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Monte Carlo Fashions Limited

2026-05-07T11:26:10Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA:

{{Short description|Indian retail clothing chain}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=October 2023}}
{{Promotional|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Monte Carlo Fashions Limited (MCFL)
| logo = Mkfreelogo.jpg
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Ludhiana]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| ISIN = INE950M01013
| industry = Clothing
| traded_as = {{BSE|538836}} {{NSE|MONTECARLO}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1984|df=yes}}
| key_people = {{ubl|Jawahar Lal Oswal (Chairman)|Sandeep Jain (Executive Director)|Rishab Oswal (Executive Director)|Raj Kapoor Sharma ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]])}}<ref name="mc-shareholders">{{Cite web|title=SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION|url=https://montecarlocorporate.com/investor-relation/shareholding-information|url-status=live|access-date=2025-11-28|website=Monte Carlo Corporate}}</ref>
| location = [[Ludhiana, Punjab]], [[India]]
| locations = 4000+ stores
| products = Apparel, Athleisure, Home Textiles, Accessories
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.montecarlo.in|montecarlo.in}}
}}

'''Monte Carlo Fashions Limited''' (MCFL), commonly known as '''Monte Carlo''', is an Indian clothing company headquartered in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]] that engages in manufacture and trade of the premium and mid-premium wool and cotton, cotton blended, knitted, and woven apparels in India and internationally under the umbrella brand “Monte Carlo”. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/monte-carlo-ipo-fairly-priced-114120201190_1.html |title=Monte Carlo IPO: Fairly priced}}</ref>

== <big>History</big> ==
[[File:Monte Carlo Fashions Limited.svg|thumb|200px|Monte Carlo original logo]]

'''<big>Origins</big>'''

The origins of Monte Carlo Fashions Limited trace back to the founding of the Nahar Group in 1949 by Mr Vidya Sagar Oswal in Ludhiana, Punjab. Operating under the flagship entity Oswal Woollen Mills (OWM), the company initially specialized in hosiery and textile fabrics before identifying a major opportunity in the domestic readymade knitwear market. This led to a strategic expansion in 1972 with the establishment of a dedicated wool combing unit, which provided the technical expertise necessary for the eventual launch of Monte Carlo in 1984. Conceived as a premium brand for woollen winter wear, Monte Carlo quickly gained widespread recognition for its quality and was eventually honoured as a "Superbrand" in India. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Achary |first=Neel |date=28 September 2018 |title=Monte Carlo Reigns as the Superbrand for the 7th Year |url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/monte-carlo-reigns-superbrand-7th-year/}}</ref>

=== Brand growth ===

By the late 1990s, the brand transitioned from a winter-only label into a comprehensive, all-season fashion destination by entering the cotton segment and diversifying its catalogue to include shirts, trousers, and activewear. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214003117/http://www.superbrandsindia.com/superbrands2003/monte-carlo/index.htm Monte Carlo - Superbrand 2003 - 2005]</ref> The brand's retail strategy evolved significantly with the opening of its first exclusive retail outlet in 2005, followed by rapid expansion that reached a milestone of 100 showrooms across India by 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2009 |title=OWM celebrates 100th store’s opening |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/owm-celebrates-100th-store-s-opening/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> To streamline operations and capitalize on its growing market dominance, the readymade garment business was officially demerged from OWM into a separate corporate entity, Monte Carlo Fashions Limited, during the 2011-12 fiscal year. Under the continued leadership of Chairman Mr. Jawahar Lal Oswal, the company has grown into an industrial powerhouse, currently maintaining over 50% market share in the branded woollen segment and a massive retail footprint of more than 460 exclusive brand outlets and 3,000 multi-brand outlets.
[[File:MC HQ.jpg|thumb|Monte Carlo Exclusive Showroom, Ludhiana]]

=== Corporate evolution ===
MCFL was incorporated in 2008 and subsequently de-merged from OWM in 2011. In June 2012, Samara Capital acquired a minority stake or $32 million, with plans to exit through an eventual IPO.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Bhawna |title=Samara Capital invests $32 million in Monte Carlo |url=https://www.vccircle.com/samara-capital-invests-32m-monte-carlo-fashions |access-date=8 June 2012 |agency=VC Circle}}</ref> The company launched it's initial public offering (IPO) in 2014 and was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=BSE and NSE |url=https://www.nseindia.com/get-quote/equity/MONTECARLO/Monte-Carlo-Fashions-Limited}}</ref>

=== United Companies ===
The group stands as a collective of specialized entities, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nahar Group of Companies |url=https://owmnahar.com/spinning/about.php |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=owmnahar.com}}</ref>

* Oswal Woollen Mills Ltd.
* Monte Carlo Fashions Ltd.
* Nahar Spinning Mills Ltd.
* Nahar Industrial Enterprises Ltd.
* Nahar Poly Films Ltd.
* Nahar Capital and Financial Services Ltd.

'''<big>A Diversified Brand Umbrella</big>'''

Monte Carlo has expanded far beyond its woollen heritage to offer a comprehensive lifestyle portfolio:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Brand/ Line
!Target and style
!Key Products
|-
|Luxuria
|High-end luxury launched in 2010; Modern minimalism.
|Cash wool sweaters, blazers, premium coats
|-
|Alpha
|Made for empowered women; transitions from office to evening.
|Premium sweaters, cardigans, and sleek cotton tops.
|-
|Rock.It
|Bold athleisure for a new, active generation.
|High-performance track pants, polo t-shirts and shorts.
|-
|Tweens
|Bridging the gap for ages 7-13.
|Trendy, age-appropriate sweaters, shirts, and bottoms.
|-
|Cloak & Decker
|Urban aesthetics with a contemporary edge.
|Tailored silhouettes, jackets, and sweatshirts.
|-
|Monte Carlo Home
|Textiles that elevate everyday living.
|Mink blankets, bedsheets, and plush quilts.
|}

== Manufacturing ==
Monte Carlo operates two manufacturing facilities in Ludhiana, Punjab. An in-house team of over 26 designers creates more than 900 fresh styles every month.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY 26 EARNINGS |url=https://www.montecarlocorporate.com/Pdfs/Monte%20Carlo%20-%20Q1%20FY26%20Earnings%20Presentation%20v11%201754489810.pdf |website=MONTE CARLO CORPORATE}}</ref> The manufacturing units utilize fully automated, specialized machinery and whole garment manufacturing technology to ensure precision and seamless fit.

== Retail presence and Market reach ==
Monte Carlo maintains a massive pan- India presence across 20 states and 3 union territories:

* '''Exclusive Brand Outlets (EBOs):''' 460+ locations.
* '''Multi-Brand Outlets (MBOs):''' 3000+ locations.
* '''Other Channels:''' Over 500 Shop-in-Shops (SIS) and 1900+ Large Format Stores (LFS), including partners like Shoppers Stop, Pantaloons, and Reliance Trends.<ref>[https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/6bd64dba-1077-476e-a7ef-d8752ac167f4.pdf 6bd64dba-1077-476e-a7ef-d8752ac167f4.pdf]</ref>
* '''Digital Footprint:''' Strong availability through their official website and major platforms like Amazon, Myntra, Ajio, and Flipkart.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.montecarlocorporate.com Official website]
* https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/6bd64dba-1077-476e-a7ef-d8752ac167f4.pdf

[[Category:Clothing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Clothing brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Baburao Sadwelkar

2026-05-07T10:25:33Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian painter and art writer (1928–2000)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|06|28|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|11|23|1928|06|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| known_for = Painting
| image = Baburao Sadwelkar.jpg
| birth_place = [[Sawantwadi]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
}}
'''Baburao Sadwelkar''' (28 June 1928 – 23 November 2000) was an Indian painter, art writer, educator and administrator. He is known for his portraits, landscape and abstract paintings in the [[Impressionism|Impressionistic]] style.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Baburao Sadwelkar {{!}} DAG |url=https://dagworld.com/artists/baburao-sadwelkar/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=DAG World |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As an art educator, he brought a modern outlook to art education at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] after learning about the American art education model under a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]] in 1962–63. Sadwelkar was also passionate about the art tradition of [[Maharashtra]] and the art history of the Sir J. J. School of Art. From 1975 to 1986, he served as the Director of Art for Maharashtra State where the preservation and propagation of this artistic tradition prospered under his guidance. He wrote extensively about the art and artists from the state and which are considered as important art publications.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bahulkar |first=Suhas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl5czgEACAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Visual Art of Maharashtra: Artists of the Bombay School and Art Institutions (late 18th to Early 21st Century) |date=2021 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Sadwelkar's paintings receive less attention in today's art world. After being appointed as the state's art director, he spent a lot of time in administrative work which affected his artistic output. However, his paintings showcase mastery of drawing, great knowledge of colour and a modern approach towards the subject.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=बहुळकर |first=सुहास |title=सडवेलकर बाबुराव नारायण |trans-title=Sadwelkar Baburao Narayan |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/sadavaelakara-baabauraava-naaraayana |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sadwelkar was born on 28 June 1928 in [[Sawantwadi]], [[Bombay Presidency]] (now in [[Maharashtra]]). He was the eldest child among seven daughters and three sons of his parents, Narayan and Saraswati.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176016/ |title=India Who's Who 1980–81 |publisher=INFA Publications |edition= |location=New Delhi |pages=81}}</ref> His schooling till 1942 was completed at New High School in [[Kolhapur]]. After that, he passed his matriculation examination from Rajaram High School, Kolhapur in 1947. Growing up in the artistic atmosphere of Kolhapur increased his fascination with painting. However, his family forced him to pursue science after schooling. Due to his interest in painting, he became restless thereafter. In 1948, he got an opportunity to see a demonstration by renowned [[Mumbai|Bombay]] artist [[Sawlaram Haldankar|S. L. Haldankar]] at the Rajaram Art Society in Kolhapur. This was when Sadwelkar decided to study painting. His father was against it but his mother mortgaged her jewellery and sent him to Mumbai for art education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Sadwelkar – Press obituary |url=https://sadwelkar.com/baburao-press.htm |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=sadwelkar.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Painting ===
The influence of Kolhapur's art tradition on Sadwelkar began to wane shortly after his arrival in Mumbai. Initially he studied at the Haldankar's Fine Art Institute and appeared for the exams of the Sir J. J. School of Art. Working hard to earn a living on the side, he got admitted to the fourth year of the school in 1950 and gained reputation as a smart student in a short time. When he was a student at the School of Art, the teachers who taught there were accomplished in academic realism, Indian revivalism and modern art streams. At this time, the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]] was also formed which gained recognition for their experimental and rebellious art. Gradually, Sadwelkar's inclination towards modern art informed his landscapes, portraits and compositions. In 1952, he graduated from the School of Art with a G. D. in Art.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=576 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ – दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |location=मुंबई |pages=511–517 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 – Visual Arts |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref>

Sadwelkar received a fellowship from the School of Art in 1952–53. During this time, he was influenced by the painter [[Paul Klee]] and the philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|J. Krishnamurti]]. He became interested in understanding the various art forms and art movements of the western world and tried to paint in that style. At the end of the fellowship, Sadwelkar and his contemporary painters like [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V. S. Gaitonde]], [[Mohan Samant]], Ambadas Khobragade, [[Tyeb Mehta]] and many other young painters were struggling artists. Everyone gathered at the Artists’ Center in Mumbai and discussed about their work. In 1956, he formed the Bombay Group along with [[K. H. Ara]], [[Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar|K. K. Hebbar]], [[Shiavax Chavda]], [[Laxman Pai]], [[D. G. Kulkarni]], Mohan Samant and Harkishan Lall. He organized several group exhibitions on behalf of the group until it was dissolved 1962.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |editor-last=Doshi |editor-first=Dr. Saryu |title=Contemporary Art |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06879/ |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=79}}</ref>

=== Art educator ===
At the end of 1953, Sadwelkar was appointed as a teacher at the Sir J. J. School of Art. Along with the modern thinker and educator Shankar Palsikar, he started changing the style of art education in the school. Sadwelkar taught the [[mural]] decoration class which included a systematic study of [[fresco]], [[tempera]], [[mosaic]] and [[terracotta]] medium. While teaching at the School of Art, he was awarded the Fulbright Scholarship in 1962–63, under which he studied the nuances of American art education at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] in the United States.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho0002unse/ |title=International Who's Who in Art and Antiques |publisher=Melrose Press |year=1976 |isbn=9780900332371 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge, England |pages=331}}</ref>

After returning from the US, he began to apply the new teaching methods he had learned there. But in the atmosphere of Sir J. J. School of Art, it did not become very popular. He insisted that the artist should pursue other arts as well. He insisted on trying hard to put one's opinions & thoughts into practice and expressed contempt for those who did not. This led to differences with his contemporaries and many teachers of that time. Subsequently, he resigned as professor in 1971. From 1971 to 1974, he was a visiting faculty at the [[IDC School of Design]] and continued his life as a professional painter after that.<ref name=":1" />

=== Administration ===
Sadwelkar was appointed as the Director of Arts for Maharashtra State in 1975. His plans and efforts were directed towards preserving the art tradition of Maharashtra and making progress in the field of art education. However, in some cases, these plans did not work out. The apathy of the society and the government in this regard bothered him. Considering this fact, he was determined to create awareness about the painting-sculptural vision, traditional and folk arts in Maharashtra. He introduced ingenious and important schemes which provided impetus to the work of preservation and promotion of the state's art tradition.<ref name=":2" />

The preservation, conservation and exhibition of artworks created by the students and archived in the collections of the School of Art from 1885 to 1975, started under Sadwelkar's guidance. He started the practice of displaying paintings of notable artists from the past in State Art Exhibitions organized by the Directorate of Art so as to pay homage to them. The exhibition ''Art and Traditions of Maharashtra'' was held in Delhi on the occasion of [[Maharashtra Day]] in 1981, which was a resounding success. Further, he also urged the Government of Maharashtra to release calendars based on murals at [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], Pinguli's pictorial tradition as well as painters and sculptors from Maharashtra. As a part of this initiative, the government calendars featured research essays and editorials that uplifted its status. His work was recognized nationally and internationally. Among them, the 1977 calendar ''Art of Painting in Maharashtra'' received the National Award for Best Concept and Design.<ref name=":3" />

Due to the acceptance of the post of Director of Arts, Sadwelkar's painting routine gradually came to a standstill. It took him a long time to cope with the administrative work and the fierce opposition from some colleagues. But his work on preservation, study, promotion and writing about visual arts never stopped. This also inspired some of the next generation of artists to do this kind of work. He retired from the post of art director in 1986.<ref name=":0" /> Later, he was selected to the Board of Trustees, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay]] in 1990–91<ref name=":4" /> and was also the member of the general council at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Art writing ===
From the year 1955, Sadwelkar wrote extensively about art in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Sadwelkar {{!}} AAA Bibliography |url=http://aaabibliography.org/SearchTag?CaptionValue=Baburao%20Sadwelkar |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=Asia Art Archive}}</ref> The concept of the Sir J. J. School of Art's annual magazine ''Roopbheda'' was conceived by him and he edited the first edition published in 1956, followed by 1959, 1960 and 1968.<ref name=":5" /> His writings on art, artists and art criticism were published in magazines like ''Mauj'', ''Satyakatha'', ''Abhiruchi'', ''Navbharat'', [[Marg (magazine)|''Marg'']] and also in dailies like ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'' and ''[[Navshakti]]''. He wrote a number of entries for the ''[[Marathi Vishwakosh]]'' and worked as its consultant editor from 1977.<ref name=":2" /> He also gave lectures on [[All India Radio]] and participated in discussions on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2r1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXII, No.6 ( 5 FEBRUARY, 1967 ) |date=5 February 1967 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] (AIR) |location=New Delhi |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> In the year 1988, the [[Bombay Art Society]] completed its 100 years of existence. Sadwelkar organized a centennial exhibition in 1989 that showcased the transformation that took place in the field of visual arts during this time period. The ''Story of Hundred Years'' is an important book published on this occasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_npAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bombay Art Society, 1888–1988, Story of Hundred Years |date=1989 |publisher=[[Bombay Art Society]] |location=Mumbai |language=en}}</ref>

Sadwelkar's closeness with the Bombay School of artists continued to be feature in his writings. Publisher H. V. Mote planned to bring out ''Vishrabdha Sharda – Khand Teen'' (Part 3), a book on correspondence letters of Indian artists.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/4996863289802310934?BookName=Vishrabdh%20Sharada%20Bhag%203 |title=Vishrabdh Sharada Part – 3 |date=31 March 1993 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-8171854653 |editor-last=Mote |editor-first=H. V. |location=Mumbai |language=mr}}</ref> [[Dinkar Kowshik]] wrote a preface for this book. Although, after realizing that the preamble was somewhat tilting towards the Bengal school, Mote decided to add some new parts and handed over the responsibility Sadwelkar. The latter corresponded with Kowshik without hesitation and wrote a chapter titled ''Kalapravah in Maharashtra – Bombay School'' along with an introduction to the artists. The additional content provided by him increased the usefulness of this book.<ref name=":0" /> When Sadwelkar was a trustee of [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], he published a book ''Contemporary Indian Painters 1996, Associated with Jehangir Art Gallery'', in 1996, as a fundraiser.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXp4GQAACAAJ |title=Contemporary Indian Painters, 1996 Associated with Jehangir Art Gallery |date=1996 |publisher=[[Jehangir Art Gallery]] |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, his book ''Vartaman Chitrasutra'' (Contemporary Principles of Art) was published.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpEMtwAACAAJ |title=Vartamāna citrasūtra |date=1996 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7161-532-2 |language=mr}}</ref> However, his dream of exhibiting the works of the Bombay School together remained unfulfilled. From time to time he wrote articles expressing his grief and sorrow in this regard.<ref name=":3" />

== Work ==

=== Style ===
Sadwelkar painted a variety of subjects in different styles. He was most inspired by the Impressionist painters. Bright colours, vigorous handling, freedom of invention and experimental use of distortion were the features of his artworks. He painted many artistic and quality portraits by placing models in front of him. In these portraits, along with the personality of the sitter, he experimented with composition and colour. His portraits were praised by Rudolf von Leyden, Walter Langhammer and Emmanuel Schlesinger, the trio of influential artists and art critics of the contemporary art world at that time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> In his depictions of nature, he found a unique blend of Mumbai's environment, namely buildings, squares, trees, trams, buses and crowds. Thereby, he exhibited a series of paintings on ''Images of the City''. The strong use of white color along with water colours is a feature of his landscapes. He was influenced by the early landscapes of [[S. H. Raza]] and A. A. Almelkar. In the later phase, he mostly painted modernist paintings that showcased various subjects and themes.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Moonscape - Baburao Sadwelkar.jpg|alt=Painting by Baburao Sadwelkar|thumb|''Moonscape'' (1980), oil on canvas by Baburao Sadwelkar]]
In his paintings, Sadwelkar experimented with a range of illustrations and distortions, from poetic images to abstract paintings. Some of his notable abstract paintings include ''One World'' (1957), ''Lunatic'' (1959), ''The Earth – I'' (1962), ''Image of the City'' (1963), ''The Cosmic City II'' (1974), ''Flight of the Lunar Rock'' (1974) and ''Floating Cities'' (1981), to name a few.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=सडवेलकर, बाबुराव नारायण |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/33886/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}</ref> After this he became interested in the scientific discoveries of the time and he painted pictures on these subjects. For example, the effect of space missions in various countries of the world can be seen in Sadwelkar's series titled ''Space Exploration''. He also painted the series ''Mountains'' in 1986.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय ख्यातीचे महाराष्ट्रीय चित्रकार बाबुराव नारायण सडवेलकर |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/articles/baburao-narayan-sadvelkar/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Marathi Srushti |language=mr}}</ref> Apart from this, Sadwelkar also created commercial murals for [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Pune]]; Bal Bhavan, Mumbai; Asia '72 Industries Fair, New Delhi; and [[Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District|Hurst-Euless-Bedford School]] in [[Texas]], USA.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

=== Exhibitions ===
In addition to exhibitions with the Bombay Group, Sadwelkar held seven one-man shows of his artworks between 1955 and 1974.<ref name=":5" /> His international exhibition participation include the [[27th Venice Biennale]] in 1954; Asian Artist Exhibition, Tokyo in 1958; the Second [[Biennale de Paris]] in 1961; and the [[São Paulo Art Biennial]] in 1965 & 1971.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Sadwelkar (1918–2000) {{!}} 'The Things Around' and 'Ambiguity' |url=https://auctions.roseberys.co.uk/m/lot-details/index/catalog/302/lot/118253 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Roseberys London}}</ref> The works of Sadwelkar are housed in the collections of [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum|Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Mumbai]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Street Scene, Bombay – Baburao Sadwelkar |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/street-scene-bombay-baburao-sadwelkar/FQFauTWAHIlnHw |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Bhau Daji Lad City Museum – Collections Stories |url=https://www.bdlmuseum.org/collections/early-modern-period.php |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.bdlmuseum.org}}</ref> [[National Gallery of Modern Art|National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]]; [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=20 May 2011 |title=Renaissance eye |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/wjZZhz5468UVXutgR9CYKN/Renaissance-eye.html |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]] among many others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Sadwelkar |url=http://goaartgallery.com/sadwalkar_baburao.htm |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Goa Art Gallery}}</ref>

=== Awards and recognition ===
Sadwelkar won numerous awards for his paintings. At the first State Art Exhibition in 1956, he received 2nd prize for his portrait ''Bobby''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Ciby |title=Painter's pride: A portrait of Baburao Sadwelkar |url=https://indxart.com/blogs/news/painter-s-pride-a-portrait-of-baburao-sadwelkar-ciby-samuel |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Indxart.com |language=en}}</ref> At the Bombay Art Society exhibitions, his portraits ''Tara'' and ''Devi'' won awards in 1954 and 1955, respectively. This was followed by a silver medal in 1956 for his painting ''Escape 2001 A.D.'', Gold Medal in 1958 for a portrait titled ''Dadaji'' and another gold medal for the painting ''Cosmic Station'' in 1959. After his paintings won first prize at the 1961 State Art Exhibition, he decided to retire from competitive exhibitions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== Personal life ==
In 1956, Sadwelkar married Vijoo Bhise, a mural student that he taught at the Sir J. J. School of Art. The couple had two sons, Neil and Sheil, and one daughter, Neeta.<ref name=":1" /> Sheil Sadwelkar was an artist and designer, known for his artworks made with black [[ballpoint pen]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veteran artist Sheil Sadwelkar no more {{!}} Pune News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/veteran-artist-sheil-sadwelkar-no-more/articleshow/88708255.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Neil Sadwelkar is a film editor and technology consultant to film-makers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Neil Sadwelkar |url=https://sadwelkar.com/neil.htm |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=sadwelkar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Know More About Neil Sadwelkar {{!}} IFP |url=https://ifp.world/creator/neil-sadwelkar/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the death of his wife in 1990, Sadwelkar became somewhat lonely. In 1999, he initiated the ''Vijoo Sadwelkar Award'' in memory of his wife, an accomplished artist herself. Sadwelkar gave out this award to women artists at the grass-roots level who deserved recognition as well as required support to propel their art career further.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijoo Sadwelkar Award |url=https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?Articleid=27 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Saffron Art |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235546/https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/articledetails.aspx?articleid=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ravindra Mestry, son of [[Baburao Painter]], was Sadwelkar's classmate in Kolhapur and their friendship lasted for the rest of their lives.<ref name=":2" />

== Death and legacy ==
One of the editions of ''Viju Sadwelkar Award'' ceremony was scheduled on 24 November 2000. However, he died on 23 November 2000.<ref name=":7" /> The book ''Maharashtratil Kalavanta – Adarniya ani Smaraniya'' (Maharashtra Artists – Respected and Memorable), which he had compiled before his death, was published in 2007.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |title=Mahārāshṭrātīla kalāvanta, ādaraṇīya va sãsmaraṇīya |date=2007 |publisher=Jyotsnā Prakāśana |others=Rameshchandra Patkar |isbn=978-81-7925-120-1 |location=Puṇe |oclc=765491509}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadwelkar, Baburao}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]

Poonjar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:07:37Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poonjar
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 101
| map_image = Kaippally Poonjar.jpg
| map_caption = Kaippally, the hilly region of [[Poonjar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,00,000 (2021)
| mla = [[Sebastian M. J.]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
}}
'''Poonjar State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies
| website = kottayam.nic.in
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district
|access-date =16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is M.J Sebastian of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Poonjar Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Erattupetta]]
|Municipality
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|2
|[[Poonjar]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|3
|Poonjar Thekkekara
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|4
|[[Teekoy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|5
|Thidanad
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|6
|[[Erumely]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|-
|7
|[[Koottickal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|-
|8
|[[Koruthodu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|-
|9
|[[Mundakayam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|-
|10
|[[Parathodu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}
{{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
{{Party index link|Kerala Congress}}
{{Party index link|Janata Dal}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope=col |Election
! scope=col |Niyama
Sabha
! scope=col |Member
! colspan="2" scope=col |Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |T. A. Thomman
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |[[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|V. J. Joseph
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. C. George]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress (Joseph)}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[N. M. Joseph]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[Joy Abraham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="5" |P. C. George
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Secular)}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[Sebastian Kulathunkal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adv. Sebastian M. J.|votes=56,900|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[Sebastian Kulathunkal]]|votes=50,207 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=[[P. C. George]]|votes=36,172|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shiny A C|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abhiram Babu|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mayamol K P|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santhosh Joseph|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,89,091 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[Sebastian Kulathunkal]]|votes=58,668|percentage=41.94|change={{increase}}26.66}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Janapaksham (Secular)
|candidate=[[P. C. George]]|votes=41,851|percentage=29.92|change={{decrease}}13.72|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tomy Kallany|votes=34,633|percentage=24.76|change={{increase}}0.20|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=M. P Sen|votes=2,965|percentage=2.12|change={{decrease}}11.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ancy George|votes=596|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=345|percentage=0.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. V George|votes=278|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdu Samad|votes=259|percentage=0.19|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Albin Mathew|votes=205|percentage=0.15|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tomy Chemarapallil|votes=94|percentage=0.07|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 16,581
|percentage = 11.85%
|change = {{up}}7.25
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,894|percentage=73.98|change={{decrease}}5.41}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (M)
|loser = Independent
|swing = {{up}}26.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,83,590 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=[[P. C. George]]|votes=63,621|percentage=43.65|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Georgekutty Augustine|votes=35,800|percentage=24.56|change={{decrease}}26.21|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|candidate=P. C. Joseph Ponnattu|votes=22,270|percentage=15.28|change={{down}}22.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=M. R. Ullas|votes=19,966|percentage=13.70|change={{up}}9.45}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=P. A. Abdul Hakkim|votes=804|percentage=0.55|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Nishad Nadakkal|votes=530|percentage=0.36|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sainulladeen|votes=525|percentage=0.36|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Indulekha Joseph|votes=397|percentage=0.27|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Georgekutty Sebastan|votes=375|percentage=0.26|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=313|percentage=0.21|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Joseph P. C. Purathayil|votes=234|percentage=0.16|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Siyam P. Ashraf|votes=194|percentage=0.13|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=George Chacko|votes=166|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Raju Vattapara|votes=148|percentage=0.10|change={{decrease}}0.11}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=James Joseph|votes=143|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Janapaksham|candidate=Santhosh Chennadu|votes=96|percentage=0.07|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|candidate=T. M. Surendran|votes=94|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abraham|votes=77|percentage=0.05|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=27,821|percentage=19.10|change={{up}}5.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,753|percentage=79.39|change={{increase}}9.24}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Independent politician|loser=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,67,928 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[P. C. George]]|votes=59,809|percentage=50.77|change={{up}}6.86}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Mohan Thomas|votes=44,105|percentage=37.44|change={{down}}14.62}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. M. Santhosh Kumar|votes=5,010|percentage=4.25|change={{up}}2.49}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=V. M. Sulaiman Moulavi|votes=3,579|percentage=3.04|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. P. Joshy|votes=2,956|percentage=2.51|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sivan|votes=524|percentage=0.44|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. K. Divakaran|votes=455|percentage=0.39|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. C. George|votes=417|percentage=0.35|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Rajappan|votes=280|percentage=0.24|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Raju Vattapara|votes=243|percentage=0.21|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mano George|votes=192|percentage=0.16|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anoop Bhaskaran|votes=132|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anil Mathew|votes=107|percentage=0.09|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,984|percentage=13.33|change={{up}}5.20}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,809|percentage=70.15|change={{down}}4.66}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|loser=Kerala Congress (Secular)|swing={{up}}6.86}}{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,24,825 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Secular)
|candidate = [[P. C. George]]
|votes = 48,878
|percentage = 52.06
|change = {{up}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = T. V. Abraham
|votes = 41,158
|percentage = 43.91
|change = {{down}}4.26
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = T. S. Jayakumar
|votes = 1,652
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = United India Peoples Party
|candidate = P. C. George Padinjarepur
|votes = 736
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. V. Abraham
|votes = 372
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saji Abraham
|votes = 314
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. C. George Plakkuttam
|votes = 293
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad
|votes = 287
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = T. S. Abraham
|votes = 122
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rejected
|candidate = Rejected & Missing Votes
|votes = 21
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,637
|percentage = 8.13
|change = {{up}}6.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 93,750
|percentage = 74.81
|change = {{down}}2.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing = {{up}}1.93
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,25,310 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[P. C. George]]
|votes = 48,449
|percentage = 50.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = T. V. Abraham
|votes = 46,605
|percentage = 48.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. C. George
|votes = 1,047
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Rajesh Abraham Kallarackal
|votes = 600
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rejected
|candidate = Rejected & Missing Votes
|votes = 17
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,894
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 96,768
|percentage = 77.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Poonjar]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

List of 2026 Indian Premier League personnel changes

2026-05-05T19:42:19Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sports draft
| name = 2026 Indian Premier League Auction
| sport = [[Cricket]]
| dates = 16 December 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (13:00 [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|local]])
| location = [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| network = [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] (TV) [[JioHotstar]] (Digital)
| overall = 77
| rounds = 11
| league = [[2026 Indian Premier League]]
| teams = 10
| most = 13 by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| fewest = 4 by [[Punjab Kings]]
| prev = [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025]]
| next = [[List of 2027 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2027]]
}}
{{2026 Indian Premier League Teams|main=y}}

The [[2026 Indian Premier League]] is the 19th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league held in India, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It has been held annually since the [[2008 Indian Premier League|first edition in 2008]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Indian Premier League#Organization|IPL Governing Council]] announced that a mega auction would be conducted for the 2025 season followed by mini auctions in 2026 and 2027<ref>{{cite news|date=31 July 2024|title=IPL Owners Meeting – Update|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4107/ipl-owners-meeting-update|access-date=28 October 2024|website=[[IPLT20.com]]|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127050427/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4107/ipl-owners-meeting-update|url-status=live}}</ref>.

The franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 15 November 2025, and a total of 173 players were retained ahead of the auction. The auction was held on 16 December 2025 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates with the auction purse for each franchise set at {{INRConvert|125|c|lk=on}}. A total of 1,355 players registered for the auction, of which 369 players were shortlisted to feature in the auction and 77 were sold in the auction. [[Cameron Green]] became the most expensive overseas player and the third most expensive player in the history of IPL when he was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for {{INRConvert|25.20|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL auction 2026: Australia's Cameron Green becomes most expensive overseas player in tournament's history |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12040/13484111/ipl-auction-2026-australias-cameron-green-becomes-most-expensive-overseas-player-in-tournaments-history |access-date=23 December 2025|work=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> [[Prashant Veer]] and [[Kartik Sharma]] became the joint-most expensive uncapped players in the history of IPL when they were both bought by [[Chennai Super Kings]] for {{INRConvert|14.20|c|lk=on}} each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Kartik Sharma and Prashant Veer - the costliest uncapped buys? |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136917/who-are-kartik-sharma-and-prashant-veer-the-costliest-uncapped-buys-cricbuzzcom |access-date=23 December 2025|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Meanwhile the 79 unsold players notably included [[Jake Fraser-McGurk]], [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]], [[Devon Conway]], [[Alzarri Joseph]], [[Gus Atkinson]], [[Deepak Hooda]] and [[Karn Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsold players at IPL 2026 auction: Jake Fraser-McGurk, Deepak Hooda among big names - get full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-auction-unsold-player-list-indian-premier-league |access-date=23 December 2025|website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

== Pre-auction ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Retired players
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] team
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Age|Age at the time of taking retirement}}
! scope="col" | {{Ref.}}
|-
| 27 August 2025 || [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 38 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Ravichandran Ashwin retires from IPL |url= https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135418/ravichandran-ashwin-retires-from-ipl|access-date=27 August 2025|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref>
|-
| 30 November 2025 || [[Andre Russell]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 37 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Andre Russell Announces Retirement From IPL |url= https://www.news18.com/cricket/andre-russell-announces-retirement-from-ipl-ws-l-9740387.html|access-date=30 November 2025|work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|-
| 3 December 2025 || [[Mohit Sharma]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 37 || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 December 2025 |title=Mohit Sharma retires from all forms of cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mohit-sharma-retires-from-ipl-and-all-forms-of-cricket-1514249 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Traded players
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Salary
! scope="col" | From
! scope="col" | To
! scope="col" | {{Ref.}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 13 November 2025 || [[Shardul Thakur]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mumbai Indians]] || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Shardul Thakur Traded To Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4242/shardul-thakur-traded-to-mumbai-indians |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114112511/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4242/shardul-thakur-traded-to-mumbai-indians |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sherfane Rutherford]] || {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}} || [[Gujarat Titans]] || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Sherfane Rutherford Traded To Mumbai Indians From Gujarat Titans |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4243/sherfane-rutherford-traded-to-mumbai-indians-from-gujarat-titans |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115022023/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4243/sherfane-rutherford-traded-to-mumbai-indians-from-gujarat-titans |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}} || rowspan="2" | [[Chennai Super Kings]] || rowspan="2" | [[Rajasthan Royals]] || rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=IPL 2026: Chennai Super Kings trades Ravindra Jadeja and Sam Curran to Rajasthan Royals for Sanju Samson |url=https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/news/newsdetailspage/5582/3 |publisher=[[Chennai Super Kings]] |date=15 November 2025 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115053634/https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/news/newsdetailspage/5582/3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sam Curran]] || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Sanju Samson]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 15 November 2025 || [[Mohammed Shami]] || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Mohammad Shami traded in by Lucknow Super Giants ahead of IPL 2026 |url=https://www.lucknowsupergiants.in/news/mohammad-shami-trade-in-ipl-2026-lucknow-super-giants-cricket |publisher=[[Lucknow Super Giants]] |date=15 November 2025 |archive-date=6 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206064919/https://www.lucknowsupergiants.in/news/mohammad-shami-trade-in-ipl-2026-lucknow-super-giants-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Donovan Ferreira]] || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} || [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Rajasthan Royals bring back Donovan Ferreira as Nitish Rana moves to Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/latest-news/ipl-2026-trade-rr-donovan-ferreira-nitish-rana-dc |publisher=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |date=15 November 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212174902/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/latest-news/ipl-2026-trade-rr-donovan-ferreira-nitish-rana-dc |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nitish Rana]] || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| [[Mayank Markande]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Back in the MI Mix: Welcome home, Mayank Markande! |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/mayank-markande-trade-in-ipl-2026-mumbai-indians-cricket |publisher=[[Mumbai Indians]] |date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115234335/https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/mayank-markande-trade-in-ipl-2026-mumbai-indians-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Arjun Tendulkar traded in by Lucknow Super Giants ahead of IPL 2026 |url=https://www.lucknowsupergiants.in/news/arjun-tendulkar-trade-in-for-ipl-2026-lucknow-super-giants-cricket |publisher=[[Lucknow Super Giants]] |date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=6 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206064758/https://www.lucknowsupergiants.in/news/arjun-tendulkar-trade-in-for-ipl-2026-lucknow-super-giants-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Player retention ==
=== Retention policy ===
The ten franchises were allowed to retain any number of players from their squad,<ref name="TOI"/> including traded players while excluding players signed as temporary replacements.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL to allow temporary replacements for last leg of 2025 season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-allow-franchises-sign-temporary-replacement-players-for-last-leg-of-2025-season-1485918 |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|125|c|lk=on}}.<ref name="retain1"/> Franchises were deducted a specific amount from the auction purse for every retained player.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=IPL 2026 retention rules explained: How many players can a franchise retain or release before auction? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113035257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards were not available for mini auction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=IPL 2026 auction: What each team needs and how much they can spend |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2026-auction-what-each-team-needs-and-how-much-they-can-spend/articleshow/125946517.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=21 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221232954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2026-auction-what-each-team-needs-and-how-much-they-can-spend/articleshow/125946517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Retained players ===
The franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 15 November 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 Retention: All you need to know ahead of deadline on November 15 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-retention-all-you-need-to-know-ahead-of-deadline-on-november-15-125110900252_1.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> and a total of 173 players were retained ahead of the auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA IPL 2026 Player Retentions Announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4247/tata-ipl-2026-player-retentions-announced |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref>

* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]],<ref name="retain1">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026: How the squads stack up ahead of the auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116181308/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Olympics.com]]<ref name="retain2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 retention: Full list of players retained and released |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-premier-league-ipl-2026-retention-list-players-released-cricket |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|csk}}" | [[Chennai Super Kings|Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Sanju Samson]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Shivam Dube]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Noor Ahmad]] || {{cr|AFG}} || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Khaleel Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Anshul Kamboj]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Dewald Brevis]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Gurjapneet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Nathan Ellis]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Jamie Overton]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Ayush Mhatre]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Urvil Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|dc}}" | [[Delhi Capitals|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Axar Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|16.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[KL Rahul]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|13.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mitchell Starc]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|11.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[T. Natarajan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Tristan Stubbs]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Nitish Rana]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Abhishek Porel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|3.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sameer Rizvi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|95|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Dushmantha Chameera]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Karun Nair]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Madhav Tiwari]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Ajay Mandal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Tripurana Vijay]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Vipraj Nigam]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|gt}}" | [[Gujarat Titans|Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Rashid Khan]] || {{cr|AFG}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Shubman Gill]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|16.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Jos Buttler]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|15.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mohammed Siraj]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|12.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kagiso Rabada]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Prasidh Krishna]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|9.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Sai Sudarshan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|8.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Rahul Tewatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Washington Sundar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|3.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sai Kishore]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] || {{cr|NZ}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Gurnoor Singh Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Ishant Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Jayant Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Kumar Kushagra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|65|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 18 || [[Anuj Rawat]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 19 || [[Manav Suthar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 20 || [[Nishant Sindhu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|kkr}}" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders|Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|13|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Sunil Narine]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Harshit Rana]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Vaibhav Arora]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Rovman Powell]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Manish Pandey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Umran Malik]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Anukul Roy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|lsg}}" | [[Lucknow Super Giants|Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Rishabh Pant]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|27|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Nicholas Pooran]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|21|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Mayank Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mohammed Shami]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Avesh Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|9.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Ayush Badoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Mitchell Marsh]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Aiden Markram]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Manimaran Siddharth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Matthew Breetzke]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Arshin Kulkarni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Himmat Singh (cricketer)|Himmat Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 18 || [[Digvesh Rathi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 19 || [[Prince Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|mi}}" | [[Mumbai Indians|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Hardik Pandya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|16.30|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Trent Boult]] || {{cr|NZ}} || {{INRConvert|12.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Deepak Chahar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|9.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Tilak Varma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Will Jacks]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Naman Dhir]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Allah Ghazanfar]] || {{cr|AFG}} || {{INRConvert|4.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sherfane Rutherford]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Shardul Thakur]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Mitchell Santner]] || {{cr|NZ}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Ryan Rickelton]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Corbin Bosch]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Robin Minz]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|65|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Raj Angad Bawa]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 18 || [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 19 || [[Raghu Sharma (cricketer)|Raghu Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 20 || [[Mayank Markande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|pbks}}" | [[Punjab Kings|Punjab Kings]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Shreyas Iyer]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|26.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Arshdeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Marcus Stoinis]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Marco Jansen]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Shashank Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Nehal Wadhera]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Priyansh Arya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|3.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Mitchell Owen]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Azmatullah Omarzai]] || {{cr|AFG}} || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Lockie Ferguson]] || {{cr|NZ}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Yash Thakur]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Harpreet Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Vishnu Vinod]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|95|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Xavier Bartlett]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 18 || [[Pyla Avinash]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 19 || [[Harnoor Pannu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 20 || [[Musheer Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 21 || [[Suryansh Shedge]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|rr}}" | [[Rajasthan Royals|Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Riyan Parag]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Dhruv Jurel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Jofra Archer]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|12.50|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Shimron Hetmyer]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Tushar Deshpande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Sandeep Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Nandre Burger]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|3.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Sam Curran]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Kwena Maphaka]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1.1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Donovan Ferreira]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Shubham Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Yudhvir Singh (cricketer)|Yudhvir Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|35|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Lhuan-dre Pretorius]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|rcb}}" | [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|21|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Josh Hazlewood]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|12.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Phil Salt]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|11.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Rajat Patidar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Jitesh Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|10.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Rasikh Salam]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Krunal Pandya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|5.75|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Yash Dayal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Tim David]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Suyash Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Jacob Bethell]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Devdutt Padikkal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Nuwan Thushara]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{INRConvert|1.6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Romario Shepherd]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Swapnil Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 17 || [[Abhinandan Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|srh}}" | [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Heinrich Klaasen]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{INRConvert|23|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Pat Cummins]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Travis Head]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Abhishek Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Ishan Kishan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|11.25|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Harshal Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Eshan Malinga]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{INRConvert|1.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Brydon Carse]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Jaydev Unadkat]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Kamindu Mendis]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Zeeshan Ansari]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Smaran Ravichandran]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Aniket Verma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Harsh Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}

== Auction ==
Any player willing to play in the IPL was required to register for the auction. Players who did not register for the 2025 mega auction are ineligible to participate in the mini-auctions held in the subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=IPL 2025: The logic behind Rs 18 crore cap on foreign players and why they have to register for this year's auction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-auction-2025-retention-foreign-player-register-9594869/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930211005/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-auction-2025-retention-foreign-player-register-9594869/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Any auctioned player withdrew before the 2025 season without legitimate reason or injury are banned from the IPL for a period of two years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two-year ban for overseas players pulling out after being picked at IPL auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-two-year-ban-for-overseas-players-pulling-out-after-being-picked-at-auction-1453019 |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930194531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-two-year-ban-for-overseas-players-pulling-out-after-being-picked-at-auction-1453019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2024 |title=Franchise purse for IPL 2025 auction and the new 'match fee' component |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/explained-franchise-purse-for-ipl-2025-auction-and-the-new-match-fee-component/articleshow/113777845.cms |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930170544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/explained-franchise-purse-for-ipl-2025-auction-and-the-new-match-fee-component/articleshow/113777845.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The auction was held on 16 December 2025 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=IPL auction set to take place on December 16 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105022626/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mallika Sagar]] was appointed as the [[auctioneer]] for the third consecutive year, after she hosted the [[List of 2024 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2024]] and [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025]] auctions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-16 |title=IPL Auction 2026: Who is Mallika Sagar? Meet the auctioneer set to lead the big day |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-auction-2026-who-is-mallika-sagar-meet-the-auctioneer-set-to-lead-the-big-day/articleshow/125998470.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217012220/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-auction-2026-who-is-mallika-sagar-meet-the-auctioneer-set-to-lead-the-big-day/articleshow/125998470.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 1,355 players registered for the auction, of which 369 players were shortlisted to feature in the auction and 77 were sold in the auction.<ref name="sold2"/>

=== Summary ===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col1left"
|+ Summary by teams
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Team
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" | Retained<ref name="retain1"/><ref name="retain2"/>
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" | Bought<ref name="sold1"/><ref name="sold2"/>
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" | Overall
|-
! scope="col" | Capped
! scope="col" | Uncapped
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" | Capped
! scope="col" | Uncapped
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" | Capped
! scope="col" | Uncapped
! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 6 || 10 || 16 || 5 || 4 || 9 || 11 || 14 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Delhi Capitals]]
| 10 || 7 || 17 || 5 || 3 || 8 || 15 || 10 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gujarat Titans]]
| 12 || 8 || 20 || 3 || 4 || 7 || || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 6 || 6 || 12 || 9 || 4 || 13 || 15 || 10 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 10 || 9 || 19 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 12 || 13 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 13 || 7 || 20 || 1 || 5 || 6 || || ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Punjab Kings]]
| 11 || 10 || 21 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 12 || 13 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| 9 || 7 || 16 || 3 || 6 || 9 || 12 || 13 || 26
|-
! scope="row" | [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 9 || 8 || 17 || 3 || 5 || 8 || 12 || 13 || 25
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| 9 || 6 || 15 || 2 || 5 || 7 || 11 || 11 || 22
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || 95 || 78 || 173 || 34 || 43 || 77 || || ||
|}

=== Sold players ===
* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]],<ref name="sold1">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|auction|ref=ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|title=2026 Indian Premier League auction, sold players|access-date=23 December 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251223103935/https://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|archive-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> [[Olympics.com]]<ref name="sold2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 player list - full squads of each team |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-teams-squads-list-player-prices |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 1: capped batters (BA1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cameron|Green}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || 29 || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 2520 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarfaraz|Khan|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 50 || 75 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Miller|dab=South African cricketer}}
| {{cr|SA}} || 141 || 200 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 200 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithvi|Shaw}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 79 || 75 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 2: capped all-rounders (AL1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}}
| {{cr|SL}} || 37 || 200 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 200 || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Venkatesh|Iyer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 62 || 200 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 700 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Liam|Livingstone}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || 49 || 200 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 1300 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rachin|Ravindra}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || 18 || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 200 || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 3: capped wicket-keepers (WK1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Finn|Allen}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || 0 || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}
| {{cr|SA}} || 115 || 100 || [[Mumbai Indians]] || 100 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|Duckett}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{N/A}} || 200 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 4: capped fast bowlers (FA1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akash|Deep}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 14 || 100 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 100 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
| 23
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacob|Duffy}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{N/A}} || 200 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 25
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matt|Henry|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || 6 || 200 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 27
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivam|Mavi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 32 || 75 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 28
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anrich|Nortje}}
| {{cr|SA}} || 48 || 200 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| 29
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matheesha|Pathirana}}
| {{cr|SL}} || 32 || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 1800 || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 5: capped spin bowlers (SP1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 77 || 200 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 720 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
| 31
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Chahar}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 80 || 100 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 520 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| 32
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akeal|Hosein}}
| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 200 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 7: uncapped all-rounders (UAL1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 41
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Auqib|Nabi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 0 || 30 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 840 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 44
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivang|Kumar}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 0 || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 50
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prashant|Veer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 0 || 30 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 1420 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 8: uncapped wicket-keepers (UWK1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 53
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukul|Choudhary}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 260 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 55
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kartik|Sharma}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 1420 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 56
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tejasvi|Singh}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 300 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 9: uncapped fast bowlers (UFA1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 59
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushant|Mishra}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 90 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 60
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Sharma|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Gujarat Titans]] || 90 || [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
| 62
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naman|Tiwari}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 100 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 63
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kartik|Tyagi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 20 || 30 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Set 10: uncapped spin bowlers (USP1)
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 64
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yash|Raj Punja}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{N/A}} || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 65
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vignesh|Puthur}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 5 || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 30 || [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| 69
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prashant|Solanki}}
| {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 30 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left col3left " style="font-size:85%;"
|+ Accelerated round
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | No. of IPL matches
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Base price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2026 IPL team
! scope="col" | Auctioned price ({{INR|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]s)
! scope="col" | 2025 IPL team
|-
| 75
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pathum|Nissanka}}
| {{cr|SL}} || Batter || {{N/A}} || Capped || 75 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 400 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 78
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Tripathi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Batter || 100 || Capped || 75 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 75 || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
| 81
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|Dwarshuis}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Capped || 100 || [[Punjab Kings]] || 440 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 82
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zak|Foulkes}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Capped || 75 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 83
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jason|Holder}}
| {{cr|WIN}} || All-rounder || 46 || Capped || 200 || [[Gujarat Titans]] || 700 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 87
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matthew|Short}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || All-rounder || 6 || Capped || 150 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 150 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 88
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Banton}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || Wicket-keeper || 2 || Capped || 200 || [[Gujarat Titans]] || 200 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 89
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jordan|Cox|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || Wicket-keeper || {{N/A}} || Capped || 75 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 91
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Josh|Inglis}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || Wicket-keeper || 11 || Capped || 200 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 860 || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| 95
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Seifert}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || Wicket-keeper || 3 || Capped || 150 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 150 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 96
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kyle|Jamieson}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || Bowler || 13 || Capped || 200 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 200 || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| 98
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Adam|Milne}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || Bowler || 10 || Capped || 200 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 240 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 99
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lungi|Ngidi}}
| {{cr|SA}} || Bowler || 16 || Capped || 200 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 200 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 101
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}
| {{cr|BAN}} || Bowler || 60 || Capped || 200 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 920 || [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| 103
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuldeep|Sen}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || 12 || Capped || 75 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 75 || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| 111
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Danish|Malewar}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Batter || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Mumbai Indians]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 114
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aman|Rao|dab=cricketer, born 2004}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Batter || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 115
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akshat|Raghuwanshi}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Batter || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 220 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 118
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satvik|Deswal}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 119
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aman|Khan}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || 12 || Uncapped || 30 || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 40 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 121
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vicky|Ostwal}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 124
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mayank|Rawat}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Mumbai Indians]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 126
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mangesh|Yadav}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 520 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 127
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Salil|Arora}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Wicket-keeper || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 150 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 134
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi|Singh|dab=cricketer, born 2001}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Wicket-keeper || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 95 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 136
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sakib|Hussain}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 137
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Izhar}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Mumbai Indians]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 142
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Onkar|Tarmale}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 143
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithvi|Raj|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || 2 || Uncapped || 30 || [[Gujarat Titans]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 149
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen|Dubey}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || 5 || Uncapped || 30 || [[Punjab Kings]] || 30 || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| 154
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cooper|Connolly}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Capped || 200 || [[Punjab Kings]] || 300 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 170
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Luke|Wood|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|ENG}} || Bowler || 2 || Capped || 75 || [[Gujarat Titans]] || 75 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 176
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sahil|Parekh|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Batter || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 211
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit|Kumar|dab=cricketer, born 2002}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 212
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishal|Nishad}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Punjab Kings]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 239
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Atharva|Ankolekar}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Mumbai Indians]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 251
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praful|Hinge}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 275
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krains|Fuletra}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 295
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vihaan|Malhotra}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 299
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarthak|Ranjan}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 309
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brijesh|Sharma}}
| {{cr|IND}} || Bowler || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 313
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kanishk|Chouhan}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 322
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daksh|Kamra}}
| {{cr|IND}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 30 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 30 || {{N/A}}
|-
| 346
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Edwards|dab=cricketer, born 2000}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || All-rounder || {{N/A}} || Uncapped || 50 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 300 || {{N/A}}
|}

== Support staff changes ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Support staff changes for the 2026 Indian Premier League
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" | Outgoing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |archive-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Incoming<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=IPL 2026: Head Coaches And Support Staff Of All 10 Teams {{!}} Check Full List |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/ipl-2026-head-coaches-and-support-staff-of-all-10-teams-check-full-list-ws-l-9984830.html |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| Bowling coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Sridharan|Sriram}} ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Delhi Capitals]]
| Assistant coach || {{sortname|Matthew|Mott}} || {{sortname|Ian|Bell}} ||
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" | [[Gujarat Titans]]
| Assistant coach || {{sortname|Matthew|Wade}} || {{sortname|Aashish|Kapoor}} ||
|-
| Batting coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Matthew|Hayden}} ||
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| Head coach || {{sortname|Chandrakant|Pandit}} || {{sortname|Abhishek|Nayar}} || <ref>{{cite web | title=KKR and head coach Chandrakant Pandit part ways after three seasons | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kkr-part-ways-with-head-coach-chandrakant-pandit-after-three-seasons-1497247 | publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | date=29 July 2025 | access-date=27 August 2025 | archive-date=6 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806103340/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kkr-part-ways-with-head-coach-chandrakant-pandit-after-three-seasons-1497247 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Abhishek Nayar appointed Kolkata Knight Riders head coach | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/abhishek-nayar-appointed-kolkata-knight-riders-head-coach-10327578/lite/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach || {{sortname|Ottis|Gibson}} || {{sortname|Shane|Watson}} || <ref>{{cite web | title=Former RCB & CSK cricketer Shane Watson joins Kolkata Knight Riders coaching staff ahead of IPL 2026 | url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/former-rcb-csk-cricketer-shane-watson-joins-kolkata-knight-riders-coaching-staff-ahead-of-ipl-2026-11763021937803.html | work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=13 November 2025 | access-date=22 November 2025 | archive-date=16 November 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116001639/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/former-rcb-csk-cricketer-shane-watson-joins-kolkata-knight-riders-coaching-staff-ahead-of-ipl-2026-11763021937803.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Bowling coach || {{sortname|Bharat|Arun}} {{sortname|Carl|Crowe}} || {{sortname|Tim|Southee}} || <ref name="Arun-Crowe-LSG"/><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Southee returns to KKR as bowling coach for IPL 2026|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-tim-southee-returns-to-kkr-as-bowling-coach-1511136 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Fielding coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Dishant|Yagnik}} ||
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| Assistant coach || {{sortname|Vijay|Dahiya}} || {{N/A}} ||
|-
| Batting coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Matthew|Mott}} ||
|-
| Bowling coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Bharat|Arun}} {{sortname|Carl|Crowe}} || <ref name="Arun-Crowe-LSG">{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Bharat Arun set to join LSG as bowling coach ahead of IPL 2026; Carl Crowe also likely to come on board |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bharat-arun-set-to-join-lsg-as-bowling-coach-ahead-of-ipl-2026-carl-crowe-also-likely-to-come-on-board/ |work=[[The Tribune India]] |date=30 July 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212194046/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bharat-arun-set-to-join-lsg-as-bowling-coach-ahead-of-ipl-2026-carl-crowe-also-likely-to-come-on-board/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Fielding coach || {{sortname|Jonty|Rhodes}} || {{sortname|Abhay|Sharma}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=LSG hire ex-Uganda head coach as Jonty Rhodes' replacement to bolster fielding for IPL 2026|url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/ipl/story/lsg-hire-ex-uganda-head-coach-as-jonty-rhodes-replacement-to-bolster-fielding-for-ipl-2026-sear-3236830-2026-02-26|website=SportsTak|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Mentor || {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite web | title=Mentor Zaheer Khan parts ways with Lucknow Super Giants | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-zaheer-khan-part-ways-with-lucknow-super-giants-1503508 | publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | date=18 September 2025 | access-date=19 September 2025 | archive-date=19 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019112946/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-zaheer-khan-part-ways-with-lucknow-super-giants-1503508 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Punjab Kings]]
| Bowling coach || {{sortname|Sunil|Joshi}} || {{sortname|Sairaj|Bahutule}} || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Sunil Joshi leaves PBKS, may join BCCI CoE |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135855/sunil-joshi-leaves-pbks-to-join-bcci-coe-cricbuzzcom |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=6 October 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011025340/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135855/sunil-joshi-leaves-pbks-to-join-bcci-coe-cricbuzzcom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Punjab Kings appoints Sairaj Bahutule as spin bowling coach for IPL 2026|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/punjab-kings-appoints-sairaj-bahutule-as-spin-bowling-coach-ipl-2026-indian-premier-league-pbks-news/article70193052.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Head coach || {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} || {{sortname|Kumar|Sangakkara}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Dravid steps down as Rajasthan Royals head coach|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135443/ipl-rahul-dravid-steps-down-as-rajasthan-royals-head-coach-cricbuzzcom|access-date=2025-08-31|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Kumar Sangakkara back to helm Rajasthan Royals' coaching staff|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kumar-sangakkara-back-to-helm-rajasthan-royals-coaching-staff-1504458 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Trevor|Penney}} || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 November 2025 |title=Rajasthan Royals announce Kumar Sangakkara as head coach; strengthen coaching group with Vikram Rathour, Trevor Penney, Shane Bond and Sid Lahiri|url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/latest-news/kumar-sangakkara-rr-new-head-coach-ipl-2026 |website=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Bowling coach || {{sortname|Sairaj|Bahutule}} || {{sortname|Shane|Bond}} || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Bahutule, Yagnik exit as Rajasthan Royals continue overhaul |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135815/rajasthan-royals-shakeup-ipl-cricket-sairaj-bahutule-dishant-yagnik-exit-as-rr-continue-overhaul-cricbuzzcom |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=3 October 2025 |archive-date=9 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009174851/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135815/rajasthan-royals-shakeup-ipl-cricket-sairaj-bahutule-dishant-yagnik-exit-as-rr-continue-overhaul-cricbuzzcom |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" | [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| Assistant coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Simon|Helmot}} ||
|-
| Batting coach || {{N/A}} || {{sortname|Hariesh|Jaikumar}} ||
|-
| Bowling coach || {{sortname|James|Franklin|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Varun|Aaron}} || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Varun Aaron appointed SRH bowling coach ahead of IPL 2026|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-varun-aaron-appointed-sunrisers-hyderabad-bowling-coach-1495141|access-date=2025-08-27|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714142524/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-varun-aaron-appointed-sunrisers-hyderabad-bowling-coach-1495141|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Fielding coach || {{sortname|Ryan|Cook|dab=cricketer}} || {{N/A}} ||
|}

== Withdrawn players ==
{{hatnote|{{double dagger}} denotes temporary replacement players.}}
{{hatnote|{{dagger}} denotes the players who were unavailable for a part of the tournament.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; text-align: left;"
|+ Withdrawn players from the 2026 Indian Premier League
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Auctioned/retention price
! scope="col" | Reason
! scope="col" | Withdrawal announcement date
! scope="col" | Replacement player
! scope="col" | Replacement player's price
! scope="col" | Signing date
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|BAN}} [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|{{INRConvert|9.2|c}}
|BCCI Request
|3 January 2026
|{{Flagicon|ZIM}} [[Blessing Muzarabani]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|13 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR Sign Blessing Muzarabani For IPL 2026 As Zimbabwe Pacer Rejects PSL Contract |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/kkr-sign-zimbabwes-blessing-muzarabani-for-ipl-2026-season-ws-lno-9959406.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[News18]] |date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Atharva Ankolekar]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
| rowspan="2" |Knee Injury
|1 March 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Krish Bhagat
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|16 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=Mumbai Indians sign Krish Bhagat as a replacement for Atharva Ankolekar |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4295/mumbai-indians-sign-krish-bhagat-as-a-replacement-for-atharva-ankolekar |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Harshit Rana]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|{{INRConvert|4|c}}
|13 March 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Navdeep Saini]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|25 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshit Rana Replacement: KKR Name Like-For-Like Seamer In IPL 2026 Squad Update |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-navdeep-saini-replaces-harshit-rana-kolkata-knight-riders-squad#amp_ct=1774542933365&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17745429173052&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Ellis]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|Hamstring Injury
| rowspan="3" |19 March 2026
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Spencer Johnson (cricketer)|Spencer Johnson]]
|{{INR convert|1.5|c}}
|24 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=After PSL exit, Australian pacer Spencer Johnson joins CSK as Nathan Ellis' replacement for IPL 2026 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-after-psl-exit-australian-pacer-spencer-johnson-joins-csk-as-nathan-ellis-replacement-3204103 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Curran]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|{{INRConvert|2.4|c}}
|Groin Injury
|{{Flagicon|SRI}} [[Dasun Shanaka]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|22 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=Rajasthan Royals announce Dasun Shanaka as replacement for Sam Curran for IPL 2026 |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/sportsnews.php?nid=12044 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=[[Ada Derana]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Edwards (cricketer, born 2000)|Jack Edwards]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|{{INRConvert|3|c}}
|Foot Injury
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]]
|{{INRConvert|1.5|c}}
|24 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=Gloucestershire seamer signs as IPL injury replacement at Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/david-payne-signs-deal-ipl-10882930 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[The Cricketer]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Deep]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|{{INRConvert|1|c}}
|Lower-back Injury
|21 March 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Dubey (Maharashtra cricketer)|Saurabh Dubey]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|22 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=Kolkata Knight Riders set to replace Akash Deep with Saurabh Dubey ahead of IPL 2026 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/kolkata-knight-riders-set-to-replace-akash-deep-with-saurabh-dubey-ahead-of-ipl-2026-2026-03-24-1034838 |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[India TV]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Yash Dayal]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|{{INRConvert|5|c}}
| rowspan="2" |Personal Reasons
| rowspan="2" |24 March 2026
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=RCB quick Yash Dayal to sit out IPL 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-rcb-left-arm-seamer-yash-dayal-out-for-entire-season-1528947 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Duckett]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Rehan Ahmed]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|23 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2026 |title=Delhi Capitals sign Rehan Ahmed as replacement for Ben Duckett in IPL 2026 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/delhi-capitals-sign-rehan-ahmed-as-replacement-for-ben-duckett-in-ipl-2026 |access-date=27 April 2026 |website=[[The Sentinel (India)|The Sentinel]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Prithvi Raj Yarra|Prithvi Raj]]
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|Injury
|25 March 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kulwant Khejroliya]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|25 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=Gujarat Titans pick left-arm pacer to replace injured Prithviraj Yarra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-gujarat-titans-pick-left-arm-pacer-to-replace-injured-prithviraj-yarra/articleshow/129808668.cms |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|SRI}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|NOC Denied
|9 April 2026
|{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[George Linde]]
|{{INRConvert|1|c}}
|10 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Lucknow Super Giants rope in George Linde as Hasaranga replacement |website=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lucknow-super-giants-rope-in-george-linde-as-hasaranga-replacement |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Brydon Carse]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="2" |{{INRConvert|1|c}}
|Injury
|14 April 2026
|{{Flagicon|SRI}} [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|14 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2026 |title=Sri Lanka seamer Dilshan Madushanka set for IPL gig after Brydon Carse injury Carse|url=https://www.sabcsport.com/cricket/news/sri-lanka-seamer-dilshan-madushanka-set-for-ipl-gig-after-brydon-carse-injury |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=[[SABC Sport]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Khaleel Ahmed]] {{dagger}}
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Quadriceps Injury
| rowspan="2" |16 April 2026
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Apr 2026 |title=Khaleel Ahmed ruled out of IPL 2026 with quadricep injury |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/khaleel-ahmed-ruled-out-of-ipl-2026-with-quadricep-injury-1532096 |access-date=25 Apr 2026 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]] {{dagger}}
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|{{INRConvert|1.5|c}}
|Ankle Injuly
|{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Gerald Coetzee]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
| rowspan="2" |18 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2026 |title=Sunrisers Hyderabad pick Gerald Coetzee for Rs 2 Cr as ankle injury rules out David Payne |access-date=18 April 2026 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2026/04/18/sunrisers-hyderabad-pick-gerald-coetzee-for-rs-2-cr-as-ankle-injury-rules-out-david-payne.html |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Tom Banton]]
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|Finger Injury
|18 April 2026
|{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Connor Esterhuizen]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2026 |title=Tom Banton ruled out of IPL 2026, Gujarat Titans signs Connor Esterhuizen as replacement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/gujarat-titans-squad-update-ipl-2026-tom-banton-ruled-out-conner-esterhuizen/article70873667.ece |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Mhatre]] {{dagger}}
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|Hamstring Injury
|21 April 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Madhwal]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|23 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2026 |title=Santner out of IPL 2026 with shoulder injury; Keshav Maharaj in as replacement |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/csk-name-former-mi-star-akash-madhwal-ayush-mhatre-replacement-ipl-2026-14003694.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Mitchell Santner]] {{dagger}}
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|{{INRConvert|2|c}}
|Shoulder Injury
|27 April 2026
|{{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Keshav Maharaj]]
|{{INRConvert|75|l}}
|27 April 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2026 |title=CSK name former MI star as Ayush Mhatre's replacement for remainder of IPL 2026 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/138560/santner-out-of-ipl-2026-with-shoulder-injury-keshav-maharaj-in-as-replacement |access-date=27 April 2026 |website=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Mavi]] {{dagger}}
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|{{INRConvert|45|l}}
|Groin Injury
|1 May 2026
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RS Ambrish]]
|{{INRConvert|45|l}}
|1 May 2026
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] {{dagger}}
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l}}
|Foot Fracture
|3 May 2026
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== General references ===
* {{Cite journal |date=2025-11-15 |title=IPL Retained Players 2026 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1763209725967_TATA%20IPL%202026%20-%20Playing%20Squad%20-%2015.11.2025%20(1).pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Retained Players |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal |date=2025-11-15 |title=IPL Released Players 2026 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1763209634289_TATA%20IPL%202026-%20Released%20Players.15.11.25.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Released Players |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal |date=2025-12-15 |title=IPL Auction List 2026 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1765197869375_TATA-IPL-2026-Auction-List-8.12.25.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Auction List |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.iplt20.com/auction/2026 2026 IPL Auction] at [[IPLT20.com]]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|auction|id=ipl-2026-auction-1515016|title=2026 Indian Premier League auction}}

{{2026 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:2026 Indian Premier League|auction]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League personnel changes]]

Veer Chotrani

2026-05-04T15:50:26Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting stub...

{{short description|Indian squash player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox squash player
| name = Veer Chotrani
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| education = {{ubl
| [[Cornell University]]
| [[Jamnabai Narsee School|Jamnabai Narsee]]
}}
| height = 1.78 m
| weight = 75 kg
| retired = Active
| plays = Right-handed
| coach = [[David Palmer (squash player)|David Palmer]]
| racquet = [[Ashaway]]
| event = Men's singles
| highest_ranking = 49
| date_of_highest_ranking =October 2025
| current_ranking = [https://www.psasquashtour.com/player/veer-chotrani/ 49]
| date_of_current_ranking =October 2025
| WorldOpenresult =
| club = {{ubl
| Atlanta Tornados
| (2025–present)
| [[Cornell Big Red men's squash|Cornell Big Red]]
| (2019–2024)
}}
| titles = 8
| finals = 11
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[squash (sport)|squash]]}} [[File:Squash pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Junior Squash Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|2014 Kish Island]]|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Boys Under 13|Singles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|2019 Macau]]|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Boys Under 19|Singles]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|2013 Amman]]|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Boys Under 13|Singles]]}}
| psa_id = veer-chotrani
}}
'''Veer Chotrani''' (born 25 October 2001) is an Indian [[squash (sport)|squash]] player who is a member of the [[India men's national squash team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marar |first=Nandakumar |date=2020-08-22 |title=Going places, never veering off the track |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/gennext/going-places-never-veering-off-the-track/article32323901.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref> As of October 2025, he is ranked 49th [[Men's Squash World Rankings|in the world]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veer Chotrani crowned U-19 champion in Asian squash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/veer-chotrani-crowned-u-19-champion-in-asian-squash/articleshow/70012949.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chotrani was born on 25 October 2001 in [[Mumbai]] to Meera and Manish Chotrani. His father is a former two-time national squash champion. He also has a younger sister Jiya. Chotrani first started playing squash when he was six years of age.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Chotranis: Mumbai's squash royalty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/the-chotranis-mumbais-squash-royalty/articleshow/70313732.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He finished his schooling from [[Jamnabai Narsee School]].

