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Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T05:58:16Z

TKMD: started new info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Thiruvananthapuram {{Small|KL-20}}
| constituency_no =
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Thiruvananthapuram.map}}

| map_caption = Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| incumbent_image = Shashi Tharoor addressing the Convention of Ministers of Adult Education and Panchayati Raj and District Panchayat Presidents of Saakshar Bharat States, in New Delhi on June 13, 2013.jpg
| mp = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:1371427}} (2019)<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|8}}
| assembly_cons = [[Kazhakootam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakootam]] [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]] [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]] [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala]] [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam]] [[Neyyattinkara (State Assembly constituency)|Neyyattinkara]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''[[Thiruvananthapuram]] Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) Constituency''' is one of the 20 parliamentary constituencies in Kerala, India. It is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and encompasses the major part of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city, the capital of [[Kerala|Kerala State]].

The incumbent MP of this constituency, [[Shashi Tharoor]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], has been elected on 4 consecutive occasions: 2009, 2014, 2019 and 2024. He is the longest serving Member of Parliament to have represented the constituency.

==Demographics==
This constituency is dominated By [[Nair]] and [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2024-03-25 |title=In Thiruvananthapuram, all three fronts will fancy their chances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/all-three-fronts-will-fancy-their-chances-in-thiruvananthapuram/article67987396.ece |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.As per the electoral roll for the 2024 polls, the total electorate is of 14,03,281 people including 7,27,469 women, 6,75,771 men and 41 transgenders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2024-03-25 |title=In Thiruvananthapuram, all three fronts will fancy their chances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/all-three-fronts-will-fancy-their-chances-in-thiruvananthapuram/article67987396.ece |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Out of total electorate, 26% is rural and 74% is urban. The Scheduled castes (SC) and Scheduled tribes (ST) is 9.82% and 0.45%, respectively of total electorate. As per Census 2011 estimates the [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] has 66.46% Hindus, 19.10% Christians and 13.72% Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram District Religion Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/284-thiruvananthapuram.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashi Tharoor's Thiruvananthapuram Winning Streak In BJP's Crosshair |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/thiruvananthapuram-lok-sabha-seat-shashi-tharoor-v-rajeev-chandrasekhar-shashi-tharoors-thiruvananthapuram-winning-streak-in-bjps-crosshair-5520488 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The constituency also has highest proportion of [[Nadar (caste)|Nadars]] and [[Conversion to Christianity|Converted Christians]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CSI votes crucial in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2024/Apr/23/lok-sabha-polls-csi-nadar-votes-crucial-in-tpuram-and-attingal-constituencies}}</ref>

As per the voter list published by the Election commission for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, there were 13,34,665 voters in the electorate and 1077 polling stations in this constituency.<ref name="ceo.kerala.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/2019/FinalRoll/FINAL_2019.pdf |title=KERALA - PARLIAMENT CONSTITUENCY WISE DETAILS OF ELECTORS AS ON 30.01.2019 |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> The voter turnout for the 2019 Lok Sabha election was 73.45% where as it was 68.63% and 65.74% in the 2014 and 2009 elections respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/home.html|title = CEO Kerala}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==

Thiruvananthapuram Parliament constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments:<ref name=assembly>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-21
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|132
|[[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 133
|[[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|[[K. Muraleedharan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|134
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[C. P. John]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Marxist Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|135
|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]]
|[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|137
|[[Parassala Assembly constituency|Parassala]]
|[[C. K. Hareendran]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|139
|[[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]]
|[[M. Vincent]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|140
|[[Neyyattinkara Assembly constituency|Neyyattinkara]]
|[[N. Sakthan]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref name="Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=16 May 2014 |title=Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins |work= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109195341/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |archive-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Annie Mascarene]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Easwara Iyer]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[P. S. Nataraja Pillai]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[P. Viswambharan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]{{Ref|expired in 1974}}
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[A. Charles]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[K. V. Surendranath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[V. S. Sivakumar]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2005^
|[[Pannian Ravindran]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shashi Tharoor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ indicates bypolls

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/tag-result.ManoramaOnline~local@2019@Thiruvananthapuram-Election-News.html|title=Thiruvananthapuram Election News}}</ref>{{bar box|float=right|title=Vote share of Winning candidates|titlebar=#ddd|width=300px|barwidth=275px|bars={{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.29}}
{{bar percent|2005|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|37.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|56.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Independent}}|53.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|47.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]}}}}

===General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dr. Shashi Tharoor]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=358,155|percentage=37.19|change={{loss}}4.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]|party=BJP|votes=342,078|percentage=35.52|change={{gain}}4.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pannyan Raveendran]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=247,648|percentage=25.72|change={{gain}}0.12}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,753|percentage=0.70|change={{gain}} 0.70}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,077|percentage=1.66|change={{loss}}8.23}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=964,351|percentage=67.22|change={{down}}6.52}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,430,531
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{loss}}4.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''Legislative Assembly Wise Results'''
{| class="wikitable sortable imitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Assembly !! 1st Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! 2nd Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! 3rd Position !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Margin
|-
| 132 || [[Kazhakootam]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 50,444 || 40.56% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 39,602 || 31.84% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 34,382 || 26.81% || {{decrease}} 10,842
|-
| 133 || [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 53,025 || 42.02% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 44,863 || 35.52% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 28,336 || 22.45% || {{decrease}} 8,162
|-
| 134 || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 48,296 || 40.58% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 43,755 || 36.78% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 27,076 || 22.71% || {{increase}} 4,541
|-
| 135 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 61,227 || 45.80% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 39,101 || 29.26% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 33,322 || 24.94% || {{decrease}} 22,126
|-
| 137 || [[Parassala]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 59,026 || 38.93% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 46,654 || 30.77% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 45,957 || 30.30% || {{increase}} 13,069
|-
| 139 || [[Kovalam]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 64,042 || 42.54% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 47,376 || 31.48% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 39,137 || 26.00% || {{increase}} 16,666
|-
| 140 || [[Neyyattinkara]] || style="background: #CCFFCC;" | [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 58,749 || 45.09% || style="background: #FFCCCC;" | [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 36,136 || 27.68% || style="background: #FF9999;" | [[Pannyan Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 35,526 || 27.23% || {{increase}} 22,613
|}

===General election 2019===
There were 1,334,665 registered voters in Thiruvananthapuram Constituency for the 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<ref name="ceo.kerala.gov.in"/> The Constituency recorded a polling percentage of 73.45% of the total electorate.<ref>Indiancrux {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161949/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-thiruvananthapuram-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Thiruvananthapuram Constituency Live Results]}}</ref>
==== Party wise Results ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dr. Shashi Tharoor]]|votes=416,131|percentage=41.19|change={{increase}}7.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=316,142|percentage=31.30|change={{decrease}}1.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. Divakaran]]|votes=258,556|percentage=25.60|change={{decrease}}2.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,580|percentage=0.45|change={{increase}}0.07}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 99,989
|percentage = 9.89
|change = {{increase}}8.12
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,011,268|percentage=73.74|change={{increase}}5.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}7.10
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== Legislative Assembly wise Results ====
{| class="wikitable sortable imitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/generalelectionlacwiseresults.html|title=CEO Kerala :: BOOTH WISE RESULTS}}</ref> !! Assembly
! 1st Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 2nd Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 3rd Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! NOTA
! Margin
|-
| 132 || [[Kazhakootam]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 46964 || 35.50% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 45479 || 34.38% ||[[C. Divakaran]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 37688 || 28.49% || 648 || {{increase}}1385
|-
| 133 || [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 53545 || 39.46% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 50709 || 37.37% ||[[C. Divakaran]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 29414 || 21.67% || 690 || {{increase}}2836
|-
| 134 || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 57077 || 43.98% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 42877 || 33.08% ||[[C. Divakaran]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 27530 || 21.23% || 647 || {{increase}}14200
|-
| 135 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]] ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 58513 || 41.40% ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 46472 || 32.88% ||[[C. Divakaran]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 33921 || 24.00% || 748 ||{{decrease}} 12041
|-
| 137 || [[Parassala]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 69944|| 42.57% ||[[C. Divakaran]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 47942 || 29.18% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 42887 || 26.10% || 621 || {{increase}}27057
|-
| 139 || [[Kovalam]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 73221 || 45.65% ||[[C. Divakaran]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 42050 || 26.22% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 41092 || 25.62% || 616 ||{{increase}} 32129
|-
| 140 || [[Neyyattinkara]] ||[[Shashi Tharoor]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 66834 || 47.71% ||[[C. Divakaran]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 37925 || 27.07% ||[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 32368 || 23.11% || 583 ||{{increase}} 34466
|-
|-
|}

=== General Election 2014===
==== Party wise Results ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dr. Shashi Tharoor]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=297,806|percentage=34.09|change={{decrease}}10.20}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[O. Rajagopal]]|votes=282,336|percentage=32.32|change={{increase}}20.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Bennet Abraham]]|votes=248,941|percentage=28.50|change={{decrease}}2.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Ajit Joy|votes=14,153|percentage=1.62|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Kunnil Shajahan|votes=4,820|percentage=0.55|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=3,346|percentage=0.38|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 15,470
|percentage = 1.77
|change = {{decrease}}11.78
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=873,441|percentage=68.63|change={{increase}}2.89}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}10.20
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== Legislative Assembly wise Results ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Assembly
! 1st Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 2nd Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 3rd Position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! NOTA
! Margin
|-
| 132 || [[Kazhakoottam]] || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 41829 || 37.1% || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 34220 || 30.4% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 31799 || 28.2% || 483 ||{{decrease}} 7609
|-
| 133 || [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]] || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 43589 || 37.1% || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 40663 || 34.6% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 27504 || 23.4% || 716 || {{decrease}}2926
|-
| 134 || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 40835 || 36.0% || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 39027 || 34.4% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 27385 || 24.1% || 578 || {{decrease}}1808
|-
| 135 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]] || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 50685 || 42.1% || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 32639 || 27.1% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 31643 || 26.3% || 523 || {{decrease}}18046
|-
| 137 || [[Parassala]] || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 50360 || 34.8% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 47953 || 33.2% || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 39753 || 27.5% || 357 || {{increase}}10607
|-
| 139 || [[Kovalam]] || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 51401 || 37.7% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 42112 || 30.9% || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 36169 || 26.5% || 347 ||{{increase}} 15232
|-
| 140 || [[Neyyattinkara]] || [[Shashi Tharoor]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 48009 || 39.3% || [[Bennet Abraham]] || [[CPI]] || 39806 || 32.6% || [[O. Rajagopal]] || [[BJP]] || 28958 || 23.7% || 336 || {{increase}}19051
|-
|-
|}

=== General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/poll_results.php4?year=2009&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results 2009 (Lok Sabha polls 2009)- Kerala |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 326,725
|percentage = 44.29
|change = {{increase}}2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P. Ramachandran Nair
|votes = 226,727
|percentage = 30.74
|change = {{decrease}}20.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[Neelalohithadasan Nadar|A. Neelalohithadasan Nadar]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 86,233
|percentage = 11.69
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P. K. Krishna Das
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 84,094
|percentage = 11.40
|change = {{increase}}6.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = M. P. Gangadharan
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 2,972
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 99,998
|percentage = 13.55
|change = {{increase}}34.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 737,641
|percentage = 65.74
|change = {{decrease}}2.81
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{increase}}45.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-Election 2005===
{{Election box begin | title= By-Election, 2005: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Bye Election -HPC |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/hpc-details.html#THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |title=Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala |publisher=Ceo.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Pannyan Raveendran]]
|votes = 490,324
|percentage = 51.41
|change = {{increase}}13.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=316,124|percentage=41.64|change={{increase}}11.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. K. Padmanabhan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=36,690|percentage=4.83|change={{decrease}}25.03}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 74,200
|percentage = 9.77
|change = +35.89
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=859,237|percentage=68.13|change=-0.66}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|swing = +36.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=2004&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 2004 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]|votes=386,057|percentage=37.45|change={{increase}}1.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=231,454|percentage=30.30|change={{decrease}}7.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[O. Rajagopal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=228,052|percentage=29.86|change={{increase}}8.93}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 54,603
|percentage = 7.15
|change = {{increase}}5.24
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=864,317|percentage=68.7|change={{increase}}5.52}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 24.18%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1999&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1999 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=288,390|percentage=38.15|change={{decrease}}6.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Kaniyapuram Ramachandran|votes=273,905|percentage=36.23|change={{decrease}}6.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[O. Rajagopal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=158,221|percentage=20.93|change={{increase}}8.54}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 14,485
|percentage = 1.91
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=757,497|percentage=63.18%|change={{decrease}}2.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = -14.53%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1998&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1998 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[K. Karunakaran]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 337,429
|percentage = 44.35%
|change = {{increase}}2.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = K.V. Surendranath
|votes = 322,031
|percentage = 42.33
|change = {{decrease}}2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Kerala Varma Raja
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94,303
|percentage = 12.39
|change = {{increase}}1.76
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 15,398
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 766,775
|percentage = 65.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1996&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1996 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=K.V. Surendranath|votes=312,622|percentage=44.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. Charles]]|votes=291,820|percentage=41.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Raman Pillai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=74,904|percentage=10.63|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 20,802
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=721,087|percentage=64.56|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1991&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1991 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. Charles]]|votes=334,272|percentage=46.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=E. J. Vijayamma|votes=290,602|percentage=40.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[O. Rajagopal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=80,566|percentage=11.33|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 43,670
|percentage = 6.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=721,412|percentage=68.89|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1989&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1989 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[A. Charles]]
|votes = 367,825
|percentage = 49.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
|votes = 326,912
|percentage = 42.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P. Asok Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 56,046
|percentage = 7.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 50,913
|percentage = 6.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 754,853
|percentage = 73.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1984&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1984 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. Charles]]|votes=239,791|percentage=43.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Dal|candidate=[[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]]|votes=186,353|percentage=33.41|change=-27%}}
{{Election box candidate minor party ||party=Hindu Munnani (KL)|candidate=Kerala Varma Raja|votes=110,449|percentage=19.80|change=|color=#ee802f}}
{{Election box candidate minor party ||party=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|candidate=[[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]]|votes=1,786|percentage=0.32|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 53,438
|percentage = 9.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=561984|percentage=71.70|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1980&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1980 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2014-07-16}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]]
|votes = 273,818
|percentage = 60.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
|votes = 166,761
|percentage = 37.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 107,057
|percentage = 23.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 453,458
|percentage = 63.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1977&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results- Kerala 1977 |publisher=Keralaassembly.org |access-date=2014-07-16}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
|votes = 244,277
|percentage = 56.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Janata Party
|candidate = P. Vishwambharan
|votes = 174,455
|percentage = 40.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 69,822
|percentage = 16.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 448,586
|percentage = 72.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1971 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/StatisticalInformationAll/LoksabhaElection/LE1971.pdf |title=Statistical Report - Indian Parliament Election 1971 |publisher=Gujarat Election Commission |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]|votes=167,872|percentage=52.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Socialist Party|candidate=D. Damodaran Potti|votes=143,745|percentage=45.38|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 24,127
|percentage = 7.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=318,883|percentage=59.76|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Independent (politician)|loser=Samyukta Socialist Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Thiruvananthapuram]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samyukta Socialist Party|candidate=[[P. Viswambharan]]|votes=153,040|percentage=47.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=G.C. Pillai|votes=148,562|percentage=46.0|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 4,478
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=310,998|percentage=67.9|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Samyukta Socialist Party|loser=Independent|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]
* [[2014 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|8.5|76.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Shashi Tharoor]]

Utthara Unni

2026-05-06T21:22:11Z

TKMD: started a stub v1

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Utthara Unni
| image = Utthara Unni Actress Edavapathy.jpg
| caption = Utthara Unni in the film ''[[Edavappathy]]''
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Dancer
* actress
}}
| education =
| yearsactive = 2012{{En dash}}2018
| website = {{URL|https://www.uttharaunni.in/}}
| partner =
| parents = [[Ankarath Ramanunni]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urmilaunni.com/profile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402113621/http://urmilaunni.com/profile.html | archive-date=2 April 2011 | title=Urmila Unni }}</ref>
 [[Urmila Unni]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Utthara Unni''' is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer from [[Kerala]]. She has directed some short films, documentaries and music videos. She also acted in two films. She heads a dance academy called Temple Steps{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} in [[Kochi]], Kerala.

== Career==

=== As a dancer===
She has performed in Natyanjali festivals held at [[Chidambaram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thirunallar]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Thanjavur]]. Some of her stages include Soorya Dance Festival – Parampara,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/when-uthara-unni-became-a-viraha-nayika/articleshow/66591827.cms|title=When Uthara Unni became a 'viraha nayika'|date=n.d.|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Mylapore Fine Arts – [[Chennai]], Sangeetha Nataka Akademi – [[Thrissur]], Nishagandhi – [[Trivandrum]], Eranakulam Shiva temple, [[Guruvayur]], [[Mookambika temple]], Vyloppilli Samskriti Bhavan – [[Trivandrum]]. Utthara has also made a name for herself by giving solo concerts in other countries such as [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], [[UAE]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Kuwait]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/may/07/uthara-unni-a-dancer-extraordinaire-1602237.html|title=Uthara Unni: A dancer extraordinaire|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/actress-utthara-unnis-bharathanatyam-recital-event/|title=Actress Utthara Unni's Bharathanatyam Recital Event {{!}} RITZ|date=11 November 2016|work=RITZ Magazine|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

She is also the director of the dance school "Temple Steps" situated in [[Cochin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemamangalam.net/index.php/en/home/index/183/42|title=ബഹറിനിൽ ഊർമിള ഉണ്ണിയും ഉത്തര ഉണ്ണിയും ഡാൻസ് സ്കൂൾ തുടങ്ങി|last1=Maattumantha|first1=MS Das|date=16 March 2015|publisher=[[Cinema Mangalam]]|pages=42, 43, 44, 45|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

She is a member of the UNESCO International Dance Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uttharaunni.com/about.html|title=About – Utthara Unni {{!}} Official Website|website=www.uttharaunni.com|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131136/http://www.uttharaunni.com/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Film career===
Utthara's directorial debut was through a short film ''Randaam Varavu''<ref>{{Citation|last=Utthara Unni|title=Short Film [Horror] – "Randaam Varavu" by Utthara Unni|date=30 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTRlyZG_7Bo|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> featuring her mother [[Urmila Unni]]. The film won her five awards for best direction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Actress-Uthara-Unni-takes-up-direction/articleshow/42355410.cms|title=Actress Uthara Unni takes up direction |work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> She later directed a supernatural short-film featuring Urmila Unni and [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] called ''Ninth Month''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Utthara Unni|title=9th Month – A Short Film {{!}} Directed by Utthara Unni {{!}} Devan {{!}} Urmila Unni|date=30 October 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa1Cn5wMkr8|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> Her next short film ''Paw Prints''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/uttara-unnis-short-film-explores-the-special-relationship-between-man-and-dog/articleshow/59037128.cms|title=Uttara Unni's short film explores the special relationship between man and dog |work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Playground Digital Cinema|title=Paw Prints – Official Full Short Film {{!}} Utthara Unni Malayalam Short Film 2017 (English Subtitles)|date=4 June 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoZOxF4mmB8|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> featuring [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] is a short film is about relationship between a man and a dog.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/060617/story-from-her-life-utthara-unni.html|title=Story from her life: Utthara Unni|date=6 June 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> She has also created music videos and documentaries.<ref>{{Citation|last=Utthara Unni|title=Utthara Unni's Kathakali Documentary|date=25 May 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hopzRBBMap0|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> Utthara Unni is also an acclaimed singer and has released a music album titled ''Pathirapontheril.''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4gJwqmiIFs|title=Pathirapontheril Malayalam Album Song-Uthara Unni|date=25 April 2015 |via=YouTube|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

She made her debut in the Tamil film ''[[Vavval Pasanga]]'' (2012) directed by [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]. Her first Malayalam film<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151116/entertainment-mollywood/article/i-wanted-edavapathi-mark-my-debut-utthara-unni|title=I wanted Edavapathi to mark my debut: Utthara Unni|date=17 November 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Uthara-Unni-makes-her-debut-in-Mollywood/articleshow/13478903.cms|title=Uthara Unni makes her debut in Mollywood |work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> was ''[[Edavappathy]]'', directed by [[Lenin Rajendran]]. Utthara portrayed dual roles of Vasavadatta (a famous character from [[Kumaran Asan]]'s poem ''Karuna'') and a modern girl Yamini in the parallel story of the film. Her performance was critically acclaimed and won her the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] for the best upcoming actor (debut).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBMB0sF8MgM|title=Edavappaathy Shooting Location|via=YouTube|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Manisha-Koirala-praises-Uthara-Unni/articleshow/12801296.cms|title=Manisha Koirala praises Uthara Unni|date=22 April 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>

Utthara started her TV career in 2015 with a show called Mambazham in Kairali TV. Currently, she is hosting a reality show on [[Amrita TV]] called Autumn Leaf<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autumn-leaf-a-new-reality-show-to-crown-the-best-music-band/articleshow/66416089.cms|title=Autumn Leaf: A new reality show to crown the best music band|date=n.d.|work=The Times of India}}</ref> to find the best music band in [[Kerala]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Utthara Unni Urmila Unni Actress Malayalam.jpg|alt=Utthara Unni Urmila Unni Actress|thumb|Utthara Unni and her mother, actress Urmila Unni]]
Utthara Unni is daughter of [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] actress [[Urmila Unni]] and is married to businessman Nithesh S Nair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Urmila-Unni-gets-busy-in-Kollywood/articleshow/10016914.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-17/news-interviews/30169018_1_malayalam-film-tamil-film-mollywood|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Urmila Unni gets busy in Kollywood|last=Parvathy S Nayar|date=17 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Drishya award for best direction for the Short Film Randaam Varavu<ref name=":0" />
*Guru Gopikrishna [[National Award]] for [[Bharatanatyam]] in 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/241016/in-love-with-her-chilanka-utthara-unni.html|title=In love with her 'chilanka': Utthara Unni|date=24 October 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As actress===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Vavval Pasanga]]''|| ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Edavappathy]]''||Vasavadatta/Yamini ||[[Malayalam]]||
|}

=== As TV show host===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year
! Show Name
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2015
|''Mambazham''
|Host
|[[Kairali TV]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 2018 || ''Autumn Leaf''||Host ||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Malayalam]]||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7290335}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unni, Utthara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy

2026-04-27T01:11:14Z

TKMD: started basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = ''Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy''
| image =
| nickname = CM
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|3|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Allipuram, [[Nellore district|Nellore District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| father = Somireddy Raj Gopal Reddy
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
| office = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture and Agri-Processing]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2 April 2017
| term_end = 29 May 2019
| governor = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
| successor = [[Kanna Babu]]
| office1 = [[State legislative councils of India|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 14 June 2015
| term_end1 = 15 February 2019
| 1blankname1 = Chairman
| 1namedata1 = * [[A. Chakrapani]]
* [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| 3blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 3namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| constituency1 = Elected by [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA's]]
| office2 = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 26 November 2001
| term_end2 = 14 May 2004
| governor2 = * [[C. Rangarajan]]
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor2 = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| office3 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Youth Services and Sports]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 1996
| term_end3 = 1999
| governor3 = * [[Krishan Kant]]
* [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor3 = [[Dasyam Pranay Bhasker]]
| successor3 = [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 2024
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
| term_start5 = 1994
| term_end5 = 2004
| predecessor5 = Chitturi Venkata Sesha Reddy
| successor5 = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
| constituency5 = [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
}}
'''Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy''' is an Indian politician from [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]] in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He is currently a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a former member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]. Previously, he has held several cabinet ministerial positions in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

== Personal life ==
Reddy was born on 26 March 1956 in Allipuram, [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. He served as [[District Co-operative Central Bank|DCCB]] chairman in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandramohan Reddy Somireddy(TDP):Constituency- SARVEPALLI(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7018 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was a protester of Anti-Sara Movement during 1991 and 1992. As the movement progressed and Late [[N. T. Rama Rao]] agreed with Reddy to join him, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] relented and outlawed it.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Political career ==
Reddy was appointed in-charge of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) for [[Nellore district]] in 1992. He contested and won as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the first time from the [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvepalli Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sarvepalli-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> During 1996 to 1999, he was appointed as the Minister of Youth Services and Sports under the [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]].

In 1999, Reddy once again contested as an MLA and won, representing the same constituency until 2004. In 2001, He was appointed as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting under the [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]. In 2004, he was again appointed the in-charge of the TDP for Nellore district. Later, in 2011 he became a member of the TDP politburo.

In 2015, he was nominated and appointed as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) and served as the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture and Agri-Processing from 2017 to 2019 under the [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]. He resigned as an MLC in 2019 to contest as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from Sarvepalli in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tupaki |date=2015-06-14 |title=somireddy chandramohan reddy MLC Swearing ceremony |url=https://www.tupaki.com/politicalnews/article/somireddy-chandramohan-reddy-mlc-swearing-ceremony/105460 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.tupaki.com |language=te}}</ref><ref name="Standard 2019 y868">{{cite web |last=Business Standard |date=15 February 2019 |title=AP minister resigns as legislative council member |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ap-minister-resigns-as-legislative-council-member-119021501224_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215193143/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ap-minister-resigns-as-legislative-council-member-119021501224_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Business News, Finance News, Union Budget 2024, India News, Stock Markets BSE/NSE News,SENSEX, NIFTY}}</ref>

Reddy is considered one of the oldest continuing members and played a key role in the TDP activities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-13 |title='Skill development scam': Chandrababu Naidu's arrest a conspiracy hatched by Chief Minister Jagan, alleges TDP leader Somireddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/skill-development-scam-chandrababu-naidus-arrest-a-conspiracy-hatched-by-chief-minister-jagan-alleges-tdp-leader-somireddy/article67303615.ece |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=2023-11-10 |title=Somireddy welcomes Supreme Court fiat on pending cases against political leaders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/somireddy-welcomes-supreme-court-fiat-on-pending-cases-against-political-leaders/article67521189.ece |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=2023-11-02 |title=CBI, ED should probe Andhra Pradesh liquor scam expeditiously: Somireddy Chandramohan Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cbi-ed-should-probe-andhra-pradesh-liquor-scam-expeditiously-somireddy-chandramohan-reddy/article67489551.ece |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=D. Surendra |date=2023-12-17 |title=Arch rivals set to clash in Sarvepalli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/17/arch-rivals-set-to-clash-in-sarvepalli-2642324.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title='YSRCP leader' makes vain bid on Somireddy with crowbar in Nellore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-leader-makes-vain-bid-on-somireddy-with-crowbar-in-nellore/article67892275.ece |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He contested and won as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Sarvepalli in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] after nearly 2 decades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-22 |title=Andhra Pradesh elections: TDP announces third list of 13 MP and 11 MLA candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-elections-tdp-announces-third-list-of-13-mp-and-11-mla-candidates/articleshow/108702950.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra Mohan Reddy, Somireddy}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian political candidates]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Hugh Cleghorn (forester)

2026-04-26T07:59:02Z

TKMD: Made New Info.

{{Short description|Scottish forester (1820–1895)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Hugh Cleghorn.jpg|thumb|Hugh Cleghorn, charcoal drawing made by Theodore Blake Wirgman on 6 July 1888<ref>Noltie (2016a):236.</ref>|alt=]]
'''Hugh Francis Clarke Cleghorn''' (9 August 1820 – 16 May 1895) was a Madras-born Scottish physician, botanist, forester and land owner. Sometimes known as the father of scientific forestry in India, he was the first Conservator of Forests for the Madras Presidency, and twice acted as Inspector General of Forests for India. After a career spent in India Cleghorn returned to Scotland in 1868, where he was involved in the first ever International Forestry Exhibition, advised the India Office on the training of forest officers, and contributed to the establishment of lectureships in botany at the [[University of St Andrews]] and in forestry at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. The plant genus ''[[Cleghornia]]'' was named after him by [[Robert Wight]].

==Early life==
Cleghorn was born in [[Madras]] on 9 August 1820, where his father, Peter (also known as Patrick) (1783 – 1863) was Registrar and Prothonotary in the Madras Supreme Court. His mother Isabella (''née'' Allan) died in Madras (1 June 1824) when Cleghorn was three and a half years old.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Snell Exhibitions|author=Addison, W. Innes|year=1901|publisher=James MacLehose & Sons|place=Glasgow|page=79|url=https://archive.org/stream/snellexhibitionf00addiuoft#page/79/mode/1up}}</ref> In 1824 Cleghorn and his younger brother were sent home to Stravithie, near St Andrews, Fife, to the care of his grandfather, [[Hugh Cleghorn (Ceylon)|Hugh Cleghorn]] (1752–1837), who had been Professor of Civil History at [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]] and was later the first British colonial secretary of Ceylon.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of Robert Burns. Volume 1|author=Rogers, Charles|publisher=Grampian Club|place=Edinburgh|year=1889|url=https://archive.org/stream/bookrobertburns00higggoog#page/n138/mode/2up/|page=124}}</ref> Cleghorn received his early education at the Royal High School, Edinburgh. Following an illness Cleghorn then attended the newly founded Madras College in St Andrews and in 1834 he entered the arts faculty of the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard of St Andrews University.<ref>Noltie (2016a):7-8.</ref> While at Stravithie, under the influence of his grandfather, an improving laird, the young Hugh acquired an interest in estate management (including forestry) and botany. In 1837 he went to study medicine at Edinburgh, during which period he was apprenticed to the surgeon [[James Syme]] and studied botany under [[Robert Graham (botanist)|Robert Graham]]. He graduated MD from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1841 and the following year was appointed to the East India Company as an Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Presidency.<ref name=pallavi>{{cite journal|title=Hugh Cleghorn and Forest Conservancy in India|author=Das, Pallavi|journal=Environment and History| volume=11| issue=1| year=2005| pages=55–82| doi=10.3197/0967340053306149|s2cid=210989732 |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/3225 }}</ref><ref name=obit />

==India==
Cleghorn's first post was in the [[Government General Hospital|Madras General Hospital]] and, after various military postings, was appointed to the [[Mysore Commission]] in 1845. For the next two years he was based at [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]] and pursued his interest in botany, encouraged by Sir [[William Jackson Hooker]]<ref>Noltie (2016a):22. [Note that Cleghorn mistakenly credited Hooker jr.]</ref> who had suggested that he "study one plant a day for a quarter of an hour".<ref>{{cite news|title=Principal Sir William Muir and the Botanic Gardens|work=Edinburgh Evening News|date=8 August 1888 |access-date=28 October 2014|url= http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18880808/009/0002|via= [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1869|title=Presidential address|author=Cleghorn, H.|volume=10|pages=261–277| url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsproc10bota#page/n295/mode/2up|doi=10.1080/03746607009468692|journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh}}</ref> It was here that Cleghorn began to commission botanical drawings,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cleghorn Collection: South Indian Botanical Drawings 1845-1860|last=Noltie|first=Henry|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|year=2016|isbn=9781910877111}}</ref> took a special interest in [[Botany#Subdisciplines of botany|economic botany]] and noticed a decline in teak forests that had occurred since a visit by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan(-Hamilton)]] in 1801.

In 1848, suffering from 'Mysore fever', he returned on sick leave to Britain. He took an active part in scientific organisations, such as the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, to which he read several papers including one on hedge plants.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cleghorn, Hugh F. C.|year=1850|title=On the Hedge Plants of India, and the conditions which adapt them for special purposes and particular localities|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27136915|journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh|volume=4|issue=1–4|pages=1–4, 83–100|doi=10.1080/03746605309467595|via=}}</ref> He read the same paper at the annual meeting of the British Association held in Edinburgh in 1850, which won him a 'medium gold medal' of the Highland and Agricultural Society in 1851.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 July 1851|title=Highland & Agricultural Society|page=4|work=Inverness Courier|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000446/18510717/036/0004|url-access=subscription|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> At the same meeting, under the chairmanship of Sir David Brewster, Cleghorn was commissioned to write a report on the effects of tropical deforestation. A summary of this was read at the Association's Ipswich meeting on 7 July 1851, and subsequently published in full. He was requested by [[John Forbes Royle]] to assist in cataloguing the Indian botanical exhibits for [[the Great Exhibition]] of 1851. Cleghorn returned to India in 1852 and was appointed acting Professor of Botany and [[Materia Medica]] at [[Madras Medical College]] by Sir [[Henry Pottinger]], a post confirmed two years later. During this period he became an active member of the Madras Literary Society and the Madras Agri-Horticultural Society.<ref name="pallavi" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro1888roya#page/198/mode/2up/|title=Presentation to Hugh Cleghorn of Stravithie|pages=198–205|journal=Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society|volume=12|year=1890}}</ref> One of his students, [[Pulney Andy]], became the first Indian to receive a medical degree from Scotland. [[John Shortt]] was another of his local students. In 1853 he published ''Hortus Madraspatensis'', a catalogue of the plants in the latter Society's Garden. Cleghorn was consulted by the Madras Government on various economic-botanical subjects, resulting in papers such as one on the sand-binding plants of the Madras beach,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cleghorn, Hugh|year=1856|title=Notulae Botanicae No.1. On the sand-binding plants of the Madras Beach|url=https://archive.org/stream/madrasjournal00cogoog#page/n91/mode/2up|journal=Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India|volume= 9|pages= 174–177}}</ref> read to the Madras Literary Society in 1856. Cleghorn also played a major role in the Madras Exhibitions of 1855 and 1857.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brandis, Dietrich|year=1888|title=Dr Cleghorn's services to Indian Botany|journal=Indian Forester|volume=4|page=14}}</ref>[[File:Cleghornia acuminata.jpg|thumb|''Cleghornia acuminata'' described by Robert Wight|alt=|left]]

===Madras Forest Department===
In 1855, on the advice of the civil servant [[Walter Elliot (naturalist)|Walter Elliot]], Cleghorn was asked by the Governor of Madras, [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]], to organise a Forest Department for Madras and to start systematic forest conservancy, such has had earlier been established in Bombay under [[Alexander Gibson (botanist)|Alexander Gibson]]. On the suggestion of [[Frederick Conyers Cotton|Frederick Cotton]], a similar forest management scheme had been begun in the [[Anaimalai Hills|Anamalai hills]] under Colonel [[James Michael (forester)|James Michael]] who worked from 1848 to 1856 on timber management.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birdwood, George |year=1901 |title=Correspondence |journal=Journal of the Society of Arts |volume=49 |issue=2547 |pages=757–760 |jstor=41336027}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Michael, J. |year=1890 |title=Early forest operations in India |journal=The Journal of the Society of Arts |volume=38 |issue=1974 |pages=905–908 |jstor=41328006}}</ref> Cleghorn took over management of the area that was being worked and was appointed Conservator of Forests on 19 December 1856, which he held until 10 October 1867, most actively so until 1860.<ref name=pallavi />

Pressures on the forests of the Presidency, which included those of the southern part of the [[Western Ghats]], and as far north as [[Odisha|Orissa]] on the east coast, were great. This was the time of the early development of railways in India and Cleghorn estimated that a mile of rail line needed 1760 wooden sleepers, which had a lifespan of only eight years. In addition to sleepers, wood was also required to run the steam engines of the railways and for steamships. By his estimate, there was no way to maintain the supply without destroying the forests unless active management was undertaken. He pointed out that in Britain requirement for wood was less, due to the country's substantial reserves of coal and the ability to import wood from other parts of its Empire.<ref name=pallavi />

By this date it was already well known that forests had a major influence on climate, as were the negative effects of deforestation on rainfall and river flow. In his 1851 [[British Science Association|British Association]] report Cleghorn had summarised existing literature<ref name=pallavi /> and cited anecdotal information from other East India Company surgeons including [[Alexander Gibson (botanist)|Alexander Gibson]] and [[Edward Balfour]]. The importance placed by Gibson and Cleghorn on climate-modification (rather than purely economic concerns) as the motivation for their system of forest 'conservancy' is one that has been much discussed by historians of forestry and ecology. Claims by authors, notably [[Richard Grove]] in his ''Green Imperialism'', that it was the major motivation of the East India Company surgeon-Conservators have recently been disputed. In 1860 Cleghorn's persistent campaigning with the Government resulted in the banning in the Madras Presidency of 'kumri', a form of [[shifting cultivation]] he considered particularly damaging.

One of his first acts as Conservator was a brief trip to Burma in January 1857, when he met [[Dietrich Brandis]], who was already working there on the teak forests. Having witnessed their denudation by private business interests, Cleghorn believed that the State had to take the main role in preserving forests.<ref name="pallavi" /> As Conservator Cleghorn spent a great part of the year in travels surveying forest resources in the vast territory for which he was responsible, with three major tours each of more than six months in 1857, 1858 and 1860. Shorter tours were made to the [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forests of Orissa in the spring of 1859, and a productive week in the Anamalai Hills in September 1859. On the latter he was accompanied by [[Richard Henry Beddome]] (who succeeded Cleghorn as Conservator in Madras) and Major [[Douglas Hamilton]], a talented artist who recorded the expedition visually.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Expedition to the Higher Ranges of the Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore, in 1858|author=Cleghorn, M.D.|pages=579–587 |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro22royal#page/n667/mode/2up/|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|volume=22|issue=3|year=1861|doi=10.1017/s0080456800031422|s2cid=130606989 }}</ref>[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Foot of the Poonachy Pass - Crossing the Torakudu River.jpg|thumb|"Foot of the Poonachy Pass", from ''Forests and Gardens of South India'', illustrated by Douglas Hamilton.]]On his third forest tour Cleghorn again contracted fever and obtained a year's sick leave to Britain in September 1861. During this leave he interacted with the India Office, which allowed the publication of a compilation of his forest reports as ''The forests and gardens of South India.'' Though his goal may have been to supply a manual to enable forest assistants to work more effectively for the benefit of the State, the book is mainly a compilation of his reports documenting his activities in forest conservancy in the Madras Presidency during the four years that the department had by then been in operation.<ref name="Cleghorn">{{cite book|last=Cleghorn|first=Hugh Francis Clarke|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924003683673|title=The Forests and Gardens of South India|publisher=W. H. Allen|year=1861|location=London}}</ref><ref name="brandis">{{cite journal|author=Brandis, D.|year=1888|title=Dr Cleghorn's Services to Indian Forestry|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro1888roya#page/86/mode/2up|journal=Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society|volume=12|pages=87–93}}</ref>
In Scotland, as on his previous leave, Cleghorn read papers to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and his Anamalai one to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (to which he was elected on 1 December 1862). The most notable event of this leave, however, was Cleghorn's marriage at Penicuik, on 8 August, to Marjorie Isabella, known as 'Mabel', daughter of [[Charles Cowan]] a notable philanthropist and paper-maker.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Death of Dr H.F.C. Cleghorn|work=Evening Telegraph|date=17 May 1895|page=2|access-date=9 July 2014|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18950517/034/0002| publisher = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Dundee Courier |date=10 August 1861|page=1|title=Marriages|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000160/18610810/003/0001| publisher = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Forest Department of India===
[[File:Jerdon Cleghorn Bourne.jpg|thumb|left|Cleghorn (extreme right) with, from left to right, [[John Lindsay Stewart]], [[Thomas Caverhill Jerdon]] and [[William Jameson (botanist, born 1815)|William Jameson]] taken at the Punjab Exhibition, Lahore, 1864.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A botanical group in Lahore, 1864|first=H. J.|last=Noltie|authorlink= Henry John Noltie|date=7 August 2011|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=38|issue=2|pages=267–277|doi=10.3366/anh.2011.0033|pmid=22165442}}</ref>]]

On returning to India with Mabel in October 1861 Cleghorn was summoned to Calcutta by [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]] and charged with surveying the forests of the Punjab Himalaya. He continued this under Sir [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Robert Montgomery]], Lt Governor of the Punjab, which led to Cleghorn's being based in Lahore, where he was involved in the 1864 Punjab Exhibition. The same year he was involved in a Missionary Conference in Lahore, evangelical Christianity, especially with a medical bias, underpinning the whole of Cleghorn's life and work. His second book ''The Forests of the Punjab'' (1864) is a compilation of his reports from this period. In December 1862 [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] had summoned Brandis from Burma to reorganize the Forest Department and in January 1864 Brandis and Cleghorn were appointed joint Commissioners of Forests; three months later Brandis was given the senior post of Inspector General. The pair worked together on the Indian Forest Act, which came into effect on 1 May 1865, following which Cleghorn was given a six-month leave to take his ailing wife home, and to attend to Stravithie following the death of his father. During two periods when Brandis was on leave in Europe Cleghorn acted as Inspector General (July 1864 to January 1865, and May 1866 to March 1867). Following the second of these Cleghorn returned to Madras, where he was given 20 months' leave in October 1867, though he was never return to India, and formally retired at the expiry of this period.<ref name="pallavi" />

==Retirement==
In November 1867 Cleghorn met up with Mabel in Malta, which resulted in a report on the agriculture and botany of Malta and Sicily the following year.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Notes on the Botany and Agriculture of Malta and Sicily|author=Cleghorn, H.|year=1869|pages=106–139|journal=Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society|volume=11|issue=1| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27155297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cleghorn|first=Hugh|date=1870|title=Opening Address by the President|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27155456 |journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh|language=en|volume=10|issue=1–4|pages=261–284|doi=10.1080/03746607009468692|issn=0374-6607 }}</ref> Back in Britain he acted as an adviser to the Secretary of State for India and assisted with the selection of candidates for the [[Indian Forest Service]].<ref name="pallavi" /> A member of the [[Edinburgh Botanical Society]] since 1838, he was elected its president in 1868–69 (succeeded by [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Walter Elliot]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Botanical Society of Edinburgh 1836–1936|year=1936|publisher=Botanical Society of Edinburgh|place=Edinburgh|url=https://archive.org/stream/botanicalsociety00bowe#page/14/mode/2up|page=15}}</ref> In 1872 he was elected president of the [[Scottish Arboricultural Society]] for two years, and subsequently played an instrumental role in the establishment of a lectureship in Forestry at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. Cleghorn also gave his opinions to the Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1885 on the topic of forestry education in Britain.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Hugh F. C. Cleghorn, M. D., LL. D., F. R. S. E.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1895-07_6_1/page/82|journal=The Geographical Journal |year=1895| volume=6|issue=1|page=83|jstor=1773955}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=|first=|year=1885|title=Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, 1885, on Forestry|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofsc11scot#page/118/mode/2up/|journal=Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society|volume=11|issue=2|pages=119–154|via=}}</ref> Cleghorn wrote the entries on 'Arboriculture' (1875) and 'Forests' (1879) for the ninth edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.

Cleghorn died at Stravithie, in the mansion that he had largely rebuilt, on 16 May 1895. The heir to the property was his nephew [[Alexander Sprot]] (later Sir Alexander, 1st Baronet), son of Cleghorn's sister Rachel Jane, widow of Alexander Sprot of Garnkirk.<ref name="obit" />

In 1848 his friend Robert Wight dedicated the genus ''[[Cleghornia]]'' to him as a 'zealous cultivator of Botany, but more especially directing his attention to Medical Botany'.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002701941#page/n31/mode/2up/|author=Wight, Robert| page=5| title= Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis or Figures of Indian Plants. Volume IV part 2|year=1848 |publisher=P.R. Hunt, American Mission Press|place=Madras}}</ref>

==The Cleghorn Collection==

Some 3000 botanical drawings were commissioned and assembled by Cleghorn, mainly drawn in India. These now largely reside with the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]], having been assembled from major donations from [[Edinburgh University]], the [[National Museum of Scotland]] and the private collection of Dr Cleghorm of [[Stravithie]], but with Edinburgh University still retaining a proportion of the works for their own use.<ref>The Cleghorn Collection by H J Noltie ISBN 978-1-910877-11-1</ref>

==Botanical authorship==
Although Cleghorn published no descriptions of new plant species, a single invalid plant name has been attributed to him.{{botanist|Cleghorn|Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Cited references==
* {{cite book|title=Indian Forester, Scottish Laird. The Botanical Lives of Hugh Cleghorn of Stravithie.|last=Noltie|first= H. J.| publisher= Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|year=2016a|isbn=9781910877104}}
* Noltie, H. J. (2016b). ''The Cleghorn Collection: South Indian Botanical Drawings 1845-1860''. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. {{ISBN|9781910877111}}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Hugh Cleghorn | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Hugh Francis Clarke Cleghorn | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}}

* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Hugh Cleghorn |birth=1820 |death=1895}}
* Cleghorn, H. (1864) [https://archive.org/details/ReportUponForestsOfPunjabAndWesternHimalaya Report upon the Forests of the Punjab and the western Himalaya]. Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee.
* Cleghorn, H. (1858) [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Ior/v/27/626/5 Memorandum upon the pauchontee or Indian gutta tree of the western coast]. Government of Madras

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleghorn, Hugh Francis}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish botanists]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:British foresters]]
[[Category:Economic botanists]]
[[Category:Forestry academics]]
[[Category:Scottish pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Scottish philanthropists]]
[[Category:Imperial Forestry Service officers]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Scottish people of the British Empire]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish surgeons]]

Kondagaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:54Z

TKMD: Made A Page.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kondagaon
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mohan Markam]]
| constituency_no = 83
| district = [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lata Usendi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:189137}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Kondagaon Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kondagaon''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|colspan=4 |''Before 1966: Constituency does not exist''
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M. Lachhooram
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Manku Ram Sodhi|Manku Ram Sodi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sukhlal Mandavi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Mangal Ram Usendi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2 |Shankar Sodi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3882-chhattisgarh-2003/ |title=State Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | [[Lata Usendi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | [[Mohan Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Lata Usendi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondagaon<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lata Usendi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 80,465
|percentage = 51.32
|change = +8.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohan Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,893
|percentage = 39.47
|change = -5.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Budhsingh Netam
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,960
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Girdhar Netam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,236
|percentage = 1.43
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shankar Netam
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 2,141
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gyanprakash Korram
|party = Sarv Adi Dal
|votes = 1,800
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,214
|percentage = 2.05
|change = -1.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,572
|percentage = 11.85
|change = +10.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 156,791
|percentage = 82.9
|change = -0.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kondagaon<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohan Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,582
|percentage = 44.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lata Usendi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59,786
|percentage = 43.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Netam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,769
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramchandra Nag
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,883
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukharam Netam
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,906
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,146
|percentage = 3.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,796
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 137,597
|percentage = 83.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kondagaon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Kondagaon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]
{{coord|19.59|81.66|display=title}}

Ashish Dubey

2026-04-18T22:37:30Z

TKMD: created a article first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashish Dubey
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jabalpur
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Shraddha Dubey
| children = 2
| website =
| parents = Ambikeshwar Dubey, Shakuntala
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Ashish Dubey''' ({{IPA|hi|aːʃɪːʃ d̪ʊbeː}}) is an Indian politician.He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jabalpur">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jabalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1213.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002142447/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1213.htm |archivedate=2 October 2024 |accessdate=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/jabalpur-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Arshdeep kaur | title=Madhya Pradesh Election results 2024: Full list of winners in Lok Sabha election | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-election-11717486187348.html | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="d580">{{cite web | title=Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Ashish Dubey Emerges Victorious by 482701 Votes | website=India Today | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jabalpur-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547788-2024-06-04 | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="l088">{{cite web | last=Chaturvedi | first=Rakesh Mohan | title=Jabalpur: BJP has robust support, Congress strong candidate | website=The Economic Times | date=19 April 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-bjp-has-robust-support-congress-strong-candidate/articleshow/109412066.cms?from=mdr | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Ashish}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:15Z

TKMD: Made New Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanapur Atpadi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Khanapur Atpadi''' was one of the assembly segments in [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] in India, from 1978 to 2004 elections. Until 1972 elections, '[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]' Vidhan Sabha seat existed. Then the boundaries of assembly segments were redrawn, and the name of Khanapur seat changed to 'Khanapur Atpadi'.<ref name="elections1978">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/1978-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results in 1978|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> In 2008, the boundaries were redrawn again, and the name of the seat reverted to just Khanapur.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sahajirao Ganapatrao Salunkhe|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Hanumantrao Yashwantrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Sampatrao Sitaram Mane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Anil Babar]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Rajendra @ Nathajirao Rastumrao Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Anil Babar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 79,813 |percentage = 50.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Babar]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 54,726 |percentage = 34.93% |change={{decrease}}14.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijaysinh Tatyasaheb Patil|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,619 |percentage = 8.05% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Anna Alias Ramchandra Mahadev Dange|party=Lok Rajya Party |votes = 3,115 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra (Anna) Shahaji Nikam |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,823 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandrakant Alias Arun Nanasaheb Mane|party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,229 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More (Patil) Subash Bhagwanrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,087 |percentage = 16.01% |change= {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,56,733 |percentage = 72.97% |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,56,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,805|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Babar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,240 |percentage = 49.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramrao Dattatray Patil|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,324 |percentage = 28.67% |change={{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= B. N. Deshmukh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,037 |percentage = 10.44% |change={{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gulabrao Alias Kiranrao Sampatrao Mane|party=Independent politician |votes = 7,044 |percentage = 6.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vakshe Shrawan Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,954 |percentage = 2.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Bharat Baburao (Davari) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,158 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,916 |percentage = 20.72% |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,15,520 |percentage = 65.55% |change= {{decrease}}15.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,05,763}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,238|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Rajendra @ Nathajirao Rastumrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 73,998 |percentage = 54.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Babar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,708 |percentage = 39.24% |change={{decrease}}15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Isaq Murtuja Pirjade|party=Independent politician |votes = 4,302 |percentage = 3.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalebag Appso Baba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,562 |percentage = 1.87% |change={{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryawanshi Uttamrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 940 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,290 |percentage = 14.82% |change= {{decrease}}8.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,39,221 |percentage = 82.24% |change= {{increase}}13.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,36,887}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,280|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Babar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,383 |percentage = 55.21% |change={{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Hanmantrao Yashavantrao Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 35,116 |percentage = 32.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalebag Appasaheb Baba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,835 |percentage = 8.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Abasaheb Dattajirao Deshmukh|party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,666 |percentage = 2.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhimrao Dhondi Suryawanshi|party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,220 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,267 |percentage = 23.10% |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,10,972 |percentage = 68.33% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,09,365}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,399|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Sampatrao Sitaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,659 |percentage = 54.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Hanamantrao Yashwantrao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 40,617 |percentage = 45.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,042 |percentage = 8.95% |change= {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,402 |percentage = 67.99% |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,806}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,426|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hanumantrao Yashwantrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 33,416 |percentage = 43.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salunkhe Shahajirao Ganpatrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,383 |percentage = 42.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Raosaheb Balasaheb |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,535 |percentage = 11.11% |change={{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakade Gourihar Bhausaheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,268 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Bandopant Narayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,033 |percentage = 1.34% |change= {{decrease}}18.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,732 |percentage = 64.77% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,833}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,549|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur Atpadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Salunkhe Sahajirao Ganapatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,695 |percentage = 43.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Babasaheb Alias Rastumrao Chitrojirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,674 |percentage = 23.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Sampatrao Govind |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,944 |percentage = 18.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dange Annasaheb Alias Ramchandra Mahadev |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,625 |percentage = 12.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Pandharinath Dhondiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,375 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kulkarni Pandurang Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 779 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,021 |percentage = 19.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,228 |percentage = 67.37% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,355}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,701|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|17.26|74.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Teliamura Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:53Z

TKMD: started new entry added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Teliamura
| mla = [[Kalyani Roy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Khowai district|Khowai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:45226}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Teliamura Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 28
}}

'''Teliamura''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India – Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map – Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Khowai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/khowai.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Teliamura Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. K. Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Anil Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Jitendra Sarkar
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Gita Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=3 | Jitendra Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ashok Kumar Baidya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | Gouri Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kalyani Saha Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kalyani Saha Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,755 |percentage=42.10% |change={{decrease}}14.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,603 |percentage=31.67% |change={{increase}}30.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijit Sarkar |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=8,904 |percentage=22.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Debnath |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabi Chowdhury |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=575 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=358 |percentage=0.90% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,152 |percentage=10.43% |change= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,799 |percentage=89.52% |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,226 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kalyani Saha Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,077 |percentage=56.37% |change={{increase}}55.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouri Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,898 |percentage=38.04% |change={{decrease}}12.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityagopal Rudra Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=438 |percentage=1.12% |change={{decrease}}45.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chinta Kumar Debbarma |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=432 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=359 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=328 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,179 |percentage=18.33% |change= {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,166 |percentage=89.98% |change= {{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,907 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouri Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,357 |percentage=50.20% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gourisankar Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,044 |percentage=46.61% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patal Kanya Jamatia |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=422 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=386 |percentage=1.06% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biswajit Debroy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=362 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,313 |percentage=3.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,571 |percentage=93.51% |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,199 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouri Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,816 |percentage=50.10% |change={{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,647 |percentage=46.15% |change={{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Rudrapaul |party=Amra Bangali |votes=595 |percentage=2.01% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Kanta Sarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=512 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,169 |percentage=3.95% |change= {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,570 |percentage=92.68% |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,996 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,579 |percentage=51.70% |change={{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,856 |percentage=44.62% |change={{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Rudrapaul |party=Amra Bangali |votes=508 |percentage=2.09% |change={{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhir Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumud Ranjan Deb |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,723 |percentage=7.08% |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,330 |percentage=78.00% |change= {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,249 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,789 |percentage=48.09% |change={{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,457 |percentage=46.61% |change={{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paresh Chandra Biswas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=879 |percentage=3.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Rudrapaul |party=Amra Bangali |votes=309 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=332 |percentage=1.48% |change= {{decrease}}16.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,434 |percentage=79.09% |change= {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,827 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,028 |percentage=49.91% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,092 |percentage=32.10% |change={{decrease}}14.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,859 |percentage=8.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuban Bijoy Majumder |party=Amra Bangali |votes=1,678 |percentage=7.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brihalal Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,936 |percentage=17.81% |change= {{increase}}15.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,096 |percentage=81.45% |change= {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,502 |percentage=48.77% |change={{increase}}11.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Baidya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,111 |percentage=46.77% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Rudra Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=391 |percentage=2.01% |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,482 |percentage=84.44% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,271 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gita Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,835 |percentage=42.48% |change={{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,984 |percentage=37.19% |change={{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouranga Rudrapaul |party=Independent politician |votes=3,271 |percentage=20.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=851 |percentage=5.29% |change= {{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,090 |percentage=83.15% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,668 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,769 |percentage=42.31% |change={{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Chakraborty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,387 |percentage=24.84% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhay Kumar Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=1,975 |percentage=14.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Acharjee |party=Janata Party |votes=1,260 |percentage=9.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Roy |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,099 |percentage=8.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kanti Nath |party=Proutist Bloc, India |votes=145 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,382 |percentage=17.47% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,635 |percentage=78.97% |change= {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,521 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Sarkar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,458 |percentage=51.19% |change={{increase}}20.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Chandra Barman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,847 |percentage=36.08% |change={{decrease}}28.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhamoy Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,146 |percentage=10.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhindra Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,611 |percentage=15.11% |change= {{decrease}}19.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,663 |percentage=73.05% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,984 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}40.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Teliamura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,558 |percentage=64.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. C. Sarker |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,435 |percentage=30.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Das |party=Independent politician |votes=899 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,123 |percentage=34.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,892 |percentage=73.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,242 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Khowai district]]
* [[Teliamura]]
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.83|91.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Khowai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Gohana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:26Z

TKMD: New new post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gohana
|type= SLA
| map_image = Gohana Assembly constituency map.svg
|mla = [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = 2024
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
|constituency_no = 32
|established = 
| electors = 1,95,623
|reservation = None
}}
'''Gohana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]] district. As of 2024, its representative is [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]] of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party ]].<ref name=results2019/>{{update after|2024|10}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gohana Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/gohana.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="3" | Ram Dhari Gaur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ganga Ram Lathwal || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kitab Singh Malik || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Kishan Singh
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Kitab Singh Malik || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Jagbir Singh Malik]] || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Ram Kuwar Saini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || rowspan=1 | [[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,055 |percentage=43.62 |change={{increase}}20.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,626 |percentage=35.65 |change={{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Chhikara |party=Independent politician |votes=14,761 |percentage=11.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajvir Singh Dahiya |party=Independent politician |votes=8,824 |percentage=6.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar Rangeela |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=954 |percentage=0.73 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=925 |percentage=0.71 |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=438 |percentage=0.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,429 |percentage=7.97 |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,786 |percentage=67.03 |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,623 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,531 |percentage=33.39 |change={{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Saini |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=35,379 |percentage=29.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tirath Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,972 |percentage=22.78 |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Malik |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=11,185 |percentage=9.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupender Vakil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,585 |percentage=1.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharambir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,470 |percentage=1.24 |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=779 |percentage=0.66 |change={{decrease}}31.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,152 |percentage=3.51 |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,387 |percentage=68.77 |change= {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,140 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,393 |percentage=35.34 |change={{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Krishan Chander Banger |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,165 |percentage=32.58 |change={{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander Jangra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,365 |percentage=24.22 |change={{increase}}15.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pt. Umesh Kumar Sharma |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=2,219 |percentage=1.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Gajraj Kaushik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,692 |percentage=1.44 |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Barwasniya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,644 |percentage=1.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,218 |percentage=1.04 |change={{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=612 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,228 |percentage=2.76 |change= {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,130 |percentage=75.63 |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,882 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,249 |percentage=42.48 |change={{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atul Malik |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=22,233 |percentage=26.79 |change={{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,816 |percentage=11.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,234 |percentage=8.72 |change={{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Tayal |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,897 |percentage=4.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Sharma (Gudha) |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,001 |percentage=2.41 |change={{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=530 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Narender Arya |party=[[Rashtriya Arya Raj Sabha|RARS]] |votes=515 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=0.61 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,016 |percentage=15.68 |change= {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,987 |percentage=64.34 |change= {{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,991 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,000 |percentage=46.19 |change={{increase}}30.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=28,598 |percentage=31.45 |change={{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatender S/O Ramdhari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,490 |percentage=13.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender S/O Surat Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,041 |percentage=5.54 |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Singh |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=545 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravneet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chander Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,402 |percentage=14.74 |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,933 |percentage=70.45 |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,083 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kuwar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,059 |percentage=29.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=13,601 |percentage=17.23 |change={{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,185 |percentage=15.43 |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender S/O Kidar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,138 |percentage=9.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=5,138 |percentage=6.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Independent politician |votes=4,996 |percentage=6.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,234 |percentage=5.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,315 |percentage=4.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,109 |percentage=2.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasib Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,146 |percentage=1.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash |party=Janata Party |votes=535 |percentage=0.68 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,458 |percentage=11.98 |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,950 |percentage=68.52 |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,301 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagbir Singh Malik]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,837 |percentage=28.88 |change={{increase}}20.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=21,965 |percentage=27.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,825 |percentage=22.54 |change={{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,666 |percentage=12.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,015 |percentage=2.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh S/O Ransingh |party=Independent politician |votes=876 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=1.07 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=872 |percentage=1.10 |change= {{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,085 |percentage=68.98 |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,499 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=27,057 |percentage=38.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,349 |percentage=25.98 |change={{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=15,185 |percentage=21.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=5,989 |percentage=8.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,040 |percentage=2.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=0.95 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,708 |percentage=12.33 |change= {{decrease}}13.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,624 |percentage=65.38 |change= {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}6.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=32,894 |percentage=45.07 |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,772 |percentage=18.87 |change={{decrease}}20.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=12,179 |percentage=16.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Independent politician |votes=10,775 |percentage=14.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,330 |percentage=1.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsarup Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh S/O Puran |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,122 |percentage=26.20 |change= {{increase}}14.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,982 |percentage=71.70 |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,064 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=32,372 |percentage=51.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhari Gaur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,940 |percentage=39.52 |change={{increase}}23.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,753 |percentage=7.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=531 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,432 |percentage=11.78 |change= {{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,105 |percentage=74.40 |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=18,649 |percentage=38.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Janata Party |votes=17,337 |percentage=35.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,814 |percentage=16.12 |change={{decrease}}24.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,450 |percentage=7.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunehra |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=1.07 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,312 |percentage=2.71 |change= {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,481 |percentage=65.66 |change= {{decrease}}9.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,479 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari Gaur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,206 |percentage=41.01 |change={{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,505 |percentage=30.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siri Chand |party=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha |votes=5,666 |percentage=12.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,937 |percentage=11.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bije Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,662 |percentage=3.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=0.94 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,701 |percentage=10.59 |change= {{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,395 |percentage=76.27 |change= {{increase}}7.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,313 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,970 |percentage=43.56 |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,202 |percentage=41.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Ram |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,953 |percentage=13.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhan |party=Independent politician |votes=327 |percentage=0.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=768 |percentage=2.09 |change= {{decrease}}18.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,659 |percentage=68.23 |change= {{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,626 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Gohana<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228150129/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,898 |percentage=51.30 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,901 |percentage=30.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,883 |percentage=15.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap |party=Independent politician |votes=370 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Dhan |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.82 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.25 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,997 |percentage=20.62 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,785 |percentage=76.89 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,803 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sonipat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.14|76.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Santrampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:00Z

TKMD: started basic info initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Santrampur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 123
| map_image = 123 Santrampur Map.jpg
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kuber Dindor|Dr. Kuberbhai Mansukhbhai Dindor]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:238708}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Santrampur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Santrampur Taluka (Part) Villages – Chitva, Bugad, Bugadna Muvada, Kanzara (Sant), Vyar, Paniyar, Bhana Simal, Khedaya (Pratapgadh), Kunda, Bhamari, Simaliya, Sarad, Kotra, Moti Kyar, Nani Kyar, Kyariya, Taladra, Pithapur (Borvada), Nalai, Timbla, Bhandara, Batakwada, Molara, Ukhreli, Daliyati, Bhenadra, Sagvadiya (Sant), Kanjara (Sant), Barikota, Pancha Muvadi, Metana Muvada, Dotawada, Surpur, Mota Sarnaiya, Babrol, Gada, Sangawada, Vadiya, Kasalpur, Endra, Moti Kharsoli, Vanta (Mahetana), Vavia Muvada, Kasiya, Asivada, Chela Pagina Muvada, Gala Talawadi, Gamdi, Pagina Muvada, Kothina Muvada, Movasa, Bavana Saliya, Dahela, Bhotva (West), Limada Muvadi, Ranijini Padedi, Lalakpur, Garadiya, Malanpur, Nana Natva, Sada, Babrai, Hirapura, Vanjiya Khunt, Narsingpur, Timbharva, Sant (Rampur), Zab (West), Hadani Sarsan, Moti Sarsan, Ranani Sarsan, Chhayan, Savgadh, Boidiya, Guvaliya, Galaliya, Nani Sarsan, Andarsing Na Muvada, Gothibda, Kosamba, Benada, Hathipura, Nes Hathipura, Gothib, Nana Ambela, Mota Ambela, Galakhedi, Bhavanpura, Parthampur, Kherva, Padedi Ador, Kotvat, Khodadra, Falwa, Valakhedi, Rayaniya, Ratanpur (Gothib), Kaliya Amba, Bhotva (East), Kaduchi, Janvad, Ranela, Sanbar, Sukatimba, Moralnaka, Chinchani, Moti Bhugedi, Nani Bhugedi, Sagan Faliya, Santrampur (M)
# [[Kadana]] Taluka

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1962 || Virsinghbhai Jotibhai Bhabhor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 1967 || K.K. Parmar
|-
| 1972 || [[Jivabhai Motibhai Damor]]
|-
| 1975 || [[Jivabhai Motibhai Damor]]
|-
| 1980 || [[Jivabhai Motibhai Damor]]
|-
| 1985 || [[Prabodhkant Pandya]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1990 || [[Prabodhkant Pandya]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 1995 || Dr. Bhamat Mansingh Vallabhbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1998 || Dr. Bhamat Mansingh Vallabhbhai
|-
| 2002 || [[Prabodhkant Pandya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2007 || Paranjayadityasinhji Krishnakumarsinhji Parmar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2012 || Damor Gendalbhai Motibhai
|-
| 2017 || [[Kuber Dindor|Kuberbhai Dindor]]<ref name=election2017/> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kuber Dindor|Kuberbhai Dindor]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Santrampur Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kuber Dindor]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=49964|percentage=34.99|change={{down}}14.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gendalbhai Motibhai Damor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34387|percentage=24.08|change={{down}}20.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babubhai Hirabhai Damor|party=Independent|votes=28631|percentage=20.05|change={{up}} 20.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parvat Vagodia Fauji<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=24554|percentage=17.19|change={{up}} 17.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3039|percentage=2.13|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=10.91|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:233219}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Santrampur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kuber Dindor]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,362
|percentage = 49.07
|change = +16.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gendalbhai Damor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=61,938|percentage=44.46|change=-7.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raju Valavai|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,378|percentage=1.71|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,424|percentage=4.61|change=-15.5}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,322|percentage=66.78|change=-3.54}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gendalbhai Damor
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 68026
|percentage = 53.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mansinh Bhamat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 42372
|percentage = 33.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25654
|percentage = 20.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127590
|percentage = 70.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.19|73.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mahisagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:28Z

TKMD: Made Post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kuchinapudi
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| constituency_no = 92
| type= SLA
|electors = {{formatnum:114305}}
| established = 1955
| abolished = 2008
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| reservation = None
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
}}

'''Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> in [[Guntur district]]. It was abolished by the 2008 delimitation.

