingers.
* Karishma Manoj as Rosy Wilfred (season 1), a student who is [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] and murdered by Stephen Gomez.
* [[Mahalakshmi Sarveshwaran|Mahalakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |date=30 October 2016 |title=Small (screen) is beautiful |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/301016/small-screen-is-beautiful.html |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> as Nandana (season 1), a student who initially supports Deepa when Five Fingers are accused of Rosy's murder.
* S. Vijayakumari as Rajamma (season 1), the matron of the girls' boarding facility.
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]<ref name=":1" /> as P. Sethuramayyer (season 1), the school's initial principal, who is later succeeded by Sethu Lekshmi.
* [[Reshmi Boban]] and Karthika Kannan as Susanna (season 1), a school librarian and Kuruvila's wife, portrayed as a cunning and selfish woman.
* Kishore N. K. as Gupthan, a deceptive yet innocent person who fools others for money to support his daily needs. He is a helper to Five Fingers during their vacation periods.
* Vipiyan James as Mahendran "Mahi" (season 2), the leader of 4 the People, a gang of fifth-year LLB students; the son of Narendra Nath, a businessman, and the brother of Priya.
* Sree Lakshmi as Sony Wilfred (season 2), a member of 4 the People and the daughter of Wilfred D'Souza, a liquor businessman.
* Mahesh Lakshman as Ashok Raj (season 2), a member of 4 the People and the son of Rajan Thoma, a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP).
* Rishi Baaskaran as Bilal Ahmad (season 2), a member of 4 the People and the son of Ahmad, a [[business magnate]].
* [[Meera Muralidharan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=19 August 2014 |title=The love for acting dawned on me gradually: Meera Muralidharan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-love-for-acting-dawned-on-me-gradually-meera-muralidharan/articleshow/40388306.cms |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Priya (season 2), an LLB student who is Mahendran's sister and Subramani's love interest.
* Sandeep Sivan as Subramani (season 2), a third-year LLB student and Priya's love interest, who is also a friend of Five Fingers.
* Shari Krishnan as Sandra Viswanath (season 2), an LLB student and Jyothi Viswanath's sister, who joins 4 the People in pursuit of vengeance against Five Fingers for Jyothi's murder.
* [[Kailas Nath]] as Poduval (season 2), a professor who becomes the principal of the law college when Gayathri Devi takes a long leave.
* Amal as Christopher "Christy" (season 2), an [[Assistant commissioner of police#India|Assistant Commissioner of Police]] (ACP) and Maggie's foster son. He is a constant rival to Five Fingers throughout the second season.
* Yadu Krishnan as Dr. Premkumar (season 2), a [[psychiatrist]] who treats Deepa after James's sudden death impacts her mental stability.
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Maggie (season 2), widow of the late Nicholas, a former mayor. During their college days, Five Fingers stay as paying guests at her house.
* [[Senthil Krishna]] as V. D. Purushothaman "Purushu" (season 2), a friend of Gupthan who arranges accommodation for Five Fingers at Maggie's house.
* Anand Kumar as Prof. Dr. Sreekanth (season 2), the principal of the law college.
* [[Kavitha Nair]] as Gayathri Devi (season 2), the principal of the law college who replaces Prof. Dr. Sreekanth. Her character makes only a brief appearance in the second season as she departs for [[Chennai]] for her father's treatment.

=== Guest ===

* [[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Dr. Nirmala Prakash (season 1), Mridhula's mother, who is settled in the USA.
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr. Syamaprasad, a psychiatrist who treats Deepa.
* [[Beena Antony]] as Leenamma (season 1), James's mother, who works at a quarry.
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Ramettan (season 1), Rahul's local guardian.
* [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Vakkachan (season 1), Sam's grandfather.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language teen television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series about teenagers]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age television shows]]

Vijay Koparkar

2025-10-30T20:58:55Z

TabathaLea97053: data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Vijay Koparkar
| image = Vijay Koparkar.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Vidyadhar Koparkar
| origin = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| instrument =
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Thumri]], [[Natya Sangeet]]
| occupation = Indian Classical Vocalist
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Vidyadhar Koparkar''' (born 1962) is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] singer. He himself is a guru and is a disciple of Pt. Dr. [[Vasantrao Deshpande]] and [[Jitendra Abhisheki|Pt. Jitendra Abhisheki]]. He sings khyal, tarana, thumri, tappa, dadra, bhajan, abhang and natyageet among other genres.