In 2019, Chotrani moved to the United States to pursue academics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Sports signs Veer Chotrani as its athlete |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/mktg/jsw-sports-signs-veer-chotrani-as-its-athlete |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.afaqs.com }}</ref> He excelled at the college squash circuit and was named the [[Ivy League]] Rookie of the Year at [[Cornell University]] during his freshman year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veer Chotrani - 2023-24 - Men's Squash |url=https://cornellbigred.com/sports/mens-squash/roster/veer-chotrani/75104 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Cornell University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> In his senior season, he was unanimously awarded the Ivy League Player of the Year award and became the first squash player from Cornell to win the College Squash Individual National Championships. Chotrani also won the Skillman Award for demonstrating outstanding sportsmanship and maintaining a high level of play.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Stefanoni and Chotrani Earn 2024 Senior Awards |publisher=College Squash Association |url=https://csasquash.com/2024/03/02/stefanoni-and-chotrani-earn-2024-senior-awards/ |access-date=2024-11-11 }}</ref> He is being coached by David Palmer since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2025-03-21 |title=Squash champion Veer Chotrani credits coach David Palmer after winning first PSA title in India |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/squash-champion-veer-chotrani-comments-on-coach-david-palmer-wins-first-psa-title-in-india/article69358546.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chotrani has won two [[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|Asian Junior Individual Championship]] titles with one being under-13 and the other being under-19. He became the third Indian to win the under-19 title after [[Ravi Dixit]] and [[Velavan Senthilkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-30 |title=Squash: Veer Chotrani crowned Asian U-19 champion |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/asian-junior-individual-squash-championship-veer-chotrani-crowned-u-19-champion/article28234808.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref>

==Titles and finals==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Result
! Score
! Ref
|-
| 2014
| [[Hong Kong Junior Open Squash|Hong Kong Junior Open]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yash Fadte]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (14–12, 8–11, 11–7, 11–8)
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indians shine at Hong Kong Squash Junior Open |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/squash/hong-kong-junior-29-july-2-aug14 |website=Sportskeeda|date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2023
| QuantiFi LifeTime MetroWest
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed Sharaf]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (11–6, 12–10, 5–11, 11–4)
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheen |first=Connor |date=2023-08-30 |title=QuantiFi LifeTime Metrowest: Veer Chotrani Lifts Maiden PSA Title |url=https://www.psasquashtour.com/challenger-tour/quantifi-lifetime-metrowest-veer-chotrani-lifts-maiden-psa-title/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=PSA Squash Tour |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| Rhode Island Open
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joseph White (squash player)|Joseph White]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11–6, 11–9, 11–5)
|
|-
| Edmonton Open
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Viktor Byrtus]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 1–3 (11–4, 1–11, 5–11, 8–11)
|
|-
| Greenwich Open
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Seif Shenawy]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–2 (11–8, 11–5, 10–12, 6–11, 11–3)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Veer Chotrani wins Greenwich Open, his second PSA title |url=https://thebridge.in/squash/veer-chotrani-second-psa-title-44495 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2024
| Kanso Open
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Ashab Irfan]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 2–3 (7–11, 11–8, 10–12, 11–8, 8–11)
|
|-
| QuantiFi LifeTime MetroWest
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yee Xian Siow]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11–6, 11–6, 11–6)
|
|-
| White Oaks Cup
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Salah Eltorgman]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11–6, 11–2, 11–9)
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Oaks Cup 2024 squash: Veer Chotrani wins PSA Challenger title in Canada |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/white-oaks-cup-2024-veer-chotrani-psa-challenger-tour-title-win |website=Olympics}}</ref>
|-
| Costa Rica Open
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Ronald Palomino]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 1–3 (8-11, 11-7, 3-11, 6-11)
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2025
| SRFI Indian Tour
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Melvil Scianimanico]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (3-11, 12-10, 11-6, 11-7)
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2025-03-21 |title=SRFI Indian Tour Squash Championship: Anahat, Chotrani clinch women's and men's finals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/srfi-indian-tour-squash-championship-anahat-singh-veer-chotrani-win-women-men-finals-psa-titles/article69358301.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| HCL Squash Indian Tour
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Wong Chi Him]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-6, 11-5, 11-7)
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Sports |date=2025-09-12 |title=Tanvi Khanna, Veer Chotrani triumph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tanvi-khanna-veer-chotrani-triumph/article70042682.ece |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| St. James Expression Open
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Leonel Cárdenas]]
|
|
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
|2019
|[[ASF Awards]]
|Outstanding Performance Junior Men
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASF Awards |url=http://www.asiansquash.org/about_awards.php |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Asian Squash Federation |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111171048/https://asiansquash.org/about_awards.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[PSA Awards]]
|Challenger Player of the Year
|{{nom}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Squash in India]]
* [[India men's national squash team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{PSA|new_id=veer-chotrani}}
*{{SquashInfo|9451}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chotrani, Veer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian male squash players]]
[[Category:Cornell Big Red men's squash players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

1998–99 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:55Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up a article

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1998–99 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 299px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| count = 6
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] (Karnataka) (1280)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1998/99 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1998-99/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Dodda Ganesh]] (Karnataka) (62)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1998/99 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1998-99/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1997–98
| previous_tournament = 1997–98 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1999–00
| next_tournament = 1999–00 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1998–99 Ranji Trophy''' was the 65th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Karnataka won their third title in four years defeating Madhya Pradesh by 96 runs in the final.

In the final held at [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranji trophy final Chandrakant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ranji-trophy-final-chandrakant-pandit-finds-redemption-at-chinnaswamy-stadium/articleshow/92481220.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh gained a first innings lead of 75 runs. The match was interrupted by rain on the fourth day, at the end of which Karnataka declared their second innings at 321 for 7. Madhya Pradesh needed 247 or alternately bat through the last day to win on first innings lead. They chose the latter option and were 130 for 4 wickets at tea. [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] dismissed the captain [[Chandrakant Pandit]] in the first over after tea and Raja Ali with the first ball of his next over. Harvinder Sodhi scored a 30-minute duck while Bharadwaj had 7-0-13-3 in this spell. In the second over with the new ball, taken after 80 overs, Sunil Joshi dismissed Abbas Ali and Bharadwaj took the last two wickets in a single over.

Bharadwaj's 1280 runs in the season was a new record and as of 2015, is the second highest aggregate.

==Super League==
===Final Round - Points table===
;Group A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SUPER/RJI-SL_1998-99_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy Super League Matches, 1998/99 Final Round - Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''21'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''16'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || '''16'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || '''9'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Hyderabad and Punjab qualified for the quarterfinals.
* Punjab qualified over Bengal due to their one outright win over Bengal's none.

;Group B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SUPER/RJI-SL_1998-99_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy Super League Matches, 1998/99 Final Round - Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''21'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''19'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || '''18'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''9'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Tamil Nadu and Delhi qualified for the quarterfinals.

;Group C
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SUPER/RJI-SL_1998-99_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy Super League Matches, 1998/99 Final Round - Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''29'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || '''22'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''10'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || '''9'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''8'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh qualified for the semifinals as the two highest scoring teams.

==Knockouts==
===Quarterfinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March-3 April 1999
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 344 (113.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 124 (238)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sadagoppan Mahesh]] 5/74 (22.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 261 (116.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Anand George]] 45 (110)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sarandeep Singh]] 3/41 (21)

| score-team1-inns2 = 422/9d (130.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dinesh Mongia]] 160 (278)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran]] 4/42 (17.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 189/6 (76 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sridharan Sharath]] 71 (183)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 2/25 (13 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/PNJB_TN_RJI-QF1_30MAR-03APR1999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gandhi Sports Complex Ground]], [[Amritsar]]
| umpires = SB Nandy and RT Ramachandran
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Quarterfinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March-3 April 1999
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 440 (145.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 110 (257)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Amit Bhandari]] 4/79 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 160 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Pankaj Joshi (cricketer)|Pankaj Joshi]] 44 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] 8/86 (25.4)

| score-team1-inns2 = 404/9d (112.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 193 (243)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Sanghvi]] 3/79 (30.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 246 (62.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Davendra Sharma]] 68 (86)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] 5/68 (22 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by 438 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/HYD_DELHI_RJI-QF2_30MAR-03APR1999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad]], [[Secunderabad]]
| umpires = Sekher Choudhary and CK Sathe
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Semifinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 April 1999
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 90 (31 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 26 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dodda Ganesh]] 6/37 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 322 (91.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Thilak Naidu]] 125 (164)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 4/75 (24.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 322 (95.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Amit Sharma (cricketer)|Amit Sharma]] 80 (190)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anand Yalvigi]] 4/60 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 94/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sujith Somasunder]] 33 (37)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/30 (4 overs)

| result = Karnataka won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/PNJB_KNTKA_RJI-SEMI1_09-13APR1999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gandhi Sports Complex Ground]], [[Amritsar]]
| umpires = [[AM Saheba]] and VM Gupte
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Semifinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 April 1999
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 280 (112.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 84 (150)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Manish Majithia]] 4/56 (35 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 337 (136.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Devendra Bundela]] 112 (315)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] 5/117 (46 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 292 (112.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vanka Pratap]] 108 (308)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Manish Majithia]] 4/96 (43 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 203/3 (84 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] 83 (123)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 1/16 (5 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/HYD_MP_RJI-SEMI2_09-13APR1999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad]], [[Secunderabad]]
| umpires = [[SK Bansal]] and Desh Raj
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Madhya Pradesh progressed to the final through their first innings lead.
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 19–23 April 1999
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 304 (95.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] 86 (145)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Harvinder Sodhi]] 5/78 (27.2 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 379 (100 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Santosh Sahu]] 130 (165)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dodda Ganesh]] 5/103 (30 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 321/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (105 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[J. Arunkumar]] 147 (250)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] 3/45 (22 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 150 (84.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Abbas Ali (cricketer)|Abbas Ali]] 47 (204)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] 6/24 (14.5 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 96 runs
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Francis Gomes]] and [[S. K. Sharma]]
| motm = [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] (Karnataka)
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/KNTKA_MP_RJI-FINAL_19-23APR1999.html Scorecard]
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes = [[J. Arunkumar]] (Karnataka) and [[Devendra Bundela]] (Madhya Pradesh) passed 3,000 and 1,000 runs respectively in first-class matches.<ref name="final">{{cite web|title=Karnataka v Madhya Pradesh, Ranji Trophy 1998/99 (Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com:80/Archive/Scorecards/67/67555.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130090820/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/67/67555.html|archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''[[Rajesh Chauhan]] (Madhya Pradesh) reached 300 wickets in first-class matches.''<ref name="final"/>
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1998-99.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy, 1998-99] at [[ESPNcricinfo]] archive

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1998-99}}
[[Category:1998 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1998–99]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

P. Neethipathi

2026-04-20T06:56:33Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: New.

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Neethipathi
| native_name = பா. நீதிபதி
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|6|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Usilampatti, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Usilampatti (state assembly constituency)|Usilampatti]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[P. V. Kathiravan]]
| successor = [[P. Ayyappan]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = Politician, [[Farmer|Agriculturist]]
| education = Post Graduate (M.A.)
}}
'''P. Neethipathi''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the [[Usilampatti]] area of [[Madurai district]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 543-545.</ref>

A postgraduate degree holder, Neethipathi belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 state assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1667 | title=Tamil Nadu 2016 | accessdate=19 February 2026}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Neethipathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,349 |percentage=52.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ilamakezhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,443 |percentage=36.52% |change=-5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Baskara Sethupathy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,079 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Kathiravan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=5,136 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sangli |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,860 |percentage=1.42% |change=+0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,672 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Iyndhu Kovilan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,437 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,906 |percentage=16.36% |change= +7.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=201,126 |percentage=74.70% |change= -4.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,244 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 1.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neethipathi, P.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Muzaffar Ahmad Lari

2026-04-20T05:18:49Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: new

{{Short description|Urdu poet, writer and critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muzaffar Ahmad Lari
| image =
| honorific_suffix = writer, Urdu Literature
| birth_date = 3 February 1940
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2023|1940}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh|Bhatni Bazar]], [[Deoria district]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| profession = Urdu Poet
}}
'''Muzaffar Ahmad Lari''' (born 3 February 1940 – 2023) was one of the early prose poetry writers in Urdu literature. His work was published in books entitled: ''Main and Tu'' (1965) and ''Dard-i tanhāʻī'' (1966).<ref name="our publications1">{{cite web|title=All writings of Muzaffar Ahmad Lari |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/muzaffar-ahmad-lari}}retrieved 30 April 2025</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dard-i tanhāʻī - Muzaffar Ahmad Lari|author=Muzaffar Ahmad Lari|year=1966|pages=127|publisher=Āl Inḍiyā Mīr Akeḍamī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ip0AAAAIAAJ}} retrieved 2 May 2025</ref> His prose poetry entitled ''Dard-e-Tanhai'' (The pain of solitude) from the aforementioned book was examined by others. [[Ale Ahmad Suroor|Aley Ahmad Suroor]], a famous critic in Urdu literature, who concluded that ''Dard-e-Tanhai'', an attempt in prose poetry, indeed had a poetic expression with genuine feeling of the writer (1967).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Urdu : A Wind of Change|author=ALEY AHMAD SUROOR|journal=Indian Literature|year=1967|volume=10|issue=4 |pages=90–105|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|jstor=23329101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fFPAQAAIAAJ&q=Muzaffar+Ahmad+Lari |title=Indian Literature |date=1966 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> Recognition of Lari's work in the early 1960s, along with others, possibly formed a basis in the progress of the prose poetry genre in Urdu literature.

== Early life and education ==
Muzaffar Lari was born in [[Uttar Pradesh|Bhatni Bazar]], [[Deoria district]] on 3 February (1940), and completed education (M.A. degree, 1962) in [[Lucknow]] where he resided due to his family business.

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Lari |first=Muzaffar Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLuu0AEACAAJ |title=Main aur tū |date=1965 |publisher=Ġālib Akaid́. |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lari |first=Muzaffar Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yY6qdeMK9FQC |title=Dard-i tanhāʻī |date=1966 |publisher=Āl Inḍiyā Mīr Akeḍamī |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lari |first=Muzaffar Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDM0AAAAMAAJ |title=Mut̤alaʻah-yi Mas̲navī Gulzār-i Nasīm |date=1966 |publisher=Āl Inḍiyā mīr akeḍamī |language=ur}}

== Death ==
He died in Lucknow in 2023.

==See also==
*[[List of people from Lucknow]]
*[[List of Urdu poets]]
*[[List of Urdu authors]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/muzaffar-ahmad-lari Muzaffar Ahmad Lari] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lari, Muzaffar Ahmad}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Mallasamudram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:54:50Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mallasamudram
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
| mla = R. Nallamuthu
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| electors= 75,078
}}
'''Mallasamudram''' was one of the 206 constituencies in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Namakkal district]] and it was also part of [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||R. Nallamuthu|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.30}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mallasamudram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nallamuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,718 |percentage=56.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kanadasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,545 |percentage=37.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthu |party=We Tamils |votes=1,530 |percentage=4.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vaiyapuri |party=Independent politician |votes=454 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,173 |percentage=18.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,247 |percentage=46.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,078 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.495|78.030|display=title}}

[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Namakkal-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

B. Parthasaradhi Reddy

2026-04-18T22:58:29Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up a data - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bandi Parthasaradhi Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]
| term_start = 22 June 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Banda Prakash]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bandi Parthasaradhi Reddy''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Telangana]] as a member of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajya-sabha-polls-2022-full-list-of-mps-elected-unopposed-to-upper-house-article-91986789 | title=Rajya Sabha Polls 2022: Full list of candidates elected unopposed to Upper House | publisher=Times Now | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref> Parthasaradhi Reddy is the richest Member of Parliament from Telangana, with a reported net worth of Rs 39,200 crore.<ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-b-partha-saradhi-reddy-india-richest-mp-family-rs-39200-crore-wealth-4th-richest-pharma-tycoon-net-worth-3059095</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/most-billionaire-mps-in-india-from-telangana-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/103631040.cms|title=Most billionaire MPs in India from Telangana & Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/45-of-rs-mps-from-andhra-are-billionaires-says-adr-report/articleshow/102864104.cms?from=mdr|title=45% of Rajya Sabha MPs from Andhra are billionaires, says ADR report}}</ref>

In 2024, Reddy was ranked 81st in Forbes' list of richest Indians, with a net worth of $3.95 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, B. Parthasaradhi}}
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Telangana]]

{{Telangana-TRS-politician-stub}}

Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)

2026-04-14T11:00:05Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| successor = [[Satish Sharma]]
| constituency = [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1992
| predecessor1 = Ramesh Chandra Shukla
| successor1 = [[Akhilesh Kumar Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[Rae Bareli Assembly constituency|Rae Bareli]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|1|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lalupur Khas]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kiran Singh|1977}}
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| father = Devendra Nath Singh
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3792.htm
}}
'''Ashok Singh''' (born 12 January 1955) is an India politician. He was elected from [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] on the [[BJP]] ticket for the 11th and 12th [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/comb/combalpha.htm |title=MEMBERS OF LOK SABHA |publisher=Parliament of India |accessdate=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627204233/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/comb/combalpha.htm |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He married Kiran Singh on 21 May 1977 and they have two sons and one daughter.
Chairman District cooperative bank

==Positions held==
*1987: Block Pramukh, Amawa, Rae Bareli
*1989-92: Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (two terms)
*1996: Elected to 11th Lok Sabha
*1996-98: Member, Committee on Urban and [[Rural development|Rural Development]]
*1998: Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
*1998-99: Member, Committee on Human Resource Development and its Sub-Committee on Drug Control
*Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
*Chairman, District. [[Co-operative Bank Ltd]]. since 1994

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ashok}}
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:People from Raebareli]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:59Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Himachal Pradesh|Rampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rampur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = 37-Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
| district = [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Akash Saxena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = {{formatnum:318714}} (2012)
}}
'''Rampur''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Rampur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1951 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1951) was passed in 1951. The constituency was assigned identification number 37 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="DPACO (1951) ">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=22 September 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=22 September 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=22 September 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Rampur Assembly constituency is Panwaria & Rampur MB of Rampur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Fazal- Ul- Haq<ref name="election1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3241-uttar-pradesh-1951/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Aslam Khan<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kishwar Ara Begum<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. A. Khan<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Syed Murtaza Ali Khan<ref name="election1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Manzoor Ali Khan
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="5" | [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Afroz Ali Khan<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]|| rowspan="4" | [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2019^
| [[Tazeen Fatma]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2022^
| [[Akash Saxena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2022 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 elections in India|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Rampur<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Akash Saxena|votes=81,432|percentage=62.06|change=+27.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Mohammed Asim Raza|votes=47,296|percentage=36.05|change=-23.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=726|percentage=0.55|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box majority|votes=34,136|percentage=26.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,31,225|percentage=27.83|change=-51.82}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=Samajwadi Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name="election2022"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:131225}}
|percentage = 59.71
|change = {{increase}}12.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Akash Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:76084}}
|percentage = 34.62
|change = {{increase}}8.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sadaqat Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:4940}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change = {{decrease}}22.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Muhammad Kazim Ali Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4000}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1168}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55141}}
|percentage = 25.09
|change = {{increase}}3.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219757}}
|percentage = 56.61
|change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 bypoll===

{{Election box begin | title=By-Election, 2019: Rampur<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Tazeen Fatma|Dr. Tazeen Fatma]]
|votes = 79,043
|percentage = 49.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan
|votes = 71,327
|percentage = 44.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arshad Ali Khan
|votes = 4,182
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Zubair Masood Khan
|votes = 3,441
|percentage = 2.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Javed
|votes = 1,089
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,289
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,716
|percentage = 4.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,904
|percentage = 41.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102100}}
|percentage = 47.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shiv Bahadur Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:55258}}
|percentage = 25.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Tanveer Ahmed Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:54248}}
|percentage = 25.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1191}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46842}}
|percentage = 21.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215073}}
|percentage = 56.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]<ref name="election2012"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Mohammad Azam Khan]]
|votes = 95,772
|percentage = 55.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Tanveer Ahmad Khan
|votes = 32,503
|percentage = 18.77
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan
|votes = 16,570
|percentage = 9.57
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates
|votes = 28,317
|percentage = 16.37
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 63,269
|percentage = 36.54
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,73,162
|percentage = 54.33
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Rampur district]]
*[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rampur district]]

Gajwel Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:18Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gajwel
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (42-Gajwel highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gajwel Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
| electors = 232,417
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| loksabha_cons = [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
}}

'''Gajwel Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is part of [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/No-cakewalk-for-KCR-in-Gajwel/articleshow/34305824.cms |title=No cakewalk for KCR in Gajwel |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2014-04-28 |access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=+ val.created_at + |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/trs-chief-k-chandrasekhar-rao-likely-to-have-smooth-sailing-in-medak-lok-sabha-seat-510285 |title=TRS chief K Chandrasekhar Rao likely to have smooth sailing in Medak Lok Sabha seat |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2014-04-18 |access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref> It is one of the ten constituencies in the former Medak district, located approximately 64 km from the state capital, Hyderabad.

[[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]], the first [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]], has been the MLA since 2014.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Gajwel]]
| [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
| [[Toopran]]
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Kondapaka]]
| rowspan=3|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
| [[Wargal]]
|-
| Mulug
|-
| [[Jagadevpur, Telangana|Jagadevpur]]
| [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Members of Legislative Assembly who represented Gajwel:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp222.htm |title=State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 222-Gajwel Constituency of ANDHRA PRADESH |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801052456/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajwel Election and Results 2014, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra/assembly-constituencies/gajwel.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952
| Pendem Vasudevu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| Peoples Democratic Front
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| J. B. Muthyal Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Gajwel Saidiah
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| J. B. Muthyal Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
|rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="2" | Gajwel Saidiah
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Allam Sailu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=2|
|rowspan="2" | [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| B. Sanjeeva Rao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[J. Geeta Reddy|Dr. J. Geeta Reddy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| G. Vijaya Rama Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=2 |
|rowspan="2" | [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| B. Sanjeeva Rao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[J. Geeta Reddy|Dr. J. Geeta Reddy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
|rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Tumkunta Narsa Reddy
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor={{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float = right
|title = Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar = #ddd
|width = 260px
|barwidth = 250px
|bars = {{bar percent|2023|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|48.05}}
{{bar percent|2018|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|60.45}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|44.06}}
}}
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gajwel]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| votes = 1,11,684
| percentage = 48.05
| change = {{decrease}}12.4
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66,653|percentage=28.68|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thoomkunta Narsa Reddy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=32,568|percentage=14.01|change={{decrease}}18.35}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jakkani Sanjay Kumar|votes=2,743|percentage=1.18|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=832|percentage=0.36|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=45,031|percentage=19.37|change=-8.72}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,32,417|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=
[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Gajwel<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2018/?do=download#page24 |title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Telangana |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |year=2018 |location=Hyderabad |pages=24 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]|votes=1,25,444|percentage=60.45|change={{increase}}16.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pratap Reddy Vanteru|votes=67,154|percentage=32.36|change={{decrease}}15.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kante Sayanna|votes=3,353|percentage=1.62|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bitla Venkateshwerlu|votes=1,636|percentage=0.79|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,624|percentage=0.78|change={{decrease}}0.03}}
{{Election box majority|votes=58,290|percentage=28.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,07,520|percentage=88.97|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Gajwel<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf#page=75 |title=General Elections to the House of People and Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, 2014 Statistical Report |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |year=2014 |location=Hyderabad |pages=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013131334/http://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf#page=75 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]|votes=86,694|percentage=44.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Pratap Reddy Vanteru|votes=67,303|percentage=34.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tumkunta Narsa Reddy|votes=34,085|percentage=17.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Praja Samithi|candidate=Nallanagula Venkatesham|votes=3,127|percentage=1.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,592|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,391|percentage=9.85|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,96,759|percentage=84.22|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.85|78.68|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Siddipet district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:K. Chandrashekar Rao]]

Peechaankai

2026-04-12T00:16:43Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: New.

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Ashok}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peechaankai
| image = Peechankai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ashok
| producer = [[R. S. Karthik]] [[P. G. Muthiah]]
| writer = Ashok
| starring = R. S. Karthik [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]]
| music = [[Balamurali Balu]]
| cinematography = Gautham Rajendran
| editing = Jomin Mathew
| studio = [[P. G. Muthiah|PG Media Works]] KARSA Entertainment
| budget = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|15}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Peechaankai''''' ({{translation}} ''Left Hand'') is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[black comedy film]] written and directed by Ashok and co-produced by [[P. G. Muthiah|PG Media Works]]. The film stars [[R. S. Karthik]] and [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]], while [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Vivek Prasanna]], and [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] played other pivotal roles. The music was composed by [[Balamurali Balu]] with cinematography by Gautham Rajendran and editing by Jomin Mathew. The film released on 15 June 2017.

==Plot==
S. Muthu alias Smoothu is a famous left-handed pickpocket who operates along with his gang. Rita and Ravi. in Chennai. He does have some ethics, but a sudden accident causes him to suffer a brain injury which results in alien hand syndrome (AHS). Smoothu's left hand stops obeying his command and gets a mind of its own. It becomes his moral self, stopping him from doing the wrong things. Smoothu needs 3 lakh (300,000) rupees to cure his condition, so he takes up an assignment from a team of gangsters to steal a politician's phone. What happens next is a series of mishap comedies caused by his alien hand, which at last triumphs over the evil forces (the politician and gangsters).

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[R. S. Karthik]] as S. Muthu ("Smoothu")
*[[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Abhirami
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Thamizhmagan
*[[Vivek Prasanna]] as Nallathambi
*[[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Uthaman
*Sruthi Menon as Rita
*Arun as Ravi
*Ponmudi as Gaja
*Jithendar as Joseph
*Krish Haran as Krish
*Andrew Jaypaul as Maari
*Ramjee as Abhirami's father
*Bhoositha as Shruthi
*Master Tavanesh Karthik as Letter Boy
*[[Gunalan Morgan]] as Nallathambi's assistant
*Kathir as Nallathambi's assistant
*VTV Vicky as Nallathambi's assistant
*Sundar as Nallathambi's assistant
*Naveen Seetharaman as Doctor

{{colend}}

==Production==
Ashok, a software engineer-turned-filmmaker made a telefilm of the same name and due to creative differences, he could not get other producers on board. So [[R. S. Karthik]], who played the lead in the telefilm, produced the Film Karthik was retained as lead in the feature film as well, and [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]], who played [[Silambarasan|STR]]’s sister in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'', essayed Karthik's romantic interest. ''Peechaankai'' which was shot in and around Chennai, with the first look being unveiled by filmmakers [[Karthik Subbaraj]] and [[Samuthirakani]] in February 2017. Actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] each released a singles of the film, actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] released the trailer, and it became instantly viral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Peechankai deals with alien hand syndrome |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060217/peechankai-deals-with-alien-hand-syndrome.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214015613/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060217/peechankai-deals-with-alien-hand-syndrome.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> Stylist Sruthi Menon also made her acting debut in feature films through the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2017 |title=A dream debut for Sruthi Menon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210617/a-dream-debut-for-sruthi-menon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014857/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210617/a-dream-debut-for-sruthi-menon.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by first-timer [[Balamurali Balu]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Peechankai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Balamurali Balu]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 15:52
| language = Tamil
| label = [[TrendMusic]]
| producer = Balamurali Balu
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{tracklist
| extra_column =Singers
| title1 = Peechaankai
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Sharanya Gopinath
| lyrics1 = Sugumar Ganesan
| length1 = 3:34
| title2 = Smoodhu En Peru
| extra2 = Deepak, Shanthini Sathiyanathan
| lyrics2 = Sugumar Ganesan
| length2 = 3:41
| title3 = Loveu Songu
| extra3 = Santosh Hariharan, Yamini G
| lyrics3 = Balamurali Balu
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Tom and Jerry
| extra4 = Balamurali Balu, Sahana Muthaiya, Athira Balu, Janani Kabilan, Nilani Kabilan, Sharmila
| lyrics4 = Sugumar Ganesan, Balamurali Balu, Sharmila, Ashok
| length4 = 3:27
| title5 = Gibberish
| extra5 = Balamurali Balu
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 1:34
|total_length = 15:52}}

==Release==
The film was released on 15 June 2017 across Tamil Nadu.

==Reception==
A critic at ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=16 June 2017 |title='Peechankai': the left comes to power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617083213/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted, ''Peechaankai'' is driven by its high-concept premise — what if our hand starts to have a mind of its own! Director Ashok sets his film based on this idea against a background that involves criminals and politicians, and gives us a black comedy that is certainly novel, mostly funny and somewhat overlong".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peechankai Review {3/5}: Ffter a point, the plot seems to be running in circles with no end in sight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/peechankai/movie-review/59173582.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from Behindwoods.com gave the film a positive review, stating "the writing has been a big strength for the film and debutant Ashok has also cleverly worked on the screenplay at most parts", while "the film works well in most parts, as the audience connect well with the characters, thanks to the humour and again, the writing". The critic added "however, the slow pace of the movie, especially in the second half, is worrying and it takes some time to keep you engaged".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2017 |title=Peechaankai (aka) Peechankai review |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/peechaankai/peechaankai-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073330/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/peechaankai/peechaankai-review.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "The film is hit-and-miss. The director can certainly think out of the box... A film with this premise should have been way funnier."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peechankai Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/peechankai-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126233809/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/peechankai-movie-review |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Balamurali Balu]]

Narayan Patel (Gujarat politician)

2026-04-11T10:18:59Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Narayan Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayan Patel
| office = [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| constituency = Unjha
}}

'''Narayan Patel''' is a [[Member of Legislative assembly]] from Unjha [[constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] for its [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|12th legislative assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TWELFTH GUJARAT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|publisher=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=19 May 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024200/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Narayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jogeshwar Garg

2026-04-10T03:17:12Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Starting article - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jogeshwar Garg
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Govt. Chief Whip [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जोगेश्वर गर्ग बने मुख्य सचेतक, विधानसभा में संभालेंगे फ्लोर मैनेजमेंट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/5-time-mla-jogeshwar-garg-appointed-as-government-chief-whip-in-rajasthan-assembly/rj20240109182424515515630 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Joshi]]
| term_start = 9 January 2024
| office2 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जोगेश्वर गर्ग बने मुख्य सचेतक, विधानसभा में संभालेंगे फ्लोर मैनेजमेंट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/5-time-mla-jogeshwar-garg-appointed-as-government-chief-whip-in-rajasthan-assembly/rj20240109182424515515630 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
| constituency2 = [[Jalore Assembly constituency|Jalore]]
| predecessor2 =
| term_start2 = 2023
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Jogeshwar Garg''' is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Jalore Assembly constituency]], [[Jalore district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Results 2023: Winners list from Ahore, Jalore, Bhinmal, Sanchore, Raniwara, Sirohi, Pindwara Abu, Reodar seats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-election-results-2023-live-ahore-jalore-bhinmal-sanchore-raniwara-sirohi-pindwara-abu-reodar-seats-101701448218166.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jalore Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp के Jogeshwar Garg की हुई जीत, Bsp के Om Prakash Chouhan रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/jalore-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-2551199 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा के मुख्य सचेतक बनाए गए जालोर के BJP विधायक जोगेश्वर गर्ग, मिलेगा कैबिनेट मंत्री का दर्जा |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/jalore-bjp-mla-jogeshwar-garg-close-to-rss-will-be-chief-whip-of-the-govt-will-get-status-of-cabinet-minister-4830137 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan News : Jogeshwar Garg का कैबिनेट मंत्री का मिलेगा दर्जा {{!}} CM Bhajanlal Sharma {{!}} BJP |url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/rajasthan/rajasthan-news-jogeshwar-garg-will-get-the-status-of-cabinet-minister-cm-bhajanlal-sharma-bjp-7970272.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जोगेश्वर गर्ग बने मुख्य सचेतक, विधानसभा में संभालेंगे फ्लोर मैनेजमेंट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/5-time-mla-jogeshwar-garg-appointed-as-government-chief-whip-in-rajasthan-assembly/rj20240109182424515515630 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Jogeshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jalore district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ankit Siwach

2026-04-06T13:22:24Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up details - done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankit Siwach
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Siwach at Zee Cine Awards 2025.jpg
| caption = Siwach in 2025
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|01|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| education = [[ St. Mary's Academy, Meerut]]
[[College of Vocational Studies]], [[Delhi University]]
[[Amity Business School]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017—present
| spouse = {{marriage|Nupur Bhatia|2020}}<ref name= Siwach>{{cite web |title=TV Actor Ankit Siwach Gets Married To Girlfriend Nupur Bhatia |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/manmohini-actor-ankit-siwach-gets-married-to-girlfriend-nupur-bhatia-first-wedding-pictures-out-1154182/amp|website= Abp news}}</ref>
| height =
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Ankit Siwach''' is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films and television.<ref name=Ankit>{{cite web |title='Supernatural shows are successful because there's an audience for them!': Ankit Siwach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/supernatural-shows-are-successful-because-theres-an-audience-for-them/articleshow/67498181.cms |website=toi}}</ref><ref name=Safarnama>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach to take viewers on visual trip on his travel show. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-to-take-viewers-on-a-visual-trip-on-his-travel-show/articleshow/77235120.cms |website=toi}}</ref>

==Career==
Siwach began his television career in 2017 with the leading role of Inspector Adhiraj Pandey in [[Star Plus]]' ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach makes his debut with star plus's chakravyuh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-makes-debut-with-star-plus-chakravyuh/articleshow/60104094.cms |website=toi}}</ref> In 2018, he appeared in a cameo role for Star Plus' ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and an episodic role for [[&TV]]'s ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''.
Starting Nov 2018 to Nov 2019, he played the lead role of Ram/Rana Bhanu Pratap Singh in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]''.<ref name=Ankit/>

In 2020, he portrayed the role of Vikram Jai Singh in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Beyhadh 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 March 2020|title=Ankit Siwach to play a villain in 'Beyhadh 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-to-play-a-villain-in-beyhadh-2/articleshow/74578652.cms|access-date=24 February 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In August 2020, he produced and was seen as the host in [[Epic TV]]'s ''[[Safarnama (TV series)|Safarnama]]''.<ref name=Safarnama/> In 2021, he played the role of Vyom in [[Voot]]'s popular web series ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 March 2021|title=Ankit Siwach to play a gangster in Ishq Mein Marjawan 2|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ankit-siwach-to-play-a-gangster-in-ishq-mein-marjawan-2-23163627|access-date=24 February 2022|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, he portrayed the main lead Armaan in [[StarPlus]]' show ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-02|title=Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar : 'रंगभेद' के खिलाफ लड़ाई की कहानी पेश करेगा स्टार प्लस का नया शो, देखिए वीडियो|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-star-plus-s-new-show-with-actor-ankit-siwach-and-swati-rajput-it-will-break-taboo-of-apartheid-from-society-1090868.html |access-date= 3 March 2022|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2025, he gained critical acclaim for the role of CBI Officer Bhagwan Sharad Ramteke in [[Disney Star]]'s web series ''[[Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 May 2025|title= 5 actors who captivated internet with their performances'|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/features/5-ott-actors-who-captivated-the-internet-with-their-performances/}}</ref>

In June 2025, Ankit represented his film ''[https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=Madam+Driver+You+tube+promo&mid=190BCFADA25B2F3A3FFB190BCFADA25B2F3A3FFB&FORM=VIRE Madam Driver]'' at the prestigious [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 June 2025|title= Ankit Siwachh's Madam Driver selected for the prestigious New York Indian Film Festival'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-on-representing-his-film-at-nyiff-i-feel-privileged/articleshow/122046660.cms/}}</ref> As Hassan, Ankit impressed audiences with his nuanced portrayal of a resilient, soft-spoken man navigating life’s challenges with quiet strength. His heartfelt performance earned him praise for bringing depth and authenticity to the character.