==History of the constituency==
After the passing of the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Act, 1952, the Kuchinapudi constituency was first created for the [[Andhra state]] Legislative Assembly in 1955.<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> It's extent was Repalle taluk (excluding Repalle and Cherukupalli firkas). After the passing of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it became a part of the new [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> There is no change in the extent of constituency according to the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Act, 1962''. After the passing of the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Act, 1976, its extent was the Kuchinapudi firka (excluding any area included in
Repalle municipality) and Chodayapalem, Pedamatlapudi and
Dhulipudi firkas in Repalle taluk.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

It was not present in the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 and hence was defunct as of the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
It was a part of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] segments, namely, [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]], [[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]], [[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]], [[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]], [[Martur Assembly constituency|Martur]] and [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha & Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2004|url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2004/Statistical_Report_2004.pdf|website=www.ceotelangana.nic.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Angani Bhagavantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color| Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Evuru Subbarao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Angani Bhagavantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan =2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Anagani Bhagavanta Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Evuru Subba Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Mopidevi Nagabhushanam
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Seetharamamma Evuru
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Seetharamamma Evuru
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Seetharamamma Evuru
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Mopidevi Venkataramana|Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao]]<ref name="Mopidevi rewarded for loyalty to the YSR family">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mopidevi rewarded for loyalty to the YSR family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mopidevi-rewarded-for-loyalty-to-the-ysr-family/article31872792.ece |access-date=21 June 2024 |date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008015937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mopidevi-rewarded-for-loyalty-to-the-ysr-family/article31872792.ece |archive-date=8 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan =2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuchinapudi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mopidevi Venkataramana|Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao]]|votes=46,311|percentage=53.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kesana Sankara Rao|votes=37,770|percentage=43.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jangam Samelu|votes=1,884|percentage=2.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,541|percentage=9.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=86,665|percentage=75.81|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,305|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|16.79|80.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Guntur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Chandgad Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:42Z

TKMD: New new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandgad
| constituency_no = 271
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 271-Chandgad.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
| district = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Shivaji Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =329,791
}}
'''Chandgad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Chandgad (constituency number 271) is one of the ten Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Kolhapur district]]. This constituency covers the entire Chandgad [[tehsil]] and parts of the Ajara and Gadhinglaj tehsils of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=274}}</ref>

Chandgad is part of the [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]], [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]], [[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]], [[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]] and [[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandgad Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/chandgad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1951 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Vitthal Sitaram Patil
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Bhujang Narsing Patil
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"| Vithalrao Chavan Patil
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vasantrao Abasaheb Desai
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Vithalrao Bhairu Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| Vithalrao Chavan Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Narsingrao Gurunath Patil
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Bharmu Subarao Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"| Narsingrao Gurunath Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Krishnarao Rakhamajirao Desai Alias Babasaheb Kupekar
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2013^
| rowspan="2"| Sandhyadevi Desai Kupekar
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Shivaji Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad}}
{{Election box winning candidate |candidate=[[Shivaji Patil|Shivaji Shattupa Patil]] |party=[[Independent politician|IND]] |votes = 84,254 |percentage = 34.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,120 |percentage = 24.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandini alias Nandatai Kupekar - Babhulkar|party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 47,259 |percentage = 19.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appi Alias Vinayak Virgonda Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,582 |percentage = 9.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mansing Ganpati Khorate|party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 22,107 |percentage = 8.95% |change={{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 979 |percentage = 0.40% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,134 |percentage = 9.77% |change= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,48,064 |percentage = 75.22% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,47,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,29,791|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,558 |percentage = 25.40% |change={{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivaji Patil|Shivaji Shattupa Patil]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 51,173 |percentage = 23.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Appi Alias Vinayak Virgonda Patil |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 43,973 |percentage = 20.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangramsinh Kupekar Alias Sangramsinh Bhagyeshrao Desai Kupekar|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 33,215 |percentage = 15.18% |change={{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Kashinath Charati |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 12,078 |percentage = 5.52% |change={{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dattu Redekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,133 |percentage = 4.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aniruddh Kedari Redekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,133 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 0.82% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,385 |percentage = 2.00% |change= {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,20,923 |percentage = 68.76% |change= {{decrease}}3.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,18,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,21,301|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sandhyadevi Krushnarao Desai Kupekar|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 51,599 |percentage = 23.84% |change={{decrease}}26.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,400 |percentage = 20.06% |change={{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appi Alias Vinayak Virgonda Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,847 |percentage = 13.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharmu Anna Subarao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,964 |percentage = 12.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangramsinh Bhagyeshrao Desai Alias Sangramsinh Kupekar |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 25,844 |percentage = 11.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadyanawar Rajendra Shamrao |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 19,897 |percentage = 9.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithhalrao Alias Sambhajirao Babasaheb Desai |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,032 |percentage = 1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,191 |percentage = 0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,199 |percentage = 3.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,17,693 |percentage = 71.78% |change= {{increase}}7.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,16,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,03,275|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}26.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 elections in India#Maharashtra|2013 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Kupakar Sandhyadevi Krushnarao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 93,486 |percentage = 50.65% |change={{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadyanawar Rajendra Shamrao |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 68,639 |percentage = 37.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. S. Arjun |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,448 |percentage = 12.16% |change={{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,847 |percentage = 13.46% |change= {{increase}}10.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,84,573 |percentage = 63.77% |change= {{decrease}}14.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,84,573}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,89,418|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Krishnarao Rakhamajirao Alias Babasaheb Kupekar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,194 |percentage = 30.87% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopalrao Motiram Patil |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 58,862 |percentage = 28.31% |change={{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharmuanna Subarao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,915 |percentage = 13.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,638 |percentage = 11.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Shripatrao Dinkarrao |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,887 |percentage = 5.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Shamarao Gadyanavar |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,186 |percentage = 3.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Pralhad Vishvanath |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,651 |percentage = 2.24% |change={{decrease}}30.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,332 |percentage = 2.56% |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,08,021 |percentage = 77.90% |change= {{decrease}}4.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,07,950}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,67,039|ref = |change= {{increase}}49.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Jan Surajya Shakti |swing= {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 47,738 |percentage = 32.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharamu Subarao Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,727 |percentage = 32.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopalrao Motiram Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 43,204 |percentage = 29.40% |change={{decrease}}18.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble B. K. Sir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,688 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sutar Namdev Basavant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,529 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darawajkar Bashir Gulmahammad |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,379 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Natalekar Ramchandra Ananda |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11 |percentage = 0.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,46,975 |percentage = 82.02% |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,46,961}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,187|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Jan Surajya Shakti |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,805 |percentage = 48.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharmu Subrao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 52,749 |percentage = 42.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Patil Sureshrao Vitthalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,729 |percentage = 3.80% |change={{decrease}}37.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darawajkar Bashir Gulmahammad |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,490 |percentage = 3.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Sampat Gajanan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,612 |percentage = 2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,056 |percentage = 5.66% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,29,008 |percentage = 81.97% |change= {{decrease}}2.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,24,555}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,375|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bharamu Subarao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 58,347 |percentage = 45.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,264 |percentage = 41.70% |change={{decrease}}13.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Redekar Kedari Balkrishna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,681 |percentage = 10.71% |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bandiwadekar Maruti Satappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,021 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Maruti Dhondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 827 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,083 |percentage = 3.98% |change= {{decrease}}18.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,30,819 |percentage = 83.73% |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,27,720}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,242|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,826 |percentage = 55.17% |change={{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharamu Subarao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,783 |percentage = 33.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Tamaji Shatupa |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,431 |percentage = 8.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Ramrao Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,035 |percentage = 1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant - Bhosale Shivajirao Hanmantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,057 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,043 |percentage = 21.99% |change= {{increase}}18.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,06,908 |percentage = 75.24% |change= {{decrease}}5.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,04,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,084|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Patil V. K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,232 |percentage = 35.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,387 |percentage = 32.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Baliram Dattatraya |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 30,097 |percentage = 31.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,845 |percentage = 3.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,609 |percentage = 81.44% |change= {{increase}}7.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,506}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,630|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}14.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. K. Chavan Patil |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 38,695 |percentage = 49.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 32,205 |percentage = 41.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. R. Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,960 |percentage = 7.68% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Desai Dattajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 745 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,490 |percentage = 8.36% |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,523 |percentage = 73.73% |change= {{decrease}}3.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,605}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,851|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao Bhairu Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,556 |percentage = 36.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Gurunath Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,749 |percentage = 35.46% |change={{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Bhujang Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,007 |percentage = 19.89% |change={{decrease}}9.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dundagekar (Patil) Namadeo Ramchandra |party=Janata Party |votes = 6,129 |percentage = 8.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 807 |percentage = 1.07% |change= {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,178 |percentage = 78.20% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,970|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Vasantrao Abasaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,730 |percentage = 39.30% |change={{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Patil V. K. |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,966 |percentage = 30.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Bhujang Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,368 |percentage = 29.19% |change={{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khavare Ganapati Dhondiba |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 858 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,764 |percentage = 9.16% |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,510 |percentage = 77.25% |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,922}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,803|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. K. Chavan Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,568 |percentage = 50.85% |change={{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Bhujang Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,058 |percentage = 45.86% |change={{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. R. Bandekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,510 |percentage = 4.99% |change= {{decrease}}23.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,897 |percentage = 71.90% |change= {{increase}}8.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,283}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,573|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. K. Chavan Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,930 |percentage = 59.68% |change={{increase}}37.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravalnath Bhagoji Madholkar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,447 |percentage = 31.04% |change={{decrease}}20.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Raghoba Bandekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,667 |percentage = 6.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshwant Tukaram Kambale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,483 |percentage = 28.64% |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,512 |percentage = 63.92% |change= {{increase}}0.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,505|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Bhujang Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,170 |percentage = 51.92% |change={{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Dhondo Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,154 |percentage = 26.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Patil Vithal Kallappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,674 |percentage = 21.93% |change={{decrease}}15.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,016 |percentage = 25.76% |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,998 |percentage = 59.53% |change= {{decrease}}9.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,998}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,795|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandgad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Sitaram Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,125 |percentage = 62.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Venkat Paravatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,272 |percentage = 37.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,397 |percentage = 68.62% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,397}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,582|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chandgad]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|15.95|74.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

EOS-09

2026-04-02T10:54:50Z

TKMD: New info

{{Short description|Indian radar imaging satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = EOS-09
| names_list = Radar Imaging Satellite-1B
| image = EOS-9 during Integration.webp
| image_caption = EOS-9 during Integration
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = [[Imaging radar]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_PSLV_C61_EOS_09.html|ISRO PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 Mission}}
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned) Failed to orbit
| spacecraft = EOS-09
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| launch_mass =
| dry_mass = 
| dimensions = 
| power = 
| launch_date = 18 May 2025, 05:59 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C61]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad (FLP)]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="ISRO-C52"/>
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|526.7|km}} (planned)
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|543.4|km}} (planned)
| orbit_inclination = 97.6°
| orbit_period = 95.2 minutes
| apsis = gee
| instruments = [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]] ([[C band (IEEE)|C-band]]) (SAR-C)
| programme = '''[[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|EOS series]]'''
| previous_mission = [[EOS-08]]
| next_mission = [[EOS-N1]]
| programme2 = '''[[RISAT|RISAT Series]]'''
| previous_mission2 = [[EOS-04]]
| next_mission2 = [[RISAT-2A]]
}}

'''EOS-09''' or '''Earth Observation Satellite-09''' (formerly known as RISAT-1B) was an [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] [[Imaging radar|radar imaging]] satellite designed to provide continuous and reliable remote sensing data for operational applications across various sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EOS-09|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_PSLV_C61_EOS_09.html|work=[[ISRO]]|access-date=2025-05-18|archive-date=16 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516062456/https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_PSLV_C61_EOS_09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was intended to be a follow on to [[RISAT-1]] satellite with similar configuration. The satellite was developed by the ISRO and was the seventh in the series of [[RISAT]] satellites.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/risat-1.htm |title=RISAT 1, 1A, 1B (EOS 04) |work=Gunter's Space Page |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226005804/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/risat-1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nic-20230329">{{cite web |url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU4702.pdf |title=Unstarred Question No. 4702 |work=[[Lok Sabha]] |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |date=29 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329144006/https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU4702.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=865 |title=Mission Summary - RISAT-1B |work=[[Committee on Earth Observation Satellites|CEOS]] |date=2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226005804/http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=865 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Satellite description ==
[[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)]] can be used for [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] irrespective of the light and weather conditions of the area being imaged.<ref name="hindu-risat1radar">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article3350204.ece|title=RISAT-1's radar can see through clouds and work in darkness|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=N. Gopal|last=Raj}}</ref> It complements/supplements data from [[Resourcesat-2|Resourcesat]], [[Cartosat]] and [[RISAT-2B]] Series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=PSLV-C52/EOS-04 Brochure - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c52-eos-04-mission/pslv-c52-eos-04-brochure|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.isro.gov.in|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209140030/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c52-eos-04-mission/pslv-c52-eos-04-brochure|url-status=dead}}</ref> The satellite carries a [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and has a liftoff mass of {{cvt|1710|kg}}.<ref name="ISRO-C52">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c52-eos-04-mission|title=PSLV-C52/EOS-04 Mission|access-date=9 February 2022|publisher=ISRO|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209012447/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c52-eos-04-mission|url-status=dead}}</ref> The EOS-09 orbit is expected to be in a polar and [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] (SSO) at 05:30 AM LTDN, at approximate altitude of 529 km.<ref name="UIM2016">{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=O.V. Raghav|date=3 February 2016|title=Future Earth Observation Missions of ISRO, NRSC User Interaction Meet 2016|url=http://nrsc.gov.in/sites/all/pdf/modnrscUIM%20_Raghava%20Reddy_1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203144958/http://nrsc.gov.in/sites/all/pdf/modnrscUIM%20_Raghava%20Reddy_1.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

== Launch Failure ==
The [[PSLV-C61]] mission launched EOS-9 on 18 May 2025 at 5:59 AM IST. The first and second stages performed nominally, however, the third stage experienced an anomaly which resulted in loss of mission. ISRO is investigating the failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EOS-09 mission unsuccessful, will begin technical analysis, says ISRO chief - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/isro-launches-eos-09-aboard-pslv-c61-boosting-indias-surveillance-and-remote-sensing-powers/articleshow/121243650.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y63x4kjvAc0&ved=2ahUKEwjpgp_T-qqNAxUo1TgGHXjQAn4QwqsBegQIERAE&usg=AOvVaw3pJjTU4LNboN-XF9jIVe1l |title=ISRO's 101st Launch {{!}} PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 {{!}} 18 May 2025 |date=2025-05-17 |last=ISRO Official |access-date=2025-05-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[PSLV-C61]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[ISRO]]
* [[RISAT]]
* [[PSLV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{PSLV}}
{{RISAT satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites}}
{{Orbital launches in 2025}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2025]]
[[Category:RISAT]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in India]]

{{India-spacecraft-stub}}

Eastern world

2026-03-28T14:01:46Z

TKMD: updated layout after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Countries predominantly situated in Asia}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Redirect-multi|3|Eastern powers|Easterners|Eastern states|historical politics in Korea|Easterners (Korean political faction)|the region of the United States|Eastern United States|other uses|Eastern Power (disambiguation)|and}}
}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Modern Asia (1796).tif|thumb|The Eastern world in a 1796 map, which included the continents of Asia and [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] (then known as [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]).]]
The '''Eastern world''', also known as '''the East''' or historically '''the [[Orient]]''', is an [[Hyponymy and hypernymy|umbrella term]] for various [[culture]]s or [[Society|social structures]], nations and [[Philosophy|philosophical systems]], which vary depending on the context. It most often includes [[Asia]], the [[Mediterranean region]] and the [[Arab world]], specifically in historical ([[Post-classical history|pre-modern]]) contexts, and in modern times in the context of [[Orientalism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=William |author2=Joseph Hickey |year=2005 |title=Society in Focus |publisher=[[Pearson plc]] |location =Boston |id=0-205-41365-X}}</ref> The Eastern world is often seen as a [[Counterpart theory|counterpart]] to the [[Western world]].

The various regions included in the term are varied, hard to generalize, and do not have a single shared common heritage. Although the various parts of the Eastern world share many common threads, most notably being in the "[[Global South]]", they have never historically defined themselves collectively. The term originally had a literal geographic meaning, referring to the eastern part of the [[Old World]], contrasting the cultures and civilizations of Asia with those of Western Europe (or the [[Western world]]).

Conceptually, the boundary between east and west is more cultural and historical, rather than geographical, as a result of which [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], which were founded as [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|British settler colonies]], are typically grouped with the Western world despite being geographically closer to the Eastern world, while the [[Soviet Central Asia|Central Asian nations]] of the former [[Soviet Union]], are grouped in the East.<ref name=Mestrovic>{{cite book | last = Meštrovic | first = Stjepan | title = Balkanization of the West: The Confluence of Postmodernism and Postcommunism | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-203-34464-2 | page = 61}}</ref> Other than much of Asia and [[Africa]], Western Europe has absorbed almost all of the societies of the [[Americas]], and [[Oceania]] into the Western world because of [[settler colonialism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/fine_arts.html |title=Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa |publisher=Brasembottawa.org |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013145/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/fine_arts.html |archive-date=2011-04-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Falcoff |first=Mark |url=http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.11413/pub_detail.asp |title=Chile Moves On |publisher=AEI |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417075124/http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.11413/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=2009-04-17 }}</ref>

Countries such as the [[Philippines]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heydarian |first=Richard |date=2015-01-12 |title=Philippines' Shallow Capitalism: Westernization Without Prosperity |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-javad-heydarian/philippines-shallow-capit_b_6441868.html |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Chester L.|title=The 'Americanization' Process in the Philippines |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/45071116 |journal=[[India Quarterly]]|year=1956 |volume=12|issue=2|pages=117–130|doi=10.1177/097492845601200204 |jstor=45071116 |s2cid=152671922 |access-date=July 5, 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> which are geographically located in the Eastern world, may be considered [[Westernization|Western]] in some aspects of their society, culture and politics due to immigration and historical cultural influences from the [[United States]] and [[Western Europe]].

== Overview ==
{{overview section|date=December 2025}}
As with other regions of the world, Asia consists of many different, extremely diverse countries, ethnic groups and cultures.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cartmill|first=Matt|title=The Status of the Race Concept in Physical Anthropology|date=September 1998|access-date=16 October 2021|url=https://pages.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/courses/anth42web/CartmillRaceConcept1998.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627144817/https://pages.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/courses/anth42web/CartmillRaceConcept1998.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2021|page=651-660}}</ref> This concept is further debated because in some [[English-speaking world|English-speaking countries]], common vernacular associates the "Asian" identity to people of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin,<ref>For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's [http://www.pickthetick.org.nz/bmi/ BMI calculator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531222922/http://www.pickthetick.org.nz/bmi/ |date=2009-05-31 }}.</ref><ref name="Asia Society">{{cite web|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|title= Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation|url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/why-some-brown-asians-feel-left-out-asian-american-conversation|date=October 19, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2022|website=[[Asia Society]]|quote=And that, unfortunately, did not include any South Asians and only one Filipino. That caused a bit of an outcry. It raises a legitimate issue, of course, one about how 'brown Asians' often feel excluded from the Asian American conversation.}}</ref> while in some countries the "Asian" identity is associated with people of South Asian origin, and in other contexts, Asian regions such as the [[Indian subcontinent]] are included with East Asia. [[West Asia]] (which includes [[Israel]], part of the [[Arab world]], [[Iran]], etc.), which may or may not see themselves part of the Eastern world, are sometimes considered "Middle Eastern" and separate from Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khatib |first=Lina |author-link=Lina Khatib |title=Filming the modern Middle East: politics in the cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab world |volume=57 | series=Library of Modern Middle East Studies, Library of International Relations |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |year=2006 |isbn=1-84511-191-5 |pages= 166–167, 173}}</ref>

The division between 'East' and 'West', formerly referred to as [[Orient]] and [[Occident]], is a product of European cultural history and of the distinction between [[Christendom|Christian Europe]] and the cultures beyond it to the East. With the [[European colonization of the Americas]], the [[East-West dichotomy]] became global. The concept of an Eastern, "Indian" ([[Indies]]) or "[[Oriental]]" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as [[Orientalism]], which is notable in being a Western conception of a unified Eastern world not limited to any specific region(s), but rather all of Asia together.<ref>Tromans, 6</ref><ref>from the Latin ''oriens''; ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref>

== Culture ==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2025}}
Eastern culture, also known as Eastern civilization, Asian civilization, Oriental culture, Eastern society, or simply the East, refers to the [[Cultural heritage|internally diverse culture]] of the Eastern world. The term "Eastern" encompasses the [[social norms]], [[ethical value]]s, [[Tradition|traditional customs]], [[belief systems]], [[political system]]s, [[Cultural artifact|artifacts]] and [[technology|technologies]] primarily rooted in [[History of Asia|Asian]] history. There are subgroups within Eastern culture, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as [[syncretism]] within these regions. These include the spread of [[Eastern religions]] such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Hinduism]], the usage of [[Chinese characters]] or [[Brahmic scripts]], language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others.

== See also ==
{{Portal |border=no|Asia|Civilizations|World}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Arab world]]
* [[Asia-Pacific]]
* [[Buddhism by country]]
* [[Byzantine commonwealth]]
* [[Christendom]]
* [[Continental union]]
* [[East Asian cultural sphere]]
* [[East–West dichotomy]]
* [[Far East]]
* [[Globalization]]
* [[Global East]]
* [[Global North and Global South]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Greater Iran]]
* [[Greater Middle East]]
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[Muslim world]]
* [[Near East]]
* [[Western world]]
* [[Westernization]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Eastern world}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Cultural concepts]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Historiography of Asia]]
[[Category:Eastern culture]]
[[Category:Eurocentrism]]

Visvesvaraya Centre

2026-03-27T02:51:29Z

TKMD: started basic details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Famous brutalist building}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Visvesvaraya Centre
| alternate_names = Visvesvaraya Towers, VV Towers
| image = Visvesvaraya Tower Bangalore 5-31-2008 4-49-07 PM.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Visvesvaraya Centre as seen from the South-West, on B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
| coordinates = {{coord|12.982425|77.595785|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| architectural_style = [[Brutalist]]
| address =
| completion_date = 1983
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| height = {{convert|85|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| material = [[Concrete]]
| size =
| floor_count = 21 
| floor_area =
| architect = [[Charles Correa]]
| architecture_firm =
| parking =
| public_transit = [[Cubbon Park metro station]]
| website = 
| references =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Visvesvaraya Centre''' (better known as Visvesvaraya Towers) is a government office complex in [[Bangalore]]. The complex was built on the site of the former house of [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]], after his death, and gets its name from him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/an-architectural-gem/articleshow/61093558.cms |title=An Architectural Gem|access-date=1 September 2024 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |publisher=India Times |date=16 October 2017}}</ref> Initially constructed for the [[Life Insurance Corporation]], it was later bought by the [[Government of Karnataka|state government]] to house government offices.

== Design ==
The complex was designed by [[Charles Correa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-18 |title=A master architect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/A-master-architect/article60175969.ece |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It features two prominent [[concrete]] towers of 22 stories (southern) and 12 stories (northern), connected by a three story podium block.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=Past Perfect: Architecture and Public Life in Bangalore |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2002 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1205–1236 |doi=10.2307/3096440 |jstor=3096440 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096440 |access-date=1 September 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The podium features open air stairs, and was designed to be a public meeting space, with its multi-level roofs functioning as a courtyard. The eastern section of the podium houses a canteen, where the employees in the building have lunch. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Rajbhavan Road and Infantry Road bound the complex on the western, southern and northern sides. In 2021, the Directorate of Urban Land Transport proposed the construction of a public plaza in the southwest corner of the plot, called VV Towers Plaza, facing Police Thimmaiah Circle. The plaza was completed by Karnataka Rural Infrastructure Development Corporation in 2023, however it was not opened to the public.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Y Maheswara |title=Space Conquest |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/space-conquest/articleshow/99697266.cms |access-date=1 September 2024 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |publisher=India Times |date=2023-04-23}}</ref> The plaza featured a public seating area, sculptures and bicycle parking.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
The towers were constructed in the 1980s, when the Bangalore Urban Art Commission (BUAC), inspired by the [[City Beautiful movement]], insisted on low rise and neoclassical buildings. The brutalist architecture of the towers and the high rise structures stood in sharp contrast to the [[neoclassical architecture]] of [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Attara Kacheri]] and the General Post Office. The BUAC considered the buildings an eyesore. The towers also represented a shift in the city's expansion, from urban sprawl to high rise towers, following the lead of the [[Public Utility Building, Bangalore|Public Utility Building]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=The Promise of the Metropolis |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569044-6 |page=222 |edition=Paperback}}</ref> In 2001 the BUAC, ironically housed in the towers, was disbanded.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The towers are considered important as they are one of Charles Correa's first major projects in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/correa-remembered-vv-towers-2134990|title=Correa will be remembered best for VV towers |access-date=1 September 2024 |agency=Deccan Herald |date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

== Present status ==
The complex is home to various state government departments. The general public is not allowed into the premises, unless they have an appointment at one of the offices.

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = Visvesvaraya Centre
| align =
| footer =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:VV_Short_Tower_West_Face.jpg
| The western face of the shorter of the two towers in Visvesvaraya Centre, as seen from the adjacent sidewalk on B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi.
| alt1 =
| File:Visvesvaraya_Centre_Southern_Face.jpg
| The southern face of the taller of two towers, as seen from the sidewalk on Raj Bhavan Road.
| alt2 =
| File:VV_Towers_Minsk_Square.jpg
| Visvevaraya Towers with Prestige Minsk Square, as seen from the Minsk Square plaza
| alt3 =
| File:VV_Towers_Northern_Face.jpg
| The northern face as seen from Infantry Road.
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in India]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in India]]
[[Category:Charles Correa buildings]]

Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972

2026-03-25T19:02:09Z

TKMD:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for a scheme for the payment of gratuity to employees engaged in factories, mines, oilfields, plantations, ports, railway companies, shops or other establishments and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/11224/1/payment-of-gratuity-act-1972.pdf Act No. 39 of 1972]
| territorial_extent = India
| date_enacted = 21 August 1972
| date_commenced = 16 September 1972
| amended_by = {{ubli|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1984|Payment of Gratuity (Second Amendment) Act, 1984|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1994|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1998|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 2009|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 2010|Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 2018}}
| repealed_by = [[The Code on Social Security, 2020]]
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972''' is an Indian law that makes companies pay a one-time gratuity to retiring employees or employees who resign after a minimum of 5 years of service. The law applies to all companies of at least 10 employees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Payment of Gratuity in India |url=https://clc.gov.in/clc/sites/default/files/PaymentofGratuityAct.pdf |website=Chief Labour Commissioner (Central)}}</ref>

The gratuity is 15 days' wages for every year of employee service, or partial year over six months.

==Background==
In [[India]], gratuity is a type of [[retirement]] benefit. It is a payment made with the intent of monetarily helping an employee after his or her retirement. It was held by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in ''Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd v Its Workmen'' that the general principle underlying a gratuity scheme is that by service over a long period the employee is entitled to claim a certain amount as a retirement benefit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd vs Their Workmen on 8 February, 1968 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1998048/ |website=indiankanoon.org |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>

The Payment of Gratuity Act was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] on 21 August 1972 and it came into force on 16 September 1972.

==Application and extent==
The act applies to all factories, mines, oilfields, plantations, ports and railway companies. But in the case of shops or establishments, other than those stated before, it applies to those organisations with 15 or more people employed on any day of the preceding 12 months.

If the number of employee is below 10, the employer must still pay gratuities. Thus, no employer will be able to refuse gratuity under this act based on the number of employees. The act does not apply to apprentices and persons who hold civil posts under the Central Government or State Governments and are subjected to any other act or rule other than this act.<ref name="Act">{{cite web |title=The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 |url=http://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/ThePaymentofGratuityAct1972.pdf |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>

==Payment of gratuity: Eligibility and calculation==

Under Section 4, payment of gratuity is mandatory.<ref name=Act/> Gratuity shall be payable to an employee on termination of employment after he has rendered continuous service for not less than five years in a single organisation. The termination can be due to: [[Superannuation]], Retirement or resignation, and Death or [[disablement]] due to accident or disease.
As per Section 4(1), the completion of continuous service of 5 years is not required where termination of employment is due to death or disablement. In such case mandatory gratuity is payable.<ref name=Act/>
The unpaid gratuity amount is seized by government which is further used in holiday, vacations, parties and other fun related activities.

Gratuity is paid at a rate of 15 days' wages for every completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. The wages here means wages last drawn by the employee. The "15 days' wages" will be calculated by dividing the last drawn wages by 26 and multiplying the result with 15. But under Section 4(3), the maximum gratuity that is payable is fixed at ₹20,00,000. Any gratuity amount paid in excess of ₹20,00,000 is taxable in the employee's hands. <ref>{{cite news |title=Centre clears bill to double tax-free gratuity to Rs 20 lakh |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/centre-clears-bill-to-double-tax-free-gratuity-to-rs-20-lakh/articleshow/60480552.cms |accessdate=22 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/ThePaymentofGratuityAct1972.pdf The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (PDF)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972}}
[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Retirement in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1972]]
[[Category:Repealed Acts of the Parliament of India]]

Priya Cinema (Kolkata)

2026-03-23T04:59:23Z

TKMD: made new info

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Priya Entertainments Pvt Ltd
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status = Active
| image = File:Facade of Priya Cinema, Kolkata in 2024.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption = Facade of Priya Cinema, Kolkata in 2024
| location =
| address = 95, Rash Behari Avenue Kolkata, West Bengal 700029
| location_town = Kolkata
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5180|88.3544|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date = 22 May 1959
| inauguration_date = 22 May 1959
| landlord =
| owner = Priya Entertainments Pvt. Ltd
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| parking =
| embedded =
| references =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| altitude =
| building_type = Cinema hall
| architectural_style =
| client =
| current_tenants =
| renovation_date =
| other_dimensions =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity =
| elevator_count =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| image_map = Priya Cinema location in Kolkata.png
| website = {{Official website}}
}}
'''Priya Cinema''' is a uniplex cinema hall situated in [[Rashbehari Avenue]], near [[Deshapriya Park]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India.<ref name="Priya Cinema Hall">{{cite web|title=Priya Cinema Hall|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/movie_listings/Kolkata+Priya+Cinema+Hall.html|publisher=One India|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818141901/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/movie_listings/Kolkata%20Priya%20Cinema%20Hall.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Priya Cinema (Rash Behari Avenue) theatre">{{cite web|title=Priya Cinema (Rash Behari Avenue) theatre|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Priya-Cinema-%28Rash-Behari-Avenue%29-Kolkata-book-online-movie-tickets/10071/Theatres.html|publisher=No More Queue (website)|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626085216/http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Priya-Cinema-(Rash-Behari-Avenue)-Kolkata-book-online-movie-tickets/10071/Theatres.html|archive-date=26 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The management is run by Priya Entertainments Pvt. Ltd. under the leadership of the managing director '''Arijit Dutta'''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130301/jsp/entertainment/story_16617621.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615122925/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130301/jsp/entertainment/story_16617621.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 June 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Mohua | last=Das | title=The actor in Arijit | date=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-27/news-interviews/41496228_1_madras-cafe-shoojit-sircar-arijit-dutta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831082201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-27/news-interviews/41496228_1_madras-cafe-shoojit-sircar-arijit-dutta | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-08-31 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Mallaya of Madras Café: Who is he?}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/news-interviews/41436627_1_shoojit-sircar-vicky-donor-crew-members | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110124847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/news-interviews/41436627_1_shoojit-sircar-vicky-donor-crew-members | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-11-10 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shoojit Sircar is supportive, Q is cool: Arijit Dutta}}</ref><ref name="In sylvan surroundings">{{cite news|title=In sylvan surroundings|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051120/asp/look/story_5484926.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623202218/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051120/asp/look/story_5484926.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2006|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 November 2005|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> This is one of the first cinema halls in eastern India to have features like a [[Dolby Atmos]] [(sound system)], Xenon Christie projector, Recliner seats, QUBE digital projection system,<ref name="Priya Cinema History">{{cite web|title=Priya Cinema History|url=http://www.priyaentertainments.com/theatres.php?ti=9|publisher=Priya Cinema|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615221742/http://www.priyaentertainments.com/theatres.php?ti=9|archive-date=15 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harkness Screen and 2K Projection System.

== Film Distribution ==
The company's business extends to the [[Film distributor|distribution]] of films as well. They had been the sole distributors for the three biggest Hollywood studios- Sony Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney for releasing their films in Eastern India.. PEPL has also partnered with some of the big Indian production houses viz. UTV Films, NDTV Lumiere, Acropolis, Mumbai Mantra, National Film Development Corporation etc.

== Film Production ==
The house of Priya Entertainments began its journey in the 60s with producing widely acclaimed films like [[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]], [[Aranyer Dinratri]], [[Pratidwandi]] directed by [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Hatey Bazarey]] directed by [[Tapan Sinha]] and Chhuti-the first film directed by [[Arundhati Devi]]. It also produced many other films including Bonojyotsna, Saraswatir Pratigya and Kalochhaya.

Many of these films have won major national and international awards adding to the glory and heritage of this prestigious production house. Hatey Bajare won [[President's Gold Medal Award]] in 1967. [[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]] won a no. of awards in India and abroad including [[Best Direction Award]], [[India]] (1968), [[Best Film Award]], [[India]], Silver Cross, [[Adelaide]] and Best Director, [[Auckland]] in 1969, [[Merit Award]], [[Tokyo]], Best Film, [[Melbourne]] and President's Gold and Silver Medals, [[New Delhi]] in 1970. [[Aranyer Dinratri]] was nominated for [[Best Director Award]] [[Golden Bear]] in [[Berlin International Film Festival]] 1n 1970. [[Pratidwandi]] won the [[Best Direction Award]] and [[Best Screenplay Award]] in India in 1971.

Priya Entertainments also has the rare distinction of winning [[President's Gold Award]] for [[Best Producer]] for three years on the trot.

== See also ==
* [[Nandan (Kolkata)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.priyaentertainments.com/}}

{{Cinema in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Cinemas in Kolkata]]

Hindi cinema

2026-03-22T11:59:34Z

TKMD: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|none}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Bollywood|2=Talk:Hindi cinema#Requested move 15 March 2026}}
</noinclude> 
{{about|the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai|the entire film industry of India|Cinema of India}}
{{redirect|Bollywood|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Hindi cinema
| image = File:Indiafilm.svg
| image_size = 100px
| alt =
| caption =
| screens =
| screens_per_capita =
| distributors = {{ublist
| [[AA Films]]
| [[Dharma Productions]]
| [[Eros International]]
| [[Excel Entertainment]]
| [[Maddock Films]]
| [[Star Studios18]]
| [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| [[Tips Industries]]
| [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| [[Yash Raj Films]]
| [[Zee Studios]]<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bollywood Distributors|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/global/bollywood-distributors-1118008359/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=13 August 2018|date=10 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Leading Distributors 1995–2018|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/market/distributors|publisher=The Numbers|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>
}}
| produced_year = 2017
| produced_ref = <ref name="filmfed" />
| produced_total = 364
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref =
| admissions_total =
| admissions_per_capita =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year = 2019
| box_office_ref =
| box_office_total =
| box_office_national =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Hindi cinema''', popularly known as '''Bollywood''' and '''Bombay cinema''',{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=}} refers to India's Hindi-language film industry, based in [[Mumbai]]. The popular term Bollywood is a [[portmanteau]] of "Bombay" (another name for Mumbai)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0|title=Mumbai vs Bombay|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=11 October 2009|access-date=15 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> and "[[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]". The industry, producing films in the [[Hindi]] language, is a part of the larger [[Indian cinema]] industry, which also includes [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] and other smaller [[Cinema of India#Cinema by language|film industries]].<ref name="filmfed" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=88966|title='The word B'wood is derogatory'|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111101607/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=88966|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119022300/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2007|title=Hooray for Bollywood!|author=[[Richard Corliss]]|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=16 September 1996}}</ref> The term 'Bollywood', often mistakenly used to refer to Indian cinema as a whole, only refers to Hindi-language films, with ''Indian cinema'' being an umbrella term that includes all the [[Cinema of India#Cinema by language|film industries]] in the country, each offering films in diverse languages and styles.

In 2017, Indian cinema produced 1,986 feature films, of which the largest number, 364, have been in Hindi.<ref name="filmfed">{{cite web |title=Indian Feature Films Certified During The Year 2017 |url=https://www.filmfed.org/IFF2017.html |website=[[Film Federation of India]] |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124213649/https://filmfed.org/IFF2017.HTML |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, Hindi cinema represented 33% of box office revenue, followed by [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] representing 20% and 16% respectively.<ref name="Statista_2022">{{Cite web |title=Distribution of the Indian box office in 2022, by language |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/948615/india-box-office-share-by-language/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Statista}}</ref> Mumbai is one of the largest centres for film production in the world.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pippa |last1=de Bruyn|first2=Niloufer |last2=Venkatraman|first3=Keith |last3=Bain|title=Frommer's India|year=2006|publisher=Frommer's|isbn=978-0-471-79434-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579 579]|url=https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wasko |first=Janet|title=How Hollywood works|year=2003|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-6814-6|page=185|url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask/page/185/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood|year=2005|publisher=Roli Books|isbn=978-81-7436-378-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas/page/1970 1970]|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas/page/1970}}</ref> Hindi films sold an estimated 341 million tickets in India in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-01-31 |title=Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50% |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/footfallsforhindifilmsslumpupto50-11675188279041.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |quote=Footfalls for Hindi cinema fell to 189 million in 2022 from 341 million in 2019, 316 million in 2018 and 301 million in 2017, according to media consulting firm Ormax.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite slowdown, theatres see 8.9% jump in footfalls in 2019 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/despite-slowdown-theatres-see-8-9-jump-in-footfalls-in-2019-4953151.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Moneycontrol |date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier Hindi films tended to use vernacular [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], mutually intelligible by speakers of either Hindi or [[Urdu]], while modern Hindi productions increasingly incorporate elements of [[Hinglish]].<ref name="lang">
*{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Akshya |title=Vernacular English: Reading the Anglophone in Postcolonial India |date=March 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22313-1 |pages=170–171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3xIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |language=en|quote=Scholars of Hindi-Urdu film noted a gradual replacement of Urdu with English in these films ... the 'ideological work' of Urdu— its evocation of a pre-Partition composite culture and business practices—'has now been challenged by English, which provides the ideological coordinates of the new world of the Hindi film.'}}
*{{cite book |last1=Varia |first1=Kush |title=Bollywood: Gods, Glamour, and Gossip |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50260-3 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en |quote=The specific use of Hindi/Urdu has shifted through time with the films produced in the pre-independence era having a leaning towards Urdu and those of the post independence era leaning towards Hindi ... The use of Urdu has gradually declined since independence ...}}
*{{cite book |last1=M Madhava |first1=Prasad |editor1-last=Kavoori |editor1-first=Anandam P. |editor2-last=Punathambekar |editor2-first=Aswin|title=Global Bollywood |date=1 August 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-2944-1 |page=45 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&pg=PA45 |language=en |chapter=Surviving Bollywood}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |author1-link=Tejaswini Ganti |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA69 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Virdi |first1=Jyotika |title=The Cinematic ImagiNation [sic]: Indian Popular Films as Social History |date=2003 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8PKObcYMDIC&pg=PA20 |language=en |quote=... the extent of Urdu used in commercial Hindi cinema has not been stable ... Although the shift was gradual and two generations communicated with each other through a blend of Urdu and Hindi, known as Hindustani, the ultimate victory of Hindi in the official sphere has been more or less complete. .. The decline of Urdu is mirrored in Hindi films ... It is true that many Urdu words have survived and have become part of Hindi cinema's popular vocabulary. But that is as far as it goes.}}</ref>

The most popular commercial genre in Hindi cinema since the 1970s has been the [[masala film]], which freely mixes different genres including [[Action film|action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] and [[melodrama]] along with [[Music of Bollywood|musical numbers]].<ref name="Ganti2004" /><ref>Nelmes, Jill. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jcCADouuE_UC ''An introduction to film studies'']. p. 367.</ref> Masala films generally fall under the [[musical film]] genre, of which Indian cinema has been the largest producer since the 1960s when it exceeded the American film industry's total musical output after musical films declined in the West. The first Indian [[Sound film|talkie]], ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931), was produced in the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] language, four years after Hollywood's first sound film, ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' (1927).

Alongside commercial masala films, a distinctive genre of [[art film]]s known as [[parallel cinema]] has also existed, presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical numbers. In more recent years, the distinction between commercial masala and parallel cinema has been gradually blurring, with an increasing number of mainstream films adopting the conventions which were once strictly associated with parallel cinema.

== History ==
=== Early history (1890s–1930s) ===
In 1897, a film presentation by Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at [[Calcutta]]'s Star Theatre. With Stevenson's encouragement and camera, [[Hiralal Sen]], an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, ''The Flower of Persia'' (1898).<ref name="Hiralal2">{{cite web |last = McKernan |first = Luke|date = 31 December 1996|url = https://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm|title = Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute)|access-date =1 November 2006}}</ref> ''The Wrestlers'' (1899) by [[H. S. Bhatavdekar]] showed a [[wrestling]] match at the Hanging Gardens in [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Pamela |title=The birth of India's film industry: how the movies came to Mumbai |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/25/birth-indias-film-industry-movies-mumbai |access-date=20 September 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 July 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Phalke.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Dadasaheb Phalke, examining a strip of film|Dadasaheb Phalke is considered the father of Indian cinema, including Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ |title= Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema|access-date=17 November 2012|isbn=9788123743196 |last1=Vāṭave |first1=Bāpū |last2=Trust |first2=National Book |year=2004 |publisher= National Book Trust}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Sachin|last=Sharma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Godhra-forgets-its-days-spent-with-Dadasaheb-Phalke/articleshow/14444404.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419032237/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/vadodara/32456429_1_godhra-dadasaheb-phalke-father-of-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-date=19 April 2013 |title=Godhra forgets its days spent with Dadasaheb Phalke |date=28 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vilanilam|first=J. V.|title=Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7829-515-2|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBU6pN7toHsC&q=dadasaheb%20phalke%20father%20indian%20cinema&pg=PA128}}</ref>]]

[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]'s [[silent film]] ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913) is the first [[Feature film|feature-length film]] made in India.<ref>{{Britannica|1912794|title=Dadasaheb Phalk}}</ref> The film, being silent, had [[English language|English]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Hindi]]-language [[intertitle]]s. By the 1930s, the Indian film industry as a whole was producing over 200 films per year.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=136-137}} The first Indian sound film, [[Ardeshir Irani]]'s ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931), made in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] language, was commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm |title=Talking Images, 75 Years of Cinema |work=The Tribune |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=23 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423202148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a great demand for talkies and musicals, Hindustani cinema (as Hindi cinema was then known as){{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=146}} and the other language film industries quickly switched to sound films.

=== Challenges and market expansion (1930s–1940s) ===
The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times; India was buffeted by the [[Great Depression]], [[World War II]], the [[Indian independence movement]], and the violence of the [[Partition of India|Partition]]. Although most early Bombay films were unabashedly [[escapism|escapist]], a number of filmmakers tackled tough social issues or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their films.<ref name="britannica2">{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC|pages=136–137}}</ref> Irani made the first [[Hindi]] colour film, ''[[Kisan Kanya]]'', in 1937. The following year, he made a colour version of ''[[Mother India (book)|Mother India]]''. However, colour did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were cinematic staples.

[[File:Hindi movie production trend.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Number of Hindi movies released since 1930. A rapid expansion was seen from the mid-1940s.]]

The decade of the 1940s saw an expansion of Bombay cinema's commercial market and its presence in the national consciousness. The year 1943 saw the arrival of Indian cinema's first 'blockbuster' offering, the movie ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'', which grossed in excess of the important barrier of one [[crore]] (10 million) rupees, made on a budget of only two [[lakh]] (200,000) rupees.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064 | title = B-Town rewind: The tale of the first Bollywood crore | last = Unny | first = Divya | date = 19 March 2014 | website = mid-day.com | publisher = Jagran Group | access-date = 7 November 2020 | quote="However, it was in 1943, that ''Kismet'', directed by Gyan Mukherjee, became the first film to reach the coveted box office milestone of Rs 1 crore. Who would have thought that the journey of the crore in Indian films would begin with a movie made for under Rs 2 lakh? It was a time when India was in the throes of patriotic fervour. The Quit India movement had just been launched. Kismet, a crime thriller with patriotic sentiments, tapped into this feeling. "}}</ref> The film tackled contemporary issues, especially those arising from the Indian Independence movement, and went on to become "the longest running hit of Indian cinema", a title it held till the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mishra | first = Vijay | title = Decentering History: Some Versions of Bombay Cinema| journal = East-West Film Journal| volume = 6| issue = 1| publisher = East-West Center| location = Honolulu, HI, US| date = January 1992|quote="The next canonical text was Luck (Kismet, 1943), which, in 1970 at any rate, held the "record as the longest running hit of Indian cinema" (Star and Style, February 6, 1970,19). [Luck] owes its amazing, unexpected success to the time in which it was made." Achut Kanya and Kismet heralded a move away from what Shyam Benegal called alienating and orientalist cinema to movies that could "deal with reality""}}</ref> Film personalities like Bimal Roy, Sahir Ludhianvi and Prithviraj Kapoor participated in the creation of a national movement against colonial rule in India, while simultaneously leveraging the popular political movement to increase their own visibility and popularity.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Agarwal | first = Bhumika | title = IPTA's Contribution in Awakening Nationalism.| journal = The Criterion| volume = 4| issue = 4| publisher = Rajaram College | location = Kolhapur, MH, India| date = August 2013| quote="Indian People’s Theatre Association, popularly known by its acronym IPTA, was formed in 1942 when India was struggling to free herself from the shackles of colonial rule. The established artists of the tmmes Prithviraj Kapoor, Bijon Bhattacharya, Ritwik Ghatak, Utpal Dutt, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Mulk Raj Anand, Salil Chowdhury, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Jyotirindra Moitra, Niranjan Singh Maan, S. Tera Singh Chan, Jagdish Faryadi, Khalili Faryadi, Rajendra Raghuvanshi, Safdar Mir and many others came forward and formed Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA) in 1942."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/prithviraj-kapoor-birthday-349871-2016-11-03 | title = Remembering Prithviraj Kapoor | date = 3 November 2016 | website = indiatoday.in | publisher = Living Media India Limited | access-date = 7 November 2020 | quote="In 1946, Prithviraj Kapoor founded Prithvi Theatres, a theatre group that became a legend over decades. The house would stage influential patriotic plays and inspire the generation to join the Indian freedom movement and Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India movement"}}</ref> Themes from the Independence Movement deeply influenced Bombay film directors, screen-play writers, and lyricists, who saw their films in the context of social reform and the problems of the common people.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bandidiwekar| first = Anjali| title = Bollywood and Social Issues: Dichotomy or Symbiosis?| place = Hyderabad, India| publisher = ICFAI books| pages = 43| date = 2008 |quote="Indian cinema grew up in the days of the National Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Gandhian philosophy of social reform deeply influenced Bollywood directors, screen-play writers, and lyricists. Their films became vehicles of social reform, taking up the cause of the common people."}}</ref>

Before the Partition, the Bombay film industry was closely linked to the [[Lollywood|Lahore film industry]] (known as "Lollywood"; now part of the [[Pakistani film industry]]); both produced films in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (also known as Hindi-Urdu), the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of northern and central India.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Partha S.|title=Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9789351508557|page=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263}}</ref> Another centre of Hindustani-language film production was the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengal film industry]] in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now Kolkata, [[West Bengal]]), which produced Hindustani-language films and local [[Bengali language]] films.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Mihir |title=From Midnight to Glorious Morning? India Since Independence |date=2017 |publisher=[[Haus Publishing]] |isbn=9781910376706 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9ssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Zakir Hossain |title=Bangladesh Cinema and National Identity: In Search of the Modern? |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-60181-4 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXDfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131}}</ref> Around the same time, filmmakers and actors from the Calcutta film industry began migrating to Bombay; as a result, Bombay became the center of Hindustani-language film production.<ref name="Routledge"/>

=== Golden age (late 1940s–1960s) ===
The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, after [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge|first=Jenny|last=Sharpe|journal=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism|volume=6|issue=1|year=2005|pages=58–81 [60 & 75]|doi=10.1353/mer.2005.0032|s2cid=201783566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Sharmistha|last=Gooptu|title=Reviewed work(s): ''The Cinemas of India'' (1896–2000) by Yves Thoraval|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=37|issue=29|date=July 2002|pages=3023–4}}</ref> Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this time. Examples include ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957) and ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), directed by [[Guru Dutt]]; ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951) and ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955), directed by [[Raj Kapoor]], and ''[[Aan]]'' (1952), directed by [[Mehboob Khan]] and starring [[Dilip Kumar]]. The films explored social themes, primarily dealing with working-class life in India (particularly urban life) in the first two examples. ''Awaara'' presented the city as both nightmare and dream, and ''Pyaasa'' critiqued the unreality of urban life.<ref name=Gokulsing-18>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|page=18}}</ref>

[[Guru Dutt]] was lauded for his artistry, notably his usage of [[Close up shot|close-up shots]], lighting, and depictions of [[melancholia]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Women were ready to do anything for Guru Dutt- Devi Dutt|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/women-were-ready-to-do-anything-for-guru-dutt-devi-dutt-28634.html|access-date=6 May 2021|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506042832/https://www.filmfare.com/features/women-were-ready-to-do-anything-for-guru-dutt-devi-dutt-28634.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He directed a total of Hindi films, several of which have gained a [[cult following]] internationally.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|year=2001|title=Asian Film Series No.9 GURU DUTT Retorospective|url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/new/old/0101/01_03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620144748/http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/new/old/0101/01_03.html|archive-date=20 June 2009|access-date=13 May 2009|publisher=[[Japan Foundation]]}}</ref> This includes ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), which made its way onto [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|''Time'' magazine's 100 Greatest Movies]] list,<ref name="Time" /> as well as ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), all of which are frequently listed among the greatest films in Hindi cinema.<ref name="Cinemacom">{{cite web|year=2002|title=2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors|url=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604162906/http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html|archive-date=4 June 2012|access-date=19 April 2009|publisher=Cinemacom}}</ref><ref name="Time" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=4. Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam - 1962|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/4-sahib-bibi-aur-ghulam-1962/220094|access-date=3 April 2021|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412165022/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/4-sahib-bibi-aur-ghulam-1962/220094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="movies.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2007|title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies - Special Features-Indiatimes - Movies|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-18.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034229/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-18.cms|archive-date=15 October 2007|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> He, along with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], was included among [[CNN]]'s "Top 25 Asian Actors" in 2012.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=5 March 2010 |title=Big B in CNN's top 25 Asian actors list |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101080219/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2011 |access-date=15 April 2013 |work=Press Trust of India |place=New York}}</ref>

[[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), a remake of his earlier ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940), was the first Indian film nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]; it lost by a single vote.<ref name="Thaindian 1">{{cite web|first=Priyanka |last=Khanna |title=For Bollywood, Oscar is a big yawn again |work=Thaindian News |date=24 February 2008 |url=https://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/for-bollywood-oscar-is-a-big-yawn-again_10020729.html |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930012303/https://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/for-bollywood-oscar-is-a-big-yawn-again_10020729.html |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> ''Mother India'' defined conventional Hindi cinema for decades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sridharan |first=Tarini |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |title=Mother India, not Woman India |date=25 November 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |archive-date= 6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo |title=Bollywood Blockbusters: ''Mother India'' (Part 1) |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |year=2009 |medium=Documentary |ref={{sfnRef|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009}} |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kehr|first=Dave|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63|title=Mother India (1957). Film in review; 'Mother India'|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 August 2002|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> It spawned a genre of [[dacoit film]]s, in turn defined by ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961).<ref name="Teo">{{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood|date=2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-317-59226-6|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref> Written and produced by Dilip Kumar, ''Gunga Jumna'' was a dacoit [[crime drama]] about two brothers on opposite sides of the law (a theme which became common in Indian films during the 1970s).<ref name="Ganti">Tejaswini Ganti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA153 ''Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema'', page 153]</ref> Some of the best-known [[epic film]]s of Hindi cinema were also produced at this time, such as [[K. Asif]]'s ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960).<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Festival – Bombay Melody |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |date=17 March 2004 |url=https://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=1618 |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620171328/https://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=1618 |archive-date=20 June 2009 }}</ref> Other acclaimed mainstream Hindi filmmakers during this period included [[Kamal Amrohi]] and [[Vijay Bhatt]].

The three most popular male Indian actors of the 1950s and 1960s were [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Dev Anand]], each with a unique acting style. Kapoor adopted [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s [[The Tramp|tramp]] persona; Anand modeled himself on suave Hollywood stars like [[Gregory Peck]] and [[Cary Grant]], and Kumar pioneered a form of [[method acting]]. Kumar, who was described as "the ultimate method actor" by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="quint">[https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/11/before-brando-there-was-dilip-kumar Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar], The Quint, 11 December 2015</ref><ref name="hindu-kumar">{{cite news|title=Unmatched innings|url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article597902.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 January 2012|access-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208164035/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article597902.ece|archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> Veteran actresses such as [[Suraiya]], [[Nargis]], [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Madhubala]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Nutan]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] and [[Mala Sinha]] have had their share of influence on Hindi cinema.<ref name="actorsuntil90" />

While commercial Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the emergence of a [[parallel cinema]] movement.<ref name=Gokulsing-18 /> Although the movement (emphasising [[social realism]]) was led by [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. Early examples of parallel cinema include {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dharti Ke Lal]]}} (1946), directed by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and based on the [[Bengal famine of 1943]],<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-103477-0|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} (1946) directed by [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas,<ref name="Hindu2007">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143853/https://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm Maker of innovative, meaningful movies]. ''[[The Hindu]]'', 15 June 2007</ref> and Bimal Roy's ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953). Their critical acclaim and the latter's commercial success paved the way for Indian [[Neorealism (art)|neorealism]] and the Indian New Wave (synonymous with parallel cinema).<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Bigha Zamin: Seeds of the Indian New Wave |author=Srikanth Srinivasan |publisher=Dear Cinema |date=4 August 2008 |url=https://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |access-date=3 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033621/https://dearcinema.com/review/do-bigha-zamin-seeds-of-the-indian-new-wave/3614 |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> Internationally acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included [[Mani Kaul]], [[Kumar Shahani]], [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Govind Nihalani]], [[Shyam Benegal]], and [[Vijaya Mehta]].<ref name=Gokulsing-18 />

After the social-realist film {{Lang|hi-latn|Neecha Nagar}} received the [[Palme d'Or]] at the inaugural [[1946 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="Hindu2007" /> Hindi films were frequently in competition for Cannes' top prize during the 1950s and early 1960s and some won major prizes at the festival.<ref name=passionforcinema>{{cite web|title=India and Cannes: A Reluctant Courtship |publisher=Passion For Cinema |year=2008 |url=https://passionforcinema.com/india-and-cannes-a-reluctant-courtship |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620032814/https://passionforcinema.com/india-and-cannes-a-reluctant-courtship/ |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref> [[Guru Dutt]], overlooked during his lifetime, received belated international recognition during the 1980s.<ref name=passionforcinema /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|first1=K. Moti|last1=Gokulsing|first2=Wimal|last2=Dissanayake|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|pages=18–9}}</ref> Film critics polled by the British magazine ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' included several of Dutt's films in a 2002 list of [[List of films considered the best|greatest films]],<ref name=Cinemacom/> and [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies]] lists ''[[Pyaasa]]'' as one of the greatest films of all time.<ref name=Time>{{cite news|url=https://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523235033/https://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2005|title=All-Time 100 Best Movies|access-date=19 May 2008|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=12 February 2005}}</ref>

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the industry was dominated by musical [[romance film]]s with romantic-hero leads.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news|title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Classic Hindi cinema (1970s–1980s) ===

By 1970, Hindi cinema was thematically stagnant<ref name="raj">{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2|date=2009|publisher=[[Hay House]]|isbn=9789381398036|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21}}</ref> and dominated by musical [[romance film]]s.<ref name="indianexpress2" /> The arrival of screenwriting duo [[Salim–Javed]] ([[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]) was a paradigm shift, revitalising the industry.<ref name="raj" /> They began the genre of gritty, violent, [[Mumbai underworld films|Bombay underworld crime films]] early in the decade with films such as ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).<ref name="ganti">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|date=2004|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-28854-5|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72}}</ref> Salim-Javed reinterpreted the rural themes of [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and [[Nitin Bose]]'s ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961) in a contemporary urban context, reflecting the [[socio-economic]] and [[socio-political]] climate of 1970s India<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Surendra|title=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits|date=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=51|isbn=9788124108727|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfJkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> and channeling mass discontent, disillusionment<ref name="raj" /> and the unprecedented growth of [[slum]]s<ref name="Mazumdar" /> with [[anti-establishment]] themes and those involving urban poverty, corruption and crime.<ref name="Penguin Group">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Their "angry young man", personified by [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref name="hindustantimes" /> reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in ''Gunga Jumna'' in a contemporary urban context<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends" /> and anguished urban poor.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Ranjani|title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City|year=2007 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&pg=PA14}}</ref>

By the mid-1970s, romantic confections had given way to gritty, violent crime films and [[action film]]s about gangsters (the [[Bombay underworld]]) and bandits ([[dacoits]]). Salim-Javed's writing and Amitabh Bachchan's acting popularised the trend with films such as ''Zanjeer'' and (particularly) ''Deewaar'', a crime film inspired by ''Gunga Jumna''<ref name="Ganti" /> which pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler [[Haji Mastan]]" (Bachchan); according to [[Danny Boyle]], ''Deewaar'' was "absolutely key to Indian cinema".<ref name=Kumar /> In addition to Bachchan, several other actors followed by riding the crest of the trend (which lasted into the early 1990s).<ref name="funky">{{cite book|last1=Stadtman|first1=Todd|title=Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema|date=2015|publisher=FAB Press|isbn=978-1-903254-77-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0DXoQEACAAJ}}</ref> Actresses from the era include [[Hema Malini]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Rekha]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Padmini Kolhapure]].<ref name="actorsuntil90">{{cite web|title=The Present |author=Ahmed, Rauf |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm |access-date=30 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529044434/https://www.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The name "Bollywood" was coined during the 1970s,<ref name="khanna">{{cite web|author=Subhash K Jha|date=8 April 2005|title=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood'|url=https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296|archive-date=9 April 2005|access-date=31 May 2009|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="collaco">{{cite news|title=On the Bollywood beat|author=Anand|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2004|url=https://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/https://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2004|access-date=31 May 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> when the conventions of commercial Hindi films were defined.<ref name="Chaudhuri58">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|date=1 October 2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=58}}</ref> Key to this was the [[masala film]], which combines a number of genres ([[Action film|action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[melodrama]], and [[Musical film|musical]]). The masala film was pioneered early in the decade by filmmaker [[Manmohan Desai]], [[Prakash Mehra]]<ref name="theprint.in">{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/the-champion-of-masala-films-manmohan-desai-made-bollywood-what-it-is-today/370726/ | title=The champion of masala films, Manmohan Desai made Bollywood what it is today | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=26 February 2020 }}</ref> and [[Nasir Hussain]],<ref name="Hussain">{{cite news|title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 March 2017}}</ref> and the Salim-Javed screenwriting duo,<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /> pioneering the Bollywood-[[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] format.<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /> ''[[Yaadon Ki Baarat]]'' (1973), directed by Hussain and written by Salim-Javed, has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially "Bollywood" film.<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /><ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, [https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities], [[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]], 12 March 2016</ref> Salim-Javed wrote more successful masala films during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /> Masala films made Amitabh Bachchan the biggest star of the period. A landmark of the genre was ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977),<ref name="bhaumik" /><ref name="Dwyer2005">{{cite book|author=Rachel Dwyer|title=100 Bollywood films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ|access-date=6 August 2013|year=2005|page=14|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|isbn=978-81-7436-433-3}}</ref> directed by [[Manmohan Desai]]. Desai was considered the pioneer of making [[Masala film]]s in the 1970s.<ref name="theprint.in"/>

Both genres (masala and violent-crime films) are represented by the blockbuster ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), directed by [[Ramesh Sippy]] and starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. It combined the [[dacoit film]] with [[spaghetti Western]]s, spawning the [[Dacoit Western]] (also known as the [[curry Western]]) which was popular during the 1970s.<ref name="Teo" /> Sholay was declared the "Film of the Millennium" by [[BBC India]] in 1999.<ref name="nyt" /> It topped the [[British Film Institute]]'s "Top 10 Indian Films" [[Films considered the greatest ever|of all time]] poll of 2002,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Top 10 Indian Films |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515101729/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/ |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2012 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> and was voted the greatest Indian movie in a [[Sky (UK and Ireland)|Sky Digital]] poll of one million British Indians in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thambirajah, Mohan |date=27 May 2004 |title='Sholay' voted best Indian movie |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-94953889.html |url-status=dead |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225042453/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-94953889.html |archive-date=25 February 2016 |quote=SHOLAY has been voted the greatest Indian movie in a research by Sky Digital of one million Indians in Britain.}} {{link note|note=Partial story rendition from HighBeam.com archive.}}</ref> It was also included in the magazine ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s "Best of Bollywood" list in 2010,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=27 October 2010 |title=Sholay – 1975 – Best of Bollywood |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022067_2022045,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828050259/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2022076_2022067_2022045%2C00.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> and in [[IBN Live]]'s list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time" in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-19.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234438/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-19.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref> In 2023, [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] ranked it #1 on its list of the "100 Best Bollywood Movies."<ref name="best">{{cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820130100/https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some Hindi filmmakers, such as [[Shyam Benegal]], [[Mani Kaul]], [[Kumar Shahani]], [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Govind Nihalani]] and [[Vijaya Mehta]], continued to produce realistic [[parallel cinema]] throughout the 1970s.<ref name=Gokulsing-18 /><ref name=Rajadhyaksa96-685>Rajadhyaksa, 685</ref> Although the [[art film]] bent of the Film Finance Corporation was criticised during a 1976 [[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Committee on Public Undertakings]] investigation which accused the corporation of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema, the decade saw the rise of commercial cinema with films such as ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) which consolidated [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s position as a star. The devotional classic ''[[Jai Santoshi Ma]]'' was also released that year.<ref name=Rajadhyaksa96-688>Rajadhyaksa, 688</ref>

By 1983, the Bombay film industry was generating an estimated annual revenue of {{INR|700 [[crore]]}} ({{INR}} 7 billion,<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan Hindi film industry's most expensive star, Hema Malini tops among women |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19830215-amitabh-bachchan-hindi-film-industrys-most-expensive-star-hema-malini-tops-among-women-770465-2013-07-31 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 1983}}</ref> {{US$|{{#expr:7000/10.099 round 2}} million|long=no}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1983&locations=IN&start=1982 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1983 |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|0.69314|1983|r=2}} billion|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:171*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}}) round 0}} crore}}, {{INR}} 111.33 billion) when adjusted for inflation. By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Films in Review |date=1986 |publisher=Then and There Media, LCC. |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ |quote=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}}</ref> The most internationally acclaimed Hindi film of the 1980s was [[Mira Nair]]'s ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), which won the [[Camera d'Or]] at the [[1988 Cannes Film Festival]] and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].

=== New Hindi cinema (1990s onwards) ===
Hindi cinema experienced another period of box-office decline during the late 1980s with due to concerns by audiences over increasing violence and a decline in musical quality, and a rise in video piracy. One of the turning points came with such films as ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988), presenting a blend of youthfulness, family entertainment, [[emotional intelligence]] and strong melodies, all of which lured audiences back to the big screen.<ref name="Chintamani">{{cite book|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|title=Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak: The Film That Revived Hindi Cinema|date=2016|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=9789352640980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZYOvgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Ray">{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Kunal|title=Romancing the 1980s|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> It brought back the template for Bollywood musical romance films which went on to define 1990s Hindi cinema.<ref name="Ray" />

Known since the 1990s as "New Bollywood",<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Meheli|title=Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema|date=2017|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-1-4773-1158-5|page=189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA7BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189}}</ref> contemporary Bollywood is linked to [[economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalization in India]] during the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Priya|title=Bollywood's India: A Public Fantasy|date=2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-53907-4|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3wyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171}}</ref> Early in the decade, the pendulum swung back toward family-centered romantic musicals, introducing a new generation of popular actors, including [[Aamir Khan]], [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Salman Khan]],<ref name="desiblitz" /><ref name="forbes">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are-bollywoods-three-khans-the-last-of-the-movie-kings/|title=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last of the Movie Kings?|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> who have starred in some of the most of the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films]] between 1990's and 2010's.
The 1990's also marked the entrance of new performers in [[Art film|art]] and independent films, some of which were commercially successful. The most influential example was ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and written by [[Anurag Kashyap]]. Its critical and commercial success led to the emergence of a genre known as [[Mumbai]] noir:<ref name=Nayar>{{cite news| title = Bollywood on the table| author = Aruti Nayar| work = The Tribune| date = 16 December 2007| access-date = 19 June 2008| url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm}}</ref> urban films reflecting the city's social problems.<ref name=Jungen>{{cite web|title=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema |author=Christian Jungen |publisher=[[FIPRESCI]] |date=4 April 2009 |url=https://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |access-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/https://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009}}</ref> This led to a resurgence of [[parallel cinema]] by the end of the decade.<ref name=Nayar /> The films featured actors whose performances were often praised by critics.

The 2000s saw increased Bollywood recognition worldwide due to growing (and prospering) [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] and [[South Asian diaspora]] communities overseas. [[Aditya Chopra]] and [[Karan Johar]] are considered to have started the "NRI phase" in Hindi cinema, which catered to the overseas population of Indians.<ref>.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-r-barjatya-hum-aapke-hain-koun-brought-in-family-culture-aditya-chopra-and-karan-johar-brought-in-the-nri-phase-biginterview/articleshow/95320611.cms</ref> The growth of the Indian economy and a demand for quality entertainment in this era led the country's film industry to new heights in production values, cinematography and screenwriting as well as technical advances in areas such as special effects and animation.<ref name="Us popularity">Anita N. Wadhwani. [https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/20060809124617nainawhdaw0.8614466.html "Bollywood Mania" Rising in United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020195105/https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/20060809124617nainawhdaw0.8614466.html |date=20 October 2012 }}. US State Department. (9 August 2006). Retrieved 29 July 2010.</ref> Some of the largest production houses, among them [[Yash Raj Films]] and [[Dharma Productions]] were the producers of new modern films.<ref name="Us popularity" /> Some popular films of the decade were ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001), ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006), ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006), and ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), among others, showing the rise of new movie stars.

During the 2010s, the industry saw established stars such as making big-budget [[masala film]]s like ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010), ''[[Singham]]'' (2011)'','' ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012), ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' (2012), ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' (2012), ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013), ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014) with much-younger actresses. Although the films were often not praised by critics, they were commercially successful.