==Early life and education==
Vijay Koparkar hails from Pune. His father, Gangadharbuwa Koparkar was a renowned [[Kirtankar]]. He had a brother who was a successful dermatologist. Koparkar attended the Maharashtra education societies, Perugate Bhave school. Later he obtained a master's degree in Engineering ([[Metallurgy]]) from the [[College of Engineering, Pune]] and runs a small-scale manufacturing plant.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=114914]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

He started his musical training at the age of eight. His first musical Guru (teacher) for eight years was Madhusudan Patwardhan and Sudhatai Patwardhan. This was followed by training under renowned artist of yesteryear, [[Vasantrao Deshpande]] for five years and then under Pandit [[Jitendra Abhisheki]] for seven years. He has learnt from other vocalists, such as Balasaheb Poochwale.

==Career==
Vijay Koparkar has been trained by gurus belonging to different ''gharanas'' (schools of music), and it reflects in his singing. He has received several honors including a scholarship given by Master [[Sudhir Phadke]] Through ‘Surashree Pratishthan’ for six years from 1983 to 1990 and the ‘Pandit Ramkrishna Vaze Puraskar’ by Gandharva Mahamandal.

Vijay Koparkar has performed all over the world, including the US, Canada, the Middle East, Paris and UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicheentertainment.com/bhairav-hindi.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=12 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322160500/http://www.nicheentertainment.com/bhairav-hindi.htm |archivedate=22 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indogram.com/?centerpiece%3Dev-167012%26city%3Dewr |title=Indogram - the global indian village in your neighborhood |accessdate=3 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025748/http://www.indogram.com/?centerpiece=ev-167012&city=ewr |archivedate=13 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/rec.music.indian.classical/browse_thread/thread/e4105dbc98c39791|title = Live video/Audio broadcast of Pt. Vijay Koparkar vocal concert}}</ref> He performed four times at the prestigious ‘[[Sawai Gandharva Music Festival]]’ held in [[Pune, India]] every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sawaigandharvamahotsav.com/88.html |title=Sawai Gandharva 2008 |accessdate=12 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716011558/http://sawaigandharvamahotsav.com/88.html |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sawaigandharvamahotsav.com/2000.html |title=Sawai Gandharva 2000 |accessdate=12 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012207/http://sawaigandharvamahotsav.com/2000.html |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

He is a graded artist at [[All India Radio]] and [[Indian Television]].{{Clarify|date=August 2009}}

He is most often accompanied by Shri [[Rahul Gole]] on harmonium and Shri Vivek Bhalerao on Tabla. His son Tejas and disciple Mandar Gadgil are often seen accompanying him on tanpura.

==Students==
Vijay Koparkar has been imparting music lessons for many years. Among his students are vocalists, Senior Disciples Saurabh Deshpande, Lalit Deshpande, Ishwar Ghorpade, Mandar Gadgil, Mandar Phatak, [[Hrishikesh Ranade]], [[Prajakta Ranade]], Preeti Tamhankar and Shruti Bujarburuah <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=5911]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> son Tejas and daughter Shruti.

==Discography==
Alurkar Music House, Pune has released 5 cassettes of Pandit Vijay Koparkar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ermYB7gMFB0 | title=Vijay Koparkar | Dhyeyawede Kalakar Ep 08 | Interview | Parag Mategaonkar | SwarShree | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 July 2020 }}</ref> His albums have been released, including Jog Do Din Ka Mela, in which Kaushiki Chakraborty and Vijay Koparkar have sung 8 songs in total. It is available on Spotify and other music streaming platforms.

In the Vi.Vi.Da. Smruti Sangeet Samaroh 2018 held at Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Pune, he stated that he has never sung on television and had turned down a few offers for the same.

He has expertise in Khyal form of vocalization, especially jod-ragas (ragas that are a mixture of independently existing ragas) like Jogkauns, Basant Mukhari and Rageshree-Kauns to name a few.

He has impeccable command over forms of semi-classical music like thumri, dadra and especially tappa.

He greatly enjoys singing Raga Kirwani.

He has exceptional command over Raga Bhairavi among others and sings many bandishes including rare bandishes like 'Udho Hi Jaa' in Taal Jhumra, and other bandishes including bhajans (Shiv Ke Man Sharan Ho), thumri, dadra and tappa (Najar di bahar).