Ankit played the role of Ramlal Yadav in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excel_Entertainment Excel Entertainment]’s ''[[120 Bahadur]]'' alongside [[Farhan Akhtar]], released on 21st November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach on prepping for 120 Bahadur |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ankit-siwach-on-prepping-for-farhan-akhtar-starrer-120-bahadur-23542181}}</ref>. His portrayal of Ramlal was praised by audience and critics.

Ankit Siwach has been featured twice in ''The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television'' list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parth Samthaan, Pearl Puri or Zain Imam - Who Topped Times 20 Most Desirable Men on TV 2018 List? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/specials/parth-samthaan-pearl-puri-or-zain-imam-who-topped-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-tv-2018-list-full/31277 |website=Times Now |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/83403113.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Character Name !! Role !! Channel
|-
|2017–2018 || ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]'' || Adhiraj Pandey || Lead Role || Star Plus
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' || Farhan Qureshi || Cameo || Star Plus
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' || Prabhu || || & TV
|-
|2018–2019 || ''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]'' || Ram/Rana Bhanu Pratap Singh || Lead Role <ref name="Ankit" /> || Zee TV
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Beyhadh 2]]'' || Vikram Jai Singh || Primary Cast || Sony TV
|-
|''[[Safarnama (TV series)|Safarnama]]'' || Himself || Host & Producer <ref>{{cite web |title=The Journey worthwhile. |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/a-journey-worthwhile-121489}}</ref> || Epic TV
|-
|2022 || ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]'' || Armaan Rastogi || Lead Role || Star Plus
|-
|2023 || ''Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan'' || KK || Cameo <ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach joins the cast of Pyaar Ka Pehla Naam Radha Mohan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/104466025.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst}}</ref> || Zee TV
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Streaming On !! Ref
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]''
| Vyom
|
|
|-
| 2025
| [[Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs]]
| CBI Officer Bhagwan Sharad Ramteke
| Jio Hotstar
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Kull the legacy of the Raisingghs cast and crew |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs/cast-crew.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| [[Dhaai Chaal]]
|
| Jio Hotstar
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Variety India: Ankit Siwach wraps up shoot for second season of Ritesh Shah's Dhaai Chaal |url=https://varietyindia.com/ritesh-shahs-dhaai-chaal-gets-a-second-season-ankit-siwach-wraps-up-shoot-exclusive/}}</ref>
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2021
| ''Khidki''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach, who shot to fame with Rishton Ka Chakravyuh, is excited about his short film Khidki |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ankit-siwach-who-shot-to-fame-with-rishton-ka-chakravyuh-is-excite-about-his-short-film-khidki/}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Madam Driver''
| Hassan
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach on representing his film Madam Driver in New York India Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-siwach-on-representing-his-film-at-nyiff-i-feel-privileged/articleshow/122046660.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[120 Bahadur]]
|Ramlal Yadav
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ankit Siwach on prepping for 120 Bahadur |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ankit-siwach-on-prepping-for-farhan-akhtar-starrer-120-bahadur-23542181}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Label !! Ref
|-
| 2022 || ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efYXKmLpkxc Glass Khali]'' || Pratibha Sharma || Zee Music Company || <ref>{{cite web |title=Glass Khali: Ankit Siwach features in this Zee Music video |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=glass+khali&cvid=584154cd9f9147d3b00c27dbcc4b373a}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TP2V5sx3Vhw Kenda Hai Tu]'' || Pratibha Sharma || Panorama Music || <ref>{{cite web |title=Kenda Hai Tu music video featuring Ankit Siwach |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=kehda%20hai%20tu%20ankit%20siwac&cvid=6BE74ABD743C4EE7BDC7F40506D74FF3}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-jPdIFFCg0 Mehfilein]'' || Ravish Sundriyal || One Creative Man || <ref>{{cite web |title=Embracing the Journey: Mehfilein by One Creative Man |url=https://findie.in/embracing-the-journey-mehfilein-by-one-creative-man/}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4J4iW-4Jhs Aakhiri]'' || Ravish Sundriyal || One Creative Man ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9323177}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwach, Ankit}}
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actors from Meerut]]

Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia

2026-04-04T11:18:55Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: details

{{Short description|Indian princely title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia''' ({{lit|Esteemed son of the English Government}}) was a [[title]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=xx}}</ref> It was used by the [[Nawab]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
During the rebellion of 1857, [[Yusef Ali Khan]], the Nawab of Rampur, rendered prompt and valuable assistance to the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> In recognition and appreciation of this, the [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]], in his capacity as [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], conferred upon him, on behalf of [[Her Majesty’s Government]], the title of Farzand-i-Dilpazir at a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] he held at [[Fatehgarh]] on 25 November 1859.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oudh (India) |first=United Provinces of Agra and |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Gazetteers_of_the_United_Provin/u1AtXp_ay0UC |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Rampur State |date=1911 |publisher=Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces |pages=110–111 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of Yusef’s successor, [[Kalb Ali Khan]], the British Government on 10 January 1873 added the words Daulat-i-Inglishia to this title.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aitchison C. U |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.235891 |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Vol - Ii (1929) |date=1929 |publisher=Central Publication Branch Government Of India, Calcutta |pages=3}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]
* [[Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]
* [[Farzand-i-Saadat-i-Nishan-i-Hazrat-i-Kaiser-i-Hind]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Maharajas]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Virvao

2026-03-29T10:45:16Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: rework lead per standard format and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Human settlement in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Virva(o)''' is a village and former Rajput non-salute [[princely state]] in [[Gujarat]], western India.

== History ==
Virvao was a petty princely state comprising only the village, in the [[Halar]] ''[[prant]]'' of [[Kathiawar]], ruled by [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]] Chieftains.

It had a population of 193 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 1,540 Rupees (1903–4, nearly all from land) and a paying a tribute of 193 Rupees, to the British and [[Junagadh State]].

== External links and Sources ==
History
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917063256/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif |date=17 September 2021 }}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Sohagpur Coalfield

2026-03-26T07:26:47Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: fix layout additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Biggest coalfield of Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Sohagpur Coalfield
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label = Sohagpur Coalfield
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|23|14|N|81|30|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| place =
| subdivision_type = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| state/province = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| owner = [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]]
| official website = http://secl.gov.in/
| acquisition year = 1985
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products =
| financial year =
| amount =
| opening year =
| closing year =
}}
'''Sohagpur Coalfield''' is located in [[Shahdol district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the basin of the [[Son River]]. It is the biggest coalfield in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==History==
Coal was discovered in this region, first in Sohagpur Coalfield by a British geologist named Franklin in 1830.<ref name=sharma>Sri Kamal Sharma, Resource Development in Tribal India: an Example of the Baghelkhand Plateau, p. 161, 164, Northern Book Center, {{ISBN|81-85119-57-0}}</ref> After the [[World War I|First World War]], the first attempts at coal mining failed, but around 1926 Burhar and Dhanpuri collieries were started. The Anuppur-Chirimiri line was opened in 1939 and mining operations were extended subsequently.<ref name=sharma/> Sohagpur Coalfield is a remnant in the [[Son River|Son]] basin of Gondwana deposition.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Petrographic, chemical and trace-elemental composition of the coal of Sohagpur coalfield, Madhya Pradesh, India | doi = 10.1016/0166-5162(87)90045-0|volume=9 |issue = 2 |journal=International Journal of Coal Geology |pages=187–207|year = 1987 |last1 = Pareek |first1 = H.S. }}</ref>

==The coalfield==
Sohagpur Coalfield is a part of Central India Coalfields. The latter is spread over the districts of [[Surguja district|Surguja]], [[Koriya district|Koriya]] (both in Chhattisgarh), [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] and [[Umaria district|Umaria]] (both in Madhya Pradesh). There are fourteen coalfields in this group, namely Korar, Umaria, Johilla, Sohagpur, Sonhat, Jhilimili, Chirimiri, Sendurgarh, Koreagarh, Damhamunda, Panchbahini, Hasdeo-Arand, Lakhanpur and Bishrampur. The group covers an area of about {{convert|5345|km2}} with estimated reserves of 15,613.98 million tonnes. The deposits are at a depth of 0–1200 meters. Therefore, extraction is mainly amenable to underground mining except a few blocks in eastern part of these coalfields which have opencast potential.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://secl.gov.in/ | title = Central India Coalfields | last = | first = | work = Coalfields | publisher = South Eastern Coalfields Ltd | accessdate = 2011-09-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110902005800/http://secl.gov.in/ | archive-date = 2011-09-02 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Sohagpur Coalfield is spread over an area of about {{convert|3100|km2}} and has an estimated reserve of 4,064 million tonnes.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://shahdol.nic.in/|title = Shahdol| last = |first = | work = Profile/ Mineral Resources| publisher = Shahdol district administration |accessdate = 2011-09-03 }}</ref>

There are four coal seams, about 1–4 m in thickness spread across three sub-basins: Burhar-Amlai sub-basin located in the western part of the coalfield, Kotma sub-basin, located on the Anuppur-Chirimiri branch line, 40 miles east of Burhar and the Jhagrakhand-Bijuri sub-basin in the easternmost part of the coalfield.<ref name=sharma/> In general the coal is of [[coal rank|low rank]], high moisture, high volatiles and non-coking type.<ref name=admin/>

Sohagpur Coalfield is divided in two parts by the east–west running Barmni-Chilpa fault. Coal found on the north of this fault is characteristically different from the coal occurring south of the fault. Coking coal has been found in the north of the fault.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.geologydata.info/coal_03.htm|title =Geological and geographical distribution of Coalfields of India| last = |first = | website = | publisher = geologydata.info |accessdate = 2011-09-03 }}</ref>

Sharda Opencast Mine is being expanded from 0.50 million tonnes per annum to 0.85 million tonnes per annum and the mining area from 242.847 ha to 871.205 ha. [[Surface mining#Highwall mining|Highwall mining]] has been introduced here. Normal [[Open-pit mining|open cast]] methods cannot be used as it is uneconomical to develop the coal seam by such methods in a small, confined area. By using this successful technology for the first time in India, the abandoned Sharda opencast mine has been a landmark in the Indian mining industry.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://mining.industry-focus.net/index.php/madhya-pradesh-coal-projects.html |title = South Eastern Coalfields to expand Sharda Opencast mine| last = |first = | website = | publisher = Mining Industry|accessdate = 2011-09-03 }}</ref>

==Coalbed Methane==
Sohagpur Coalfield has ample scope of [[Coalbed methane]] exploration.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Coal Bed Methane potentiality — Case studies from Umaria, Korba and Ib-valley coals, Son-Mahanadi Basin | journal = Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume =76| number =1|pages= 33–39 |doi= 10.1007/s12594-010-0081-1 |year = 2010 |last1 = Singh |first1 = K. N. }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Son basin}}
{{Coalfields}}

[[Category:Coalfields of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahdol district]]
[[Category:Mining in Madhya Pradesh]]

Military deception

2026-03-24T03:26:27Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: slightly expand formatting as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare}}
{{Redirect|Surprise attack|other uses|Surprise Attack (disambiguation){{!}}Surprise Attack}}

[[File:Spectrum of deception types.gif|thumb|upright 1.2|Spectrum of deception types, including: [[disinformation]], concealment, [[camouflage]], demonstrations, and feints.]]

{{War}}

'''Military deception''' ('''MILDEC''') is an attempt by a military unit to gain an advantage during [[warfare]] by misleading adversary decision makers into taking action or inaction that creates favorable conditions for the deceiving force.{{sfn|Caddell|2004|p=1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psywarrior.com/DeceptionH.html |title=Deception and Disinformation |last=Friedman |first=Herb |website=Psy Warrior.com |publisher=Ed Rouse |location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |access-date=7 October 2020 }}</ref> This is usually achieved by creating or amplifying an artificial [[fog of war]] via psychological operations, [[information warfare]], visual deception, or other methods.{{sfn|Caddell|2004|pages=2–3}} As a form of [[disinformation]], it overlaps with [[psychological warfare]].{{sfn|Friedman}} Military deception is also closely connected to [[operations security]] (OPSEC) in that OPSEC attempts to conceal from the adversary critical information about an organization's capabilities, activities, limitations, and intentions, or provide a plausible alternate explanation for the details the adversary can observe, while deception reveals false information in an effort to mislead the adversary.<ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. Army Combined Arms Center |date=26 February 2019 |title=FM 3–13.4: Army Support to Military Deception |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN15310_FM%203-13x4%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Army Publishing Directorate |pages=2–8 |ref={{sfnRef|Combined Arms Center}} |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010102848/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN15310_FM%203-13x4%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Deception in warfare dates back to early history.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Richard |date=17 November 2011 |title=The lost and found art of deception |url=https://www.army.mil/article/66819/the_lost_and_found_art_of_deception |work=Army.mil |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> ''[[The Art of War]]'', an ancient Chinese military treatise, emphasizes the importance of deception as a way for outnumbered forces to defeat larger adversaries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Petraeus |first=David |date=26 March 2018 |title='The Art of War': As relevant now as when it was written |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-art-of-war-as-relevant-now-as-when-it-was-written-1.3440724 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref> Examples of deception in warfare can be found in ancient [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malin |first1=Cameron H. |last2=Gudaitis |first2=Terry |last3=Holt |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Kilger |first4=Max |date=2017 |title=Deception in the Digital Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnEmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 |location=San Diego, California |publisher=Academic Press |page=xix |isbn=978-0-1241-1639-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> [[Ancient Greece|Greece]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Krentz |first=Peter |editor1-last=Van Wees |editor1-first=Hans |date=2009 |title=War and Violence in Ancient Greece: Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PtODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |location=Swansea, Wales |publisher=Classical Press of Wales |page=169 |isbn=978-1-9105-8929-8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheldon |first=Rose Mary |date=2005 |title=Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUyRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |location=New York|publisher=Routledge |page=129 |isbn=978-0-2030-0556-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> the [[Middle Ages|Medieval Age]],<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24194/ |title=Abstract: Trickery and Deception in Medieval Warfare, c. 1000 – c. 1330 |last=Titterton |first=James William |date=27 June 2019 |website=White Rose eTheses Online |publisher=University of Leeds |location=Leeds, England|type=phd }}</ref> the [[Renaissance]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenspan |first=Stephen |date=2009 |title=Annals of Gullibility |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WT86rzx-R8C&pg=PA51 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Praeger |page=51 |isbn=978-0-313-36216-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and the [[Colonialism#Modern|European Colonial Era]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deploying-deception-on-the-battlefield/ |title=Deploying Deception on the Battlefield |last1=Macknik |first1=Stephen L. |last2=Martinez-Conde |first2=Susana |date=1 March 2017 |website=Scientific American |publisher=Springer Nature America, Inc. |location=London}}</ref> Deception was employed during [[World War I]] and came into even greater prominence during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ragucci |first=Jason |date=30 November 2015 |title=Good luck, Charlie |url=https://www.army.mil/article/159246/good_luck_charlie |work=Army.mil |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In modern times, the militaries of several nations have evolved deception tactics, techniques and procedures into fully fledged doctrine.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=iii}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Director Joint Force Development |date=26 January 2012 |title=Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception |url=https://jfsc.ndu.edu/Portals/72/Documents/JC2IOS/Additional_Reading/1C3-JP_3-13-4_MILDEC.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff |page=xiii |ref={{sfnRef|''Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception''}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=David L. |date=1986 |title=Deception in Soviet military doctrine and operations |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36714992.pdf |location=Monterey, California |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |page=3}}</ref>

==Definition==
Many standard military activities can be considered ''deceptive'', but not deception. For example, a unit may move into an assembly area to complete organizing and rehearsing prior to a mission. It is a standard deceptive tactic to camouflage the vehicles, equipment and personnel in the assembly area with the intent of confusing the enemy.<ref name="Gipe">{{cite magazine |last=Gipe |first=George W. |date=Winter 1973 |title=Camouflage, Camouflage: Wherefore Art Thou, Camouflage? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M66qVOufOQ4C&pg=PA24 |magazine=The Engineer |location=Ft. Belvoir |publisher=U.S. Army Engineer School |pages=21, 24 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Military deception is more complex than simple deceptive activities, with a unit deliberately planning and carrying out an elaborate effort that will cause a targeted adversary decision maker to take an action that is detrimental to the adversary and beneficial to the side employing deception.{{sfn|''Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception''|page=vii}} The exception in US doctrine is Deception In Support of OPSEC (DISO); rather than cause an adversary decision maker to take a specific action, DISO augments a friendly unit's Operations Security (OPSEC) plan to aid in concealing the friendly unit's most important mission details.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-3}}

==Categories==
In US doctrine, the three categories of deception are Joint Military Deception (MILDEC), Tactical Deception (TAC-D), and Deception In Support of OPSEC (DISO).{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|pages=1-1, 1-2, 1-3}} In TAC-D, tactical-level commanders attempt to cause an enemy decision maker to act in a way that is unfavorable to the enemy and beneficial to the friendly tactical commander's objectives.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-2}} Joint MILDEC is conducted to support military campaigns and major operations at the strategic level.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-2}} It causes adversaries to take actions or inactions that are favorable to the friendly commander's objectives, typically at a [[unified combatant command]] level.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-2}}

With DISO, the side employing deception enhances its OPSEC by causing the adversary's information and intelligence gathering and processing capability to either not notice important details of the deceiving force's operations, or to misinterpret those details.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-3}} The benefit to the deceiving side is gained by preventing the adversary from gaining timely and accurate situational awareness.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-3}}

==Types==
[[File:F-16 mockups on fake runway Spangdahlem AB 1985.JPEG|thumb|Dummy airbase and mock aircraft]]
Deception can be accomplished through either increasing or decreasing an adversary's understanding of the operating environment. Ambiguity increasing deception is intended to sow confusion in the mind of the enemy decision maker by presenting multiple possible friendly courses of action. Because the adversary does not know which is true, his reactions are delayed or paralyzed, which gives the friendly side an advantage. With ambiguity decreasing deception, the friendly side intends to make the adversary certain of the friendly course of action — certain, but wrong. As a result, the adversary will misallocate time, personnel, or resources, which enables the friendly side to obtain an advantage.<ref name="Micciche">{{cite journal |last1=Micciche |first1=James P. |date=June 25, 2021 |title=Competing through Deception: Expanding the Utility of Security Cooperation for Great Power Competition |url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/competing-through-deception-expanding-utility-security-cooperation-great-power-competition |journal=[[Small Wars Journal]] |publisher=Small Wars Foundation |location=Bethesda, Maryland}}</ref>

The [[Operation Bodyguard]] deception in [[World War II]] can be viewed as an ambiguity increasing deception that over time became ambiguity decreasing. Initially, the aim was to increase confusion among German planners and leaders by presenting the possibilities of Allied invasions at the [[Pas-de-Calais]] and [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]] in France, as well as the [[Balkans]], southern [[France]], and [[Norway]]. Eventually, the deception increased certainty on the German side by causing them to conclude that Calais was the real invasion site. When the Allies attacked at Normandy, they did so with the advantage of surprise.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jamie |date=June 4, 2004 |title=Deception: The other 'D' in D-Day |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5139053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128002352/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5139053 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2020 |work=NBC News |location=New York}}</ref>

==Tactics==
Military deception may take place at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of warfare. The five basic tactics include:{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}

; Diversion
: Use of feints, demonstrations, displays, or ruses to draw the enemy's attention away from a friendly main effort and induce the enemy to concentrate resources at a time and place that is to the enemy's disadvantage.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}

: '''Example:''' On the night of 17–18 August 1943, the Royal Air Force carried out [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]], the bombing of a [[World War II]] rocket research center at [[Peenemünde]], a German town on the [[Baltic Sea]]. Over a period of time, the British had conditioned the Germans to expect and respond to attacks on [[Berlin]] by sending [[de Havilland Mosquito]] bombers along the same route towards the city. When the British executed Operation Hydra, the Germans believed eight Mosquitoes flying towards Berlin were the vanguard of yet another attack on the same target. As a result of this diversion, the Germans deployed the majority of their fighter aircraft over Berlin, which gave the British an advantage over Peenemünde.<ref name="Zimmerman">{{cite web |url=https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operations-crossbow-and-hydra-the-aerial-attacks-against-peenemunde/ |title=Operations Crossbow and Hydra: The Aerial Attacks Against Peenemünde |last=Zimmerman |first=Dwight Jon |date=13 August 2013 |website=Defense Media Network |publisher=Faircount Media Group |location=St. Petersburg, Florida}}</ref>

; Feint
: An offensive action involving force-on-force contact with the adversary which deceives the adversary as to the location and/or time of the friendly side's main effort. A feint will cause the enemy to concentrate resources at an incorrect time and location. A series of feints will condition the enemy to friendly activities in the same location, causing the enemy to lower their guard or respond ineffectively to the friendly main effort.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}
: '''Example:''' In May 1940, Nazi Germany's Army Group B attacked the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]. At the same time, Army Group A invaded France by attacking through the [[Ardennes]] towards the city of [[Sedan, Ardennes|Sedan]]. Army Group B's attack was a feint intended to disguise Germany's main effort from British and French military leaders.<ref name="Operations">{{cite book |last=Chief of Staff of the United States Army |date=6 October 2017 |title=Field Manual 3-0: Operations |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6687_FM%203-0%20C1%20Inc%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Army Publishing Directorate |pages=7–53}}</ref>

; Demonstration
[[File:WO201-2841 Middle East Command Camouflage Development and Training Centre, Helwan 'Sunshield'.jpg|thumb|British "sunshields" were used to create displays during World War II]]
: A demonstration presents a show of force similar to a feint, but avoids actual force-on-force contact with the adversary. The intent of a demonstration is for the adversary to incorrectly determine the time and location of the friendly main effort, which gives the friendly side an advantage by causing the adversary to incorrectly allocate resources, move to the wrong location, or fail to move.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}
: '''Example:''' During the [[Peninsula campaign]] of the [[American Civil War]], [[Union Army|Union]] commander [[George B. McClellan]] believed he faced a stronger [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] force commanded by [[John B. Magruder]] than he actually did. Magruder reinforced McClellan's perception with numerous demonstrations, including parading his soldiers where they could be viewed by Union observers, concealing them as they moved back to the start point, then parading them again. McClellan concluded that he was outnumbered and decided to retreat.<ref name="Yorktown">{{cite web |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/yorktown |title=Civil War Overview: Yorktown |location=Washington, D.C. |website=Battlefields.org |date=16 January 2009 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust |access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

; Ruse
: The deliberate exposure to the enemy of false information that causes the enemy to reach an incorrect conclusion about friendly intentions and capabilities. A ruse is a trick of warfare that relies on guile to contribute to a larger deception plan.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}
: '''Example:''' The creation of the fictional [[William Martin (Royal Marine officer)|Major William Martin]] ("The Man Who Never Was") as a British officer carrying important [[World War II]] battle plans. As part of the [[Operation Mincemeat]] deception that concealed the location of the planned Allied invasion of [[Sicily]], the Allies intended for the Nazis to acquire the false documents, which indicated a planned Allied invasion of [[Greece]] and the [[Balkans]], and then incorrectly allocate troops and materiel.<ref name="Mincemeat">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/operation-mincemeat-the-man-who-never-was/ |title=Operation Mincemeat: The man who never was |website=The History Press |location=Cheltenham, England |access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

; Display
: The static portrayal of activity, troops, or equipment. A display is intended to deceive the adversary's visual observation capability, causing him to believe the friendly force is in a location other than where it is, that it has a capacity or capability it does not possess, or that it does not have a capacity or capability that it does possess.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}
: '''Example:''' The Allied use of "sunshields" in [[Operation Bertram]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Forbes |first=Peter |date=21 December 2012 |title=review: The Phantom Army of Alamein by Rick Stroud |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/21/phantom-army-of-alamein-rick-stroud-review |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> and inflatable decoys in [[Operation Bodyguard]] during [[World War II]] to deceive the enemy as to the size, location and objectives of Allied forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=5 June 2020 |title=Deception at D-Day: How Fake Armies, False Radio Traffic and Even Rubber Tanks Helped Fool Hitler |url=https://news.yahoo.com/deception-d-day-fake-armies-144500623.html |work=Yahoo! News |location=New York}}</ref>

These basic deception tactics are often used in combination with each other as part of a larger deception plan.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-7}}

==Legality==
Adherents to [[Protocol I]] (1977) of the [[Geneva Conventions]] agree not to engage in acts of [[perfidy]] during the conduct of warfare. Perfidious conduct is a deceitful action in which one side promises to act in good faith with the intention of breaking that promise to gain an advantage. Examples include one side raising a flag of truce to entice an enemy to come into the open and take them as prisoners of war, then opening fire on the uncovered adversary. Additional examples include misusing protected signs and symbols, such as the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|red cross, crescent, and crystal]], to conceal weapons and ammunition by making them appear to be a medical facility.<ref name="Perfidy">{{cite web |url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/perfidy/ |title=Perfidy |website=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |location=Geneva, Switzerland |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

==Axioms, maxims, and principles==
[[File:R V Jones plaque.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Plaque memorializing Reginald Victor Jones at his former home in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]]]]
The development of modern military deception doctrine has led to the codification of several rules and maxims. In U.S. doctrine, three of the most important are expressed as Magruder's Principle, the Jones' Dilemma, and Care in the Placement of Deceptive Material (Avoid Windfalls).{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|pages=1–8, 1–9, 1–10}}
{{anchor|Magruder's Principle}}

===Magruder's Principle===
Named for [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] general [[John B. Magruder]], the principle asserts that it is easier to convince a target into holding on to a pre-existing belief than it is to convince a target of something it does not believe.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-8}} Examples include the Allies of [[World War II]] making use in the [[Operation Mincemeat]] deception of the pre-existing German belief that [[Greece]] and the [[Balkans]] would be their next invasion target after [[North Africa]], when the Allies actually intended to invade [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gladwell |first=Malcolm |date=3 May 2010 |title=Pandora's Briefcase |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/10/pandoras-briefcase |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York}}</ref>

{{anchor|Jones' Dilemma}}

===Jones' Dilemma===
Named for British scientist [[Reginald Victor Jones]], who played an important role in the Allied effort during World War II, the Jones dilemma indicates that the greater the number of intelligence and information gathering and transmitting resources available to the deception target, the more difficult it is to deceive the target. Conversely, the more of the target's intelligence and information systems that are manipulated in a deception plan or denied to the target, the more likely the target is to believe the deception.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-9}} One reason the World War II [[Operation Bodyguard]] deception was accepted as true on the German side is that Germany's ability to acquire information about activities in England was limited, enabling the Allies to manipulate the few German intelligence gathering resources that were available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dover-castle/history-and-stories/d-day-deception/ |title=D-Day's Bodyguard |website=History and Stories |publisher=English Heritage |location=Swindon, England |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref>

===Avoid Windfalls===
If a deception target obtains deceptive information too easily ("too good to be true"), the target is unlikely to act on it and the deception will fail.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|pages=1–9, 1–10}} This requires deception planners to take care in placing deceptive information so that it will appear to have been acquired in a seemingly natural manner. The deception target is then able to assemble details from multiple sources into a coherent, believable, but untrue story. The best deception plans co-opt the enemy's skepticism through requiring enemy participation, either by expending time and resources in obtaining the deceptive information, or by devoting significant effort to interpreting it. In an example of valid information being dismissed as a windfall, early in World War II a plane carrying German officers to [[Cologne]] became lost in bad weather and landed in [[Belgium]]. Before being arrested by Belgian authorities, the Germans attempted to burn the papers they were carrying, which included copies of the actual invasion plans for Belgium and the [[Netherlands]]. Belgian authorities discounted this true information as false because of the ease with which they obtained it.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=1-10}}

===Multiple Forms of Surprise===
Friendly events about which an adversary can be deceived are described in the mnemonic SALUTE-IS, which stands for Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, Equipment, Intent, and Style. The maxim indicates that the more of these categories the friendly side can deceive the adversary about, the more likely the adversary is to believe the deception. Conversely, if there are plans and activities about which the adversary is already aware, attempting to deceive him about them is unlikely to succeed.<ref name="Organized">{{cite book |last1=Bodmer |first1=Sean M. |last2=Kilger |first2=Max |last3=Carpenter |first3=Gregory |date=2012 |title=Reverse Deception: Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv3iYK-YmYMC&pg=PA42 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=42 |isbn=978-0-0717-7250-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In Operation Bodyguard, the Germans knew there would be an invasion on the coast of France, that it would happen in 1944, and that it would be based in England. They did not know the exact date and the exact location. The Allies concentrated their deception on the SALUTE-IS details the Germans did not know about, and did not attempt to deceive them about what they already knew.<ref name="DefeatofHitler">{{cite web |url=https://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/defeat/d-day-invasion.htm |title=The Defeat of Hitler: D-Day Invasion |date=2010 |website=History Place.com |publisher=The History Place |access-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref>

==Planning process==
The doctrine for planning deception has been codified over time. In the U.S. military, this doctrine begins with understanding the deception target's cognitive process. Expressed as "See-Think-Do", this understanding of the adversary considers what information has to be conveyed to the target through what medium for the target to develop the perception of the situation that will cause the enemy to take an action beneficial to the friendly side. In the planning process, "See-Think-Do" is considered in reverse order—what does the friendly side want the enemy to do as a result of the deception, what perceptions will the target have to form to take the action, and what information needs to be transmitted to the target through which medium so that the target will develop the desired perception.{{sfn|Combined Arms Center|page=2-5}}

As an example, the intent for Operation Bodyguard was for Germany to allocate forces away from Normandy ("Do"). The perception the Allies wanted to create in the mind of the deception target (Hitler) was that the Allies were planning to invade at Calais ("Think"). The information the Allies conveyed to the target to create the perception included the false radio traffic, dummy equipment displays, and deceptive command messages of the fictional First United States Army Group ("See").<ref name="Butts">{{cite book |editor1-last=Butts |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor2-last=Shenoi |editor2-first=Sujeet |date=2011 |title=Critical Infrastructure Protection V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72WrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |location=New York|publisher=Springer |page=7 |isbn=978-3-642-24864-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient Egypt===
[[File:Thutmosis III wien front.jpg|thumb|An early example of military deception was Thutmose III's capture of the Sinai city of Yapu]]
According to [[The Taking of Joppa|a story]] from an ancient [[Papyrus Harris 500|Egyptian papyrus]], in about 1450 BC, an Egyptian army under Pharaoh [[Thutmose III]] and his general [[Djehuty]] besieged the [[Canaan|Caananite]] city of Yapu (later Joppa and now [[Jaffa]]). Unable to gain entry, they resorted to deception. Djehuty hid several soldiers in baskets and had the baskets delivered to the town with the message that the Egyptians were admitting defeat and sending [[tribute]]. The people of Yapu accepted the gift and celebrated the end of the siege. Once inside the city, the hidden soldiers emerged from the baskets, opened the city gates, and admitted the main Egyptian force. The Egyptians then conquered the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bohstrom |first=Philippe |date=22 October 2016 |title=Previously Unknown Canaanite Revolt Against Egypt Revealed in Ancient Jaffa |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2016-10-22/ty-article-magazine/canaanite-revolt-against-egypt-revealed-in-ancient-jaffa/0000017f-e0af-d568-ad7f-f3ef37460000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=Tel Aviv |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