Most stars from the 2000s continued successful careers into the next decade,{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} and the 2000s-2010s saw a new generation of popular actors in different films, including [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Vicky Kaushal]] among others. Among new conventions, female-centred films such as ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011), ''[[Kahaani]]'' (2012), and ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016), ''[[Raazi]]'' (2018), ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' (2022) and ''Crew'' started gaining wide financial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-proud-to-be-part-of-two-successful-women-centric-films-exclusive-2524033-2024-04-06|title=Kareena Kapoor: Proud to be part of two successful women-centric films |date=6 April 2024 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rumi |first1=Raza |title=Hindi cinema’s appalling descent into Islamophobia and Hindu nationalism |url=https://www.himalmag.com/culture/dhurandhar-india-cinema-bollywood-hindu-nationalism |website=Himal Southasian |access-date=22 March 2026 |language=en |date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Influences for Hindi cinema}}Influences on Hindi cinema ==
Moti Gokulsing and [[Wimal Dissanayake]] identify six major influences which have shaped Indian popular cinema:<ref name=Gokulsing>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=Gokulsing|first=K. Moti|author2=Dissanayake, Wimal|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|pages=98–99}}</ref>
* The branching structures of ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]], like the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Indian popular films often have plots which branch off into sub-plots.
* Ancient [[Sanskrit drama]], with its stylised nature and emphasis on spectacle in which [[Classical Indian music|music]], [[Classical Indian dance|dance]] and gesture combine "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience." Matthew Jones of [[De Montfort University]] also identifies the Sanskrit concept of ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'', or "the emotions felt by the audience as a result of the actor's presentation", as crucial to Bollywood films.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bollywood, Rasa and Indian Cinema: Misconceptions, Meanings and Millionaire|author=Matthew Jones|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=23|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=33–43|doi=10.1080/08949460903368895|s2cid=144974842}}</ref>
* Traditional [[Theatre of India|folk theatre]], which became popular around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theater. Its regional traditions include the [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] of [[Bengal]], the [[Ramlila]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the [[Terukkuttu]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].
* [[Parsi theatre]], which "blended realism and fantasy, music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of [[melodrama]]. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft."
* [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s.
* Western musical television (particularly [[MTV]]), which has had an increasing influence since the 1990s. Its pace, camera angles, dance sequences and music may be seen in 2000s Indian films. An early example of this approach was [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995).

Sharmistha Gooptu identifies [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]-[[Islamic culture]] as a major influence. During the early 20th century, [[Urdu]] was the [[lingua franca]] of popular cultural performance across northern India and established in popular [[performance art]] traditions such as [[nautch]] dancing, [[Urdu poetry]], and Parsi theater. Urdu and related [[Hindi dialects]] were the most widely understood across northern India, and Hindustani became the standard language of early Indian talkies. Films based on "[[Persianate]] adventure-romances" led to a popular genre of "''[[Arabian Nights]]'' cinema".<ref>{{cite book|last=Gooptu|first=Sharmistha|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|date=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-91217-7|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref>

Scholars Chaudhuri Diptakirti and [[Rachel Dwyer]] and screenwriter [[Javed Akhtar]] identify [[Urdu literature]] as a major influence on Hindi cinema.<ref name="Akhtar" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2015">{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789352140084|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Dwyer">{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|author-link=Rachel Dwyer|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-38070-1|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA106}}</ref> Most of the screenwriters and scriptwriters of classic Hindi cinema came from Urdu literary backgrounds,<ref name="Akhtar" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2015" /><ref name="FilmWorld">{{cite journal|title=Film World|journal=Film World|year=1974|volume=10|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ|publisher=T.M. Ramachandran|language=en|quote=Two eminent Urdu writers [[Krishan Chander]] and [[Ismat Chughtai]] have said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu."}}</ref> from [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and [[Akhtar ul Iman]] to [[Salim–Javed]] and [[Rahi Masoom Raza]]; a handful came from other [[Indian literature|Indian literary]] traditions, such as [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and [[Hindi literature]].<ref name="Chaudhuri2015" /> Most of Hindi cinema's classic scriptwriters wrote primarily in Urdu, including Salim-Javed, [[Gulzar]], [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]], [[Inder Raj Anand]], Rahi Masoom Raza and [[Wajahat Mirza]].<ref name="Akhtar"/><ref name="FilmWorld"/> Urdu poetry and the [[ghazal]] tradition strongly influenced [[filmi]] ([[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood lyrics]]).<ref name="Akhtar" /><ref name="Dwyer" /> Javed Akhtar was also greatly influenced by [[Urdu literature|Urdu novels]] by Pakistani author [[Ibn-e-Safi]], such as the ''[[Jasoosi Dunya]]'' and [[Imran series|''Imran'' series]] of detective novels;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=9789352140084 |pages=26–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26}}</ref> they inspired, for example, famous Bollywood characters such as [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] in ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) and Mogambo in ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987).<ref>{{cite news |title=Urdu pulp fiction: Where Gabbar Singh and Mogambo came from |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-urdu-pulp-fiction-where-gabbar-singh-and-mogambo-came-from-1564148 |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 July 2011}}</ref>

Todd Stadtman identifies several foreign influences on 1970s commercial Bollywood [[masala film]]s, including [[New Hollywood]], Italian [[exploitation film]]s, and [[Hong Kong martial arts cinema]].<ref name="funky" /> After the success of [[Bruce Lee]] films (such as ''[[Enter the Dragon]]'') in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return of the Dragon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon-822544-2014-02-21 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 September 1979 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) and other Bollywood films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s [[martial arts film]]s from [[Hong Kong cinema]] until the 1990s.<ref name="Heide">{{cite book|last=Heide|first=William Van der|title=Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures|date=2002|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|isbn=9789053565803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3HTdu1HuWQC&pg=PA148}}</ref> Bollywood action scenes emulated Hong Kong rather than Hollywood, emphasising acrobatics and [[Stunt performer|stunts]] and combining [[kung fu]] (as perceived by Indians) with [[Indian martial arts]] such as [[pehlwani]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=Meaghan|last2=Li|first2=Siu Leung|last3=Chan|first3=Stephen Ching-kiu|title=Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema|date=2005|publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]]|isbn=978-1-932643-19-0|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdrHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}}</ref>

Hindi cinema has been criticised as borrowing plots, scenes and music from other [[Cinema of India|Indian films]] and from foreign films without proper credit.<ref name="Times plagiarism">{{Cite news |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=18 May 2003 |title=Plagiarism issue jolts Bollywood. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Plagiarism-issue-jolts-Bollywood/articleshow/46715385.cms |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Arjun |date=January 2012 |title=Is Bollywood Unlawfully Copying Hollywood? Why? What has Been Done About It? And How Can It Be Stopped? |url=https://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-26/issue-1/comments/is-bollywood-unlawfully-copying-hollywood.html |journal=Emory International Law Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=449 |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> Critics state that this practice is enabled by weak [[Copyright|copyright enforcement]] and low audience awareness of foreign media.<ref name="Times plagiarism" /> Since the 1990s, copyright enforcement and international visibility have increased, however, there are still several instances of unlicensed remakes and copied soundtracks being created. Subsequent lawsuits have been filed by Hollywood film studios and foreign musicians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blakely |first=Rhys |date=7 August 2009 |title=Plagiarism case could stop Bollywood borrowing from Hollywood |url=https://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article6742092.ece |access-date=12 November 2010 |work=The Times}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ Orion Pictures produce official remake to Wedding Crashers], [[Bollywood Hungama]] {{Cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=2008: 30+ Screens in U.K. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2008/05/03/11326/index.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728230909/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2008/05/03/11326/index.html |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9789352140084}}</ref><ref name="Srinivasan">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=16 October 2018 |title=How Guinean Singer Mory Kanté's Music Was Lifted To Create 'Tamma Tamma Loge' and 'Jumma Chumma De De' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606090031/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=16 October 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Some filmmakers defend such borrowing as remaking popular films in an Indian context and believe it is an integral part of globalization.<ref name="Times plagiarism" /><ref name="Cloning">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2003 |title=Cloning Hollywood |url=https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300090400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422165848/https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300090400.htm |archive-date=22 April 2004 |access-date=14 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Influence of Hindi cinema ==
=== India ===
Perhaps Hindi cinema's greatest influence has been on India's national identity, where (with the rest of Indian cinema) it has become part of the "Indian story".<ref name=desai2013>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22335309|title= How Bollywood mirrors Indian realities|last1= Desai|first1= Lord Meghnad|date= 4 May 2013 |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> In India, Bollywood is often associated with India's national identity. According to economist and Bollywood biographer [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Meghnad Desai]], "Cinema actually has been the most vibrant medium for telling India its own story, the story of its struggle for independence, its constant struggle to achieve national integration and to emerge as a global presence".<ref name=desai2013 />

Scholar Brigitte Schulze has written that Indian films, most notably [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), played a key role in shaping the [[Republic of India]]'s national identity in the early years after [[Indian independence movement|independence]] from the [[British Raj]]; the film conveyed a sense of [[Indian nationalism]] to urban and rural citizens alike.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulze |first1=Brigitte |title=The Cinematic 'Discovery of India': Mehboob's Re-Invention of the Nation in Mother India |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |date=September 2002 |volume=30 |issue=9/10 |pages=72–87 |doi=10.2307/3517959|jstor=3517959 }}</ref> Bollywood has long influenced Indian society and culture as the biggest entertainment industry; many of the country's musical, dancing, wedding and fashion trends are Bollywood-inspired. Bollywood fashion trendsetters have included [[Madhubala]] in ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994).<ref name="desiblitz">{{cite news|title=Impact of Bollywood on Indian Culture|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/impact-bollywood-indian-culture|work=DESIblitz|date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

Hindi films have also had a [[socio-political]] impact on Indian society, reflecting [[Indian politics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Raghavendra|first=M. K.|title=The Politics of Hindi Cinema in the New Millennium: Bollywood and the Anglophone Indian Nation|publisher=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]|isbn=978-0-19-945056-5|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450565.001.0001|year=2014}}</ref> In classic 1970s Bollywood films, Bombay underworld crime films written by [[Salim–Javed]] and starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] such as ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) reflected the [[socio-economic]] and socio-political realities of contemporary India. They channeled growing popular discontent and disillusionment and state failure to ensure welfare and well-being at a time of inflation, shortages, loss of confidence in public institutions, increasing crime<ref name="raj" /> and the unprecedented growth of [[slum]]s.<ref name="Mazumdar" /> Salim-Javed and Bachchan's films dealt with urban poverty, corruption and organised crime;<ref name="Penguin Group" /> they were perceived by audiences as [[anti-establishment]], often with an "angry young man" protagonist presented as a [[vigilante]] or [[anti-hero]]<ref name="hindustantimes" /> whose suppressed rage voiced the anguish of the urban poor.<ref name="Mazumdar" />

=== Overseas ===
Hindi films have been a significant form of [[soft power]] for India, increasing its influence and changing overseas perceptions of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Baahubali 2, Dangal's overseas box office success is a testimony to Indian film industry's soft power|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-dangals-overseas-box-office-success-is-a-testimony-to-indian-film-industrys-soft-power-3500555.html|work=Firstpost|date=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=A window to India's rising soft power – Bollywood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-window-to-india-rising-soft-power-bollywood-4611855/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 April 2017}}</ref> In [[Germany]], [[Stereotypes of South Asians|Indian stereotypes]] included [[bullock cart]]s, beggars, sacred cows, corrupt politicians, and catastrophes before Bollywood and the [[Information technology in India|IT industry]] transformed global perceptions of India.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan as popular as Pope: German media|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-as-popular-as-pope-german-media-1150157|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 February 2008}}</ref> According to author Roopa Swaminathan, "Bollywood cinema is one of the strongest global cultural ambassadors of a new India."<ref name="indianexpress" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|title=Bollywood Boom: India's Rise as a Soft Power|date=2017|publisher=Random House Publishers|isbn=9789386495143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDfCDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Its role in expanding India's global influence is comparable to Hollywood's similar role with American influence.<ref name="desiblitz" /> [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey#Demographics|Monroe Township]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], [[New Jersey]], in [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area#Demographics|the New York metropolitan area]], has been profoundly impacted by Bollywood; this U.S. township has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]], increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212094804/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Monroe township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155409/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=13 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> representing a 2,221.5% (a multiple of 23) numerical increase over that period, including many [[affluence|affluent]] [[professional]]s and [[senior citizen]]s as well as [[charitable contribution|charitable benefactors]] to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 relief efforts in India]] in official coordination with Monroe Township, as well as actors with second homes.

During the 2000s, Hindi cinema began influencing [[musical film]]s in the Western world and was instrumental role in reviving the American musical film. [[Baz Luhrmann]] said that his musical film, ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001), was inspired by Bollywood musicals;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liveabout.com/comedy-movies-4688217|title=Comedies|website=LiveAbout}}</ref> the film incorporated a Bollywood-style dance scene with a song from the film ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''. The critical and financial success of ''Moulin Rouge!'' began a renaissance of Western musical films such as ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]'', ''[[Rent (film)|Rent]]'', and ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guide Picks – Top Movie Musicals on Video/DVD|publisher=[[About.com]]|url=https://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aatpmusicals.htm|access-date=15 May 2009|archive-date=24 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124220433/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aatpmusicals.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indian film composer [[A. R. Rahman]] wrote the music for [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'', and a musical version of ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun]]'' was staged in London's West End. The [[sports film]] ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and two other Hindi films (2002's ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' and 2006's ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'') were nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]].

[[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), which won four [[66th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]] and [[81st Academy Awards nominees and winners|eight Academy Awards]], was inspired by mainstream Hindi films<ref name=Kumar>{{cite web|author=Amitava Kumar|title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=23 December 2008|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225193313/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Age>{{cite news|title=Slumdog draws crowds, but not all like what they see|work=[[The Age]]|date=25 January 2009|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/slumdog-draws-crowds-but-not-all-like-what-they-see-20090124-7p33.html|access-date=24 January 2008|location=Melbourne}}</ref> and is considered an "homage to Hindi commercial cinema".<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title='Slumdog Millionaire' has an Indian co-director|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2009|url=https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm|access-date=23 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234357/https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> It was also inspired by Mumbai-underworld crime films, such as ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' (2002) and ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2007).<ref name="Kumar" /> ''Deewaar'' had a Hong Kong remake, ''[[The Brothers (1979 film)|The Brothers]]'' (1979),<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|last=Mondal|first=Sayantan|title=Amitabh Bachchan starrer 'Deewar' was remade in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam – and Cantonese|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese|website=Scroll.in|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130121319/https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese|archive-date=30 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> which inspired [[John Woo]]'s internationally acclaimed breakthrough ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986);<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="hkcinemagic">{{cite web|title=The Brothers|url=https://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1693|website=[[Hong Kong Cinemagic]]|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031226/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1693|url-status=dead}}</ref> the latter was a template for [[Hong Kong action cinema]]'s [[heroic bloodshed]] genre.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morton |first=Lisa |title=The Cinema of Tsui Hark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv3yJ6MaoYsC&pg=PA62 |year=2001 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-0990-7}}</ref><ref name="Diplomat">{{cite news|last=Volodzko|first=David|title=30 Years Later, This Chinese Film Still Echoes in Hollywood|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/30-years-later-this-chinese-film-still-echoes-in-hollywood/|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=13 June 2015}}</ref> "Angry young man" 1970s epics such as ''Deewaar'' and ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977) also resemble the heroic-bloodshed genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banker|first=Ashok|title=Bollywood|date=2002|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|page=83|isbn=978-0-14-302835-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=429ZAAAAMAAJ&q=deewaar+hong+kong}}</ref>

The influence of ''[[filmi]]'' may be seen in [[popular music]] worldwide. [[Electropop|Technopop]] pioneers [[Haruomi Hosono]] and [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] of the [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]] produced a 1978 [[Electronic music|electronic]] album, ''Cochin Moon'', based on an [[Experimental music|experimental]] [[Fusion (music)|fusion]] of electronic music and Bollywood-inspired Indian music.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dominique Leone|date=19 July 2005|title=Hosono & Yokoo: Cochin Moon|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/4016-cochin-moon/|access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> [[Truth Hurts (singer)|Truth Hurts]]' 2002 song "[[Addictive (song)|Addictive]]", produced by [[DJ Quik]] and [[Dr. Dre]], was lifted{{clarify|date=April 2019|reason=What does "lifted" mean in this context?}} from [[Lata Mangeshkar]]'s "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" in ''Jyoti'' (1981).<ref name=VH1>{{cite web|title=Truth Hurts |publisher=[[VH1]] |date=19 September 2002 |url=https://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413172839/https://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml |archive-date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> [[The Black Eyed Peas]]' [[Grammy Award]] winning 2005 song "[[Don't Phunk with My Heart]]" was inspired by two 1970s [[Bollywood songs]]: "Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana" from ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978) and "Ae Nujawan Hai Sub" from ''[[Apradh]]'' (1972).<ref name=Apradh>{{YouTube|id=fWsSXjIDL3Q|title=ae naujawan hai sub kuchh yahan – Apradh 1972}}</ref> Both songs were composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]], sung by [[Asha Bhosle]], and featured the dancer [[Helen (actress)|Helen]].<ref name=Denselow>{{cite news|author=Robin Denselow|title=Kalyanji Anandji, The Bollywood Brothers|work=The Guardian|date=2 May 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/may/02/worldmusic1|access-date=1 March 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

The [[Kronos Quartet]] re-recorded several [[R. D. Burman]] compositions sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] for their 2005 album, ''[[You've Stolen My Heart (album)|You've Stolen My Heart: Songs from R.D. Burman's Bollywood]]'', which was nominated for Best Contemporary World Music Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. ''Filmi'' music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] (who received two [[Academy Awards]] for the [[Slumdog Millionaire (soundtrack)|''Slumdog Millionaire'' soundtrack]]) has frequently been sampled by other musicians, including the Singaporean artist [[Kelly Poon]], the French rap group [[La Caution]] and the American artist [[Ciara]]. Many [[Asian Underground]] artists, particularly those among the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|overseas Indian diaspora]], have also been inspired by Bollywood music.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Anil |last2=Aditi |first2=Khanna |title=Indian music by contemporary Asian rappers and rockers is storming the West |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060522-indian-music-by-contemporary-asian-rappers-and-rockers-is-storming-the-west-785369-2006-05-22 |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=India Today |date=22 May 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Genre conventions}}Genres ==
{{See also|Masala film}}
[[File:Achhut Kanya.jpg|thumb|alt=A man and woman smile at each other in an old film|Melodrama and romance are common ingredients in Bollywood films, such as ''[[Achhut Kannya|Achhut Kanya]]'' (1936)]]

Hindi films are primarily musicals, and are expected to have catchy song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. A film's success often depends on the quality of such musical numbers.<ref>Kalita, S. Mitra (2005). ''Suburban Sahibs: Three Immigrant Families And Their Passage from India to America''. [[Rutgers University Press]], p. 134. {{ISBN|0-8135-3318-X}}</ref> A film's music, song, and dance portions are usually produced first, and these are often released before the film itself, increasing its audience.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dudrah |first1=Rajinder Kumar |title=Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies |date=2006 |publisher=Sage Publishing India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789352803026 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9jDwAAQBAJ&q=Bollywood%3A+Sociology+Goes+To+the+Movies&pg=PP1 |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>

Indian audiences expect value for money, and a good film is generally referred to as ''[[paisa]] vasool'' (literally, "money's worth").<ref>{{cite news|author=Gangadhar, V.|title=Moving with the times|date=13 April 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041300860100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419145349/https://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041300860100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2007|access-date=9 December 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Songs, dances, love triangles, comedy and dare-devil thrills are combined in a three-hour show (with an intermission). These are called ''[[masala film]]s'', after the Hindi word for a spice mixture. Like ''masalas'', they are a mixture of action, comedy, and romance; most have heroes who can fight off villains single-handedly. Bollywood plots have tended to be [[melodramatic]], frequently using formulaic ingredients such as star-crossed lovers, angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, political corruption, kidnapping, villains, [[Hooker with a heart of gold|kind-hearted courtesans]], long-lost relatives and siblings, reversals of fortune and [[serendipity]].

[[Parallel cinema]] films tended to be less popular at the box office. A large Indian diaspora in English-speaking countries and increased [[Western culture|Western]] influence in India have nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood.<ref name="Migration">{{cite book |author1=Gupta, Suman |author2=Omoniyi, Tope |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nr2724-bOfMC&pg=PA202 |year=2001|title=The Cultures of Economic Migration: International Perspectives|page=202|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-0-7546-7070-4}}</ref>

According to film critic Lata Khubchandani, "Our earliest films ... had liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence [that] the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/21hem.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111621/https://ia.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/21hem.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2018 |title=Memories of another day |publisher=mid-day.com |first=Lata |last=Khubchandani }}</ref> Although Bollywood plots feature Westernised urbanites dating and dancing in clubs rather than pre-arranged marriages, traditional Indian culture continues to exist outside the industry and is an element of resistance by some to Western influences.<ref name="Migration" /> Bollywood plays a major role, however, in [[fashion in India|Indian fashion]].<ref name="Migration" /> Studies have indicated that some people, unaware that changing fashion in Bollywood films is often influenced by globalisation, consider the clothes worn by Bollywood actors as authentically Indian.<ref name="Migration" />

== {{anchor|Cast and crew}}Casts and crews ==

{{See also|List of Indian film actors|List of Indian film actresses|List of Indian film directors|List of Indian film music directors|List of Hindi film actors|List of Indian playback singers|List of Hindi film families}}

== Scripts, dialogues, and lyrics ==
{{See also|Bombay Hindi|Tapori (word)|l2=''Tapori'' (word)}}
Film scripts (known as dialogues in [[Indian English]]) and their song lyrics are often written by different people. Earlier, scripts were usually written in an unadorned [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], which would be understood by the largest possible audience.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=10–18}} Post-Independence, Hindi films tended to use a [[colloquial]] register of Hindustani, mutually intelligible by [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] speakers, but the use of the latter has declined over years.<ref name="lang"/><ref name="scienceandmediamuseum">{{cite web|title=Decoding the Bollywood poster|url=https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/|website=[[National Science and Media Museum]]|date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Some films have used [[Hindi dialects|regional dialects]] to evoke a village setting, or archaic Urdu in [[Medieval India|medieval]] [[historical films]]. A number of the dominant early scriptwriters of Hindi cinema primarily wrote in Urdu; Salim-Javed wrote in [[Urdu script]], which was then transcribed by an assistant into [[Devanagari]] script so Hindi readers could read them.<ref name="Akhtar">{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|author-link1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-566462-1|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|quote=JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into [[Devnagari]] because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu. Not only me, I think most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: [[Gulzar]], or [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] or [[Inder Raj Anand]] or [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] or [[Wajahat Mirza|Vahajat Mirza]], who wrote dialogue for films like ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Mother India]]''. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline, even today.}}</ref> During the 1970s, Urdu writers [[Krishan Chander]] and [[Ismat Chughtai]] said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu" but were categorised as Hindi films by the government.<ref name="film-world">{{cite journal|title=Film World|journal=Film World|year=1974|volume=10|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ|quote=I feel that the Government should eradicate the age-old evil of certifying Urdu films as Hindi ones. It is a known fact that Urdu has been willingly accepted and used by the film industry. Two Urdu writers [[Krishan Chander]] and [[Ismat Chughtai]] have said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu." It is a pity that although Urdu is freely used in films, the producers in general mention the language of the film as "Hindi" in the application forms supplied by the Censor Board. It is a gross misrepresentation and unjust to the people who love Urdu.}}</ref> ''Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema'' noted a number of top Urdu writers for preserving the language through film.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=65}} [[Urdu poetry]] has strongly influenced [[Hindi film music|Hindi film songs]], whose lyrics also draw from the [[ghazal]] tradition ([[filmi-ghazal]]).<ref name="Dwyer" /> According to Javed Akhtar in 1996, despite the loss of Urdu in Indian society, Urdu [[diction]] dominated Hindi film dialogue and lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Saba Naqvi |title=From nonsensical to sublime, Majrooh Sultanpuri still defines Bollywood frontiers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19960930-from-nonsensical-to-sublime-majrooh-sultanpuri-still-defines-bollywood-frontiers-833834-1996-09-30 |access-date=7 June 2013 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 September 1996 |language=en}}</ref>

In her book, ''The Cinematic ImagiNation'', Jyotika Virdi wrote about the presence and decline of Urdu in Hindi films. Virdi notes that although Urdu was widely used in classic Hindi cinema decades after partition because it was widely taught in pre-[[Partition of India|partition]] India, its use has declined in modern Hindi cinema: "The extent of Urdu used in commercial Hindi cinema has not been stable ... the ultimate victory of Hindi in the official sphere has been more or less complete. This decline of Urdu is mirrored in Hindi films ... It is true that many Urdu words have survived and have become part of Hindi cinema's popular vocabulary. But that is as far as it goes. The fact is, for the most part, popular Hindi cinema has forsaken the florid Urdu that was part of its extravagance and retained a 'residual' Urdu, affected by an aggressive state policy that promoted a Sanskritized version of Hindi as the national language."<ref>{{cite book|author=Virdi, Jyotika|url=https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird/page/19 19]|title=The cinematic imagiNation (sic): Indian popular films as social history|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5}}</ref>

Contemporary mainstream films also use English, with the authors of an October 2005 ''South Asian Popular Culture'' article writing, "English has begun to challenge the ideological work done by Urdu."<ref name="lang"/><ref>Desai, Jigna, Dudrah, Rajinder, Rai, Amit, "Bollywood Audiences Editorial", ''South Asian Popular Culture'' (October 2005), Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 79–82.</ref> Some film scripts are first written in [[Latin script]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Us Salam, Ziya|title=Assault of the mixed doubles|date=12 August 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/08/12/stories/2007081250070400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105153839/https://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/08/12/stories/2007081250070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|access-date=9 December 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Characters may shift between languages to evoke a particular atmosphere (for example, English in a business setting and Hindi in an informal one). The blend of Hindi and English sometimes heard in modern Hindi films, known as [[Hinglish]], has become increasingly common.<ref name="scienceandmediamuseum" />

Before and following the turn of the millennium, cinematic language (in dialogues or lyrics) would often be melodramatic, invoking God, family, mother, duty, and self-sacrifice. Song lyrics are often about love and, especially in older films, frequently used the poetic vocabulary of court Urdu, with a number of [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|author=Tejaswini Ganti|title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC|access-date=25 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28854-5|pages=22–23}}</ref> Another source for love lyrics in films such as ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje]]'' and ''[[Lagaan]]'' is the long [[Hindu]] tradition of poetry about the loves of [[Krishna]], [[Radha]], and the ''[[gopi]]''s.

Music directors often prefer working with certain lyricists, and the lyricist and composer may be seen as a team. This phenomenon has been compared to the pairs of American composers and songwriters who created classic Broadway musicals.

Before 2008, Bollywood scripts were often [[Handwriting|handwritten]] because, in the industry, there is a perception that manual writing is the quickest way to create scripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Michael |title=The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing |publisher=[[Bedford]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-312-47200-9 |editor-first= |edition=8th |location=Boston |chapter=A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings}}</ref>

== Sound ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2019}}
Sound in early Bollywood films was usually not recorded on location ([[sync sound]]). It was usually created (or re-created) in the studio,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Lagaan used synchronized sound|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/lagaan-used-synchronized-sound/articleshow/3987370.cms|access-date=21 June 2021|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2009 |language=en}}</ref> with the actors [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|speaking their lines]] in the studio and [[Foley (filmmaking)|sound effects]] added later; this created synchronisation problems.<ref name=":0" /> Commercial Indian films are known for their lack of ambient sound, and the [[Arri|Arriflex 3]] camera necessitated dubbing. ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) was filmed with sync sound,<ref name=":0" /> and several Bollywood films have recorded on-location sound since then.

== {{anchor|Makeup}}Female makeup artists ==
In 1955, the Bollywood Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) ruled that female makeup artists were barred from membership.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web|author=Samyabrata Ray Goswami |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141111/jsp/frontpage/story_19024241.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111050234/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141111/jsp/frontpage/story_19024241.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2014 |title=Women get makeup justice |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in 2014 that the ban violated Indian constitutional guarantees under Article 14 (right to equality), 19(1)(g) (freedom to work) and Article 21 (right to liberty).<ref name="telegraphindia1" /> According to the court, the ban had no "rationale nexus" to the cause sought to be achieved and was "unacceptable, impermissible and inconsistent" with the constitutional rights guaranteed to India's citizens.<ref name="telegraphindia1" /> The court also found illegal the rule which mandated that for any artist to work in the industry, they must have lived for five years in the state where they intend to work.<ref name="telegraphindia1" /> In 2015, it was announced that Charu Khurana was the first woman registered by the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|author=Amit Anand Choudhary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Bollywood-make-up-artists-group-inducts-first-woman-after-SC-rap/articleshow/46995208.cms |title=Bollywood make-up artists' group inducts first woman after SC rap |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

== Song and dance ==
[[File:Rahul Dev Burman.jpg|thumb|150px|[[R. D. Burman]] is considered one of the most prolific and influential music director of Hindi cinema.<ref name="Tejaswini2004">{{cite book | author=Tejaswini Ganti | title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema | year=2004 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/111 111–112] | url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/111 }}</ref>]]
{{See also|Hindi film music|Filmi-ghazal|Filmi qawwali|Hindi dance music|List of singing actors in Indian cinema}}
Bollywood film music is called ''[[filmi]]'' (from the Hindi "of films"). Bollywood songs were introduced with Ardeshir Irani's ''Alam Ara'' (1931) song, "De De Khuda Ke Naam pay pyaare".<ref name="Ganesh">{{cite book|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC|page=2|first=Ganesh|last=Anantharaman|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> Bollywood songs are generally pre-recorded by professional playback singers, with the actors then [[lip sync]]ing the words to the song on-screen (often while dancing). Although most actors are good dancers, few are also singers; a notable exception was [[Kishore Kumar]], who starred in several major films during the 1950s while having a rewarding career as a playback singer. [[Kundan Lal Saigal|K. L. Saigal]], Suraiyya, and [[Noor Jehan]] were known as singers and actors, and some actors in the last thirty years have sung one or more songs themselves.

[[File:Kishore Kumar 2016 postcard of India (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Kishore Kumar]] is regarded as one of the greatest, most influential and dynamic singers in the history of modern [[Indian music]].<ref name="TOI2017"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Kishore Kumar: Unforgettable Jewels from India's Greatest Playback Singer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/remembering-kishore-kumar-unforgettable-jewels-from-indias-greatest-playback-singer-2755463.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=News18 |date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit |title=Unforgettable Kishore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/unforgettable-kishore/articleshow/2435600.cms |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="HT2016">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Nivedita |title=The legend of Kishore Kumar: Why he remains relevant even today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/the-legend-of-kishore-kumar-why-he-remains-relevant-even-today/story-yS95qQmejzEBIlpacKVexN.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Lata Mangeshkar - still 29065 crop.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] She is considered to be one of the greatest and most influential singers of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/lata-mangeshkar-was-the-soundtrack-of-the-newly-independent-country/21807600 | title=Lata Mangeshkar was the soundtrack of newly independent India | newspaper=The Economist }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lata Mangeshkar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30899862.cms|date=10 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Yasmeen, Afshan |title=Music show to celebrate birthday of melody queen |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/21/stories/2004092114010200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103120451/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/21/stories/2004092114010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2004 |date=21 September 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-07 |title=Lata Mangeshkar: 'Why I loved the Indian singer as much as The Beatles' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60257952 |access-date=2023-03-30}}</ref>]]
Songs can make and break a film, determining whether it will be a flop or a hit: "Few films without successful musical tracks, and even fewer without any songs and dances, succeed".<ref name=":1"/> Globalization has changed Bollywood music, with lyrics an increasing mix of Hindi and English. Global trends such as salsa, pop and hip hop have influenced the music heard in Bollywood films.<ref name=":1" />

Playback singers are featured in the opening credits, and have fans who will see an otherwise-lackluster film to hear their favourites. Notable singers are [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Alka Yagnik]] and [[Shreya Goshal]] (female), and K. L. Saigal, [[Kishore Kumar]], Talat Mahmood, [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] (male). Composers of film music, known as music directors, are also well-known. [[Remix]]ing of film songs with modern rhythms is common, and producers may release remixed versions of some of their films' songs with the films' soundtrack albums.

Dancing in Bollywood films, especially older films, is modeled on Indian dance: classical dance, dances of north-Indian courtesans ([[tawaif]]) or [[folk dance]]s. In modern films, Indian dance blends with Western dance styles as seen on MTV or in Broadway musicals; Western pop and classical-dance numbers are commonly seen side-by-side in the same film. The hero (or heroine) often performs with a troupe of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films contain unrealistically-quick shifts of location or changes of costume between verses of a song. If the hero and heroine dance and sing a duet, it is often staged in natural surroundings or architecturally-grand settings.

Songs typically comment on the action taking place in the film. A song may be worked into the plot, so a character has a reason to sing. It may externalise a character's thoughts, or presage an event in the film (such as two characters falling in love). The songs are often referred to as a "dream sequence", with things happening which would not normally happen in the real world. Song and dance scenes were often filmed in [[Kashmir]] but, due to political unrest in Kashmir since the end of the 1980s,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2935951.stm BBC News: Kashmir beckons Bollywood] (10 April 2003).</ref> they have been shot in western Europe (particularly [[Switzerland]] and [[Austria]]).<ref>[https://www.museum-gestaltung.ch/Htmls/Ausstellungen/Archiv/2002/Bollywood/E_Bollywood.html Bollywood – The Indian Cinema and Switzerland (2002)]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118005321/https://www.museum-gestaltung.ch/Htmls/Ausstellungen/Archiv/2002/Bollywood/E_Bollywood.html |date=18 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218130229/https://www.hindu.com/2008/02/14/stories/2008021459770700.htm The Hindu: Bollywood boosts Austria's tourism potential]. (2008).</ref>

Contemporary movie stars attracted popularity as dancers, including [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Tiger Shroff]]. Older dancers include [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Helen: Bollywood's Queen of Dance|url = https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/ben-mirza/helen-bollywoods-queen-of_b_2213570.html|website = The Huffington Post UK|access-date = 5 December 2015|language = en-GB|date = 2 December 2012}}</ref> (known for her cabaret numbers), [[Madhubala]], [[Vyjanthimala]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Cuckoo Moray]],<ref>{{cite web|title = The Tragic ending of Cuckoo Moore – Helen remembers Cuckoo|url = https://cineplot.com/the-tragic-ending-of-cuckoo-moore-helen-remembers-cuckoo/|website = cineplot.com|access-date = 5 December 2015}}</ref> [[Parveen Babi]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Happy Birthday Parveen Babi|url = https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-parveen-babi/|website = The Indian Express|date = 4 April 2014|access-date = 5 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165452/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-parveen-babi/|archive-date = 8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Waheeda Rehman|, Waheeda Rahman]],<ref>{{cite web|title = World Dance Day: Top 6 dancing queens of Bollywood!|url = https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/world-dance-day-top-6-dancing-queens-of-bollywood_1586532.html|website = Zee News|access-date = 5 December 2015|date = 28 April 2015}}</ref> [[Meena Kumari]],<ref>{{cite web|title = 'Her Story' {{!}} Vinod Mehta {{!}} 1 Aug 2013|url = https://www.outlookindia.com/article/her-story/287253|website = www.outlookindia.com|access-date = 5 December 2015}}</ref> and [[Shammi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Shammi Kapoor|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8705192/Shammi-Kapoor.html|website =The Telegraph|access-date = 5 December 2015|date = 16 August 2011}}</ref>

Film producers have been releasing soundtracks (as tapes or CDs) before a film's release, hoping that the music will attract audiences; a soundtrack is often more popular than its film. Some producers also release music videos, usually (but not always) with a song from the film.

== Finances ==
Bollywood films are multi-million dollar productions, with the most expensive productions costing up to {{INR}} 1 billion (about US$20 million). The science-fiction film ''[[Ra.One]]'' was made on a budget of {{INR}} 1.35 billion (about $27 million), making it the most expensive Bollywood film of all time.<ref>{{cite news|author1=The Times of India|author2=movie report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080117/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/special-report/30366066_1_ke-liye-shah-rukh-khan-big-stars|url-status=live|archive-date=17 October 2012|access-date=12 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=It took me 20 years to be an overnight success: Shah Rukh Khan|date=6 November 2011}}</ref> [[Set (drama)|Sets]], costumes, special effects and [[cinematography]] were less than world-class, with some notable exceptions, until the mid-to-late 1990s. As Western films and television are more widely distributed in India, there is increased pressure for Bollywood films to reach the same production levels (particularly in action and special effects). Recent Bollywood films, like ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006), have employed international technicians such as Hong Kong-based action choreographer [[Tony Ching Siu-Tung|Tony Ching]]. The increasing accessibility of professional action and special effects, coupled with rising film budgets, have seen an increase in action and science-fiction films.

Since overseas scenes are attractive at the box office, Mumbai film crews are filming in Australia, Canada, [[New Zealand]], the United Kingdom, the United States, [[Europe]] and elsewhere. Indian producers have also obtained funding for big-budget films shot in India, such as ''[[Lagaan]]'' and ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.

Funding for Bollywood films often comes from private distributors and a few large [[Movie studio|studios]]. Although Indian banks and financial institutions had been forbidden from lending to film studios, the ban has been lifted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/31sush.htm |title=I & B Ministry will help film industry |publisher=Rediff |date=31 March 2001 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> Finances are not regulated; some funding comes from illegitimate sources such as the Mumbai underworld, which is known to influence several prominent film personalities. Mumbai organised-crime hitmen shot [[Rakesh Roshan]], a film director and father of star [[Hrithik Roshan]], in January 2000. In 2001, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] seized all prints of ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' after the film was found to be funded by members of the Mumbai underworld.<ref>{{cite web|author=Singh, Vijay|title=Bharat Shah sentenced, but won't have to spend time in prison|date=1 October 2003|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/01shah.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 February 2008}}</ref>

Another problem facing Bollywood is widespread [[copyright infringement]] of its films. Often, bootleg [[DVD#DVD-Video|DVD]] copies of movies are available before they are released in cinemas. Manufacturing of bootleg DVD, VCD, and VHS copies of the latest movie titles is an established small-scale industry in parts of south and [[southeast Asia]]. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) estimates that the Bollywood industry loses $100 million annually from unlicensed home videos and DVDs. In addition to the homegrown market, demand for these copies is large amongst portions of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]. Bootleg copies are the only way people in Pakistan can watch Bollywood movies, since the Pakistani government has banned their sale, distribution and telecast. Films are frequently broadcast without compensation by small cable-TV companies in India and other parts of South Asia. Small convenience stores, run by members of the Indian diaspora in the US and the UK, regularly stock tapes and DVDs of dubious provenance; consumer copying adds to the problem. The availability of illegal copies of movies on the Internet also contributes to industry losses.

Satellite TV, television and imported foreign films are making inroads into the domestic Indian entertainment market. In the past, most Bollywood films could make money; now, fewer do. Most Bollywood producers make money, however, recouping their investments from many sources of revenue (including the sale of ancillary rights). There are increasing returns from theatres in Western countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, where Bollywood is slowly being noticed. As more Indians migrate to these countries, they form a growing market for upscale Indian films. In 2002, Bollywood sold 3.6 billion tickets and had a total revenue (including theatre tickets, DVDs and television) of $1.3 billion; Hollywood films sold 2.6 billion tickets, and had a total revenue of $51 billion.

== Advertising ==
A number of Indian artists hand-painted movie billboards and posters. [[M. F. Husain]] painted film posters early in his career; human labour was found to be cheaper than printing and distributing publicity material.<ref name="paint">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/a-different-canvas/articleshow/1027777.cms|title=A different canvas|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2005|access-date=21 November 2008|author=Ramanan, Manju}}</ref> Most of the large, ubiquitous billboards in India's major cities are now created with computer-printed vinyl. Old hand-painted posters, once considered [[ephemera]], are collectible [[folk art]].<ref name="paint" /><ref>{{cite web| title = Collectors can make good money with old Bollywood posters| work = The Economic Times| url = https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-18/news/30529124_1_poster-art-movie-posters-poster-pasters| date = 18 December 2011| access-date = 20 August 2013| archive-date = 5 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505142422/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-18/news/30529124_1_poster-art-movie-posters-poster-pasters| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 100 years of Indian cinema: Top 50 hand-painted Bollywood posters| url = https://ibnlive.in.com/news/100-years-of-indian-cinema-top-50-handpainted-bollywood-posters/389311-8-66.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505105501/https://ibnlive.in.com/news/100-years-of-indian-cinema-top-50-handpainted-bollywood-posters/389311-8-66.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 5 May 2013|publisher=CNN-IBN|date= 3 May 2013 | access-date = 20 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="PintoSippy2008">{{cite book|author1=Jerry Pinto|author-link1=Jerry Pinto|author2=Sheena Sippy|title=Bollywood Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4frAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-28776-7}}</ref>

Releasing film music, or music videos, before a film's release may be considered a form of advertising. A popular tune is believed to help attract audiences.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Skelton, Tracey |author2=Allen, Tim |title=Culture and Global Change|url=https://archive.org/details/cultureglobalcha00skel |url-access=limited |year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-13917-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/cultureglobalcha00skel/page/n281 269]}}</ref> Bollywood publicists use the Internet as a venue for advertising. Most bigger-budget films have a websites on which audiences can view trailers, stills and information on the story, cast, and crew.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-wakes-up-to-the-power-of-Web/articleshow/36007765.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023174923/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-31/news-interviews/27264956_1_small-budget-movies-producers-and-distributors-film|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Bollywood wakes up to the power of Web|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2003|access-date=21 November 2008|author=Ferrao, Dominic}}</ref> Bollywood is also used to advertise other products. [[Product placement]], used in Hollywood, is also common in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/valuecreation5.htm |title=Leo Entertainment capitalises on film placements |publisher=Indian Television |date=14 January 2003 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

== {{anchor|International shoots}}International filming ==
{{See also|Indian cinema and Switzerland}}
Bollywood's increasing use of international settings such as Switzerland, London, Paris, New York, Mexico, Brazil and Singapore does not necessarily represent the people and cultures of those locales. Contrary to these spaces and geographies being filmed as they are, they are actually Indianised by adding Bollywood actors and Hindi speaking extras to them. While immersing in Bollywood films, viewers get to see their local experiences duplicated in different locations around the world.

According to Shakuntala Rao, "Media representation can depict India's shifting relation with the world economy, but must retain its 'Indianness' in moments of dynamic hybridity";<ref name=":1" /> "Indianness" (cultural identity) poses a problem with Bollywood's popularity among varied diaspora audiences, but gives its domestic audience a sense of uniqueness from other immigrant groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/10304312.2013.766309|title=Imagining global India: Bollywood's transnational appeal|journal=Continuum|volume=27|issue=2|pages=254–266|year=2013|last1=O'Neill|first1=Patricia|s2cid=145444217}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] are some of the most prominent awards given to Hindi films in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1367349,prtpage-1.cms |title=Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220033512/https://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1367349%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref> The Indian screen magazine ''[[Filmfare]]'' began the awards in 1954 (recognising the best films of 1953), and they were originally known as the Clare Awards after the magazine's editor. Modeled on the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]' poll-based merit format, individuals may vote in separate categories. A dual voting system was developed in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnnworld.com/filmfare.php |title=Diaspora News & Network Ltd |publisher=Dnnworld.com |date=4 March 2005 |access-date=12 November 2010}}</ref>

The [[National Film Awards]] were also introduced in 1954. The Indian government has sponsored the awards, given by its [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] (DFF), since 1973. The DFF screens Bollywood films, films from the other regional movie industries, and independent/art films. The awards are made at an annual ceremony presided over by the president of India. Unlike the Filmfare Awards, which are chosen by the public and a committee of experts, the National Film Awards are decided by a government panel.<ref>[https://www.bollywoodsoundtracks.com/html/filmfareawards.htm Filmfare Awards Complete Winners List – BollywoodSoundtracks.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703214358/https://www.bollywoodsoundtracks.com/html/filmfareawards.htm |date=3 July 2007 }}</ref>

Other awards ceremonies for Hindi films in India are the [[Screen Awards]] (begun in 1995) and the [[Stardust Awards]], which began in 2003. The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (begun in 2000) and the [[Zee Cine Awards]], begun in 1998, are held abroad in a different country each year.

== Global markets ==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|List of highest-grossing Hindi films}}

In addition to their popularity among the Indian diaspora from [[Nigeria]] and [[Senegal]] to [[Egypt]] and [[Russia]], generations of non-Indians have grown up with Bollywood.<ref name="samar" /> Indian cinema's early contacts with other regions made inroads into the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Middle East]], [[Southeast Asia]],<ref name="Desai38">Desai, 38</ref> and [[China]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Bollywood entered the consciousness of Western audiences and producers during the late 20th century,<ref name="Us popularity" /><ref name=businessweek>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021124165107/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_48/b3810013.htm Can new money create a world-class film industry in India?]. Business Week.</ref> and Western actors now seek roles in Bollywood films.<ref name=BBC-Bollywood-popularity>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17920845 |title=Bollywood's expanding reach |work=BBC News |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Asia-Pacific ===
==== South Asia ====
Bollywood films are also popular in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Nepal]], where Hindustani language is widely understood. Many Pakistanis understand Hindi, due to its linguistic similarity to [[Urdu]].<ref name="Pakistan">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20051004061008&Page=E&Title=Startrek&Topic=0 |title=Despite official ban, Hindi movies are a craze in Pakistan |access-date=5 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224205938/https://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20051004061008&Page=E&Title=Startrek&Topic=0 |archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref> Although Pakistan banned the import of Bollywood films in 1965, trade in unlicensed DVDs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=67664|title=Bollywood stumbles in Pak with Taj Mahal|access-date=21 November 2008|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330002107/https://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=67664|archive-date=30 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and illegal cable broadcasts ensured their continued popularity. Exceptions to the ban were made for a few films, such as the colourised re-release of ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Taj Mahal]]'' in 2006. Early in 2008, the Pakistani government permitted the import of 16 films.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2009 |title=Will it be curtains for Indian films in Pakistan? |url=https://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/will-it-be-curtains-for-indian-films-in-pakistan_100137752.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107144559/https://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/will-it-be-curtains-for-indian-films-in-pakistan_100137752.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=23 February 2010 |publisher=ThaIndian}}</ref> More easing followed in 2009 and 2010. Although it is opposed by nationalists and representatives of Pakistan's small film industry, it is embraced by cinema owners who are making a profit after years of low receipts.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264316|title=The Mirror is Watching|access-date=23 February 2009|magazine=[[Outlook India]]|date=1 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222070609/https://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264316|archive-date=22 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bollywood films in Nepal earn more than [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali films]], and Salman Khan, [[Akshay Kumar]] and Shah Rukh Khan are popular in the country.

The films are also popular in [[Afghanistan]] due to its proximity to the Indian subcontinent and their cultural similarities, particularly in music. Popular actors include Shah Rukh Khan, [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Preity Zinta]], and Madhuri Dixit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/Its-Bollywood-all-the-way-in-Afghanistan/article20275900.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403082744/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/05/09/stories/2005050900561400.htm|title=It's Bollywood all the way in Afghanistan|archive-date=3 April 2007|website=@businessline|date=8 May 2005 }}</ref> A number of Bollywood films were filmed in Afghanistan and some dealt with the country, including ''[[Dharmatma]]'', ''[[Kabul Express]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' and ''[[Escape From Taliban]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/08/29/kabul.tv/index.html |title=CNN World: Kabul TV bans 'explicit' Indian films, soaps |date=29 August 2002 |access-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809155213/https://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/08/29/kabul.tv/index.html |archive-date=9 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1679115.stm|title=BBC: Bollywood eyes Afghan market | date=27 November 2001 | access-date=31 December 2009 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
Bollywood films are popular in [[Southeast Asia]], particularly in [[maritime Southeast Asia]]. The three Khans are very popular in the [[Malay world]], including [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]]. The films are also fairly popular in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Yogendra Singh|title=Bollywood in Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|date=19 November 2008|url=https://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2734|access-date=18 May 2009|archive-date=18 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618020447/http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2734|url-status=dead}}</ref>

India has [[Indosphere|cultural ties]] with Indonesia, and Bollywood films were introduced to the country at the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. The "angry young man" films of [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Salim–Javed]] were popular during the 1970s and 1980s before Bollywood's popularity began gradually declining in the 1980s and 1990s. It experienced an Indonesian revival with the release of Shah Rukh Khan's ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) in 2001, which was a bigger box-office success in the country than ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997). Bollywood has had a strong presence in Indonesia since then, particularly Shah Rukh Khan films such as ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'', ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' and ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (all 2003), and ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tambunan|first=Shuri Mariasih Gietty|title=Bollywood in Indonesia: The Kuch Kuch Hota Hai effect|url=https://southasia.oneworld.net/features/bollywood-in-indonesia-the-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-effect|journal=Owsa|date=23 December 2012|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204242/https://southasia.oneworld.net/features/bollywood-in-indonesia-the-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-effect|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== East Asia ====
Some Bollywood films have been widely appreciated in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[South Korea]]. Several Hindi films have been commercially successful in Japan, including [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Aan]]'' (1952, starring [[Dilip Kumar]]) and [[Aziz Mirza]]'s ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'' (1992, starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]]). The latter sparked a two-year boom in Indian films after its 1997 release,<ref name="Japan">{{cite book | url=https://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | title=Asia to Watch, Asia to Present: The Promotion of Asian/Indian Cinema in Japan | publisher=Senri Ethnological Studies, Reitaku University | last=Matsuoka | first=Tamaki | year=2008| page=246 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/https://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> with ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998) a beneficiary of the boom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|date=2013|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9788132117889|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188}}</ref> The highest-grossing Hindi film in Japan is ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), starring [[Aamir Khan]],<ref name="qz">{{cite news|title=Japan is going gaga over Bollywood|url=https://qz.com/310502/japan-is-going-gaga-over-bollywood/|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|date=11 December 2014|archive-date=22 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204813/https://qz.com/310502/japan-is-going-gaga-over-bollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which received a [[Japanese Academy Award]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web|title=3 Idiots to race for Japan Academy Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2382254/3-Idiots-to-race-for-Japan-Academy-Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130064850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2382254/3-Idiots-to-race-for-Japan-Academy-Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2014|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> The film was also a critical and commercial success in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Embrace Your Nerdiness with 3 Idiots|url=https://herald.kaist.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=285|access-date=29 March 2012|newspaper=KAIST Herald|date=4 December 2011|author=Chaerim Oh|agency=[[KAIST]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424035900/https://herald.kaist.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=285|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]'', ''[[Awara (1951 film)|Awaara]]'', and ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' were successful in China during the 1940s and 1950s, and remain popular with their original audience. Few Indian films were commercially successful in the country during the 1970s and 1980s, among them [[Tahir Hussain]]'s ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'', ''[[Noorie]]'' and ''[[Disco Dancer]]''.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=Aamir: I couldn't really enjoy the food in China|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|date=21 May 2015}}</ref> Indian film stars popular in China included Raj Kapoor, [[Nargis]],<ref name="tagore" /> and [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref name="rediff" /> Hindi films declined significantly in popularity in China during the 1980s.<ref name="lagaan-china">{{cite news|access-date=12 January 2008 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021121/world.htm#4 |title=''Lagaan'' released in China |date=20 November 2002 |work=The Tribune |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227190730/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021121/world.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 }}</ref> Films by Aamir Khan have recently been successful,<ref name="rediff" /><ref name="forbes-china">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/08/how-a-52-year-old-indian-actor-became-chinas-favorite-movie-star/|title=How A 52-Year-Old Indian Actor Became China's Favorite Movie Star|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> and ''[[Lagaan]]'' was the first Indian film with a nationwide Chinese release in 2011.<ref name="lagaan-china" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Lagaan revives memories of Raj Kapoor in China|author=Anil K. Joseph|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=20 November 2002|url=https://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|access-date=30 January 2009|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205095946/https://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> [[Cinema of China|Chinese]] filmmaker [[He Ping (director)|He Ping]] was impressed by ''Lagaan'' (particularly its soundtrack), and hired its composer [[A. R. Rahman]] to score his ''[[Warriors of Heaven and Earth]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahman's 'Lagaan' cast a spell on me|website=[[Sify]]|date=13 February 2004|url=https://sify.com/peopleandplaces/fullstory.php?id=13388284|access-date=24 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324022050/https://sify.com/peopleandplaces/fullstory.php?id=13388284|archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref>

When ''3 Idiots'' was released in China, China was the [[Aamir Khan|world's]] 15th-largest film market (partly due to its widespread pirate [[DVD]] distribution at the time). The pirate market introduced the film to Chinese audiences, however, and it became a [[cult hit]]. According to the [[Douban]] film-review site, ''3 Idiots'' is China's 12th-most-popular film of all time; only one domestic Chinese film (''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'') ranks higher, and [[Aamir Khan]] acquired a large Chinese fan base as a result.<ref name="forbes-china" /> After ''3 Idiots'', several of Khan's other films (including 2007's {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taare Zameen Par]]}} and 2008's ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'') also developed cult followings.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Q&A: Aamir Khan on what it takes to crack China's box office|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-aamir-khan-dangal-interv/qa-aamir-khan-on-what-it-takes-to-crack-chinas-box-office-idUSKBN18R0RQ|work=Reuters|access-date=31 May 2017|year=2017}}</ref> China became the world's second-largest film market (after the United States) by 2013, paving the way for Khan's box-office success with ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016).<ref name="forbes-china" /> The latter is the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|16th-highest-grossing film in China]],<ref name="cbo">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbooo.cn/Alltimedomestic|script-title=zh:内地总票房排名 ("All-Time Domestic Box Office Rankings")|work=中国票房 (China Box Office)|publisher=Entgroup|language=zh|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209213437/http://www.cbooo.cn/Alltimedomestic|url-status=dead}}</ref> the fifth-highest-grossing non-[[English language]] film worldwide,<ref name="5thForbes">{{cite news|last1=Cain|first1=Rob|title='Dangal' Tops $300 Million, Becoming The 5th Highest-Grossing Non-English Movie Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/12/dangal-joins-300-million-club-now-the-5th-biggest-non-english-movie-ever|access-date=14 June 2017|work=Forbes|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> and the highest-grossing non-English foreign film in any market.<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Lee|title=Bollywood Hit Beats 'Star Wars' at China's Box Office|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-28/bollywood-beats-star-wars-at-china-s-box-office-with-hindi-hit|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Lee|title=China Picks Bollywood Over Hollywood|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-29/china-picks-bollywood-over-hollywood|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=29 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="business-standard">{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Lee|title=How Aamir Khan's Secret Superstar beat 'Star Wars' at China's Box Office|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/how-aamir-khan-s-secret-superstar-beat-star-wars-at-china-s-box-office-118012900051_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Several Khan films, including {{Lang|hi-latn|Taare Zameen Par}}, ''3 Idiots'', and ''Dangal'', are highly rated on Douban.<ref>{{cite news|title=印度的良心阿米尔·汗如何用电影改变国家|url=https://ent.sina.com.cn/zl/bagua/blog/2017-05-19/10105939/350163497/14df122910102wywr.shtml|publisher=[[Sina Corp]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=《摔跤吧！爸爸》主演阿米尔·汗被誉为"印度刘德华"-中新网|url=https://www.chinanews.com/yl/2017/05-11/8220929.shtml|work=[[China News Service]]|date=11 May 2017}}</ref> His next film, ''[[Secret Superstar]]'' (2017, starring [[Zaira Wasim]]), broke ''Dangal''{{'}}s record for the highest-grossing opening weekend by an Indian film and cemented Khan's status<ref name="scmp">{{cite news|title=Meet the Secret Superstar of China, from India|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130746/meet-secret-superstar-china-india-aamir-khan|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=28 January 2018}}</ref> as "a king of the Chinese box office";<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{cite news|title=China Box Office: Bollywood's 'Secret Superstar' Beats 'Ferdinand' and 'Jumanji'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-bollywoods-secret-superstar-beats-ferdinand-jumanji-1076857|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=22 January 2018}}</ref> ''Secret Superstar'' was China's highest-grossing foreign film of 2018 to date.<ref name="firstpost2">{{cite news|title=Secret Superstar: Aamir Khan's film becomes second Indian movie to cross Rs 500 cr in China, next only to his Dangal|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/secret-superstar-aamir-khans-film-becomes-second-indian-movie-to-cross-rs-500-cr-in-china-next-only-to-his-dangal-4331887.html|work=Firstpost|date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Khan has become a household name in China,<ref>{{cite news|title=5 big stories from the week gone by|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-big-stories-from-the-week-gone-by-26308-3.html|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> with his success described as a form of Indian [[soft power]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gao|first1=Charlotte|title=Aamir Khan: India's Soft Power in China|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/aamir-khan-indias-soft-power-in-china/|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> improving [[China–India relations]] despite political tensions.<ref name="tagore">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan: the second coming of Tagore?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130794/chinas-secret-superstar-aamir-khan-second-coming-indias-tagore|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="scmp" /> With Bollywood competing with Hollywood in the Chinese market,<ref>{{cite news|title=Significant Digits For Tuesday, Jan. 30, 2018|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/significant-digits-for-tuesday-jan-30-2018/|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=30 January 2018}}</ref> the success of Khan's films has driven up the price for Chinese distributors of Indian film imports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Headlines from China: Tencent Acquires Stake in Hollywood Studio Skydance Media|url=https://chinafilminsider.com/headlines-china-tencent-acquires-stake-hollywood-studio-skydance-media/|work=China Film Insider|date=26 January 2018}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]]'s ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' and [[Irrfan Khan]]'s ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' were also Chinese hits in early 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rajat|title=Irrfan Khan's Hindi Medium BEATS the first day collections of Dangal and Bajrangi Bhaijaan in China|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/irrfan-khans-hindi-medium-beats-the-first-day-collections-of-dangal-and-bajrangi-bhaijaan-in-china/|access-date=4 April 2018|work=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

==== Oceania ====
Although Bollywood is less successful on some Pacific islands such as [[New Guinea]], it ranks second to Hollywood in [[Fiji]] (with its large Indian minority), [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="Oceania">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Bollywood_clubs_popular_among_Australians/articleshow/2372640.cms|title=Bollywood clubs popular among Australians|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2007|access-date=12 November 2007|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212095151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Bollywood_clubs_popular_among_Australians/articleshow/2372640.cms|archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref> Australia also has a large South Asian diaspora, and Bollywood is popular amongst non-Asians in the country as well.<ref name="Oceania" /> Since 1997, the country has been a backdrop for an increasing number of Bollywood films.<ref name="Oceania" /> Indian filmmakers, attracted to Australia's diverse locations and landscapes, initially used the country as a setting for song-and-dance scenes;<ref name="Oceania" /> however, Australian locations now figure in Bollywood film plots.<ref name="Oceania" /> Hindi films shot in Australia usually incorporate Australian culture. [[Yash Raj Films]]' ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), the first Indian film shot entirely in Australia, was the most successful Bollywood film of 2005 in that country.<ref>{{cite news|author=Phillips, Mark|url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/Film/Bollywood-on-Bourke-Street/2005/05/12/1115843307939.html|title=Bollywood on Bourke Street|work=[[The Age]]|date=13 May 2005|access-date=18 August 2008|location=Melbourne}}</ref> It was followed by the box-office successes ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'', (2007) ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007), and ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' (2008).<ref name="Oceania" /> Prime Minister [[John Howard]] said during a visit to India after the release of ''Salaam Namaste'' that he wanted to encourage Indian filmmaking in Australia to increase tourism, and he appointed [[Steve Waugh]] as tourism ambassador to India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bonza.rmit.edu.au/essays/2006/Mithila%20Gupta/CollectionofAnnotatedRef.html |title=Australian PM says Salaam Namaste to Bollywood |publisher=bonza.rmit.edu.au |date=7 March 2006 |access-date=17 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120112704/https://bonza.rmit.edu.au/essays/2006/Mithila%20Gupta/CollectionofAnnotatedRef.html |archive-date=20 January 2009}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2019}} Australian actress [[Tania Zaetta]], who appeared in ''Salaam Namaste'' and several other Bollywood films, was eager to expand her career in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/people/tania-zaettas-bollywood-career-in-doubt/2008/05/23/1211183051898.html|title=Tania Zaetta's Bollywood career in doubt|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=23 May 2008|access-date=17 November 2008|author=Ramachandran, Arjun}}</ref>

=== Eastern Europe and Central Asia ===
Bollywood films are popular in the former [[Soviet Union]] ([[Russia]], [[Eastern Europe]], and [[Central Asia]]),<ref name="Sanskar Shrivastava">{{cite web|url=https://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/08/bollywood-diplomacy-influence-in-soviet-union.html|title=Influence of Bollywood in Former Soviet Union; Why India and Russia Need to Target Bollywood Diplomacy and Business|work=The World Reporter|date=1 August 2013|author=Sanskar Shrivastava|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804105232/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/08/bollywood-diplomacy-influence-in-soviet-union.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and have been dubbed into [[Russian language|Russian]]. Indian films were [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|more popular in the Soviet Union]] than Hollywood films<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ ''Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin''], page 75, [[Indiana University Press]], 2005</ref><ref name="moscow">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=5 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 44], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref> and, sometimes, domestic [[Soviet films]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=laoaAQAAIAAJ ''Behind The Scenes Of Hindi Cinema: A Visual Journey Through The Heart Of Bollywood''], page 138, [[Royal Tropical Institute]], 2005</ref> The first Indian film released in the Soviet Union was ''[[Dharti Ke Lal]]'' (1946), directed by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and based on the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], in 1949.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha" /> Three hundred Indian films were released in the Soviet Union after that;<ref>{{cite news|title=With love from India to Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/10/22/221009_indianfilms.html|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|date=22 October 2009}}</ref> most were Bollywood films with higher average audience figures than domestic Soviet productions.<ref name="moscow" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bJnAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 ''The Routledge Handbook of the Cold War'', page 357], [[Routledge]], 2014</ref> Fifty Indian films had over 20 million viewers, compared to 41 Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FceAQAAMAAJ|title=A Taste for Indian Films: Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society|first=Sudha|last=Rajagopalan|date=16 August 2018|publisher=Indiana University|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=[[Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|Sergey Kudryavtsev]]}}</ref> Some, such as ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951) and ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982), had more than 60 million viewers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html|title=Зарубежные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=[[Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|Sergey Kudryavtsev]]}}</ref><ref name="hindu_russia">{{cite news|title=Bollywood re-enters Russian homes via cable TV|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 September 2007|url=https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109235938/https://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and established actors [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Nargis]],<ref name="hindu_russia" /> [[Rishi Kapoor]]<ref name="moscow43">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=4 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 43], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref> and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in the country.<ref name="sbs">[https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2017/03/18/do-you-remember-jimmy-jimmy Do you remember Jimmy Jimmy?], [[SBS One|SBS]], 18 March 2017</ref>

According to diplomat Ashok Sharma, who served in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]],
{{blockquote|The popularity of Bollywood in the CIS dates back to the Soviet days when the films from [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and other Western cinema centers were banned in the Soviet Union. As there was no means of other cheap entertainment, the films from Bollywood provided the Soviets a cheap source of entertainment as they were supposed to be non-controversial and non-political. In addition, the Soviet Union was recovering from the onslaught of the Second World War. The films from India, which were also recovering from the disaster of partition and the struggle for freedom from colonial rule, were found to be a good source of providing hope with entertainment to the struggling masses. The aspirations and needs of the people of both countries matched to a great extent. These films were dubbed in Russian and shown in theatres throughout the Soviet Union. The films from Bollywood also strengthened family values, which was a big factor for their popularity with the government authorities in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Indian-films.asp |title=Promoting Bollywood Abroad Will Help to Promote India |last=Ashreena |first=Tanya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003948/https://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Indian-films.asp |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>}}

After the collapse of the Soviet film-distribution system, Hollywood filled the void in the Russian film market and Bollywood's market share shrank.<ref name="Sanskar Shrivastava" />

In [[Poland]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] has a large following. He was introduced to Polish audiences with the 2005 release of ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and his other films, including ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004) and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), became hits in the country. Bollywood films are often covered in ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', formerly Poland's largest newspaper.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Kama Sutra, it is Bollywood and SRK in Poland|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-after-kama-sutra-it-is-bollywood-and-srk-in-poland-1211988|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=9 Countries Where Bollywood Is Badshah|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/9-countries-where-bollywood-is-badshah-331482.html|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 October 2017|archive-date=29 January 2018|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129213719/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/9-countries-where-bollywood-is-badshah-331482.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Squad (2021 film)|Squad]]'' (2021) is the first Indian film to be shot in [[Belarus]]. A majority of the film was shot at [[Belarusfilm]] studios, in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/epic-battle-for-climax-of-rinzings-film-squad/articleshow/71765107.cms|title=Epic battle for climax of Rinzing Denzongpa's film Squad|date=26 October 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Middle East and North Africa ===
Hindi films have become popular in [[Arab world|Arab countries]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/bollywood-films-gaining-popularity-in-gulf-countries/articleshow/2121632.cms|title=Bollywood films gaining popularity in Gulf countries|date=8 October 2006|access-date=21 November 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
and imported Indian films are usually subtitled in Arabic when they are released. Bollywood has progressed in [[Israel]] since the early 2000s, with channels dedicated to Indian films on cable television;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041116/world.htm|title=Indian films swamp Israel|date=16 November 2004|access-date=21 November 2008|work=The Tribune|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> [[MBC Bollywood]] and [[Zee Aflam]] show Hindi movies and serials.<ref>{{cite web|title = Bollywood craze grows ever stronger with audiences in the Middle East {{!}} The National|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/bollywood-craze-grows-ever-stronger-with-middle-eastern-audiences-1.563659/|website = The National|date = 11 March 2014|location=Abu Dhabi|access-date = 2 December 2015}}</ref>

In Egypt, Bollywood films were popular during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1987, however, they were restricted to a handful of films by the [[Egyptian government]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Living the spectacle: Why Egyptians worship Bollywood – Entertainment – Arts & Culture – Ahram Online|url = https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/127435/Arts--Culture/0/Living-the-spectacle-Why-Egyptians-worship-Bollywo.aspx|website = english.ahram.org.eg|access-date = 2 December 2015|archive-date = 8 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082627/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/127435/Arts--Culture/0/Living-the-spectacle-Why-Egyptians-worship-Bollywo.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Bollywood Rides Back to Egypt on Chennai Express|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/09/30/bollywood-rides-back-to-egypt-on-chennai-express/|website = WSJ Blogs – Middle East Real Time|date = 30 September 2013|access-date = 2 December 2015|first = Matt|last = Bradley|archive-date = 8 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071607/http://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/09/30/bollywood-rides-back-to-egypt-on-chennai-express/|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] has remained popular in the country<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Amitabh Bachchan mania|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Egypts-Amitabh-Bachchan-mania/articleshow/1315446.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2005}}</ref> and Indian tourists visiting Egypt are asked, "Do you know Amitabh Bachchan?"<ref name="bollywoodlife">{{cite news|last=Sudhakaran|first=Sreeju|title=Aamir Khan in China, Shah Rukh Khan in Germany – 7 Bollywood stars who have massive fan following in other countries|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aamir-khan-in-china-shah-rukh-khan-in-germany-7-bollywood-stars-who-have-massive-fan-following-in-other-countries/|work=Bollywood Life|date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

Bollywood movies are regularly screened in Dubai cinemas, and Bollywood is becoming popular in Turkey; ''[[Barfi!]]'' was the first Hindi film to have a wide theatrical release in that country.<ref>{{cite web|title = Barfi! making inroads for Bollywood in Turkey {{!}} The National|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/barfi-making-inroads-for-bollywood-in-turkey-1.337099|website = The National|location = Abu Dhabi|access-date = 2 December 2015|archive-date = 13 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813041642/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/barfi-making-inroads-for-bollywood-in-turkey|url-status = live}}</ref> Bollywood also has viewers in Central Asia (particularly [[Uzbekistan]]<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 1998 |title=World: Bollywood stirs Uzbek passions |quote=Indian films are known for their all singing all dancing formula. |author=Louise Hidalgo |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/200689.stm |access-date=18 May 2009 |work= BBC News}}</ref> and [[Tajikistan]]).<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2004 |title=Bollywood bowls Tajiks over |work=BBC News|author1=Monica Whitlock |author2=Rahim Rahimian |name-list-style=amp |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3834295.stm |access-date=18 May 2009}}</ref>

=== South America ===
Bollywood films are not influential in most of South America, although its culture and dance is recognised. Due to significant South Asian diaspora communities in [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]], however, Hindi-language movies are popular.<ref>Global Bollywood – Anandam P. Kavoori, Aswin Punathambekar</ref> In 2006, ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' became the first Bollywood film to be shot in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15sfa.htm|title=Will Hrithik's Dhoom 2 prove lucky for Brazil?|date=15 September 2006|author=Firdaus Ashraf, Syed|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=5 March 2008}}</ref> In January 2012, it was announced that UTV Motion Pictures would begin releasing films in [[Peru]] with ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2012/01/26/bollywood-makes-it-way-to-latin-america/ | publisher=Fox News | title=Bollywood Comes to Latin America | date=26 January 2012 | access-date=1 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402125013/https://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2012/01/26/bollywood-makes-it-way-to-latin-america/ | archive-date=2 April 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Sub-Saharan Africa and Horn of Africa}}Africa ===
Hindi films were originally distributed to some parts of Africa by [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] businessmen.<ref name="samar">{{cite web|last=Larkin |first=Brian |url=https://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=21 |title=Bollywood Comes To Nigeria |publisher=Samarmagazine.org |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731164710/https://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=21 |archive-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> In the 1950s, Hindi and [[Egyptian films]] were generally more popular than Hollywood films in [[East Africa]]. By the 1960s, East Africa was one of the largest overseas export markets for Indian films, accounting for about 20-50% of global earnings for many Indian films.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fair |first1=Laura |chapter=Audience Preferences in Tanzania, 1950s-1980s |editor-last1=Saul |editor-first1=Mahir |editor-last2=Austen |editor-first2=Ralph A. |title=Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8214-1931-1 |pages=109–11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cH0DaVXW0JMC&pg=PA109 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>

''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) continued to be screened in [[Nigeria]] decades after its release. Indian movies have influenced [[Hausa people|Hausa]] clothing, songs have been covered by Hausa singers, and stories have influenced Nigerian novelists. Stickers of Indian films and stars decorate taxis and buses in Nigeria's [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], and posters of Indian films hang on the walls of tailoring shops and mechanics' garages. Unlike Europe and North America, where Indian films cater to the expatriate market, Bollywood films became popular in West Africa despite the lack of a significant Indian audience. One possible explanation is cultural similarity: the wearing of turbans, animals in markets; porters carrying large bundles, and traditional wedding celebrations. Within Muslim culture, Indian movies were said to show "respect" toward women; Hollywood movies were seen as having "no shame". In Indian movies, women are modestly dressed; men and women rarely kiss and there is no [[nudity]], so the films are said to "have culture" which Hollywood lacks. The latter "don't base themselves on the problems of the people"; Indian films are based on socialist values and the reality of developing countries emerging from years of colonialism. Indian movies permitted a new youth culture without "becoming Western."<ref name="samar"/> The first Indian film shot in Mauritius was ''[[Souten]]'', starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.silverdollarproduction.com/film-shooting.html |title=Film Shooting in Mauritius |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145113/https://www.silverdollarproduction.com/film-shooting.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[South Africa]], film imports from India were watched by black and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] audiences.<ref name="Rajinder" /> Several Bollywood figures have travelled to Africa for films and off-camera projects. ''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]'' (2005) was filmed in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|author=Balchand, K.|title=Lalu Prasad, at home|date=26 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600682000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116044729/https://www.hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600682000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2004|access-date=9 December 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' (2005) was also filmed almost entirely in [[Mauritius]], which has a large ethnic-Indian population.