His renditions of various ragas are available on his YouTube Channel,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/@vijaykoparkar503 | title=Vijay Koparkar - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> and Tablist Vivek Bhalerao's YouTube Channel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/@vivekbhaleraotabla | title=Vivek Bhalerao Tabla - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koparkar, Vijay}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election

2025-10-20T05:10:17Z

TabathaLea97053: general fix layout as per guidelines per sources

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1978
| next_election = 1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1988
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| election_date = 17 February 1983
| turnout = 72.58%
| opinion_polls =
| image1 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=80|width=80}}
| leader1 =
| leader_since1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| popular_vote1 = 130,956
| percentage1 = 27.68
| swing1 = 1.64 {{decrease}}
| last_election1 =
| seats_before1 = 20
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 25
| seat_change1 = 5 {{increase}}
| image2 = {{eppt|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|height=80|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = All Party Hill Leaders Conference
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| popular_vote2 = 118,593
| percentage2 = 24.92
| swing2 = 0.15 {{increase}}
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 = 16
| seats_needed2 =
| seats2 = 15
| seat_change2 = 1 {{decrease}}
| map_alt =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| posttitle =
| after_election = [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| after_party = All Party Hill Leaders Conference
}}
The '''1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election''' was held on 17 February 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Warjri|first=Antarwell|date=March 2017|title=Role of Regional Political Parties and Formation of the Coalition Governments in Meghalaya|url=https://www.ijhsss.com/files/19.-Antarwell-Warjri.pdf|journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies|volume=3|issue=5|pages=206–218|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=2017-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506102130/http://www.ijhsss.com/files/19.-Antarwell-Warjri.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> No party secured a majority of seats and no women were elected.<ref name=":1" /> A coalition named the Meghalaya United Parliamentary Party was formed by the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (AHL), the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]], the [[Public Demands Implementation Convention|Public Demands Implementation Convention (PDIC)]] and two independent members. On 2 March 1983 the coalition presented [[B. B. Lyngdoh]] from AHL as Chief Minister. However, the coalition only lasted 29 days and on 2 April a new coalition, the Meghalaya Democratic Forum, was formed with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in the lead. [[Williamson A. Sangma|W. A. Sangma]] of the INC was appointed Chief Minister.<ref name=":0" />

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 17 February 1983 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] election results [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|→]]
|-
!colspan=10|[[File:India Meghalaya Legislative Assembly 1983.svg]]
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="485"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="50"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| align="left"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 130,956 || 27.68 ||1.64 {{Decrease}}
| 25 || 5 {{Increase}}
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| align="left" |[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (AHL)
|118,593
|24.92
|0.15 {{Increase}}
|15
|1 {{Decrease}}
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|
| align="left" |[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HDP)
|91,386
|19.32
|0.08 {{Increase}}
|15
|1 {{Increase}}
|-
|
|align="left" |[[Public Demands Implementation Convention|Public Demands Implementation Convention (PDIC)]]
|23,253
|4.92
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|2
|{{Steady}} {{ref label|alpha|a}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|2,442
|0.52
|0.1 {{Decrease}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 106,378 || 22.49 ||2.33 {{Decrease}}
| 3 ||5 {{Decrease}}{{ref label|beta|b}}
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 473,050 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 60 || ±0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7" |<small>Source: [[Election Commission of India]]</small><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3672-meghalaya-1983/|title=Meghalaya 1983|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|}
{{note label|alpha|a}}<small>In the 1978 election, two candidates from the PDIC were elected, but the party had not obtained registration in time for the election; at that time, the party's representatives were recorded as independents in the official results.</small><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Susmita Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRWKAAAAMAAJ|title=Regionalism in Meghalaya|date=2005|publisher=South Asian Publishers|isbn=978-81-7003-288-5|pages=118|language=en}}</ref>

{{note label|beta|b}}<small>Does not include the two PDIC candidates elected as independents in 1978.</small>