===Ancient Greece===
The ''[[Iliad]]'' and The ''[[Odyssey]]'', epic poems composed between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, are credited to the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] author [[Homer]]. These poems contain details of the [[Trojan War]], presumed by the Greeks to have been fought in approximately the 13th century BC. The ''Odyssey'' provides the details of the [[Trojan Horse]], a successfully executed deception. After several years of stalemate, a Greek leader, [[Odysseus]], devised a deception. Over three days, the Greeks constructed a hollow wooden horse, which they inscribed as an offering to the goddess [[Athena]] in prayer for safe return to their homes. The Greeks then pretended to depart the area around Troy, giving the impression that they had sailed for Greece. Rather than risk offending Athena, the Trojans brought the horse into the city. That night, Greek soldiers concealed inside the horse came out of their hiding place and opened the city gates. The main force of Greek soldiers who had actually remained nearby then entered the city and killed the inhabitants.<ref name="Cartwright">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Trojan_War/ |title=Trojan War |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |date=22 March 2018 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |location=Godalming, England}}</ref>

===Ancient Macedon===
In 326 BC, the army of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]], which was led by [[Alexander the Great]], had advanced through the [[Middle East]] to [[Asia]], conquering numerous kingdoms along the way. Alexander planned for battle against the forces of [[Porus the Elder|Porus]], the king of the region of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] that is now [[Punjab]]. To confront Porus, Alexander needed to cross the [[Jhelum River|Hydaspes River]]. Porus used the terrain to his advantage and arranged his forces to prevent Alexander from crossing the river at the most likely fording point. Leading up to the battle, Alexander scouted several alternative fords, but Porus moved each time to counter him.<ref name="Wasson">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/660/battle-of-hydaspes/ |title=Battle of Hydaspes |last=Wasson |first=Donald L. |date=26 February 2014 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |location=Montreal, Canada}}</ref>

Alexander eventually located a suitable crossing point approximately {{convert|17|mi}} north of his base. He then led a portion of his army to the crossing site, while his subordinate [[Craterus]] kept the entire army's campfires burning within sight of Porus and feigned several river crossings that Porus was able to observe. With Porus distracted, Alexander successfully led his detachment across the river, then marched south to engage in battle. In the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]], Alexander's army had the element of surprise and quickly defeated Porus' troops, while sustaining relatively few casualties on the Macedonian side. Having conquered Porus' kingdom, Alexander then allowed Porus to rule it as one of Alexander's [[satrap]]s.<ref name="Wasson"/>

===Ancient China===
[[File:Sun Bin.jpg|thumb|General Sun Bin of Qi successfully used deception in his kingdom's military operations]]
In 341 BC, troops under the general [[Sun Bin]] of the state of [[Qi (state)|Qi]] faced battle with the forces of the state of [[Wei (state)|Wei]]. Knowing that Wei regarded the army of Qi as inferior and cowardly, Sun Bin decided to use Wei's perception to his advantage. When Qi's forces invaded Wei, Sun Bin ordered them to light 100,000 camp fires on the first night. On the second night, they lit 50,000. On the third, 30,000. Sun Bin's deception caused the Wei forces led by general [[Pang Juan]] to believe Qi faced mass desertions. Rushing to attack what they believed to be an inferior army, the Wei forces assaulted Qi's troops at a narrow gorge, not knowing Sun Bin's soldiers had prepared it as an ambush site. When Pang Juan's troops reached the gorge they observed that a sign had been posted. Lighting a torch to see the message, the Wei commander read "Pang Juan dies beneath this tree". The lighting of the torch was the signal for Qi to initiate the ambush. Sun Bin's army quickly routed Pang Juan's and Pang Juan committed suicide.<ref name="DanielHerbig">{{cite book |editor1-last=Daniel |editor1-first=Donald C. |editor2-last=Herbig |editor2-first=Katherine C. |date=2013 |title=Strategic Military Deception: Pergamon Policy Studies on Security Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhyLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 |location=New York|publisher=Pergamon Press |pages=293–294 |isbn=978-1-4831-9006-8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Another well-known deceptive measure from ancient China has come to be known as the [[Empty Fort Strategy]]. Employed several times in numerous conflicts, the best-known example is a fictional one contained in a [[historical novel]] from the 1320s AD, ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''. This work, which contains embellished tales of actual Chinese history from 169 to 280 AD, includes the story of general [[Zhuge Liang]] of [[Shu Han]] employing the Empty Fort Strategy. As recounted in the novel's description of [[Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions]], an actual historical event, the forces of general [[Sima Yi]] of [[Cao Wei]] arrived at Zhuge Liang's location, the city of Xicheng, while the bulk of Zhuge Liang's army was deployed elsewhere. Zhuge Liang instructed the few troops he had on hand to pretend to be townspeople and told them to perform tasks which would make them visible to Sima Yi, including sweeping the town's streets.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web |url=https://zhang.digitalscholar.rochester.edu/china/tag/zhu-geliang/ |title=Three Kingdom Period: Zhu Geliang |last=Zu |first=Ryan |website=Rochester.edu |publisher=University of Rochester |location=Rochester, New York |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> Zhuge Liang ordered Xicheng's gates to be opened, then took up a visible position on a viewing platform, playing his [[Guqin]] while flanked by only two pages.<ref name="Ryan"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.davidleffman.com/empty-city-stratagem/ |title=Empty City Stratagem |last=Leffman |first=David |date=6 February 2017 |website=David Leffman.com}}</ref> Because Zhuge Liang's reputation as a military leader was so great, Sima Yi assumed Zhuge Liang had prepared an ambush, so he declined to enter Xicheng. Zhuge Liang's deception saved the town and prevented the few soldiers he had with him from being massacred or taken prisoner.<ref name="Ryan"/>

===Ancient Carthage===
During the [[Second Punic War]], the [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] general [[Hannibal]] employed deception during the [[Battle of Cannae]] in 216 BC. In preparing to face [[Roman Republic|a Roman force]] led by [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] and [[Gaius Terentius Varro]], Hannibal had 40,000 soldiers, as compared to the over 80,000 that had been amassed by Rome. To overcome the Roman advantage in numbers, Hannibal placed his less experienced and disciplined [[Gauls]] in the center of his formation, arranged to bulge out towards the Romans. On either side of his line, Hannibal positioned his experienced and disciplined [[Ancient Libya|Libyan]] and [[Gaetuli]] infantry. Hannibal intended for the Gauls to give way to the advancing Romans, with the center of his line bending but not breaking. Seeing the Gauls appear to retreat, the Romans would advance into the bowl shape or sack created by the bending of Hannibal's line. Once inside the sack, the African infantry positioned on the left and right would wheel inwards and attack the Roman flanks. In combination with the Carthaginian cavalry, the infantry on the flanks would continue moving until they encircled the Romans and could attack their rear. The battle unfolded as Hannibal had envisioned. Only 10,000 Romans escaped, with the rest either killed or captured. The battle came to be seen as evidence of Hannibal's genius for tactical generalship, while it was among the worst defeats suffered by Ancient Rome.<ref name="Pillalamarri">{{cite web |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/hannibal-vs-rome-why-the-battle-cannae-one-the-most-18763 |title=Hannibal vs. Rome: Why the Battle of Cannae Is One of the Most Important in History |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |date=17 December 2016 |website=The National Interest |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Center for the National Interest]]}}</ref>

===Ancient Rome===
During the [[Gallic Wars]], in 52 BC Roman commander [[Julius Caesar]] attempted to engage the forces of tribal leader [[Vercingetorix]] in open battle in what is now central France. Vercingetorix kept the River Elave (now [[Allier]]) between Caesar's forces and his own. His troops destroyed or removed the bridges and mirrored the movements of Caesar's troops, preventing Caesar from crossing the river. Caesar responded by hiding forty of his sixty cohorts and arranging the remaining twenty to give the appearance of sixty as viewed from the opposite riverbank. The twenty cohorts continued to march along the river, and Vercingetorix's troops continued to mirror their movements. Caesar then led the forty hidden cohorts back to a repairable bridge, had it fixed, led his troops across, and sent for the other twenty cohorts to rejoin him. Now on the same side of the river as Vercingetorix, Caesar was able to engage the Gallic tribes in battle as he intended.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=T. Rice |author-link=T. Rice Holmes |date=1911 |title=Caesar's Conquest of Gaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o8RAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |location=Clarendon Press |publisher=Oxford, England |pages=148–150 |isbn=978-5-8795-6987-2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

===Mongol Empire===
[[File:Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|The Mongols, including Chinggis Khan, frequently employed deception in their military conquests]]
The [[Mongol Empire]] frequently used deception to aid its military success. A favored tactic was to exaggerate the size of their army, which would cause their enemies to surrender or flee. When he fought the [[Naimans]] in 1204, [[Chinggis Khan]] ordered his soldiers to light five campfires each, giving the impression of a more numerous army. In 1258 [[Möngke Khan]] invaded [[Sichuan]] with 40,000 soldiers, and spread rumors of 100,000 in an effort to intimidate his enemy.<ref name="May">{{cite web |url=https://www.historynet.com/genghis-khans-secrets-success.htm |title=Genghis Khan's Secrets of Success |last=May |first=Timothy |date=August 2007 |website=History Net.com |publisher=Historynet LLC |location=Tysons, Virginia}}</ref>

When confronting numerically superior forces, the Mongols often sent troops behind their own lines to raise dust with branches tied to their horses' tails, which created the impression that reinforcements were ''en route''. Mongol soldiers had more than one horse each, and to exaggerate the size of their army, they would compel prisoners or civilians to ride their spare horses within sight of the enemy, or mount dummies on their spare horses. To make their forces appear smaller, the Mongols would ride in single file, minimizing dust and making the hoofprints of their horses more difficult to count.<ref name="May"/> Mongol armies also used the feigned retreat. A typical tactic was to deploy the [[Manghit#Military unit of the Mongols|mangudai]], a vanguard unit that would charge the enemy, break up its formation, and then fall back in an attempt to draw the enemy into a position more favorable to the Mongols.<ref name=Latimer6/>

===Middle Ages===
Examples of deception occurred during the [[Crusades]]. In 1271, Sultan [[Baybars]] captured the formidable [[Krak des Chevaliers]] by handing the besieged knights a letter, supposedly from their commander, ordering them to surrender. The letter was fake, but the knights believed it was genuine and capitulated.<ref name=Latimer6/>

In 1401, during the [[Glyndŵr Rising]], the [[Tudors of Penmynydd|Tudors]] of [[Wales]] were seeking a revocation of the price that [[Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy|Henry Percy]] had placed on their heads. After deciding to capture Percy's [[Conwy Castle]], one member of the Tudor faction posed as a carpenter, gained access, and then admitted his compatriots. The successful deception was in part responsible for the creation of England's [[House of Tudor|Tudor dynasty]].<ref name=Latimer6/>

===Renaissance===
In an event from the early 1480s that was recounted in [[Washington Irving]]'s ''Conquest of Granada'', during the [[Granada War]], the [[Alhama de Granada]] was besieged by [[Moors]]. During the siege, a portion of the fortress' outer wall was destroyed after the earth beneath it was washed away in a violent storm. To conceal the breach, the [[Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones|Conde de Tendilla]], leader of the Spanish defenders, directed the erection of a cloth screen. The screen deceived the Moors because it was painted to resemble stone, and no Moorish besiegers ventured close enough to spot the fakery. The wall was repaired over the next several days, and the Moors did not learn of the gap in the Alhama's defenses.<ref name="Irving">{{cite book |last=Irving |first=Washington |author-link=Washington Irving |date=1852 |title=The Works of Washington Irving |volume=XIV: Conquest of Granada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOygtjuo7T8C |location=New York|publisher=George P. Putnam |pages=171–172 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

[[Henry VIII]] of England led troops on the European mainland during the [[War of the League of Cambrai]]. On 4 September 1513, Henry's forces began to besiege the city of [[Tournai]] in what is now [[Belgium]]. The site of a thriving [[tapestry]] industry and home to many well-known painters, Tournai prolonged the siege by using painted canvas that resembled [[Trench warfare|trenchworks]] to exaggerate the strength of its defenses.<ref name="Chisholm">{{cite book |editor1-last=Chisholm |editor1-first=Chisholm |editor1-link=Hugh Chisholm |date=1922 |title=The Encyclopedia Britannica |edition=12 |volume=XXX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA542 |location=New York |publisher=The Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. |page=542 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> As a result of this deception, the city held out for several days longer than expected and obtained favorable terms when it surrendered.<ref>{{cite book |last=Loades |first=David |date=2011 |title=Henry VIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQjXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP71 |location=Stroud, England |publisher=Amberley Publishing |pages=71–72 |isbn=978-1-44560-665-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

===Colonial Africa===
[[File:Christiansborg Castle2.jpg|thumb|Deception enabled the Akwamu to seize Fort Christiansborg from its European owners, then sell it back at a profit]]
In 1659, the kingdom of [[Denmark–Norway]] constructed [[Osu Castle|Fort Christiansborg]] near what is now [[Accra]] in [[Ghana]].<ref name="GhanaWeb">{{cite news |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/How-a-Ghanaian-Chief-tricked-the-Danes-in-1693-took-their-castle-and-later-sold-it-back-to-them-891187 |title=How a Ghanaian Chief tricked the Danes in 1693, took their castle and later sold it back to them |date=11 March 2020 |website=GhanaWeb |publisher=AfricaWeb Holding}}</ref><ref name="Shadows">{{cite book |editor1-last=Osei-Tutu |editor1-first=John Kwadwo |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Victoria Ellen |date=2018 |title=Shadows of Empire in West Africa: New Perspectives on European Fortifications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq80DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=149–150 |isbn=978-3-3193-9282-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Used to control commerce in slaves, as well as raw materials including gold and ivory, the site changed hands several times between Denmark–Norway, [[Portugal]], and [[Sweden]], sometimes by force, sometimes by purchase. In 1692, [[Nana Asamani]], the [[Akwamuhene|king of the Akwamu people]], planned to capture the fort from Denmark–Norway. Disguising himself as a cook and interpreter, he obtained work at the fort, where over the next year he became proficient in the Danish language and conducted reconnaissance to learn about the activities of the facility's occupants and the people with whom they traded.<ref name="GhanaWeb"/>

After gaining familiarity with Fort Christiansborg's occupants and operations, in 1693 Asamani informed the Danish traders who occupied it about a group of Akwamu who desired to purchase weapons and ammunition, and suggested they were so anxious to buy that the Danes should inflate their prices.<ref name="GhanaWeb"/><ref name="Shadows"/> Lured by the prospect of large profits, the Danes bartered with the 80 Akwamu that Asamani had brought to the fort. When the Danes allowed the Akwamu to inspect rifles and prepare to test-fire them, the Akwamu instead used the guns to commence an attack on the Danes. Caught by surprise, the Danes were quickly overpowered and ejected from Fort Christiansborg.<ref name="GhanaWeb"/> The Akwamu occupied the post for a year before Asamani agreed to sell it back to Denmark–Norway.<ref name="GhanaWeb"/><ref name="Shadows"/> Asamani kept the keys as a trophy, and they are still in the possession of the Akwamu.<ref name="GhanaWeb"/>

===French and Indian War===
[[File:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 3.svg|thumb|right|Diagram depicting British in red and French in blue as they were arrayed after the British used deception to gain an advantage prior to the Battle on the Plains of Abraham]]

During the [[Seven Years' War]] in North America (known in the United States as the [[French and Indian War]]), British commander [[James Wolfe]] attempted throughout the summer of 1759 to force French commander [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] to come out of his well-defended position in [[Quebec City]]. When artillery fire that destroyed most of the city did not produce the desired effect, Wolfe employed a deception strategy called "uproar east, attack west"<ref name="Wood">{{cite web |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/WolfePlainsofAbraham.html |title=The Winning of Canada: A Chronicle of Wolfe; The Plains of Abraham, September 13, 1759 |last=Wood |first=William |date=1915 |website=The Quebec History Encyclopedia |publisher=Marianopolis College |location=Westmount, Quebec|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bevinalexander.com/college/chapter-details.htm |title=Lectures Chapter 13, How Wars Are Won |last=Alexander |first=Bevin |author-link=Bevin Alexander |location=Bremo Bluff, Virginia |website=College Course on the Rules of War |publisher=Bevin Alexander.com |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> Wolfe ordered Admiral [[Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Saunders]] to move the British fleet on the [[Saint Lawrence River]] to a position opposite one of Montcalm's main camps east of Quebec City. This demonstration gave the appearance of preparations for an upcoming attack. Montcalm was deceived, and moved troops to guard against a British assault from that location.<ref name="Wood"/>

Wolfe's soldiers at Quebec City capitalized on the favorable balance of forces created by the deception. First, they opened a road from the riverbank to the city heights. Next, they deployed into battle formation on a farmer's field near the city walls. Caught by surprise, Montcalm knew he would not be able to withstand a siege and had no choice but to fight. On 13 September 1759, the French were decisively beaten in the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]. The loss of Quebec led to defeat in the war and France was forced to cede Canada to the British.<ref name="Wood"/>

===American Revolution===
====Siege of Boston====

As head of the [[Continental Army]], [[George Washington]] used deception in an effort to equalize the odds in the fight against the larger, better-equipped, and better-trained British army and its [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] auxiliaries. During the [[siege of Boston]] from April 1775 to March 1776, the newly organized Continental Army suffered from numerous equipment and supply shortages. Among the most critical was a lack of [[gunpowder]], which was so acute that in a battle, Washington's troops would be able to fire no more than nine bullets per man. To conceal their lack of gunpowder from the British, Washington's quartermaster soldiers filled gunpowder casks with sand and shipped them from [[Providence, Rhode Island]] to the Continental Army's depots.<ref name="Zegart">{{cite magazine |last=Zegart |first=Amy |date=25 November 2018 |title=George Washington Was a Master of Deception |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/george-washington-was-master-deception/576565/ |magazine=The Atlantic |location=Boston |publisher=Emerson Collective}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lengel |editor1-first=Edward G. |date=2012 |title=A Companion to George Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_4HT0B03qoC&pg=PT304 |location=Hoboken |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |page=304 |isbn=978-1-4443-3103-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The deception convinced British commanders not to launch sorties during the siege.<ref name="Zegart"/>

====Battle of Long Island====

After the American defeat at the [[Battle of Long Island]] in late August 1776, Washington's forces retreated to [[Brooklyn Heights]], with a superior British force surrounding them on three sides and their backs to the [[East River]]. The British expected Washington would find his position untenable and surrender. Washington instead arranged for a flotilla of small boats to ferry his 9,000 troops across the river to the relative safety of [[Manhattan Island]]. Moving under cover of darkness, Washington's troops withdrew unit by unit to avoid the appearance that a general retreat was taking place. The wheels of supply wagons and gun carriages were wrapped in rags to muffle their noise, and American troops were ordered to remain silent to avoid alerting nearby British forces. Rear guard units kept campfires blazing through the night. These measures led British scouts to assume the American army was still on Brooklyn Heights. A morning fog obscured visibility, which helped the Continentals complete their retreat, and all 9,000 were safely ferried across the river. When the British advanced, they found the American positions completely deserted.<ref name="HistoryNetWashington">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/george-washington-defeated-at-the-battle-of-long-island.htm|title=George Washington: Defeated at the Battle of Long Island|work=HistoryNet|date=12 June 2006}}</ref>

====Battle of Trenton====
[[File:Battle of Trenton by Charles McBarron.jpg|thumb|Deception played a key role in Washington's success at the Battle of Trenton in 1776]]

Prior to the [[Battle of Trenton]] on Christmas Day 1776, Washington used a spy, [[John Honeyman]] to gain information about the positions of the [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] troops.<ref name="Honeyman">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/intelligence-throughout-history-john-honeyman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525163720/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/intelligence-throughout-history-john-honeyman.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2011 |title=John Honeyman and The Battle of Trenton |date=24 November 2010 |website=Intelligence Throughout History |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Posing as a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] butcher and weaver, Honeyman traded with British and Hessian troops and acquired useful intelligence.<ref name="Honeyman"/> At the same time, he aided Washington's plan by spreading [[disinformation]] that convinced the British and Hessians that [[Continental Army]] morale was low and an end-of-year attack by American forces unlikely to happen.<ref name="Honeyman"/><ref>Van Dyke, John (1873), "An Unwritten Account of a Spy of Washington", Our Home</ref> Honeyman's deceptive information enabled Washington to gain the element of surprise, and his troops routed the Hessians.<ref name="Honeyman"/>

====Battle of Princeton====

After the Battle of Trenton, the British dispatched a large army under General [[Charles Cornwallis]] to chase down Washington's smaller force.<ref name="Marsico">{{cite news |last=Marsico |first=Ron |date=24 December 2019 |title=The Battles of Trenton and Princeton: Turning Points of the American Revolution |url=https://www.njspotlight.com/2019/12/the-battles-of-trenton-and-princeton-turning-points-of-the-american-revolution/ |work=NJ Spotlight News |location=New York}}</ref> At the 2 January 1777 [[Battle of the Assunpink Creek]], the Continental troops under Washington repulsed three British attacks on their positions.<ref name="Marsico"/> Darkness ended the British attacks and they planned to resume the following morning.<ref name="Marsico"/> That night, Washington again resorted to the same deceptive tactics he had used in Brooklyn, including muffling the wheels of wagons and gun carriages to reduce noise, and leaving a rear guard to keep campfires burning.<ref name="Marsico"/> The tactics were also successful, and Washington was able to move his army into a position from which he defeated Cornwallis' army at the [[Battle of Princeton]] on 3 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-battle-of-princeton|title=The Battle of Princeton|work=history.com |date=13 November 2009 }}</ref>

====Siege of Fort Stanwix====

In August 1777, the first American attempt to relieve the [[siege of Fort Stanwix]] was repulsed by the British in the [[Battle of Oriskany]].<ref name="Sawyer">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/fost/learn/historyculture/the-1777-siege-of-fort-schuyler.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304025314/http://www.nps.gov/fost/learn/historyculture/the-1777-siege-of-fort-schuyler.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2015 |title=The 1777 Siege of Fort Schuyler |last=Sawyer |first=William |date=26 February 2015 |website=NPS.gov |publisher=National Park Service, Fort Stanwix National Monument |location=Rome, New York}}</ref> A second attempt, led by [[Benedict Arnold]] succeeded in part because of a successful effort to deceive the British besiegers.<ref name="Sawyer"/> Arnold dispatched a messenger, [[Hon Yost Schuyler]] to the British lines.<ref name="Sawyer"/> Schuyler was a Loyalist and regarded by British-allied [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] as a prophet because of his strange dress and conduct.<ref name="Sawyer"/> To ensure his good conduct, Arnold held Schuyler's brother as a hostage.<ref name="Sawyer"/> Upon reaching the British positions outside Fort Stanwix, Schuyler informed the Mohawk that Arnold's relief column was nearer than it was, and that it was much larger than it actually was.<ref name="Sawyer"/> The Mohawk initially disbelieved Schuyler, but assumed he was telling the truth after other American Indian messengers sent by Arnold began to arrive with the same information.<ref name="Sawyer"/> The Mohawk decided to leave, forcing British commander [[Barry St. Leger]] to order a retreat.<ref name="Sawyer"/> The end of the siege also ended British attempts to control the [[Mohawk Valley]].<ref name="Sawyer"/>

====Battle of Cowpens====
[[File:Cowpens 1781.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Schematic of the Battle of Cowpens, which shows Daniel Morgan's deceptive employment of the American militia under his command]]

In the fall of 1780, Continental Army general [[Nathanael Greene]], commander of the Southern Department, carried out a harassment campaign against the British in [[North Carolina|North]] and [[South Carolina]].<ref name="Elphick">{{cite web |url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/this-daring-ruse-turned-the-tide-of-the-american-revolution |title=This daring ruse turned the tide of the American Revolution |last=Elphick |first=James |date=10 August 2016 |website= We Are The Mighty |publisher=Military.com |location=Weston, Massachusetts}}</ref> One of Greene's subordinates, [[Daniel Morgan]], commanded a force of approximately 600, and was tasked with harassing the British in the [[Backcountry (historical region)|backcountry]] of South Carolina.<ref name="Elphick"/> In January 1781, as a British force commanded by [[Banastre Tarleton]] closed in on Morgan near [[Cowpens, South Carolina]] on the [[Broad River (Carolinas)|Broad River]], he opted to fight rather than risk being attacked while attempting to cross the water.<ref name="Elphick"/>

Knowing the British regarded American militia as inferior, Morgan used this perception to his advantage by arranging his troops in three lines.<ref name="Elphick"/> The first were sharpshooters, who provided harassing fire and attempted to target British officers.<ref name="Elphick"/> The sharpshooters would then fall back to the second line, which would consist of militiamen.<ref name="Elphick"/> The militia would fire two volleys, then feign a rout and pretend to flee.<ref name="Elphick"/> If the British believed they had caused a panic in the militiamen, they would charge forward.<ref name="Elphick"/> But instead of catching up to the fleeing militia, they would run into the third line—Continental Army soldiers commanded by [[John Eager Howard]].<ref name="Elphick"/> As a reserve, Morgan had a small Continental cavalry force commanded by [[William Washington]].<ref name="Elphick"/>

Morgan's deception proved decisive.<ref name="Elphick"/> At the [[Battle of Cowpens]] on 17 January 1781, a British force under Tarleton launched a frontal assault.<ref name="Elphick"/> The militia feigned retreat, and Tarleton's troops charged forward.<ref name="Elphick"/> As planned, they were met by Howard's troops, then surprised by Washington's cavalry charging into their flanks.<ref name="Elphick"/> Tarleton's force lost over 100 killed, over 200 wounded, and over 500 captured.<ref name="Elphick"/> Morgan's command sustained only 12 killed and 60 wounded.<ref name="Elphick"/>

===French Revolutionary Wars===

[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] made significant use of deception during his campaigns.<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/> At the 1796 [[Battle of Lodi]], he used deception to achieve a successful crossing of the [[River Po]].<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/> As a diversion, Napoleon mounted a token crossing attempt against a strong Austrian force under [[Johann Peter Beaulieu]].<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/> Meanwhile, the bulk of his force moved upriver and obtained an uncontested bridgehead at [[Piacenza]].<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/> Once it had crossed the river, Napoleon's force attacked the Austrian [[rear guard]] in a tactic he referred to as ''manoeuvre sur les derrières'' ("maneuvering behind").<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/>

===War of the First Coalition===
[[File:John Campbell 1st Lord Cawdor.jpg|thumb|Lord Cawdor, whose successful bluff caused the French to surrender during the War of the First Coalition]]
During the [[War of the First Coalition]], France attempted an invasion of Britain.<ref name="Levine">{{cite book |last=Levine |first=Timothy R. |date=2014 |title=Encyclopedia of Deception |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=SAGE |pages=64–65 |isbn=978-1-4522-5877-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> During the February 1797 [[Battle of Fishguard]], Colonel [[William Tate (soldier)|William Tate]] an Irish-American commanding French and Irish troops, landed near [[Fishguard]] in [[Wales]].<ref name="Levine"/> English and Welsh militia and civilians under the command of [[John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor]] hastily assembled to defend the town.<ref name="Levine"/> When discipline began to break down among Tate's troops and their attempted invasion slowed down, Tate asked for surrender terms that would permit his command to leave.<ref name="Levine"/> Instead of offering terms, Cawdor demanded unconditional surrender.<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary/><ref name="Levine"/> As Tate and his subordinates considered Cawdor's demands overnight, Cawdor backed up his bluff with several deceptive measures.<ref name="Levine"/> According to local lore, these included having women in [[Traditional Welsh costume]]s and [[Welsh hat]]s line the cliffs near the French camp.<ref name="Levine"/> from a distance, the women appeared to be British soldiers in [[Red coat (military uniform)|red coats]].<ref name="Levine"/> Convinced that he was outnumbered, Tate surrendered and his troops were taken prisoner.<ref name="Levine"/>

===First Barbary War===

In October, 1803 the frigate {{USS|Philadelphia|1799|6}} ran aground off the North African port of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] during the [[First Barbary War]] and was captured by the Tripolitan forces.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/usn-lessons-learned/decatur-tripoli.html |title=Lieutenant Stephen Decatur's Destruction of Philadelphia, Tripoli, Libya, 16 February 1804 |last=Hughes |first=Christine |date=January 2019 |website=Navy.mil |publisher=U.S. Navy, Histories and Archives Division |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In February 1804, a U.S. military detachment under the command of [[Stephen Decatur Jr.]], was assigned to retrieve the ship or destroy it to keep Tripoli from putting it into service.<ref name="Hughes"/> The raiding party deceived the Tripolitan authorities by sailing into Tripoli harbor aboard {{USS|Intrepid|1798|6}}, a captured Tripolitan [[ketch]] which they disguised as a [[Malta|Maltese]] merchant ship.<ref name="Hughes"/> The ship's [[Sicilians|Sicilian]] harbor pilot spoke to the Tripolitan authorities in [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]], claimed the ship had lost its anchors in a storm, and sought permission to tie up next to the captured ''Philadelphia''.<ref name="Hughes"/> Permission was granted and Decatur and his crew overwhelmed the small force guarding ''Philadelphia'', using only swords and pikes to avoid gunshots that would alert authorities on shore of their presence.<ref name="Hughes"/> Unable to sail ''Philadelphia'' away, Decatur and his crew burned it, then safely escaped.<ref name="Hughes"/>

===War of 1812===
====First American invasion of Canada====

In July 1812, General [[William Hull]] was at [[Fort Detroit]] as the British fortified a defensive position across the [[Detroit River]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]].{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=285}} Hull decided to drive the British to [[Fort Malden]], further away from [[Detroit]], so that he could seize the defenses in Windsor.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} To implement his plan, Hull resorted to deception, which began when his troops collected all the boats and canoes they could find.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} On 11 July 1812, Hull sent some boats down the river to [[Springwells Township, Michigan|Springwells]], south of Detroit, in full view of the British.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} At the same time, the American regiment commanded by [[Duncan McArthur]] marched from Detroit to Springwells, also observed by the British.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}}

With the British now anticipating an American crossing south of Detroit, a second American force moved north in the dark until they reached Bloody Run, a crossing point {{convert|1+1/2|mi|km|spell=in}} north of Fort Detroit and opposite the Ontario town of [[Old Sandwich Town|Sandwich]].{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} Finding no activity at Springwells, the British believed the Americans had already crossed the river and marched on Fort Malden.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} Assuming Fort Malden was vulnerable, the British troops in Sandwich marched south, and in the morning the Americans at Bloody Run crossed to Sandwich unopposed.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}} After landing in Sandwich, the Americans then marched from Sandwich to Windsor and occupied the British defensive works.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=261–262}}

====Retaking the brig Nerina====

In July 1812, the British warship [[HMS Belvidera (1809)|HMS ''Belvidera'']] captured the American [[brig]] ''Nerina'', which had sailed for [[New York City]] from [[Newry]], [[Ireland]] without knowing that war had been declared in June.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hannings |first=Bud |date=2012 |title=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G46OgJcYeN0C |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=45 |isbn=978-0-7864-6385-5 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref={{sfnRef|Hannings}}}}</ref><ref name="Niles">{{cite news |editor-last=Niles |editor-first=Hezekiah |date=8 August 1812 |title=Military Notices: The Brig Nerina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA381 |work=[[Weekly Register|The Weekly Register]] |location=Baltimore |page=381 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''Nerina''{{'}}s crew was transferred to a British ship except for her captain, James Stewart,<ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 1812 |title=Notice to passengers who have engaged their passage in the American Brig NERINA, Capt. JAMES STEWART, for NEW YORK |url=https://www.lastchancetoread.com/docs/1812-05-30-belfast-commercial-chronicle.aspx |work=Belfast Commercial Chronicle |location=Belfast, Northern Ireland |page=2 |via=lastchancetoread.com}}</ref> who remained on board with a British [[prize crew]] which intended to sail ''Nerina'' to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] so a [[prize court]] could adjudicate her.<ref name="Niles"/> When ''Belvidera'' was out of sight, Stewart suggested to the prize master the propriety of opening the hatches to air out ''Nerina's'' hold.<ref name="Niles"/> The master gave the order, and the fifty American passengers Stewart had hidden belowdecks before ''Nerina'' was boarded rushed out and retook the ship.<ref name="Niles"/> Stewart's successful deception enabled him to resume command and sail ''Nerina'' to [[New London, Connecticut]], which he reached on 4 August.<ref name="Niles"/>

====Siege of Detroit====
[[File:William Hull.jpg|thumb|William Hull, the target of successful British deception during the War of 1812]]

In a notable deception that occurred during the [[War of 1812]]'s [[Siege of Detroit]], British Major-general [[Isaac Brock]] and Native American chief [[Tecumseh]] used a variety of tricks, including letters they allowed to be intercepted which exaggerated the size of their forces, disguising Brock's militia contingent as more fearsome regular army soldiers, and repeatedly marching the same body of Native Americans past U.S. observers to make it appear they were more numerous than they were.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=284–290}} Though he had superior troop strength, the U.S. commander, Brigadier General [[William Hull]], believed he faced overwhelming numbers of British regular troops and hordes of uncontrollable Indians.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=284–290}} Fearing a massacre, in August 1812 Hull surrendered the town and the attached fort.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=284–290}} Most of his militia were allowed to return home, while his regular army soldiers were held as British prisoners of war.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|pages=284–290}}