Bollywood, however, seems to be diminishing in popularity in Africa. New Bollywood films are more sexually explicit and violent. Nigerian viewers observed that older films (from the 1950s and 1960s) had more culture and were less Westernised.<ref name="samar" /> The old days of India avidly "advocating decolonization ... and India's policy was wholly influenced by his missionary zeal to end racial domination and discrimination in the African territories" were replaced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2007/06/13/bollywood_in_africa/ |title=Bollywood in Africa – Is it getting too Western? – How the World Works |work=Salon |date=13 June 2007 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919031439/https://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2007/06/13/bollywood_in_africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The emergence of [[Nollywood]] ([[West Africa]]'s film industry) has also contributed to the declining popularity of Bollywood films, as sexualised Indian films became more like American films.

[[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] have been popular in [[Egypt]] and [[Somalia]].<ref name="Baru">{{cite book|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|title=Strategic Consequences of India's Economic Performance|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70973-1|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXE3cEqRcDoC}}</ref> In [[Ethiopia]], Bollywood movies are shown with Hollywood productions in [[town square]] theatres such as the Cinema Ethiopia in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name="Phillips">{{cite book|first1=Matt|last1=Phillips|first2=Jean-Bernard|last2=Carillet|title=Ethiopia & Eritrea. Ediz. Inglese|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-436-2|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7barYwB0UWcC}}</ref> Less-commercial Bollywood films are also screened elsewhere in [[North Africa]].<ref name="Carter">{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Sandra Gayle|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC}}</ref>

=== Western Europe and North America ===
[[File:Bollywood Dance London.jpg|thumb|alt=Large group of dancers onstage|Bollywood dancing show in [[London]]]]
The first Indian film to be released in the [[Western world]] and receive mainstream attention was ''[[Aan]]'' (1952), directed by [[Mehboob Khan]] and starring [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Nimmi]]. It was subtitled in 17 languages and released in 28 countries,<ref name="Rajinder">{{cite book|last1=Rajinder|first1=Dudrah|last2=Jigna|first2=Desai|title=The Bollywood Reader|date=2008|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=978-0-335-22212-4|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65}}</ref> including the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="moviemahal">{{cite web|url=https://moviemahal.net/2017/01/11/mehboobs-aan-1952-indian-cinemas-entry-into-europe|title=Mehboob's AAN (1952) – Indian Cinema's entry into Europe|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> the [[United States]], and [[France]].<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nimmis-filmfare-interview-11920.html|title=Dilip Kumar ke aashiq hum bhi the|website=filmfare.com}}</ref> ''Aan'' received significant praise from British critics, and ''[[The Times]]'' compared it favourably to Hollywood productions.<ref name="gaur">{{cite book|last=Gaur|first=Madan|title=Other Side of the Coin: An Intimate Study of Indian Film Industry|date=1973|publisher=Trimurti Prakashan [distributed through Universal Book Service, Delhi]|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAAwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Mehboob Khan's later [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-nominated ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) was a success in overseas markets, including [[Europe]],<ref name="gaur" /> Russia, the [[Eastern Bloc]], [[French colonial empire|French territories]], and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Gayatri|title=Mother India|year=2002|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-917-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/motherindiamadar00chat/page/77 77–78]|url=https://archive.org/details/motherindiamadar00chat/page/77}}</ref>

Many Bollywood films have been commercially successful in the United Kingdom. The most successful Indian actor at the British box office has been [[Shah Rukh Khan]], whose popularity in [[British Asian]] communities played a key role in introducing Bollywood to the UK<ref name="livemint">{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Lata|title=Why Shah Rukh Khan remains the ultimate NRI hero|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/ZLahUQiFIQKYz2MSeo1JDN/Why-Shah-Rukh-Khan-remains-the-ultimate-NRI-hero.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=10 February 2017}}</ref> with films such as ''[[Darr]]'' (1993),<ref>{{cite web|title=Darr|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3320|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> ''[[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge]]'' (1995),<ref name=Hindu1>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275753.ece |title=Bollywood needs to change its act |work=The Hindu |author=Desai, Lord Meghnad |date=25 November 2007|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021748/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275753.ece|archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998).<ref name="livemint" /> ''[[Dil Se]]'' (1998) was the first Indian film to enter the UK top ten.<ref name="livemint" /> A number of Indian films, such as ''Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge'' and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), have been set in London.

Bollywood is also appreciated in France, [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]],<ref>Francis C. Assisi. [https://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=051806123941 Bollywood Culture Binds Global Indian Diaspora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614132632/https://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=051806123941 |date=14 June 2017 }}</ref> and [[Scandinavia]]. Bollywood films are dubbed in [[German language|German]] and shown regularly on the German television channel [[RTL II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041205/spectrum/main3.htm|title=Bollywood in Germany|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=5 December 2004|author=Lehmann, Ana|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> Germany is the second-largest European market for Indian films, after the United Kingdom. The most recognised Indian actor in Germany is Shah Rukh Khan, who has had box-office success in the country with films such as ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011)<ref name="indiatimes" /> and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007).<ref name="dnaindia" /> He has a large German fan base,<ref name="bollywoodlife" /> particularly in [[Berlin]] (where the tabloid ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]'' compared his popularity to that of the [[pope]]).<ref name="dnaindia" />

[[File:Michelle Obama joins students for a Bollywood Dance Clinic in White House.jpg|thumb|alt=Michelle Obama dancing with a large group of people|[[Michelle Obama]] joining students for a Bollywood dance clinic with [[Nakul Dev Mahajan]] in the [[White House]] State Dining Room, 2013]]
Bollywood has experienced revenue growth in [[Canada]] and the United States, particularly in the South Asian communities of large cities such as [[Toronto]], Chicago, and New York City.<ref name="Us popularity" /> [[Yash Raj Films]], one of India's largest production houses and distributors, reported in September 2005 that Bollywood films in the United States earned about $100 million per year in theatre screenings, video sales and the sale of movie soundtracks;<ref name="Us popularity" /> Indian films earn more money in the United States than films from any other non-English speaking country.<ref name="Us popularity" /> Since the mid-1990s, a number of Indian films have been largely (or entirely) shot in New York, Los Angeles, Vancouver or Toronto. Films such as ''[[The Guru (2002 film)|The Guru]]'' (2002) and ''[[Marigold: An Adventure in India]]'' (2007) attempted to popularise Bollywood for Hollywood.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==See also==
*''[[Angry Young Men (mini series)]]''
*''[[The Romantics (TV series)]]''
*''[[The Roshans]]''
* [[Lists of Hindi films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films]]
** [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films]]
* [[Hindi film distribution circuits]]
* [[Central Board of Film Certification]]
* [[Noida Film City]]
* [[Film City, Mumbai]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[Sexism in Bollywood]]
* [[Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Main|Bibliography of Hindi cinema}}

*{{cite book|last1=Gulzar|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|author-link1=Gulzar|author-link2=Govind Nihalani|author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|title-link=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] (India)|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 }}
*{{cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Ranjani|title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City|year=2007 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Stephen Alter|Alter, Stephen]]. ''Fantasies of a Bollywood Love-Thief: Inside the World of Indian Moviemaking''. {{ISBN|0-15-603084-5}}.
* [[Begum-Hossain, Momtaz]]. ''Bollywood Crafts: 20 Projects Inspired by Popular Indian Cinema'', 2006. The Guild of Mastercraftsman Publications. {{ISBN|1-86108-418-8}}.
* [[Bose, Mihir]], ''Bollywood: A History'', New Delhi, Roli Books, 2008. {{ISBN|978-81-7436-653-5}}.
* Dwyer, Rachel. ''Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India'' (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014) 295 pages
* Ganti, Tejaswini. ''Bollywood'', Routledge, New York and London, 2004.
* Ganti, Tejaswini. ''Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry'' (Duke University Press; 2012) 424 pages; looks at how major changes in film production since the 1990s have been influenced by the liberal restructuring of India's state and economy.
* Gibson, Bernard. 'Bollywood'.'' Passing the Envelope'', 1994.
* Jolly, Gurbir, Zenia Wadhwani, and Deborah Barretto, eds. ''Once Upon a Time in Bollywood: The Global Swing in Hindi Cinema'', TSAR Publications. 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-894770-40-8}}.
* Joshi, Lalit Mohan. ''Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema''. {{ISBN|0-9537032-2-3}}.
* [[Kabir, Nasreen Munni]]. ''Bollywood'', Channel 4 Books, 2001.
* Mehta, Suketu. ''Maximum City'', Knopf, 2004.
* Mishra, Vijay. ''Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire''. {{ISBN|0-415-93015-4}}.
* Pendakur, Manjunath. ''Indian Popular Cinema: Industry, Ideology, and Consciousness''. {{ISBN|1-57273-500-7}}.
* Prasad, Madhava. ''Ideology of the Hindi Film: A Historical Construction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-565295-9}}.
* [[Raheja, Dinesh]] and Kothari, Jitendra. ''Indian Cinema: [[The Bollywood Saga]]''. {{ISBN|81-7436-285-1}}.
* Raj, Aditya (2007) "Bollywood Cinema and Indian Diaspora" in ''Media Literacy: A Reader'' edited by Donaldo Macedo and Shirley Steinberg New York: Peter Lang
* Rajadhyaksa, Ashish (1996), "India: Filming the Nation", ''The Oxford History of World Cinema'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-811257-2}}.
* Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Willemen, Paul. ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', Oxford University Press, revised and expanded, 1999.
* Jha, Subhash and [[Bachchan, Amitabh]] (foreword). ''The Essential Guide to Bollywood''. {{ISBN|978-81-7436-378-7}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209154441/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0502/feature3/ ''National Geographic Magazine'': "Welcome to Bollywood"]
* [https://www.niffa.org/ National Institute Of Film and Fine Arts]

{{Bollywood|horiz=yes}}
{{Cinema of India}}
{{World cinema}}
{{Hindi topics}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|q = yes
|voy = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = Bollywood
|portal2 = Films
}}

[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema| ]]
[[Category:Economy of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Indian film industries]]

Anil Yadav

2026-03-21T09:47:10Z

TKMD:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| image = File:AYVidhansabha.jpg
| caption = Anil Yadav, MLA Kosli
| constituency = [[Kosli Assembly constituency|Kosli]]
| term_start = October 2024
| predecessor = [[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Anil Yadav''' (born 24 December 1976) is an Indian politician who is serving as [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kosli Assembly constituency]] since 2024 as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kosli-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612849-2024-10-08 | title=Kosli, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anil Yadav defeats INC's Jagdish Yadav with 17209 votes | accessdate=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/RoundwiseS0773.htm?ac=73</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav was born in [[Dahina]] village of [[Rewari]] District, Haryana and son of Shalu Singh Yadav.

==Political career==
Yadav started his political career as Member of [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]] of Rewari.

== Assembly Election 2024 ==
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kosli<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/haryana/kosli-constituency-result-7073 | title=Election 2024 | accessdate=9 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anil Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = 92185
|percentage = 51.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Jagdish Yadav
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=74976
|percentage=42.1
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|party=None of the above (India)
|votes=715
|percentage=0.4
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=17209
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=178111
|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,54,470 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Anil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Flag of Hungary

2026-03-14T21:45:13Z

TKMD: updated

{{Short description|none}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=hu|otherarticle=Magyarország zászlaja|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Hungary
| Image = Flag of Hungary.svg
| Nickname = {{lang|hu|Piros-fehér-zöld}} ('Red-white-green')
| Use = 110000
| Symbol = {{FIAV|110000}} {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = 1848 (original design) 23 May 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=1957. évi II. törvény a Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmányának módosításáról|trans-title=Act II of 1957 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic|url=https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/1957._évi_II._törvény|website=hu.wikisource.org|access-date=23 February 2017|language=hu}}</ref> (as state flag) 19 June 1990<ref>{{cite web|title=1990. évi XL. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmányának módosításáról|trans-title=Act XL of 1990 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Hungarian Republic|url=https://mkogy.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=99000040.TV|website=Törvények és országgyűlési határozatok|access-date=14 March 2018|language=hu}}</ref> (reaffirmed)
| Design = A equal blank horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of red, white and green
| Image2 = Civil Ensign of Hungary.svg

| Nickname2 =
| Morenicks2 =
| Use2 = 100100
| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|100100}} {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion2 = 2:3
| Adoption2 = 1848 (original design) 18 August 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=51/1957. (VIII. 18.) Korm. számú rendelet a magyar tengeri kereskedelmi hajók lobogójáról.|trans-title=Decree of the Government No. 51/1957. (VIII. 18.) on the Ensign of the Hungarian Maritime Merchant Vessels|url=https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/51/1957._(VIII._18.)_Korm._számú_rendelet|website=hu.wikisource.org|access-date=23 February 2017|language=hu}}</ref> (as civil ensign)
| Design2 = A equal blank horizontal tricolour of red, white and green
| Image3 = Flag of Hungary with arms (state).svg
| Nickname3 =
| Morenicks3 =
| Use3 = Unofficial [[state flag]]{{NoteTag|The official Hungarian state flag does not contain the Hungarian coat of arms, but the variant [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the coat of arms is often used during solemn occasions.}}
| Symbol3 = {{FIAV|010000}} {{FIAV|variant}}
| Proportion3 = 1:2
| Adoption3 = 10 October 1995<ref>{{cite web|title=1995. évi LXXXIII. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság nemzeti jelképeinek és a Magyar Köztársaságra utaló elnevezésnek a használatáról|trans-title=Act LXXXIII of 1995 on the usage of the national symbols and name of the Hungarian Republic|url=https://mkogy.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=99500083.TV|website=Törvények és országgyűlési határozatok|access-date=14 March 2018|language=hu}}</ref>
| Design3 = A equal horizontal tricolour of red, white and green with the state coat of arms in the centre.
| Designer3 =
| Image4 = War Flag of Hungary.svg
| Noborder4 = yes
| Nickname4 =
| Morenicks4 =
| Use4 = [[Colours, standards and guidons|Unit colour]]
| Symbol4 = {{FIAV|001000}} {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion4 = 6:7
| Adoption4 = 15 March 1991<ref name="Haditechnika">{{cite journal|title=A Magyar Honvédség új felségjelzése és hadilobogói|trans-title=The new insignia and war ensigns of the Hungarian Defence Forces|journal=Haditechnika|date=1991|volume=25|issue=3|page=3–4}}</ref>
| Design4 =
| Designer4 =
| Image5 = Naval Ensign of Hungary.svg
| Nickname5 =
| Morenicks5 =
| Use5 = 000001
| Symbol5 = {{FIAV|000001}} {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion5 = 3:4
| Adoption5 = 1991<ref name="Haditechnika"/>
| Design5 =
| Designer5 =
}}
The [[national flag]] of [[Hungary]], also known as the '''Red-White-Green''' ({{langx|hu|Piros-fehér-zöld}}), is an equal horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of red, white and green. In this exact form, it has been the official flag of Hungary since 23 May 1957. The flag's form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries, while its colours are from the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>Examples of original surviving medieval charters of the Kingdom of Hungary where the seal was attached to the charter using braided cords of red, white and green silk:
{{bulleted list
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/20568/?pg=0 |id=DL 2205 |title=Charter issued by the Chapter of Eger |date=1323 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/206318/?pg=2 |id=DL 100877 |title=Royal charter issued by Matthias Corvinus |date=1477 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/222622/?pg=0 |id=DL 81971 |title=Charter issued by Judge royal Stephen VIII Báthory |date=1487 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/248672/?pg=3 |id=DL 13582 |title=Royal charter issued by Vladislaus II |date=1501 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/255412/?pg=0 |id=DL 70141 |title=Charter issued by Judge royal and Voivode of Transylvania Count Peter Szentgyörgyi |date=1504 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/264432/?pg=0 |id=DL 101402 |title=Royal charter issued by Vladislaus II |date=1508 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/279592/?pg=0 |id=DL 82435 |title=Charter issued by the Chapter of Pressburg |date=1515 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/289487/?pg=1 |id=DL 82532 |title=Royal charter issued by Louis II |date=1519 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/306882/?pg=0 |id=DL 24335 |title=Royal charter issued by Louis II |date=1525 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
|{{cite web |institution=National Archives of Hungary |url=https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/charters/view/294575/?pg=0 |id=DL 58318 |title=Charter issued by the Chapter of Buda |date=1527 |via=Hungaricana |access-date=July 19, 2023}}
}}</ref><ref>"the Streets, through which the King is to go, being Boarded and covered with White, Green, and Red Cloth" {{Google books|GBRmAAAAcAAJ|"Of the Ceremonies observed in the Coronations of the Kings and Queens of Hungary", The Present State of Hungary (1687). United Kingdom: (n.p.). |pg=PA135|text=the Streets through which the King is to go being Boarded and covered with White Green and Red Cloth}}</ref> The current Hungarian tricolour flag is the same as the [[Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom#Revolutionary_republicanism,_1800–1848|republican movement flag]] of the United Kingdom (used since 1816) and the colours in that form were already used at least since the coronation of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] in 1790, predating the first use of the [[Cispadane Republic]]'s tricolour in 1797. Along with [[Flag of Poland|Poland]] and [[Flag of the Czech Republic|Czechoslovakia]], it was one of the only three flags of a [[Hungarian People's Republic|socialist country]] in Europe that does not feature coat of arms placed on center.

== History ==
[[File:Képes krónika - A magyarok zászlói.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Flags of Hungarians in the ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]:'' [[Turul]], [[Coat of arms of Hungary|Double cross]], [[Árpád stripes]]]]
According to [[List of Hungarian chronicles|medieval Hungarian chronicles]], early Hungarian warriors fought under red banners adorned with a black [[Turul]] bird, a mythological creature associated with Hungarian origin legends. These early military standards were later replaced by flags embroidered with images of Christian saints. For instance, King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen of Hungary]] is said to have gone into battle "under the banner of Saint George and Saint Martin." In the later medieval period, the flag of the Hungarian royal [[Árpád dynasty|House of Árpád]], the [[Árpád stripes]], the red and silver striped flag became increasingly common, occasionally supplemented by the dynastic colors of the reigning royal house.<ref name="Hungarian flag history">{{Cite web |title=A nemzeti zászló történelme |trans-title=History of the national flag |url=https://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/#zaszlok |website=Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek [Hungarian National and Historical Symbols] (NISZ National Infocommunications Services) |language=Hungarian}}</ref>

Since the 15th century onwards, the combination of red, white, and green began to appear more frequently, particularly as twisted silk cords on official document seals, and sometimes as decorative elements on the edges of military banners. However, it was not until 1806 that the red-white-green color scheme was formally described in the order recognized today. The official adoption of these colors was established by Act XXI of 1848, which for the first time mandated the use of the "red-white-green" [[tricolor flag]] as a [[national symbol]] of [[Hungary]].<ref name="Hungarian flag history" />

==Current flag==
The modern flag of Hungary originated from the national freedom movement from before 1848, which culminated in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. The revolution was not only in opposition against the monarchy but also the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], as well as to form an independent republic. Accordingly, the modern flag of Hungary features a [[Tricolour (flag) |tricolour]] element based on the [[flag of France]] as a reflection of the ideas of the [[French Revolution of 1848]]; while the red, white, and green colours are derived from the historical [[coat of arms of Hungary|Hungarian coat of arms]], which have essentially remained in the same form since the mid-15th century, with exception to some minor differences, and were [[Heraldry#Marshalling|marshalled]] from arms that first appeared in the late 12th and early 13th century as arms of the [[Árpád dynasty|Árpáds]], Hungary's founding dynasty. The stripes are horizontal rather than vertical to prevent confusion with the [[Italian flag]] despite the banner in that form predating the Italian tricolour by at least 7 years but unlike in Italy, the Italians adopted it as the flag of an Italian state in 1797. According to other data, but no evidence of, the recent form of the Hungarian tricolour had been already used from 1608 at the coronation of [[Mathias II of Hungary]] and following coronations.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Folklore of the romantic period attributed the colours to virtues: red for strength, white for faithfulness and green for hope. Alternatively, red for the blood spilled for the fatherland, white for freedom and green for the land, for the pastures of Hungary. The new constitution, which took effect on 1 January 2012, makes the ''ex-post'' interpretation mentioned first official (in the semi-official translation: strength (''erő''), fidelity (''hűség'') and hope (''remény'')).

===Evolution===
[[File:II. Lipót koronázása 1790.ben és az ősi magyar nemzeti színek.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Hungarian national colours on the wall, Hungarian coronation of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] in Pressburg (Pozsony, today's [[Bratislava]]) in 1790, 58 years before the 1848 Hungarian revolution]]

As described above, the red, white and green tricolour clearly emerged as a sign of national sovereignty during the 1848–1849 revolution against the Habsburgs. Hungarian volunteers and Émigrés fought for the social movement and wars of Italian unification under the banner for Garibaldi.<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/387.html The Weakening of Absolutism: The War in Italy and the Hungarian Émigrés].</ref> After the revolution in Hungary was defeated, the tricolour flag was prohibited by the Austrian Emperor. After the [[Compromise of 1867]], however, the tricolour became not only legal, but also the official flag of Hungary. The flag had the so-called ''minor arms'' (also known as the [[Lajos Kossuth|Kossuth]] [[Hungarian coat of arms|coat of arms]]) of Hungary with archangels as supporters were used as a [[Flag terminology|badge]] on the flag. This configuration was used until the end of the Habsburg Empire in 1918.

After the fall of the Habsburg Empire, the years 1918 to 1920 were highly turbulent, and several hard-to-trace minor changes took place. The red-white-green tricolour stayed the same, but small differences emerged in terms of the badge. A short interlude and exception was the 1919 [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], which lasted for four-and-a-half months; it used a solid red banner.

It seems that from 1920 to 1944–1945 the tricolour displayed the ''minor arms'' of Hungary, but the version without them was also used.

Between 1946 and 1949 the crown was removed from the top of the arms serving as the badge.

With the onset of Communist rule in 1949, a new coat of arms featuring a Communist [[red star]] was placed on the flag as the badge.

During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|anti-Soviet uprising in 1956]], revolutionaries cut out the Hammer and Wheat emblem and used the resulting tricolour with a hole in the middle as the symbol of the revolution. For some months the new government changed the flag to bear the ''minor arms'' without the crown as the badge again.

In 1957, after the revolution was defeated by the Soviet Red Army, the new government created a "new" coat of arms, which however was never officially put onto the flag. Therefore, the official flag of Hungary has been a pure red-white-green tricolour since 1957.

After the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism in 1989]] there was no need to change the flag, as like the flags of [[Flag of Poland|Poland]] and [[Flag of the Czech Republic|Czechoslovakia]], it did not bear any communist insignia.

There was a recommendation of the Committee of Symbols in the 2000s, that the coat of arms should be part of the state flag, while the national flag should remain plain (as is the status quo).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halasz |first1=Ivan |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Gabor |title=National and State Symbols in the Hungarian Legal System (Excerpts) |journal=Legal Compass |date=16 March 2011 |page=3 |url=http://jog.tk.mta.hu/uploads/files/Jogi_Iranytu/Jogi_Iranytu_2011_Spec_Halasz_Schweitzer2.pdf}}</ref> This has not been implemented in law, though in case of most state use the arms are legally permitted on the flag (see below).

===Exact description and legislature===
The [[Hungarian Constitution]] does not explicitly state anything about the width:length ratio of the flag;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf |title=The Fundamental Law of Hungary |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.248458 Magyarország Alaptörvénye]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/getdoc.cgi?docid=94900020.tv&dbnum=62 |title=The Constitution of the Hungarian Republic |access-date=2011-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209063827/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/getdoc.cgi?docid=94900020.tv&dbnum=62 |archive-date=2006-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but, there is a law from 1957 that is in force stating that seagoing merchant vessels shall hoist the red, white and green tricolour in 2:3 ratio.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

By a government decree from 2000, the ratio (which is neither defined in the Constitution nor in 1995<ref name="renamed_from_1995_on_20120731142247">[http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/t9500083.htm/t9500083.htm Law 1995/LXXXIII]</ref> or 2000<ref>[http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/t0000038.htm/t0000038.htm Law 2000/XXXVIII]</ref> legislation) of flags used on government building is 1:2.

Summarized, this would mean:<ref name="renamed_from_1995_on_20120731142247"/>
* [[File:FIAV 100000.svg|20px]] A red–white–green tricolour. Actually many variations might be used though according to 1995/LXXXIII §11 (3) "(3) In cases specified in paragraphs (1) and (2), the arms and the flag can be used also in their historical forms.", as (1) reads as: 1995/LXXXIII §11 (1) "(1) For the purpose of declaring their belonging to the nation, private persons can use the arms and the flag, subject to the limitations in this law."
* [[File:FIAV 010000.svg|20px]] red–white–green tricolour, ratio 1:2 (by decree from 2000). According to 1995/LXXXIII §11 (4), the official coat of arms of Hungary might be placed onto it as a badge.
* [[File:FIAV 001000.svg|20px]] White background with green red alternated '''flammulette''' ("flame tongues", triangles with wavy edge) border, coat of arms in the center, embraced by oak branches from the left, olive branches from the right. Ratio not defined. ( 1995/LXXXIII §8 (1) )
* [[File:FIAV 000100.svg|20px]] 2:3 (ratio defined by 1957 law) red-white-green tricolour (there is a merchant fleet)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flaggenlexikon.de/fungarn.htm |title=Flagge Ungarns |access-date=2002-12-10 |author=Volker Preuß|language=de}}</ref>
* [[File:FIAV 000010.svg|20px]] Unknown or unspecified;
* [[File:FIAV 000001.svg|20px]] White background with green red alternated '''triangle''' border, coat of arms at 1/3 of the flag, nearer to the pole. Ratio not defined. ( 1995/LXXXIII §8 (2) )

==Colours==
The colours of the flag of Hungary are defined in Hungarian Standard MSZ 1361:2009:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=Megújult a nemzeti zászlóra és lobogóra vonatkozó nemzeti szabvány|url=http://www.mszt.hu/NFU/mszt_zaszlo_cik0821.pdf|language=hu|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320132741/http://www.mszt.hu/NFU/mszt_zaszlo_cik0821.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
![[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|40px]] Colour scheme
!style="background:#ce2939;color:#fff"|Crimson red
!style="background:#fff"|White
!style="background:#477050;color:#fff"|Dark green
|-
|[[Pantone]]
|18-1660 TCX Tomato
|Not available
|18-6320 TCX Fairway
|-
|[[CIELAB color space|CIELAB]]
|44.0, 60.0, 32.0
|100.0, 128.0, 128.0
|37.5, 26.0, 144.0
|-
|[[RGB color model|RGB]]
|206, 41, 57<ref name="pantonered">{{Cite web|title=PANTONE 18-1660 TCX Tomato|url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-1660-TCX|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724151605/https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-1660-TCX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|255, 255, 255
|71, 112, 80<ref name="pantonegreen">{{Cite web|title=PANTONE 18-6320 TCX Fairway|url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-6320-TCX|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918145809/https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-6320-TCX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Web color|Hexadecimal]]
|#CE2939<ref name="pantonered"/>
||#FFFFFF
||#477050<ref name="pantonegreen"/>
|}

==Gallery==
{{Further information|List of Hungarian flags|Flags of Hungarian history}}
{{gallery items|class=center|width=180
|[[File:Flag of Hungary with arms.svg|180x100px|border]]|Unofficial civil flag of Hungary
|[[File:Flag of Hungary with arms (state).svg|180x100px|border]]|Unofficial state flag of Hungary
|[[File:Flag of Hungary vertical.svg|180x100px|border]]|State flag of Hungary (vertical version)
|[[File:Flag of Hungary vertical with arms.svg|180x100px|border]]|Unofficial state flag of Hungary (vertical version)
}}

=== Historical flags ===
<gallery class="center" widths="220" heights="220">
File:Magyar zászló a königsfeldeni kolostorból - 14. század első fele.jpg|Hungarian flag from [[Königsfelden Monastery]] from the first half of the 14th century, from the monastery of [[Agnes of Austria (1281–1364)|Agnes of Habsburg]], widow of King [[Andrew III of Hungary]] (1290–1301)
</gallery>{{gallery items|class=center|width=180
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (895-1000).svg|180x100px]]|Flag of the [[Principality of Hungary]] (895–1000).
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (late 12th century).svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]] (1172–1196).<ref name=Horvath1995>{{cite book|last=Horváth|first=Zoltán|title=A zászlók kialakulása és fejlődése a kezdetektől napjainkig|trans-title=The formation and development of flags from the beginning to the present day|year=1995|publisher=Zászlókutató Intézet|location=Budapest|pages=13–14|language=hu}}</ref><ref name=cskgy2011>{{cite book|last=Csákváriné Kottra|first=Györgyi|title=Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig|date=2011|publisher=Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-09-6494-4|pages=18–19|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Árpád-házi királyi zászló a 12. sz. végétől|url=http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-3.shtml#galeriakep|website=Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek|access-date=15 March 2019|language=hu|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407091817/http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-3.shtml#galeriakep|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cskgy2011/>
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (11th c. - 1301).svg|180x100px]]|Standard of the [[Árpád dynasty]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Az Árpád-házi királyok családi zászlaja|url=http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-4.shtml#galeriakep|website=Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek|access-date=15 March 2019|language=hu|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161621/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-4.shtml#galeriakep|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Csákváriné Kottra|first=Györgyi|title=Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig|date=2011|publisher=Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum|location=Budapbaiest|isbn=978-963-09-6494-4|pages=19–21|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1301-1382).svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] under the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin dynasty]] from 1301 to 1382.<ref>[[:File:Rozgony Battle.jpg|Miniature]]{{page needed|date=November 2018}} in ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'' (c. 1370). </ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anjou-királyi zászló|url=http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-5.shtml#galeriakep|website=Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek|access-date=15 March 2019|language=hu|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320012013/http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-5.shtml#galeriakep|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anjou Kings Flag (1301-1382) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/hu_king.html#anj |website=Flags of the World |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Somogyi|first=Győző|title=Magyar hadizászlók|date=2011|publisher=Cser Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-278-194-5|page=22|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Sigismund of Hungary.svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] (1387–1437).<ref name=Horvath1995/>

|[[File:Flag of Vladislaus I of Hungary.svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of [[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislaus I]] (1440–1444).<ref name=Horvath1995/><ref>{{cite book|last=Somogyi|first=Győző|title=Magyar hadizászlók|date=2011|publisher=Cser Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-278-194-5|page=25|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (Battle of Baia 1467).svg|200x120px]]|Hungarian banner on battle images according to the ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]''
|[[File:Flag of Matthias I of Hungary.svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]] (1458–1490).<ref name=somogyi>{{cite book|last=Somogyi|first=Győző|title=Magyar hadizászlók|date=2011|publisher=Cser Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-278-194-5|pages=27–28|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Matthias I of Hungary (variant).svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Matthias I (1458–1490).<ref>{{cite book|last=Horváth|first=Zoltán|title=A zászlók kialakulása és fejlődése a kezdetektől napjainkig|year=1995|publisher=Zászlókutató Intézet|location=Budapest|page=14|language=hu}}</ref><ref name=somogyi/>
|[[File:Flag of Vladislaus II of Hungary.svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] (1490–1516).<ref>{{cite book|last=Somogyi|first=Győző|title=Magyar hadizászlók|date=2011|publisher=Cser Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-278-194-5|page=38|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Louis II of Hungary.svg|180x100px]]|Royal Standard attributed to [[Louis II of Hungary]] (1516–1526).<ref>{{cite book|last=Csákváriné Kottra|first=Györgyi|title=Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig|date=2011|publisher=Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-09-6494-4|page=33|language=hu}}</ref>
|[[File:Francis II Rákóczi's Iustam Causam banner.svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag raised during [[Rákóczi's War of Independence]] (1703–1711).<ref>{{cite web|title=Rákóczi fejedelem zászlaja|url=http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-13.shtml#galeriakep|website=Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek|access-date=15 March 2019|language=hu|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320003353/http://nemzetijelkepek.hu/tortenelmi-galeria-13.shtml#galeriakep|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of Hungary with great coat of arms (1849).svg|180x100px]]| Flag of the [[Hungarian State]]
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1848).svg|180x100px]]|Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary, used in [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1848-1849, 1867-1869).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary, used between 1848 and 1849 and between 1867 and 1869.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1869-1874).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)|Kingdom of Hungary]] from 1869 to 1874 with the Hungarian small coat of arms.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1874-1896).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1874 to 1896.

|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1896-1915).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1896 to 1915.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1896-1915; angels).svg|180x100px|border]]|A variant of the flag of Hungary, used between 1896 and 1915, while part of [[Austria-Hungary]].
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1915 to 1918.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels).svg|180x100px|border]]|A variant of the flag of Hungary used between 1915 and 1918.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1918-1919).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the short-lived [[First Hungarian Republic|Hungarian People's Republic]], used between 1918–1919 under the rule of [[Mihály Károlyi|Károlyi]].

|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1919).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], used briefly in 1919.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of Hungary, used between 1919 and 1946 with the Hungarian small coat of arms.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of Hungary, used between 1946 and 1949 and between 1956 and 1957 with the [[Lajos Kossuth|Kossuth]] coat of arms.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]], used between 1949 and 1956, bearing the Communist [[Mátyás Rákosi|Rákosi]] coat of arms.
|[[File:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg|180x100px|border]]|This flag, from which the Rákosi era [[Coat of arms of Hungary|coat of arms]] has been cut out, became the symbol of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].

|[[File:Flag of Hungary (with Kádár coat of arms).svg|180x100px|border]]|[[Ensign (flag)|Government ensign]] of Hungary, used between 1957 and 1990.
|[[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of Hungary, used from 1957 to the present.
}}

===Head of state standards===

{{gallery items|class=center|width=180
|[[File:Standard of the Regent of Hungary (1920s-1939, afloat).svg|180x100px|border]]|Ensign of the [[Regent of Hungary|Regent]], used between 1921 and 1939.
|[[File:Flag of the Supreme Warlord of the Royal Hungarian Defence Forces (1939-1945, on land).svg|180x100px|border]]|Standard of the Regent as supreme warlord of the [[Royal Hungarian Army]], used between 1939 and 1944.
|[[File:Standard of the President of Hungary (1948-1950, afloat).svg|180x100px]]|Ensign of the [[President of Hungary|President]], used between 1948 and 1950.
|[[File:Standard of the President of Hungary (1990s-2012).svg|180x100px|border]]|Standard of the President, used between 1990 and 2012.
|[[File:Flag of the President of Hungary.svg|180x100px|border]]|Standard of the President, used from 2012.
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Heraldry|Hungary}}
* [[List of Hungarian flags]]
* [[Flags of Hungarian history]]
* [[Coat of arms of Hungary]]
* [[Himnusz]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National flag of Hungary}}
* {{FOTW|id=hu|title=Hungary}}
* [http://www.rbvex.it/ungheria.html Flag of Hungary] at www.rbvex.it
* [http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=142939.265410 2011 CCII law] (on the use of Hungary's coat of arms and flag, as well as awards) from njt.hu

{{Hungary articles}}
{{Flag of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of Hungary}}
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1957|Hungary]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1990|Hungary]]
[[Category:Flags with crosses|Hungary]]
[[Category:National symbols of Hungary]]
[[Category:National flags|Hungary]]
[[Category:Flags with green, red and white|Hungary]]
[[Category:Horizontally symmetrical flags|Hungary]]

12 'O' Clock (film)

2026-03-14T15:52:39Z

TKMD: quick update

{{Short description|Bollywood horror film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{for|the 1958 film|12 O'Clock (film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 12 'O' Clock
| image = 12 'O' Clock.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma
| writer =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Makarand Deshpande]] [[Flora Saini]] [[Manav Kaul]] Krishna Gautam
| music = [[M. M. Kreem]]
| cinematography = [[Amol Rathod]]
| studio= Company Production
| distributor = [[UFO Moviez]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|1|8|ref1=<ref name=rd />}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''12 'O' Clock''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Flora Saini]], [[Manav Kaul]], Krishna Gautam and [[Makarand Deshpande]].<ref name=mithun>{{cite news |last1=Lohana |first1=Avinash |title=Mithun Chakraborty to play a Psychiatrist in Ram Gopal Varma's next Geher |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-to-play-a-psychiatrist-in-ram-gopal-varmas-next-geher/articleshow/58336934.cms |access-date=5 May 2017 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063430/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-to-play-a-psychiatrist-in-ram-gopal-varmas-next-geher/articleshow/58336934.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty to feature in Ram Gopal Varma's horror film |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-feature-ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film/ |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517114917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-feature-ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal Varma's next after Sarkar 3 to be a horror film starring Mithun Chakraborty? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ram-gopal-varmas-next-after-sarkar-3-to-be-a-horror-film-starring-mithun-chakraborty-3378634.html |access-date=5 May 2017 |work=First Post |date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426084617/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ram-gopal-varmas-next-after-sarkar-3-to-be-a-horror-film-starring-mithun-chakraborty-3378634.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was first announced with the name ''Geher'', but the following trailer revealed it had been renamed ''12 'O' Clock'' on 3 July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal Varma @RGVzoomin |url=https://twitter.com/RGVzoomin/status/1278914459960872962/photo/1 |access-date=3 July 2020 |publisher=[[Twitter]] RGV Zoom |date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130073425/https://twitter.com/RGVzoomin/status/1278914459960872962 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2024}}<ref>{{cite news |title=12 'o' Clock: Ram Gopal Varma announces a psychological horror film with music by Baahubali musician |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/12-o-clock-ram-gopal-varma-announces-a-psychological-horror-film-with-music-by-baahubali-musician/615787 |access-date=3 July 2020 |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)]] Digital |date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703183522/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/12-o-clock-ram-gopal-varma-announces-a-psychological-horror-film-with-music-by-baahubali-musician/615787 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=RGV is back with a horror movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rgv-is-back-with-a-horror-movie/articleshow/76770682.cms |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704203207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rgv-is-back-with-a-horror-movie/articleshow/76770682.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released in India on 8 January 2021.<ref name="rd">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ram-gopal-varmas-psychological-horror-12oclock-first-theatrical-release-2021/ |title=Ram Gopal Varma's psychological horror 12'o'clock to be first theatrical release of 2021 |date=22 December 2020 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223191046/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/ram-gopal-varmas-psychological-horror-12oclock-first-theatrical-release-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens with the murder of a [[pedestrian]] by an old lady at night which remains unresolved. The plot then moves to Gauri's family, comprising her father Rao, mother, brother and grandmother. Gauri is shown to sleepwalk and act strangely at night time.

Unexplained murders continue to happen in the city. Two policemen also get murdered, leaving the police baffled. Gauri becomes quiet and withdrawn and often experiences hallucinations.
She is taken to a doctor who is not able to cure her, then to a tantrik who says she is possessed and tries to exorcise her by beating her to which her parents object.

Rao visits psychiatrist Dr Debashish, who says Gauri has dissociated personality disorder, and can be treated. One doctor who treats Gauri and his assistant nurse are murdered too. Gauri begins to talk in a manly voice and tells her parents that she is the one who committed the murders in the city. Rao sends his son and mother to their village for safety.

Rao then goes to the police, and inspector Francis, at first dismissive of his statement, then goes to visit Gauri himself. Gauri continues to speak in a manly voice and it is revealed that she is possessed by Babu, the spirit of a psycho killer who was killed in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] by the police a year back. He possessed Gauri as she passed by a cemetery where he was interred. Francis was the policeman who killed Babu. A shocked Francis goes to his superior commissioner who assigns him leave and rubbishes the claims. Francis later kills his wife and shoots himself, apparently possessed by a spirit.

Debashish is called to visit Gauri but is also shocked when Babu speaks to him in the voice of his dying mother. Commissioner and Debashish meet Babu and are not able to deny the reality now. Babu says he will never leave Gauri's body and will continue to commit murders, with the help of other spirits who committed the other murders in the city on his behalf. The exorcist is approached again and he tells them that there is darkness beyond the light and educated people see only the light, before he too apparently becomes possessed by a spirit and gets killed.

Left with no choice, and the concern that the media will never believe claims of supernatural powers, everyone decides that Gauri must be killed for Babu's spirit to be eliminated before more murders occur. Rao and his wife enter the house, distract Babu and [[Death by burning|immolate]] Gauri, with Debashish and commissioner watching.

The film ends with Debashish writing to his daughter, describing this paranormal incident, saying that there is more to what is unexplainable than rational thinking and the supernatural does exist.

==Cast==

*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Debu<ref name=mithun/>
*[[Krishna Gautam]] as Gauri
*[[Flora Saini]] as Maya D'Souza, D'Souza's wife <ref name=dnaindia/>
*[[Manav Kaul]]<ref name=dnaindia/> as Encounter Specialist Francis D'Souza
*[[Makarand Deshpande]]<ref name=dnaindia/> as Rao
*[[Divya Jagdale]] as Gauri's mother
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]<ref name=topleadindia>{{cite web |url=https://topleadindia.com/2020/07/03/ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film-12-o-clock-trailer-out/ |title=Ram Gopal Varma's horror film 12 'o' Clock stars Mithun Chakraborty, Makrand Deshpande. Trailer out |work=Top Lead India |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713032731/https://topleadindia.com/2020/07/03/ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film-12-o-clock-trailer-out/ |url-status=live}}</ref> as Baba
*[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Doctor<ref name=topleadindia/>
*Jasbir Thandi as Clerk
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Commissioner <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chittora |first=Piyush |date=7 January 2021 |title=12 'O' Clock Movie Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Plot And More To Know About |url=https://www.moviespie.com/entertainment/films/12-o-clock-movie-release-date-cast-trailer-plot-and-more-to-know-about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107054010/https://www.moviespie.com/entertainment/films/12-o-clock-movie-release-date-cast-trailer-plot-and-more-to-know-about/ |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=Moviespie}}</ref>

==Production==
As [[Mithun Chakraborty]] visited [[Ram Gopal Varma]] to wish him on his birthday,<ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Poonam Pandey, Mithun and family at RGV's birthday bash |url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-poonam-pandey-mithun-and-family-at-rgvs-birthday-bash/12957/148667 |access-date=5 May 2017 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512201004/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-poonam-pandey-mithun-and-family-at-rgvs-birthday-bash/12957/148667 |url-status=live}}</ref> rumours surfaced that RGV is making a film with Chakraborty in the lead, but RGV rubbished the rumours saying he is making a film with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] after ''[[Sarkar 3]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal Varma refutes rumors of Mithun Chakraborty signing his next movie |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/376140/ram-gopal-varma-refutes-rumors-mithun-chakraborty-signing-his-next |access-date=5 May 2017 |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106002857/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/376140/ram-gopal-varma-refutes-rumors-mithun-chakraborty-signing-his-next |url-status=live}}</ref> but weeks later he announced the project with Chakraborty, a horror film starring [[Flora Saini]], [[Manav Kaul]] and Makarand Deshpande as well.<ref name=dnaindia>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakroborty's HORROR ACT in Ram Gopal Varma"s next |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mithun-chakroborty-s-horror-act-in-ram-gopal-varma-s-next-2391794 |access-date=5 May 2017 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412200228/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mithun-chakroborty-s-horror-act-in-ram-gopal-varma-s-next-2391794 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lohana |first1=Avinash |title=Ram Gopal Varma to make a horror film with Mithun Chakraborty? |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-gopal-varma-to-make-a-horror-film-with-mithun-chakraborty/articleshow/58118876.cms |access-date=5 May 2017 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505083926/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-gopal-varma-to-make-a-horror-film-with-mithun-chakraborty/articleshow/58118876.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Actor Amit Sadh was also in consideration for a role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Hitlist |title=Amit Sadh to star in Ram Gopal Varma's new horror film |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-news-amit-sadh-ram-gopal-varma-horror-film-sarkar-3/18170173 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430213723/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-news-amit-sadh-ram-gopal-varma-horror-film-sarkar-3/18170173 |url-status=live}}</ref> The principal photography of the film started in mid-April 2019.<ref name=mithun /> Actors [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] joined the project later.<ref name=topleadindia/>

== Reception ==

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film, a rating of 2 out of 5 and stated "If you get spooked easily, you may not mind this one. However, as a psychological thriller that's focussed on 'one's believes in supernatural activities only when they have faced themselves', '12 'o' Clock' fails to hold your attention for too long and ends up being a bit of a drag."<ref name=Khurana_2021>{{Cite news |last= Khurana|first= Archika |title=12 'O' Clock Movie Review : A bleak psychological thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/12-o-clock/movie-review/80173506.cms |website=The Times of India |date= 8 January 2021|access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10040978}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 horror films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

Hijrah

2026-03-11T11:17:53Z

TKMD: brief enhance information for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ar|otherarticle=الهجرة النبوية|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{about|the Arabic word|other uses}}{{Redirect|Hejira|the British jazz band|Hejira (band)|the Joni Michell album|Hejira (album)}}[[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 286r Jibril delivers to Muhammad a message from God telling him to leave Makka for Madina.jpg|thumb|Islamic miniature depicting [[Gabriel|Jibril]] delivering to [[Muhammad]] a message from God telling him to undertake the Hijrah]]
The '''Hijrah'''{{efn|{{Langx|ar|الهجرة|hijra|lit=Migration}}, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'<ref name="Schacht" /><ref name="Holt" />}}, ({{Langx|Ar|الهجرة|al-Hijrah|migration|label=|rtl=}}) also '''Hegira''' (from [[Medieval Latin]]), was the journey the [[prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his followers took from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]].<ref name=FazlurRehman51>{{cite book |last= Shaikh |first= Fazlur Rehman |title= Chronology of Prophetic Events |year= 2001 |publisher= Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. |location= London |pages= 51–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=Fall 2017 |title=Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography |url=https://www.academia.edu/35523840 |journal=Jamma'a |volume=23 |page=vii}}</ref> The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the [[epoch]] of the [[Islamic calendar|Lunar Hijri]]{{efn|commonly known in the West as 'the' [[Islamic calendar]], though both calendars are used by [[Muslims]].}} and [[Solar Hijri calendar|Solar Hijri]] calendars; its date equates to 16 July 622 in the [[Julian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Sherrard Beaumont |last=Burnaby |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft |title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars |date=1901 |pages=373–5, 382–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |page=17 |title=Calendrical Calculations |edition=Third |oclc=1137352777 |publisher=O'Reilly |first1=Nachum |last1=Dershowitz |first2=Edward |last2=Reingold |date=2018| isbn=9781108546935 }}</ref>{{efn|1 Muharram of the new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the [[Julian calendar]]. The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|medieval Muslim astronomers]] by projecting back in time their own [[tabular Islamic calendar]], which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE.<ref>al-Biruni, ''The chronology of ancient nations'', tr. [[C. Edward Sachau]] (1000/1879) 327.</ref> Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]] would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated [[dark moon]] (astronomical [[new moon]]) on the morning of 14 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html|title=NASA phases of the moon 601–700|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214455/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html|archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref>}}

Early in Muhammad's preaching of [[Islam]], his followers only included his close friends and relatives. Following the spread of his religion. Muhammad and his small faction of Muslims then faced several challenges including a boycott of [[Banu Hashim|Muhammad's clan]], torture, killing, and other forms of [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|religious persecution by the Meccans]]. Toward the end of the decade, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]], Muhammad's uncle, who supported him amidst the leaders of Mecca, died. Finally, the leaders of Mecca ordered the assassination of Muhammad, which was to be executed by 11 men with swords.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Y2zgEACAAJ |title=The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheeq Al-makhtum): Biography of the Noble Prophet Muhammad -Peace Be Upon Him- |date=2020-10-06 |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=979-8-6941-4592-3 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 622, after having convened twice with members of the Medinan tribes of [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Khazraj]] at al-'Aqabah near [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to their city, along with his friend, father-in-law and [[sahabah|companion]] [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>[[Moojan Momen]] (1985), ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism'', Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{transliteration|ar|Hijrah}} is a [[Romanization of Arabic|romanization]] of the [[Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|هجرة}} 'to depart to', 'to migrate to' or 'to move away from'.<ref name="Schacht">{{harv|Schacht et al.|1998|p=366}}</ref><ref name="Holt">{{harv|Holt et al.|1978|p=40}}</ref> The first stem of the verbal root ''H-J-R'', {{transliteration|ar|hajara}}, means 'to cut off someone from friendly association; to avoid association with'; the third stem, {{transliteration|ar|hājara}}, means 'a mutual termination of friendly relations by leaving or departing'. The word has been mistranslated, without proper context, as 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'.<ref>{{harv|Schacht et al.|1998|p=366}}</ref> Since 1753, the word has also been used to refer to an exodus in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HEGIRA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegira |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Muhammad|expanded=life}}

=== Situation in Medina ===
Located more than {{convert|260|mi|km}} north of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] is a verdant oasis.{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}} According to Muslim sources, the city was founded by Jews who had survived the revolt against the Romans.{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} While agriculture was far from the domain of the Arab tribes, the Jews were excellent farmers who cultivated the land in the oases.{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} In addition to several smaller Jewish clans, there were three major Jewish tribes in the city: [[Banu Qaynuqa]], [[Banu Nadir]] and [[Banu Qurayza]].{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=54}} Over time, Arab tribes from southern Arabia migrated to the city and settled alongside the Jewish community.{{sfnp|Gil|1997|p=11}} The Arab tribes comprised [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj]], both known collectively as Banu Qayla.{{sfnp|Gibb et al.|1986|p=514}} Prior to 620, these two Arab tribes had been fighting for nearly a hundred years.{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}} Each of them had tried to court the support of the Jewish tribes, which occasionally led to infighting among the latter.{{sfnp|Holt et al.|1978|p=39}}

=== Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj ===
In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages.{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=244}} During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the [[Banu Khazraj]] tribe who were visiting [[Mecca]], on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These six individuals had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn had warned them that a prophet would come, and with his help, the Jews would obliterate them. Upon hearing Muhammad's religious message, the six individuals said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us; don't let them get to him before us!" After embracing Islam, they returned to [[Medina]] and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the [[Banu Aws|Aws]], who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=142–3}}{{sfnp|Peters|2021|p=211}}

In February 621, five earlier converts met with Muhammad again.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012}}{{pn|date=September 2024}} They were accompanied by seven new converts, including two people from the Banu Aws tribe. This gathering took place at the al-'Aqaba mountain pass, located just north of Mecca near the trade route. At the meeting, they took a pledge to Muhammad, known as the "pledge of women."<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE FIRST AQABAH PLEDGE |url=https://islambasics.com/chapter/the-first-aqabah-pledge/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=IslamBasics.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+621,+pledge+of+women&pg=PA61 |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2014-10-22 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6 |language=en}}</ref> It was so called because it contained no obligation to fight for Islam. One of the main tenets of this pledge was to renounce idols and affirm Allah as the only deity, with Muhammad as their leader. Muhammad then entrusted [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] to accompany them on their return to Medina to promote Islam.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=47}}{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=143–4}}

In the pilgrimage season of 622, Muhammad had another meeting in [[Aqaba]] with the Medinan converts;{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=47}} this time, there were 75 of them, including 2 women.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], who accompanied him, made a speech at the beginning, declaring that Muhammad was "the most respected person among his kinsmen." This is quite in contrast with the fact that Muhammad had received strong opposition from his other uncle, [[Abu Lahab]], as well as [[Amr ibn Hisham|Abu Jahl]] and other Quraysh leaders. Al-Abbas also falsely stated that Muhammad had rejected offers from all but the men of Medina in an apparent attempt to create a sense of exclusivity and importance among them. Historical records, however, show that they were among the last groups Muhammad had tried to approach and that he had no other offers available.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}}

Muhammad himself then spoke and invited their allegiance, asking them to protect him as they would their women and children.{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=245}}{{sfnp|Peters|2021|p=211}} One of them, al-Bara, readily agreed, emphasizing the military prowess of his people. The other however, Abu al-Haytham, expressed concern that if they took the pledge and severed their ties with the Jews, Muhammad would return to his people after they gave him victories. Muhammad assured them that he was now one with them and would share their fate in war and peace.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}}{{sfnp|Peters|1994|p=212}} Twelve delegates, three from the Aws and nine from the Khazraj, were then selected to oversee the implementation of this pact.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} When the group inquired about the reward for their loyalty, Muhammad simply replied, "Paradise." They then took the oath, also known as the pledge of war.{{sfnp|Glubb|2001|p=144}}{{sfnp|Gabriel|2007|p=61}}{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=48}}

== Migration ==
[[File:Quba_Mosque.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Quba Mosque]], the first mosque in the history of Islam, at the outskirts of Medina. It was founded by Islamic prophet Muhammad when he immigrated to Medina]]
Not long after receiving the pledges, Muhammad instructed his [[Mecca|Meccan]] followers to relocate to [[Medina]]. The whole departure spanned about three months. To ensure that he did not arrive in Medina alone while his followers remained in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed behind to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=144}} Some of the [[Quraysh]] tried to dissuade their family members from leaving,{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=246}}{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=49}} but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca.{{sfnp|Fontaine|2022|p=246}} Muhammad regarded this migration as an expulsion by the Quraysh.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=49}}

Islamic tradition relates that, in light of the unfolding events, one of the Quraysh chiefs, [[Amr ibn Hisham|Abu Jahl]], Muhammad's childhood friend-turned-enemy,{{sfnp|Gabriel|2007|p=101}} proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each Quraysh clan. Having been informed of this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin [[Ali]] to lie on his bed covered with his green hadrami cloak, assuring him that it would keep him safe.{{sfnp|Peters|1994|p=186–7}} Muhammad then went with [[Abu Bakr]] to a cave in [[Jabal Thawr|Mount Thawr]], about an hour's walk south of Mecca, and hid there.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=145}} Abu Bakr's children and servants, who were still in Mecca, regularly brought them food.{{sfnp|Rodgers|2012|p=51}} After three days in hiding, they set out for Medina on camels that Abu Bakr had bought in advance, and accompanied by a guide, Abdallah ibn Arqat, who was a pagan.{{sfnp|Rodinson|2021|p=145}}

== Aftermath and legacy ==
Muhammad's followers suffered from poverty after fleeing persecution in Mecca and migrating with Muhammad to Medina. Their Meccan persecutors seized their wealth and belongings left behind in Mecca.<ref name="Esposito4" /> Beginning in January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the [[Red Sea]]. Members of different [[Tribes of Arabia|tribes]] were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship.<ref name="Esposito4">John Esposito, ''Islam'', Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.</ref><ref>William Montgomery Watt, ''Muhammad at Mecca'', Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.</ref><ref name="Rue">{{cite book|last=Rue|first=Loyal D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy0Z_8ha8ggC|title=Religion is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological Nature and what to Expect when They Fail|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0813535111|author-link=Loyal Rue}} p. 224.</ref>

The [[Constitution of Medina]] formalised Prophet Muhammad as the [[Chief Justice]],<ref>Sallābi, A. (2001) Ar‑Rahmatul‑lil‑‘Alameen. Cairo: Dar al-Tawheed.</ref><ref>Ibn Hishām, A. (1955) As‑Sīrah an‑Nabawiyyah, Vol. 1–2. Cairo: Dar al‑Kutub.</ref> making him as the foremost judicial authority responsible for resolving conflicts and overseeing judicial welfare of Medina. This later unified the diverse tribal groups, including the Jewish tribes, and ended long‑standing internecine tensions. Prophet Muhammad exercised ultimate decision making in [[dispute resolution]], explaining the law, and maintenance of [[public order]].<ref>Mubārakfūrī, S. (1996) Ar‑Raheeq al‑Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Darussalam.</ref><ref>Al‑Bukhārī, M. (n.d.) Ṣaḥīḥ al‑Bukhārī, Kitāb al‑Sulḥ and Kitāb al‑Aḥkām (reports of people seeking the Prophet’s arbitration).</ref>

The second [[Rashidun]] [[Rashidun Caliphate|Caliph]], [[Omar|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]], designated the Muslim year during which the Hegira occurred the first year of the [[Islamic calendar]] in 638 or the 17th year of the Hegira. This was later [[Linguistic Latinisation|Latinized]] to {{lang|la|Anno Hegirae}}, the abbreviation of which is still used to denote Hijri dates today.<ref name="Shamsi">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=189–224 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847270}} 
{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=F. A. |year=1984 |title=The Date of Hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=289–323 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 |jstor=20847277}}</ref> Burnaby states that: "Historians in general assert that Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, {{transliteration|ar|Rabi 'u-l-awwal}}. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it was on the first or second day of the month".<ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [[iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft|''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars'']] (1901).</ref>

Several Islamic historians and scholars, including [[Al-Biruni|Al Biruni]], [[Ibn Sa'd]], and [[Ibn Hisham]], have discussed these dates in depth.<ref>[[Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval|Caussin de Perceval]] writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [[iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft|''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars'']] (London: 1901) 374–75.</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Battle of Badr}}
* {{anl|Early Muslim conquests}}
* [[Glossary of Islam]]{{snd}}Romanised words from Arabic or Persian
* {{anl|Hajj}}
* {{anl|Laylat al-Mabit}}
* [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
* {{anl|Rakuba}}
* {{anl|Sīrah}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=27 February 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |oclc=779476694}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1- |last2=Lewis |first2=Brian |last3=Donzel |first3=Emeri J. van |last4=Bosworth |first4=Clifford Edmund |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |oclc=872092039 |ref = {{harvid|Gibb et al.|1986}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |oclc=797916550}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |oclc=78788501}}
*{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=1132222513 |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Covenant to Community |date=2021-03-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22682-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |oclc=50273853 |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |oclc=828737664 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |ref={{harvid|Holt et al.|1978}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muranyi |first=Miklos |oclc=1338681712 |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-703-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |oclc=57613641 |title=The Rise of Islam |date=30 May 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |oclc=1150849724 |title=Muhammad |date=2 March 2021 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fontaine |first=P. F. M. |oclc=1348484291 |title=Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732 |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50234-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=42636559 |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |date=6 April 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0 }}
*{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a] |date=1998-06-26 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1482 |editor-last=Schacht |access-date=2023-06-21 |publisher=Brill |oclc=223374133 |isbn=978-90-04-08118-5 |editor2-last=Lewis |editor3-last=Pellat |editor4-last=Ménage|ref = {{harvid|Schacht et al.|1998}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=2002 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en& |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |location=Oxford, New York |oclc=784886690}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |entry=Muḥammad |entry-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |oclc=872092039}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q131482|c=Category:Hijra|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Hejira|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[http://www.seratonline.com/23486/is-there-any-virtue-for-abu-bakr-in-the-incident-of-the-cave/ Incident of the cave]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040210040119/http://www.islamicity.com/Mosque/ihame/Sec2.htm IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hijrah| ]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:622]]
[[Category:Muhammad in Medina]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]

Velu Nachiyar

2026-03-10T23:08:47Z

TKMD: adjusted page for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Queen of Sivagangai, freedom fighter (1730–1796)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rani Velu Nachiyar
| title = Queen of [[Sivagangai]] Princess of [[Ramanathapuram]]
| image = Velu Nachchiyar 2008 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Velu Nachchiyar on a 2008 stamp of India
| succession = Monarch of [[Sivaganga estate]]
| reign = c. 1780-c. 1790<ref name=r2>K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar (1938) ''A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State''. Sri Brihadamba State Press. p.720</ref>
| coronation = 1780
| full name =
| dynasty = Sethupathi
| predecessor = [[Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar]] (until 1772)
| successor = [[Vellacci]]<ref name=r2/>
| father = Chellamuthu vijayaragunatha Sethupathy
| mother = Muthathal Nachiyar
| birth_date = 3 January 1730
| birth_place = [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Sivaganga estate|Kingdom of Sivaganga]]
(Modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age text|25 December 1796|3 January 1730}}
| death_place = [[Sivaganga]], [[Sivaganga estate|Kingdom of Sivaganga]]
(Modern day Tamil Nadu, India)
| burial_date = 25 December 1796
| burial_place = [[Sivaganga]], Tamil Nadu, India
| spouse = [[Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar]]
}}

'''"Veeramangai" Rani Velu Nachiyar''' (3 January 1730 – 25 December 1796) was a queen of [[Sivaganga estate]] from {{circa}} 1780–1790. She was the first Indian queen to wage war with the [[East India Company]] (EIC) [[Company rule in India|in India]].<ref>Rohini Ramakrishnan (10 August 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040635/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2010/08/10/stories/2010081050290300.htm Women who made a difference]. ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref name=r1>[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-queen-velu-nachiyar-sivagangai-first-queen-fight-british-55163 Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British]. ''The News Minute''. 3 January 2017</ref> She is proudly called by [[Tamils]] as ''Veeramangai'' ("brave woman").<ref>{{cite news|title=Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/veeramangai-velu-nachiyar/article26016399.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=18 January 2019|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="Journeys English Course Book 6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgxL4eT2ayYC&dq=Velu+Nachiyar&pg=PA78 |title= Journeys English Course Book 6|page= 78 |date= 2007 |publisher= Pearson Education India|isbn= 978-81-317-0337-3}}</ref><ref name="Reminiscing Herstories">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THslEAAAQBAJ&dq=Velu+Nachiyar+haider+ali&pg=PA28 |title= Reminiscing Herstories |page= 28 |date= March 24, 2021 |publisher= BFC Publications |isbn= 978-93-90675-30-2 }}</ref>

==Life==
Velu Nachiyar was born on 3 January 1730.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosse |first=Kate |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Tv4eEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Feminist+history+for+every+day+of+the+year&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Feminist%20history%20for%20every%20day%20of%20the%20year&f=false |title=Feminist History for Every Day of the Year: 366 incredible women, from Boudica to Taylor Swift |date=2025-09-18 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-5290-6623-4 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> She was the princess of [[Ramanathapuram]] and the only child of King Chellamuthu Vijayaragunatha Sethupathy and Queen Sakandhimuthathal of the [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad kingdom]]. Nachiyar was trained in many methods of combat, including war match weapons usage, martial arts like [[Valari]], [[Silambam]], [[Kalaripayattu]], horse riding, and archery. She was a scholar in many languages and was proficient in languages like [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name=r1/> In 1746, she entered into marriage with [[Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar]], serving as a close advisor, mentor, and confidant to the prince.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Who were Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal, the two women whom Vijay cited as TVK's inspiration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/tvk-vijay-women-velu-nachiyar-anjalai-ammal-9645813/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

When her husband, [[Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar]], battle was held in maravar manglam 12 km from kalaiyar Kovil.second day killed in attack [[Presidency armies|EIC soldiers]] in 1772 at [[Kalaiyar Kovil|KalaiyarKoil]], she was drawn into the conflict. Velu Nachiyar ran away from Sivagangai and sought the help of Hyder Ali, Dindigul is border state ruled by Hyder Ali . She stayed in virupaachi fortress.After eight years of planning — along with support of many nattu ambalars, commanders Marudhu brothers, and Thandavarayan Pillai—in war time support by tippu sultan she fought against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref name="Journeys English Course Book 6"/><ref name="Reminiscing Herstories"/><ref name="Soma Basu">{{cite news |author=Soma Basu |date=24 December 2007 |title=Uphill, for history's sake |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/24/stories/2007122450130300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228192224/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/24/stories/2007122450130300.htm |archive-date=28 February 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Sethu Queen |date=25 Feb 2026 |publisher=Vishwakarma Publications |isbn=9347216011 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/249051568-the-last-sethu-queen?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=qEelanVs7O&rank=1 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1772, Sivaganga minister Thandavarayan Pillai wrote a letter on behalf of Rani Velu Nachiyar to [[Hyder Ali]], looking for military support:
{{Blockquote|text=The [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]] is encroaching on both [[Ramanathapuram]] and [[Sivaganga]] kingdoms and wreaking havoc. After escaping from there, I stayed with the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] leaders in the forests and continued the revolt. In this effort, anyone who can help me can make even better achievements. Therefore you have five thousand horsemen. If I could send five thousand soldiers, I would be able to bear their allowance and join them in recapturing these two princely states, and also send troops to [[Madurai]] and start counter-operations throughout the country. The [[Polygar]]s there will also cooperate with us.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ta.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|title=சீர்மிகு சிவகங்கைச் சீமை/விருபாட்சியில் வேலு நாச்சியார் |language=ta |trans-title=Sivagangai's pride/Virupatchi's Velu Nachiyar |website=ta.m.wikisource.org}}</ref>}}

In 1780, Velu Nachiyar waged war against the British and successfully reclaimed her kingdom. She governed for ten years and died in 1796.<ref>Rohini Ramakrishnan (14 August 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132608/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article560774.ece Women who made a difference]. ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> In 1790, she was succeeded by her daughter [[Vellacci]].<ref name=r2/> She granted powers to her daughter with the Marudu brothers to help with the administration of the kingdom. Velu Nachiyar died a few years later, on 25 December 1796.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sivaganga.tn.nic.in/history.htm|title=History-Sivaganga district|publisher=Sivaganga dist. – Tamil Nadu govt., India|access-date=24 November 2011|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180303/http://www.sivaganga.tn.nic.in/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

==Popular culture==
*On 31 December 2008, a commemorative postage stamp in her name was released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2008.html|title=India Post – Stamps 2008|publisher=Postal department, Government of India }}</ref>
*OVM Dance Academy of Chennai presenting "VELU NACHIYAR" a Grand Dance Ballet on Sivaganga Queen.
*Professor A.L.I., a Tamil-American [[hip-hop]] artist, released a song dedicated to Velu Nachiyar entitled "Our Queen" as part of his ''Tamilmatic'' album in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://professorali.com/2016/03/07/international-womens-day |title=International Women's Day Dedication to Queen Velu Nachiyar |work=Professor A.L.I. |date=7 March 2016 |publisher=professorali.com |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320015313/https://professorali.com/2016/03/07/international-womens-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*On 21 August 2017, a grand dance ballet was conducted in Naradha Gana Sabha in Chennai depicting the life history of the queen Velu Nachiyar. The play was directed by Sriram Sharma, who researched on the Queen's life history for almost a decade.