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Malki-Nongthymmai Assembly constituency|Malki-Nongthymmai]]||65.59%||[[Bindo Lanong]]||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,313||46.49%||Upstar Kharbuli||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,298||2.46%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''1,015'''</span>
|-
|2||[[War-Jaintia Assembly constituency|War-Jaintia]]||73.59%||H. Enowell Pohshna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,399||34.14%||Johndeng Pohrmen||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,240||32.54%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''159'''</span>
|-
|3||[[Rymbai Assembly constituency|Rymbai]]||76.45%||Nihon Ksih||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||4,157||37.%||Obil Kyndait||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,548||31.58%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''609'''</span>
|-
|4||[[Sutnga-Shangpung Assembly constituency|Sutnga-Shangpung]]||73.8%||Barrister Pakem||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||3,695||40.78%||Onward Leyswell Nongtdu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,982||32.91%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''713'''</span>
|-
|5||[[Raliang Assembly constituency|Raliang]]||78.93%||Humphrey Hadem||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||5,317||40.32%||Hamdon Lamare||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,946||29.92%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,371'''</span>
|-
|6||[[Nartiang Assembly constituency|Nartiang]]||76.82%||Edwingson Bareh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,244||30.63%||H. Britainwar Dan||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,798||26.42%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''446'''</span>
|-
|7||[[Nongbah-Wahiajer Assembly constituency|Nongbah-Wahiajer]]||78.06%||Indro Pariat||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,160||24.41%||Katsingh Thubru||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,129||24.06%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''31'''</span>
|-
|8||[[Jowai Assembly constituency|Jowai]]||80.39%||Dr. Roytre Christopher Laloo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,291||26.73%||Tylli Kundiah||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||1,751||20.43%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''540'''</span>
|-
|9||[[Mawhati Assembly constituency|Mawhati]]||71.68%||S. R. Moksha||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||4,216||59.03%||Martin N. Majaw||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,520||35.28%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,696'''</span>
|-
|10||[[Umroi Assembly constituency|Umroi]]||72.87%||[[E. K. Mawlong]]||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||3,645||46.07%||Ialamdhrang Masharing||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,284||28.87%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,361'''</span>
|-
|11||[[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]||72.3%||[[D. D. Lapang|Dr. D. D. Lapang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,017||39.62%||Chosterfield Khongwir||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,416||31.73%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''601'''</span>
|-
|12||[[Jirang Assembly constituency|Jirang]]||59.28%||Gerson Lyngdoh||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||1,789||29.28%||J. Dringwell Rymbai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,457||23.85%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''332'''</span>
|-
|13||[[Mairang Assembly constituency|Mairang]]||76.82%||Kitdor Syiem||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||4,068||44.72%||Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,179||23.95%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''1,889'''</span>
|-
|14||[[Nongspung Assembly constituency|Nongspung]]||77.21%||Winstone Syiemiong||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||4,825||56.16%||Hershon Marbaniang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,623||18.89%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,202'''</span>
|-
|15||[[Sohiong Assembly constituency|Sohiong]]||68.14%||Nit Shabong||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,562||42.38%||Medras Mylliem||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,570||30.58%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''992'''</span>
|-
|16||[[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]]||78.52%||Oris Lyngdoh||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,943||33.78%||Dentist Mohan Roy Kharkongor||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,608||29.94%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''335'''</span>
|-
|17||[[Laitumkhrah Assembly constituency|Laitumkhrah]]||67.15%||Justin Khonglah||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,968||42.66%||Peter G. Marbaniang||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,399||34.48%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''569'''</span>
|-
|18||[[Pynthorumkhrah Assembly constituency|Pynthorumkhrah]]||68.34%||B. K. Roy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,993||37.11%||James Marvin Pariat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,968||24.4%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,025'''</span>
|-
|19||[[Jaiaw Assembly constituency|Jaiaw]]||70.79%||P. Ripple Kyndiah||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||4,102||44.92%||Sain Manick Jyrwa||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||3,138||34.36%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''964'''</span>
|-
|20||[[Mawkhar Assembly constituency|Mawkhar]]||66.12%||Korbar Singh||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||1,772||32.45%||W. Humphrey Dolly Syngkon||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,496||27.4%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''276'''</span>
|-
|21||[[Mawprem Assembly constituency|Mawprem]]||69.04%||Dhrubanath Joshi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,375||53.33%||Hereford S. Sawian||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,262||35.74%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,113'''</span>
|-
|22||[[Laban Assembly constituency|Laban]]||69.96%||Bhaskar Choudhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,588||39.9%||Garland Nonglait||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||1,668||25.72%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''920'''</span>
|-
|23||[[Mawlai Assembly constituency|Mawlai]]||76.3%||Stanlington David Khongwir||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||4,274||50.93%||Anthony Jala||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,669||43.72%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''605'''</span>
|-
|24||[[Sohryngkham Assembly constituency|Sohryngkham]]||76.08%||Grosswell Mylliemngap||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,942||38.92%||Dringson E. Shallam||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,099||27.76%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''843'''</span>
|-
|25||[[Dienglieng Assembly constituency|Dienglieng]]||76.77%||Medistar Warbah||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,853||37.16%||Martle N Mukhim||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,772||36.11%||style="background:{{party color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''81'''</span>
|-
|26||[[Nongkrem Assembly constituency|Nongkrem]]||80.65%||Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,899||32.35%||Hispreachering Son Shylla||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,375||26.5%||style="background:{{party color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''524'''</span>
|-
|27||[[Langkyrdem Assembly constituency|Langkyrdem]]||70.1%||Brington Buhai Lyngdoh||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,071||37.08%||Denis Rynjah||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||2,524||30.47%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''547'''</span>
|-
|28||[[Nongshken Assembly constituency|Nongshken]]||76.87%||Ganold Stone Massar||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,925||38.08%||Maham Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,279||29.67%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''646'''</span>
|-
|29||[[Sohra Assembly constituency|Sohra]]||72.74%||[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||3,108||39.89%||S. Phaindrojen Swer||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,908||37.33%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''200'''</span>
|-
|30||[[Shella Assembly constituency|Shella]]||68.7%||S. Galmendar Singh Lyngdoh||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,186||32.96%||R. Wester Tiewsoh||{{party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention}}||1,865||28.12%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''321'''</span>