====Capture of brigs Catharine and Rose====

American Lieutenant [[John Downes (naval officer)|John Downes]] was in command of ''[[Georgiana (1791 ship)|Georgiana]]'' as part of Captain [[David Porter (naval officer)|David Porter]]'s naval force, which raided British shipping in the [[Galapagos Islands|Galapagos]] chain.<ref name="George">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecantoncitizen.com/2013/07/25/true-tales-commodore-downes/ |title=True Tales: Commodore Downes |last=Comeau | first=George |date=25 Jul 2013 |website=Canton Citizen|publisher=Canton Citizen Inc. |location=Canton, Massachusetts |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> On 28 May 1813, lookouts on ''Georgiana'' spotted two British whalers, ''[[Catharine (1809 ship)|Catharine]]'' and ''[[Rose (1806 ship)|Rose]]'', off [[Santiago Island (Galapagos)|James Island]].<ref name="George"/> Resorting to deception, Downes raised the [[Union Jack]], which tricked the whalers into thinking they were not under threat.<ref name="George"/> When the Americans were within range they lowered a few boats filled with men, which rowed to ''Catharine'' and ''Rose'' and captured them without resistance.<ref name="George"/> The whaler's captains informed Downes that they had no idea of the attack until the Americans were already on deck.<ref name="George"/>

====Capture of HMS Eagle====

In 1813, the British [[Royal Navy]] continued to blockade America's major ports.<ref name="Percival">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicsocotra.com/wordpress/2019/06/mad-jack-percival/ |title=Mad Jack Percival |publisher=Daily Socotra|date=2019-06-28|website=vicsocotra|access-date=2020-12-03}}</ref><ref name="Ships">"Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels" by United States. Navy Department p. 376.</ref>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} The British flagship [[HMS Poictiers (1809)|HMS ''Poictiers'']], commanded by Commodore [[Sir John Beresford, 1st Baronet|John Beresford]] maintained station just outside [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] on [[Lower New York Bay]], supported by the schooner HMS ''Eagle'',<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} which seized several local fishing vessels.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} [[John Percival]] of the [[United States Navy]] volunteered to capture ''Eagle'', and acquired a fishing boat named ''Yankee''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} On the morning of 4 July 1813, he concealed 34 armed volunteers in the [[Hold (compartment)|hold]], while he and two volunteers stayed on deck dressed as fishermen.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} Percival then sailed ''Yankee'' as though it was departing on a fishing voyage.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} ''Eagle''{{'}}s captain spotted ''Yankee'' and sailed in close so he could order it to transfer the livestock it carried on deck to the nearby ''Poictiers''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} Percival pretended to comply, and when ''Eagle'' was less than {{convert|10|ft|m|spell=in}} away, he signaled his volunteers to launch a surprise attack by shouting "Lawrence!" in honor of deceased U.S. Navy Captain [[James Lawrence]].<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} Percival's volunteers poured out on deck and began firing.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} ''Eagle''{{'}}s crew were taken by surprise and fled below deck.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} A British sailor struck ''Eagle''{{'}}s colors;<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} two of the schooner's crew were killed and another received mortal wounds, while the Americans suffered no casualties.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}} Percival brought the captured ''Eagle'' into port and delivered his prisoners to New York City's [[Whitehall Street]] docks as thousands of Americans were celebrating [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]].<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/>{{sfn|Hannings|pages=133–134}}

====Ambush at Black Swamp Road====

In July 1813, [[Benjamin Forsyth]], one of the company commanders in the American [[Regiment of Riflemen]] wanted to enlist the aid of [[Seneca people|Seneca warriors]] during planned military operations against the British near Newark, Ontario (now [[Niagara-on-the-Lake]]).<ref name="Butters">{{cite book |last=Butters |first=D. E. |date=2011 |title=The Insolent Enemy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WtNAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Xlibris |pages=128–130 |isbn=978-1-4628-8693-7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Forsyth and the Seneca leaders agreed to work together to ambush the [[Mohawk people|Mohawks]] who were allied with the British.<ref name="Butters"/> American riflemen and Seneca warriors hid on both sides of the Black Swamp Road.<ref name="Butters"/> A few Seneca horse riders rode out to gain the Mohawks' attention, then conducted a [[feigned retreat]].<ref name="Butters"/> After the Seneca horsemen passed the hidden American riflemen and Senecas, Forsyth blew his bugle as a signal.<ref name="Butters"/> The concealed Americans and Senecas rose from their hiding places and fired into the pursuing Mohawks.<ref name="Butters"/> 15 Mohawks were killed and 12 captured, along with a British interpreter.<ref name="Butters"/> A few Mohawks escaped, while the Americans and their Seneca allies marched their prisoners back to American lines.<ref name="Butters"/>

====Battle of Fort Stephenson====
[[File:Battle of Fort Stephenson from 1912 History Book.png|thumb|right|150px|Schematic of the Battle of Fort Stephenson. Position B on the north side of the fort shows the position of the cannon George Croghan concealed to catch the British attackers by surprise]]
{{Main|Battle of Fort Stephenson}}

In August 1813, American Major [[George Croghan (soldier)|George Croghan]] was in charge of 160 soldiers at Fort Stephenson, a base on the [[Sandusky River]] in what is now [[Sandusky County, Ohio]] which guarded a nearby supply depot.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keeler |first=Lucy Elliott |date=1907 |title=93rd Anniversary of Fort Stephenson |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081801734&view=2up&seq=6 |location=Columbus, Ohio |publisher=Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society |page=60 |via=[[HathiTrust]] |ref={{sfnRef|Keeler}}}}</ref> British commander [[Henry Procter (British Army officer)|Henry Procter]] arrived with a superior force that included at least 500 British regulars, 800 American Indians under Major Robert Dickson, and at least 2,000 more under [[Tecumseh]].{{sfn|Keeler|page=24}} Procter met Croghan under a flag of truce and urged him to surrender, but Croghan refused.{{sfn|Hannings|page=143}}{{sfn|Lossing|1869|page=501}} The British then bombarded the fort by artillery and gunboat, to little effect.<ref name="Birchard">{{cite web |url=https://birchard.org/content/battle-fort-stephenson |title=Battle of Fort Stephenson |website=Birchard.org |publisher=Birchard Public Library |location=Fremont, Ohio |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Croghan returned fire with his single cannon, "Old Betsy" while frequently changing its position in the hopes that the British would believe he had more than one artillery piece.<ref name="Birchard"/> When Croghan's supply of ammunition ran low, he ordered his men to cease fire.<ref name="Birchard"/>{{sfn|Keeler|page=60}}{{sfn|Lossing|1869|page=502}}

Croghan deduced that the British were going to strike in full force at the northwestern angle of the fort, so he ordered his men to conceal "Old Betsy" in a blockhouse at that location.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|page=502}}{{sfn|Keeler|pages=60–61}}<ref name="Birchard"/> The next morning, the British feinted twice at the southern angle, then approached the northwest one in a column.{{sfn|Hannings|page=143}}{{sfn|Keeler|page=61}} American gunners surprised them by uncovering "Old Betsy" and firing at point blank range, which scattered the column.{{sfn|Keeler|page=61}}<ref name="Birchard"/>{{sfn|Lossing|1869|page=503}} Procter withdrew and sailed away.<ref name="Birchard"/>{{sfn|Lossing|1869|page=504}} Procter reported British casualties as 23 killed, 35 wounded, and 28 missing.<ref name="Birchard"/> American casualties were one killed and seven wounded,<ref name="Birchard"/> and Croghan was celebrated as a national hero and promoted to lieutenant colonel.<ref name="Birchard"/>

====Ambush at Odelltown====

On 28 June 1814, [[Benjamin Forsyth]], commander of the American [[Regiment of Riflemen]], advanced from [[Chazy, New York]] to [[Odelltown, Quebec|Odelltown, Lower Canada]] intending to draw a force of Canadians and Indian allies into an ambush.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton">{{cite book |last=Walton |first=Eliakim Persons |author-link=Eliakim Persons Walton |date=1878 |title=Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont |volume=VI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503 |location=Montpelier, Vermont |publisher=J. and J. M. Poland |page=503 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Upon arriving at the Canadian-Indian positions, Forsyth sent a few men forward as decoys to make contact.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/> When they responded, the American decoys conducted a [[feigned retreat]], which successfully lured 150 Canadian troops and Indian warriors into the ambush site.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/>

During the ensuing fight, Forsyth needlessly exposed himself by stepping on a log to watch the attack and was shot and killed.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/> Forsyth's riflemen, still hidden and now enraged over the death of their commander, rose from their covered positions and fired a devastating volley.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/> The Canadians and Indians were surprised by the ambush and retreated in confusion, leaving seventeen dead on the field.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/> Forsyth was the only American casualty.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/> Even though Forsyth was killed, his feigned retreat and ambush succeeded at inflicting heavy casualties on the Canadian-Indian force.{{sfn|Lossing|1869|p=587}}<ref name="Walton"/>

====Battle of Lundy's Lane====
In the July 1814 [[Battle of Lundy's Lane]], American forces used deception at several critical points.<ref name="Madness">{{cite web |url=https://www.buffalorising.com/2014/08/a-desperation-that-bordered-on-madness-the-battle-of-lundys-lane-part-2/ |title=A Desperation That Bordered on Madness | The Battle of Lundy's Lane, Part 2 |last=Winfield |first=Mason |publisher=2019 Buffalo Rising, Inc. |date=28 August 2014 |website=Buffalo Rising |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> When American troops under [[Winfield Scott]] returned from attacks on British formations they were twice mistaken in the dark for a British unit and allowed to pass.<ref name="Madness"/> In one incident, a British officer asked who was approaching by shouting "The 89th?" The Americans recognized the opportunity to pass unmolested and called back "The 89th!"<ref name="Madness"/>

In another event, American Captain Ambrose Spencer saw a unit approaching in the dark.<ref name="Madness"/> He rode up and called out "What regiment is that?"<ref name="Madness"/> "The Royal Scots, Sir!" a Scottish officer replied.<ref name="Madness"/> Spencer called out "Halt, Royal Scots!" and then rode off.<ref name="Madness"/> Believing a superior officer had given them a command, the regiment stopped, then remained in place until a real British officer found them and gave them new orders.<ref name="Madness"/>

In a third incident, [[Shadrack Byfield]], a soldier in the [[41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot|41st Regiment of Foot]], reported that an individual in a company of hidden Americans impersonated a British officer and told the 41st to form up and stand tall in preparation for inspection.<ref name="Madness"/> Byfield's troops believed a superior officer was addressing them and stood up, enabling the American company to fire a volley at them before scattering in the dark.<ref name="Madness"/>

====Battle of Conjocta Creek====

In August 1814, American Major Lodowick Morgan of the [[Regiment of Riflemen]], who was based in [[Buffalo, New York]], correctly deduced that the British were going to attack Buffalo from Canada by crossing the bridge at [[Scajaquada Creek|Conjocta Creek]] (also called Scajaquada).<ref name="Fredriksen">{{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=John C. |date=2011 |title=Fighting Elites: A History of U.S. Special Forces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqb2gnGq-cC&q=Fighting+Elites%3A+A+History+of+U.S.+Special+Forces+by+John+C.+Fredriksen+breastwork&pg=PA27|location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=26–27 |isbn=978-1598848106| via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Morgan and 240 riflemen marched to the point where the road from [[Black Rock, Buffalo|Black Rock]] crossed the Conjocta.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> They sabotaged the bridge by pulling up a number of planks, then built breastworks at the south side.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> Afterwards, they continued on to Black Rock.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> Once at Black Rock, Morgan's troops marched back the way they came while playing music and making as much noise as possible to gain the attention of the British and make them believe the Americans were headed to Buffalo.<ref name="Fredriksen"/>

Once out of sight, Morgan and his men marched secretly through the woods to occupy the breastworks they had constructed on the south bank of the creek.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> The British arrived at the bridge and discovered the sabotage.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> While they halted to consider their options, Morgan began the [[Battle of Conjocta Creek]] by blowing a whistle to signal his soldiers, who fired a devastating volley.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> The British sought cover on the north bank and fired back, but the American troops remained protected behind their breastworks.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> The British attempted an assault on the breastworks, which the Americans repulsed.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> The British then attempted a flanking maneuver, which was also repulsed.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> Unable to proceed past the Conjocta, the British retreated back to Canada.<ref name="Fredriksen"/> The Americans lost two killed and eight wounded, while the British sustained twelve killed and twenty-one wounded.<ref name="Fredriksen"/>

===American Civil War===
{{main|American Civil War}}

====Peninsula campaign====
[[File:John B Magruder.jpg|thumb|John B. Magruder, Confederate general whose deceptions prevented a Union attack early in the war]]
In the [[American Civil War]]'s [[Peninsula campaign]], Union commander [[George B. McClellan]] was the victim of a deception executed by the forces under [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] commander [[John B. Magruder]] during the 1862 [[Siege of Yorktown (1862)|Siege of Yorktown]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Rudolph J. III |date=2009 |title=Seven Days Before Richmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoO0fjwBD-sC&pg=PA51 |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |page=50 |isbn=978-1-4401-1408-3 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref={{sfnRef|Schroeder}}}}</ref> Magruder, who had acted in and produced plays, used his knowledge of visual and audio effects to deceive McClellan into believing Magruder's force was larger than it was.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jermann |first=Donald R. |date=2012 |title=Civil War Battlefield Orders Gone Awry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2ldLfXEKdQC&pg=PA53 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company |pages=53–54 |isbn=978-0-7864-6949-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> These included placing straw dummy crewmen alongside [[Quaker gun]]s—logs painted black to resemble cannons—in his defensive works.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eicher |first= David J. |date=2001 |title=The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC&pg=PA213 |location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster |pages=213–214 |isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Magruder interspersed his Quaker guns with the few real cannons he possessed, making his artillery seem more numerous than it was.<ref>{{cite book |last=Joiner |first=Gary D. |date=2003 |title=One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River Campaign of 1864 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPe-09pXU8gC&pg=PA28 |location=Wilmington, Delaware |publisher=SR Books |page=28 |isbn=978-0-8420-2937-7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In addition, he used shouted orders and bugle calls to march his relatively small force of about 10,000 in front of Union positions until they were out of sight, then had them loop around unseen and march through the same area again, making his troop strength seem greater than it was.{{sfn|Schroeder|pages=50–52}} Magruder's elaborate charade convinced McClellan, who outnumbered Magruder by ten to one, that he faced a more formidable opponent than was actually the case, which caused him to delay attacking.{{sfn|Schroeder|pages=453–454}} McClellan's delay allowed Confederate reinforcements to arrive, causing him to retreat back to [[Washington, D.C.]]{{sfn|Schroeder|pages=453–454}}

====Vicksburg campaign====
{{main|Vicksburg campaign}}
In early 1863, Union naval commander [[David Dixon Porter]] lost a new [[ironclad]], {{USS|Indianola}} after it ran aground on the [[Mississippi River]] near [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] and was captured by Confederate forces.<ref name="MyronSmith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Myron J. Jr. |date=2017 |title=Joseph Brown and His Civil War Ironclads |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NvCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company |pages=209–214 |isbn=978-1-4766-2680-2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> As the Confederates attempted to repair and refloat the damaged ship so they could use it against Porter's fleet, Porter executed a deception to thwart their effort.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> His men constructed a giant dummy ironclad from barges, barrels, and other materials that were on hand.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> Made to resemble a new, real ironclad, {{USS|Lafayette (1848)}}, the dummy was painted black to give it a sinister appearance and flew the [[Jolly Roger]] pirate flag.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> Porter's sailors floated the dummy, christened [[Black Terror (ship)|''Black Terror'']], downstream at night, and it appeared impervious to Confederate shore battery fire.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> Exaggerated rumors about the seemingly indestructible super ship quickly spread to Vicksburg and reached salvage crews working on ''Indianola''.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> In a panic, they halted their efforts, blew up ''Indianola'', and abandoned the wreckage.<ref name="MyronSmith"/> When ''Black Terror'' ran aground and was inspected by Confederates, local newspapers roundly criticized military and naval commanders for being unable to tell the difference between a real warship and a fake.<ref name="MyronSmith"/>

===Second Boer War===
{{see also|Siege of Mafeking}}
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-219-36.jpg|thumb|Dummy [[155 mm Creusot Long Tom|Long Tom]] artillery position deployed during the [[Second Boer War]]]]
During the [[Second Boer War]], British commander [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] made extensive use of deception during his October 1899 to May 1900 defense of [[Mafeking, South Africa|Mafeking]].<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> After he occupied the town with a force of 1,500, Baden-Powell faced 8,000 [[Boers]] who intended to begin a siege.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> As the Boers advanced, Baden-Powell wrote a letter to a friend in [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] whom he knew had died, which contained news of the imminent approach of more British troops.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> Baden-Powell intended for the letter to be intercepted and when it fell into Boer hands, they believed it was real.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> As a result, they diverted 1,200 troops to guard the approaches against Baden-Powell's fictional reinforcements.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> Baden-Powell's troops also set up fake defensive works at a distance from the town itself, including one marked as his command post, which further diverted Boer attention.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> In addition, he had local residents execute deceptive tactics, including carrying boxes of sand labeled "mines" in places where they could be observed.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> Word of these supposed mines reached the Boers, and when they soon afterwards observed supposed minefields appear around the edge of the town, they assumed the danger was real.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> These deceptive measures held off a Boer attack, which allowed Baden-Powell time to improve Mafeking's defences.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/> As a result of his effort, the British were able to hold out until reinforcements arrived and lifted the siege.<ref name=LatimerMafeking/>

===World War I===
====Gallipoli campaign====
During World War I, deception shifted from the tactical level to the strategic as modernized warfare and advances in technology increased the size and complexity of battlefield organizations.<ref name=Handel215/> Several methods of deception were used by the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (Anzac) during its [[Gallipoli campaign|withdrawal from Gallipoli]] in [[Turkey]], which was completed on 20 December 1915.<ref name="Victoria">{{cite web |url=http://anzaccentenary.vic.gov.au/gallipolievacuation/index.html |title=The Gallipoli Evacuation |date=2019 |website=Anzac Centenary |publisher=Victoria State Government |location=Melbourne, Australia |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> As early as mid-November, artillery and sniper activity went silent for periods of time, giving the impression that the Anzacs were preparing to remain in the defense with limited resupply of ammunition during the upcoming winter.<ref name="Victoria"/> To cover the removal of the last troops, "drip rifles" were prepared to fire about 20 minutes after they were set, with a water can leaking into a second can that was tied to a rifle trigger.<ref name="Kirkpatrick">{{cite web |url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/that-time-unmanned-rifles-and-mannequins-tricked-the-enemy-at-gallipoli |title=That time unmanned rifles and mannequins tricked the enemy at Gallipoli |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Tim |date=22 March 2018 |website=We Are The Mighty |publisher=Mighty Networks |location=Los Angeles |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> When the second can was full, the weight caused the unmanned rifle to fire.<ref name="Kirkpatrick"/> The sporadic firing created by this ruse convinced the Turks that the Anzac troops were still manning their defenses.<ref name="Kirkpatrick"/> In addition, Anzac troops used dummy artillery and mannequins to further enhance the impression that soldiers remained in their positions.<ref name="Kirkpatrick"/> As a result of these deceptive measures, both the main body of Anzac troops and the rear guard retreated unmolested.<ref name="Kirkpatrick"/> Given the failure of the Gallipoli effort from the Anzac perspective, the evacuation was considered the most successful part of the entire campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nethercote |first=J.R. |date=18 December 2015 |title=The Gallipoli evacuation was the only success of the Dardanelles campaign |url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/the-gallipoli-evacuation-was-the-only-success-of-the-dardanelles-campaign-20151218-glqjpt.html |work=Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney, Australis}}</ref>

====Western front====
[[File:E04934.jpg|thumb|right|200px|World War I Australian troops carrying a dummy [[Mark IV tank]] that was intended to deceive German forces during the following day's assault on part of the [[Hindenburg Line]] (September 1918)]]
[[File:Dummy gun erected in a gun pit by the Germans to deceive our airmen (4687953503).jpg|thumb|right|A fake [[German Empire|German]] artillery piece in World War I, created to draw fire, {{circa|1918}}.]]
In March 1917, leaders of the [[Imperial German Army|German Army]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] decided to withdraw from their positions in France to the [[Hindenburg Line]], a {{convert|90|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} defensive position that ran from [[Arras]] to [[Laffaux]].<ref name="Sass">{{cite news |last=Sass |first=Erik |date=21 March 2017 |title=Germans Withdraw to Hindenburg Line, Wilson Decides On War |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/93595/wwi-centennial-germans-withdraw-hindenburg-line-wilson-decides-war |work=Mental Floss |location=New York}}</ref> With Germany unable to conduct an offensive because of personnel losses earlier in the war, commanders intended for unrestricted submarine warfare and strategic bombing to weaken the British and French, giving the German army time to recuperate.<ref name="Osborn">{{cite book |last1=Osborn |first1=Patrick R. |last2=Romanych |first2=Marc |date=2016 |title=The Hindenburg Line |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3L7fDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |location=New York|publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-1-4728-1480-7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In addition, the move to the Hindenburg Line supported the plan of commanders [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and [[Erich Ludendorff]] to shift the German focus to Russia and the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]].<ref name="Sass"/> The withdrawal to the new defensive line would shorten Germany's front by {{convert|25|mi|km}}, enabling 13 divisions to be employed against the Russians.<ref name="Sass"/>

Under the plan code named [[Operation Alberich]], the Germans abandoned their old positions in a staged series that began in late February.<ref name="Sass"/><ref name="Osborn"/> The majority of their movement occurred between 16 and 21 March, and the full German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line was completed on 5 April.<ref name="Sass"/> The German withdrawal included numerous efforts to deceive the Allies, among them night movements and skeleton crews who remained behind to provide screening fire from machine guns, rifles, and mortars.<ref name="Sass"/> The deception activities proved generally successful, and Germany completed its withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line largely unmolested.<ref name="Sass"/>

In August 1918, the Allies intended to launch two offensives, one led by British Field Marshal [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]], [[Commander-in-chief]] (C-in-C) of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF), near [[Amiens]], and the other by American General [[John J. Pershing]], C-in-C of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF), near [[Saint-Mihiel]].<ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web |url=https://www.historynet.com/world-war-i-the-belfort-ruse.htm |title=World War I: The Belfort Ruse |website=History Net.com |date=12 June 2006 |publisher=Historynet LLC |location=Tysons, Virginia |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref> Prior to the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], Haig's subordinate, General [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry Rawlinson]], commander of the British Fourth Army, employed several deceptive tactics, including periods of radio silence by units involved in the coming attack and false radio traffic from other parts of the British lines.<ref name="Amiens">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/amiens-battle-of |title=Battle of Amiens |date=21 August 2018 |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |location=New York |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> In addition, Rawlinson delayed troop movement for as long as possible prior to the start of the attack to prevent German observers from obtaining data on his disposition of forces, and moved troops and materiel almost entirely at night.<ref name="Amiens"/> The British offensive was immediately successful because they had maintained the element of surprise.<ref name="Amiens"/> British troops and tanks advanced {{convert|8|mi}}, captured 400 artillery pieces, and inflicted 27,000 casualties, including 12,000 prisoners.<ref name="Amiens"/>

In an effort to gain an advantage near Saint-Mihiel, U.S. planners including [[Arthur L. Conger]] attempted to deceive the Germans into believing the American attack would come at [[Belfort]], {{convert|180|mi}} to the south.<ref name="HistoryNet"/> False orders left where spies or informants could find them and staff officer reconnaissance activity created the appearance that the U.S. intended to conduct operations in and around Belfort.<ref name="HistoryNet"/> Pershing gained surprise at Saint-Mihiel and his offensive was successful.<ref name="HistoryNet"/> In 1926, Conger discovered from a former German officer that while the ''Belfort Ruse'' had not been completely successful, it had aided Pershing.<ref name="HistoryNet"/> Concerned that an Allied attack in the Belfort area was at least a possibility, many German units that could have reinforced German lines in the Saint-Mihiel area delayed movement from their rear area positions near Saint-Mihiel until it was too late.<ref name="HistoryNet"/> As a result of the success of Pershing's offensive, they did not have time to execute their withdrawal plans, and either abandoned their weapons and fled or were taken as prisoners.<ref name="HistoryNet"/>

====Eastern front====
At a war council held with senior commanders and the czar in April 1916, Russian General [[Aleksei Brusilov]] presented a plan to the [[Stavka]] (the Russian high command), proposing a massive offensive by his Southwestern Front against the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] forces in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]].<ref name="TuckerWorldConflict">{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer |date=2011 |title=Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&pg=PA428 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=428 |isbn=978-1-5988-4429-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Brusilov's plan aimed to take some of the pressure off [[France|French]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] armies in France and the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian Army]] along the [[Isonzo Front]] and if possible to knock Austria-Hungary out of the war.<ref name="TuckerWorldConflict"/> As the Austrian army was heavily engaged in Italy, the Russian army enjoyed a significant numerical advantage in the Galician sector.<ref name="TuckerWorldConflict"/>

Brusilov's plan was approved, and he massed 40 infantry divisions and 15 cavalry divisions in preparation for the [[Brusilov Offensive]].<ref name="TuckerWorldConflict"/> Deception efforts included false radio traffic, false orders sent by messengers who were intended to be captured, and equipment displays including dummy artillery to mislead Austria-Hungary as to the location of his units.<ref name="Buttar"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Dowling C. |first=Timothy |date=2008 |title=The Brusilov Offensive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2RFaG01dJYC&pg=PA46 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=46 |isbn=978-0-2530-0352-2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Beginning in June 1916, Brusilov's surprise offensive caused Germany to halt its Western front attack on Verdun and transfer considerable forces to the Eastern front.<ref name="Buttar">{{cite book |last=Buttar |first=Prit |date=2016 |title=Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfbqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |location=New York |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=131 |isbn=978-1-4728-1277-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> It also severely reduced the fighting effectiveness of Austria-Hungary's forces, effectively depriving Germany of its most important ally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918_russian_empire |title=Warfare 1914–1918 (Russian Empire) |last=Steinberg |first=John W. |date=October 27, 2015 |website=International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}</ref>

====Palestine====
[[File:Meinertzhagen 1922.jpg|thumb|Richard Meinertzhagen, credited with several British deceptions in Palestine during World War I.]]
In October 1917, [[Edmund Allenby]], commander of Britain's [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], planned to attack the Ottomans in southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name="TuckerMiddleEast">{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer C. |date=2019 |title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century |volume=I–IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA948 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC CLIO |pages=947–948 |isbn=978-1-4408-5353-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Rather than repeat previous frontal assaults at [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], which had been unsuccessful, he planned a flanking attack at [[Beersheba]].<ref name="TuckerMiddleEast"/> As part of the larger deception effort to convince the Ottomans that Gaza was his objective, an officer under Allenby's command executed a deceptive tactic now known as the [[Haversack Ruse]].<ref name="TuckerMiddleEast"/> In this effort, usually attributed to [[Richard Meinertzhagen]], the officer intentionally dropped a knapsack which contained false plans for an attack on Gaza, which the Ottomans recovered.<ref name="TuckerMiddleEast"/> As a result of the Haversack Ruse and other deceptive measures, the British surprised the Ottomans and achieved victory at the 31 October 1917 [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]].<ref name="TuckerMiddleEast"/>

Allenby again resorted to deception as he prepared to attack the Ottomans again at [[Tel Megiddo]] in September 1918.<ref name="Bruce">{{harvnb|Bruce|2002|p=205}}</ref><ref name="Powles234–5">{{harvnb|Powles|Wilkie|1922|pp=234–235}}</ref> In preparation for the battle, British forces concealed the movement of three cavalry and several infantry divisions from the eastern end of the front line, the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]], to the western end on the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/> The single mounted division that remained in the east, reinforced with infantry, maintained the illusion that the Jordan Valley remained fully garrisoned.<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/> Deceptive measures included marching infantry into the valley during the day when they could be observed by the Ottomans, transporting them out by truck at night, then marching them back the next day.<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/> The tents of the departed units were left standing, and dummy horses, mules, and soldiers made from canvas and straw were displayed throughout the encampment.<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/> In addition, mules dragged branches up and down the valley to generate thick clouds of dust, giving the impression of more animals and men on hand than there actually were.<ref name="Powles234–5"/><ref>{{harvnb|Hamilton|1996|pp=135–136}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mitchell|1978|pp=160–161}}</ref> Though the deceptions did not induce [[Otto Liman von Sanders]], the commander of the [[Ottoman Army]], to concentrate his forces on the eastern flank, as Allenby hoped, the Ottomans could not be certain of his intentions, so they could not mass their forces.<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/> With the Ottomans spread throughout their line, Allenby's forces had a numerical advantage at the 19 to 25 September [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)]], and attained victory over the Ottomans.<ref name="Bruce"/><ref name="Powles234–5"/>

====At sea====
Britain's [[Royal Navy]] made extensive use of [[Q-ships]] to combat German [[submarines]].<ref name="gwpda">{{cite web |url=http://www.gwpda.org/naval/rnqships.htm |title=Royal Navy 'Q' Ships |last=McMullen |first=Cliff |date=2001 |website=World War I Primary Document Archive |publisher=Great War Primary Documents Archive, Inc.|location=Phoenix}}</ref> Camouflaged to look like a civilian sailing vessel or decrepit [[Tramp trade|tramp steamer]], the Q-ships were decoys that carried concealed heavy guns.<ref name="gwpda"/> The function of the Q-ships was to appear to be an undefended target.<ref name="gwpda"/> If successful, German submarines would be lured to the surface to sink or destroy the ship by using deck guns, enabling the submarine to conserve its limited supply of [[torpedoes]] for use against warships.<ref name="gwpda"/> If a German [[U-boat]] surfaced, the Q-ship would immediately display the Royal Navy's [[White Ensign]] flag in compliance with international law, then deploy its guns against the submarine.<ref name="gwpda"/> In 150 engagements, British Q-ships destroyed 14 U-boats and damaged 60.<ref name="gwpda"/> 27 of the 200 Q-ships the British employed were lost to German attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.maritimeprofessional.com/blogs/post/qships-13809 |title=Q-ships: A wolf in sheep's clothing, but largely ineffectual |last=Bryant |first=Dennis |date=27 July 2010 |newspaper=Maritime Logistics Professional |location=Bayport, New York}}</ref>

===World War II===
====Eastern Front====
{{further|Russian military deception}}
Before [[Operation Barbarossa]] in June 1941, the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] explained away the creation of a massive force arrayed to invade the Soviet Union by informing Soviet leaders including [[Joseph Stalin]] that it was training in preparation for an invasion of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Steury">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no1/9_BK_What_Stalin_Knew.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613105913/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no1/9_BK_What_Stalin_Knew.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Review of What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa |last=Steury |first=Donald P. |date=2005 |website=Studies in Intelligence |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency Center for the Study of Intelligence |location=Langley, Virginia |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> The deception worked, and Stalin continued to ignore German preparations until after the invasion of the Soviet Union had actually commenced.<ref name="Steury"/>

When the Allies on the Western Front planned the Normandy invasion for June 1944, the Soviet Union simultaneously planned for a major Eastern front offensive against German forces.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web |url=https://www.historynet.com/operation-bagration-soviet-offensive-of-1944.htm |title=Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944 |last=Jordan |first=Jonathan W. |date=2006 |website=History Net |publisher=Historynet LLC |location=Tysons, Virginia |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Called [[Operation Bagration]], this Soviet attack was designed to catch the Germans unprepared in [[Belarus|Belorussia]], at the center of their lines.<ref name="Jordan"/> To gain and maintain the element of surprise for Bagration, the Soviets executed a successful deception effort.<ref name="Jordan"/> The overall intent was to make German commanders believe the Soviets would only defend in the center of the front (Belorussia), while launching a major offensive to the south in [[Ukraine]] and [[Crimea]] and a feint to the north in [[Finland]].<ref name="Jordan"/> Soviet military leaders successfully masked preparations for action in Belorussia and limited German reconnaissance in the center of the front while drawing German attention to deceptive activities in the north and south.<ref name="Jordan"/> Germany was caught off-guard at the start of the Bagration offensive on 23 June, and the Soviets quickly pushed retreating German forces from the Soviet Union all the way to [[Poland]].<ref name="Jordan"/>

====Western Front====
=====Africa=====
From early 1941, [[Dudley Clarke]] commanded the 'A' Force, based in [[Cairo, Egypt]], which developed much of the war's Allied deception strategy.<ref name="Holt">{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Thaddeus |date=2004 |title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E569Q7s1CnsC&pg=PA21 |location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster |pages=21–22 |isbn=978-1-4391-0388-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In an initial deception failure from which Clarke derived an important lesson he put to use in the future, the British intended to retake [[British Somaliland]] by an advance from [[Sudan]] into [[Eritrea]].<ref name="Holt"/> Operation Camilla was intended to deceive the Italians occupying British Somaliland into thinking the British intended to retake British Somaliland by an amphibious assault from [[Aden]].<ref name="Holt"/> Instead of moving their troops to meet the potential amphibious landing, or retreating to Italian-occupied Somalia, the Italians withdrew into Eritrea.<ref name="Holt"/> As a result, they possessed greater strength at the British objective when the genuine British attack occurred.<ref name="Holt"/> Clarke's lesson was to focus deception not on what the enemy should think is happening but what the deception planner wants the enemy to do as a result.<ref name="Holt"/><ref name=Rankin298/>