==See also==
* [[Indian independence activists]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Kuyili]]
* [[Puli Thevar]]
* [[Vellore mutiny|Vellore mutiny of 1806]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nachiyar, Velu}}
[[Category:1730 births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:18th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

Saradaga Ammayitho

2026-03-09T20:25:39Z

TKMD: started initial article added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saradaga Ammayitho
| image = Saradaga ammayitho poster.jpg
| writer =
| starring = [[Varun Sandesh]] [[Nisha Agarwal]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
| director = Bhanu Shankar
| cinematography =
| producer = Pattikonda Kumara Swamy
| editing =
| distributor = Sri Kumara Swamy Productions
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|6|14}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| music = Ravi Varma
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Saradaga Ammayitho''''' ({{translation|''Fun with Girl''}}) is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by Bhanu Shankar starring [[Varun Sandesh]] and [[Nisha Agarwal]] in the lead roles. Pattikonda Kumara Swamy produced this movie on Sri Kumara Swamy Productions Banner while Ravi Varma scored the music. This is the second collaboration of [[Varun Sandesh]] and [[Nisha Agarwal]] after their hit movie, ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' (2010).<ref name="A">{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrareporter.com/tollywood-news/5748-ye-mayindi-eevela-pair-is-back|title='Yemaindi Ee Vela' pair is back|publisher=andhrareporter.com|accessdate=13 Sep 2012|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919015724/http://www.andhrareporter.com/tollywood-news/5748-ye-mayindi-eevela-pair-is-back|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released on 14 June 2013.

==Plot==
The film begins with Santosh coming to confess his story to a church father. Before his confession, he suggests to tell his story to his best friend Peetambaram because he cannot bear to hear the sins of today's youth and that's why he diverted him to his best friend. Then Santosh meets Peetambaram and his wife Andallu. He narrates his story to both of them, they hear his story on the belief that they will console his pain and god will offer them a child.

Santosh is a playboy who always thinks about girls and doesn't believe in marriage. His father is worried about his attitude. Santosh has a dream, i.e. there are only girls in the world which he only wants to stay with. One day Santosh meets a girl, Geetha at his friend's wedding and tries to woo her, but she doesn't fall for his tricks, then he focuses completely on her, tries hard to woo her again, but his trials were in vain. Then he approaches her in the name of love. Both become friends in this process, sometimes in the wooing he crosses his limits, even though she apologises to him. One day, she learns about his attitude toward girls and his intentions towards her, she cuts him off then he lies to her that he has changed and really loves her and thinks about no girl other than her. Then she puts some tests on him to prove his love is sincere. He accepts the challenge. In the process, he manages to stay in the girls' hostel for a particular period of time. He feels happy that his dream is coming true. Then after some days with a comical circumstances he understands slowly that the world is miserable without any human relationships. He understands the value of women, starts respecting them. He really changes his attitude and starts friendships with those girls, he even makes friendship with Geetha again. One day Santosh's long lost girl's (earlier Santosh's parents fix marriage with her but Santosh brainwashes her not to marry and enjoy with the boys like him) husband tries to kill himself, then he discovers she had affairs with other men. He apologises for his actions to them and he sets right their relationship. Geetha was very impressed with his behaviour and says he passed her tests. This time, Santosh really falls for her and he wants to express his feelings toward her. But from that day onward, Geetha disappears. After completion of the flashback, he says that he really loves her and he doesn't know the reason why she abandoned him. He told his story to them because he may find out her if he confessed his story in front of gods.

Meanwhile, in a rehabilitation centre, Dr. Anjali gives a presentation on the subject of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) she says that she treated Santosh without knowing him with the help of her colleagues and sends her report to US to achieve a fellowship on her treatment. One day suddenly, Anjali sees Santosh in the rehabilitation center for treatment on mental disability. Then she feels bad about her treatment style. Her rival doctors take it as a chance to prove her wrong and started treating him under their observation. After some days, Ekaambaram and Andallu come to look for her distant relative in the center, finds him, then he says that he is actually acting as a mentally disabled patient to find her whereabouts through his father because he requested her to treat him on his disorder. Then he came to win her heart with the sincere attempts. Andallu says to Santosh that after hearing his story, she became pregnant happy to hear this, he started to try to impress her again. After some comical situations, Anjali realised that she loves Santosh, decides to accept his proposal, then a fire accident took place in the center, Santosh successfully rescues her and confesses everything to her. She accepts his apologies and proposal and finally they unite.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Varun Sandesh]] as Santosh
*[[Nisha Agarwal]] as Geetha / Dr. Anjali
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Santosh's father
*[[Kaashinathuni Vishwanath|K. Vishwanath]] (cameo)
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Peethambaram
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as Andallu
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Dr. Ekambaram
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Doctor at Mental Hospital
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Dr. Bhagvan
*Surekha Vani as Dr. Surekha
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Charmy Kaur]] (cameo)
}}

==Production==
The director thought in January 2012 to do this movie with Telugu actor [[Nitin Kumar Reddy|Nithiin]] and he thought to put the female lead as Bollywood serial actress [[Sriti Jha]], but the actress refused.

Later the director said Varun would be perfect for this movie, but the director did not know whom to select as a female role, so thought Nisha was perfect, because the Telugu cinema liked this pair.<ref name="A"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Ravi Varma and released by Puri Sangeet.

{{Infobox album
| name = Saradaga Ammayitho
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Ravi Varma
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 May 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 26:42
| label = Puri Sangeet
| producer = Ravi Varma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:42
| title1 = Etuchoosina Ammaayile
| extra1 = Ravi Varma
| length1 = 3:38
| title2 = Oolaallaaa
| extra2 = [[Swetha Mohan]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Nanne Koddiga Preminchu
| extra3 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| length3 = 3:16
| title4 = Idento Ilaage Untunda (Version 1)
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]]
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Give Me One Chance
| extra5 = Ravi Varma
| length5 = 1:34
| title6 = Mallepoolu Pettindi
| extra6 = Pranavi, Suri Pattipaka
| length6 = 4:02
| title7 = Saradaaga Ammaayitho
| extra7 = Sagar
| length7 = 2:71
| title8 = Idento Ilaage Untunda (Version 2)
| extra8 = Ravi Varma
| length8 = 4:00
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote that "The director worked out his script well but missed making full use of the few scenes which had a suspense element in them.".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/saradaga-ammayitho/movie-review/20589659.cms | title=Saradaga Ammayitho Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=6 July 2024 | archive-date=20 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120090937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/saradaga-ammayitho/movie-review/20589659.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Debabrata Mukherjee (mountaineer)

2026-03-06T15:56:25Z

TKMD: New page!

{{Short description|Indian mountain climber}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debabrata Mukherjee
| image = Debabrata Mukherjee.JPG
| caption = Debabrata Mukherjee
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|01|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Halisahar, 24 Pargana(north), West Bengal.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Tourist Guide
| known_for = First civilian Indian Bengali to climb [[Mount Everest]] from the North Col
| successor =
| party =
| spouse = Dr.Bipasha Mukherjee(Majumdar)
| children =
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Debabrata Mukherjee''' (born 20 January 1962) is an Indian mountaineer and explorer from [[West Bengal]]. He was the oldest, first civilian Indian to climb [[Mount Everest]] from the North Col.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-climber-may-be-oldest-Indian-to-conquer-Everest/articleshow/35965970.cms|title=Kolkata's climber may be oldest Indian to conquer Everest|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Saibal|last=Gupta|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=10 October 2022}}</ref> He is also the first person to cross [[Chaukhamba]] Col from [[Badrinath]] to reach [[Gangotri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/13201212860/First-crossing-of-Chaukhamba-Meades-Col-6093m|title = AAC Publications - First crossing of Chaukhamba (Meade's) Col (6,093m)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/2013-badrinath-to-gangotri-via-chaukhamba-col/ |title=Badrinath to Gangotri via Chaukhamba Col (6053 m) : News & events : The Himalayan Club |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014917/https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/2013-badrinath-to-gangotri-via-chaukhamba-col/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Climbing career==

=== Mount Everest ===
Debabrata Mukherjee climbed the North-Col and NE Ridge with Biplob Vaidya on 25 May 2014 and set foot on the summit of [[Mount Everest]] at 8:46 am. He was the team leader of this expedition.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title=The Times of India ''Kolkata's climber may be oldest Indian to conquer Everest'', Jun 3, 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-climber-may-be-oldest-Indian-to-conquer-Everest/articleshow/35965970.cms/}}</ref><ref name="epaper.timesofindia.com">{{Cite web|title=The Times of India ''City duo climb Everest via tougher North Col''|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2014%2F05%2F27&EntityId=Ar00201&AppName=1&ViewMode=HTML/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021948/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2014%2F05%2F27&EntityId=Ar00201&AppName=1&ViewMode=HTML%2F|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> The same day [[Malavath Purna]] the youngest Indian and the youngest female in the world to have reached the summit of Mount Everest.<ref>{{cite news |title=13-year-old Malavath Purna becomes youngest woman to scale Everest |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/13-year-old-Poorna-Malavath-becomes-youngest-woman-to-scale-everest/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=12 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Mountaineering expeditions ===
Mukherjee climbed Mt.[[Saife]] in 1986<ref name="Handbook of Climbs in the Himalaya and Eastern Karakoram">{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Kankan Kumar|title=Handbook of Climbs in the Himalaya and Eastern Karakoram|date=2009|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7387-217-4|language=en}}</ref>

[[Kamet]] 1988<ref name="Handbook of Climbs in the Himalaya and Eastern Karakoram"/><ref>Indian Mountaineer, Saife ''Journal of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation'', Spring 1990(25):219</ref>

Mount Yunam in 2005 as a Team leader and successful climber<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Mountaineering Foundation Expedition in karcha parvat and yunam 2005|url=http://www.indianmountaineeringfoundation.com/karchaparvatandyunam2005.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151118050014/http://www.indianmountaineeringfoundation.com/karchaparvatandyunam2005.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Uja Tirche]] in 2005 as a Team leader and successful climber (new route)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indmount.org/IMF/ujatirche2005|title=Indian Mountaineering Foundation}}</ref><ref name="The Alpine Journal, 2006">{{Cite web|title=''The Alpine Journal, 2006''|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2006_files/AJ%202006%20291-301%20India.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222756/http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2006_files/AJ%202006%20291-301%20India.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=21 December 2015|language=en}}</ref>

Mount Karcha as a Team leader and successful climber 2008<ref name="Indian Himalaya-The Japanese Alpine Club-Tokai Section, Karcha Parbat and Yunam">{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Debabrata|title=Indian Himalaya-The Japanese Alpine Club-Tokai Section, ''Karcha Parbat and Yunam''|year=2015|isbn=978-47-7951-000-7|pages=339|language=ja}}</ref>

Mount K. R. V East Face as a Team leader 2013<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Debabrata|title=Indian Himalaya-The Japanese Alpine Club-Tokai Section, ''KR-V''|year=2015|isbn=978-47-7951-000-7|pages=290|language=ja}}</ref>

[[Mount Everest]] Oldest person to climb successfully from North-Col in 2014<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

Mount Jalung Ri and Mount Chomo Ri (First ascent) as a Liaison Officer with a Japanese team and a successful climber 2015<ref name="Indian Himalaya-The Japanese Alpine Club-Tokai Section">{{Cite book|last=KUMEKAWA|first=Akira|title=Indian Himalaya-The Japanese Alpine Club-Tokai Section ''First Ascent of Zalung Ri and Chomo Ri''|year=2015|isbn=978-47-7951-000-7|language=ja}}</ref>

[[Bhagirathi Parbat III]] as a Team leader and successful climber first Indian ascent from North ridge<ref name="Apex Newsletter, Indian Mountaineering Foundation,(Vol-2) October 2015">{{Cite web|title=''Apex Newsletter, Indian Mountaineering Foundation,(Vol-2) October 2015 ''|url=http://www.jma-sangaku.or.jp/tozan/tozanjoho/151016Apex_GJSvol.%202.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173047/http://www.jma-sangaku.or.jp/tozan/tozanjoho/151016Apex_GJSvol.%202.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=21 December 2015|language=en}}</ref>
Indian Mountaineering Foundation - Pathayatra 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dream Wanderlust news ''Debabrata Mukherjee and his team has successfully summited Mt.Bhagirathi-III(6454m) via virgin north ridge'' September 26, 2015|date=26 September 2015|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/debabrata-mukherjee-and-his-team-has-successfully-summited-mt-bhagirathi-III-6454m-via-virgin-north-ridge/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081259/http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/debabrata-mukherjee-and-his-team-has-successfully-summited-mt-bhagirathi-III-6454m-via-virgin-north-ridge|archive-date=2 December 2015|access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Mont Blanc|Mount Blanc]] oldest Indian to climbed the peak Successfully<ref>{{Cite web|title=সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি|date=6 September 2016|url=http://khaboronline.com/spotrs/veteran-bengali-mountaineer-debabrata-mukherjee-summits-mont-blanc/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910051149/http://khaboronline.com/spotrs/veteran-bengali-mountaineer-debabrata-mukherjee-summits-mont-blanc/|archive-date=10 September 2016|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> in 2016.

=== Wider explorations ===
The first person to cross the [[Panpatia Glacier]] in 2006. In 2009 he found a new trekking route from Kedarnath to Badrinath. To find this path, he crossed the Gandharpangi forest, Panpatia, and [[Satopanth Glacier|Satopanth glaciers]]. In 2013 On the way from [[Badrinath]] to [[Gangotri]], he crossed the [[Chaukhamba]] col with a new route.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Himalayan Club news ''2013 badrinath to gangotri via chaukhamba col''|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/2013-badrinath-to-gangotri-via-chaukhamba-col/|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014917/https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/2013-badrinath-to-gangotri-via-chaukhamba-col/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Debabrata|title=Himalayan Journal(vol-69), ''First Crossing of Chaukhamba Col''|year=2013–2014|isbn=978-01-9945-612-3|pages=60|language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography and travel stories ==
* Natur i Sydasien (In Swedish)<ref>{{Cite web|title=A sien 2011 ''Natur i Sydasien'', page no=18|url=http://lasochres.se/Filer/Katalog_2011/Asien%202011.pdf/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305230020/http://lasochres.se/Filer/Katalog_2011/Asien%202011.pdf/|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Jagadish Nanavati Award from Himalayan Club (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Himalayan Club Annual Seminar annual seminar 2014 report|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/annual-seminar-2014-report/|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010852/https://www.himalayanclub.org/news/annual-seminar-2014-report/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Himalayan Club Annual Seminar jagdish nanavati awards|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/jagdish-nanavati-awards/|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010617/https://www.himalayanclub.org/jagdish-nanavati-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Bouldering demo by Everester Debabrata Mukherjee DSCN1208.jpg|Giving demonstration at Tilabuni West Bengal
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Debabrata}}
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Begunah

2026-03-04T04:05:34Z

TKMD: small changes

{{short description|1957 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Begunah
| image = Begunaah-Hindi Film in 1957.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Narendra Suri]]
| producer = [[Anupchand Shah]], [[Mahipatray Shah]]
| writer = I.S. Johar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kishore Kumar]]|| [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]]|| [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]|| [[Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal]]|| [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]]}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Shankar Jaikishan]]||[[Shankarsingh Raghuwanshi]]}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1957}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Begunah'''''({{translation|"innocent"}}) is a 1957 [[India]]n romance film produced by [[Anupchand Shah]] and Mahipatray Shah. The film directed by [[Narendra Suri]] in [[hindi language]] under the Rup Kamal Chitra company. The film was released on 8 March 1957.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Kumar]]
* [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal]]
* [[Raja Nene]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]]

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track # !! Song title !! Singers
|-
| 01 || "Aaj Na Jane Pagal" || [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 02 || "Aaja Raat Beeti Jaye" || [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 03 || "Dil Albele Pyar Ka" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| 04 || "Nazar Kahe Aaja" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 05 || "Ae Pyase Dil Bezuban" || [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 06 || "Gori gori mein to pariyon ki Chhori"|| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|}

==Plagiarism issue==
The film was banned 10 days after its release because it was a plagiarized version of American film [[Knock on Wood (film)|''Knock on Wood'']] (1954, starring [[Danny Kaye]], [[Mai Zetterling]]). [[Paramount Pictures]], producers of Knock on the Wood filed a copyright lawsuit in India. They won the case and the judge of [[Bombay High Court]] ordered all prints of Begunah to be [[Lost_film|destroyed]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=13 November 1957 |title=INDIAN FILM BARRED; Bombay Court Rules It Copy of a Paramount Picture |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/indian-film-barred-bombay-court-rules-it-copy-of-a-paramount.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[Bombay, India]] |access-date=12 February 2025 |url-access=subscription |page=43 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310180601/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/indian-film-barred-bombay-court-rules-it-copy-of-a-paramount.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Phukan |first=Vikram |date=14 October 2017 |title=Lessons not learnt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lessons-not-learnt/article19852464.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 February 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528041614/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lessons-not-learnt/article19852464.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in 2020, [[National Film Archive of India]] found two 16mm reels consisting of around 60 to 70 minutes footage.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=6 February 2020 |title=Reel of Kishore Kumar's Begunah found 60 years after Bombay HC ordered all prints to be destroyed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/reel-of-kishore-kumar-s-begunah-found-60-years-after-bombay-hc-ordered-all-prints-to-be-destroyed-1643730-2020-02-06 |work=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624071148/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/reel-of-kishore-kumar-s-begunah-found-60-years-after-bombay-hc-ordered-all-prints-to-be-destroyed-1643730-2020-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of incomplete or partially lost films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
*{{Internet Archive |search=("Begunah (1957)")}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1950s lost films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Chatrak

2026-03-04T00:22:52Z

TKMD: fixed lead for accuracy for accuracy

{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chatrak
| caption =
| image = Chatrak_film_poster.png
| director = [[Vimukthi Jayasundara]]
| producer = [[Vinod Lahoti]]
| writer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Paoli Dam]]|[[Sudip Mukherjee]]|[[Tómas Lemarquis]]}}
| music = [[Roman Dymmy]]
| cinematography = Channa Deshapriya
| editing = Julie Beziau
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|05|18|Cannes}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Chatrak''''' ({{langx|en|Mushrooms}}) is a 2011 [[India]]n [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[erotic films|erotic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Sri Lanka]]n director [[Vimukthi Jayasundara]].<ref name="Women on top">{{cite news|title=Women on top|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120624/jsp/graphiti/story_15648283.jsp#.UBs9ROJ5MxA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628003505/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120624/jsp/graphiti/story_15648283.jsp#.UBs9ROJ5MxA|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2012|accessdate=3 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=24 June 2012}}</ref> It was screened at several film festivals worldwide, including the [[Directors' Fortnight]] at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]].

==Plot==
Rahul (Sudeep Mukherjee) is a Bengali architect working at construction sites in [[Dubai]]. He returns home to [[Kolkata]] after several years. His girlfriend, Paoli ([[Paoli Dam]]), has been waiting for his return.

Rahul's seemingly successful life is overshadowed by the search for his brother (Sumeet Thakur), said to now be mad and living in the forest, where he sleeps in the trees and subsists on vegetation. This brother befriends a French soldier in the jungle. Rahul and Paoli journey in search of his lost brother.<ref name="cannes syn">{{cite web|url=http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/chatrak-f14273.html|title=Chatrak|last=Mirguet|first=Benjami|work=quinzaine-realisateurs.com|publisher=Société des Réalisateurs de Films|accessdate=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120000110/http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/chatrak-f14273.html|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The story involves people who are expropriated for construction projects.

==Cast==
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Paoli
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Rahul
* [[Tómas Lemarquis]] as French soldier
* Sumeet Thakur as Rahul's brother
* [[Anubrata Basu]] as Anubrata

==Production==
[[Paoli Dam]] admitted that the scene in which she receives unsimulated cunnilingus by Anubrata Basu was difficult for her. "Well, the fact that nobody from Tollywood or Bollywood has ever done something like this and I had no reference point. I didn’t know how to prepare for the scene," she said.<ref>{{cite web |title='Yes, I was completely nude' |work=www.telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/yes-i-was-completely-nude/cid/345530 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

==Release and screenings==
''Chatrak'' was screened at film festivals like the prestigious [[Directors' Fortnight]] in the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="screen list">{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/cannes/cannes-2011-film-profiles-directors-fortnight-and-critics-week/5027035.article|title=Cannes 2011 film profiles: Directors Fortnight & Critics Week|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=2 August 2012|work= Screen International}}</ref><ref name="Paoli Cannes do it">{{cite news|title=Paoli Cannes do it|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110917/jsp/entertainment/story_14515875.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224118/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110917/jsp/entertainment/story_14515875.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 August 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=17 September 2011}}</ref> the [[2011 Toronto International Film Festival]] and the [[Pacific Meridian]] film festival in [[Vladivostok]], Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/news-interviews/29900195_1_chatrak-paoli-toronto-international-film-festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/news-interviews/29900195_1_chatrak-paoli-toronto-international-film-festival|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Paoli at Toronto International Film Fest|last=Dasgupta|first=Priyanka|date=18 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref>

It has not received a theatrical release.

==Reception==
''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' commented on ''Mushrooms'' that, "The film's abstract naturalism does create an austere portrait of a crass and careless human society but any larger meaning gets lost amid the film's many non-events and preening nihilism."<ref name="hollywood">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mushrooms-chatrak-cannes-2011-review-190234|title=Mushrooms (Chatrak): Cannes 2011 Review|last=Honeycutt |first=Kirk|date=19 May 2011|accessdate=3 August 2012|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> The ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' review noted the "extremely slow-burning story", saying, "... the main element uniting Jayasundara's plot strands is a sense of torpor..."<ref name="variety">{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945364?refcatid=2531|title=Cannes Reviews: Chatrak|work=Variety|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=3 August 2012|last= van Houij|first=Boyd }}</ref> A review in the online film magazine ''Notebook'' praised the film, noting that it artistically portrays "...Cinematic dreams and nightmares, visible intuitions of the world around, visual understanding of what corruption of the society and corruption of the soul can do."<ref name="notebook">{{cite web|url=http://mubi.com/notebook/posts/cannes-2011-snapshots-vimukthi-jayasundaras-chatrak|title=Cannes 2011. Snapshots: Vimukthi Jayasundara's "Chatrak"|last=Duhamel|first=Marie-Pierre|work=Notebook|publisher=[[MUBI]]|date=19 May 2011|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' of the [[British Film Institute]] praised it, stating "Disconcerting though the plot may at least initially be, the film has its wild as well as some comic moments that soon win the viewer over."<ref name="bfi">{{cite web|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/newsandviews/festivals/blog/cannes-2011-05-20-moon-in-may.php|title=Cannes 2011: The S&S blog|accessdate=3 August 2012|work=Sight & Sound|publisher=British Film Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155256/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/newsandviews/festivals/blog/cannes-2011-05-20-moon-in-may.php|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversy==
A scene in ''Chatrak'' with explicit frontal nudity caused uproar in India, especially in [[Kolkata]], where the film was mainly shot.<ref name="Vats">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-chatrak-the-boldest-film-ever-made-in-india/184437-8-73.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923144728/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-chatrak-the-boldest-film-ever-made-in-india/184437-8-73.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2011|title=Is 'Chatrak' the boldest film ever made in India?|last=Vats|first=Rohit|date=12 October 2011|work=The Times of India|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="axed">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Paoli-axed-from-movie-promos/articleshow/9989892.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118063149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/news-interviews/30159319_1_paoli-vimukthi-kolkata-film-festival|url-status=live|archive-date=18 January 2014|title=Paoli axed from movie promos|last=Dasgupta|first=Priyanka|date=15 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="iv vimukti">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ill-cast-Paoli-in-my-next-Vimukti-Jayasundara-/articleshow/10026970.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205103753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-18/news-interviews/30171879_1_nude-scene-cannes-chatrak|url-status=live|archive-date=5 December 2013|title=I'll cast Paoli in my next: Vimukti Jayasundara|date=18 September 2011|access-date=3 August 2012|last=Dasgupta|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Priyanka}}</ref> A version without the sexually explicit scene was arranged to be shown in the 2011 [[Kolkata Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kolkata-spared-Chatrak-blushes/articleshow/10167055.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201180056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-29/news-interviews/30217512_1_kolkata-film-festival-chatrak-paoli|url-status=live|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=Kolkata spared Chatrak blushes|last=Dasgupta|first=Priyanka|date=29 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

Director Jayasundara admitted that there are several versions of ''Chatrak'', and some do not contain the sex scene. He also admitted that he was surprised to witness negative feedback due to the inclusion of such sex scene in his film.<ref name="iv vimukti"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1922569|Mushrooms}}

{{Vimukthi Jayasundara}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vimukthi Jayasundara]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
[[Category:Films about immigration]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films about mental disorders]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of French people]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]

Makutamleni Maharaju

2026-03-03T22:00:46Z

TKMD: Creating A Stub First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Makutamleni Maharaju
| image = Makutamleni Maharaju.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay = K. Bapayya
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| director = [[K. Bapayya]]
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Sridevi]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Sri Krishna Prasanna Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkRxQdMJho0 |title=Makutamleni Maharaju (Overview) |work=youtube}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|3|13}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Makutamleni Maharaju''''' ({{translation|Emperor Without a Crown}}) is a 1987 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. Bapayya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/makutamleni-maharaju-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510100533/http://spicyonion.com/title/makutamleni-maharaju-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 May 2017 |title=Makutamleni Maharaju (Production) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref> Produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]], the film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Makutamleni-Maharaju/yn9eldm51c |title=Makutamleni Maharaju (Cast & Crew) |work=Tollywood Times.com |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140134/http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Makutamleni-Maharaju/yn9eldm51c |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Amiri Garibi]]'' (1990).

==Plot==
The film follows Pardhasaradhi, a justice-seeking ruffian revered by the destitute but feared by local gangsters JB, Kondandapani, and Robert, who wreak havoc in the town. Sivaram Prasad, a wealthy businessman, struggles with his disjointed family, including his wife Rajyalakshmi, son Mohan, and daughters Rekha and Rani. Mohan, under the influence of JB, is focused on usurping his father's wealth. Frustrated, Sivaram seeks the help of his childhood friend Raghavayya, Pardhasaradhi's estranged father.

Raghavayya lives with his wife Janaki and daughter Sumathi. Impressed by Sumathi's virtuous nature, Sivaram arranges her marriage to Mohan despite objections from his family. Pardhasaradhi secretly attends the event, where he encounters Saroja, a graceful dancer who is overjoyed to see him due to her deep affection for him. Saroja, a member of a courtesan family known for their integrity, has a manipulative brother-in-law, Joga Rao, who seeks to exploit her for financial gain. Previously, Pardhasaradhi had protected Saroja from JB's advances, earning her admiration and love.

Sumathi moves into her in-laws' house, where she faces Mohan's hostility and the mistreatment of Rajyalakshmi and her daughters. Meanwhile, Mohan becomes infatuated with Saroja and attempts to exploit her, but she firmly resists his advances. At the same time, Ganapati, a close friend of Pardhasaradhi, arrives in the city in search of work and finds shelter with him. Ganapati learns that he had been married to Sivaram's daughter Rekha in childhood, though the marriage was annulled. Determined to reconcile with Rekha, he embarks on a mission to win her back, leading to a series of humorous incidents.

Ganapati soon becomes aware of Sumathi's suffering and informs Pardhasaradhi. Initially misunderstanding Saroja's intentions, Pardhasaradhi later realizes her innocence and, to protect her from Mohan, marries her. Ganapati eventually reconciles with Rekha, who agrees to return with him. The family is thrown into further turmoil when Sivaram passes away, leaving all his wealth to Sumathi, intensifying the tensions within the household.

Pardhasaradhi remains vigilant against JB and his gang, thwarting their repeated attacks. Intrigued by his anger and relentless fight for justice, Saroja inquires about his past, leading him to reveal his struggles. At one point, Pardhasaradhi donates ancestral temple jewelry to fund a poor girl’s marriage, but Raghavayya reports him to the authorities, resulting in his arrest. After his release, Pardhasaradhi reflects on the social injustices that turned him into a ruffian. Believing it is safer for Saroja, he asks her to leave and live with her in-laws.

JB devises a plan to kidnap Saroja, using Joga Rao as bait, and frames Pardhasaradhi for Joga Rao’s murder. Pardhasaradhi is sentenced to life imprisonment, which devastates his mother, Janaki, who dies in grief. Meanwhile, Mohan exploits Sumathi’s vulnerable state, forcing her to sign over the property and divorce papers before expelling her from the house.

Pardhasaradhi escapes from prison after Raghavayya seeks his help, revealing the dire situation at home. He returns to confront JB and his gang. Mohan, manipulated by JB, continues to mistreat Sumathi, inciting a rebellion against his oppressors. JB plots to kill Pardhasaradhi by orchestrating Mohan’s remarriage and using Saroja as leverage. However, Saroja's former suitor, coerced by JB, turns against the gang, exposing their deceit and aiding Pardhasaradhi.

In the end, Pardhasaradhi reforms Mohan, defeats JB and his gang, and surrenders to the authorities. After serving a short sentence, Pardhasaradhi reunites with his family, bringing the story to a joyful conclusion.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Pardhasaradhi
*[[Sridevi]] as Saroja
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Mohan
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Raghavayya
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Sivaram Prasad
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as J. B.
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Robert
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Kodandapaani
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Ganapati
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Tukaram
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Dasu
*Devadas Kanakala as Joga Rao
*Malladi as Ramadasu Master
*Jaya Bhaskar as Lawyer
*C. H. Krishna Murthy as Rangadu
*Telephone Satyanarayana as Jailor Siva Prasad
*Gadiraju Subba Rao as Narasimhulu
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Bus Conductor
*Satti Babu as Priest
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Janaki
*[[Mucherla Aruna]] as Rekha
*[[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] as Sumathi
*K. Vijaya as Saroja's sister
*Chandrika as Rani
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Rajyalakshmi
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Kanthamma
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Makutamleni Maharaju
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1987
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:57
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Marana Homam
| prev_year = 1987
| next_title = [[Maa Voori Magadu]]
| next_year = 1987
}}

Music for the film was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Audio soundtrack was released on Leo music label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3670/Makutam%20Leni%20Maharaju(1987)/ |title=Makutamleni Maharaju (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Maa Kanti Jabilli"
|Raj Seetharam, [[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]]
|4:05
|-
|2
|"Adagandhe Ammaina"
|Raj Seetharam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:10
|-
|3
|"Chittadi Chittadi"
|Raj Seetharam, P. Suseela
|4:12
|-
|4
|"Hey Hey Hero"
|Raj Seetharam, S. Janaki
|4:01
|-
|5
|"Naina Nandhi"
|Raj Seetharam, P. Suseela
|4:14
|-
|6
|"Arjuna Falguna"
|P. Susheela
|4:15
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0154824}}
{{K. Bapayya}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Telugu-language films]]

Super Ranga

2026-03-03T21:35:16Z

TKMD: started a stub and citations

{{Short description|2014 Indian Kannada-language action comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super Ranga
| image = 2014 Kannada film Super Ranga poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| producer = K. Manju
| writer = [[Guruprasad]]
| story = [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' (2009)|[[Surender Reddy]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
*[[Kriti Kharbanda]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = Joni Harsha
| studio = K Manju Cinemaas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|09|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INRConvert|9|c}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Superro Ranga to Hit Screens on Uppi's Birthday |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Superro-Ranga-to-Hit-Screens-on-Uppis-Birthday/2014/08/25/article2396479.ece |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 25 August 2014 |accessdate= 26 August 2014 |archive-date= 26 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120325/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Superro-Ranga-to-Hit-Screens-on-Uppis-Birthday/2014/08/25/article2396479.ece |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Super Ranga''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Sadhu Kokila]] and produced by K. Manju under the banner K Manju Cinemaas. It stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]] in lead roles. The supporting cast features Priyanka Rao, [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Hema Chaudhary]] [[Doddanna]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], Bullet Prakash and [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]. The film is a remake of the 2009 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]], ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''. The limited theater release may have contributed to the 35 days of its run with a one-week gap after completing four weeks.

==Plot==
Sri Ranga aka Ranga is a happy-go-lucky youth who excels in every field but always does strange and dangerous things to obtain a certain "kick" – a thrill or excitement that he craves. One such activity is secretly double-crossing his childhood friend Azimu while helping him elope. At this point, he meets Naina, who is shocked at his recklessness and writes him off as crazy. Ranga sets his sights on Naina and woos her in a very unorthodox way; he begs her not to fall in love with him. After a host of comical situations. Naina accepts Ranga's love. However, she sets a condition: Ranga must stay in a well-paying job (he had resigned from other jobs due to lack of "kick"), and only then will she agree to marry him. Ranga accepts, but soon resigns again for the same reason and tries to hide it from Naina. When Naina finds out, she breaks up with him and leaves him for good.

Some months later, Naina's parents arrange for her to meet a prospective suitor in Malaysia. Though reluctant, she meets the suitor Ranganath, a tough but honest [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]]. She narrates the story of her affair with Ranga, and Ranganath reveals that he is tracking a dangerous thief who has stolen large amounts of money from wealthy (mostly corrupt) politicians. At Malaysia, Naina, her sister, and Ranganath's brother-in-law Prakash Raj run into Ranga again but learn that he has lost his memory and cannot remember his past life. Naina sees this as an opportunity to start their relationship again from the scratch. However, it is revealed that Ranga is not really suffering from [[amnesia]]; he has faked his condition by convincing an amnesiac that he is a doctor, and tricked him into diagnosing his condition falsely. Naina is upset but realizes that it was done due to his love for her, and she has hidden her own feelings from him. They reconcile.

Meanwhile, it is revealed that the thief whom Ranganath has been tracking is Ranga. His motives are simple; he steals ill-gotten money from politicians to pay for operations of children suffering from cancer. After manipulating various people, such as an MLA, and stealing from them, he is finally caught in the act by Ranganath. Ranga is still unfazed, celebrating his failure at a street party. He dares Ranganath to catch him in his final crime: stealing money worth {{INRConvert|500|c}}from the [[Political party funding|party fund]]. After many harrowing chases, Ranga pulls it off successfully. Ranganath is demoted from the case and is shocked to learn that his replacement is Ranga, who promises to ''guard'' the minister's remaining money. Knowing what is in store for the politicians, Ranganath leaves with a new respect for his foe after learning his true motives for helping the children.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as 'Kick' Sri Ranga
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Naina
* [[Raghu Mukherjee]] as Ranganath I.P.S
* [[Hema Chaudhary]] as MLA Kanchu Kanakaratna
* [[Doddanna]] as Minister
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Halwa Raj aka Prakash Raj
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Police officer
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Doctor Goli
* [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Sriranga's father
* [[K. Manju]] as motorbike buyer
* Priyanka Rao as Subbu, Naina's younger sister
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Ranga's Mother
* Suchithra
* Poornima Bhat
* [[Jyothi Rai]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* Kaddipudi Chandru
* [[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
* Bank Suresh
}}

==Production==
===Development===
It was announced in August 2013 that the film would be directed by [[Sadhu Kokila]], after speculations that [[Ramesh Aravind]] and Loki would be directing it.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sadhu Kokila back to direction |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sadhu-Kokila-back-to-direction/articleshow/22117853.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 28 August 2013 |accessdate= 22 September 2014 |archive-date= 9 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220209073859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sadhu-Kokila-back-to-direction/articleshow/22117853.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> Kokila had directed [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] previously in ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]]'' (2003) and ''[[Anatharu]]'' (2007), both of which saw success at the box office. The film's title is based on a lyric of the song "Sikkapatte Istapatte" from ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/songs-inspire-kannada-film-titles/articleshow/22704605.cms|title=Songs inspire Kannada film titles|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|date=19 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

===Casting===
''Super Ranga'' was to initially star [[Deepa Sannidhi]] as the female lead opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. Citing date problems, Sannidhi had to leave, who was then replaced by [[Kriti Kharbanda]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Uppi's Superro Ranga launched |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Uppis-Superro-Ranga-launched/articleshow/22223489.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 2 September 2013 |accessdate= 26 August 2014 |archive-date= 9 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220209091505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Uppis-Superro-Ranga-launched/articleshow/22223489.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], who starred in the original film, ''Kick'' and its Tamil remake, was initially set to reprise his role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-they-call-me-kick-shaam/20110518.htm#5|title='Salman Khan complimented me I'd done a fantastic job in Kick'|work=Rediff|date=18 May 2011|access-date=19 July 2020|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719005900/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-they-call-me-kick-shaam/20110518.htm#5|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming began in September 2013. The song "Dance Raja Dance", of the film was shot in [[Slovenia]]. It features 12 characters of Upendra in a single visual, made possible by the rotography technique.<ref>{{cite news |title= 12 Upendras to romance Kriti in a song |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/12-Upendras-to-romance-Kriti-in-a-song/articleshow/41344462.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 1 September 2014 |accessdate= 2 September 2014 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140902011717/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/12-Upendras-to-romance-Kriti-in-a-song/articleshow/41344462.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> The film completed its 35-day shoot in [[Malaysia]] and was one of the few Kannada language films to have shot there extensively.<ref>{{cite web |title= Upendra's Super Ranga releases today |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/upendras-super-ranga-releases-today/20140919.htm |work= Rediff.com |date= 19 September 2014 |accessdate= 20 September 2014 |archive-date= 21 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921093358/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/upendras-super-ranga-releases-today/20140919.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Super Ranga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 22 August 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:21
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Arjun Janya]] composed the music for the film and the soundtracks, with lyrics for the soundtracks penned by [[K. Kalyan]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and V. Nagendra Prasad. The album has four soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Super Ranga (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/super-ranga-original-motion/id912310293 |publisher= iTunes |date= |accessdate= 2 September 2014}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:21
| title1 = Dance Raja Dance
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = Chombu Chombu
| lyrics2 = Upendra, [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Nanagu Ninagu
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Archana Ravi
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Ninade Nenapu
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = Arjun Janya
| length4 = 4:26
}}

=== Reception ===
Kavya Christopher of ''The Times of India'' gave the album a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "It's an Upendra film. One that has to be quirky in every way, and the music is no different." She added that the song "Dance Raja Dance" is the best of the album.<ref>{{cite news |title= Music review: Super Ranga |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Music-review-Super-Ranga/articleshow/41175633.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 29 August 2014 |accessdate= 2 September 2014 |archive-date= 31 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140831214625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Music-review-Super-Ranga/articleshow/41175633.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film was announced that it would be released on 18 September 2014 to coincide with the occasion of Upendra's birthday.<ref>{{cite news |title= Superro Ranga to Hit Screens on Uppi's Birthday |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-ranga-review-roundup-opens-positive-reviews-609570 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 25 August 2014 |accessdate= 22 September 2014 |archive-date= 24 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924005944/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-ranga-review-roundup-opens-positive-reviews-609570 |url-status= live }}</ref> It was released however, the next day. It was reported that the film released in 170 theaters across [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Super Ranga' Review Roundup: Opens to Positive Reviews |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-ranga-review-roundup-opens-positive-reviews-609570 |newspaper= International Business Times |date= 20 September 2014 |accessdate= 22 September 2014 |archive-date= 24 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140924005944/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-ranga-review-roundup-opens-positive-reviews-609570 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Upon its theatrical release, the film received positive to mixed reviews from critics. Shyam Prasad S. of ''Bangalore Mirror'' reviewed the film and wrote, "[Sadhu Kokila] manages to give an 'Uppi' touch to the film", a reference to the characters portrayed by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in his earlier films. He concludes by praising the role of cinematographer Ashok Kashyap and the acting department.<ref>{{cite news |title= Movie review: Super Ranga |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Super-Ranga/articleshow/42922056.cms |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date= 19 September 2014 |accessdate= 20 September 2014 |archive-date= 9 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220209072204/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Super-Ranga/articleshow/42922056.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' reviewed the film giving it a rating of three out of five and called the film "chuckle-a-minute mad caper". He added writing, "Brimming with trademark Upendra mannerisms, the film is a breezy, boisterous ride."<ref>{{cite news |title= Upendra-starrer Super Ranga is a chuckle-a-minute mad caper |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/431763/upendra-starrer-super-ranga-chuckle.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 20 September 2014 |accessdate= 22 September 2014 |archive-date= 7 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141207155025/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/431763/upendra-starrer-super-ranga-chuckle.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a 2.5/5 rating and writes, "A slight disappointment, it loses its sheen irrespective of the glittery star cast, to boost the box office collections." He called the plot "the real hero.. but the film as an entertainer lacks the kick."<ref>{{cite news |title= Movie Review 'Super Ranga': A repetition of Upendra's mannerism in his recent films |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/entertainment-sandalwood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98super-ranga%E2%80%99-repetition-upendra%E2%80%99s-mannerism |newspaper= Deccan Chronicle |date= 21 September 2014 |access-date= 22 September 2014 |archive-date= 21 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921092343/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/entertainment-sandalwood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98super-ranga%E2%80%99-repetition-upendra%E2%80%99s-mannerism |url-status= live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11585868}}

{{Sadhu Kokila}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sadhu Kokila]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]

Bootcut Balaraju

2026-03-03T09:14:42Z

TKMD: New new entry!

{{Short description|2024 Indian romantic comedy film by Sree Koneti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bootcut Balaraju
| image = Bootcut Balaraju poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sree Koneti
| screenplay =
| story = Lucky Media Unit
| writer = Sree Koneti
| producer = Md. Pasha
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Syed Sohel]]
*Meghalekha
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Indraja]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = Vijay Vardhan Kavuri
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = {{plain list|
*Katha Veruntadhi Productions
*Global films
*
}}
| released = {{film date|2024|02|02|df=y|ref1={{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} }}
| runtime = 144 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Bootcut Balaraju''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-lanaguage [[romantic comedy film]] written and directed by Sree Koneti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugufunda.com/latest-news/sohel-sri-koneti-md-pasha-release-chinni-chinni-song-from-boot-cut-balaraju/ |title=Sohel, Sri Koneti, MD Pasha release Chinni Chinni song from 'Boot Cut Balaraju' – Telugu Funda |website=telugufunda.com |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120091111/https://telugufunda.com/latest-news/sohel-sri-koneti-md-pasha-release-chinni-chinni-song-from-boot-cut-balaraju/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by Md. Pasha under the banner of Katha Verunthadi Productions and Global films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bootcut Balaraju Movie Review: A Colossal Fiasco|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/bootcut-balaraju-review-a-colossal-fiasco-135429|website=greatandhra.com|date=2024-02-03|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Venkat|last=Arikatla}}</ref> The film stars [[Syed Sohel]] as the titular character alongside Meghalekha, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Indraja]] in lead roles, Syed Sohel also debut in as a producer with film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmyfocus.com/movies/bootcut-balaraju |title=Bootcut Balaraju: Cast, Crew, Movie Review, Release Date, Teaser, Trailer |website=filmyfocus.com |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120091201/https://filmyfocus.com/movies/bootcut-balaraju |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Syed Sohel]] as "Bootcut" Balaraju
*Meghalekha as Mahalakshmi "Maha"
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as PK
*[[Indraja]] as Indravati Patel
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
*Mukku Avinash as Mukesh
*Jabardast Rohini as Rohini
*Siri Hanumanth as Sirisilla siri
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Narayana Patel
*Jabardasth Saddam as Shankari
*Vaddila Vanaja
}}

==Production==

The film was announced through a formal [[Muhurat shot|muhurta pooja]] ceremony on 21 December 2021, in [[Hyderabad]]. [[Principal photography]] was scheduled to complete in February 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/syed-sohel-ryan-ananya-nagalla-new-movie-boot-cut-balaraju-1418125 |script-title=te:స్పీడు మీదున్న సోహైల్‌, వకీల్‌ సాబ్‌ బ్యూటీతో రెండో సినిమా |language=te |trans-title=Ananya Nagalla new movie with Sohel |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=8 December 2021 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628121251/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/syed-sohel-ryan-ananya-nagalla-new-movie-boot-cut-balaraju-1418125 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 April 2022, a first-look glimpse of the film was released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/bigg-boss-4-star-syed-sohel-ryan-bootcut-boy-king-birthday-glimpse-released-688481.html |script-title=te:'Bootcut Balaraju': 'బూట్ క‌ట్ బాల‌రాజు'గా బిగ్ బాస్ ఫేమ్ సోహెల్.. ఆకట్టుకుంటోన్న గ్లిమ్ప్స్ |language=te |trans-title=Bootcut Balaraju Glimpse out now |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427063438/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/bigg-boss-4-star-syed-sohel-ryan-bootcut-boy-king-birthday-glimpse-released-688481.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With filming wrapped up, the focus of the production team shifted to the release of its songs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The teaser for ''Bootcut Balaraju'' was unveiled by [[Anil Ravipudi]] on 11 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anil-ravipudi-shares-his-best-wishes-to-bootcut-balaraju-and-team-843693 |title=Anil Ravipudi shares his best wishes to 'Bootcut Balaraju' and team |newspaper=[[The Hans India]] |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217002443/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anil-ravipudi-shares-his-best-wishes-to-bootcut-balaraju-and-team-843693 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack album and [[background score]] were composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] and [[Sony Music India]] acquired the audio rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bootcut-balaraju-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/uLckr1gsPPw_ |title=Bootcut Balaraju (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – All Songs – Download or Listen Free |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119055255/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bootcut-balaraju-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/uLckr1gsPPw_ |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Soundtrack
| headline = track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:11
| title1 = Raju Naa Balaraju
| length1 = 3:59
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = Swathi Reddy UK
| title2 = Thagudhaam Thaaggi Ugudhaam
| length2 = 2:51
| lyrics2 = Afroz Ali
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Sai Madhav
| title3 = Ringu Ringu Billa
| length3 = 2:44
| lyrics3 = Dev Pawar
| extra3 = Bhole Shavali, Raghuram
| title4 = Malli Malli
| length4 = 4:12
| lyrics4 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = Aditi Bhavaraju, Ritesh G Rao
| title5 = Chinni Chinni
| length5 = 1:45
| lyrics5 = Ranjith Kumar Ricky
| extra5 = [[Anudeep Dev]], Sai Veda Vagdevi
}}

==Release==

''Bootcut Balaraju'' was theatrically released on 2 February 2024.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Reception==
Bhavana Sharma of [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave the film 2.5/5 stars and stated that "''Bootcut Balaraju'' presents a love story with moments of brilliance. Sohel's performance and the humor elevate the film. However, occasional narration lags and uninspiring sequences may impact some viewers. Despite these aspects, it carves a niche as a love story with moments of endearment."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/bootcut-balaraju-a-heartwarming-love-tale-with-moments-of-brilliance-880905 | title=Bootcut Balaraju: A Heartwarming Love Tale with Moments of Brilliance | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=3 February 2024 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204105513/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/bootcut-balaraju-a-heartwarming-love-tale-with-moments-of-brilliance-880905 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and stated that "Sohel brings a carefree charm to his role as a rural, academically disinterested youth facing ridicule. The film promises a mix of laughter and fun moments as it explores the highs and lows of his family and love life."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/bootcut-balaraju-movie-review-syed-sohel-ryans-film-promises-a-hearty-dose-of-laughter-review-107333032 | title=Bootcut Balaraju Movie Review: Syed Sohel Ryan's Film Promises a Hearty Dose of Laughter | website=[[Times Now]] | date=2 February 2024 | access-date=3 February 2024 | archive-date=3 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203064120/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/bootcut-balaraju-movie-review-syed-sohel-ryans-film-promises-a-hearty-dose-of-laughter-review-107333032 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27721719}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]

Lycodon tiwarii

2026-03-01T10:37:23Z

TKMD: Creating New Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Mohapatra, P. |year=2021 |title=''Lycodon tiwarii'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T202845A2757292 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T202845A2757292.en |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Lycodon
| species = tiwarii
| authority = [[species:Sayantan Biswas|Biswas]] & [[species:D.P. Sanyal|Sanyal]], 1965<ref>[[species:Sayatan Biswas|Biswas S]], Sanyal DP (1965). "A new species of wolf-snake of the genus ''Lycodon'' Boie (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Calcutta'' '''18''' (2): 137–141. (''Lycodon tiwarii'', new species).</ref>
}}

'''''Lycodon tiwarii''''', [[Common name|commonly]] known as the '''Andaman wolf snake''' and '''Tiwari's wolf snake''', is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is native to the [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/><ref>[[Indraneil Das|Das I]] (1999). "Biogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India". pp. 43–77. '''''In'':''' [[Hidetoshi Ota|Ota H]] (editor) (1999). ''Tropical Island Herpetofauna: Origin, Current Diversity, and Conservation''. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 353 pp. {{ISBN|978-0444501950}}.</ref><ref>[[Shreyas Krishnan|Krishnan S]] (2003). "The distribution of some reptiles in the Nicobar Islands, India". ANET technical report – May 2003.</ref><ref>[[Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar|Vijayakumar SP]], [[Patrick David|David P]] (2006). "Taxonomy, Natural History, And Distribution Of The Snakes Of The Nicobar Islands (INDIA), Based On New Materials And With An Emphasis On Endemic Species". ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''13''' (1): 11–40.</ref>


==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''tiwarii'', is in honor of Indian zoologist [[Krishna Kant Tiwari]].<ref>[[Richard Allen "Bo" Crombet-Beolens|Beolens B]], [[Michael Watkins (zoologist)|Watkins M]], [[Michael Grayson|Grayson M]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Lycodon tiwarii'', p. 266).</ref>

==Reproduction==
''L. tiwarii'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Lycodon|species=tiwarii}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Romulus Whitaker|Whitaker R]], [[Ashik Captain|Captain A]] (2008). ''Snakes of India: The Flield Guide''. Cennai: Draco Books. 495 pp. {{ISBN|978-8190187305}}.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2713967}}

[[Category:Lycodon|tiwarii]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1965]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sayantan Biswas]]

{{Colubrinae-stub}}

List of Gujarati films of 2022

2026-02-28T00:28:28Z

TKMD: made basic bio v1.

{{Short description|List of Gujarati language films released in 2022}}
{{incomplete list|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati language films]] that were released in 2022. The Gujarati films collectively grossed {{INRconvert|56|c}} in 2022, according to Ormax Box Office Report.<ref name="ormax 2025">{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=The Ormax Box Office Report: 2025 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-ormax-box-office-report-2025.html}}</ref>

==Box-office collection==
== January - March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|14 January
|''Hu Chhu Ne''
|Action drama romance
|Harshad Kandoliya
|Jignesh Kaviraj Barot, Rohit Thakore, Shreya Dave, Prinal Oberoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hu Chhu Ne |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/hu-chhu-ne/movieshow/88879369.cms |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |21 January
|''Chaahat''
|Drama
|Ritesh Mokasana
|Hasmukh Bhavsar, Nirav Kalal, Rajesh Thakkar, Parth Modi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chaahat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chaahat/movieshow/89158605.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movieshow/movieshowajax.cms?msid=113389730&p_ind=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaahat (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Chikkaballapur |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chikkaballapur/chaahat/ET00321608?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Rangilo Rasikalal''
|Comedy drama
|Nilesh Mehta
|Yamini Joshi, Samarth Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rangilo Rashiklal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/rangilo-rashiklal/movieshow/93969970.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002140222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/rangilo-rashiklal/movieshow/93969970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4 February
|''Blind Dates''
|Drama thriller
|Akhil Kotak
|Akhil Kotak, Pravin Padhariya, Ankita Dudhaiya, Dimple Patel
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Blind Datgewmpoges |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/blind-dates/movieshow/89325658.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/getdataofseason.cms?msid=113604265&type=link&parentseo=web-series/reviews/english/grotesquerie |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11 February
|''Dhummas''
|Romance thriller
|Kartavya Shah
|Jayesh More, [[Kinjal Rajpriya]], Ojas Rawal, Chetan Daiya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dhummas |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dhummas/movieshow/89482251.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002140220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dhummas/movieshow/89482251.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |18 February
|''Baap No Bagicho''
|Comedy drama
|Bhagwan Vaghela
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Sanjay Goradia]], Mustak Khan, [[Asrani]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Baap No Bagicho |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/baap-no-bagicho/movieshow/89644252.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002085239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/baap-no-bagicho/movieshow/89644252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Thank You Boss''
|Comedy drama
|[[Deepak Antani]]
|[[Hitu Kanodia]], Jitu Pandya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Thank You Boss |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/thank-you-boss/movieshow/89644691.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002085238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/thank-you-boss/movieshow/89644691.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|25 February
|''Tu Adhuri Vartano Chhedo''
|[[Masala film|Masala]]
|Annu Patel
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Neha Suthar, Prakash Mandora, Parth Parmar, Jignesh Modi, Dhansukh Bhanderi
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Rathod |first=Vaishali |date=2021-11-01 |title=Parth Parmar and Vikram Thakor's 'Tu Adhuri Varta Na Chhedo' to release this Diwali- Exclusive! |publisher=The Times of India Entertainment Times |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/parth-parmar-and-vikram-thakors-tu-adhuri-varta-na-chhedo-to-release-this-diwali-exclusive/articleshow/87461856.cms}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 4 March
|''[[Dear Father (2022 film)|Dear Father]]''
|Comedy drama
|Umang Vyas
|Chetan Dhanani, [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Manasi Parekh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Taran Adarsh |date=11 February 2022 |title=#DearFather stars #PareshRawal, #ChetanDhanani and #ManasiParekh... Produced by #RatanJain and #GaneshJain... In *cinemas* 4 March 2022. |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1492014361384144897 |publisher=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
|''Jhalahalati Savaar''
|Social Satire
|Samir Devaliya
|Kalpesh Rajgor, Devanshee vyas, Pradeep Solanki, Rashmi Patel
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jhalahalati Savaar |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/jhalhalti-savar/movieshow/96622748.cms}}</ref>
|-
|11 March
|''Prem Prakaran''
|Romance
|Chandresh Bhatt
|Gaurav Paswala, [[Deeksha Joshi]], [[Esha Kansara]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Chandresh Bhatt's Prem Prakaran to be released on 11 March |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/11/33273/chandresh-bhatt-s-prem-prakaran-to-be-released-on-11-march |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213185802/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/11/33273/chandresh-bhatt-s-prem-prakaran-to-be-released-on-11-march |url-status=live |archive-date=13 February 2022 |publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref>
|}