|-
|31||[[Mawsynram Assembly constituency|Mawsynram]]||73.69%||Mestonnath Kharshandy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,397||31.85%||D. Plaslanding Iangjuh||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||1,986||26.39%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''411'''</span>
|-
|32||[[Mawkyrwat Assembly constituency|Mawkyrwat]]||75.48%||[[Rowell Lyngdoh]]||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,476||29.12%||E. Garland Royal Syiem||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,386||28.06%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''90'''</span>
|-
|33||[[Pariong Assembly constituency|Pariong]]||62.5%||Tubarlin Lyngdoh||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||3,927||57.8%||B. Phrinlington Marngar||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,017||29.69%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,910'''</span>
|-
|34||[[Nongstoin Assembly constituency|Nongstoin]]||59.75%||[[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||4,218||39.16%||K. Mawlot||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,262||21.%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,956'''</span>
|-
|35||[[Langrin Assembly constituency|Langrin]]||75.74%||Bakstarwell Wanniang||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||4,364||53.7%||Hetlin Shira||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,399||29.52%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,965'''</span>
|-
|36||[[Mawthengkut Assembly constituency|Mawthengkut]]||70.44%||H. Ledishon Nongsiang||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,726||30.98%||Eblin J. Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,477||28.15%||style="background:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''249'''</span>
|-
|37||[[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]||69.63%||[[Williamson A. Sangma]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,970||74.91%||Emerson Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||1,186||17.87%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,784'''</span>
|-
|38||[[Rongrenggiri Assembly constituency|Rongrenggiri]]||61.69%||Albinstone M. Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,142||42.18%||Willipson Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,009||26.97%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,133'''</span>
|-
|39||[[Rongjeng Assembly constituency|Rongjeng]]||66.75%||Nihimson R. Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,716||30.47%||Pleander G. Momin||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,361||24.17%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''355'''</span>
|-
|40||[[Kharkutta Assembly constituency|Kharkutta]]||60.73%||Pretting Tone Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,947||45.51%||Kurendra D. Shira||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,694||26.16%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,253'''</span>
|-
|41||[[Mendipathar Assembly constituency|Mendipathar]]||78.91%||Beninstand G. Momin||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,330||39.42%||Frankenstein W. Momin||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,477||29.32%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''853'''</span>
|-
|42||[[Resubelpara Assembly constituency|Resubelpara]]||74.82%||[[Salseng C. Marak]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,252||61.41%||Nablune G. Momin||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,672||38.59%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,580'''</span>
|-
|43||[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]||58.45%||Elwin Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,190||41.51%||Rockefeller G. Momin||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||1,370||25.97%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''820'''</span>
|-
|44||[[Bajengdoba Assembly constituency|Bajengdoba]]||66.05%||Chamberline Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,059||63.82%||Grohonsing Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,144||33.71%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,915'''</span>
|-
|45||[[Tikrikilla Assembly constituency|Tikrikilla]]||80.14%||Monindra Rava||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,314||45.63%||Bipin Daring||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,005||27.61%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,309'''</span>
|-
|46||[[Dadenggre Assembly constituency|Dadenggre]]||65.54%||Norwin Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,432||43.81%||Denison M. Sangma||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,313||29.53%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,119'''</span>
|-
|47||[[Rongchugiri Assembly constituency|Rongchugiri]]||63.59%||William Cecil Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,573||51.13%||M. Reidson Momin||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,768||35.14%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''805'''</span>
|-
|48||[[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]]||87.29%||Parimal Rava||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,740||26.9%||Sofier Rahman Hazarika||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,398||23.54%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''342'''</span>
|-
|49||[[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]||86.54%||[[Khorsedur Rahman Khan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,129||30.37%||[[Mozibur Rahman]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,568||24.93%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''561'''</span>
|-
|50||[[Selsella Assembly constituency|Selsella]]||77.17%||Atul C. Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,389||42.9%||Predingson Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||1,362||24.46%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,027'''</span>
|-
|51||[[Rongram Assembly constituency|Rongram]]||75.29%||Crunden S. Sangma||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,659||46.29%||Godwin D. Shira||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,918||36.92%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''741'''</span>
|-
|52||[[Tura Assembly constituency|Tura]]||68.82%||Sanford K. Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,754||37.48%||Wilnam A. Sangma||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||3,407||34.02%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''347'''</span>
|-
|53||[[Chokpot Assembly constituency|Chokpot]]||71.22%||Clifford Marak||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,690||27.29%||[[Masonsing Sangma]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,517||24.5%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''173'''</span>
|-
|54||[[Kherapara Assembly constituency|Kherapara]]||68.28%||Roster M. Sangma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,891||16.04%||Oliver G. Momin||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,077||10.27%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''814'''</span>
|-
|55||[[Dalu Assembly constituency|Dalu]]||76.76%||Kamal R. Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,861||29.94%||Mukul Das||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,209||19.45%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''652'''</span>
|-
|56||[[Rangsakona Assembly constituency|Rangsakona]]||74.93%||Pipinson Momin||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,645||36.84%||Jenden Ch. Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,481||34.55%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''164'''</span>
|-
|57||[[Ampati Assembly constituency|Ampatigiri]]||78.29%||Bhadreswar Koch||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,053||33.16%||Monendro Agitok||{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}||2,870||31.17%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''183'''</span>
|-
|58||[[Salmanpara Assembly constituency|Salmanpara]]||72.99%||Meckenson Sangma||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,289||30.88%||Nimarson Momin||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,035||27.46%||style="background:{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''254'''</span>
|-
|59||[[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]]||84.89%||Lokhindor Hajong||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,269||40.35%||Shamsul Haque||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,581||31.86%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''688'''</span>
|-
|60||[[Dalamgiri Assembly constituency|Dalamgiri]]||80.46%||Ira Marak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,089||42.16%||Armison Marak||{{party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}||2,980||57.84%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,109'''</span>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Meghalaya elections}}