=====North Africa=====
[[File:Jasper Maskelyne and a Force, Royal Engineers HU95036.jpg|thumb|British magician Jasper Maskelyne, credited with numerous deception activities during World War II]]
Deception played an important part in the war in [[North Africa]].<ref name="Diamond">{{cite web |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/09/14/magic-in-the-desert/ |title=Magic in the Desert |last=Diamond |first=Jon |website=Warfare History Network |date=14 September 2016 |publisher=Sovereign Media |location=McLean, Virginia |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> In 1941, a British Army unit led by magician and illusionist [[Jasper Maskelyne]] prevented the destruction of [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]] by using lights to recreate the nighttime image of the city, while blacking out the actual city lights.<ref name="Diamond"/> Coupled with explosives that simulated German bombs landing on the city, Maskelyne's illusion caused German planes to release their ordnance on the empty coastal site he had prepared rather than on the city.<ref name="Diamond"/>

Maskelyne was subsequently tasked with preventing the Germans from attacking the [[Suez Canal]], a key asset in the Allied supply chain.<ref name="Diamond"/> He responded by creating a system of swirling [[searchlight]]s which cast a spray of [[strobe light]] over more than {{convert|100|mi}} of the sky above Egypt.<ref name="Diamond"/> German pilots were unable to see the canal, and so were unable to destroy it.<ref name="Diamond"/>

As part of the deception surrounding [[Operation Crusader]] during the [[Siege of Tobruk]], camouflage artist [[Steven Sykes (artist)|Steven Sykes]] built a dummy railhead near Misheifa in Egypt.<ref name="Stroud, 2012. Pages 123–133">{{harvnb|Stroud|2012|pp=123–133}}</ref> The intent, which succeeded, was to divert German aerial attacks from the real railhead and deceive the Germans into believing that the British attack would not begin until the dummy was completed.<ref name="Stroud, 2012. Pages 123–133"/> Before the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], camouflage unit commander [[Geoffrey Barkas]] led Operation Sentinel and [[Operation Bertram]], which used dummy equipment and other deceptive measures to deceive German commander [[Erwin Rommel]] about Allied strength and the timing and location of the Allied attack.<ref>{{harvnb|Stroud|2012|pp=183–208}}</ref>

In Operation Sly Bob, Maskalyne's unit attempted to create a dummy submarine that would draw the attention of German reconnaissance aircraft along the German and Italian Italy-to-Tripoli supply line, enabling British ships to gain the element of surprise when attacking Axis shipping.<ref name="Diamond"/><ref name="Chant">{{cite web |url=https://codenames.info/operation/sly-bob/ |title=Operation Sly Bob |last=Chant |first=Christopher |date=10 January 2020 |website=Codenames: Operations of World War II}}</ref> By using old railroad sleeper cars, a wooden frame, nailed and welded beams, and metal tubing, Maskalyne's unit succeeded in creating a prototype that British ship commanders unaware of the deception plan nearly sank when they observed it near the Suez Canal.<ref name="Chant"/> The difficulty in creating a viable dummy rendered the project impractical, and Sly Bob was abandoned before it was fully implemented.<ref name="Chant"/>

Based on the experience with Sly Bob, the British attempted to portray an aging [[cruiser]] as a [[battleship]] that would pose a threat to German shipping.<ref name="Diamond"/><ref name="Chant"/> When the effort proved unsuccessful because the dummy equipment and fixtures added to the cruiser were unrealistic, Maskalyne's team used the partially dummied cruiser as "sucker bait".<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=David |date=2004 |title=The War Magician: The man who conjured victory in the desert |url=http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/8591/85912191.pdf |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |pages=157–163 |isbn=978-0-297-84635-2}}</ref> With sucker bait, a magician uses an audience's powers of observation against it by allowing members to falsely believe they see through a trick.<ref name="Fisher"/>{{efn|A typical "sucker bait" trick is the disappearing rabbit. A magician makes a rabbit disappear from a box on a table, then disassembles the box to prove the rabbit is not in it. A white tuft of fur is visible on the tabletop, and the magician ostentatiously attempts to conceal it, which further draws in the audience. When the magician folds up the table and no rabbit is visible, the audience realizes their belief they had seen how the trick was performed (a trick table) was also a trick.<ref name="Fisher"/>}} By appearing to attempt to camouflage the cruiser-turned-dummy battleship, which Maskalyne christened HMS ''Houdin'' after magician [[Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin]], but allowing German observers to see through the camouflage, Maskalyne's team enabled the Germans to conclude on their own that the British were attempting to hide a battleship.<ref name="Fisher"/> Allowing the Germans to believe they had penetrated the camouflage and detected the battleship created in the minds of German military leadership the same risk to German shipping a real battleship would have posed.<ref name="Fisher"/>

=====Normandy=====
Before the June 1944 [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy, the Allies launched a deception codenamed [[Operation Bodyguard]].<ref name="Suciu">{{cite news |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=5 June 2019 |title=D-Day deception: How phantom armies and fake information helped win the Battle of Normandy |url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/d-day-deception-phantom-armies-fake-information |work=Fox news |location=New York}}</ref> As part of Bodyguard, the [[Operation Quicksilver (WWII)|Operation Quicksilver]] deception portrayed [[First United States Army Group]] (FUSAG), a skeleton headquarters commanded by [[Omar Bradley]], as an army group commanded by [[George Patton]].<ref name="Suciu"/> In [[Operation Fortitude South]], another component of Bodyguard, the Germans were persuaded that FUSAG would invade France at [[Pas-de-Calais]] in the fall of 1944.<ref name="Suciu"/> British and American troops used dummy equipment, false radio traffic and [[double agent]]s (see [[Double-Cross System]]) to deceive German intelligence on the location and timing of the invasion.<ref name="Suciu"/> The Germans awaited the Calais landing for many weeks after the real landings in Normandy, leaving in place near Calais several divisions that could have helped delay or defeat the Normandy attack.<ref name="Suciu"/> By the time the Germans realized the Normandy landings were the actual offensive, Allied units were so well established in Normandy that they could not be dislodged.<ref name="Suciu"/>

====Pacific theater====
[[Japan]] continued diplomatic engagement with the U.S. on several issues of concern throughout late November and into early December 1941 even though attacking ships had sailed from their base in the remote [[Kuril Islands]].<ref name="French">{{cite news |last=French |first=Howard W. |date=9 December 1999 |title=Pearl Harbor Truly A Sneak Attack, Papers Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York|page=A3}}</ref> The surprise 7 December 1941 [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] took place several hours before Japan presented a formal declaration of hostilities and officially broke diplomatic ties.<ref name="French"/> Japan also made extensive use of decoys and other deceptive displays throughout the war, which took on increased importance as the tide of the war went against it in 1944 and 1945.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite magazine |last=Taylor |first=Alan |date=27 April 2016 |title=Bamboo Bombers and Stone Tanks – Japanese Decoys Used in World War II |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/04/bamboo-bombers-and-stone-tanksjapanese-decoys-used-in-world-war-ii/480186/ |magazine=The Atlantic |location=Boston}}</ref>

Prior to the October 1944 [[Battle off Samar]], the Japanese incorporated deception into their plan of attack by luring Admiral [[William Halsey Jr.]] into leading his powerful [[United States Third Fleet|Third Fleet]] to chase a decoy fleet, a target so inviting Halsey took with him every ship he commanded.<ref name="Edwards">{{cite web |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/with-suicidal-courage-commander-ernest-evans-mx.html |title=With Suicidal Courage, Commander Ernest Evans Took on 4 Japanese Battleships near Leyte, With 3 Destroyers |last=Edwards |first=Jeff |date=27 September 2017 |website=War History Online.com |publisher=Timera Media |location=Alexandria, Virginia |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

With Halsey's force out of the way, the Japanese intended to attack the Allied [[Battle of Leyte|landings on Leyte]].<ref name="Edwards"/> The U.S. responded with their few remaining forces, the three [[escort carrier]] groups of the [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]].<ref name="Edwards"/> Escort carriers and destroyer escorts had been built to protect slow convoys from submarine attack, and were later adapted to attack ground targets, but they had few torpedoes, as they normally relied on Halsey's fleet to protect them from armored warships.<ref name="Edwards"/> These ships, organized as Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3"), and commanded by Rear Admiral [[Clifton Sprague]], possessed neither the firepower nor the armor to oppose the 23 ships of the Japanese force, which included ''Yamato''{{'}}s [[40 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun|18-inch guns]], but took the initiative and attacked.<ref name="Edwards"/> In addition to ships firing on the Japanese from point-blank range, aircraft including [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcats]], [[Grumman F6F Hellcat|F6F Hellcats]] and [[Grumman TBF Avenger|TBM Avengers]], strafed, bombed, torpedoed, rocketed, and depth-charged the Japanese force until they ran out of ammunition.<ref name="Edwards"/> They then resorted to deception, including numerous "dry runs" at the Japanese ships.<ref name="Edwards"/> Concerned that he faced a larger force than he actually did, Japanese commander Admiral [[Takeo Kurita]] decided to withdraw.<ref name="Edwards"/>

During the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] in February and March 1945, Japanese deception included [[dummy tank]]s sculpted out of the island's soft volcanic rock.<ref name="Taylor"/> At the Japanese-held airfield in [[Tianhe District]], [[China]], the Japanese painted on the ground the image of a [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Bomber]] that appeared to be on fire.<ref name="Taylor"/> Their intent was for the painted image to appear real to high-flying aircraft, which would lower their altitude to investigate, thus making them targets for Japanese anti-aircraft fire.<ref name="Taylor"/> In addition, the Japanese made extensive use of bamboo-framed dummy aircraft to project airpower and protect their remaining aircraft, straw dummy soldiers and wood weapons that made defensive works appear to be manned, and wood dummy tanks to make infantry soldiers appear to have more combat power than they actually possessed.<ref name="Taylor"/>

The Allies planned an invasion of Japan to take place after the end of fighting in Europe.<ref name="Evancevich">{{cite magazine |last=Evancevich |first=Michael S. |date=December 1989 |title=Review of Pastel: Deception in the Invasion of Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OB_SUyAbTTgC&pg=RA5-PA98 |magazine=Military Review |location=Ft. Leavenworth |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |page=98 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This plan, codenamed [[Operation Downfall]], had several components, including the [[Operation Downfall#Olympic|Operation Olympic]] invasion of the southern Japanese island of [[Kyushu]].<ref name="Evancevich"/> The deception created to enable Olympic to succeed, [[Operation Pastel]], would have included false attacks against Japanese-held ports in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], as well as Japanese positions on the island of [[Formosa]].<ref name="Evancevich"/> The end of the war following the U.S. atomic bomb attacks on Japan ended the need for a ground invasion or a deception plan, so Pastel was never implemented.<ref name="Evancevich"/>

====At sea====
[[File:U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers monument, Ocracoke Island, image 1.jpg|thumb|Beach Jumpers monument at Ocracoke Island, North Carolina]]
As a liaison to the British Navy early in the war, actor and U.S. Navy officer [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] observed and participated in several raiding parties and diversions on the French coast.<ref name="MattF">{{cite magazine |last=Matt F. |date=25 September 2017 |title=U.S. Navy beach Jumpers: Masters of Naval Special Warfare Deception Operations |url=https://sofrep.com/news/u-s-navy-beach-jumpers-masters-naval-special-warfare-deception-operations/ |magazine=SOFREP |publisher=The SOFREP Media Group}}</ref> Upon returning to the United States, Fairbanks proposed to [[Ernest King]], the [[Chief of Naval Operations]] the creation of a unit that would plan and execute diversionary and deception missions.<ref name="MattF"/> King authorized Fairbanks to recruit 180 officers and 300 enlisted men for the program, which was named [[Beach Jumpers]].<ref name="MattF"/> There are several stories about how the unit was named; during an interview late in life, Fairbanks said British admiral [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]] coined it with the intention of creating a designation that provided cover for the unit's activities by being partly descriptive and partly in code.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stillwell |first1=Paul |last2=Schultz |first2=Fred L. |last3=O'Doughda |first3=Linda |date=October 1993 |title="A Hell of a War": An Interview with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1993/october/hell-war-interview-douglas-fairbanks-jr |magazine=[[Naval History (magazine)|Naval History]] |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]]}}</ref>

On 16 March 1943 Beach Jumper Unit ONE (BJU-1) was commissioned with the mission "To assist and support the operating forces in the conduct of Tactical Cover and Deception in Naval Warfare."<ref name="MattF"/> Eleven BJUs deployed during the war, and were used in all theaters.<ref name="MattF"/> The Beach Jumpers raided false landing zones and shore defenses during amphibious attacks, sowing confusion with the enemy about actual landing sites and causing the enemy to defend in the wrong place.<ref name="MattF"/> To carry out these deceptions, their boats were equipped with two .50 caliber machine guns, 10 window ([[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]) rockets, smoke generators, and floating time-delay explosive packs.<ref name="MattF"/> They were also outfitted with naval balloons and communications and psychological operations equipment, including recorders, speakers, generators, and radio jammers.<ref name="MattF"/> The balloons included radar reflective strips that when towed would cause Beach Jumper units to appear to enemy radar operators as a larger force than they actually were.<ref name="MattF"/>

Beach Jumper units created diversionary landings during several battles, including [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]] and [[Operation Dragoon]].<ref name="MattF"/> The Beach Jumpers were inactivated after World War II, but were reconstituted for service during the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="MattF"/> With the U.S. military creating and fielding an [[Information Operations (United States)|Information Operations]] capability beginning in the early 1990s, the modern Beach Jumpers exist as part of [[U.S. Naval Information Forces]].<ref name="MattF"/>

===Korean War===
In the summer of 1950, the [[Korean People's Army]] (KPA) of [[North Korea]] attacked [[South Korea]].<ref name="Sandler">{{cite book |editor1-last=Sandler |editor1-first=Stanley |date=1995 |title=The Korean War: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff2t3UM-bkMC&pg=PA143 |location=New York |publisher=Garland Publishing |pages=141–145 |isbn=978-0-8240-4445-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> 140,000 South Korean and allied soldiers were nearly defeated.<ref name="Sandler"/> In August and September 1950, South Korea and its allies waged the [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter]] against the KPA and succeeded in establishing a defensive line that prevented the KPA from destroying them.<ref name="Sandler"/>

To enable the counterattack that started with an amphibious landing at [[Inchon]] (codenamed Operation Chromite), United Nations (U.N.) forces staged an elaborate deception that made it appear the landing would take place at [[Gunsan]], {{convert|105|mi}} away from the actual landing site at Inchon and closer to the Pusan Perimeter.<ref name="Sandler"/> On 5 September, the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] began attacks on roads and bridges to isolate Gunsan.<ref name="Sandler"/> This was followed by a naval bombardment, which was followed by heavy bombing of military installations in and near the town.<ref name="Sandler"/> These tactics were typical pre-invasion steps, and were intended to cause North Korea to believe Gunsan was the planned U.N. invasion site.<ref name="Sandler"/>

In addition to the aerial and naval bombardment, [[United States Marine Corps]] officers briefed their units on the supposed Gunsan landing within earshot of many Koreans, assuming that the information would make its way to KPA leaders through rumors or spies.<ref name="Sandler"/> On the night of 12–13 September, the British [[Royal Navy]] landed U.S. Army special operations troops and [[Royal Marines]] commandos at Gunsan, making sure that enemy forces noticed their supposed reconnaissance of the area.<ref name="Sandler"/> U.N. forces also conducted rehearsals on the coast of South Korea at several sites with conditions were similar to Inchon.<ref name="Sandler"/> These drills enabled U.N. forces to perfect the timing and actions of the planned Inchon landing while simultaneously confusing the North Koreans as to the actual landing site.<ref name="Sandler"/>

On 15 September, United Nations forces under [[Douglas MacArthur]] surprised the KPA with the Inchon landing.<ref name="Sandler"/> In the ensuing [[Battle of Inchon]], the U.N. ended a string of victories by North Korea. The KPA collapsed within a month, and 135,000 KPA troops were taken prisoner.<ref name="Sandler"/>

===Cuban Missile Crisis===
[[File:Poltava 1962.jpg|thumb|right|The Soviet ship ''Poltava'', bound for Cuba in September 1962 with disguised medium range ballistic missiles as cargo.]]
{{See also|Operation Anadyr}}
During the period leading up to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of October 1962, Cuba and the Soviet Union employed several deceptive measures to hide their activities.<ref name="Hansen 2002, pg. 50">{{harvnb|Hansen|2002|p=50}}</ref><ref name="Gribkov and Smith 1994, p. 24">{{harvnb|Gribkov|Smith|1994|p=24}}</ref> These included the codename for the plan to deploy missiles in Cuba; [[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]], a Russian town, is associated with the sparsely populated and inaccessible area of Northeastern Russia and did not suggest an operation in the Caribbean.<ref name="Hansen 2002, pg. 50"/><ref name="Gribkov and Smith 1994, p. 24"/> Soviet soldiers constructed false superstructures to hide the defenses of the ships transporting missiles and launching equipment to Cuba, and placed agricultural equipment and other non-military machinery on deck where it could be seen.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2002|pp=52–53}}</ref> Upon arrival, the ships unloaded at eleven different Cuban ports to deceive American surveillance efforts.<ref name=":0">Hansen (2002), p. 53.</ref> At the same time, Soviet and Cuban news media reported on the supposedly massive agricultural assistance the Soviets were providing Cuba, which provided a plausible explanation for the activity and equipment that could be observed.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{harvnb|Gribkov|Smith|1994|pp=38–40}}</ref> The Soviet deception proved highly effective and the missiles were discovered only after they were already operational.<ref>{{harvnb|Gribkov|Smith|1994|p=40}}</ref>

=== Vietnam War ===
Both [[North Vietnam]] and the forces of [[South Vietnam]] and the United States made use of deception during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historynet.com/hanois-tet-deception/ |title=How Hanoi Leaders' Deception Fooled Americans at Tet |last=Schuster |first=Carl O. |date=January 21, 2020 |website=HistoryNet.com |publisher=HistoryNet LLC |location=Arlington, Virginia |access-date=April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/deception-operations-history.html |title=From Wooden Horses to Rubber Tanks: The Greatest Military Deceptions |last=Gaskill |first=Matthew |date=May 4, 2019 |website=War History Online |access-date=April 29, 2024}}</ref>

====Operation El Paso====
As part of [[Operation El Paso]], which took place from May to July 1966, the U.S. [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] deliberately exposed information about a planned resupply and engineer equipment convoy from Minh Than north to [[An Lộc, Bình Phước|An Lộc]].<ref name="Spencer">{{cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a230184.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325163018/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a230184.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=25 March 2020 |title=Deception Integration in the U.S. Army |last=Spencer |first=Jack H. |date=1990 |website=Defense Technical Information Center |publisher=United States Army Command and General Staff College |location=Ft. Leavenworth |access-date=17 November 2020 |page=50}}</ref> Division planners anticipated the enemy response would be an ambush at one of a number of possible locations.<ref name="Spencer"/> As a result, the supposedly lightly armed convoy actually consisted of armored cavalry and infantry.<ref name="Spencer"/> Additionally, 1st ID planners prepared for [[air assault]] operations at the most likely ambush sites.<ref name="Spencer"/> Events unfolded as the planners had foreseen, and the [[Viet Cong]] ambushed the convoy.<ref name="Spencer"/> The ambush sprang the 1st Infantry Division's trap, and the subsequent [[Battle of Minh Thanh Road]] resulted in 50 percent of the Viet Cong regiment becoming casualties.<ref name="Spencer"/>

====Operation Bolo====
[[File:Robin Olds completes 100th combat mission over North Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Robin Olds, who led the Operation Bolo deception, is celebrated after completing his 100th aerial combat mission in September 1967]]
In 1967's [[Operation Bolo]], a [[United States Air Force]] unit led by [[Robin Olds]] successfully countered the threat posed by Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighter planes operating in North Vietnam.<ref name="SOF">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Robert K. |editor-link1=Robert K. Brown |date=10 January 2020 |title=Operation Bolo, Air to Air Combat, Vietnam |url=https://www.sofmag.com/operation-bolo-air-to-air-combat-vietnam/ |magazine=[[Soldier of Fortune (magazine)|Soldier of Fortune]] |location=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=Omega Group Ltd. |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224224233/https://www.sofmag.com/operation-bolo-air-to-air-combat-vietnam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During bombing missions, unescorted U.S. [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief]] fighter-bombers would often be attacked by MiG-21s.<ref name="SOF"/> Heavily laden with ordnance, the F-105s were no match for the faster MiGs.<ref name="SOF"/> On occasions when the F-105s were escorted by [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter planes, the MiGs would refuse to engage.<ref name="SOF"/> In addition, the rules of engagement on the U.S. side prevented attacking the MiGs when they were on the ground.<ref name="SOF"/> This measure was intended to keep the [[Soviet Union]] from becoming further engaged in the conflict by preventing casualties to the Soviet mechanics and technical advisors who were assisting North Vietnam.<ref name="SOF"/>

To counter the MiG threat, Olds' [[8th Fighter Wing]] prepared its F-4s to display the electronic and radar signatures of F-105s.<ref name="SOF"/> To create this effect, the 8th Fighter Wing outfitted F-4s with QRC-160 jamming pods, a device used only by F-105s.<ref name="SOF"/> When they flew the mission, Olds and his fellow pilots assumed the route, elevation, speed, and formation of an F-105 flight.<ref name="SOF"/> They also staggered the takeoff and arrival times of the F-4s, enabling later-arriving F-4s to prevent the MiGs from landing.<ref name="SOF"/>

The Bolo deception was executed successfully.<ref name="SOF"/> The North Vietnamese believed they faced an F-105 flight and dispatched their MiGs.<ref name="SOF"/> The later-arriving F4s prevented the MiGs from returning to their base.<ref name="SOF"/> The 8th Fighter Wing destroyed seven MiGs in a matter of minutes, while Olds' fighters sustained no losses.<ref name="SOF"/> The destruction of half their MiGs and uncertainty about whether future flights observed on radar and electronic sensors were unescorted F-105s or F-4s pretending to be F-105s caused North Vietnam to ground its MiGs.<ref name="SOF"/> The MiGs failed in their mission of preventing U.S. [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] bombing runs over North Vietnam.<ref name="SOF"/>

====Tet Offensive====
{{Main|Tet Offensive}}
In 1967, the government and military of [[North Vietnam]] began planning for an offensive that would begin in early 1968.<ref name="Tet">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/tet-offensive |title=Tet Offensive |date=3 April 2020 |website=Vietnam War |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |location=New York}}</ref> The intent within the war's area of operations was to spark an uprising by the [[Viet Cong]] and others in [[South Vietnam]] who were sympathetic to the government in the north.<ref name="Tet"/> In a wider sense, North Vietnam hoped the offensive would cause a withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam by undermining U.S. public confidence in the war.<ref name="Tet"/>

North Vietnam implemented several deceptive measures to mask preparations for the offensive.<ref name="Tet"/> In October, the North Vietnamese government announced that it would observe a seven-day holiday truce from 27 January to 3 February 1968, several days longer than previous Tet truces had lasted.<ref name="Tet"/> The U.S. and South Vietnam presumed that the coming offensive, of which they had received some intelligence, would take place before or after the truce.<ref name="Tet"/> When the attacks had not commenced before the holiday, South Vietnamese and U.S. leaders assumed it would come after the holiday.<ref name="Tet"/> As a result, they allowed many soldiers to take holiday leave and relaxed the usual security measures.<ref name="Tet"/>

As an additional deceptive measure, while intending to attack South Vietnam's major cities and military installations, the North Vietnamese continued attacks along the border between the two countries during late 1967.<ref name="Tet"/> These diversionary assaults served to draw U.S. attention to the border and U.S. forces away from the actual objectives—the heavily populated South Vietnamese coastal lowlands and cities.<ref name="Tet"/>

When the offensive commenced, South Vietnam and the U.S. were surprised by the coordinated attacks.<ref name="Tet"/> However, the U.S. and South Vietnam regrouped and over several days repulsed the North Vietnamese assaults.<ref name="Tet"/> North Vietnam failed to attain the immediate objective of creating an uprising in South Vietnam.<ref name="Tet"/> In the longer term, the offensive aided in swaying U.S. public opinion against the war, which led to a decreased U.S. presence in Vietnam and eventual withdrawal.<ref name="Tet"/>

===Cherbourg Project===
[[File:The five vessels waiting in Cherbourg.jpg|thumb|right|The five patrol boats the Israeli Defense Forces employed deception to sail from Cherbourg.]]
{{Main|Cherbourg Project}}
In 1969, France abruptly declared an arms [[embargo]] against countries in the [[Middle East]], chiefly aimed at [[Israel]], and cancelled a contract to build patrol boats for Israel's navy. France also refused to release the last five boats built under the contract even though Israel had already paid for them. In response, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] mounted an elaborate scheme involving the purchase of the boats by a civilian company for non-military purposes. When they became concerned that the dummy transaction would be exposed, Israel decided to secretly take possession of the boats. The Israeli navy dispatched crews disguised as civilians, who gradually arrived at the French Atlantic seaport of [[Cherbourg]]. Once the crews assembled, they secretly sailed the five boats out of the harbor on the night of [[Christmas Eve]] 1969. The plan to take possession of the boats, which the Israelis called "Operation Noa" but came to be known as the Cherbourg Project, was assisted by sympathetic Cherbourg shipyard and boat building company employees, but the French government was kept totally unaware until the boats had left port. Though they encountered a winter storm, the boats reached the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and safely completed the voyage to Israel.<ref name="Rabinovich">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Cherbourg.html |title=Israel Military Intelligence: The Boats of Cherbourg |last=Rabinovich |first=Abraham |date=1997 |website=Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |location=Chevy Case, Maryland |access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

===Yom Kippur War===
{{Main|Yom Kippur War#Lead-up to the surprise Arab offensive}}
In the period before the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]] between [[Israel]] and the joint forces of [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], Egypt executed annual maneuvers near the [[Sinai Peninsula]], Tahrir 41, which conditioned Israel to Egyptian troop activity in the area. In addition, several months before the start of the war, Egypt created the false impression of an imminent attack, which caused Israel to announce an emergency military reserve call up. When [[Operation Badr (1973)|the war started]], Israel believed the initial Egyptian troop movements were another iteration of the exercises the Egyptians had previously undertaken. In addition, because an emergency call up was costly and disruptive, the Israeli government was reluctant to conduct another one until it was sure an attack was underway. As a result of the deception, Egypt had surprise on its side when it attacked.<ref name="Riedel">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/enigma-the-anatomy-of-israels-intelligence-failure-almost-45-years-ago/ |title=Enigma: The anatomy of Israel's intelligence failure almost 45 years ago |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |date=25 September 2017 |website=Brookings.edu |publisher=Brookings Institution |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

===Operation Entebbe rescue mission===
{{Main|Operation Entebbe}}
After the [[aircraft hijacking|hijacking]] of an [[Air France]] plane in late June 1976, the perpetrators had the aircraft diverted to [[Entebbe Airport]] in [[Uganda]], where they threatened to kill all the Jewish and Israeli passengers if their demands were not met. The Israeli government pursued diplomatic efforts to free the hostages while the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] planned a rescue mission in secrecy. When the raid was launched, IDF commandos secretly landed at an old unused area of the airport, where they offloaded decoy vehicles resembling Ugandan president [[Idi Amin]]'s motorcade. By making themselves appear to be Amin and his security detail, the Israelis intended to gain the element of surprise on Ugandan guards at the terminal where the hostages were held.<ref name="Domnitch">{{cite news |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/remembering-entebbe/2009/07/01/ |title=Remembering Entebbe |last=Domnitch |first=Larry |date=1 July 2009 |work=[[The Jewish Press]] |location=Brooklyn}}</ref> The ruse was only partly successful because Amin had recently changed limousines, and his new one was white, while the one the Israelis were using was black. The Ugandan guards realized the trick, which led to a gunfight that cost the Israeli commandos the element of surprise, but the raid ended with the successful rescue of the hostages.<ref name="Domnitch"/><ref name="Correll">{{cite magazine |last=Correll |first=John T. |date=1 December 2010 |title=Entebbe |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/1210entebbe/ |magazine=Air Force Magazine |location=Arlington, Virginia |publisher=[[Air Force Association]]}}</ref>

===Falklands War===
[[File:San Carlos 1a ita.png|thumb|right|Map depicting the deceptive British landing at San Carlos during the Falklands War. The Argentinians occupying East Falkland island planned for a British attack at Port Stanley on the other side of the island.]]
The [[Falklands War]] took place between April and June 1982. During the period prior to the war, Argentina's military leaders, who were subordinate to general and president [[Leopoldo Galtieri]], used the December 1981 change of command ceremony for Argentina's new chief of naval operations as cover to begin secretly planning for an invasion of the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref name="Privratsky">{{cite book |last=Privratsky |first=Kenneth L. |date=2014 |title=Logistics in the Falklands War: A Case Study in Expeditionary Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QdtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |publisher=Pen & Sword |page=3 |isbn=978-1-47382-312-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In April 1982, the forces of [[Argentina]] carried out the [[Invasion of South Georgia]], an island possession of the United Kingdom. In mid-March, Argentina had used deception to successfully position an advance guard on South Georgia. An Argentinian company received a contract to dismantle a British whaling station for scrap. When the contractor's ship arrived, it contained members of an Argentinian Navy special forces unit who were disguised as scientists.<ref name="Bijl">{{cite book |last=van der Bijl |first=Nicholas |date=2014 |title=Nine Battles to Stanley |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnmuCAAAQBAJ |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |publisher=Pen & Sword |page=9 |isbn=978-1-78159-377-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

When the British prepared to conduct a Falklands landing in response to Argentina's invasion, Argentina anticipated an assault at [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Port Stanley]], the capital and site of the largest airport on the islands. The British gained the element of surprise by launching a feint at Stanley while conducting their main assault at [[San Carlos, Falkland Islands|San Carlos]], on the opposite side of [[East Falkland]]. The British then marched overland to Port Stanley, where they launched a land-based attack on the Argentine defenses surrounding the city. The Argentinians were caught off-guard and were soon compelled to surrender.<ref name="Middleton">{{cite news |last=Middleton |first=Drew |date=6 June 1982 |title=It Comes Down to Old-Fashioned Slogging |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1982/06/06/issue.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |page=sec. 4, p. 1 |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

===Operation Just Cause===
When the leader of Panama, [[Manuel Noriega]] realized he was being surveilled by the U.S. military prior to the [[United States invasion of Panama]] in December 1989, Noriega resorted to several deceptive measures to mask his movements and locations. These included [[look-alike]] doubles, decoy vehicles and aircraft, false convoys, frequent changes of clothes, recordings of his voice played at locations where he was not present, and frequent changes of his actual location.<ref name="Yates">{{cite book |last=Yates |first=Lawrence A. |date=2014 |title=The U.S. Military Intervention in Panama: Operation Just Cause, December 1989 – January 1990 |url=https://arsof-history.org/arsof_in_panama/pdf/gen/cmhPub_55-3-1.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |page=71}}</ref>

On the U.S. side, deception included troop movements in and around U.S. bases in Panama made to look like routine training missions, a logistics buildup disguised as routine activity, and large-scale exercises in the United States that desensitized Panamanian leaders as to U.S. capabilities and intent. While Noriega and his subordinates knew the United States had the capacity to act, they were misled by their perceptions of U.S. activity and misreading of U.S. intent into believing that the U.S. would not attack. As a result, when the attack occurred, the U.S. had the element of surprise, which helped it gain a quick victory.<ref name="Embrey">{{cite book |editor1-last=Murray |editor1-first=Williamson |last1=Embrey |first1=James H. |date=September 2002 |title=Transformation Concepts for National Security in the 21st Century |chapter=7: Operation Just Cause: Concepts for Shaping Future Rapid Decisive Operations |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=441600 |format=pdf download |location=Carlisle, Pennsylvania |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute Publications, U.S. Army War College |page=231}}</ref>

===Operation Desert Storm===
[[File:Operation Desert Storm.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Map depicting placement of Coalition units prior to attacking Iraqi forces in early 1991. The Coalition employed deception to move the XVIII Airborne Corps and VII Armored Corps from positions in eastern Saudi Arabia to positions further west without being detected by Iraq.]]
During the period prior to the 1990–1991 [[Gulf War]], Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] positioned 100,000 troops near [[Iraq]]'s border with [[Kuwait]]. To mask his true intention of invading Kuwait, during the summer of 1990, Saddam told ambassadors to Iraq, the leaders of other countries, and members of the international news media that his troops were on a training mission or were near the border merely as a tactic to extract concessions from Kuwait during diplomatic negotiations.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Caryle |date=31 July 1990 |title=Iraq Expands Force Near Kuwaiti Border |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/07/31/iraq-expands-force-near-kuwaiti-border/9e932a4f-20b8-41c9-9a56-afe07d141742/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> On 2 August, Iraq's invasion commenced; the small Kuwaiti military was quickly overwhelmed, and Iraq occupied Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/iraq-invades-kuwait |title=Iraq invades Kuwait |date=24 November 2009 |website=This Day in History: 2 August |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York}}</ref>