== April - June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1 April
|''Raktbeej''
|Thriller
|Hardeek Pareek
|Denisha Ghumra, Nisarg Trivedi, Nakshraj, Nishcay Rana, Tarjeeni Bhadla, Aakansha Panchal, Navid Kadri, [[Kaushambi Bhatt]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raktbeej|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/raktbeej/ET00324429|publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323120321/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/raktbeej/ET00324429|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|7 April
|''[[Gajab Thai Gayo!]]''
|Science fiction, children, comedy
|Neeraj Joshi
|[[Malhar Thakar]], [[Pooja Jhaveri]], [[Ujjwal Chopra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajab Thai Gayo |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/gajab-thai-gayo/ET00324472|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |22 April
|''Petipack''
|Comedy drama
|[[K. R. Devmani]]
|[[Dhvanit Thaker]], [[Monal Gajjar]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Smita Jaykar]], Kumkum Das, [[Hemang Dave]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petipack (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/petipack/ET00318502 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
|''Aasha''
|Drama
|Ashok Karlekar
|Vimmy Bhatt, Nisarg Trivedi, Haresh Dagiya, Mukesh Rao, Vidhi Shah, Jignesh Modi, Yamini Joshi, Neel Soni
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aasha (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/aasha/ET00326370 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |6 May
|''[[Nayika Devi: The Warrior Queen]]''
|Historical fiction
|Nitin G
|Khushi Shah, [[Chunky Panday]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Jayesh More, Chirag Jani, Ojas Rawal, [[Kaushambi Bhatt]], Mamta Soni, Chetan Daiya, Binda Rawal, Brinda Trivedi, Ragi Jani, Mustafa Askari, Morli Patel, Aakash Zala, Hari Rathod, Anuresh Ninad, Vinayak Ketkar, Aayush Jadeja
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-16 |title='Nayika Devi: The Warrior Queen' Depicts Chunky Panday As Evil Antagonist |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/nayika-devi-the-warrior-queen-depicts-chunky-panday-as-evil-antagonist-1520021 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=ABP Live |publisher=IANS |language= |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330061919/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/nayika-devi-the-warrior-queen-depicts-chunky-panday-as-evil-antagonist-1520021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]''
|Comedy
|Vipul Mehta
|[[Siddharth Randeria]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Vandana Pathak]], [[Bhavya Gandhi]], Sanjay Goradia, [[Shraddha Dangar]], Neel Gagdani, Dharmesh Vyas, Aakash Zala, Meghana Solanki
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2021 |title=Siddharth Randeria reunites with director Vipul Mehta's next 'Kehvatlal Parivar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randeria-reunites-with-director-vipul-mehtas-next-kehvatlal-parivar/articleshow/88278772.cms?from=mdr |publisher=timesofindia.com |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230203221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randeria-reunites-with-director-vipul-mehtas-next-kehvatlal-parivar/articleshow/88278772.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Vidya''
|Drama
|Raj Irani
|Neha Joshi, Twishaa Bhatt
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Vidya |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vidya/movieshow/91375430.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002085238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vidya/movieshow/91375430.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |13 May
|''Adko Dadko''
|Comedy
|Sunnykumar
|Sanjay Chauhan, Akshat Irani, [[Firoz Irani]], Maulika Patel, Aanchal Shah, Ragi Jani, Anurag Prapanna, [[Smita Jaykar]], [[Hemang Dave]], Chetan Daiya, Jitu Pandya, Aakash Zala
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adko Dadko (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/adko-dadko/ET00328414 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Listen 2 Dil''
|Comedy drama
|Vijay Dalwadi
|Dhaval Goswami, Raviraa Bhardwaj
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Listen 2 Dil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/listen-2-dil/movieshow/91546175.cms |volume=The Times of India |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref>
|-
|''Family''
|Drama
|Parag Pimplay
|Satyen Verma, Neha Joshi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Family |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/family/movieshow/91521168.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/family/movieshow/91521168.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|19 May
|''[[Sonu Tane Mara Par Bharoso Nai Ke]]''
|Comedy
|Henil Gandhi
|[[Malhar Thakar]], Nijal Modi, Ragi Jani, Kalpana Gagdekar, Nilesh Pandya, Meghana Solanki, Jayesh More
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title='Sonu Tane Mara Par Bharoso Nai Ke' trailer: Malhar Thakar starrer is a complete entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/sonu-tane-mara-par-bharoso-nai-ke-trailer-malhar-thakar-starrer-is-a-complete-entertainer/articleshow/91378168.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506131543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/sonu-tane-mara-par-bharoso-nai-ke-trailer-malhar-thakar-starrer-is-a-complete-entertainer/articleshow/91378168.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|20 May
|''[[Mrugtrushna]]''
|Children, adventure drama
|Darshan Ashwin Trivedi
|Aryan Sagar, Nishma Soni, Happy Bhavsar, Jayesh More, Ragi Jani, Sharvary Joshi, Khush Tahil Ramani, Karan Patel
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrugtrushna (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/mrugtrushna/ET00328540 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522055254/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/mrugtrushna/ET00328540 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |27 May
|''Dear Love''
|Romantic comedy drama
|Viral Patel
|Hetansh Shah, Vidhi Shah, Krrish Chauhan, Aviraj Mangrola, Vidhi Patel, Nidhi Rathod, Saloni Jivani, Nidhi Dave, Shyam Sir, Kajal Mehta
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dear Love (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/dear-love/ET00326575 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522061625/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/dear-love/ET00326575 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Rocky In Risk''
|Action
|Alok Thaker, Nivedita Shah
|Alok Thaker, Nivedita Shah, Bobby Makwana
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rocky In Risk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/rocky-in-risk/movieshow/91811214.cms |volume=The Times of India |access-date=2022-05-31 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/getdataofseason.cms?msid=113609427&type=link&parentseo=web-series/reviews/hindi/honeymoon-photographer |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|3 June
|''[[Jaysuk Zdpayo]]''
|Comedy
|Dharmessh Mehta
|[[Johnny Lever]], [[Jimit Trivedi]], [[Puja Joshi]], [[Anang Desai]], Hardik Sangani
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaysuk Zdpayo (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/jamkhandi/movies/jaysuk-zdpayo/ET00327586 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
|9 June
|''Jiti Le Jindagi''
|Family drama
|Vipul Sharma
|Kalpesh Patel, Jaimini Trivedi, Ragi Jani, Jay Pandya, Urvashi Harsora, Kartik Rashtrapal, Shivani Bhatt
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiti Le Jindagi (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/jiti-le-jindagi/ET00330775 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
|10 June
|''Ghantadi''
|Comedy drama
|K. K. Makwana
|Prem Gadhavi, Smit Pandya, Hemang Dave, Akshatt Irani
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ghantadi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/ghantadi/movieshow/91957283.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705000357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/ghantadi/movieshow/91957283.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |17 June
| ''[[Naadi Dosh]]''
|Romance
|[[Krishnadev Yagnik]]
|[[Yash Soni]], [[Janki Bodiwala]], [[Raunaq Kamdar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash Soni, Janki Bodiwala and Raunaq Kamdar starrer next to now release in 2021? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/yash-soni-janki-bodiwala-and-raunaq-kamdar-starrer-next-to-now-release-in-2021/articleshow/78514698.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523044158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/yash-soni-janki-bodiwala-and-raunaq-kamdar-starrer-next-to-now-release-in-2021/articleshow/78514698.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Love You Pappa''
|Drama
|Akhil Kotak
|Akhil Kotak, Prapti Ajwalia, Jitendra Thakkar, Bhavik Jagad
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Love You Papa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/love-you-papa/movieshow/92206759.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002090745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/love-you-papa/movieshow/92206759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Parichay''
|Action, drama, crime
|Shravan Kumar
|Zakir Hussain, Raza Murad, Nisarg Trivedi, Bhavini Jani
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Parichay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/parichay/movieshow/92246667.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002093805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/parichay/movieshow/92246667.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |24 June
| ''Hello Zindagi''
|[[Masala film|Masala]]
|Rajan Rathod
|Viveka Patel, Rajan Rathod, Jitendra Thakkar
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/gujarati/hello-zindagi-song-bas-ek-tu/videoshow/91983011.cms |title=Hello Zindagi |publisher=Times of India |date=2022-06-03 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/gujarati/hello-zindagi-song-bas-ek-tu/videoshow/91983011.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Raaji Always Khush''
|Family drama
|Ramesh Karolkar
|Gopi Desai, Parth Modi, Mangal Desai, Prachi Patel
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Raaji Always Khush |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/raaji-always-khush/movieshow/92407962.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/getdataofseason.cms?msid=113523162&type=link&parentseo=web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-in-the-air |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|29 June
|''Har Re Janamma... Mangu Tane''
|Drama
|Nishant Pandya
|Rishika Singh, Nishant Pandya, Paresh Bhatt, Yamini Joshi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Har Re Janam Ma Magutane |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/har-re-janam-ma-magutane/movieshow/93342197.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002083457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/har-re-janam-ma-magutane/movieshow/93342197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== July - September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1 July
|''[[Saatam Aatham]]''
|Romantic drama
|[[Shital Shah]]
|[[Parikshit Tamaliya]], [[Shital Shah]], [[Denisha Ghumra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saatam Aatham (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/saatam-aatham/ET00328447 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703135950/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/saatam-aatham/ET00328447 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Je Thashe Joyu Jashe''
|Comedy drama
|Raja Saheb
|Kuldeep Dave, Nikita Patel, Samarth Sharma, Nirav Kalal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Je Thase Joyu Jase (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/je-thase-joyu-jase/ET00332200 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703135929/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/je-thase-joyu-jase/ET00332200 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Vanveer''
|Drama
|Vikram Dodiya
|Kamlesh Barot, Mamta Chaudhari, Shailesh Bharada, Priyanka Parmar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanveer (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/vanveer/ET00332281?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |8 July
|''[[Vickida No Varghodo]]''
|Comedy drama
|Rahul Bhole, Vinit Kanojia
|[[Malhar Thakar]], [[Monal Gajjar]], [[Jinal Belani]], [[Manasi Rachh]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Vickida No Varghodo |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vickida-no-varghodo/movieshow/71628666.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703135945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vickida-no-varghodo/movieshow/71628666.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Saiyar Mori Re''
|Drama
|Vishal Vada Vala
|[[Mayur Chauhan|Mayur Chahan]], Yukti Randeria, Mehul Desai
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Saiyar Mori Re |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/saiyar-mori-re/movieshow/92209803.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/saiyar-mori-re/movieshow/92209803.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |15 July
|''Tu Rajee Re''
|Drama
|Hardik Bhatt
|[[Divyang Thakkar]], [[Janki Bodiwala]], [[Anang Desai]], [[Rajeev Mehta|Rajiv Mehta]], [[Ghanashyam Nayak]], Deepak Gheewala
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tu Rajee Re (2022) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tu-rajee-re/ET00103085 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=in.bookmyshow.com |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142058/https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tu-rajee-re/ET00103085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tu Rajee Re |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tu-rajee-re/movieshow/92726746.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tu-rajee-re/movieshow/92726746.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Sarathi''
|Comedy drama
|Rafiq Usman Shaikh
|[[Pratik Gandhi]], Meenal Patel, Shekhar Shukla, Saumya Pandya, Chhaya Vora
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sarathi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/sarathi/movieshow/92360871.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724063415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/sarathi/movieshow/92360871.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |22 July
|''[[Raado]]''
|Drama action
|[[Krishnadev Yagnik]]
|[[Yash Soni]], [[Hitu Kanodia]], Tarjanee Bhadla, [[Bharat Chawda]], [[Denisha Ghumra]], [[Niilam Paanchal]], Nikita Sharma, Prachi Thaker, [[Hiten Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Raado |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/raado/movieshow/92202521.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703141521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/raado/movieshow/92202521.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Prem Yuddh''
|Drama
|Anil Kulchainiya
|Jeet Kumar, [[Kiran Kumar]], Milind Gunaji, Prinal Oberoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Prem Yuddh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/prem-yuddh/movieshow/93188178.cms |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/getdataofseason.cms?msid=113523162&type=link&parentseo=web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-in-the-air |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |29 July
|''Dayalu Devi Maa Dashama''
|Drama, devotional
|Ashok Patel
|Mamta Soni, Sanny Khatri, Dipika Raval, Aasha Panchal
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dayalu Devi Maa Dashama |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dayalu-devi-maa-dashama/movieshow/93268212.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002083458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dayalu-devi-maa-dashama/movieshow/93268212.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Tu Star Chhe''
|Comedy
|[[K. R. Devmani]]
|Bhushan Bhatt, [[Denisha Ghumra]], Zakir Khan, Kamlesh Parmar
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tu Star Chhe |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tu-star-chhe/movieshow/92979211.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724065051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tu-star-chhe/movieshow/92979211.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''53mu Panu''
|Drama
|Kartavya Shah
|[[Kinjal Rajpriya]], Aarjav Trivedi, Chetan Daiya, Mehul Buch
|<ref>{{Citation |title=53 Mu Panu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/53-mu-panu/movieshow/93135550.cms |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729072420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/53-mu-panu/movieshow/93135550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|5 August
|''Mane Lai Ja''
|Drama
|Niranjan Sharma
|Mamta Solanki, Pratish Vora, Shraddha Padhiyar, Bhavini Jani
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mane Lai Ja |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/mane-lai-ja/movieshow/93271189.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002083536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/mane-lai-ja/movieshow/93271189.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11 August
|''Kon Parka Kon Potana''
|Action drama
|Harsukh Patel
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Prashant Barot, Hitesh Raval, Prinal Oberoi, Jaimini Trivedi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kon Parka Kon Potana |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kon-parka-kon-potana/movieshow/93495776.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002080747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kon-parka-kon-potana/movieshow/93495776.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|19 August
|''[[Fakt Mahilao Maate]]''
|Comedy
|Jay Bodas
|[[Yash Soni]], [[Deeksha Joshi]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan to guest star in Gujarati film 'Fakt Mahilao Mate' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/amitabh-bachchan-to-guest-star-in-gujarati-film-fakt-mahilao-mate/articleshow/91689907.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523044158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/amitabh-bachchan-to-guest-star-in-gujarati-film-fakt-mahilao-mate/articleshow/91689907.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|26 August
|''Tallika''
|Horror drama
|Mitali Jani
|Aanchal Shah, Sanjeet Dhuri, Ojas Rawal, Jayaka Yagnik
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tallika |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tallika/movieshow/93779515.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001074515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tallika/movieshow/93779515.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2 September
|''Raakh''
|Drama, Social
|Piyush Rajnikant Pandya
|Karishma Khoja, Pinky Jaiswal, Piyush Rajnikant Pandya, Vijay Desai, Hitesh Kumar
|
|-
|''Hey Kem Chho London''
|Comedy, Drama, Romance
|Ssunny Suraani
|[[Leena Jumani]], Manas Shah, Mitra Gadhavi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hey Kem Chho London Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/hey-kem-cho-london/movieshow/93734703.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908154053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/hey-kem-cho-london/movieshow/93734703.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Mane Lagi Re Lagan Tara Prem Ni''
|Action, Drama, Romance
|Ashok Ghosh
|Rakesh Barot, Chaya Thakor, Ratan Rangwani, Jay Dodiya, Pooja Ghosh,
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mane Lagi Re Lagan Tara Prem Ni Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/mane-lagi-re-lagan-tara-prem-ni/movieshow/93875081.cms |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920201947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/mane-lagi-re-lagan-tara-prem-ni/movieshow/93875081.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |9 September
|''[[Veer-Isha Nu Seemant]]''
|Comedy, Drama
|Neeraj Joshi
|[[Malhar Thakar]], [[Puja Joshi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veer-Isha Nu Seemant Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/veer-isha-nu-seemant/movieshow/93876317.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908152106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/veer-isha-nu-seemant/movieshow/93876317.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Dard''
|Romance, drama
|Bhagvan Vaghela
|Prinal Oberoi, [[Hitu Kanodia]], Prashant Barot, Morli Patel
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dard |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dard/movieshow/94075510.cms |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|''Tujhne Pokare Mari Preet''
|Drama
|Rajankumar Vohra
|[[Naresh Kanodia]], Kamlesh Barot, [[Hitu Kanodia]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tujhne Pokare Mari Preet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tujhne-pokare-mari-preet/movieshow/94177099.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002082120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/tujhne-pokare-mari-preet/movieshow/94177099.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|23 September
|''Maare Shu''
|Drama
|Vikram N Chauhan
|Dhavan Mewada, Bharat Thakkar, [[Deepak Antani]], Samir Jagot
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maare Shu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/maare-shu/movieshow/94401569.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002080750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/maare-shu/movieshow/94401569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maare Shu (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/maare-shu/ET00340811?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |7 October
|''[[Hoon Tari Heer]]''
|Romance
|[[Dhwani Gautam]]
|[[Puja Joshi]], Ojas Rawal, [[Bharat Chawda]], Dharmesh Vyas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Pics! Dhwani Gautam shares a glimpse of 'Hoon Tari Heer' Muhurat rituals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-pics-dhwani-gautam-shares-a-glimpse-of-hoon-tari-heer-muhurat-rituals/articleshow/88239972.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921115157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-pics-dhwani-gautam-shares-a-glimpse-of-hoon-tari-heer-muhurat-rituals/articleshow/88239972.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Chelli Panch Minute''
|Thriller
|Aziz Ibrahim
|Maulik Pathak, Chandani Chopra, Himanshu Turi, Riya Samani, Khushali Desai
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/chheli-paanch-minit/ET00341900 | title=Chheli Paanch Minit (2022) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ahmedabad - BookMyShow | access-date=8 October 2022 | archive-date=8 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008104639/https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/chheli-paanch-minit/ET00341900 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |14 October
|''[[Madhav (film)|Madhav]]''
|Drama
|Hetal Thakkar
|[[Hitu Kanodia]], Mehul Buch, Chetan Daiya, Smit Pandya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Madhav |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/madhav/movieshow/94500307.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002140732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/madhav/movieshow/94500307.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhello Show]]''
|Coming-of-age drama
|[[Pan Nalin]]
|Bhavin Rabari, Bhavesh Shrimali, Richa Meena, Dipen Raval, Paresh Mehta
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Last Film Show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/last-film-show/movieshow/94195823.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002141415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/last-film-show/movieshow/94195823.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=20 September 2022 |title=Oscars: India Selects 'Last Film Show' For International Feature Race |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/oscars-india-last-film-show-international-feature-1235122848/#:~:text=Last%20Film%20Show%20world%20premiered,across%20India%20on%20October%2014. |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924192125/https://deadline.com/2022/09/oscars-india-last-film-show-international-feature-1235122848/#:~:text=Last%20Film%20Show%20world%20premiered,across%20India%20on%20October%2014. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Pran Chhute Pan Mari Preet Na Tute''
|Drama
|Pathan Shahbaz
|Zeel Joshi, [[Firoz Irani]], Sanjay Patel, Paresh Bhatt
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Pran Chhute Pan Mari Preet Na Tute Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/pran-chhute-pan-mari-preet-na-tute/movieshow/94918860.cms |access-date=2022-10-22 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/pran-chhute-pan-mari-preet-na-tute/movieshow/94918860.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''GJ To NJ''
|Romantic drama
|Pranav Patel
|Nisarg Trivedi, Harshad Kandoliya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=GJ To NJ Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/gj-to-nj/movieshow/94840055.cms |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |25 October
|''BaagadBillaa''
|Thriller
|Sachin Brahmbhatt
|Chetan Dhanani, Ojas Rawal, Chetan Daiya, Jolly Rathod
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Chetan Daiya reveals the thrilling motion poster of 'Baagadbillaa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/watch-chetan-daiya-reveals-the-thrilling-motion-poster-of-baagadbillaa/articleshow/94050752.cms |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913100053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/watch-chetan-daiya-reveals-the-thrilling-motion-poster-of-baagadbillaa/articleshow/94050752.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Khedut Ek Rakshak''
|Drama
|Jitu Pandya
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Sweta Sen, Jitu Pandya, Guru Patel
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Khedut Ek Rakshak Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/khedut-ek-rakshak/movieshow/95122985.cms |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106064217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/khedut-ek-rakshak/movieshow/95122985.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |4 November
|''[[Chabutro (film)|Chabutro]]''
|Drama
|Chanakya Patel
|[[Raunaq Kamdar]], Dharmesh Vyas, Anjali Barot, Chhaya Vora, Annapurna
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chabutro |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chabutro/movieshow/94355512.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002143138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chabutro/movieshow/94355512.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaahlam Jaao Ne]]''
|Comedy
|Hardik Gajjar
|[[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Deeksha Joshi]], [[Sanjay Goradia]], [[Tiku Talsania]], Jayesh More, Ojas Rawal, Kavin Dave
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1035317/vaahlam-jaao-ne-trailer-pratik-gandhi-and-deeksha-joshi-in-gujarati-romcom|title='Vaahlam Jaao Ne' trailer: Pratik Gandhi and Deeksha Joshi in Gujarati romcom|date=18 October 2022|access-date=27 October 2022|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027060516/https://scroll.in/reel/1035317/vaahlam-jaao-ne-trailer-pratik-gandhi-and-deeksha-joshi-in-gujarati-romcom|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|11 November
|''Kahi De Ne Prem Che''
|Drama
|Rajesh Thakkar
|Vishal Solanki, Smit Pandya, Kalpesh Patel, Mukesh Rao
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kahi De Ne Prem Che Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kahi-dene-prem-che/movieshow/92206252.cms |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007143650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kahi-dene-prem-che/movieshow/92206252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 18 November
|''[[Aum Mangalam Singlem]]''
|Romantic comedy
| Saandeep Patel
| [[Malhar Thakar]], [[Aarohi Patel]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], Aarti Vyas Patel, Nisarg Trivedi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Malhar Thakar and Aarohi Patel to star in 'Aum Mangalam Singlem'; poster out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/malhar-thakar-and-aarohi-patel-to-star-in-aum-mangalam-singlem-poster-out/articleshow/94836051.cms |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|20 November
|''Purna Purushottam Shree Swaminarayan Bhagwan''
|Biographical mythological drama
|Rakesh Pujara
|Komal Thakkar, Atul Patel, Bhargav Joshi, Sunil Vaghela
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Purna Purushottam Shree Swaminarayan Bhagwan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/purna-purushottam-shree-swaminarayan-bhagwan/movieshow/95707176.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/purna-purushottam-shree-swaminarayan-bhagwan/movieshow/95707176.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|25 November
|''[[Medal (film)|Medal]]''
|Drama
|Dhaval Jitesh Shukla
|Jayesh More, [[Kinjal Rajpriya]], Maulik Nayak, Hemang Dave
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Medal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/medal/movieshow/94394102.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002141014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/medal/movieshow/94394102.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2 December
|''Bhagwaan Bachave''
|Comedy drama
|Jhinal Belani
|Jhinal Belani, Muni Jha, Jhinal Belani, Bhaumik Sampat, Mehul Buch, Bhavini Jani, Prem Gadhvi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhagwaan Bachave Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bhagwaan-bachave/movieshow/95680518.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bhagwaan-bachave/movieshow/95680518.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Dhaman''
|Action drama
|Rajan R. Verma
|Aarjav Trivedi, Jayesh More, [[Anang Desai]], Bhavini Jani
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dhaman Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dhaman/movieshow/95710327.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/dhaman/movieshow/95710327.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |9 December
|''Shu Tame Kunwara Chho?''
|Comedy drama
|Jayesh Trivedi
|Amit Bhanushali, Mamta Soni, [[Kurush Deboo]], Shekhar Shukla
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Shu Tame Kunwara Chho Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/shu-tame-kunwara-chho/movieshow/96055114.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222074130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/shu-tame-kunwara-chho/movieshow/96055114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''2G Apartments''
|Crime drama mystery
|Akhil Kotak
|Akhil Kotak, Bhavik Jagad, Chetan Daiya, Harshal Mankad Heyan
|<ref>{{Citation |title=2G Apartments Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/2g-apartments/movieshow/95851571.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222074439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/2g-apartments/movieshow/95851571.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|16 December
|''Aghattit''
|Crime drama mystery
|Bhushan Bhatt
|Chetan Daiya, Alisha Prajapati, Archan Trivedi, Bimal Trivedi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aghattit Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/aghattit/movieshow/96168547.cms |access-date=2022-12-22 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222074438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/aghattit/movieshow/96168547.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|30 December
|''Takhubha Ni Talvar''
|Drama
|Suresh Joshi
|Nirav Kalal, Dhairya Rawal, Chhaya Shukla, Sunny Sonara
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Takhubha Ni Talvar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/takhubha-ni-talvar/movieshow/96597607.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/takhubha-ni-talvar/movieshow/96597607.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2022-12-29 |title=Karni Sena protest release of Gujarati film Takhubha Ni Talvar |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2022/12/29/karni-sena-protest-release-of-gujarati-film-takhubha-ni-talvar/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231075731/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/12/29/karni-sena-protest-release-of-gujarati-film-takhubha-ni-talvar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Gujarati cinema]]
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2023]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{2022 films}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{portalbar|Bollywood|2020s}}

[[Category:Lists of Gujarati films by year|2022]]
[[Category:Lists of 2022 films by language|Gujarati]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema|Gujarati]]

Battle of Mukandwara Pass

2026-02-27T01:44:06Z

TKMD: fixed issues

{{Short description|1804 battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Mukundara Pass
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 8–10 July 1804 (2 days)
| place = [[Kotah]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Maratha victory
| status =
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British Empire]]
**{{flagicon|East India Company}} [[East India Company]]{{Tree list end}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg|border=}} [[Kota State]]
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}{{flag|Maratha Empire}}
**[[File:Indore Flag.svg|22px]] [[Indore State]]{{Tree list end}}
| commander1 = [[File:Indore Flag.svg|22px]] [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Jaswantrao Holkar]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|22px]] [[Wahid Ali Khan]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|22px]] [[Bakshi Bhawani Shankar|Bakshi Shankar]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[William Monson (British Army officer)|William Monson]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg|border=}} [[Amar Sing]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg|border=}} [[Afsal Khan]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg|border=}} [[Akbayram Pachali]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Kotah.svg|border=}} [[Fais Talib Khan|Fais Khan]]{{POW}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 4,000
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 400 to 500 men killed or captured
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Maratha War}}

The '''Battle of Mukandwara Pass''', also known as the '''Battle of Mokandra Pass''' or '''Monson's Retreat''', was fought from 8 to 10 July 1804 between forces of the [[Indore]] Maharaja [[Yashwantrao Holkar]], a member of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] and [[British East India Company]] forces under Colonel [[William Monson (British Army officer)|William Monson]] supported by [[Kota State|Kotah kingdom]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. It was fought just to the south of the Mukandwara Pass, about {{convert|50|km|mi}}. Monson, having overextended his supply line, was retreating toward Kotah when Holkar's forces decimated his rear guard on 10 July. Monson reached Kotah on 12 July, but was forced to abandon his guns in the mud at the [[Chambal River]] on the 15th. Holkar continued to harass Monson's force, which reached [[Kushalgarh]] on 25 Aug. Monson's men were then in a panic as they barely made it to [[Bayana]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=90–91}}</ref>

"Monson's loss had been heavy. 12 British officers had been killed, 2 were drowned and 2 were missing. 5 other officers were wounded. Half of the 5 battalions had been lost. Monson's retreat shook British military reputation and prestige to the core."<ref name=Naravane/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Charles Macfarlane|MacFarlane, Charles]]. [https://archive.org/details/ahistorybritish00macfgoog/page/n320  ''A History of British India: From the Earliest English Intercourse to the Present Time'']
* Dorman, Mark Robert Phipps. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DRELAAAAYAAJ/page/n329  ''A History of the British Empire in the Nineteenth Century'', Volume 1]
* Mehta, J. L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=holkar+mukandwara+1804&pg=PA646 ''Advanced Studies in the history of modern India, 1707–1813'']

{{coord|24|48|19|N| 75|59|37|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukandwara, Battle of 1804}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1804]]
[[Category:1804 in India]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:July 1804]]

{{India-battle-stub}}

Jayatheertha

2026-02-23T14:13:44Z

TKMD: Made Page.

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Jayathirta (Director).jpg
| name = Jayathirtha
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| birth_date = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Theatre director|Production designer}}
| known_for = [[Olave Mandara]] [[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]] [[Beautiful Manasugalu]] [[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]
| spouse = Poornima H. D.
| children = 1
}}

'''Jayathirtha B. V.''' is an Indian theatre activist, [[production designer]], and [[filmmaker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/five-top-kannada-directors-collaborate-film-136816|title = Five top Kannada directors to collaborate on a film|date = 3 November 2020}}</ref> He is known for his movies [[Olave Mandara]], [[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]], [[Beautiful Manasugalu]], and [[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]].

He is also known for his work as a director and play writer.

==Early life and education==
Jayathirtha B. V. was born and brought up in [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]. A high school dropout due to financial constraints, he started working as a salesman at 17 and took up theatre as a pastime.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} He trained at Abhinayataranga under the renowned theatre personality A. S. Murthy<ref>{{cite web| title= A S Murthy|url=http://abhinayataranga.com/our-founder/}}</ref> and later became a teacher in the same institution.

Jayathirtha won several awards for his works in theatre, including the ''B. V. Karanth Best Stage Reviewer Award'' (1997) for his critical review of the play, ''Maranayak''.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Film career==

=== Beginnings ===
In 2007, he directed a short film called Hasivu (Hunger). The movie won the Best Indian Short Film award at Cinerail Film Festival, [[Paris]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== 2011–2013: Directorial debut and breakthrough ===
In 2011, he directed a full-fledged [[Kannada]] feature film, [[Olave Mandara]] which brought several awards including the 59th [[Filmfare Awards]] (Best Director).<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011south/articleshow/14742576.cms |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The sub-plot of [[Olave Mandara]] is inspired by the real-life events of [[Dashrath Manjhi]] who cut a rocky hill for 22 years to build a road in memory of his wife. Later he directed [[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]] (2013) which won him the [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Award]] for Best Screenplay.<ref>{{cite web| title= South Cinema Karnataka State Film awards 2013 announced|url=https://www.bollywooddhamaka.in/south-cinema/karnataka-state-film-awards-2013-announced-full-list-available-online/6291|first=Akshay|last=Bansal|date=5 Jan 2015|work=BollywoodDhamaka}}</ref>

=== 2015–2018: Career fluctuations ===
He wrote the screenplay for the 2015 film ''[[Endendigu]]''. His next was ''[[Bullet Basya]]'' (2015) starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and [[Hariprriya|Haripriya]], which opened to mixed reviews owing to its sexist jokes.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 Nov 2016 |title=Bullet Basya |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bullet-basya-review-kannada-phzmyredjaeaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811074339/http://www.sify.com/movies/bullet-basya-review-kannada-phzmyredjaeaa.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |work=[[Sify.com]]}}</ref>

He made a comeback with the movie ''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]'' (2017), which was based on shocking events that occurred in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| title=Beautiful Manasugalu|url= https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/beautiful-manasugalu/Film?oid=6518605|work=[[Charleston City Paper]]| date=30 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=A beautiful return for 'Lucia' stars|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-beautiful-return-for-lucia-stars/articleshow/55653427.cms|first=Nishcith|last=N.|date=28 Nov 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Review: 'Beautiful Manasugalu' lets the usual stereotypes drag down a 'women-centric' film| url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/review-beautiful-manasugalu-lets-usual-stereotypes-drag-down-women-centric-film-56038|first=Rakesh|last=Mehar|date=20 Jan 2017|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The movie won Best Dialogues Award at KAFTA Times of India 2017, the only awards given to technicians in [[Kannada Film Industry|Kannada film industry]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web| title=Presenting the list of awardees for Times KAFTA 2017| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/presenting-the-list-of-awardees-for-times-kafta-2017/articleshow/66401690.cms|date=28 Oct 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> His next movie was [[Vanilla (2018 film)|Vanilla]] (2018),<ref>{{cite web|title='Beautiful Manasugalu' director Jayathirtha explores Capnophobia in next 'Vanilla'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/may/30/beautiful-manasugalu-director-jayathirtha-explores-capnophobia-in-next-vanilla-1821580.html|date=31 May 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/may/30/beautiful-manasugalu-director-jayatheertha-explores-capnophobia-in-next-vanilla-1821580.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> a murder mystery with a message of social concerns.

=== 2019–present: commercial success and fluctuations ===
[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web| title=True-life theft turns inspiration for Rishab Shetty starrer 'Bell Bottom'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/09/true-life-theft-turns-inspiration-for-rishab-shetty-starrer-bell-bottom-1936466.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212180323/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/09/true-life-theft-turns-inspiration-for-rishab-shetty-starrer-bell-bottom-1936466.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2019|date=9 Feb 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> is a comedy crime thriller, a story of a die-hard fan of detective stories. It became the first Kannada film in 2019 to complete 100 days.<ref>{{cite web| title=Bell Bottom is an enjoyable crime comedy|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies-despite-flaws-enjoyable-crime-bell-bottom-moview-review-718606.html|date=15 Feb 2019|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> It also won the second best commercial film recognition at [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bangalore International Film Festival]] 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/BIFFESblr/posts/12th-bengaluru-international-film-festival-second-popular-kannada-cinemabell-bot/2758391440941470/ |website= Facebook| title=Bengaluru International Film Festival's post|date= 7 March 2020|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> The movie has won Best Director Award in Critics Choice Film Awards 2020.<ref>{{cite web| title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/ |date=28 Mar 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
[[File:Jayathirtha - Banaras.jpg|thumb|Director Jayathirtha during the shooting of Banaras, on the banks of river Ganga.]]
In November 2020, It was reported that Jayathirtha along with four other Kannada film directors [[KM Chaitanya]], [[Shashank (director)]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]], and [[Pawan Kumar (director)]] would team up to make a two-hour film.<ref>{{cite web| title=Five renowned Kannada film directors come together for commercial entertainer| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/03/five-renowned-kannada-film-directors-come-together-for-a-commercial-entertainer-21106.html|first=Sharadaa|last=A.|date=3 November 2020|work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> However it did not materialise. His next directorial was ''[[Banaras (2022 film)|Banaras]]'', starring newcomer Zaid Khan alongside [[Sonal Monteiro]], which opened to mixed reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaras: Zaid Khan and Sonal Monteiro's time-loop romance gets TV premiere |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/banaras-zaid-khan-and-sonal-monteiros-time-loop-romance-gets-tv-premiere/8b99f1325471 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-11-04 |title='Banaras' movie review: Spirituality and time travel meet to tell a unique, poignant love story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/banaras-movie-review-spirituality-and-time-travel-meet-to-tell-a-unique-poignant-love-story/article66095479.ece |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He then directed the action drama [[Kaiva (2023 film)|Kaiva]] with [[Dhanveer Gowda|Dhanveerah]] and [[Megha Shetty]] in the lead roles and released in 2023, which also opened to mixed reviews and ended as box office disappointment.

In January 2021, ''Bell Bottom 2'', the sequel to the blockbuster ''[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' was announced to be directed by Jayathirtha.<ref>{{cite news| title=Official title poster of Bell Bottom 2 revealed| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/official-title-poster-of-bell-bottom-2-revealed/articleshow/80478871.cms|date=27 Jan 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However the shooting of the film was paused as of 2022 owing to [[Rishab Shetty]]'s other commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} Bell Bottom 2 with Rishab Shetty to take off after Kantara 2? Jayatheertha answers |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-bell-bottom-2-with-rishab-shetty-to-take-off-after-kantara-2-jayatheertha-answers/8e671515de556 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-12-29 |title=Rishab Shetty talks about the year that was, his plans for Bell Bottom 2 and much more |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/Dec/29/rishab-shetty-talks-about-the-year-that-was-his-plans-for-bell-bottom-2-and-much-more-46373.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Theatre activities ==
Jayathirtha has conducted more than 150 theatre training programs, focusing on issues including life skills.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} He penned and directed 65 street plays and ten stage plays from 1996 to 2007. He organized those plays to spread social awareness among illiterates and the backward classes. Jayathirtha directed ''Hathim Thi'', an experiment with 500 actors, at the Al-Ameen school building.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

Jayathirtha has used street plays as an effective medium to convey philosophical messages, concerning social issues, imbued with the entertaining flow. His approach is to involve the audience in the flow of the plays. He scripted six stage plays and 69 street plays/shows.<ref>{{cite web| title=Filmmaker takes on big pharma| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/filmmaker-takes-on-big-pharma/article7959075.ece|first=Muralidhar|last=Khajane|date=24 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Radio==
Jayathirtha directed a 450-episode{{when|date=March 2021}} of educational radio drama for children, ''Chukki Chinna – Chinnara Chukki'', for an NGO Education Development Center under ''Sarva Shikshana Abhiyana'' program of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2021-06-24 |title='Banaras' will be a poignant love story, says Kannada director Jayathirtha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/banaras-will-be-a-poignant-love-story-says-kannada-director-jayathirtha/article34944995.ece |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This interactive syllabus-based radio program was recorded between 2005 and 2007, but it continues to play on the radio for first-standard to sixth-standard students in [[Karnataka]] government schools.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Recognition==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*Best Back Stage designer 1994 (''Abhinaya Tharanga'')
*Best script writer 1996 (''Abhinaya Tharanga'')
*Best stage reviewer 1997 (''B.V.Karanth Award'')
*Second Best Small Story Award – from ''Gulbarga University'' (2002)
*First place in small story award – from ''Belagali Sahithya Pratistana.'' (2002)
*First place in small story award – from ''Kannada Sahithya Parishath''. (2002)
*First place in script writing – Street play – Pravardhini from ''Sahithya Sankramana'' (2003)
*Best Indian short film ''Hasivu'' from Cinerail film festival in Paris

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Hasivu'' || Short film
|-
|2011 || ''[[Olave Mandara]]'' ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]'' || Also lyricist
|-
|2015 ||''[[Bullet Basya]]'' ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]'' ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Vanilla (2018 film)|Vanilla]]'' ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Banaras (2021 film)|Banaras]]'' || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-jayathirtha-completes-the-shoot-of-new-film-banaras-films-team-shares-pictures/articleshow/79718308.cms|title = Director Jayathirtha completes the shoot of new film 'Banaras', film's team shares pictures - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=14 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2023 || ''[[Kaiva (2023 film)|Kaiva]]'' ||
|-
|TBA|| ''Bell Bottom 2''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jayathirtha-promises-even-more-twists-and-turns-in-the-bell-bottom-sequel/articleshow/79087424.cms|title=Jayathirtha promises even more twists and turns in the Bell Bottom sequel - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2020 }}</ref> || Announced
|-
|}

===As screenwriter===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! Notes
|-
|2015 ||''[[Endendigu]]'' ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable
! Movie !!Award !!Category !!Result !!Ref.
|-
|''Hasivu''
|Cinerail Film Festival, Paris
|Best short film (Indian)
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=5|''[[Olave Mandara]]''
|[[59th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |author=Filmfare Editorial |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |work=Filmfare |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=20 July 2012 |date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|Raghavendra Chitravaani Award
|Best Director
|{{won}}
|
|-
|'Big FM – ETV' award
|Best Director
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Santosham Award
|Best Director - Kannada
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|1st SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2012 Winners|website=South Indian International Movie Awards|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706025553/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tony (2013 film)|''Tony'']]
|[[2013 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news |title=Karnataka State Film Awards Announced|access-date=2016-11-08|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Lalitha Kala Academy Award
|Best Director
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]''
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 | date=16 June 2018 | work=Filmfare | access-date=9 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|KAFTA Times of India 2017
|Best Dialogues
|{{won}}
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|''Bell Bottom'']]
|Zee Comedy Awards 2020
| Best Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-01-21 |title='ಜೀ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಅವಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್‌' ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚಿದ ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್‌ವುಡ್ ತಾರೆಯರು! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/cinema/zee-kannada-comedy-awards-2020-event-photos/photoshow/73486345.cms |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=vijaykarnataka.com}}</ref>
|-
|Chandanavana Critics' Academy Award
|Best Screenplay
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Critics’ Choice Film Awards 2020
| Best Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|date=28 Mar 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|5852303}}
*[http://abhinayataranga.com/ abhinayataranga.com]

[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]

Maurice Cowling

2026-02-17T21:41:07Z

TKMD: cleanup citations also and corrected details

{{Short description|British historian (1926–2005)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maurice John Cowling
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|9|6}}
| birth_place = London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|8|24|1926|9|6}}
| death_place = [[Swansea]], Wales
| alma_mater = [[Jesus College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Historian
| known for = His "high politics" interpretation of modern British history
}}
{{Conservatism UK|Intellectuals}}
'''Maurice John Cowling''' (6 September 1926 – 24 August 2005) was a British historian. A fellow of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]], for most of his career, Cowling was a leading conservative exponent of the 'high politics' approach to political history.

==Early life==
Cowling was born in [[West Norwood]], South London, son of Reginald Frederick Cowling (1901–1962), a patent agent, and his wife May (née Roberts).<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' 2005–2008, ed. [[Lawrence Goldman]], Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 257</ref> His family then moved to [[Streatham]], where Cowling attended an [[London County Council|LCC]] elementary school and, from 1937, [[Battersea Grammar School]]. When the [[Second World War]] started in 1939 the school moved to [[Worthing]] and then from 1940 to [[Hertford]], where Cowling attended sixth form.<ref>[[Michael Bentley (historian)|Michael Bentley]], "Prologue: The retiring Mr Cowling", in Bentley (ed.), ''Public and Private Doctrine. Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 3.</ref>

In 1943 Cowling won a scholarship to [[Jesus College, Cambridge]], but was called up for military service in September 1944, where he joined the [[Queen's Royal Regiment]]. In 1945, after training and serving in a holding battalion, he was sent to [[Bangalore]] as an [[officer cadet]].<ref>Bentley, p. 3.</ref>

In 1946 Cowling was attached to the [[Kumaon Regiment]] and the next year-and-a-half he travelled to [[Agra]], Razmak on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] and [[Assam]]. As independence for India neared in 1947, Cowling was dispatched to [[Egypt]] as a camp adjutant to the British HQ there. Cowling was then promoted to captain in [[Libya]]. By the end of 1947 he was finally demobilised, and in 1948 he went back to Jesus College to complete his History [[Tripos]], where he received a [[British undergraduate degree classification|double first]].<ref>Bentley, pp. 3–4.</ref> Cowling later remembered that he fell in love with Cambridge.<ref>[[Naim Attallah]], ''Singular Encounters'' (London: Quartet Books, 1990), p. 129.</ref> He toyed with the idea of being ordained and went to college chapel, possessing "a strong polemical Christianity". Of his religion, Cowling later said: {{blockquote|I'm not sure of the depth or reality of my religious conviction. It could well be that it was a polemical conviction against liberalism rather than a real conviction of the truth of Christianity ... I suppose on a census I would describe myself as a member of the Church of England. If you ask me, do I think I ought to be an Anglican, the answer is that I probably ought to be a Roman Catholic, but I don't see any prospect of that happening ... I have a very Protestant mind.<ref>Attallah, pp. 129–131.</ref>}}

In 1954 Cowling worked at the British [[Foreign Office]] for six months at the Jordan department, and in early 1955, ''[[The Times]]'' gave him the job of foreign leader-writer, which he held for three years. In 1957 Cowling was invited by the Director of the [[Conservative Political Centre]] to write a [[pamphlet]] on the [[Suez Crisis]]; it was never published however, as the party wanted to move on from Suez as quickly as possible. He stood unsuccessfully for the parliamentary seat of [[Bassetlaw (UK Parliament constituency)|Bassetlaw]] during the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|General Election of 1959]] for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>Bentley, p. 5.</ref> Cowling later said that "I enjoyed being a candidate, though it was very hard work and elections are like what I imagine having all your teeth out is like".<ref name="Attallah, p. 134">Attallah, p. 134.</ref>

== Academic career ==
In 1961 Cowling was elected a fellow of Jesus College and Director of Studies in Economics, shortly before the History Faculty appointed him to an Assistant Lectureship. Cowling's first book was ''The Nature and Limits of Political Science''. Influenced by [[Michael Oakeshott]], this was an attack on political science and political philosophy as it was then taught. Cowling argued that social science's claim to have discovered how people behaved was false because politics was too complex and fluid to be rationalised by theorists and only fully intelligible to politicians.<ref name="ODNB">[[Jonathan Parry]], '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/95252 Cowling, Maurice John (1926–2005)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, online edn, May 2009, accessed 15 May 2010.</ref>

During six weeks of the summer of 1962 Cowling wrote ''Mill and Liberalism'', which was published in 1963 and became one of his most contentious books.<ref>Bentley, p. 6.</ref> The book argued Mill was not as [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] as he was traditionally portrayed, and that Mill resembled a "moral [[totalitarian]]". Dr. Roland Hall reviewed the book in ''[[Philosophical Quarterly]]'' (January 1965) and called it "dangerous and unpleasant",<ref>Roland Hall, ‘Review: Mill and Liberalism by Maurice Cowling’, ''The Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol. 15, No. 58 (Jan., 1965), p. 71.</ref> with Cowling later remarking that this "was what it was intended to be".<ref>Maurice Cowling, ''Mill and Liberalism. Second Edition'' (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. xii.</ref>
[[File:Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG|thumb|Peterhouse Old Court]]
In 1963 he was elected a Fellow to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]], where he advised his students to tackle liberals with "irony, geniality and malice". During the 1960s Cowling campaigned against a sociology course to be introduced at Cambridge, regarding it as a "vehicle for liberal dogma".<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite news |title=Maurice Cowling |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1750381,00.html/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080907225435/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1750381,00.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2008 |work=The Times |publisher=Times Newspapers |location=London |date=26 August 2005 |accessdate=11 February 2008 }}</ref> In November 1966 Cowling was elected as a Conservative [[councillor]] on the [[Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely County Council]] in a by-election, which he held until 1970.<ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.cix.co.uk/~rosenstiel/camelect/ciecc.htm |title=Cambridgeshire & Isle of Ely County Council Elections – Cambridge Electoral Divisions |accessdate=11 February 2008 |last=Rosenstiel |first=Colin |author2=Keith Edkins |year=2001 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015151/http://www.cix.co.uk/~rosenstiel/camelect/ciecc.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was appointed the literary editor of ''[[The Spectator]]'' from 1970 to 1971, and in the early 1970s he wrote articles of a broadly [[Enoch Powell|Powellite]] nature arguing against the UK being a member of the [[European Community|EEC]]. Cowling resigned in 1971 when the editor acting in [[George Gale (journalist)|George Gale]]'s absence refused to publish Cowling's protest against his publication of an article by [[Tony Palmer (director)|Tony Palmer]] which suggested that the important question about [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] was whether she was a virgin.<ref name="ODNB" />

Cowling supported [[Andrew Jones (historian)|Andrew Jones]] while composing ''The Politics of Reform'' (1972), a monograph on the high political circumstances surrounding the [[Representation of the People Act 1884]]. Jones speculated that without his involvement, "the structure of the present work would have been much different".<ref>Andrew Jones, ''The Politics of Reform 1884'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. x.</ref> It was on Cowling's suggestion that Paul Smith edited a collection of [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]'s articles from the ''[[Quarterly Review]]'', also published in 1972.<ref>[[Paul Smith (historian)|Paul Smith]] (ed.), ''Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from His Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–83'' (Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. vii.</ref>

In 1977 [[Margaret Thatcher]] visited the Cambridge Graduate Conservative Association of Peterhouse where she "cut through the compact subtlety and 'rational pessimism' of [Cowling]" and sharply retorted: "We don't want pessimists in our party".<ref>Peter Ghosh, ‘Towards the verdict of history: Mr Cowling's Doctrine’, in Michael Bentley (ed.), ''Public and Private Doctrine. Essays in British history presented to Maurice Cowling'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0521400139}}), p. 288.</ref> In 1978 he ceased to be Director of Studies in Peterhouse, and helped to found the Salisbury Group, a group of conservative thinkers named, on Michael Oakeshott's advice, after Lord Salisbury. In the same year Cowling published ''Conservative Essays'' where he said:

{{blockquote|If there ''is'' a class war – and there is – it is important that it should be handled with subtlety and skill. ... it is not freedom that Conservatives want; what they want is the sort of freedom that will maintain existing inequalities or restore lost ones.<ref>Maurice Cowling, ‘The Present Position’, in Cowling (ed.), ''Conservative Essays'' (London: Cassell, 1978), pp. 1, 9.</ref>}}

Cowling was "instrumental" in getting the historian [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], Lord Dacre of Glanton, from [[Oxford University|Oxford]] to become Master of Peterhouse from 1980 to 1987, though in later years he came to regret supporting Trevor-Roper's arrival there.<ref name="TimesObit"/> Cowling's reactionary clique thought he would be an arch-conservative who would oppose the admission of women. In the event, Trevor-Roper feuded constantly with Cowling and his allies, while launching a series of administrative reforms. Women were admitted in 1983 at Trevor-Roper's urging. The British journalist [[Neal Ascherson]] summarised the quarrel between Cowling and Trevor-Roper as:<blockquote>Lord Dacre, far from being a romantic Tory ultra, turned out to be an anti-clerical Whig with a preference for free speech over superstition. He did not find it normal that fellows should wear mourning on the anniversary of General Franco’s death, attend parties in SS uniform or insult black and Jewish guests at high table. For the next seven years, Trevor-Roper battled to suppress the insurgency of the Cowling clique ("a strong mind trapped in its own glutinous frustrations"), and to bring the college back to a condition in which students might actually want to go there. Neither side won this struggle, which soon became a campaign to drive Trevor-Roper out of the college by grotesque rudeness and insubordination.<ref name="Ascherson">{{cite magazine
| last = Ascherson
| first = Neal
| title = The Liquidator
| magazine = London Review of Books
| date= 19 August 2010 | url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n16/neal-ascherson/liquidator
| accessdate = 5 January 2016}}</ref></blockquote> In a review of [[Adam Sisman]]'s 2010 biography of Trevor-Roper, the ''Economist'' wrote that the picture of Peterhouse in the 1980s was "startling", stating the college had become under Cowling's influence a sort of right-wing "lunatic asylum", who were determined to sabotage Trevor-Roper's reforms.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Not so ropey
| newspaper = The Economist
| date= 22 July 2010 | url = https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2010/07/22/not-so-ropey
| access-date = 5 January 2016}}</ref>

In November 1989 Cowling published his essay on "The Sources of the [[New Right]]" in ''Encounter'' which detailed the ideological roots of [[Thatcherism]] in Britain and became the Preface to the second edition of ''Mill and Liberalism'' in 1990. In 1990 Cowling described himself as "an intellectual [[Thatcherite]], just as I was an intellectual [[Powellism|Powellite]], and I think it is important that the Conservative party should be in good hands and that it should win elections...I am a warm supporter [of the Thatcher government]".<ref name="Attallah, p. 134"/> In Cowling's view "Liberalism is essentially the belief that there can be a reconciliation of all difficulties and differences, and since there can't, it is a misleading way to approach politics".<ref>Attallah, p. 136.</ref> He regarded [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' as "a nasty, sneering, free-thinking book ... I can understand why the book is offensive and it didn't seem to me to be anything but offensive when I read it. Some thinking Moslems take a view of the nature of religion, and the incompatibility between Islam and liberalism, which runs parallel to what I'm saying in ''Mill and Liberalism''".<ref>Attallah, p. 142.</ref>

In 1992 [[Philip Williamson (historian)|Philip Williamson]] cited Cowling as "the original inspiration" for his monograph on interwar high politics, ''National Crisis and National Government''.<ref>[[Philip Williamson (historian)|Philip Williamson]], ''National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and Empire. 1926–1932'' (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. xiv.</ref>

== Later life ==
Cowling retired from the History Faculty of Cambridge in 1988, and from his Fellowship of Peterhouse in 1993. He rarely returned to the university. In 1996, in Swansea, where he then lived, Cowling married [[George Gale (journalist)|George Gale]]'s ex-wife Patricia, with whom he had long conducted an affair. On 24 August 2005, Cowling died at Singleton Hospital in Swansea after a long illness.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==''The Politics of British Democracy''==
Cowling wrote three books on British high politics, the sequence he called ''The Politics of British Democracy''.<ref>Maurice Cowling, ''The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933–1940'' (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. ix.</ref> He wrote that "In the future there will be an introduction bearing the sequence-title which will deal in its widest aspects with the period from 1850 to 1940 and will assess the methods used in the volumes which have now been published".<ref>Cowling, ''The Impact of Hitler'', p. ix.</ref> However this never appeared. Cowling wrote a letter to ''The Times Literary Supplement'' on 3 June 1977 arguing for the need for "a different emphasis" to that on high politics.

The first of these was ''1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: the Passing of the Second Reform Bill'', about the [[Reform Act 1867]]. This was published during its centenary and dedicated to "the Prime Minister", [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] leader [[Harold Wilson]]. Cowling challenged the traditional liberal assumptions over the reform crisis of the 1860s by arguing that the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] was not the straightforward progressive party that wanted to hand political power to the working-class and that the Conservatives did not promote reform in reaction to working-class pressure. Cowling instead placed much more importance on parliamentary manoeuvres.<ref>Charles Covell, ''The Redefinition of Conservatism. Politics and Doctrine'' (Macmillan, 1986), p. 152.</ref> [[Robert Blake, Baron Blake|Robert Blake]] thought that this book "gives the most convincing account of what happened".<ref>Robert Blake, ''The Conservative Party from Peel to Major'' (Arrow, 1998), p. 101.</ref>

In 1971 appeared ''The Impact of Labour'', which dealt with the years between 1920, after Labour won [[1919 Spen Valley by-election|the Spen Valley by-election]], and 1924 when the Conservatives won the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|general election]] of that year and ended the Liberal Party as a realistic party of government, with the Labour Party emerging as the Opposition.

Cowling believed the decisions and actions of “the politicians who mattered” (who, by his count, numbered a mere fifty or sixty) could not “be understood as derivative offshoots of pre-existing social conditions.” The historian’s job was therefore to “impute motive, intention and disingenuousness to the [political] actors whose personalities we have created out of the letters and speeches which survive.” <ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowling |first=Maurice |title=Impact of Labour |pages=3–4}}</ref>

In 1975 appeared ''The Impact of Hitler'', dealing with 1933 to 1940. Cowling has been described as an "[[isolationist]] [[imperialist]]"<ref>Ghosh, p. 281.</ref> who argued that from Britain's point of view the [[Second World War]] was a "liberal war which had been entered into in a condition of moral indignation without the resources to fight it" and that it had been "providential good fortune which had placed the burden of fighting on the Russians and the Americans".<ref>Cowling, ''Mill and Liberalism'', p. xv.</ref> He disapproved of the fact that the war was followed by a Labour [[1945 United Kingdom general election|electoral landslide]], a greatly expanded [[welfare state]] and the liquidation of the [[British Empire]].<ref>Cowling, ''The Impact of Hitler'', pp. 391, 399.</ref>

The policy making process for Cowling is heavily influenced by party politics. Cowling was well known for his ''Primat der Innenpolitik'' ("primacy of domestic politics") explanations for British foreign policy; for example, he argued that the British "guarantee" of Poland issued on 31 March 1939 was advanced to improve the Conservatives' chances against Labour, and had nothing to do with foreign policy considerations.<ref>Strang, G. Bruce "Once more onto the Breach" pages 721–752 from ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Volume 31, 1996 page 722</ref> Cowling's approach is the opposite of the ''Primat der Außenpolitik'' ("primacy of foreign politics") thesis.

==''Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England''==

In 1980, 1985 and 2001 appeared the three volumes of Cowling's ''Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England''. The political history books required "tiring archival visits"; Cowling much preferred writing these. In researching for these books "He spent his days in his college rooms, muscularly grappling with books, indeed often physically ripping them apart. Made up of hundreds of essays on the thought of individuals, the work neither engaged with other scholarship nor developed an interpretative model for understanding modern Britain".<ref name="ODNB" /> Cowling placed Christianity squarely at the centre of English culture post-1840 and claimed that anti-Christians more often than not held traditional religious assumptions and prejudices. Secularisation was not so fast or complete as had been previously argued, but "defenders of orthodoxy as well as their assailants were subjected to pithy, provocative irony" by Cowling.<ref name="ODNB" />

==Writings==

===Books===
*''The Nature and Limits of Political Science'' (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
*''Mill and Liberalism'' (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
*''1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution. The Passing of the Second Reform Bill'' (Cambridge University Press, 1967).
*''Selected Writings of John Stuart Mill'' (editor) (New American Library, 1968)
*''The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics'' (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
*''The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933–1940'' (Cambridge University Press, 1975).
*''Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England Volume I'' (Cambridge University Press, 1980).
*''Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume II: Assaults'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
*''A Conservative Future'' ([[Politeia (think tank)|Politeia]], 1997).
*''Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume III: Accommodations'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001).

===Essays===

*‘Reflections on Prof. Butterfield: a historian's movement towards theology’ [writing under the pseudonym Stafford Brignell], ''Varsity Supplement'' (6 November 1948), p. 5.
*'The Language of Miss Himmelfarb', ''The Cambridge Review'' (25 October 1952).
*'Mr Woodruff's Acton', ''The Cambridge Journal'', vi (1952–53), pp. 181–4, 190.
*'Politics, Economics and the Historical Tripos', ''The Cambridge Review'' (24 January 1959), pp. 246–8.
*'Political Practice & Political Science', ''The Cambridge Review'' (6 February 1960).
*'The Relevance of Natural Law', ''The Cambridge Review'' (4 June 1960).
*'Lytton, the Cabinet & the Russians, August–November 1878', ''English Historical Review'', LXXVI (January 1961).
*'Mr Raymond Williams', ''The Cambridge Review'' (27 May 1961).
*'Memoir of Reginald Frederick Cowling', ''Transactions of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents'', LXXXI (1962–63).
*'[Review of H. T. Lambrick, ''John Jacob of Jacobland'']', ''English Historical Review'', LXXIX (January 1964).
*'The Use of Political Philosophy in Mill, Green, and Bentham', ''Historical Studies'', v (1965).
*'Disraeli, Derby and the Fusion, October 1865 – July 1866', ''Historical Journal'', VIII (March 1965).
*'The Social & Political Sciences – and How Many More? [with Philip Abrams and Edward Shils]', ''The Cambridge Review'' (2 February 1968).
*'Mr. Powell, Mr. Heath, and the Future', in John Wood (ed.), ''Powell and the 1970 Election'' (Elliot Right Way Books, 1970), pp. 9–18.
*''Conservative Essays'' (editor) (Cassell, 1978).
**'Preface', p. v.
**'The Present Position', pp. 1–24.
**'Conclusion', pp. 194–195.
*'Herbert Butterfield 1900–1979', ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', 65 (1980).
*'Herbert Butterfield', in Lord Blake and C. S. Nicholls (eds.), ''Dictionary of National biography 1971–80'' (Oxford University Press, 1986).
*'One-and-a-half Cheers for Matthew Arnold', in [[Samuel Lipman]] (ed.), ''Culture and Anarchy'' (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 202–212.

===Articles===
*'War against Russia: a Suppressed Episode of 1876–7’, ''Manchester Guardian'' (16 July 1954).
*‘Cyprus under Britain’, ''Manchester Guardian'' (13 August 1954).
*‘The Cambridge Plan’ [re: the Spine-Relief Road], ''Manchester Guardian'' (18 August 1954).
*'Liberal?', ''Manchester Guardian'' (25 August 1954).
*'Problems of Orthodoxy' [review of M. Richter, ''Politics of Conscience'' and R. S. Downie, ''Government Action & Morality in the Democratic State''], ''The Spectator'' (25 September 1964).
*'Intellectuals and the Tory Party', ''The Spectator'' (8 March 1968).
*'A Letter to Humphrey Berkeley', ''The Spectator'' (26 April 1968).
*'There's been a revolution here, too', ''The Spectator'' (24 May 1968).
*'Two Tiers for the Universities', ''The Spectator'' (30 May 1969).
*'The politics of Free-marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (10 October 1970).
*'A Strong Line?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (17 October 1970).
*'Raising the Tone' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (24 October 1970).
*'Heath's Assault' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (31 October 1970).
*'Conservative Dangers Ahead' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (21 November 1970).
*'Europe' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (28 November 1970).
*'Moving to the Right?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (5 December 1970).
*'The Intellectual Treason?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (19 December 1970).
*'The Rightness of Indecision' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (16 January 1971).
*'The Labour Party and its Future' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (13 February 1971).
*'Ulster and Mr Powell' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (27 March 1971).
*'Replying to the Marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (5 June 1971).
*'The Senior Conservative, the Party and Mr Heath' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (19 June 1971).
*'Corn-treading' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], ''The Spectator'' (21 August 1971).
*'Acid Test of the New Conservatism', ''The Daily Telegraph'' (5 October 1976).
*'The "Liberal Mind"', ''The Times Literary Supplement'' (3 June 1977).
*'Sir Stuart Hampshire and the Public Realm', ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'' (16 October 1981).
*'Place for Women?' [at Peterhouse], ''The Sunday Times'' (6 March 1983).
*'The Wapping Prof' [Unsigned profile of J. R. Vincent], ''The Spectator'' (22 March 1986).
*'The Nasty Mind of George Orwell', ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (22 November 1987).
*'Why we should not have gone to war' [in 1939], ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (20 August 1989).
*'Raymond Williams in Retrospect', ''The New Criterion'' (February 1990).
*'A Reply' in 'Discussion. Maurice Cowling's "New Right", ''Encounter'' (March 1990), p. 72.
*'Ethics of the Iron Liberal' [Mrs. Thatcher], ''The Guardian'' (19 November 1990).
*'The Mandarin and the Meritocrat' [Hurd and Major], ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (25 November 1990).
*'What they think of the PM' [symposium], ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (3 March 1991).
*'How he could be Right', ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (17 March 1991).
*'The Right Kind of Idealism', ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (14 April 1991).
*'New tax, old dangers', ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (28 April 1991).
*'New Life for the universities', ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (26 May 1991).
*'Way ahead for the Tories' [re: Europe], ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (28 July 1991).
*'Contribution' [to symposium of advice for Neil Kinnock], ''The Guardian'' (24 May 1991).
*'Author as mirror to the soul' [Carlyle], ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'' (27 March 1992).
*'Now the battle begins' [i.e. after the general election], ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (12 April 1992).
*'Virtuous Machiavellian' [review of Geoffrey Elton, ''The English''], ''The Times'' (19 November 1992).
*'History and Joseph Needham', ''The New Criterion'' (February 1993).
*'[Review of C. C. O'Brien, ''The Great Melody'']', ''The Wall Street Journal'' (18 April 1993).
*'Finding a role for compassion' [review of Michael Portillo, ''The Ghost of Toryism Past''], ''The Spectator'' (6 December 1997).
*'Rushing to judgment' [review of Hywel Williams, ''Guilty Men''], ''The Spectator'' (23 May 1998).
*'A liberal icon' [review of Michael Ignatieff, ''Isaiah Berlin''], ''The Spectator'' (17 October 1998)
*'The intelligent populist' [profile of Niall Ferguson], ''The Spectator'' (30 January 1999).
*'Trotskyism at bath spa' [George Orwell], ''The Spectator'' (20 March 1999).
*'The 1980s Tory boys now', ''The Spectator'' (26 June 1999).
*'Piecemeal social engineering' [review of Karl Popper, ''All Life is Problem Solving'' and Ian Jarvie and Sandra Pralong (eds.), ''Popper's Open Society After Fifty Years''], ''The Spectator'' (18 September 1999).

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Naim Attallah, ''Singular Encounters'' (London: Quartet Books, 1990).
*Michael Bentley (ed.), ''Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993). Cowling's ''[[Festschrift]]''.
*Charles Covell, ''The Redefinition of Conservatism. Politics and Doctrine'' (Macmillan, 1986).
*Jonathan Parry, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/95252 Cowling, Maurice John (1926–2005)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, online edn, May 2009.

==Further reading==
*Richard Brent, 'Butterfield's Tories: "high politics"' and the writing of modern British political history', ''Historical Journal'' '''30''', 4 (1987), 943–54.
*Robert Crowcroft, S. J. D. Green, and Richard Whiting (eds.), ''Philosophy, Politics and Religion in British Democracy: Maurice Cowling and Conservatism'' (I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2010).
*Timothy Fuller, [http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/3588/full "The Public Doctrine of Maurice Cowling,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221132243/http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/3588/full |date=21 February 2014 }} ''Standpoint'', December 2010.
*Simon Heffer, [http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-week/14112/how-the-antiintellectual-tory-party-has-betrayed-the-legacy-of-maurice-cowling/ "How the anti-intellectual Tory party has betrayed the legacy of Maurice Cowling,"] ''The Spectator'', 3 September 2005.
*Kenneth Minogue, [http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/maurice-cowling-1397 "Maurice Cowling, 1926–2005,"] ''The New Criterion'', Vol. 24, November 2005.
*Roger Scruton, [http://www.opendemocracy.net/node/2783 "Maurice Cowling's achievement,"] ''Open Democracy'', 25 August 2005.
*Matthew Walther, [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/tory-nihilist/ "Tory Nihilist,"] ''The American Conservative'', 30 January 2014.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031216002112/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=41 The Case Against Going to War]
* [https://archive.today/20110513234955/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article558995.ece Obituary] in ''The Times''
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1496943/Maurice-Cowling.html Obituary] in ''The Daily Telegraph''
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/maurice-cowling-505670.html Obituary]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} in ''The Independent''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/06/guardianobituaries.obituaries Obituary] in ''The Guardian''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813084355/http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/cat_maurice_cowling_19262005.php Essays on Maurice Cowling's life and legacy by Prof. Michael Bentley, Prof. Jeremy Black, Prof. Kenneth Minogue, Dr Stephen Davies, Andrew Thornton-Norris and Christopher Montgomery]}}

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[[Category:Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from West Norwood]]
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[[Category:People educated at Battersea Grammar School]]
[[Category:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history]]
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Koyal Rana

2026-02-14T10:31:37Z

TKMD: Made Entry.

{{short description|Indian model (born 1993)}}{{More citation needed|date=January 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
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|title = [[Femina Miss India 2014]]
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|years_active = 2008 - 2015
|national competitions =
|spouse = Ayush Dabas (m.2020) {{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
}}
'''Koyal Rana''' (born 4 January 1993) is an Indian former beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Femina Miss India 2014]] and represented India at [[Miss World 2014]] held in [[London]].

==Early life and education==
Rana completed her schooling at [[St. Thomas' School (New Delhi)]] and went to pursue graduation from [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Teen International |url=https://www.missteeninternational.us/miss-teen-international-contestant-details.php?id=225 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.missteeninternational.us |language=en}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==

=== Femina Miss India 2014 ===
Koyal Rana was crowned the 51st [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World 2014]], on 5 April 2014, at a ceremony in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/koyal-rana-crowned-51st-femina-miss-india-556389|title=Koyal Rana crowned 51st Femina Miss India|work=ndtv.com}}</ref> Before entering Miss India, she participated in [[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss India Delhi 2014]] pageant and was declared the winner and got a direct entry into the Miss India 2014 pageant.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Miss World 2014 ===
After winning the title of [[Femina Miss India 2014|Femina Miss India World 2014]], she represented India at [[Miss World 2014]], the 64th edition of the [[Miss World]] pageant. She bagged highest placement from the Asian continent and the second Continental Queen of Asia from India after [[Miss World 2008]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/Achievements-of-Koyal-Rana-at-Miss-World-2014/articleshow/45519601.cms |title=Achievements of Koyal Rana at Miss World 2014 |publisher=Indiatimes |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226144116/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/Achievements-of-Koyal-Rana-at-Miss-World-2014/articleshow/45519601.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==TEDx Speaker==
Koyal was also one of the speakers on the theme 'Zoom Out' for second edition of [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] IMI New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/22196 |title=TEDx IMI New Delhi x = independently organized TED event Theme: Zoom Out |publisher=TED |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> and TEDx IIM Raipur on the theme 'Infinite Dimensions'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/24669 |title=TEDx IIM Raipur x = independently organized TED event Theme: Infinite Dimensions |publisher=TED |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World]]
|years=2014}}
{{s-aft|after= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Arya]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Miss World 2014 delegates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Koyal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss World 2014 delegates]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]

List of accolades received by My Name Is Khan

2026-01-29T21:39:43Z

TKMD: Creating Initial Info Added Tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''My Name Is Khan''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''My Name Is Khan''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Shah Rukh Khan promotes ‘Jab Harry Met Sejal’ in Delhi.jpg|center|150px|alt=Picture of Shah Rukh Khan looking at the camera.]]
[[Shah Rukh Khan]] (pictured in 2017) received several awards and nominations for his performance in ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''.
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|10}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|15}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|14}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Screen Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|13}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Stardust Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|8}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''25'''}}
|{{nom|'''84'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' is a 2010 [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/my-name-is-khan-a-film-that-still-finds-relevance_us_5a1380bfe4b08b00ba67334b|title='My Name Is Khan': A Film That Still Finds Relevance Today|work=[[HuffPost]]|last=Miriam|first=Simra|date=20 November 2017|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210110916/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/my-name-is-khan-a-film-that-still-finds-relevance_us_5a1380bfe4b08b00ba67334b|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]] in the lead roles with [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Sonya Jehan]], [[Vinay Pathak]] and [[Parvin Dabas]] playing supporting roles.<ref name="MNIKBH">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/cast/|title=My Name Is Khan Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 February 2010 |access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210111554/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/cast/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Set in the [[United States]], the film's story focuses on Rizwan Khan (Khan), a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indian]] with [[Asperger syndrome]] whose wife, Mandira (Kajol), has a child, Sameer, from a previous relationship. During the [[aftermath of the September 11 attacks]], Sameer dies as a result of a [[Racism in the United States|racist assault]] by [[School bullying|school bullies]]. Mandira blames Sameer's death on Rizwan due to his religion, and tells him not to come back until he can convince the [[President of the United States]] that he is not a terrorist. Rizwan takes Mandira's words literally and tries to meet the President so as to win her back.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/|title=My Name Is Khan|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Weissberg|first=Jay|date=12 February 2010|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212163328/http://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}} {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/movies/13name.html|title=A Hero Begins His Quest, and Then the Trouble Starts|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|date=12 February 2010|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212163704/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/movies/13name.html|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}} {{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=96|title=My Name Is Khan – Synopsis|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212163823/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=96|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''My Name Is Khan'' was co-produced by Johar's brother, Hiroo Yash Johar, and Khan's wife, [[Gauri Khan]], under the [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] banners respectively. [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] composed the soundtrack while [[Niranjan Iyengar]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] wrote the lyrics for its songs. [[Ravi K. Chandran]], [[Deepa Bhatia]] and [[Sharmishta Roy]] handled the cinematography, editing and production design respectively.<ref name="MNIKBH"/>

Produced on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]850 million (about US$19 million in 2010),<ref name="MNIKBOI">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=96|title=My Name Is Khan|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213094602/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=96|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2010 was 45.09 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="Money Exchange">{{cite web|url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true|title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 May 2012|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|name=exchange2010}} ''My Name Is Khan'' was released on 12 February 2010 and received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-my-name-is-khan-best-film-paul-coelho/115869/|title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'My Name is Khan' best film: Paul Coelho|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=8 August 2015|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213094149/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-my-name-is-khan-best-film-paul-coelho/115869/|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_name_is_khan/|title=My Name Is Khan (2010)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213094123/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_name_is_khan/|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was commercially successful, grossing ₹2.048 billion (about US$45 million in 2010) worldwide.<ref name="MNIKBOI"/>{{efn|name=exchange2010}} The film won 25 awards from 84 nominations; its direction, story, screenplay, performances of the cast members and music have received the most attention from award groups.

''My Name Is Khan'' led the [[56th Filmfare Awards]] with ten nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (Hiroo Yash Johar, Gauri Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy). It went on to win four including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Johar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kajol).<ref name="ff11nom">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ff11">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=All Filmfare Awards Winners|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won five awards out of eight nominations at the [[12th IIFA Awards]], including [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Johar), [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Iyengar for "Sajda"). It garnered fourteen nominations at the 6th edition of [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], with Johar winning for [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. At the [[Zee Cine Awards 2011]], the film earned six wins out of eight nominations, including those for [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Johar) and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]] (Khan). Among other wins, ''My Name Is Khan'' received four [[Stardust Awards]], three [[Screen Awards]], two [[Mirchi Music Awards]] and a [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment Award]].

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | 21 December 2010
| Most Entertaining Film
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 December 2010|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210091242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|title=Dabangg bags five awards at Big Star Entertainment Awards|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=22 December 2010|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103800/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Director
| {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Male
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
| {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Song
| "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Male
| {{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Female
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Music
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | [[56th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2011]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |{{center|<ref name="ff11nom"/> <ref name="ff11"/>}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Sami|[[Adnan Sami]]}}, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ali Khan|[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | [[12th IIFA Awards|23–25 June 2011]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 1|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155916/http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 2|publisher=International Indian Film Academy|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508103106/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 3|publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127155033/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2011 : Toronto, Canada|publisher=International Indian Film Academy|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204101051/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Bathija|[[Shibani Bathija]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="15" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="15" | [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|27 January 2011]]
| Best Programmer and Arranger
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|title=Intro Note|publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093229/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|title=Winners|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093003/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|title=Listener's Choice|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092926/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2010 Winners|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominees|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>}}
|-
| Best song in Sufi Tradition
| rowspan="2" | "Sajda"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Song of The Year – Listener's Choice
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Album of The Year – Listener's Choice
| {{sort|is Khan|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Best Album of The Year]]
| ''My Name Is Khan''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Shankar Mahadevan for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Richa Sharma for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Niranjan Iyengar for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Niranjan Iyengar for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year
| "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score of the Year
| Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="14" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="14" | 12 January 2011
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="14" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees|publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103303/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners|publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103309/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|title=Salman named best actor, Dabangg best film at Apsara Awards|website=[[Sify]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=12 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103254/http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| {{sort|Bathija|[[Shibani Bathija]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| {{sort|Bhatia|[[Deepa Bhatia]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Chandran|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Recording
| {{sort|Subramanium|Dileep Subramanium}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Special Effects
| {{sort|VFX|[[Red Chillies VFX]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Re-Recording
| {{sort|Mathur|Anuj Mathur}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="13" | 6 January 2011
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Rukh Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="SAW">{{cite web|title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|title=Star Screen Awards: B-Town's Big Night|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141300/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
| {{sort|Sami|[[Adnan Sami]]}}, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ali Khan|[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{sort|Bathija|[[Shibani Bathija]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Ramnath Goenka Memorial Awards
| {{sort|is Khan|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | 6 February 2011
| [[Stardust Award for Best Film – Drama|Best Film – Drama]]
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204145957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|title=StardustAwardWinner2011|work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]|date=9 February 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170913/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|archive-date=12 February 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-stardust-awards-night/20110207.htm#1|title=Pix: Big B, Madhuri at Stardust Awards|work=Rediff.com|date=7 February 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204150905/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-stardust-awards-night/20110207.htm|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Film of the Year|Best Film of the Year]]
| {{sort|is Khan|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Director – Drama|Best Director – Drama]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Director of the Year|Best Dream Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Drama|Best Actor in a Drama]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress In An Ensemble Cast
| {{sort|Wahab|[[Zarina Wahab]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Zee Cine Awards 2011|14 January 2011]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Yash Johar|Hiroo Yash Johar}}, [[Gauri Khan]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| {{sort|Kajol|[[Kajol]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{sort|Bathija|[[Shibani Bathija]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Subramanium|Dileep Subramanium}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Marketed Film
| {{sort|is Khan|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''}}
| {{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1188996/awards Accolades for ''My Name Is Khan''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by film|My Name Is Khan]]

Abraham Mazumdar

2026-01-25T10:20:44Z

TKMD: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Abraham Mazumder
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| instrument = [[Violin]] [[Viola]] [[Piano]]
| genre = [[Classical music|Classical]], [[Bengali music|Bengali]]
| occupation = [[Music education|Music instructor]] [[Conducting|Conductor]]
| years_active = 1984–present
| associated_acts = [[Moheener Ghoraguli]]
}}

'''Abraham Mazumder''' is an Indian [[Conducting|conductor]] and [[violin]]ist. He is a former member of the [[Bengali band]] [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] and has been active in [[Kolkata]]'s western [[classical music]] world since the 1980s.