[[Category:1983 State Assembly elections in India|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Meghalaya]]

Beri, Rajasthan

2025-08-29T21:16:17Z

TabathaLea97053: further improve citations for clarity and fixed typos per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Beri Bhajangarh
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|36|00|N|75|14|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Elected directly
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Akhiles Kumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 36
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7000 approx
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332031
| area_code = 91-1572
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi Marwadi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Beri''' is a village in [[Piparali]] [[panchayat samiti]] and [[tehsil]] in the [[Sikar]] district, [[Rajasthan]] state, India. It is located {{convert|21|km}} north of Sikar. Beri is also known as Beri Bajangarh, due to an old fort called [[Bhajangarh]], and is on the border of the Sikar and [[Jhunjhunu district]]s.<ref name=ov>{{cite web|title=Watch Beri, Rajasthan Video|url=http://www.ovguide.com/beri,-rajasthan-9202a8c04000641f8000000014684870|publisher=OV Guide.Com|accessdate=29 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202153926/http://www.ovguide.com/beri,-rajasthan-9202a8c04000641f8000000014684870|archive-date=2 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mapper>{{cite web|title=Where is Beri in Rajasthan, India Located?|url=http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/beri-rajasthan-located.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154238/http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/beri-rajasthan-located.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 February 2015|publisher=Go Mapper.Com|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}