== Career ==
Abraham Mazumder started learning music in the 1970s under the guidance of Father Theodore Mathieson. He earned ATCL and LTCL degrees in [[violin]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Mazumder began teaching music at [[Calcutta Boys' School]] in 1974. In early 1976, he met Goutam Chattopadhyay and became closely associated with his music. Later on he became the youngest member of the band [[Moheener Ghoraguli]]. He continued playing with the band until it broke up around 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netguruindia.com/cal/alaap/abraham.html |title=Personality - Abraham Mazumdar : Unchained melodies |author=Dwaipayan Dutta |author2=Sanjay Mandal |publisher=netguruindia.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116060614/http://www.netguruindia.com/cal/alaap/abraham.html |archivedate=2006-11-16}}</ref><ref name=WildHorses>{{cite news |author=Mathures Paul |title=Wild horses run free forever |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2007-12-26&usrsess=1&clid=26&id=209401 |work=The Statesman |date=2007-12-26 |accessdate=2008-01-17}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Since 1983, Mazumder has taught music at La Martiniere for Boys. He formed his own [[orchestra]] at the premises of ''Alliance Francaise de Calcutta'' (Park Mansion), ''L'Atelier de Musique'' in 1983.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Now, he has even opened his own music academy called the Abraham Mazumdar Academy in which many kinds of instruments will be taught to students.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Instruments include, the violin, piano, guitar, and trumpet. Singing is also taught here.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Discography==
{{Main|Moheener Ghoraguli discography}}

*''[[Shangbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak]]'' (1977)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite news |title=Bouquet of tribute to Tagore |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071114/asp/calcutta/story_8545570.asp |work=The (Calcutta) Telegraph |date=2007-11-14 |access-date=2008-01-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217103147/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071114/asp/calcutta/story_8545570.asp| archive-date= 17 December 2007 | url-status= dead}}
{{Refend}}

External links
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Moheener Ghoraguli}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Abraham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Indian pianists]]
[[Category:Moheener Ghoraguli members]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]

{{Moheener-Ghoraguli-stub}}

Kaattu Payale

2026-01-19T23:23:25Z

TKMD: Made New Stub

{{Short description|2020 song from Soorarai Pottru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kaattu Payale
| cover =
| type = single
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (Composer) and [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] (Singer)
| album = [[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = 23 July 2020
| recorded = April–May 2019
| studio = Divine Labs, Chennai
| genre = [[Melody]], [[dance music]], [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]], [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]], [[Dappan kuthu]]
| length = 4:06
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| writer = '''[[Music]]:''' [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] '''[[Lyrics]]:''' [[Snehan]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| tracks = # "Mannurunda"
# "[[Veyyon Silli]]"
# "'''Kaattu Payale'''"
# "Sooravalli"
# "Naalu Nimisham"
# "Aagasam"
# "Maara Theme"
# "Usurey"
# "Kaiyiley Aagasam" (bonus track)
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|vbApNvaaYbc|"Kaattu Payale"}}
}}
}}

"'''Kaattu Payale'''" is the 2020 Tamil song featured in the [[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] of the Tamil film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'', directed by [[Sudha Kongara]]. Composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], written by [[Snehan]] and sung by [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], the track is a melody number pictured on [[Suriya]] and [[Aparna Balamurali]]. The track was released as a single on 23 July 2020, on the occasion of Suriya's birthday. As of 25 January 2022, the lyrical version of the track crossed 100 million views.<ref>{{Cite web|last=R|first=Vinoth|date=2022-01-25|title=சத்தமில்லாமல் சாதனை படைத்த சூர்யா பட பாடல் !|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/music/kaatu-payale-song-from-soorarai-pottru-crossed-100-million-views-in-youtube-091916.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Filmibeat|language=ta}}</ref>

== Background ==
The track was recorded during late-April and early-May 2019 in overseas.<ref name="toi1">{{Cite web|title=Dhee to sing a funky number in Soorarai Pottru - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhee-to-sing-a-funky-number-in-soorarai-pottru/articleshow/69009912.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Singer [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] recorded the track, in his first collaboration with Prakash Kumar, though it was revealed to be a "funky" number.<ref name="toi1" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]] in late-April 2020, Prakash interacted with fans through social media, further revealing the track's title and the lyricist [[Snehan]] working on it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-25|title=GV Prakash reveals the next song from Soorarai Pottru! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/soorarai-pottru-song-details-gv-prakash-reveals-tamil-news-258901|access-date=2022-02-15|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> It was revealed to be a "slow-paced energetic dance track" which was "fun and interesting".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Next single from 'Soorarai Pottru' is 'Kaattu Payale' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/next-single-from-soorarai-pottru-is-kaattu-payale/articleshow/75374081.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 19 July 2020, it was revealed that the track will be released on the occasion of Suriya's birthday (23 July 2020) with a promo song being released on that date.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Soorarai Pottru' surprise announcement: 'Kaattu Payale' song to be unveiled on Suriya's birthday|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-soorarai-pottru-surprise-announcement-kaattu-payale-song-to-be-unveiled-on-suriya-s-birthday-2833037|access-date=2022-02-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The audio single and lyrical video were released through streaming and video platforms respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaattu Payale lyrical video from Suriya's Soorarai Pottru - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaattu-payale-lyrical-video-from-suriyas-soorarai-pottru/articleshow/77147330.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Watch: Suriya-Aparna Balamurali in soulful 'Kaattu Payale' song from 'Soorarai Pottru'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-suriya-aparna-balamurali-soulful-kaattu-payale-song-soorarai-pottru-129252|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called "Kaattu Payale" as a "folkish romantic song which is instantly likeable" and praised Suriya and Aparna's chemistry as "unmissable".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Soorarai Pottru song Kaattu Payale: Suriya, Aparna share sizzling chemistry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/soorarai-pottru-song-kaattu-payale-suriya-aparna-balamurali-6519545/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Khushboo Ratda of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' further called it as a "perfect musical and visual delight" and the "euphonic tune is sure to give you the chills".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Soorarai Pottru's Kaattu Payale: Suriya, Aparna Balamurali's new song is a perfect musical and visual delight|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/soorarai-pottrus-kaattu-payale-suriya-aparna-balamuralis-new-song-perfect-musical-and-visual-delight-551529|access-date=2022-02-15|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180554/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/soorarai-pottrus-kaattu-payale-suriya-aparna-balamuralis-new-song-perfect-musical-and-visual-delight-551529|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' stated "Composer (GV Prakash) gets Dhee to deliver the more upbeat ''Kaattu Payale'', and once again the choice of singer is perfect for the kind of song it is (quite suits Aparna Balamurali's onscreen persona as well, truth be told). Very imaginative melody from GVP here, playing smartly with the pacing of the words, the occasional switchover to a darker flavour et al. [at all]."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-18|title=Soorarai Pottru – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/11/17/soorarai-pottru-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' wrote in his weekly review, saying "In what seems like a song meant for Vaikom Vijayalakshmi, GVP hands over to Santhosh Narayanan-camp's Dhee! She does really well, though, and GVP's choice of tune-twist for ‘Mundhiyila Sorugi Vecha Sillaraya Pola’ makes the song really interesting!"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 120 – Jul.26, 2020 by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2020/07/26/milliblog-weeklies-week-120-jul-26-2020/|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
Within two weeks of the track's release, the song featured in the Top 100 Indian Songs on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaattu Payale from Suriya's Soorarai Pottru in top 100 songs on YouTube - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaattu-payale-from-suriyas-soorarai-pottru-in-top-100-songs-on-youtube/articleshow/77347086.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Suriya thanks GV Prakash after Soorarai Pottru's Kaattu Payale makes it to the top 100 Indian songs on YouTube|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-thanks-gv-prakash-after-soorarai-pottru-s-kaattu-payale-makes-it-top-100-indian-songs-youtube-554783|access-date=2022-02-15|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215145639/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/suriya-thanks-gv-prakash-after-soorarai-pottru-s-kaattu-payale-makes-it-top-100-indian-songs-youtube-554783|url-status=dead}}</ref> The track was listed by Anjana Shekar (along with "[[Veyyon Silli]]") in her article about ''7 Tamil Songs That Needed in Your Playlist'', for the Indian digital news platform, ''[[The News Minute]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=2020 is almost over, celebrate with these 7 Tamil songs in your playlist|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2020-almost-over-celebrate-these-7-tamil-songs-your-playlist-140028|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'', listed "Kaattu Payale" in one of in the ''5 Chartbuster Tamil Songs of 2020''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Kattu Payale to Vaathi Coming: FIVE chartbuster Tamil songs of 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kattu-payale-to-vaathi-coming-five-chartbuster-tamil-songs-of-2020/photostory/79567359.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> "Kaattu Payale" was listed in the top-third position, along with five other tracks from the album, in the ''Top Tamil Tracks of 2020'', for the music platform [[Spotify]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Tamil Tracks of 2020, a playlist by Spotify|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DWZ06oMmguR2l|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Spotify|language=en|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112075117/https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DWZ06oMmguR2l|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Track listings ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Kaattu Payale
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| extra1 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length1 = 4:06
| headline = Original<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaattu Payale|date=2020-07-24|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3umai3byVVIwSfEZEUY7PJ|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Kaatuka Kanule
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length1 = 4:05
| headline = Telugu<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaatuka Kanule|date=2020-07-24|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0VnEZ9XMrhMu8OCDnRBoEL|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Kande Kande
| lyrics1 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| extra1 = Sindoori
| length1 = 4:08
| headline = Kannada<ref>{{Citation|title=Kande Kande|date=2020-11-11|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5XSIBt1H9OEEJpakZPDMkN|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Andhikku Koottu
| lyrics1 = Sudamsu
| extra1 = Sindoori
| length1 = 4:08
| headline = Malayalam<ref>{{Citation|title=Nottam Kandal|date=2020-10-30|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2vB71SKc70tJvPUnlIrVKX|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>
}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|19 September 2021]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
|{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2020|url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php|access-date=24 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=SIIMA: Soorarai Pottru, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo win big, K Viswanath honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]

Super Singer 6

2026-01-16T23:16:43Z

TKMD: started the info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Super Singer 6.jpg
| caption = Logo of ''Super Singer 6''
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
| judges = [[Anuradha Sriram]] [[P. Unnikrishnan]] [[Benny Dayal]] [[Shweta Mohan]]
}}
| season_number = 6
| bg_colour = deepskyblue
| num_episodes = 50
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|1|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|7|15}}
| network = [[Vijay TV]]
}}

'''''Nippon Paint Super Singer 6''''' was a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language]] Reality singing competition show, the sixth season of the [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]] show, which aired on [[Vijay TV|Star Vijay]] on every Saturday and Sunday at 19:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) starting from 21 January 2018 until 15 July 2018. [[Nippon Paint]] sponsored the season after [[Airtel]] discontinued its sponsoring.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/contestants-battle-it-out-at-super-singer-season-6/articleshow/62788005.cms|title=Contestants battle it out at Super Singer Season 6 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/jan/12/supersinger-2843626.html|title=தமிழ்நாட்டின் செல்லக்குரலைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் நடுவர்கள் யார்?|publisher=www.dinamani.com|access-date=2018-01-12|language=ta}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. The Judges of the show were the popular playback singers [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Benny Dayal]] and [[Shweta Mohan]]. The Grand finale was held on 15 July 2018 at Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai and was a live telecast through Star Vijay. Golden voice Rakshitha, Sreekanth, Shakthi, Anirudh, Malavika and Senthil Ganesh were the final 6 contestants. Folk singer [[Senthil Ganesh]] emerged as the title winner of the show who also got a chance to sing in A.R. Rahman's music and the versatile singer Golden voice of super singer 6 Rakshitha emerged as first runner up with 2.5 million and a title golden voice of the season and Sreekanth impressed [[A. R. Rahman]] sir by his set final performance and got a chance to sing in his music. Malavika emerged as 2nd runners up with cash price of 300,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-6-winner-senthil-ganesh-bags-the-trophy/articleshow/65000229.cms|title=Super Singer 6 winner: Senthil Ganesh bags the trophy|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/senthil-ganesh-won-super-singer-6-title-34969.html|title=சூப்பர் சிங்கர் 6 டைட்டிலை வென்றார் மக்கள் இசை கலைஞர் செந்தில் கணேஷ்– News18 Tamil|website=News18 Tamil|date=15 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/senthil-ganesh-declared-winner-of-super-singer-season-6-gets-offer-to-sing-for-ar-rahman-composition-4747921.html|title=Senthil Ganesh declared winner of Super Singer season 6, gets offer to sing for AR Rahman composition|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-season-6-winner-senthil-ganesh-performance-highlights/articleshow/65005967.cms|title=Super Singer season 6 : Winner Senthil Ganesh performance highlights – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

==Hosts==
*[[Makapa Anand]]
*[[Priyanka Deshpande]]

==Main Judges==
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Benny Dayal]]
* [[Shweta Mohan]]

== Main competition ==
The winner of this season was [[Senthil Ganesh]] and the first runner up was [[Rakshita Suresh]] and the second runner up was Malavika Rajesh Vaidiya, whereas the other finalists includes Suswaram Anirudh, Sreekanth Hariharan, Sakthi Amaran

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-vijay Vijay TV Official Website] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|10793832}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]

Punjabi cinema

2026-01-05T10:08:05Z

TKMD: brief cleaned up article for consistency also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}} 
{{about|the Punjabi language film industry in India|the Punjabi film industry in Pakistan|Lollywood}}
{{Other uses of|Pollywood|Pollywood (disambiguation){{!}}Pollywood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| image = File:Indiafilm.svg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| screens = 500+<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinayak |first=A. J. |date=28 September 2022 |title=Why films from the South set the box office on fire |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/why-screens-and-seats-count-in-creating-hit-south-indian-movies/article65945389.ece |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>
| screens_per_capita =
| distributors = Omjee Group Studio 7 Production Rhythm Boyz Villagers Film Studio [[PTC Punjabi|PTC Motion Pictures]] White Hill Studios<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.intoday.in/specials/diy-generation/2018/gunbir-singh.html|title=How Professionals Are Transforming the Country with there Independence, Enterprise And Can-Do-Spirit|website=specials.intoday.in|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Mohali]]
| produced_year = 2022
| produced_ref = <ref>{{cite news |title=List of featurefilms Certified in 2022 |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/assets/pdf/CC_Issued_2022.pdf}}</ref>
| produced_total =1000+ Films (Theatrical)
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref =
| admissions_total =
| admissions_per_capita =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year =
| box_office_ref =
| box_office_total = [https://www.sacnilk.com/entertainmenttopbar/Pollywood_Box_Office_2023?hl=en 1200 Cr+]
| box_office_national =
}}
'''Punjabi cinema''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawle |first=Steven |title=Transnational Cinema: An Introduction |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=9781137530141 |pages=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Craig |title=Modern India: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780191082238 |series=Very Short Introductions |pages=88}}</ref> also known as '''Pollywood'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diljit Dosanjh, Satinder Sartaaj, and other Pollywood stars mourn the demise of the poet-writer Surjit Patar - "Punjabi literature has lost a gem" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/diljit-dosanjh-satinder-sartaaj-and-other-pollywood-stars-mourn-the-demise-of-the-poet-writer-surjit-patar-punjabi-literature-has-lost-a-gem/articleshow/110040372.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> or '''Punjwood''',<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> is cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] widely spoken in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is based in [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], and [[Mohali]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Books |first=L. L. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x63HbwAACAAJ |title=Punjwood Film Actors: Sunil Dutt, Balraj Sahni, Gurdas Maan, Jaspal Bhatti, Harbhajan Mann, Yograj Singh, Tulip Joshi, Kimi Verma, Veerendra |date=September 2010 |publisher=General Books LLC |isbn=978-1-155-38872-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=HIGHEST GROSSING INDIAN FILMS OF 2020! Indian Cinema Box Office Report of 2020 With Budget & Verdict, Including South Indian Films |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls093360614/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

The cinema of [[Punjab]] has its beginnings with the 1928 production of ''[[Daughters of Today (1928 film)|Daughters of Today]]'', the earliest feature film produced in the region in [[Lahore]]. The first [[sound film]], ''[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]]'', using the [[sound-on-disc]] technology, was released in 1932. Since then, many films have been produced in Punjabi cinema, a number of which have received international recognition. Many actors and filmmakers started their careers in Punjabi films, a number of whom have acquired international reputations, and a number of whom have found greater financial benefits in careers in larger film producing industries.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==History==
{{Punjabi film list}}
Film operations started in the 1920s in [[Lahore]], the provincial capital of [[British India]]. The first silent film, ''[[Daughters of Today (1928 film)|Daughters of Today]]'', was released in 1924 in Lahore; the city had nine operational cinema houses.<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra">{{cite web|url=http://cinepick.com/Pak/lollywood-1.html|title=History of Lollywood: The Silent Era|publisher=Pakistani Film|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref> Movies shown at these cinemas were mostly produced in [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]], and seldom from [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] and [[London]].<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra"/>

''Daughters of Today'' was a brainchild of G.K. Mehta, a former officer with the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North-Western Railways]] who, much like [[H. S. Bhatavdekar]], had imported a camera into the country. Mehta continued to produce newsreel coverage for companies abroad and delved into further film projects but his dedication gave way when he promptly left the film industry for more profitable ventures.<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra"/> But it was to be later in 1929–1930, when [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]]'s ''[[Husn Ka Daku]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231768/|title=Husn Ka Daku|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref> was released, that the film industry had established in essence in Lahore's [[Bhati Gate]] locality. Kardar, a professional [[calligraphist]], was accompanied by his fellow-artist and friend Muhammad Ismail, who would make the posters for his films.

===Sound films (1930s–1946)===
Although Kardar had worked with G.K. Mehta on ''The Daughters of Today'', he felt he needed to continue working and stay active in the industry. Alongside Ismail, he sold all his belongings to set up a studio and a production company under the name United Players Corporation, in 1928.<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra"/> Set up at Ravi Road (now Timber Market), the duo hired actors to work with them on their projects. Shooting was mainly done in daylight and limited their productivity, but the area they encompassed was enriched with locations, including important landmarks.<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra"/>

The duo modeled their work on American and English films with influences not just prevalent in actors' attires but the movie titles and expressed a desire to seek all means necessary to make a sound film of their own. Actors who worked for the studio included Hiralal, [[Gul Hamid]], [[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran Sikhand]], Kaushalya Devi, Gulzaar, Mumtaaz and Ahmed Deen. ''Husn Ka Daku'', also known as ''Mysterious Eagle'', Kardar's directorial début would firmly add him into the directors guild.<ref name="CITEREFSilentEra"/> Produced by Hakim Ram Prasad, the 1932 released ''[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]]'', originally titled ''Hoor Punjab'', was the first Punjabi sound film ever made.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231708/|title=Heer Ranjha (1932)|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref> Hakim provided the studio with the equipment necessary to direct the sound film, marked as the last directed by Kardar in Lahore, starring M. Ismail while launching the careers of Rafiq Ghaznavi, Nazeer and Anwari.

[[File:Bhati Gate (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The façade of Bhati Gate|200px]]
Produced by Indira Movie Tone, Krishna Dev Mehra released his directorial début, ''[[Sheela (film)|Pind Di Kudi]]'', in 1935.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change|last=Gokulsing |first=K.|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&q=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&pg=PA24 }}</ref> The sound film, Pind Di Kudi was produced in Calcutta and released in Lahore and introduced young [[Noor Jehan|Noor Jahan]] as an actor and a playback singer. Due to the success of this film, interest in Punjabi films started to escalate;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041219/spectrum/main5.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> therefore, in 1938, with the assistance of Madan Mohan Mehra, K.D. Mehra released his second Punjabi sound film, ''[[Heer Sial (1938 film)|Heer Sial]]''.

Studios started to open and many actors, filmmakers and technicians shifted from [[Bombay]] and Calcutta to Lahore. Prominent names included [[Shanta Apte]], [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Hiralal, Noor Jehan, [[Mumtaz Shanti]], Wali, Syed Attahullah Shah Hashmi, Krishna Kumar, and Shanker Hussain. [[Baldev Raj Chopra]], later known as a director, started from the Punjabi film industry in Lahore, where he operated a film magazine called the ''Cine Herald''. Likewise, [[Ramanand Sagar]], later a director, was associated with the ''Evening News'' and Syed Attahullah Shah Hashmi worked for the film newspaper, ''Adakar''.

Bhati Gate is known to have produced some of most notable actors, writers and artists,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/columns/ahameed/column-38.html|title=Bhati Gate – Lahore's Chelsea|publisher=Academy of Punjab|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref> but with tensions running swift towards the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947, most of the actors traveled into areas that are now a part of modern India. The industry left in Lahore would later be termed as [[Lollywood]], a portmanteau of Lahore and Hollywood.

===Post–Punjab partition===
{{main|Partition of India#Punjab}}

In 1947, the British Indian province of Punjab was partitioned between India and Pakistan. West Punjab became part of Pakistan and East Punjab became part of India. This compelled Punjabi film actors, filmmakers and musicians to work in the Bombay industry, including actors such as [[K.L. Saigal]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Dev Anand]] and singers such as [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Noorjahan]] and [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Partha S.|title=Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9789351508557|page=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|language=en}}</ref> In 1948, Roop K. Shorey directed the first Punjabi film following the partition of Punjab. Other notable films of the late 1940s included ''[[Lachhi]]'' (1949), ''Mundri'' (1949) and ''[[Pheray]]'' (1949).

====1950s–1960s====
Attempts were made to keep Punjabi cinema alive in this period. Filmmakers made films like ''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'', ''[[Do Lachhian]]'' and ''[[Bhangra (film)|Bhangra]]'' with some success but were not able to revive Punjabi cinema. Songs from the films would run for months and years on the radio resulting in a long-term audience for the films.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Voice Next Door|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/lede/voice-next-door}}</ref> Post-partition, the trend of comedies continued. One of the hit comedies was Mulkh Raj Bhakhri's ''Bhangra'' (1958), starring Sundar and Nishi. It was remade by director Mohan Bhakhri as ''Jatti'' in 1980 with [[Mehar Mittal]] and Aparna Chowdhry, and it was again a commercial success. The music from the film was by [[Hansraj Behl]] with lyrics by [[Verma Malik]]. Songs sung by Shamshad and Rafi like "Batti balkay banere utte rakhdi han, rah bhul na jave chann mera" and "Chitte dand hasnon nayion rehnde" were widespread hits. ''Johnny Walker'' (1957) was a hit.

The big-budget romantic Punjabi film by director Padam Prakash Maheshwary, ''[[Satluj De Kande]]'', was released in 1964. This film starred [[Balraj Sahni]], Nishi, Wasti, and Mirza Musharraf, with music by [[Hansraj Behl]]. This was the only Punjabi film starring Balraj Sahni. It was a major hit and earned a [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]. ''Satluj de Kande'' was telecasted three times on the public TV channel [[Doordarshan]] in India. In 1969 the religious film ''[[Nanak Nam Jahaz Hai]]'' starring [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[I. S. Johar]], Vimmi, Som Dutt, Nishi, Suresh, and David Abraham was released. The film was the first really major successful Punjabi film in post-independent India, with a major cultural impact on [[Sikhism in India|Punjabi Sikhs]] at home and abroad, and is credited with the revival of the Punjabi film industry in India. People stood in kilometre-long lines to buy a ticket for the film.

====1970s====
After the success of ''Nanak Nam Jahaz Hai'', films were released in huge numbers. Hindi actors of Punjabi descent became interested in Punjabi films. ''[[Kankan De Ohle]]'' ([[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]] and Ravindra Kapoor) and ''[[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar|Nanak Dukhiya Sab Sansar]]'' ([[Dara Singh]], [[Balraj Sahni]], Ram Mohan and Asha Sachdev) were released in 1970. 1971 saw no major releases. In 1972, [[Dara Singh]] starred with [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] in ''Mele Mitran De''. ''[[Man Jeete Jag Jeet]]'', a religious film starring [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Radha Saluja]] and [[Ranjeet]], was a major release of 1973. In 1974, ''[[Do Sher]]'' ([[Dharmendra]] and [[Rajendra Kumar]]), ''Bhagat Dhanna Jatt'' ([[Dara Singh]] and [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]), ''Sacha Mera Roop Hai'' ([[Manmohan Krishan]]) and ''[[Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam]]'' (Shaminder Singh and Radha Saluja) were released. The most successful was ''Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam'', due to the wide appeal of its religious historical setting and appearances by Bollywood actors including [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Ranjeet]] and [[Dara Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam (1974) Full Cast & Crew|website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0308194/fullcredits/}}</ref>

''[[Teri Meri Ik Jindri]]'' (1975) starred [[Dharmendra]] and introduced his cousin [[Veerendra]]. Many films were released in 1976: ''Daaj'', ''Giddha'', ''Main Papi Tum Bakhshanhaar'', ''Papi Tarey Anek'', ''[[Santo Banto]]'', ''Sardar-E-Azam'', ''Sawa Lakh Se Ek Ladaun'', ''Taakra'', and ''Yamla Jatt''. ''Sawa Lakh Se Ek Ladaun'' was the biggest hit and starred Dara Singh in the main lead; [[Rajesh Khanna]] made a special appearance as the Qawal. The film ran into conflict with the Sikh political parties as the film had [[Fauj-i-Khas]] soldiers wearing fake beards. The year 1977 was not a major one for the Punjabi film industry. ''Jai Mata Di'', ''Saal Solvan Chadya'', ''Sat Sri Akal'', and ''Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha'' were released, amongst others. ''Saal Solvan Chadya'' was a highlight because of the cameo appearance by [[Rekha]]. ''Sat Sri Akal'' was another hit film. It starred [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], and [[Premnath]]. In 1978 ''Udeekan'', ''Dhyani Bhagat'', ''Jai Mata Sheranwali'', and ''Jindri Yar Di'' were released. The drama ''Udeekan'' was a hit. ''Walayati Babu'', the first ever remake in Punjabi cinema, was released in 1978. The film was remade from the Punjabi film of the same name by Johnny Walker; it featured a special appearance by Amitabh Bachchan and [[Mehar Mittal]] played the main lead. 1979 was a big year: ''Guru Manio Granth'', ''Jatt Punjabi'', ''Kunwara Mama'', ''Sukhi Pariwar'', and ''Til Til Dalekha'' were released. The religious film ''Guru Manio Granth'' was an instant hit. ''Jatt Punjabi'' had a big cast and a special appearance by [[Manoj Kumar]]. ''Til Til Da Lekha'' starred [[Rajesh Khanna]] as the main lead hero and [[Mehar Mittal]] played the comedian's role; the film became a golden jubilee hit at the box office. ''Til Til Dalekha'' was the second Punjabi movie of Rajesh Khanna and his first film as the lead hero in Punjabi films. It won the Punjab State Government award for best story writer and second best feature film of 1979. The first Punjabi mystery film, ''Vangaar (The Challenge)'', was released but it failed to become a hit.

====1980s====
''[[Chann Pardesi]]'', the first Punjabi film to win the national award, was released in 1980, and was the biggest hit of that year. It starred [[Raj Babbar]], Rama Vij, [[Amrish Puri]], [[Om Puri]], and [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]. ''Fauji Chacha'' had veteran Bollywood actor [[Sanjeev Kumar]] in the lead. A remake of Mulkh Raj Bhakhri's 1958 film ''Bhangra'' came out in 1980 from director Mohan Bhakhri. The film was titled ''Jatti'', and starred Sundar, Nishi, Mehar Mittal, and Aparna Chowdhry. As with the original, the remake was a tremendous success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070519/saturday/main1.htm|work= Saturday Extra|publisher=The Tribune |title= In search of a bigger role |date=May 19, 2007 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref>

1981 had only one hit: ''Balbiro Bhabhi''. This film had [[Veerendra]] in the lead role. Two major releases of 1982 were ''Jatt Da Gandasa'' and ''Sarpanch''. ''Sarpanch'' starred Veerendra. In 1983, many movies were released, with ''[[Putt Jattan De]]'' being the biggest commercially. Veerendra had another hit in 1984 with the film ''Yaari Jatt Di''. This was the first Punjabi film to have more than half its footage shot in the United Kingdom. ''Mamla Garbar Hai'' was a hit for actor Gurdas Mann. The film's songs were especially loved.

Two hit films of 1985 were Mohammad Sadiq's ''Guddo'' and Veerendra's ''Vairi'', ''Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da'' was also in 1985, it is religious film that established [[Gurdas Mann]] as a star.. ''Long Da Lishkara'' was the big hit of 1986, starring [[Raj Babbar]], [[Gurdas Mann]], [[Om Puri]], and Nina Deol. In 1987 Veerendra starred in ''Patola'' and ''Jor Jatt Da''. Punjab was shaken with the assassination of Veerendra by gunshot during the filming of ''Jatt Tey Zameen''. The death opened the door for supporting actors including [[Gugu Gill|Guggu Gill]] and [[Yograj Singh]] to take leading roles.

1988 had ''[[Patola (film)|Patola]]'' as one of the major release. In 1989 came the critically acclaimed ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]''. The film starred [[Raj Babbar]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], and [[Deepti Naval]].

====1990s====
In 1990 ''Qurbani Jatt Di'' was released, starring [[Gugu Gill|Guggu Gill]], [[Yograj Singh]], [[Gurdas Mann]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Raj Babbar]] and [[Priti Sapru]]. The film was directed by Preeti Sapru herself, and did well at the box office. A second important release was ''Dushmani Di Agg'', the last film of Veerendra. It also starred Gurdas Mann and Priti Sapru, and was successful at the box office. In 1991 the major film ''Anakh Jattan Di'' starred Daljeet Kaur and [[Gugu Gill|Guggu Gill]]. It was the first movie where the audience really accepted ex-villain Guggu Gill as a hero. The film was followed by films like ''Jor Jatt Da'', which managed to recover its cost. ''[[Badla Jatti Da]]'' was the major success of the year. It starred [[Gugu Gill|Guggu Gill]], Yograj Singh in a villain role, and Aman Noorie. ''Udeekan Saun Diyan'' garnered critical acclaim, but was not a commercial success. ''Sounh Menoo Punjab Di'', starring Satish Kaul, Rama Vij, Mehar Mittal, and Pal Randhawa was also one of the releases of 1991. The film was directed by [[Sukhdev Ahluwalia]], one of the most successful directors of Punjwood, and had music by Surinder Kohli.

''Vaisakhi'', starring [[Deep Dhillon]] and Sunita Dheer, was released in 1991 to critical acclaim, but did not succeed commercially. ''Jatt Jeona Morh'' was a major hit that year, and made Guggu Gill a superstar. Also released was [[Yograj Singh]]'s ''Jagga Daku (1991 film)'', which did moderately well. ''Dil Da Mamla'', starring Guggu Gill and Amar Noori, did poorly at the box office.

1993 had films like ''Jatt Sucha Singh Soorma'' (with Yograj Singh and Neena Sidhu), ''Mirza Sahiban'' (starring Guggu Gill), ''Lalkara Jatt Da'', and ''Saali Adhi Gharwali''. These films managed to do adequately at the box office, but were not major successes. Preeti Sapru's ''Mehndi Shagnan Di'', starring Malkit Singh, Hansraj Hans, Preeti Sapru, and Yograj Singh, lost money. ''Kudi Canada Di'' starring Yograj Singh also did poorly.

''Kachehri'' (1994) starred Gurdas Mann, Yograj Singh, and others. The film was praised by critics, was a commercial success, and won a national award. A second release was ''Tabahi'', starring newcomer [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]]; it was the blockbuster hit of the year. Guggu Gill's ''Vairi'' did quite well at the box office, but ''Jigra Jatt Da'', with Yograj Singh as the villain, did poorly at the box office.

Kimi Verma starred in ''Naseebo'' and ''Qahar'' in 1995 to critical acclaim, but not commercial success. ''Naseebo'' managed to recover its costs. ''Pratigya'', starring Guggu Gill, Gurdas Maan, Preeti Sapru, and Dara Singh, did well at the box office. ''Zaildaar'' (Yograj Singh), ''Nain Preeto De'' (Yograj Singh), and ''Sir Dhad Di Baazi'' did well. Gurdas Mann's ''Baghawat'' did not. ''Jakhmi Jagirdar'' and ''Mera Punjab'' amongst others also did poorly that year.

Punjabi cinema began to decline in 1996. Only the film ''Sukha'' (starring Vishal Singh) did well at the box office. ''Deson Pardeson'', ''Dhee Jatt Di'' (Upasana Singh, Gurkirtan, and Shivinder Mahal), ''Vichoda'' (Yograj Singh), ''Gawahi Jatt Di'', and ''Jorawar'' all did poorly at the box office. Dara Singh's ''Vindoo'' and Farha's ''Rabb Diyan Rakhan'' also fared poorly.

Films of 1997 (''Mela'', ''Truck Driver'', ''Sardari'', ''Preetan De Pehredaar'', and ''Pachtaawa'') all failed to make a profit. Even Guggu Gill's films were not successful. ''Train to Pakistan'' was filmed in a mixture of Hindi and Punjabi, and was later dubbed into Punjabi for film festivals.

In 1998, ''Purja Purja Kat Mare'' with Guggu Gill, ''Laali'' with Dara Singh, Ravinder Maan, and Vishal, and ''Dildaara'' with Kalbhooshan Kharbanda and [[Tanuja]] did not make money. Even big budget films like ''Guru Gobind Singh'' did poorly. The critically acclaimed film ''Main Maa Punjab Dee'' (directed by Balwant Dullat) won a National Award. The film ''Main Maa Punjab dee'' has been shown repeatedly on national television. The year ended on a positive note as [[Jaspal Bhatti]]'s ''[[Mahaul Theek Hai]]'' became an instant hit of Punjabi cinema. It was the first big hit since ''Jatt Jeona Morh'' (1991) and ''Badla Jatti Da'' (1992).

Punjabi films were more successful in 1999. ''[[Mahaul Theek Hai]]'', ''[[Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh]]'' with [[Gurdas Maan]] and [[Divya Dutta]] was a critical and commercial success. ''Muqqadar'', ''Tera Mera Pyar'', ''Nadiyon Vichde Neer'', ''Door Nahin Nankana'', and ''Ishq Nachave Gali Gali'' (Randeep Virender, Manjeet Kullar, Deepak Saraf, Neeru Singh, and Surinder Sharma) all did poorly at the box office. ''Rajniti'', which was also made in Hindi, failed to make money. [[Raj Babbar]]'s ''Shaheed Udham Singh'' did well towards the end of the year. There were only two major hits that year, ''Shaheed e Mohabbat'' and ''Shaheed Udham Singh''.

====2000s====
In 2000 there was just a single release: ''Dard Pardesan De'', starring [[Avinash Wadhawan]], [[Upasana Singh]], Paramveer, and [[Deepshikha]], which fared poorly in Punjab, but did very well overseas. ''Sikandra'' and ''Jagira'' were released in 2001. Avinash Wadhawan and [[Ayesha Jhulka]] starred in ''Khalsa Mero Roop Hai Khaas'', which was released to the overseas market but not in Punjab.

In 2002 ''[[Jee Ayan Nu]]'' was released, featuring singer-turned-actor [[Harbhajan Mann]] and directed by [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]]. The movie was made on a big budget for Punjwood – 9 million, as compared to the more typical 20–25 million. It was very successful. This was a turning point in the revival of Punjabi cinema.

''Badla'' came out in 2003. ''Asa Nu Maan Watna Da'' was released in 2004, again with actor Harbhajan Mann and director [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]].

''Jija Ji'', ''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]'', ''Main Tu Assi Tussi'', ''[[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]'', and ''Nalaik'' were released in 2005. ''Dil Apna Punjabi'' (again pairing Harbhajan and director [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan]]), ''Ek Jind Ek Jaan'' (introducing [[Prabhleen Sandhu]]), ''Mannat'' (directed and written by Gurbir Singh Grewal, having Jimmy Sheirgill and introducing [[Kulraj Randhawa]]), and ''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]'' came out in 2006. ''Kambdi Kalai'', a Punjabi diaspora movie based out of the United States, came out in 2006. ''Rustam-e-Hind'' and ''Mitti Wajan Mardi'' (with Harbhajan and [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan]]) were released in 2007.

A significant number of movies were produced in 2008: ''Hashar: A Love Story'' (introducing [[Gurleen Chopra]]), ''Yaariyan'', ''Mera Pind'', ''Lakh pardesi hoye'', ''Heaven on earth'', and ''Sat sri akal''. In 2009, ''Jag Jeodeye Deh Mele'' became a hit, and ''[[Tera Mera Ki Rishta]]'' with [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Kulraj Randhawa]] was a hit. But the biggest earner of all the Punjabi films was Manmohan Singh's ''[[Munde U.K. De]]'' with [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]].

''[[Munde U.K. De]]'' broke the record of ''Dil Apna Punjabi'' which was also directed by [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]] and became the biggest earner of all the Punjabi movies.

''Mehndi Wale Hath'' (2006), written and directed by Harinder Gill and with the new-star cast of Goldie Somal, Gavie Chahal, and Prableen, was a hit film in [[east Punjab]] territory.

====2010s====
In 2010, 16 movies were released. ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' starring [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Gippy Grewal]] later broke all records and grossed 110 million net, becoming the highest-grossing Punjabi film ever. ''[[Babbu Maan]]'''s ''[[Ekam – Son of Soil]]'' was released in April and was a smash hit. It brought [[Punjabi language in the United Kingdom|British-punjabi]] actress [[Mandy Takhar]] to the industry. ''Jawani Zindabad'', written and directed by Harinder Gill and starring the famous Punjabi singer Raj Barar, Pooja Kanwal, Guggu Gill, and Gurkirtan, was released in March 2010. It became a big hit in Canada. ''Channa Sachi Muchi'', written and directed by Harinder Gill and starring [[Miss Pooja]] and Goldie Somal, was released in August 2010. Also released in 2010 was ''Sukhmani (Hope for Life)'', starring Gurdas Maan, Juhi Chawla & Divya Dutta.

{{See also|List of Punjabi films of 2011}}

In 2011, the film ''Ek Noor'' starring [[Harshdeep Kaur]] and [[Yami Gautam]] was released. ''Chhevan Dariya (The Sixth River)'', directed by [[Ish Amitoj Kaur]], was released in September 2011. Kaur was the first Punjabi woman to have directed, produced, and written a Punjabi film. The film starred [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Neena Gupta]], Manpreet Singh, Lakhwinder Wadali, Christa Cannon and Rana Ranbir.

At the end of the year ''Chak Jawana'' was released, directed by Simerjit Singh and starring [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Jonita Doda]] in the Lead Roles .

In February 2011, the PTC Punjabi channel organised the first ever [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] at Panchkula. It was a tremendous boost to the industry and was attended by the likes of [[Om Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Gurdas Maan]], Guddu Dhanoa, [[Preeti Sapru]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Satish Kaul]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Jasbir Jassi]], [[Puneet Issar]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Rama Vij]], Sudhanshu Pandey, and Akriti Kakkar.

2011 looks to be the year when the industry moves away from the "typical NRI-centered" storylines and towards more meaningful and creative storylines with movies like ''[[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]]'' starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and ''[[Dharti (2011)|Dharti]]'' starring [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]].

''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'' is a 2011 Punjabi film directed by Mandeep Kumar with story and screenplay by Dheeraj Rattan, produced by Batra Showbiz Pvt. Ltd. and starring [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], and [[Jaswinder Bhalla]]. It grossed 125 million. These films raise the bar of Punjabi films and take Punjabi cinema to next level.

In September 2011, ''[[Yaara o Dildaara]]'' was released, directed by Ksshitij Chaudhary and starring [[Harbhajan Mann]], Jonita Doda, [[Tulip Joshi]], [[Kabir Bedi]], and Gurpreet Ghuggi. In October, ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]'' introducing [[Yuvraj Hans]] and [[Harish Verma]] was released. This film was a box office hit.

{{See also|List of Punjabi films of 2012}}

This year was the considered as the golden year of Punjabi cinema and industry reached many milestones in this year by having all India impact. There was the release of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]-style film ''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]'' the most costly film ({{INRConvert|90|m}}) in the history of Punjabi cinema<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jasmine |date=Dec 12, 2014 |title=Words aren't enough |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/words-aren-t-enough/17354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921052816/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/words-aren-t-enough-17354 |archive-date=Sep 21, 2021 |website=The Tribune |quote=Mirza, said to be the most expensive Punjabi film (Rs 9 crore) in the history of Punjabi cinema! “Really, is that what you think? Well, what I know is that the film was made with Rs 3 crore,” leaving the rest to our discretion.}}</ref> in April starring [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].
In June the film ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' was greatest blockbuster and till now holds the title of best ever film of Punjabi cinema. This film established [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]] as superstars of Punjabi film industry. Himesh Reshammiya has purchased the remake rights of the movie for {{INRConvert|35|m}}. In July 2012 out and out comedy film ''[[Carry On Jatta]]'' starring [[Gippy Grewal]] was also blockbuster only after ''Jatt & Juliet'' commercially. First time in punjabi cinema sequel of sperhit film ''[[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]'', film ''Yaraan Naal Baharaan 2'' was released.

In September, ''[[Ajj De Ranjhe]]'' starring [[Deep Dhillon]] and [[Kul Sidhu]] was released. It was directed by [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Man ji]]. In October 2012, ''[[Saadi Wakhri Hai Shaan]]'', directed by Gurbir Grewal, was released. The film featured eight songs, which were composed by debut music director [[Dilpreet Bhatia]]. The film's music was a contemporary [[fusion (music)|fusion]] of western classical and Punjabi [[folk music]].

This year many new Production houses started the production of too many comedy movies. [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] and [[B.N. Sharma]] established themselves as greatest comedians of Punjabi industry.

In August 2012, the first ever [[Punjabi International Film Academy Awards]] were organised in Toronto, Canada. This was a tremendous success, attended by a host of Punjabi stars. With renewed interest from the public, Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year featuring bigger budgets, homegrown stars, and Bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part. Also there are film festivals like ''Punjabi Film Festival'', [[Amritsar]], Ma Boli International Punjabi Film Festival, Vancouver and Punjabi International Film Festival, [[Toronto]] held annually.

{{See also|List of Punjabi films of 2013}}

2013 carried the Golden phase of Punjabi movies to the next level. Superstars [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Surveen Chawla]] stole the hearts of audiences by their successful films this year. ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' broke the records of its prequel ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]''. ''Jatt & Juliet 2'' was also released in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] in over 15 screens and was greatly liked by Pakistani audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Vijay C |date=May 19, 2014 |title=The engineer who produces blockbuster Punjabi films |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/the-engineer-who-produces-blockbuster-punjabi-films-114051901203_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021114418/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/the-engineer-who-produces-blockbuster-punjabi-films-114051901203_1.html |archive-date=Oct 21, 2023 |website=Business Standard |quote=Sidhu was the man behind the wide release of Jatt and Juliet 2 in Pakistan last October}}</ref>

''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'', a true story based in the late 1980s and early 1990s during a period of extreme turmoil in Punjab was the second blockbuster of the year 2013 only after ''Jatt & Juliet 2''.
''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'' starring [[Gippy Grewal]] was another blockbuster of the year produced by [[Akshay Kumar]] and also having his extended appearance along with cricketer [[Harbhajan Singh]]. Other hit films were [[Jimmy Shergill]]'s ''Saadi Love Story'' starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]], ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]'' starring [[Roshan Prince]] and [[Japji Khaira]], ''[[Jatts in Golmaal]]'' starring [[Arya Babbar]] and [[Sameksha|Samiksha]], ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' starring [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and superstar [[Gippy Grewal]]'s ''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'' and action flick ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]''. A religious film, ''Pagri Singh Da Taaj'', was also released.

The Hollywood blockbuster ''[[A Good Day to Die Hard]]'' dubbed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] with superstar [[Gippy Grewal]]'s voice was released in Punjab.

Many meaningful films based on social issues and the reality of Punjab were also successful like National Award winner ''Nabar'', ''Stupid 7'' based on student life in Punjab, Chandigarh student politics based ''Sikander'', ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'', corruption and social issues based ''[[Bikkar Bai Sentimental]]'', religious film ''[[Dastaar]]'', ''Punjab Bolda'', ''[[Haani]]'', and ''[[Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya]]''.

This year also saw the production of the first Punjabi [[3D film|3D feature film]], ''[[Pehchaan 3D]]'', produced and directed by Manny Parmar.

[[Irrfan Khan]] starrer ''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]'' won four awards in ''Indian International Film Festival of Queensland'' of best actor award for [[Irrfan Khan|Irrfan]], best actress award for [[Tillotama Shome]], best director award for [[Anup Singh (filmmaker)|Anup Singh]] and best cinematography for Sebastian Edschmid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-04 |title=Punjabi film sweeps Indian International Film Festival in Australia |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Punjabi-film-sweeps-Indian-International-Film-Festival-in-Australia/articleshow/37732759.cms |author=Sarika Sharma |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{See also|List of Punjabi films of 2014}}

In year 2014, around 42 films were released and nearly 80 percent of those films were all [[slapstick]] comedies. Most successful films of the year were blockbusters like ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]](3D)'', [[Gippy Grewal]]'s ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'', ''[[Disco Singh]]'', ''[[Double Di Trouble]]'', [[Diljit Dosanjh]]'s ''[[Punjab 1984]]'', ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'', ''[[Goreya Nu Daffa Karo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jasmine |date=Dec 16, 2014 |title=Happy go not-so-lucky |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/happy-go-not-so-lucky/18856.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027041132/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/happy-go-not-so-lucky-18856 |archive-date=Oct 27, 2021 |website=The Tribune |quote=Punjab 1984, Jatt James Bond and Chaar Sahibzaade, these three films gave the industry the much needed hope and support to run a little more}}</ref> In This year many Action Films were released like ''[[Kirpaan: The Sword of Honour]]'', ''[[Fateh (2014 film)|Fateh]]'', ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'', ''Yoddha The Warrior (2014 film)'' and ''Baaz''. Released in January, ''[[Patiala Dreamz]]'' was a romantic thriller,<ref>{{cite web|agency=BNN |website=ballewood |title= Patiala Dreamz |url=http://ballewood.in/movies/news/patiala-dreamz-a-thriller|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229004532/http://ballewood.in/movies/news/patiala-dreamz-a-thriller|archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> with right doses of action, suspense, romance and comedy. There were many movies touching [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 subject]] such as ''[[Punjab 1984]]'', ''[[Kaum De Heere]]'', ''[[47 to 84|47 to 84 Hun Main Kisnu Watan Kahunga]]''. Other films released in this year were ''[[Aa Gaye Munde U.K. De]]'' starring [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], ''[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]'' starring [[Jassi Gill]], [[Roshan Prince]] and [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], ''Dil Vil Pyaar Vyaar'' starring [[Gurdas Mann]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], "Cross Connection" Released on 26 December, Produced by jasbir Dhillon (Dhillon Creations) Starring: B.N. Sharma, Upasna singh, Garry warraich, Nancy johal, Gurchet chitarkar, Parkash gadhu, Dilawar sidhu, Malkeet raouny, Anita shabdeesh, Sahib singh, Raman Dhillon, Rozy, Tarsem paul with renowned singers Rahat fateh ali khan, Arif Lohar, Kamal khan, Navraj hans, Mank-e, Tochi raina.

Also this year many notable actors and singers debuted in Punjabi cinema, this year notably veteran actors [[Dharmendra]] and [[Poonam Dhillon]] in ''[[Double Di Trouble]]'', famous Bollywood comedian [[Razak Khan]] in ''[[Marriage da garriage]]'', Bollywood actress [[Zarine Khan]] in ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'', singer [[Garry Sandhu]] in ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]''.

''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]'' was the first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 3D animated historical drama. It was a blockbuster, grossing over {{INRConvert|700|m}} globally<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=Jan 9, 2015 |title=Harry Baweja's Chaar Saahibzaade gives 250% returns |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/harry-baweja-s-chaar-saahibzaade-rakes-in-rs-70-crore-globally-115010800141_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712120348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/harry-baweja-s-chaar-saahibzaade-rakes-in-rs-70-crore-globally-115010800141_1.html |archive-date=Jul 12, 2023 |website=Business Standard |quote=So much so that the movie, which cost Baweja Rs 20 crore, has earned around Rs 70 crore globally}}</ref> and was made tax free by governments of states like [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttrakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 3D animation was so good that I felt like I was sitting in that chapter of history and the 'sahibzaade' had come alive around |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/cinematic-power-rules/article1-1289378.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220035619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/cinematic-power-rules/article1-1289378.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref>

The Canadian-Punjabi feature film ''[[Work Weather Wife]]'' represented Canada at the [[87th Academy Awards|87th Oscar Awards]] (87th Academy Awards) and it was the only [[List of Canadian films of 2014|Canadian film]] that made the final shortlist of 79 Best Original Songs with its songs Moon and Long Braid. At 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Feature Film and made the top 53 films in the long list. It stars [[Harpreet Sandhu (Actor)|Harpreet Sandhu]] and [[Reema Nagra]] in the lead role with Dilbag Brar and [[Kirat Bhattal]]. It is directed by [[Harpreet Sandhu (Actor)|Harpreet Sandhu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Surrey-based Punjabi film Work Weather Wife shortlisted for Academy Award|url=http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/surrey-based-punjabi-film-work-weather-wife-shortlisted-for-academy-award/832927/}}</ref>

{{See also|List of Punjabi films of 2015}}

The year 2015 was attributed to a few directors who took the risk of taking up different subjects with some fresh stories and some fresh actors and villains. [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeru Bajwa]] and [[Mandy Takhar]]-starrer ''[[Sardaar Ji]]'' was blockbuster film and even achieved {{INRConvert|500|m}} milestone gross earning record, according to the film pandits. Second Blockbuster film was [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] and [[Binnu Dhillon]] starrer, 1945 based rural Punjabi love story ''[[Angrej]]'' which did very well both in Punjab as well as abroad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Regional films too did substantially well at the Box Office. Punjabi films – 'Sardaar Ji' and 'Angrej'.|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-blockbuster-2015-heres-list-of-highest-grossing-indian-film_1834852.html}}</ref>

Punjabi films with a strong storyline and an equally strong direction were ''[[Shareek]]'' (directed by Navaniat Singh, starring Jimmy Shergill and Mahie Gill), ''[[Qissa Panjab]]'' (directed by Jatinder Mauhar that weaved in seven different stories into one), ''[[Judge Singh LLB]]'' (directed by Atharv Baluja as the first Punjabi courtroom drama), [[Gippy Grewal]]'s ''[[Faraar (2015 film)|Faraar]]'' (directed by Baljit Singh Deo brought in double role with suspense) was the highest budget film with {{INRConvert|130|m}} in the history of Punjabi cinema. Other flop films were ''[[Dildariyaan]]'', ''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'', ''[[Oh Yaara Ainvayi Ainvayi Lut Gaya]]'', ''[[Munde Kamaal De]]''. While films raking up controversy or inviting a ban were ''[[The Mastermind Jinda Sukha]]'' and ''Pata Pata Singhan Da Vairi'' and ''[[Nanak Shah Fakir]]'' (Temporarily that faced a ban in some parts of the country).<ref>{{cite news|title=Of Fridays and fried days. They all promised a film with a difference. But only a few Punjabi filmmakers kept their promise in 2015.|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/of-fridays-and-fried-days/172507.html}}</ref>

{{Main|List of Punjabi films of 2016}}

In 2016, As many as 41 movies were released. [[Ambarsariya]], [[Sardaar Ji 2]], [[Love Punjab]], [[Vaisakhi List]], [[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]], [[Kaptaan]], [[Saadey CM Saab]], [[Bambukat]], [[Chauthi Koot]], [[Nikka Zaildar]] were some of the big commercial/critical winners.

{{Main|List of Punjabi films of 2017}}

In the first half of 2017, New concepts and excellent content paid dividends. [[Super Singh]], [[Manje Bistre]], [[Jindua]], [[Lahoriye]], [[Sargi]], Saab Bahadar, [[Sarvann]], [[Rabb Da Radio]] and The Great Sardaar were some of the big commercial/critical winners.
In the second half of the year, [[Channa Mereya]], [[Sardar Mohammad]], [[Nikka Zaildar 2]] and [[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]] were some of the commercial hits.

{{Main|List of Punjabi films of 2018}}

In the year 2018, the first ever war-based Punjabi movie [[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]], set during World War I and starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]], was released. [[Carry On Jatta 2]] was another blockbuster and one of the highest grossing Punjabi movies of all time. Other commercially successful movies include [[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]], [[Ashke]], [[Laung Laachi]] and Laavan Phere.

{{Main|List of Punjabi films of 2019}}

In year 2019, total 61 Punjabi films were released worldwide with superhits like ''[[Shadaa]]'', ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]'', ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]'', ''[[Muklawa]]'', ''[[Manje Bistre 2]]'', ''[[Nikka Zaildar 3]]'', ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'', ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'', ''Dil Diyaan Gallan'', ''Blackia'', ''[[Laiye Je Yaarian]]'', ''[[Chandigarh Amritsar Chandigarh]]'', ''[[Kaka Ji]]'' and ''Band Vajje''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/power-to-pollywood-19089|title=Power to Pollywood|last=Kaur|first=Gurnaaz|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ardaas-karaan-to-surkhi-bindi-top-7-movies-of-2019-that-proved-punjabi-cinema-is-more-than-just-rom-coms/photostory/73046716.cms|title='Ardaas Karaan' to 'Surkhi Bindi': Top 7 movies of 2019 that proved Punjabi cinema is more than just rom-coms|date=31 December 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[Harjeeta]]'' won two awards for Best Punjabi Film and Best Child Actor at [[66th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/harjeeta-national-award-best-punjabi-film-harjeet-singh-tuli-hockey-world-cup-5893839/|title=Harjeeta wins best Punjabi Film Award: 'If movie based on me can inspire youngsters, I will feel lucky'|date=10 August 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> Song ''[[Laung Laachi (song)|Laung Laachi]]'' from ''[[Laung Laachi]]'' film became the first Indian song to reach one billion views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/laung-laachi-first-indian-song-to-get-1billion-youtube-views/1690803|title=''Laung Laachi'' first Indian song to get 1-billion YouTube views|website=Outlook India|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="25%"|Name
!width="5%"|Est.
!width="10%"|City
!width="15%"|Type
!width="30%"|Details
!width="15%"|Website
|-
|Punjabi Film Festival||2007||[[Amritsar]]||Special interest||Annual festival focusing on Punjabi films. Sur Saanjh Productions & Navtej Sandhu's brainchild. This festival is the pioneer of Punjabi Film Awards. ||
|-
|International Film Festival of South Asia||2012||[[Toronto]]||International||Annual festival focusing on the cinema of South Asia.||http://www.iffsatoronto.com
|-
|Ma Boli International Punjabi Film Festival||2013||[[Vancouver]]||Special interest||Annual showcase of Punjabi films.||http://www.mabolifilmfestival.com
|-
|New Zealand Punjabi Film Festival||2017||[[Auckland]]||Special interest||Annual showcase of Punjabi films.||
|-
|Punjabi International Film Festival||2012||[[Toronto]]||Special interest||Annual short film festival focusing on Punjabi films ||http://www.pifftoronto.com
|-
|Sikh International Film Festival||2013||[[Toronto]]||Special interest ||Annual showcase of Sikh films.||http://sikhfoundationcanada.com/sifft/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121114449/http://sikhfoundationcanada.com/sifft/ |date=21 January 2019 }}
|-
|Virasat Film Festival and Awards||2016||[[Melbourne]]||Special interest ||Annual festival focusing on Punjabi films.||http://www.virasatipffa.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071229/http://virasatipffa.net/ |date=21 January 2018 }}
|}

== Film distribution and production companies ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Notable Punjabi film distribution and/or production companies
|-
! Company!! Type !!Notable Works
|-
| [[Gippy Grewal|Humble Motion Pictures]]||Film Production||''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]'', ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]'', ''[[Ardaas]]'', ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]'', ''[[Daaka]]'', ''Warning'', ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]'', ''[[Maa (2022 film)|Maa]]'', ''Yaar Mera Titliyaan Warga''
|-
| White Hill Studios|| Film Production, Film Distribution||''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'', ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'', ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'', ''[[Sardaar Ji]]'', ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'', ''[[Punjab 1984]]'', ''[[Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Maardi]]'', ''[[Muklawa]]'', ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'', ''[[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]'', ''[[Jind Mahi]]'', ''[[Shareek 2]]''
|-
| Rhythm Boyz Entertainment|| Film Production, Film Distribution || ''[[Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya]]'', ''[[Jodi]]'', ''[[Maurh]]'', ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]'', ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]'', ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]'', ''[[Angrej]]'', ''[[Love Punjab]]'', ''[[Bambukat]]'', ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'', ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''
|-
| Ohri Productions|| Film Production, Film Distribution || ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'', ''[[Blackia]]'', ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'', ''[[Yaar Anmulle]]'', ''[[Shareek]]'', ''[[Jindua]]'', ''[[Mukhtiar Chadha]]''
|-
| Thind Motion Films|| Film Production || ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]'', ''[[Honsla Rakh]]'', ''[[Babe Bhangra Paunde ne]]'', ''[[Sher Bagga]]'', ''[[Jodi]]''
|-
| Studio 7 Production|| Film Production || ''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'', ''[[22g Tussi Ghaint Ho]]'', ''[[Gun & Goal]]'', ''[[Balle O Challak Sajjna]]'', ''[[Sargi]]'', ''[[Sohreyan Da Pind Aa Gya]]''
|-
| Shri Narotam Ji Productions|| Film Production || ''[[Qismat 2]]'', ''[[Moh]]'', ''[[Bajrey Da Sitta]]'', ''[[Surkhi Bindi]]'', ''[[Paune 9]]'', ''[[Sarabha]]''
|-
| Vehli Janta Films|| Film Production || ''[[Mastaney]]'', ''[[Galwakdi]]'', ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'', ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'', ''[[Sardar Mohammad]]''
|-
|Speed Records || Film Production, Film Distribution || ''[[Dil Diyan Gallan]]'', ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'', ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'', ''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]''
|-
|Omjee Group aka Omjee Cine World || Film Distribution || ''[[Medal]]'',''[[Mastaney]]'', ''[[Dil Diyan Gallan]]'', ''[[Mr and Mrs 420]]'', "[[Nikka Zaildar]]"
|-
| Neeru Bajwa Entertainment || Film Production || ''[[Buhe Barlyan]]'', ''[[Kali Jotta]]'', ''[[Es Jahano Door Kitte Chal Jindiye]]'', ''[[Kokka]]'', ''[[Beautiful Billo]]'', ''[[Sargi]]'', ''[[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]]''
|-
| Villagers Film Studio|| Film Production || ''[[Laung Laachi]]'', ''[[Harjeeta]]'', ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]''
|-
| Geet Mp3|| Film Production || ''Tufang'', ''Shooter'', ''Jatt Brothers'', ''[[Lover (2022 film)]]''
|}

Other notable Punjabi film & video production and distribution houses:
* Inside Motion Pictures
* Naughty Men Productions
* Dream Reality Films
* Unisys Infosolutions Pvt Ltd/Saga Music Pvt Ltd
* Theatre Army Films

==Distribution==
[[File:Cine-Monumentos de Amritsar-India10.JPG|right|thumb|Regent Cinema, [[Amritsar]]]] [[File:Punjabi cinema punjabi film at hari theatre jammu india.jpg|thumb| Punjabi movie being shown at Hari theater Raghunath temple market [[Jammu]], [[India]]]]

Prior to the late-1900s, Punjabi film companies were largely immersed in the competition for the domestic market. Limited to [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and low number of screens in Punjabi-speaking areas of [[Delhi]] and [[Rajasthan]] ([[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Hanumangarh]]) and no prospect in metro cities, distribution was a problem for Punjabi filmmakers. It was difficult to compete with the huge demand for films created by [[Bollywood]]. Gradually, Punjabi companies moved to the [[Australasia]]n, [[Europe]]an and [[North America]]n markets.

In recent years, [[Canada]] has become a popular destination for shooting Punjabi films<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria meets Bollywood: Punjabi stars shoot film on Inner Harbour|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/news/victoria-meets-bollywood-punjabi-stars-shoot-film-on-inner-harbour-1.11143}}</ref> and is the second largest market of Punjabi cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 50 percent of the money is recovered from overseas," Sahni said, adding that Canada is a strong market for Punjabi cinema.|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/manjeet-mann-talks-about-punjabi-cinema-18743.html}}</ref> About 50 percent of the revenue for all successful Punjabi films are generated from the overseas markets, including [[Australia]], Canada, [[Malaysia]], [[New Zealand]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 50 per cent of the revenue for all Punjabi films comes from the overseas market. North America leads, followed by the UK. New Zealand is a promising emerging market.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/beyond-balle-balle/99/}}</ref> A number of Punjabi films have also surpassed the gross collections of Bollywood films in the overseas markets. Punjabi films are finding more releases in Punjabi-dominated areas of [[South Asia]], including East Punjab, West Punjab, Delhi, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news|title=the market extends beyond Punjab to Himachal, Haryana, Jammu, western UP, Uttarakhand, and of course the UK, US, Canada and Australia.|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Chak-De-Pollywood/291502}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Bajpur]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]) and<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjabi community settled in Udham Singh Nagar.|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabs-Cheema-is-Uttarakhands-jan-kavi-candidate/articleshow/32806795.cms}}</ref> [[Jammu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=new Punjabi movie "Proud to be a Sikh" is being released in Jammu|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/punjabi-movie-proud-to-be-a-sikh-being-released-at-jammu-punjab-on-apr-4/}}</ref> Punjabi films are also distributed to less-Punjabi populated regions, including [[states and union territories of India|states of India]]: [[Bengaluru]], [[Gujarat]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Nanded]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]] and countries: [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Italy]], [[Malaysia]], [[Netherlands]], [[Pakistan]] (other than West Punjab) and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Housefull, far & beyond: Punjabi films are now capturing sizeable markets in territories outside Punjab, both in India and abroad|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/housefull-far--beyond/223664.html}}</ref> Punjabi cinema makes zero money from satellite or music due to absence of a sustainable satellite mechanism.<ref>{{cite news|title=challenge Punjabi filmmakers face is getting satellite rights.|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/punjabi-cinema-not-just-about-balle-balle-114112401280_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Punjabi film industry do not have many choices for a satellite release|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/harry-baweja-s-chaar-saahibzaade-rakes-in-rs-70-crore-globally-115010800141_1.html}}</ref>

At the home territory, Punjab, against only 4 multiplexes in all of East Punjab in 2007, as of 2014 the numbers have increased to 36<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/report/punjab-film-industry/story/19654.html|title=Screens}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with 99 more approved by the [[Government of Punjab, India]] for construction. These in turn have attracted a large middle class audience for Punjabi films which did not exist before.

==Parallel cinema==
Punjabi film industry has established [[Parallel Cinema]] in these years also.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reel vs real Punjab|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140622/spectrum/main1.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Independent films are changing the image of Punjabi cinema|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/independent-films-are-changing-the-image-of-punjabi-cinema/179928.html}}</ref> The National Award-winning ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]'' (1989) mercilessly explores the issues of economic inequality, social segregation in life of [[dalit]] farm labourers and other landless communities in Punjab. Another National Award winner, ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'' (2011) diligently puts across the distressed and frustrated life-cycle of marginalised [[Dalit]]s in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gurvinder Singh's "Anhey Gorhey Da Daan" which won multiple National Awards in 2012 deals with the rural working class and the plight of Dalit Sikhs in Bhatinda belt of the State but it is dubbed as niche for an audience which is not considered to be experimental.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/punjab1984-has-given-a-fresh-imprint-to-punjabi-films/article6267841.ece}}</ref> It is the first Punjabi-language film to have travelled to so many international film festivals. The film premiered in the Orizzonti section (Horizons) at the [[68th Venice International Film Festival]]. It won the Special Jury Award and the $50,000 Black Pearl trophy at the [[Abu Dhabi Film Festival]]. It was also shown at the 55th [[BFI London Film Festival]], 49th New York Film Festival and the [[16th Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/punjabi-film-making-waves-at-international-film-festivals | title = Punjabi Film Making Waves at International Film Festivals | author = Jatinder Preet | publisher = [[The Sunday Guardian]] | date = 2 October 2011 | access-date = 20 March 2015 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000215/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/punjabi-film-making-waves-at-international-film-festivals | url-status = dead }}</ref> The film also won the Golden Peacock award for best film at the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI) 2012 held in Panaji, Goa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/article/top-stories/4444/t/240/CHD-punjabi-film-anhey-ghore-da-daan-wins-the-best-film-award-at-iffi-4096040-NOR.html/2012/20120212/spectrum/book5.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150149/http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/article/top-stories/4444/t/240/CHD-punjabi-film-anhey-ghore-da-daan-wins-the-best-film-award-at-iffi-4096040-NOR.html/2012/20120212/spectrum/book5.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 April 2015 | title=Punjabi film Anhey Ghore Da Daan wins the best Punjabi film award at IFFI | publisher= [[Dainik Bhaskar]] }}</ref> [[Khamosh Pani]] (2003) is a tragic story of widowed mother and her young son set in a late 1970s village in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and relations of communities after [[Partition of India|1947 Partition of Punjab]] starring [[Kiron Kher]] and [[Shilpa Shukla]].

==Short films==
*''Nooran'' (2013), based on famous Punjabi author, [[Balwant Gargi]]'s story ''Rabbo Marasan'', which represents a woman's emotions, Directed by Navtej Sandhu, was sent for [[Cannes Film Festival]]-Short Film Corner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjabi cinema's cannes debut|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cannesfilmfestival2014/punjabi-cinema-s-cannes-debut/article1-1217106.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713065714/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cannesfilmfestival2014/punjabi-cinema-s-cannes-debut/article1-1217106.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
*''Kambdi Deorri (The Shivering Gateway)'' (2014), based on famous Punjabi author, [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]]'s story ''Akk the Amrit'', which shows the deteriorating situation of ties within families, Directed by Navtej Sandhu, was again sent for [[Cannes Film Festival]]-Short Film Corner.
*''The Half Ticket'' (2018), which was based on a true love story in which the needs of the world overshadow true love, is written and directed by Channa Rai, and stars Victor John. was in Nominated for [[Best Director]] at Pune Film Festival-2018.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8470642/mediaviewer/rm279528192/?ref_=tt_ov_i {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=August 2022}}</ref>
*''Sutta Naag'' (2014), adapted from [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner Punjabi writer, Late [[Ram Sarup Ankhi]]'s short story of same name. The narrative portrays 50 years old Punjab and addresses serious subjects like infidelity and the suppression of women has been premiered at ''Punjabi International Film Festival, [[Toronto]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title='Sutta Naag' was also premiered at the IFFSA, PIFF in 2013.|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/film-based-on-punjabi-story-to-premiere-at-int-l-film-festival/article1-1344830.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513205851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/film-based-on-punjabi-story-to-premiere-at-int-l-film-festival/article1-1344830.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
*''Khoon'' (2015), film based on [[Gurbachan Singh Bhullar]]'s Short story was shown at the Punjabi International Film Festival, [[Toronto]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Khoon, the film received critical acclaim at the Toronto Punjabi Film Festival|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/changing-for-the-better/99700.html}}</ref>
*''Daughter of the Bin'' (2015), based on famous Play writer, Dr. Jatinder Brar's play, which shows the plight of the newly born girl child thrown in the dustbin and adopted by a beggar, award-winning short film.
*''Gawachi Pagg (The Lost Turban)'' (2016), based on famous Punjabi writer, [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]]'s story, a very emotional and powerful story of an innocent young boy who was looking for his "Lost Esteem" during the militancy period in the era of 80s' in Punjab, internationally critically acclaimed short film Directed by Navtej Sandhu.
*''Zindagi a Life of Kinner'' (2012), based on the story of Jagdev Dhillon, talks about the lives of the [[third gender]], Eunuch ([[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]). The film was directed by Harman Aggarwal and was showcased in Punjabi International Film Festival, [[Toronto]] and Delhi International Film Festival.
*Heer Unstoppable (2017) Based on the Plight of women in Punjab who are married to NRI's without any Background check. The film was official selection to Five International Film Festivals with winning Best Director for Jonita Doda at Pink city International Film Festival.
*''RAIN'' (Simran Sidhu, 2017) is the story of a farmer (Bittu Bajwa) on the verge of suicide as he waits for it to rain. The winner of six international awards (including one for Best Drama at Festigious L.A. and a Remi Award, whose previous recipients include Hollywood legends Steven Spielberg, Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas), writer-director Simran Sidhu's mini-epic also boasts a sweeping score by the world renowned Indonesian composer [[Elwin Hendrijanto]], and guest stars Yashpal Sharma who was so fond of the script that he did the film for free.
*''Bhulekha'' (2018), based on famous Punjabi author, [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]]'s story ''Vehan paye Dariya'', love story with very different kind of misunderstanding, Directed by Navtej Sandhu.

==Highest-grossing Punjabi films (worldwide)==

{{Main|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}

{{box office table legend|#b6fcb6|icon={{†|alt=film currently playing}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"

! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Peak
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Production House(s)
! scope="col" | Worldwide Gross
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Reference(s)

|-
| 1
| 1
! scope="row" | ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]''
| 2018
| [[Smeep Kang]]
| Vaibhav Suman,
Shreya Srivastava,
[[Naresh Kathooria]]
| White Hill Studios, A & A Advisors
| {{INR}}57.67 Crore
|<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes Records By A Distance|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4059}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4015|title=Top Ten Panjabi Grossers All Time - Carry On Jatta 2 Rules}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes All Records In Week One|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4000}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Sets Another Record On Sunday|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3987}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 2
! scope="row" | ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
| 2022
| Amarjit Singh Saron
| [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| Naad Studios, Dreamiyata Entertainment, JR Production House
| {{INR}}57.60 Crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Upcoming Punjabi Movies on OTT 2024 - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/upcoming-punjabi-movies-on-ott/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bo:toi">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ZeeStudios_/status/1528967651279589377|title=SaunkanSaunkne a SUPERHIT! Crossed 40 crores in just 10 days. Movie running successfully in theatres now!|author=Zee Studios|date=24 May 2022|access-date=24 May 2022|website=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 2
! scope="row" | ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| 2020-2021-2022
| [[Janjot Singh]]
| Rakesh Dhawan,
Sunil Dhawan
| Rhythm Boyz Entertainment, Gillz Network, Omjee Star Studios, Phantasy Films Ltd Productions
| {{INR}}57.15 Crore
| <ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6020|title=Chal Mera Putt 2 CERTAIN HIT Stopped By Virus|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 3
! scope="row" | ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| 2021-2022
| Amarjit Singh Saron
| Rakesh Dhawan
| Thind Motion Films, Storytime Productions
| {{INR}}54.62 Crore
|<ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/diljitdosanjh/status/1466821886591963139 |title= 54 worldwide box office gross on 50th day|date=3 December 2021|access-date= 4 December 2021|author=Diljit Dosanjh (official) |website= Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 2
! scope="row" | ''[[Shadaa]]''
| 2019
| [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| A & A Adivisors, Brat Films
| {{INR}}53.10 Crore
|{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| 6
| 1
! scope="row" | ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| 2014
| [[Harry Baweja]]
| [[Harry Baweja]],
Baldev Gill,
Pathik Vats
| [[Baweja Movies]], Irealities Technology
| {{INR}}46.34 Crore
|<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Top Panjabi Worldwide Grossers|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3828}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 7
! scope="row" | ''[[Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya]]''
| 2022
| [[Amrinder Gill]]
| [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| Amberdeep Films, Rhythm Boyz Entertainment
| {{INR}}39.43 Crore
|
|-
| 8
| 2
! scope="row" | ''[[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]]''
| 2015
| [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan|Rohit Jugraj]]
| [[Dheeraj Rattan]],
Jatinder Lall,
[[Surmeet Maavi]]
| White Hill Studios
| {{INR}}38.38 Crore
|<ref>{{cite news|title=The turbaned prince|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/the-turbaned-prince/107054.html|first=Jasmine |last=Singh |date=19 July 2015|work=Spectrum|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 6
! scope="row" | ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]''
| 2021
| [[Janjot Singh]]
| Rakesh Dhawan,
Jatinder Lall
| Rhythm Boyz Entertainment, Gillz Network, Omjee Star Studios, Canvas Creations Ltd
| {{INR}}35.84 Crore
|
|}

== Awards ==

* [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Awards]]
* [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
* [[Punjabi International Film Academy Awards]]
* Brit Asia Film Awards
* Virasat Film Awards
* Punjabi Entertainment Festival & Awards

== Personalities ==

=== Directors ===
* InsideAKY
* Himanshu Dhar
* Gaurav Manku
* Dev Choudhary
* [[Amberdeep Singh]]
* [[Amitoj Maan]]
* [[Amit Prasher]]
* [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
* [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
* Balwant Dullat
* Channa Rai
* Chitrarth Singh
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* VFX Navi
* Mohit Dhandha
* Manan Taneja
* [[Harry Baweja]]
* [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
* [[Ksshitij Chaudhary]]
* Manbhavan Singh
* [[Manmord Sidhu]]
* [[Manmohan Singh]]
* [[Manoj Punj]]
* Navalpreet Rangi
* [[Neeru Bajwa]]
* Nidhi.M. Singh
* Pali Bhupinder Singh
* [[Pankaj Batra]]
* [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan]]
* [[Simerjit Singh]]
* [[Smeep Kang]]
* [[Sukh Sanghera]]
* Sukhminder Dhanjal
* Inderpal Singh

=== Actors ===
<gallery>
File:Amrinder Singh Gill.jpg|[[Amrinder Gill]], star of ''[[Angrej]]'' and ''[[Lahoriye]]''
File:Babbu Maan Vancouver 2010.jpg|[[Babbu Maan]], star of ''Hashar'' and ''[[Ekam – Son of Soil]]''
File:Binnu dhillon grace the trailer launch of Carry On Jatta 3 (Cropped).jpg|[[Binnu Dhillon]], star of ''[[Bambukat]]'' and ''[[Carry On Jatta]]''
File:Diljit Dosanjh snapped at the trailer launch of Amar Singh Chamkila 5 (Cropped).jpg|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], star of ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' and ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
File:Gippy Grewal in Chandigarh (cropped).jpg|[[Gippy Grewal]], star of ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' and ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
File:Gurdas Mann.jpg|[[Gurdas Maan]], star of ''[[Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh]]'' and ''Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da''
File:Jassi Gill.JPG|[[Jassi Gill]], star of ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'' and ''[[Sargi]]''
File:Neeru Bajwa at Kochi International Fashion Week 2011 02.jpg|[[Neeru Bajwa]], star of ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' and ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]''
File:Rana Ranbir.jpg|[[Rana Ranbir]], star of ''[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]]'' and ''Asees''
File:Sargun Mehta at a pre-Diwali party.jpg|[[Sargun Mehta]], star of ''[[Angrej]]'' and ''[[Lahoriye]]''
File:Sonam Bajwa (cropped).jpg|[[Sonam Bajwa]], star of ''[[Manje Bistre]]'' and ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]''
File:Kulbir Jhinjer Gurbir Ghumaan.jpg|[[Tarsem Jassar]], star of [[Rabb Da Radio]] and [[Rabb Da Radio 2]]
File:Guggu-gill.jpg|[[Gugu Gill]], star of [[Putt Jattan De]] and [[Badla Jatti Da]]
File:Japji Khaira Interview 2020.jpg| [[Japji Khaira]] star of [[Mitti Wajaan Maardi]] and [[Dharti (2011 film)|Dharti]]
</gallery>

The Punjabi film industry has produced a number of successful actors, actresses, writers, directors and filmmakers, many of whom have been known internationally.{{Main|List of Punjabi cinema actors}}

* InsideAKY
* [[B.N. Sharma]]
* [[Gugu Gill]]
* [[Harish Verma]]
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]]
* [[Karamjit Anmol]]
* [[Nav Bajwa]]
* [[Ranjit Bawa]]
* [[Shavinder Mahal]]
* [[Sardar Sohi]]

'''Actresses'''
{{Main|List of Punjabi cinema actresses}}

* [[Himanshi Khurana]]
* [[Japji Khaira]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Kulraj Randhawa]]
* [[Mahi Gill]]
* [[Monica Gill]]
* [[Nimrat Khaira]]
* [[Nirmal Rishi]]
* [[Simi Chahal]]
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Japji Khaira]]
* [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa]]
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Film|Punjab}}
* [[List of cinema of the world]]
* [[List of Punjabi films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films]]
* [[Lists of Indian Punjabi films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}
{{Cinema of Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinema of Punjab}}
[[Category:Punjabi cinema| ]]
[[Category:Cinema of Punjab| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi language]]
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]
[[Category:Cinema of India by state or union territory|Punjabi]]
[[Category:Indian film industries]]

Dera (organisation)

2025-12-12T16:28:27Z

TKMD: New page!

{{Short description|Socio-religious organization in northern India}}
A '''''dera''''' is a type of socio-religious organisation in [[northern India]]. Jacob Copeman defines the ''deras'' as "monasteries or the extended residential sites of religious leaders; frequently just glossed as sect".{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2012|p=156}}

Several ''deras'' started out as non-orthodox [[Sikh sects]], and many of them are now centres of distinct non-Sikh religious movements. Many ''deras'' have attracted a large number of [[Dalit]]s ([[Untouchability|untouchables]]), who earlier converted to [[Sikhism]] to escape [[Hindu caste system|Hindu casteism]], but felt socially excluded by the [[Jat Sikh]] dominated clerical establishment.

== History ==

The word ''Dera'' derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''Derah'' or ''Dirah'', which literally means a camp, abode, monastery or convent.{{sfn|Kahn Singh Nabha|2004|p=421}}

The phenomenon of ''Dera'', as sectarian institution, is not new in Punjab and it is much older than [[Sikhism]]. ''Deras'' in [[Punjab]], before the Sikhism, belonged to [[Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]], [[Yogi Nath]]s, and [[Sant (religion)|Sants]] of the [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Surinder Singh|2009|p=33}} In Punjab, the popularity of Sufi pirs, sants or their shrines can be seen through their veneration across the communities such as Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. Shrines of Sufis were known as [[khanqah|''khanqahs'']]. The major function of ''khanqah'' was to provide relief to people of all communities, particularly the lower strata of different communities. Several ''khanqahs'' were built and facilities were provided to lower castes of Hindu populace in rural areas. ''Khanqahs'' with modest hospitality and generosity offered spiritual guidance, psychological support and counseling that was free and open to all people. By doing so, ''khanqahs'' challenged the establishment of stratified social structure either Hindu or Muslim societies. Soon, ''khanqahs'' became epicenters of socio-cultural and theological activities of people from all ethnic and religious backgrounds and genders. Sufi shrines of Sakhi Sarvar Sultan, [[Sheikh Farid]], [[Bulleh Shah]], Sheikh Fattha, Khwaja Khizr, the Panj Pir (Five Pirs) were the manifestation of the shared devoutness of [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]].{{sfn|Surinder Singh|Jasbir Singh|2017|pp=149-150}}

During the lifetime of the [[Sikh Gurus]], several ''deras'' were established, many of them by the rival claimants to the ''[[Guru Gaddi]]'' (Guru-seat, the throne of the Sikh gurus). These ''deras'' included those of the [[Udasi]]s, the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], the Dhirmalias, the [[Ramraiya]]s, the Handalis, and the [[Masand|Massandis]].{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}} During the consolidation of the Sikh religion, several more ''deras'' cropped up. These included the ''deras'' of Bandai Khalsa (a sect who proclaimed [[Jathedar]] [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] as the 11th guru), [[Nanakpanthi]]s, [[Sewapanthi|Sewapanthis]], Bhaktpanthi, Suthrashahi, Gulabdasis, [[Nirmala Sikhs|Nirmalas]] and the [[Nihang]]s.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}

19th century onwards, several more ''deras'' came into being. The distinguishing characteristic of these new ''deras'' was that they acted as centres of [[Dalit]] mobilisation.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}} The majority of the followers of these deras were people of Dalit background, who had embraced [[Sikhism]] to escape the oppressive [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Caste system in india|caste system]]. However, they continued to experience social exclusion in the caste hierarchy of the Sikh society, which pushed them towards the deras and other organisations that promise social equality.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4066}} The increasing politicisation of the Sikh institutions—the [[Akal Takht]] and the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]] (SGPC) - and their domination by [[Jat Sikh|Jat Sikhs]] has driven a large number of people to the ''deras'' as well.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=341}} The affluent Dalits among the [[Punjabi diaspora]] have also contributed to the growth of the ''deras''.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=342}}

== Major deras ==

According to a 2006–2007 study, there were more than 9,000 ''deras'' in the rural areas of [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], including both those belonging to mainstream Sikhism and those outside of it.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}} A number of ''deras'' are also located in the neighbouring Indian states of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=336}}

=== Mainstream Sikh ''deras'' ===
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The mainstream Sikh ''deras'' strictly observe the ''[[Sikh Rehat Maryada|Rehat Maryada]]'' (Sikh code of conduct). The majority of their followers and [[Jathedar|jathedars]] are from the [[Jat Sikh]] community.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}} The jathedars of these ''deras'' are rarely non-Jat, and never a Dalit. However, there are several Dalit [[sewadar]]s, [[granthi]]s, [[ragi (Sikhism)|ragis]], and [[kirtan]] performers in these ''deras''.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}

Some of the prominent mainstream Sikh ''deras'' include those of:{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=344}}

* [[Damdami Taksal]]–led Sant Samaj
* Dera Nanaksar
* Sant Ajit Singh Hansali at [[Hansali sahib|Hansali Sahib]]
* Sant Daya Singh Sursingh Wale
* Sant Sewa Singh Rampur Khera
* Parmeshwar Dwar Gurmat Prachar Sewa Mission
* Dera Baba Rumi Wala (Bhucho Kalan)

=== Non-mainstream ''deras'' ===

''Deras'' outside the mainstream of Sikihism do not abide by the Sikh ''Rehyat Maryada''. Along with the Sikh [[gurbani]], they also recite non-Sikh texts, and some of them also indulge in [[idol worship]], which is forbidden in Sikhism. Unlike the mainstream Sikh ''deras'', where the holy book ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' is considered as the [[Guru Maneyo Granth|only and final guru]], the non-mainstream Sikh ''deras'' practice devotion towards a contemporary human guru.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}

Some of the major non-mainstream Sikh ''deras'' include:{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=343}}

* [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (Dera Beas)
* [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]
* [[Nirankari Sikh|Sant Nirankari Mission]]
* [[Namdhari]]s
* [[Piara Singh Bhaniara|Bhaniarawala Dera]]
* Dera Baba Bhuman Shah (Sanghar Sadha)
* [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasis]] (including [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Sach Khand Ballan]])

<gallery mode="packed" class="center">
File:0069 Sawan Singh, portrait.jpg|[[Sawan Singh|Baba Sawan Singh]] of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]
File:Sant Hari Dass Ji of Dera Sach Khand Ballan.jpg|Hari Dass of [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Sach Khand Ballan]]
File:Rev Saint Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Ji Insan.jpg|[[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] of the [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]
</gallery>

The majority of the followers of these ''deras'' are [[Dalit]]s, [[Other Backward Classes]], and the poor among the [[Jat Sikh]]s. However, most of the ''deras'' are led by people from upper-caste backgrounds. As of 2007, the Nirankaris were led by a [[Khatri]]; the Dera Sacha Sauda was led by a [[Jats|Jat]] of the [[Sidhu]] clan; and the Radha Soamis were led by a Jat of the [[Dhillon]] clan.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}

The Dalit-dominated ''deras'' have emerged as major centres of [[counter-culture]], where the Dalits assert their pride, customs and tradition.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=336}}

== Conflicts with the Khalsa Sikhs ==

The ''deras'' are seen as a challenge to the mainstream Sikhism represented by the [[Khalsa]] Sikh identity. The total number of the followers of the various ''deras'' far exceeds the number of followers of the [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) based clerical establishment, the [[Akal Takht]].{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4067}}

The tensions between the Dalits and the Jat-led Khalsa Sikhs have manifested in form of conflicts involving the ''deras''. Some of these incidents include:{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4068}}

; [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes|Sikh–Nirankari clashes]] (1978)
: In 1978, the Khalsa Sikhs denounced the [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankaris]] as [[Patit|apostates]], and demanded closure of all Sant Nirankari centres. In 1978, Khalsa Sikhs of the [[Damdami Taksal]] and [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] (AKJ) tried to forcibly shut down the annual Sant Nirankari convention in [[Amritsar]]. In the ensuing clash, 12 Khalsa Sikhs and 3 Sant Nirankaris were killed. In 1980, the Sant Nirankari Guru [[Gurbachan Singh]] was shot dead.{{sfn|Harjot Oberoi|1996|p=273}}

; Bhaniarawala crisis (2001)
: The ''dera'' leader [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] [[Piara Singh Bhaniara]] imitated [[Guru Gobind Singh]], and launched a new holy book, the ''[[Bhavsagar Granth|Bhavsagar Samunder Amrit Vani Granth]]'', after his followers were disallowed from carrying the Sikh holy book ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. This led to violent clashes between the Khalsa Sikhs and the followers of Bhaniara.{{sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}}

; Meham dispute (2006)
: In [[Meham]] town, the [[Ad Dharmi]] Dalits had been maintaining the [[Udasi]] ''dera'' of Baba Khazan Singh for six decades. They offered liquor as ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]'' at the ''dera'', and also distributed it among the devotees. In 2003, the Sikhs placed a copy of ''Guru Granth Sahib'' at the ''dera'', and later objected to the liquor offering, arguing that it was against the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]. In 2006, they forcibly took control of the ''dera'', and replaced all Udasi symbols with Khalsa symbols. This led to a clash between the two communities. However, the timely police intervention prevented escalations. The ''dera'' was placed under a government official, and the dispute was referred to the court.{{sfn|Ronki Ram|2007|p=4072}}

; [[Vienna temple attack|Vienna Temple Attack]] (2009)
: On 25 May 2009, six militants of the [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]] (KZF) attacked [[Ravidassia]] members of [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Sach Khand Ballan]] (DSB) with a gun and knives, at a Ravidassia temple in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. The Ravidassia leader Niranjan Das, who was visiting the temple built by the Dera members, was seriously wounded in the attack. Two people died in the attack, including Das' deputy [[Ramanand Dass]].{{sfn|Doris R. Jakobsh|2014|pp=176-177}} The incident led to clashes in India as well, and prompted the Ravidassias to explicitly declare their religion as separate from Sikhism.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=343}}

; [[Dera Sacha Sauda#2007 clashes with Khalsa Sikhs|Sikh–Dera Sacha Sauda clashes]] (2007)
: In 2007, the [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] (DSS) leader [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] was accused of imitating Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh Guru . The resulting controversy escalated to civil unrest in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Delhi]]. Several people were killed in the clashes, and in 2008, there was an attempt to assassinate Ram Rahim.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2012|p=156}}

== Politics ==

Various political parties, including the Sikh party [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD), and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), have patronised the ''deras'' to attract the Dalit [[vote bank|votebank]].{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|pp=336-337}} During the election season, several political leaders and candidates visit the ''deras'', seeking support from the leaders of the various ''deras''. This trend first became visible during the [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly Election]].{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=335}}

The SAD has openly sought electoral support from the Sikh ''deras''. The Sant Samaj ''deras'' have openly supported SAD.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=344}}

Among the non-Sikh ''deras'', the [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] (DSS) is influential in the [[Malwa, Punjab|Malwa]] region, and has a political wing. It has supported multiple political parties in various elections.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|pp=342-343}} The [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Sach Khand Ballan]] (DSB) asked its Dalit followers to vote for the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly elections]], which was responsible for the dismal performance of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in the [[Doaba]] region.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=343}} The [[Baba Bhaniara|Bhaniarwala Dera]] has not openly supported any political party, but disfavours the Shiromani Akali Dal candidates. The Dera Beas ([[Radha Soami]]) has not openly supported any particular party either, but in the past it used to tilt towards the Congress. In the 2012 Punjab elections, it favoured the Akali Dal, after daughter of a former Dera Beas chief married an Akali Dal politician.{{sfn|Ashutosh Kumar|2014|p=344}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ashutosh Kumar |title=Deras as sites of electoral mobilisation in Indian Punjab: examining the reasons that political parties flock to the deras |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=15 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=335–350 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2013.878209 |s2cid=145595169 }}
* {{cite book |author=Doris R. Jakobsh |chapter=The Sikhs in Canada: Culture, Religion and Radicalization |editor1=Paul Bramadat |editor2=Lorne Dawson |title=Religious Radicalization and Securitization in Canada and Beyond |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INdIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |year=2014 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1436-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Harjot Oberoi |chapter=Sikh Fundamentalism: Translating History into Theory |editor1=Martin E. Marty |editor2=R. Scott Appleby |title=Fundamentalisms and the State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC&pg=PA273 |year=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50884-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart }}
* {{cite book |author=Jacob Copeman |chapter=The Mimetic Guru : Tracing the Real in Sikh-Dera Sacha Sauda Relations |editor1=Jacob Copeman |editor2=Aya Ikegame |title=The Guru in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_byVNXT1aEC&pg=PA156 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29806-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kahn Singh Nabha |title=Mahan Kosh |volume=1 |publisher=Jiwan Singh and Chattar Singh |year=2004 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Meeta |author2=Rajivlochan |title=Caste and Religion in Punjab: Case of the Bhaniarawala Phenomenon |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=21 |year=2007 |pages=1909–1913 |jstor=4419630 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Ronki Ram |title=Social Exclusion, Resistance and Deras: Exploring the Myth of Casteless Sikh Society in Punjab |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=40 |year=2007 |pages=4066–4074 |jstor=40276650 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Surinder Singh |title=Deras, Caste Conflicts and Recent Violence in Punjab |year=2009 |journal=Mainstream |volume=12 |issue=18 |url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1425.html }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Surinder Singh |author2=Jasbir Singh |title=Deras, Dalit Assertion and Resistance: A Case Study of Dera Baba Bhure Shah Sappanwala |year=2017 |journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.1177/2455328X17721548 |s2cid=158743077 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:New religious movements in India]]

Mokshada Ekadashi

2025-12-01T15:53:17Z

TKMD:

{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
{{Infobox holiday|
| holiday_name = Mokshada Ekadashi
| image = Bhagavata Gita Bishnupur Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
| caption = The day [[Krishna]] delivers the [[Bhagavad Gita]] to [[Arjuna]] in the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]]
| nickname = Margashirsha Mokshada Ekadashi day
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| date = {{Hindu festival date}}
| observances = Prayers and religious rituals, including [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]]
| type = Hindu
| significance = This vrat is believed to liberate the [[soul]] from the cycle of birth and death
| date2016 =
| date2018 =
| date2022 = December 3
}}

'''Mokshada Ekadashi''' ({{Langx|sa|मोक्षदा एकादशी|lit=The eleventh day of moksha|translit=Mokṣadā Ekādaśī}}) is a Hindu holy day, which falls on the 11th lunar day ([[ekadashi]]) of the fortnight of the waxing moon in the [[Hindu month]] of [[Margashirsha]] (Agrahayana), corresponding to November–December. Hindus, particularly [[Vaishnavas]], observe a 24-hour fast in honour of the deity [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].

Mokshada Ekadashi is an auspicious day dedicated to worship of Vishnu for liberation from sins, and to achieve [[moksha]] (liberation) after death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ekadashivrat.com/mokshada-ekadashi/95/|title=Mokshada Ekadashi 2018|date=31 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> It is celebrated on the same day as [[Gita Mahotsav|Gita Jayanti]], the day when Krishna gave the holy sermon of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' to [[Arjuna]], as described in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The 700-verse ''Bhagavad Gita'' told at the beginning of the climactic [[Mahabharata war]] between the Pandavas and their cousins, the [[Kauravas]] at [[Kurukshetra]], deals with a variety of Hindu philosophical ideas.{{Sfn|Melton|2011|p=585}}<ref name="Moksha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hknet.org.nz/ekadasi-2.htm#Mokshada|title=Mokshada Ekadasi|access-date=26 November 2012|publisher=ISKCON}}</ref>

==Legend==
The legend about Mokshada Ekadashi is narrated by the god Krishna to the Pandava King [[Yudhishthira]] in the [[Brahmanda Purana]] and the [[Padma Purana]]. Once, a saintly king called [[Vaikhanasa]] ruled in the city of Champaka. One night, the king had a dream, where he saw his [[Pitrs|forefathers]] being tormented in [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]] (Hell) who begged the king to liberate them. The king was highly anguished and related this nightmare to the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] of his council the next day. He sought their advice as to how to free his ancestors from tortures of Naraka, and grant them [[moksha]] (salvation). The council advised the king to approach the omniscient saint, Parvata Muni (sage of the mountain). The sage meditated and found the reason for the hellish torture of the king's father. He stated that his father had committed the sin of not fulfilling his sexual duty to his wife while she was ovulating, choosing to visit a village instead. As a solution to rectify the situation, the sage suggested to the king to observe ''[[vrata]]'' (vow) of the Mokshada Ekadashi day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-29 |title=The importance of the Mokṣadā Ekādaśī [Chapter 39] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365616.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> On Moksha Ekadashi, the king observed the vrata with a complete fast along with his wife, children, and relatives with full faith and devotion. The king's [[Punya (Hinduism)|religious merit]] (obtained from the vrata) pleased the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] of [[Svarga]], who carried the king's father to their heaven. Mokshada Ekadashi is compared with the [[Cintamani (jewel)|chintamani]], the gem that yields all desires. Special merit is said to be achieved by the vrata, by which one can elevate someone from hell to heaven, or attain salvation himself.{{Sfn|Melton|2011|p=585}}<ref name=Moksha/>

==Practices==
The complete fast from sunrise on Mokshada Ekadashi to the dawn the next day is observed. People who cannot fast for that period observe a partial fast. Only vegetarian food, especially fruits, vegetables, milk products and nuts, are consumed. Eating rice, beans, pulses, garlic, and onions is prohibited on this day.{{Sfn|Melton|2011|p=585}}

Like most ekadashis, the rites involve worship and prayers to Vishnu. On this day, the avatar Krishna is also worshipped. Devotees properly observing the fast are believed to attain moksha after death.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=444}}

== See also ==
* [[Vaikuntha Chaturdashi]]
* [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]
* [[Vrata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last= Lochtefeld |first= James G.|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=Putrada+Ekadashi&pg=PA227|access-date=22 November 2012|year=2002|publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598842050|pages=218–19, 226–27, 444}}
*{{cite book|last= Melton |first= J. Gordon |title= Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=Putrada+Ekadashi&pg=PA722 |access-date=22 November 2012|year=2011|publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598842050|page=585}}

[[Category:Ekadashi]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Sendamangalam

2025-11-18T18:03:42Z

TKMD: general corrected structure to improve readability

{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{other places|Sendamangalam (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Senthamangalam
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname = [[:Senthamangalam|Senthai]]
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Nainamalai.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.3000|N|78.2333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Senthamangalam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Senthamangalam City Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 240
| population_total = 27,800
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637409
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4286
| registration_plate = TN-88, Namakkal South
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sendamangalam''' (also transliterated as '''Senthamangalam''') is a [[municipality]] and [[Taluk]] in [[Namakkal district]] in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu

==History==
[[File:Thathagiri Murugan.JPG|200px|thumb|Thathagiri Murugan]]
The history of Sendamangalam, Namakkal is often confused with Sendamangalam,

==Geography==
Sendamangalam is located at {{Coord|11.30|N|78.23|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Sendamangalam.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sendamangalam]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|240|m|ft}}. Sendamangalam is close to [[Kolli Hills]] (கொல்லி மலை), which is part of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The closest river is the [[Kaveri river]]. The municipality is approximately {{convert|350|km|mi}} southwest of [[Chennai]], {{convert|255|km|mi}} south of [[Bangalore]], {{convert|50|km|mi}} south of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], {{convert|93|km|mi}} northwest of [[Tiruchirapalli]], and approximately {{convert|200|km|mi}} north of [[Madurai]].{{cn|date=August 2023}}

=== Climate ===
The temperature ranges from {{convert|20|C|F}} to {{convert|44|C|F}} throughout the year.{{cn|date=August 2023}}


== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
As of the 2001 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> there were 18,085 people. Males made up 50% of the population, and 50% were female. 9% of the population was under 6 years of age. The average literacy rate was 64%, above the national average of 59.5%. The census reported 73% of males were literate, while 56% of females were literate.



[[File:Thathagiri murugan mandabam.JPG|Thathagiri Murugan temple|thumb]]

== Government and politics ==
The Senthamangalam taluk is part of [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-09
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
=== Civic Administration ===
Sendamangalam began functioning as a taluk on 2 June 2015. It had previously been in [[Namakkal]] taluk.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-taluks-begin-to-function/article7276772.ece | title=New Taluks begin to function | date=3 June 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=13 December 2018 }}</ref>


== Transport ==
=== By Air ===
The nearest domestic airport is the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]].

=== By Rail ===
The nearest major railway stations are in [[Namakkal#Railway|Namakkal]] and [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]].
=== By Road ===
Sendamangalam is located {{convert|12|km|mi}} northeast from [[Namakkal]] on [[List of State Highways in Tamil Nadu|State Highway SH-95]].


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Sendamangalam
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.agaram.tn.gov.in/dtp/panmain.asp?pan_name=Sendamangalam Sendamangalam Town Panchayat: Tamil Nadu Government Directorate of Panchayats]
* [http://gisd.tn.nic.in/tnmaps/blks_info.asp?dcode='NAM'&blk_name='Sendamangalam'&drdcd='24010' Sendamangalam Block Panchayat Villages]
* [http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/ Namakkal District Webpage (Official Website of Namakkal District Government)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926145452/http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/ |date=26 September 2011 }}
* [http://www.twadboard.com/namakkal.html Namakkal District Water Supply Status (Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board)]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]

Banda, Madhya Pradesh

2025-11-15T02:28:27Z

TKMD: created the data initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = DAYASAGAR JI MAHARAJ NEMINAGAR BANDA (BELAI) SAGAR M.P..jpg
| image_alt = DAYASAGAR JI MAHARAJ NEMINAGAR BANDA (BELAI) SAGAR M.P..jpg
| image_caption = Dayasagar Ji Maharaj
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|02|26|N|78|57|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 358
| population_total = 30,923
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =  PIN code
| postal_code = 470335
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Banda'''(बंडा) is city and a [[Nagar panchayat]] in [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Banda also a tehsil headquarter in Sagar.

== Geography ==
Banda is located at {{Coord|24.04|N|78.96|E}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Banda.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Banda, India }}</ref> Banda has an average elevation of 508 metres (1669 ft).

==Demographics==
===Population===
The Banda Nagar Panchayat has population of 30,923 of which 15,962 are males while 14,961 are females as Census India 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802155-banda-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Banda Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 | Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

===Sex ratio===
Banda Nagar Panchayat, female sex ratio is of 937 against state average of 931. Moreover the child sex ratio in Banda is around 991 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918.

===Literacy rate===
Banda city is 82.80% higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Banda, male literacy is around 89.75% while the female literacy rate is 75.31%.

==Places of interest==
[[File:DAYASAGAR JI MAHARAJ NEMINAGAR BANDA (BELAI) SAGAR M.P..jpg|thumb|Digamber Jain Tirtha Kshetra]]
Neminagar Jain Tirth is in Banda tehsil located 30 km from Sagar on National Highway NH-86. It was built in the name of Aacharya [[Shri#Repetition|Shri 108]] Nemisagar ji maharaj by the blessings of his disciple aacharya 108 shri dayasagar ji maharaj. This temple has one choubisi (24 tirthankars god on 24 different altars), one levitated trikal choubisi (Lords of time passes, the time now and time to be), and a navagraha mandir (Lords of nine planets).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Temple Details |url=https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-1008-Adinath-Digamber-Jain-Tirth-Kshetra-Nemigiri,-Banda,-District---Sagar-(Madhya-Pradesh) |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.jainmandir.org}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Banda is well Connected by Roads.
Sagar is 35 km away from Banda. Daily bus service is available there.

== See also ==
* [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda Assembly]]
* [[Shahgarh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/madhya-pradesh/sagar/banda-belai-so#:~:text=Banda%20Belai%20SO%20%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%20Madhya,%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20PIN%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%20470335%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88. Pin Code]

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Sagar district]]

National Highway 125 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-20T13:22:23Z

TKMD: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 9 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Vyavahāramālā

2025-10-17T10:11:46Z

TKMD: started a entry and citations

{{italic title}}
''' ''Vyavahāramālā'' ''' is a treatise in [[Sanskrit]] on [[jurisprudence]] and legal practices composed by an unknown scholar from Kerala sometime during the 16th-17th centuries CE. This was the standard reference for legal practices in the kingly courts of the erstwhile kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin till the adoption of modern legal practices under the supervision and guidance of [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]] (1778 – 1858) who had served as Resident and Diwan of the States of Travancore and Cochin between 1810 and 1819.<ref name=Ulloor2/> However, Munro's reforms did not make ''Vyavahāramālā'' completely obsolete. Munro used it to develop an Anglo-Indian code of law for the Travancore kingdom called ''Caṭṭavariyōla'' and established a hierarchy of courts and the rules for presenting cases in those courts.<ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last1=Davis, D. R. |title=Recovering the Indigenous Legal Traditions of India: Classical Hindu Law in Practice in Late Medieval Kerala |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=1999 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=159–213 |doi=10.1023/a:1026483519342}}</ref>

''Vyavahāramālā'' is a digest of rules on legal procedure extracted from the well-known ancient ''Smṛti'' called ''Parāśarasmṛiti''.<ref name=Ulloor2/> Based on the
selection and organization of the verses collected in the ''Vyavahāramālā'' one could see that is a it is a collection of verses on law and legal
procedure based on the ''Vyavahāranirṇaya'' of Varadaraja.<ref name=Davis/> It is a work consisting of 1234 verses and the main part is divided into 19 chapters called ''prakaraṇa''-s. Before starting the ''prakaraṇa''-s, the author has dealt with some general requirements of legal procedures like qualities of the judge, the layout of the court, etc. The first eleven ''prakaraṇa''-s deal with civil laws, the next five ''prakaraṇa''-s deal with criminal laws, the seventeenth ''prakaraṇa'' discusses laws relating to partition of property, the eighteenth one deals with some further aspects of criminal laws and the final ''prakaraṇa'' is devoted miscellaneous topics not touched upon in the previous chapters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asoka kumar V |title=Vyavaharamala: Translation and study |date=2002 |publisher=Kerala University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/394252/8/08_chapter%202.pdf|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

==Authorship==

Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer in his multi-volume "''Kerala Sahithya Charithram''" ("''History of Literature in Kerala''") claimed that [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri]] (c. 1540–1610) who hailed from Kerala, India was the author of ''Vyavahāramāla''.<ref name=Ulloor>{{cite book |last1=Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram Part II |date=September 1954 |publisher=Department of Publications, University of Travancore |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 July 2024}} (pages 293–301)</ref>
But curiously, in a Malyalam translation of ''Vyavahāramāla'' authored by Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer himself, there is no mention of the authorship of ''Vyavahāramāla''.<ref name=Ulloor2>{{cite book |last1=S. Paramesvara Aiyar |title=Vyavaharamala (edited with an introduction and an appendix) |date=1925 |publisher=Govt of Travancore |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2_by_Ulloor_1925.pdf |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> It appears that the authorship of ''Vyavahāramāla'' has not been determined definitively.<ref name=Rajee>{{cite book |last1=Rajee P V |title=Vyavaharamala: A text on Indian jurisprudence |date=2008 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/135998 |access-date=24 July 2024}} (A PhD thesis on ''Vyavahaaramālā'' submitted to Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri in 2008)</ref>

==Contents==

The following list of topics discussed in ''Vyavahāramāla'' indicates the nature of the contents in the work.<ref name=Rajee2>{{cite book |last1=Rajee P V |title=Vyavaharamala: A text on Indian jurisprudence |date=2008 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/135998/10/10_chapter%20iv.pdf |access-date=24 July 2024}} (Chapter IV of a PhD thesis on ''Vyavahaaramālā'' submitted to Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri in 2008)</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|style=width: 900px;|
# Origin, definition and classifications of ''vyavahāra''
# ''Dharma'' of chief justice
# The construction of court
# Non-suit
# Punishments: the king's authority
# The methods of court procedure
# Compromise of ''vādi-pradivādi''
# Trail the dispute according to ''pramāṇa''s
# The evidence as a witness
# Documents of victory-judgment(''jayapatra'')
# Truth ordeal
# Payment and recovery of debts
# The definition of interest
# Pledge-mortgages
# Surety-ship
# Payment and recovery of debts
# Sale-without ownership
# Partnership
# Resumption of gift
# Law of master (Breach of contract of service)
# Non-payment of wages
# ''Swamipāla vivāda prakaraṇa''
# Custom according to the caste and tribes
# Non-delivery after sale
# Goods buying and selling
# Boundary disputes
# Defamation: classification of crimes
# Assault
# Theft
# Crimes of violence
# Adultery and rape
# Partition
# Gambling and betting
# Miscellaneous matters
}}

==Full texts==

* The full text of ''Vyavahāramālā'' in Malayalam script with a translation in Malayalam by Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyar is available in Wikimedia at the link [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2_by_Ulloor_1925.pdf HERE].
* The full text of ''Vyavahāramālā'' in Devanagari script with an English translation is available as part of a Ph D thesis submitted to Kerala University in December 2002: {{cite book |last1=Asoka kumar V |title=Vyavaharamala: Translation and study |date=2002 |publisher=Kerala University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/394252/15/15_text%20with%20english%20translation.pdf|access-date=25 July 2024}}
* Full text of ''Vyavahāramālā'' in Devanagari script is available in the [[Internet Archive]] at the link [https://archive.org/details/vyavaharamalavenkatasarmavidyabhusanvenkataramasharmaanandashram121_202003_736_N/mode/2up?view=theater HERE].
* For a detailed account of the work, see the PhD thesis on ''Vyavahaaramālā'' submitted to [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] in 2008: {{cite book |last1=Rajee P V |title=Vyavaharamala: A text on Indian jurisprudence |date=2008 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/135998 |access-date=17 July 2024}}
* A digitized scanned copy of a palm-leaf manuscript of a detailed commentary in Malayalam of ''Vyavahāramālā'' composed probably sometime before 1809 has been preserved in the Gundert Collection in the [[University of Tübingen]]. The same is available for view at the link [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/MaI286#p=1 HERE] and for download at the link [http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/MaI286/pdf HERE] (270 MB).

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jurisprudence| ]]
[[Category:Early modern law| ]]
[[Category:Philosophy of law| ]]
[[Category:Political philosophy literature]]
[[Category:Social sciences]]
[[Category:Customary legal systems]]
[[Category:Hindu law| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]

Bhadriraju Krishnamurti

2025-10-16T15:59:56Z

TKMD: created initial info needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian linguist (1928–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhadriraju Krishnamurti
| image = Bhadriraju_krishnamurti.jpg
| caption = Krishnamurti in 2010
| order = Professor of Linguistics (Founder and Head of the department) [[Osmania University]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1988 (On leave of absence 1986–88)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y |1928|6|19|}}
| birth_place = [[Ongole]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2012|8|11|1928|6|19}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| spouse = Bh. Syamala
| profession = [[Historical linguistics|Historical linguist]] Dravidian linguist [[Academician]] [[Academic administration|Administrator]]
| order1 = Vice-Chancellor [[University of Hyderabad]]
| term_start1 = 1986
| term_end1 = 1993
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 = Resident Fellow Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences [[Stanford University]]
| term_start2 = 1975
| term_end2 = 1976, 2000 fall
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = Member [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2000
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| order5 = Honorary Professor [[Andhra University]]
| term_start5 = 2003
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| website =
}}

'''Bhadriraju Krishnamurti''' (19 June 1928 – 11 August 2012) was an Indian [[Linguistics|linguist]] who specialised in [[Dravidian languages]]. He was born in [[Ongole]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/linguistics/krishnamurti.html |title=Brief biography of Bhadriraju Krishnamurti. |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013027/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/linguistics/krishnamurti.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the vice-chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad]] from 1986 to 1993, and founded the Department of Linguistics at [[Osmania University]], where he served as a professor from 1962 to 1986. His [[magnum opus]], ''The Dravidian Languages'', is considered a landmark volume in the study of Dravidian linguistics.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4145764 R. E. Asher, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 67, No. 1 (2004), pp. 95–97]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028959 Ian Smith, Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 46, No. 1 (Spring, 2004), pp. 125–128]</ref><ref>[http://www.sil.org:8090/silebr/2009/silebr2009-001 WISE, Mary Ruth, author. 2009. Review of: The Dravidian languages, by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti. SIL Electronic Book Reviews 2009-001: 4] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702084640/http://www.sil.org:8090/silebr/2009/silebr2009-001 |date=2 July 2012 }}</ref>

Krishnamurti was a student and close associate of [[Murray Barnson Emeneau]]. He got his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1955 and 1957, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2019|title=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti – Scholars {{!}} Institute for Advanced Study|url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/bhadriraju-krishnamurti|access-date=23 October 2020|website=ias.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=12 August 2012|title=Linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/linguist-bhadriraju-krishnamurti-dead/article3757019.ece|access-date=23 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=A Fulbright and Smith-Mundt Fellowship in 1953 paved way for him to pursue masters degree in linguistics at University of Pennsylvania during 1954–55.}}</ref> His grandson, Ravi Bhadriraju, was a rhythm guitarist in the famous [[Death metal|death metal band]], ''[[Job for a Cowboy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Homegrown|title=32 Musicians of Indian Descent Creating Sensational Sounds Abroad [Vol. II]|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/35566/32-musicians-of-indian-descent-creating-sensational-sounds-abroad-vol-ii|access-date=24 October 2020|website=homegrown.co.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Contribution to linguistics==
Krishnamurti is considered to be among the first to apply the rigour of modern comparative linguistic theory to further the study of [[Dravidian languages]]. His thesis ''Telugu Verbal Bases'' (1961) is the first comprehensive account of comparative Dravidian phonology and derivational morphology of verbal bases in Dravidian from the standpoint of Telugu. His comprehensive grammar on [[Konda language (Dravidian)|{{IAST|koṃḍa}}]] or Kūbi is a monumental work in the area of non-literary Dravidian languages.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Krishnamurti|first1=Bhadriraju|title=Telugu Verbal Bases|date=1972|publisher=Shri Jainendra Press|isbn=9780608110523}}</ref> His research was devoted to the central problems of [[phonology]] and morphology/syntax of Dravidian, and he made significant contributions in advancing the then nascent field of comparative and historical Dravidian studies in the second half of the twentieth century. His ''Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives'' is a collection of twenty-one important articles published during the period 1955–1998, which attempts to provide solutions to many outstanding problems of Dravidian linguistics. His recent work ''The Dravidian Languages'' published by Cambridge University Press (2003) is a culmination of the scholarly research carried out by him in the last fifty years. It replaces [[Robert Caldwell|Caldwell]]'s one-hundred-fifty-year-old ''A comparative Grammar of Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages'' as a comprehensive and authoritative source of reference on the Dravidian languages.

After a brief service (1960–61) at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], he returned to India and started the Department of Linguistics at [[Osmania University]] which later became the first center of Advanced Studies in Linguistics in India. He was also instrumental in conceptualizing, designing and implementing the compilation of ''A Telugu Dialect Dictionary of Occupational Vocabularies'' in Andhra Pradesh, India, and so far over a dozen volumes covering different occupations and dialects have been published. This series is first of its kind in India.

==Positions held==
Krishnamurti worked as a lecturer in Telugu at [[Andhra University]] (1949–61); Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (1960–61); Reader in Telugu, S. V. U.(1961–62); Professor of Linguistics (1962–88), Osmania University, Dean, Faculty of Arts (1973–76), Member, Univ Syndicate (1971–75); Director, Southern Regional Centre, [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (1978–82); Vice-Chancellor, University of Hyderabad (1986–93), Honorary Professor, University of Hyderabad 1993–99; Andhra University 2003–.

Krishnamurti was also associated with the study of South Indian languages in many western institutions, and was a visiting professor of linguistics at several universities. He was the first Asian Fellow at ANU (1974), a Resident Fellow at the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]], Stanford (1975–76), and Rama Watumaull Distinguished Indian Scholar at the University of Hawaii (1995).

He was a visiting professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1967), Cornell University, Ithaca (1967,
1970), Australian National University (1974), Tokyo University (1982), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (1983), University
of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1986), University of Hawaii (1995), University of Texas at Arlington (1995).
Resident Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (2000
–2001), Member, [[Institute for Advanced Study]], Princeton (1999–2000), Visiting Fellow,
Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, Institute for Advanced Study, La Trobe University, Melbourne
(2001), Visiting Scientist, [[Max Planck Institute]] in Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
(2003 September–November); He was also served as President of the Linguistic Society of India in 1970, and also as President of the [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]] in 1980.

==Awards==
He was the first of the two Indian scholars to become a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (2004),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1180227.ece |title=National / Andhra Pradesh: Creating a 'pan-Dravidian' identity |work=The Hindu|date=17 January 2008 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> and only second Indian after [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|S. K. Chatterji]] to receive an honorary membership from the [[Linguistic Society of America]] in 1985. He was elected Corresponding Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], UK, in 2004. He had been an executive member of [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 1990–2002. He was conferred an honorary doctorate in literature by [[Sri Venkateswara University]] in 1998, and by [[Dravidian University]] in 2007. He was elected Fellow of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, in 2004. He received the Gidugu Ramamurti Award at the 15th TANA (Telugu Association of North America), Detroit, July 2005. He was the first recipient of the Telugu Bhaarati Award instituted by C.P.Brown Academy, Hyderabad (2008). He also received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 10th ATA (American Telugu Association), New Jersey, for significant contributions to Telugu and Dravidian linguistics, 3–5 July 2008. He was presented Indian Linguistics, Vol. 70, as [[Festschrift]] by the Linguistic Society of India, on the occasion of his 80th birth year in 2009.

He died after a brief illness in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3757019.ece |title=Cities / Hyderabad : Linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti dead |work=The Hindu|date=12 August 2012 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref>

==Publications in English==

===Authored===
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= Telugu Verbal Bases: A Comparative and Descriptive Study (reprinted 1972) |series= UCPL |volume= 24 |year= 1961 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn= 978-1-258-17843-7}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |author2=P. Sivananda Sarma |title= A Basic Course in Modern Telugu |year= 1968 |publisher= Department of Linguistics, Osmania University (reprinted in 2006 by Telugu Akademi, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad) |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= {{IAST|koṃḍa}} or Kūbi: A Dravidian Language |series= Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institute |volume= 2 |year= 1969 |publisher= Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |author2=Djordje Kostic'|author3= Alokananda Mitter |title= A Short Outline of Telugu Phonetics |year= 1977 |publisher= Indian Statistical Institute|location= Calcutta}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |author2=J P L Gwynn |author2-link=J P L Gwynn |title= A Grammar of Modern Telugu |year= 1985 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-19-561664-4}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |author2=I. Ramabrahmam|author3= C. R. Rao|author3-link= C. R. Rao|title= Evaluation of Total Literacy Campaigns: Chittoor and Nizamabad Districts of Andhra Pradesh |year= 1995 |publisher= Book Links Corporation |location= Hyderabad |isbn= 978-81-85194-35-6}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= Language, Education and Society |year= 1998 |publisher= Sage |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7036-695-9}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives |year= 2001 |publisher= Oxford University Press, USA |isbn= 978-0-19-824122-5}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= The Dravidian Languages |edition= 1 |series= Cambridge Language Surveys |year= 2003 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= Studies in Telugu Linguistics |year= 2010 |publisher= C P Brown Academy |location= Hyderabad |isbn= 978-93-8012-099-7}}

===Edited===
*{{cite book |last1= Emeneau |first1= M.B. |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Studies in Indian Linguistics: Professor M. B. Emeneau {{IAST|Ṣaṣṭ}}ipūrti Volume |year= 1968 |publisher= Centres of Advanced Study in Linguistics |location= Poona and Annamalainagar }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |editor2-first= Aditi |editor2-last= Mukherji |title= Modernization of Indian Languages in News Media |year= 1984|publisher= Department of Linguistics, Osmania University |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |editor2-first=C.P. |editor2-last=Massica |editor3-first=A.K |editor3-last=Sinha |title= South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence, and Diglossia (Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the South Asian Languages and Linguistics) |year= 1986 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |location= Delhi }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |editor2-last= Dimock |editor2-first= Edward C. |editor3-last= Kachru |editor3-first=Brah |title= Dimensions of Sociolinguistics in South Asia: Papers in Memory of Gerald Kelley |year= 1992 |publisher= Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. P.Ltd. |location= Delhi }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |others= Chaganti Vijayasree |title= Gold Nuggets: An Anthology of Telugu Short Stories of the Post-Independence Period in Translation |publisher= Sahitya Akademi |location= New Delhi }}

==Publications in Telugu==

===Authored===
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |author2=Eswara Reddy|title= janawācakam in 5 Volumes (One primer and workbook, two readers and a teacher's guide for Telugu non-literates) |year= 1980 |publisher= Director of Adult Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh|location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= Tēlika telugu wācakam (Literacy Primer in Telugu, Parts I & II) |publisher= Visalandhra Publishers |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |last1= Krishnamurti |first1= Bhadriraju |title= cinnanāTi padyālu (Poems of Younger Days) |year= 1998 |publisher= Author |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |title= {{IAST|bhāSa, samājam, saṃskṛti}} (Language, Society and Culture)|year= 1999 |publisher= Nilkamal Publishers |location= Hyderabad |isbn= 978-81-86804-46-9 }}

===Edited===
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurthi |title= (Ed. & Comp.) {{IAST|Mānṇḍalika Writtipadakōśam}}: A Telugu Dialect Dictionary of Occupational Vocabularies |volume= I: Agriculture Vocabulary |year= 1962 |publisher= A.P.Sahitya Akademi (Reprinted 1974) |location= Hyderabad: A.P. |isbn= 978-1-179-07882-3 }}
*{{cite book |author=A. Ramakrishna Rao & D.V. Avadhani |editor1-first=Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Tikkana padaprayōga kōśam (A Concordance of Tikkana's Māhābhārata, a literary work of the 13th century) |volume= I |year= 1971 |publisher= A.P. Sahitya Akademi |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= {{IAST|Māṇḍalika Writtipadakōśam}}: A Telugu Dialect Dictionary of Occupational Vocabularies |volume= II: Handloom Vocabulary |year= 1972 |publisher= A.P. Sahitya Akademi |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |author=A. Ramakrishna Rao & D.V. Avadhani |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Tikkana padaprayōga kōśam (A Concordance of Tikkana's Māhābhārata, a literary work of the 13th century) |volume= II |year= 1974 |publisher= A.P. Sahitya Akademi |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Telugu bhāSā caritra (A History of the Telugu Language) |publisher= A.P. Sahitya Akademi (2nd edition 1979; reprinted six times by Telugu University till 2006)|location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |author=A. Ramakrishna Rao & D.V. Avadhani |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Tikkana padaprayōga kōśam (A Concordance of Tikkana's Mahābhārata, a literary work of the 13th Century) |volume= III |year= 1977|publisher= A.P. Sahitya Akademi |location= Hyderabad }}
*{{cite book |author=Budaraju Radhakrishna |editor1-first= Bhadriraju |editor1-last= Krishnamurti |title= Bhāratīya Sāhityam: Samakālika kathānikalu (Contemporary Indian Short Stories) [in English] |year= 1996 |publisher= Sahitya Akademi |location= New Delhi }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.academia.edu/5566024/Professor_Bhadriraju_Krishnamurti_1928-2012_ Bhadriraju Krishnamurti] at academia.edu

{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju}}
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]

Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System

2025-10-15T02:09:48Z

TKMD:

{{Short description|Bus system in Hubballi and Dharwad, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=October 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Hubali-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System Hubbaḷḷi-Dhāravāḍa Bus Kṣipra Sārige Vyavasthe
| image = Dharwad BRTS.jpg
| locale = [[Hubballi-Dharwad]], Karnataka, India
| transit_type = [[Bus rapid transit]]
| began_operation = {{start date and age|2 October 2018}}
| system_length = {{convert|22|km|mi}} (70 km proposed)
| lines = 6 (trunk and feeder) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hdbrts.co.in/features.php |title=HDBRTS | Salient Features |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128164835/http://www.hdbrts.co.in/features.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| stations = 32
| ridership = 100,000
| track_gauge =
| operator = Hubballi–Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd
| website = {{url|http://www.hdbrts.com}}
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = HDBRTS Chigari bus in [[Dharwad]]
| owner =
| area served = [[Hubballi-Dharwad]]
| line_number =
| start = Dharwad City Bus Terminal (C.B.T)
| end = Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji – Hubballi Junction (Hubli Railway station)
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| character =
| vehicles = 100
| image2 = Dharwad BRTS terminal.jpg
| caption2 = BRTS Terminal [[Dharwad]]
| map_name = Hubli-Dharwad BRTS map system (as of Nov 2021)
|map = {{HDBRTS|inline=y}}
|map_state = show
}}

'''Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System''' ('''HDBRTS''') is a [[bus rapid transit system]] built to serve the twin cities of [[Hubballi|Hubali]] and [[Dharwad]], located in the North-Western part of [[Karnataka]] state in India. Hubali-Dharwad BRTS (HDBRTS) project is a [[Government of Karnataka]] initiative to foster long-term economic growth in the region. The project promotes public transportation between the twin cities and aims to reduce congestion and air pollution in the region.

The {{cvt|22.5|km}} dedicated BRT corridor connects Hubali and Dharwad. This system will not only transport 17500 (1.75 lakh){{citation needed|date=May 2025}} daily passengers currently using the buses on this corridor but also provide an alternative for the private vehicle users travelling on this corridor.

The Hubali-Dharwad BRTS project was implemented as part of the Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP) and funded by the Government of [[Karnataka]], [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MHUA), [[World Bank]] and [[Global Environment Facility]] (GEF). The total cost of the project is ₹970.87 crore (9.71 billion rs). {{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Hubali-Dharwad BRTS Company Limited ==
The Hubali-Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd, a special purpose vehicle (SPV), is the nodal agency that implemented the BRT System. In addition to the managing director, the company also has four Deputy General Managers (Admin, Finance, Infrastructure, and Operations & ITS) and a Chief Security Officer{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}.

=== Board of directors ===
# Commissioner, Directorate of Urban Land Transport, Government of Karnataka - chairman of the board.
# Deputy Commissioner, Dharwad
# Managing Director, NWKRTC
# Managing Director, KRDCL
# Managing Director, HDBRTS
# Commissioner of Police, Hubali-Dharwad Police
# Additional Commissioner, Department of Transport & Enf, North Zone, Dharwad
# Commissioner, HDMC
# Commissioner, HDUDA
# Chief Engineer, PWD, CAB, North Zone, Dharwad

== BRT corridor ==
The length of the Hubali-Dharwad BRTS corridor is {{cvt|22.25|km}} from CBT Hubali to CBT–Dharwad with the width of the cross-sections ranging from 44m to 35m. The BRTS corridor includes segregated bus lanes, access-controlled bus stations, physical and fare integration with BRT feeder services. In addition, there is a system of off-board ticketing through smart cards and bar-coded paper tickets, an intelligent transport system and high-quality buses (Standard AC buses). The corridor has been designed for operating regular and express services. It consists of two lanes for BRTS buses on either side of the median bus station, facilitating overtaking lanes for express services. Foot bridges at six locations, Pelican signals, and synchronized signal management are proposed to facilitate the easy approach of passengers to bus stations.

== Bus stations ==
32 stations have been constructed on the median along the BRTS corridor. Based on the passenger load and interchange opportunity, there are 7 three-bay bus stations and 24 two-bay bus stations.
== Buses ==
[[File:Dharwad bus rapid transit system interior.jpg|thumb|''BRTS Dharwad bus interior'']]
One hundred "Chigari" (ಚಿಗರಿ, meaning "[[Black buck]]" in [[Kannada]]), custom-built buses with violet livery, made by [[UD Trucks]], buses division (a subsidiary of [[Isuzu]], Japan), form the fleet of the Hubballi-Dharwad BRTS Company. HDBRTS system is the best of its kind in India, with premium 12 m AC buses to ensure passenger comfort and safety at an affordable rate.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} The BRT buses are BS-IV compliant, meeting UBS-II specifications, with a provision for wheelchairs and baby buggies. The buses are facilitated with on-board ITS for real-time passenger information, CCTV surveillance for safety and an announcement system. The bus has seating capacity of 37 + 1, with reservation for ladies (12), senior citizens (2) and specially-abled (2).

== Routes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Bus ID
!Type
!Route
|-
|'''200D-U'''
|All Stops
|Hubballi Old Bus Station - Dharwad BRTS Terminal
|-
|'''201B-D'''
|All Stops
|Dharwad New Bus Station - SSS Hubballi Junction Railway Station
|-
|'''201B-U'''
|All Stops
|SSS Hubballi Junction Railway Station - Dharwad New Bus Station
|-
|'''200D-D'''
|All Stops
|Dharwad BRTS Terminal - Hubballi Old Bus Station
|-
|'''200A-A'''
|All Stops
|Dharwad BRTS Terminal - Hubballi City Bus Station
|-
|'''200A-U'''
|All Stops
|Hubballi City Bus Station - Dharwad BRTS Terminal
|-
|'''100D-U'''
|Limited Stops
|Hubballi Old Bus Station - Dharwad BRTS Terminal
|-
|'''100D-D'''
|Limited Stops
|Dharwad BRTS Terminal - Hubballi Old Bus Station
|}

==Timing ==
The BRTS buses run from morning 6 am to 11 midnight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Timing of buses|url=https://hdbrts.com/en/travel-info/time-table/|access-date=|website=|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811062259/https://www.hdbrts.com/en/travel-info/time-table/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The duty hours of the ticket-issuing staff at the BRTS stations ends at 10 pm, after which, i.e., up to midnight, the passengers have to get the ticket from the conductor in the bus itself.

=== Frequency ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Time <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/chigari-now-runs-midnight-too-718120.html|title = 'Chigari' now runs at midnight too|date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>
!Frequency
|-
|'''1'''
|6 am to 8:30 am
|4 minute
|-
|'''2'''
|8:30 am to 12 pm
|3 minute
|-
|'''3'''
|12 pm to 4 pm
|25 minute
|-
|'''4'''
|4 pm to 8 pm
|15 minute
|-
|'''5'''
|8 pm to 10 pm
|5-6 minute
|-
|'''6'''
|10 pm to midnight
|15 minute
|}

== Feeder Buses ==
HDBRTS and NWKRTC started BRTS feeder buses named 'Chigari Samparka' on 16 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 December 2022|title=Feeder buses|url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/hdbrts-feeder-buses-chigari-samparka-launched//|access-date=|website=}}</ref> On a pilot basis, NWKRTC has started operating feeder buses between Sutagatti and Navanagar.

== Feeder Bus Routes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Route
!Via
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to Dharwad New Bus Stand
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Sutagatti to Navanagar
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to [[Gandhinagar, Dharwad]]
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to SDM Hospital
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to CBT, Hubballi or [[Hubli Junction railway station | Hubballi Railway Station]]
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to Hubballi Old Bus Stand or HDMC
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti
|-
|Navanagar/Sutagatti to [[KLE Technological University]]
|Karnataka Circle, Basaveshwara Circle (Navanagar), Cancer Hospital, Navanagar, RTO BRTS Station, Karnataka State Law University, Amar Nagar, Sutagatti<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/hdbrts-feeder-buses-chigari-samparka-launched | title=HDBRTS Feeder buses 'Chigari Samparka' launched | date=17 December 2022 }}</ref>
|}

== Project Status ==
HDBRTS commenced trial runs on 2 October 2018. The first trial run was initiated over an 8 km stretch between Hubballi Railway Station and Srinagar. The trial runs were slowly extended over the 20 km stretch between Hubballi and Dharwad. Different types of services were introduced during the trial run, like all-stops, limited-stops and non-stop. The fleet size has been increased, and HDBRTS currently{{when|date=April 2021}} operates a fleet of 100 buses with approximately 1,240 trips per day. Approximately 100,000 passengers travel with HDBRTS every day. The "Chigari" buses operate in "limited-stop" and "all-stop" modes. The travel time for "limited-stop" services is 35 minutes and for "all-stop" services is 55 minutes. [https://hdbrts.com/en/smart-card/smart-card-info/ Smart Card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231934/https://www.hdbrts.com/en/smart-card/smart-card-info/ |date=10 August 2023 }}, Web-portal and [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hubballi Mobile Application] were launched on 10 January 2020.

== Green BRTS ==
Green BRTS is an initiative of the Hubballi Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd., as a result of which, tree saplings have been planted at various locations in Hubballi and Dharwad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Green BRTS|url=https://hdbrts.com/en/about-us/project-details/green-brts/|access-date=|website=|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811062305/https://www.hdbrts.com/en/about-us/project-details/green-brts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Hubballi Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd. has planted approximately 27,500 saplings over a period of 5 years in the premises of government offices, schools, colleges and eco-parks.

Approximately 5,000 saplings have been planted along the HDBRTS corridor. An initiative to map the plantation under Green BRTS was started in June 2016 by the Directorate of Urban Land Transport and Hubballi Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd. This mapping initiative supports an online public platform for intimating to the government, or otherwise ascertaining from the government the status of the plantation. This will also help in analyzing the growth, survival rate, etc., of the trees at different stages. In addition, the effective selection of locations and species, maintenance schedule, etc., with public participation are a significant part of future plans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hdbrts.com/en/about-us/project-details/green-brts/|title=Hubballi-Dharwad BRTS Company Limited|access-date=30 January 2020|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811062305/https://www.hdbrts.com/en/about-us/project-details/green-brts/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==

# "Award of Excellence-2019" under "Best Urban Mass Transit Project" by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. [https://hdbrts.com/en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074119/https://hdbrts.com/en |date=28 May 2023 }}

== References ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120907064938/http://www.sutpindia.com/docs/4am11nov11_HubliDharwad.pdf feasiR bility report]
*[http://www.krdcl.in/html/OurProjects.html KRDCL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728045642/http://www.krdcl.in/html/OurProjects.html |date=28 July 2019 }}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/brts-commissioning-by-january-2015/article3980049.ece current status report]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007051604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-16/hubli/40006431_1_bus-rapid-transport-system-land-acquisition-brts-project land acquisition report]
*[https://www.deccanherald.com/chigari-now-runs-midnight-too-718120.html]

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cept.ac.in/184/center-for-excellence-in-urban-transport-coe- Center for Excellence in Urban Transport (CoE), CEPT University, Ahmedabad]
* [http://www.krdcl.in/index.html KRDCL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626235723/http://www.krdcl.in/index.html |date=26 June 2019 }}
* [http://www.nwkrtc.in/ NWKRTC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005085933/http://karunadu.gov.in/Pages/Default.aspx Govt. of Karnataka]

{{Bus rapid transit in India}}
{{Portal|Buses|Transport|India}}

[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Road transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Bus rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Karnataka]]

Jambhe

2025-09-20T08:04:47Z

TKMD: Made A Post.

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jambhe
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.795267|N|73.1408613|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 117
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2050
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551794
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jambhe''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Jambhe has 378 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.95%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2050 || 1030 || 1020
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 424 || 234 || 190
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2042 || 1024 || 1018
|-
| Literates || 861 || 491 || 370
|-
| Workers (all) || 1181 || 579 || 602
|-
| Main workers (total) || 559 || 270 || 289
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 454 || 213 || 241
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 85 || 44 || 41
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 18 || 12 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 622 || 309 || 313
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 72 || 50 || 22
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 543 || 253 || 290
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 6 || 5 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 869 || 451 || 418
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]