After invading Kuwait, the creation of an [[Coalition of the Gulf War|anti-Iraq coalition]] and its movement of troops and materiel into [[Saudi Arabia]] caused Saddam to anticipate a Coalition ground assault from Saudi Arabia north into Kuwait and an amphibious landing on Kuwait's [[Persian Gulf]] coast. Prior to the start of the Coalition offensive in February 1991, its ground forces successfully moved multiple divisions west to the largely undefended border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. When the attack commenced, the Coalition conducted a feint directly into Kuwait while the main effort—the "Left Hook" enabled by concealing the move of units to the west—attacked into Iraq and cut off Iraqi forces in Kuwait. After advancing into Iraq, Coalition forces turned right and attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait from the rear. Facing overwhelming Coalition combat power in Kuwait and unable to retreat to Iraq, the Iraqi military in Kuwait quickly surrendered.<ref name="Wright">{{cite web |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Books/Browse-Books/iBooks-and-EPUBs/Deception-in-the-Desert/#:~:text=In%20what%20eventually%20became%20known,off%20Iraqi%20forces%20in%20Kuwait. |title=Deception in the Desert: Deceiving Iraq in Operation Desert Storm |last=Wright |first=Donald P. |website=Army University Press |publisher=The Army University |location=Ft. Leavenworth |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829205540/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Books/Browse-Books/iBooks-and-EPUBs/Deception-in-the-Desert/#:~:text=In%20what%20eventually%20became%20known,off%20Iraqi%20forces%20in%20Kuwait. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Kosovo War===
During the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] as part of the 1998–1999 [[Kosovo War]], the [[Serbian Army]] made extensive use of deception, which caused [[NATO]] forces to expend time, effort, and resources attacking false targets. According to post-war assessments, NATO often attacked crude decoy tanks, artillery, and wheeled vehicles made of easy to obtain material including sticks and plastic. Many of these decoys included easily produced heat sources, such as burning cans of oil, which deceived the thermal imaging systems of NATO aircraft. As a result, NATO believed it inflicted far more damage on the Serbian Army than it actually had, and Serbia gained a propaganda victory by showing how easily NATO had been deceived.<ref name="Hackworth">{{cite news |last=Hackworth |first=David |author-link=David Hackworth |date=11 July 1999 |title=How the Serbs outfoxed NATO |url=https://web.kitsapsun.com/archive/1999/07-11/0044_david_hackworth__how_the_serbs_ou.html |work=[[Kitsap Sun]] |location=Bremerton, Washington |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

===2006 Lebanon War===
Prior to the [[2006 Lebanon War]], the [[Hezbollah]] militant group employed deceptive measures intended to degrade Israel's military reputation both internationally and within Israel. Deceptive measures included the construction of false bunkers and command posts which Hezbollah allowed Israel to observe while the work was in progress, while simultaneously concealing the construction of actual facilities. When Israel attacked Hezbollah in southern [[Lebanon]] in July, the dummy sites were destroyed while the actual ones were left intact.<ref name="Matthews">{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Matt M. |date=2008 |title=We Were Caught Unprepared: The 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli War |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/we-were-caught-unprepared.pdf |location=Ft. Leavenworth |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |pages=18–19, 21 |isbn=978-0-16-079899-3}}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War===
[[File:Постановка дымовой завесы для маскировки кораблей Северного флота.png|thumb|Soldiers setting up smoke screen to camouflage ships of Russia's Northern Fleet]]
{{main|Russo-Ukrainian War}}
In 2014, Russia and Ukraine went to war after Russia contested control of Ukraine's [[Crimea]] and [[Donbas]]. Russia employed [[disinformation]] and denial to facilitate its military activities, in addition to engaging in several deceptive activities. As an example, in August, Russian television news carried stories about a Russian truck convoy transporting water and baby food to Crimea. The international news media reported heavily on this convoy, presuming it was carrying Russian military supplies or materiel, and that they would be able to prove Russia was lying about the cargo. While attention was focused on this diversion, Russia's military was moving soldiers, combat equipment, and vehicles into Donbas.<ref name="Ash">{{cite news |last=Ash |first=Lucy |date=29 January 2015 |title=How Russia outfoxes its enemies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31020283 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London}}</ref>

===Sino-Indian border dispute===
{{main|Sino-Indian border dispute}}
During the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]], China employed military deception to gain an advantage. Intending to increase its troop presence in disputed areas of [[Ladakh]], China's military conducted training maneuvers near the areas that were the source of tension with India. This activity conditioned India to the presence of Chinese troops in the vicinity. In addition, China began construction of a nearby airbase. In early May, China began marching troops into several of the contested locations. In mid-to-late May, the Chinese military diverted trucks from the airbase construction project and used them to rapidly transport soldiers into portions of the disputed territory. The rapid troop movements came without warning and took India by surprise. As a result, China gained numerical superiority in several of Ladakh's contested areas.<ref name="Negi">{{cite news |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=27 May 2020 |title=Exclusive: How China used deception to mobilise troops at border with India in Ladakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-how-china-used-deception-to-mobilise-troops-at-border-with-india-in-ladakh-1682552-2020-05-27 |work=[[India Today]] |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}</ref>

===Gaza war===
During the [[Gaza war]], [[Hamas]] employed deception to gain the element of surprise when it attacked Israel. These deceptive measures included a sustained effort to convince Israeli leadership that Hamas was focused on economic improvement in Gaza, not armed conflict. Hamas also trained and rehearsed its attacks in plain sight, allowing the Israelis to assume that these activities were merely posturing on the part of Hamas fighters. In addition, Hamas ramped down conflict in the [[Gaza Strip]] while increasing tensions in the [[West Bank]]; Israel moved forces from one location to the other, giving Hamas a more favorable force ratio in Gaza. Additional deceptive activities included acquiring and pre-positioning non-military vehicles intended for military use, among them bulldozers, paragliders, motorcycles, and small boats. When the attack commenced, Hamas had the advantage of catching Israel off guard, which enabled Hamas's initial success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Saul |first2=Jonathan |date=October 10, 2023 |title=How Hamas duped Israel as it planned devastating attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |work=[[Reuters]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Peregil |first=Francisco |date=October 12, 2023 |title=Hamas' primary weapons in Israel attack: Deception and the element of surprise |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-10-12/hamas-primary-weapons-in-israel-attack-deception-and-the-surprise-factor.html |work=[[El País]] |location=Madrid}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Glick |first=Caroline |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Hamas's deception—and our self-deception |url=https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/hamass-deception-and-our-self-deception/ |work=[[Israel Today]] |location=Tel Aviv}}</ref>

==In fiction==
[[File:HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg|thumb|left|In the 2003 film ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'', the ship ''Surprise'' escapes pursuers by creating a decoy raft for nighttime use which mimics the lanterns visible on the ship's stern.]]
Fictional examples of military deception include the 1966 ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[The Corbomite Maneuver]]". When ''[[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|Enterprise]]'' is held by the [[tractor beam]] of an alien ship, its commander announces his intention to destroy ''Enterprise''. [[Captain James T. Kirk]] informs the alien commander, [[List of Star Trek characters (A–F)#Balok|Balok]], that ''Enterprise'' is on a peaceful mission. Balok does not accept Kirk's explanation, so Kirk responds with a deceptive [[Bluff (poker)|bluff]], claiming ''Enterprise'' is outfitted with a secret [[doomsday device]] made of "Corbomite". Destruction of ''Enterprise'' will trigger the Corbomite device, resulting in destruction of the alien ship. Balok uses a smaller ship to tow ''Enterprise'' to a remote area where it can be safely destroyed. ''Enterprise'' breaks free from the smaller ship's tractor beam, but damages the smaller ship in the process. Kirk then leads a boarding party to assist the aliens. Kirk's party meets Balok, who is alone and says he was testing ''Enterprise'' to discern whether Kirk's claims of peaceful intentions were true. Satisfied by their willingness to render aid to a perceived enemy, Balok expresses a desire to learn more about humans and their culture.<ref name="Corbomite">{{cite web |url=https://www.startrek.com/database_article/corbomite-maneuver-the |title=The Corbomite Maneuver |website=Star Trek.com |publisher=CBS Entertainment |location=New York |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

A scene from the 2000 film ''[[The Patriot (2000 film)|The Patriot]]'' depicts [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] militia leader Benjamin Martin employing deceptive decoys when negotiating for the release of several members of his command who have been taken prisoner. Martin offers to exchange eighteen [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British officers]], whom he claims are held on a hillside near the British headquarters. The British commander, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|General Cornwallis]] views the hill with a [[Refracting telescope|spyglass]], observes figures in British uniforms who appear to be prisoners, and agrees to the exchange. After Martin and his men leave, the officer dispatched by Cornwallis to recover the British prisoners discovers they are [[scarecrow]]s in captured British uniforms.<ref name="Rodat">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/Patriot_1999.html |title=Film Script: The Patriot (1999 Draft) |last=Rodat |first=Robert |date=26 March 1999 |website=Daily Script.com |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

In the 2003 film ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'', Captain [[Jack Aubrey]] of HMS ''[[HMS Surprise (1796)#Surprise in fiction|Surprise]]'' is pursued by the French privateer ''Acheron''. When ''Acheron'' appears likely to catch ''Surprise'', Aubrey orders construction of a raft with sails, which contains lanterns arranged in the same pattern as those visible on the [[stern]] of ''Surprise''. After night falls, a member of Aubrey's crew lights the raft's lanterns while another crewman douses the lanterns on ''Surprise''. After recovering the crewman from the raft, Aubrey has it cut loose. The darkened ''Surprise'' then escapes on a new course while ''Acheron'' pursues the decoy.<ref name="AFI">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54272 |title=Synopsis, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) |date=2019 |website=AFI.com |publisher=American Film Institute |location=Los Angeles |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

In the 2018 video game ''[[We Happy Few]]'', "[[We Happy Few#Story|Arthur's Story]]" depicts an alternate version of [[World War II]] that includes the German military threatening the village of Wellington Wells with [[dummy tank]]s made of [[papier-mâché]]. The populace does not resist because it believes the threat is real.<ref name="Hall">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Charlie |date=10 August 2018 |title=We Happy Few is the story of what comes after the fall of European democracy |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/8/10/17674798/we-happy-few-story-world-war-ii-england-fascism |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=Vox Media |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

==Opinions==
Opinions vary among military strategists and authors as to the value of military deception. For example, the two books on warfare usually considered the most famous classics, [[Sun Tzu]]'s ''[[The Art of War]]'' and [[Clausewitz]]'s ''[[On War]]'' have diametrically opposed views.<ref name="Handel">{{cite book |last=Handel |first=Michael I. |date=1991 |title=Sun Tzu and Clausewitz: The Art of War and On War Compared |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239084.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310082700/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239084.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=10 March 2020 |location=Carlisle, Pennsylvania |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |page=36}}</ref> Sun Tzu emphasizes military deception and considers it the key to victory.{{efn|Such as in the chapter on Estimates, verse 17: "All warfare is based on deception".}} Clausewitz argues that the fog of war prevents a commander from having a clear understanding of the operating environment,<ref name=BruceCh6/> so creating some sort of false appearance, particularly on a large scale, is unlikely to be meaningful. Because of the cost and effort, Clausewitz argues that from a [[cost-benefit analysis]], a large deception is an acceptable part of a course of action only under special circumstances.<ref name=EricksonCh10/><ref name=LiddellCh20/>

==See also==


{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Demoralization (warfare)]]
* [[Denial and deception]]
* [[Empty Fort Strategy]]
* [[Feint]]
* [[Haversack Ruse]]
* ''[[Russian military deception|Maskirovka]]''
* [[Outline of war]]
* [[Ruse of war]]
* [[Signaling game]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Rankin298>{{harvnb|Rankin|2008|pp=298–302}}</ref>

<ref name=Latimer6>{{harvnb|Latimer|2001|pp=6–14}}</ref>
<ref name=LatimerMafeking>{{harvnb|Latimer|2001|pp=31–36}}</ref>
<ref name=LatimerRevolutionary>{{harvnb|Latimer|2001|pp=20–26}}</ref>

<ref name=BruceCh6>{{harvnb|Bruce|2002|loc=Ch. 6}}</ref>

<ref name=EricksonCh10>{{harvnb|Erickson|2007|loc=Ch. 10}}</ref>

<ref name=LiddellCh20>{{harvnb|Liddell Hart|1972|loc=Ch. 20}}</ref>

<ref name=Handel215>{{harvnb|Handel|2006|pp=215–216}}</ref>
}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{cite AV media |date=1998 |title=Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 1, Episode 9, Tools of Deception |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0z3KGBXoSZQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0z3KGBXoSZQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021 |location=New York |publisher=[[History (American TV network)|History Channel]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite AV media |date=2001 |title=Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 4, Episode 2, Battlefield Deceptions |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CpkSOss_44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1CpkSOss_44 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021 |location=New York |publisher=[[History (American TV network)|History Channel]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}

{{Military and war}}
{{military deception}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Military deception| ]]
[[Category:Information operations and warfare]]
[[Category:Military operations by type|deception]]

Vedikettu

2026-03-19T02:09:24Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting a pg

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vedikkettu
| image = Vedikettu Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] [[Bibin George]]
| writer = [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] [[Bibin George]]
| producer = Gokulam Gopalan NM Badusha Shinoy Mathew
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Bibin George]]
* Aishwarya Anil Kumar
* Samad Sulaiman
* Rithin Roy
}}
| cinematography = Ratheesh Ram
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| music = Shyam Prasad Shibu Pularkazhcha Arjun V Akshaya Arun Raj
| studio = Sree Gokulam Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|03}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Vedikkettu''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] and [[Bibin George]] and produced under Sree Gokulam Movies. It features [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Bibin George]], Aishwarya Anil Kumar, Samad Sulaiman as the main leads. The film was released on 3 February 2023 in theatres and streaming on the OTT [[ZEE5]] from 16 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romancham, Veekam to Momo in Dubai, Vedikettu: This week's Malayalam releases |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/romancham-veekam-to-momo-in-dubai-vedikettu-everything-to-know-about-this-weeks-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases/42ebfae819948 |work=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101120/https://www.ottplay.com/news/romancham-veekam-to-momo-in-dubai-vedikettu-everything-to-know-about-this-weeks-malayalam-ott-theatre-releases/42ebfae819948 |url-status=live }}</ref> Film received mixed reviews from both critics and audience alike praising the performance of [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] and [[Bibin George]].

== Cast ==
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Shibuttan
* [[Bibin George]] as Chitheresh
* Aishwarya Anil Kumar as Shimily
* Samad Sulaiman as Suni
* [[Reghunath Paleri]] as Doctor (cameo appearance)
* Rithin Roy as Ambady
* Dhipu N Babu as Deepu
* [[Sivadas Marampally]] as Brother

== Production ==
The Trailer of the film was released in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Vedikkettu' trailer: Vishnu Unnikrishnan and Bibin George to lock horns in this action drama |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vedikkettu-trailer-vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-bibin-george-to-lock-horns-in-this-action-drama/articleshow/97242480.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vedikkettu-trailer-vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-bibin-george-to-lock-horns-in-this-action-drama/articleshow/97242480.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan and Bibin George's Vedikettu trailer promises an action-packed venture |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/24/vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-bibin-george-starrervedikettu-trailer-is-here-39152.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/24/vishnu-unnikrishnan-and-bibin-george-starrervedikettu-trailer-is-here-39152.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the production team announced the release date 3 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan - Bibin George starrer 'Vedikettu' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-bibin-george-starrer-vedikettu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/96985628.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-bibin-george-starrer-vedikettu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/96985628.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:24
| title1 = Adana Kandalum
| extra1 = Shibu Pularkazhcha, Amal Jose
| length1 = 3:24
}}

== Reception ==
The film was released 3 February 2023 in theatres. A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted that "The conversation has zero link to the rest of ''Vedikkettu''" and gave 0.5 rating out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Vedikettu movie review: When a man stalks a woman… |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vedikettu-movie-review-when-a-man-stalks-a-woman-12116552.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090008/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vedikettu-movie-review-when-a-man-stalks-a-woman-12116552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that " As the end credits roll, we learn that a real-life incident inspired the film. One cannot think but wonder how the writer-director duo made such a plot out of it. Commendable indeed." and gave 3.5 rating out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vedikettu' movie review: Gratifying entertainer with a strong anti-caste tone |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/feb/04/gratifying-entertainer-witha-strong-anti-caste-tone-2544095.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/feb/04/gratifying-entertainer-witha-strong-anti-caste-tone-2544095.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shilpa S critic of ''[[OTTplay]]'' wrote that "Writer-directors Vishnu Unnikrishnan and Bibin George have certainly delivered an entertaining watch in the form of Vedikettu. However, the entertainment and intrigue the first half offers is something the second half fails to provide, with the latter being plagued by a sluggish pace, predictability in its story and convoluted writing." and gave 3 out of 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedikettu review: Vishnu Unnikrishnan-Bibin George's rural entertainer is engagi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vedikettu-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan-bibin-georges-rural-entertainer-is-engaging-but-takes-on-too-much-and-loses-its-way/8295566432520 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090008/https://www.ottplay.com/review/vedikettu-review-vishnu-unnikrishnan-bibin-georges-rural-entertainer-is-engaging-but-takes-on-too-much-and-loses-its-way/8295566432520 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[ManoramaOnline]]'' and ''[[IndianExpress.com]]'' critic gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വെടിക്കെട്ടാണോ ഈ 'വെടിക്കെട്ട്'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/03/vedikkettu-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090009/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/03/vedikkettu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=നിത്യ ജീവിത കാഴ്ചകളുടെ സൂക്ഷ്മ അവതരണം; 'വെടിക്കെട്ട്' റിവ്യൂ: Vedikkettu Movie Review & Rating |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/vedikkettu-movie-review-rating-749892/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329091512/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/vedikkettu-movie-review-rating-749892/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt19894538}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Siege of Golconda

2026-03-16T08:32:18Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: formatting fix

{{Short description|1687 siege in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Golconda (1687)
| partof = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] conquests in the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]]
| image = Emperor Aurangzebe at the siege of Golconda, 1687.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption = Painting of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] at the siege of [[Golconda Fort]], {{circa|1760}}
| date = {{start and end dates|1687|1|28|1687|9|22|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=28|year1=1687|month2=9|day2=22|year2=1687}})}}
| place = [[Golconda]]
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| territory = [[Mughal Empire]] annexes [[Golconda Sultanate]], [[Hyderabad Subah]] is formed
| combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|23px]] [[Golconda Sultanate]] (Qutb Shahi dynasty)
| commander1 = [[Aurangzeb]] [[Kilich Khan]]{{KIA}} [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Feroze Jung I]] [[Saf Shikan Khan]] [[Azam Shah]] [[Ruhullah Khan]] [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]]
| commander2 = [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] [[Muqarrab Khan|Shaikh Nizam]] {{resize|(defector)}}
| strength1 = ~50,000 infantry 
~50,000 cavalry 
~100 siege guns 
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Aurangzeb}}
}}

The '''siege of Golconda''' (1687 CE) was an eight-month military siege of the [[Golconda Fort]] (in present-day [[Telangana, India]]). This siege was personally directed by the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] against the [[Golconda Sultanate]], ruled by king [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]. It was the second Mughal siege of the fort, following an aborted attempt by Aurangzeb in 1656 as a prince of emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. The event served as the climax of the Golconda Sultanate, which was annexed into the [[Mughal Empire]] as a result of the victory of the siege. The military confrontation was one of the final stages in the Mughal Empire's expansion southwards in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The siege was lengthy and laborious, hampered by the strength of the fort, environmental conditions, and dissent within the Mughal administration. The siege was won only through treachery. It exacerbated drought, famine and epidemic in the region.

== Background ==
During the reign of the fifth Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]], the Mughals had managed to stabilise the empire's southern frontier in the Deccan region. The [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] was extinguished around 1633, and Shah Jahan negotiated tributary relationships with the last two independent polities of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]] Sultanates, by 1636.{{Sfn|Streusand|2011|p=228}} As a prince and commander of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]] was an advocate of annexing these remaining sultanates outright, and to this end besieged Golconda in 1656; the siege was withdrawn and a peace treaty established by Shah Jahan with Golconda's ruler, [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]].{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=35-38}} This prompted the latter to extend the citadel's fortifications (the extended portion is today known as [[Naya Qila]]).{{Sfn|Michell|Morelle|p=227}}

Abdullah Qutb Shah was succeeded by [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] in 1672.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=35-38}} In 1682, Aurangzeb (now crowned Mughal emperor) moved his camp to the Deccan to counter the rebellion of his son, prince [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]]. After the danger was neutralised, Aurangzeb set out to fulfill his ambition of annexing the Deccan Sultanates, and successfully [[Siege of Bijapur|besieged Bijapur]] in 1685–1686.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=45-46}} Golconda was a nucleus of power and wealth in the Deccan region, with control over important agricultural tracts, diamond mines, and trade routes; such factors may have influenced Aurangzeb's continued determination to conquer the Sultanate.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2022|p=107}} The ''[[Maasir-i-Alamgiri]]'', a contemporary chronicle of Aurangzeb's reign, provides other accusations against the ruler Abul Hasan, including the Sultanate's [[Shia Islam|Shi'i faith]], its support of [[Hindus|Hindu]] practices, and support of [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] depredations in Mughal territory.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=47-48}}

== Prelude ==
During the siege of Bijapur in 1685, Aurangzeb intercepted a message from Abul Hasan, stating his intention to send a large armed force to combat the Mughals alongside a Maratha force. Outraged, Aurangzeb deputed his son, prince [[Shah Alam I|Muazzam]], against the Qutb Shahi city of [[Hyderabad]]. Shah Alam's army defeated a Qutb Shahi force at [[Malkheda|Malkhed]], a border town of the Sultanate, and entered Hyderabad with no significant resistance, freely plundering the royal palaces. The Sultan fled, barricading himself in the Golconda Fort. Muazzam preferred a negotiated settlement with the Sultan over direct conquest; this was viewed by Aurangzeb as treason, causing him to temporarily bar Muazzam from the imperial court. Ultimately Aurangzeb reached a similar conclusion and offered terms to the Sultan to withdraw the Mughal army, similar to what Muazzam had envisioned. These terms were: the ceding of some disputed territories to the Mughals; grant of a large lump sum; and the dismissal of [[Madanna and Akkanna]], the [[Brahmin]] ministers of the kingdom. The Sultan agreed, and Muazzam withdrew to the kingdom's border with the imperial army. However, over the next few months, the Sultan made no move to dismiss the ministers. The pressure on the kingdom led to its nobles organising an assassination of Madanna and Akkanna in March 1686, as well as other members of the fort's Hindu quarter, in an effort to appease Aurangzeb's demands. Nonetheless, on 14 January 1687, Aurangzeb set out towards Golconda with the intention of annexing it, having concluded the siege of Bijapur.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=46-48}}{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=305-207}}

In October 1685, the northern [[Coromandel region]] began to show signs of crop failure due to a lack of monsoon, which accelerated into famine, drought, and epidemic outbreaks across the entire Coromandel by 1687. This made food security low when the Mughal army besieged Golconda.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2022|p=109-120}}

==Siege==

=== Preparations ===
Aurangzeb's general [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan Firuz Jang]], commander-in-chief,{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=308}} went ahead of the emperor's advance on Golconda. He captured a fort on the kingdom's frontier, then entered and occupied Hyderabad unopposed, the Sultan having fled to Golconda Fort with the remnants of Golconda's armed forces. The fort was situated atop a hill, two ''[[Kos (unit)|kos]]'' west of the city of Hyderabad''.''{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=46-48}} It was four miles in circumference{{Sfn|Tracy|2000|p=409}} and surrounded by a moat. It was also stocked with a vast amount of food and ammunition, and contained fields for planting crops. Aurangzeb brought to bear 50,000 infantry, a likely equal number of cavalry, and around 100 siege guns.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=48-49}} One such siege gun was the ''Azhdaha-Paikar'' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|اژدها پيكر}}|4=Dragon-shaped}}{{Sfn|Steingass|1892|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?page=45 45]}}), an iron-bronze cannon manufactured in 1647 and capable of firing 33.5 kg.{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=30}} This was a copy of another Mughal siege gun, the ''Fateh Rahbar'' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|فاتح رهبر}}|4=Guide to Victory}}), also brought by Aurangzeb to Golconda for use in the siege.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2005|p=412-416}}{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1992|p=174 & 180}} The Mughal army encamped at [[Fateh Maidan]], an open area outside the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|walled city of Hyderabad]] serving as a command center for the siege, situated around 1.25 miles away from the fort.{{Sfn|Kugle|2016|p=137}}{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1992|p=35 & 110}}

=== Investment ===
[[File:Rocketsiegegolconda.jpg|thumb|A ''ban'' (rocket) stored in the Golconda Fort, thought to have been made and charged for use against the Mughal siege of Golconda. Held in the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]].]]
Mughal siege operations began against the fort on the 28th of January.{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}} The full circumference of the fort was [[Investment (military)|invested]] by the Mughal army by the end of January,{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}} with the circle divided under the command of various generals.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=312}} Mughal official [[Kilich Khan|Qilich Khan]], father of Ghaziuddin Khan, led an armed force to assault the fort head-on, but was turned back by ''[[zamburak]]'' fire from the fort's garrison. He sustained heavy injuries, with his right shoulder shattered by a cannonball, and died three days later.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=307}} On the 7th of February, work began to dig trenches up to the edge of the fort's moat, and erect gun platforms that reached the height of the fort's walls; this progressed slowly due to continual gunfire and rocket fire from the fort's garrison.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}}{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}} Soon after, [[Muqarrab Khan|Shaikh Nizam]], the leading military commander of the Golconda forces outside of the walls of the fort, led a force of 40,000 cavalry on a relief expedition against the Mughals. This was routed by the Mughal imperial army, with the Golconda forces sustaining heavy losses. This represented an early success for the Mughal position, occurring within the first two weeks of the siege, and discouraged further attempts to disrupt the Mughal siege line, making this the only significant attempt to relieve the fort's garrison.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}} Later in May 1687, Shaikh Nizam defected to the Mughal side, and was subsequently titled Muqarrab Khan.{{Sfn|Seshan|2012|p=30 & 36}}

=== Siege difficulties and Mughal dissent ===
As progress on the trenches continued, Aurangzeb faced discontent with his siege policy from members of the Mughal administration.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}} Ghaziuddin Khan was able to uncover a significant conspiracy{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=298}} undertaken by the prince Muazzam, in which other members of the imperial family were complicit, such as the prince's chief wife, his father-in-law, and several of his sons. Shah Alam had been secretly negotiating terms with Abul Hasan for a peaceful settlement, as had been his policy in the last Mughal invasion of Hyderabad, and had offered to act as the king's intermediary with emperor Aurangzeb. He had also been thwarting the Mughal siege by sharing the army's tactics with the king, and smuggling food into the fort.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}}{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=305-207}} On the 21st of February,{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=309-310}} Aurangzeb swiftly punished his son by placing him under house arrest, only to be released in 1695; several members of his son's family were sent away from the Deccan, and some of his followers were executed; his princely household was dispersed.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=305-207}} Aurangzeb also faced disagreement from the imperial ''sadr'' (chief of justice and religious affairs) Qazi Abdullah, who objected to the killing of Muslims to the end of extinguishing the only other Muslim polity in the subcontinent.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}}

In early June, progress on the trenches was still under way.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}} Effective command was hindered by rivalries between generals;{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=43}} the commander [[Saf Shikan Khan]], appointed ''mir atish'' (chief of artillery), eventually resigned in order to spite the commander-in-chief Ghaziuddin Khan, causing progress on the trenches to stall as the post passed to less capable generals.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|pp=312, 315, 321}} By this time the Mughal army had run out of food owing to famine in the Golconda kingdom the year prior, and the fact that the planting of crops in Hyderabad had ceased with the Mughal invasion. The [[monsoon]] season was also well under way, and heavy rains caused the area to flood; the ''Maasir-i-Alamgiri'' notes that the [[Manjira River]] overflowed. Epidemic broke out among combatants, exacerbated by airborne disease from corpses.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2022|p=109-120}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}} Such conditions affected the Mughal army's morale, but Aurangzeb pressed on. Mughal cannons were ineffective against the thick walls of the Golconda citadel, but the besiegers had tunnelled three mines under the fort walls, each containing 37000 pounds of gunpowder. At dawn of June 20, Aurangzeb ordered the detonation of the first of three mines; however, the fort's garrison had already discovered two of these and countermined them. The first mine backfired, killing over 1000 Mughal soldiers. The second mine was subsequently detonated with similar results, killing many of the Mughal attackers. The third mine was detonated the next day, but failed to even ignite.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-50}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2000|p=409}} Meanwhile, the fort's garrison attacked the Mughal besiegers with ''huqqa'' (hand grenades).{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}}

=== Capitulation ===
Subsequent to these failures, Aurangzeb ordered the construction of mud and wood walls enclosing the circumference of Golconda fort, sealing it off completely.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-51}} On the fifth of July,{{Sfn|Lal|1923|p=297}} he also made an official proclamation of Golconda's annexation into a province of the Mughal territories, giving it the imperial epithet ''Dar-ul-Jihad'' ({{Literal translation|Land of War}}).{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-51}} With the Mughal army's morale at a low point, reinforcements arrived under prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam]] and the [[Mir bakhshi|paymaster-general]] [[Ruhullah Khan]] on the tenth of July, but these only exacerbated the dearth of food. Azam was made commander-in-chief in place of Ghaziuddin Khan, who had been wounded in a failed assault.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|pp=321-322}} Over the next few months, Aurangzeb bided his time; with the fort's occupants being cut off from supplies and the outside world, the fort's capitulation was becoming a certainty. On 21 September 1687, a Golconda noble named Sarandaz Khan betrayed the Sultanate and provided the Mughal forces access to a backdoor entrance of the fort for a night attack; a party led by Ruhullah Khan invaded the fort, and the main gate was opened, concluding the siege at eight months.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=49-51}}{{Sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2000|p=409}}{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=323}} Triumphant Mughal forces led by prince Azam entered through the fort's gate, subsequently dubbed the ''Fateh'' gate by Aurangzeb.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1930|p=323}}{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1992|p=109}}

==Aftermath==

=== Political transition ===
{{Further|Hyderabad Subah}}
[[File:Golconda_Fort_Hyderabad_315.jpg|thumb|Modern-day ruins of the Golconda Fort, the site of the conflict]]
Following the fort's capture, the Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah was arrested and sent to the Mughal imperial camp.{{Sfn|Richards|2010|p=222-227}} He was subsequently imprisoned in the [[Daulatabad Fort]]; Abul Hasan would die three years later.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=67-68}}{{Sfn|Michell|1999|p=18}} Following the successful siege, Aurangzeb held a celebratory audience in Golconda's captured citadel, where gifts and robes of honour were bestowed on prince Azam Shah, his son [[Bidar Bakht]], and thirty-one nobles who had held command in the siege. Some of these nobles were former officials of Golconda who had defected to the Mughal side before or during the siege, such as Muhammad Ibrahim (newly entitled Mahabat Khan), who was awarded the highest possible rank for a Mughal noble and made governor of Mughal Hyderabad. {{Sfn|Richards|1975a|pp=54-55}}{{Sfn|Richards|2010|p=222-227}} The Rajput ruler [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]], who participated in the final Mughal charge against Golconda, was granted the title ''[[Maharaja]]'' by Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb also granted him the royal honour of ''[[Mahi Maratib]]'', and raised his ''[[mansabdar]]'' rank to 3500.{{Sfn|Michell|Morelle|p=227}}{{Sfn|Hooja|2009|p=904}} Riches valued over sixty million rupees were seized from the Golconda Fort's treasury, and transported towards the Mughal capitals in the north via camels.{{Sfn|Richards|2010|p=222-227}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|pp=54-55}} The former Golconda Sultanate, now the Mughal province [[Hyderabad Subah]], had an administrative overhaul in the four months after the siege, as the emperor Aurangzeb made arrangements to reinstate order and transition the regional government to the Mughal imperial system.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=52-53}} The Mughal siege had caused acute food shortages and general depletion of resources in the former kingdom, and rebuilding the economy was a major task for the new administration.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2022|p=109-120}}

=== Golconda Fort ===
The Mughal siege greatly damaged the Golconda Fort.{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=14}} The fort's palace complex, in the eastern flank, may have been burnt down following the Mughal occupation of the fort.{{Sfn|UNESCO|2010}} Richards notes that after its conquest, the Mughals had a very lenient attitude towards the fort; its inhabitants were spared and destruction of property was minimal.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=52-53}} Aurangzeb's general policy after the conquest of Golconda was to staff and maintain the forts of the former kingdom instead of demolishing them.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=85-86}} The Mughals installed some of the bimetallic cannons brought for the siege in the Golconda Fort, replacing some of its iron guns; these included the ''Azhdaha-Paikar'', the ''Fateh Rahbar'' (both used in the siege), the ''Qila Kusha'' ({{Literal translation|Fort Opener}}), and the ''Atish Bar'' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|آتش بار}}|4=Raining Fire}}{{Sfn|Steingass|1892|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?page=13 13]}})''.'' These cannons are still present at the Golconda Fort.{{Sfn|Michell|Morelle|p=227}}{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2005|p=412-416}} In 1695 (during Aurangzeb's reign) a sum of 80,000 rupees was spent by the Mughal provincial administration to repair and reinforce the fort's walls.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=85-86}}{{Sfn|Richards|1970|p=137}}

== Legacy ==
Aurangzeb's conquest of Golconda was a major success of his reign, expanding the Mughal Empire to its southernmost point and making it the sole Islamic polity of the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Richards|2010|p=222-227}} It was the culmination of Mughal expansion into the Deccan that had started in emperor [[Akbar|Akbar's]] time, and fulfilled Aurangzeb's forty-year ambition.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=52-53}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975}} However, the land and wealth gained from the siege of Golconda may not have offset the administrative and financial burden it had placed on the empire. A dominant strain of thought in Mughal scholarship asserts that the conquest of Golconda contributed to a crisis in ''[[jagir]]s'' (land grants)'','' wherein the incentives offered by the empire in enticing and hiring officers from enemy lines, exceeded the amount of revenue yielded from the annexed lands, meaning that the supply of ''jagirs'' in the empire could not meet its demand. This caused discontent among the empire's ''jagirdars'' (feudal lords). While the policy of enticing the enemy into surrender had been the precedent in Mughal history over outright conquest, Aurangzeb's Deccan conquests may have demanded an unprecedented amount of resources to do so. The ''jagirdari'' crisis is considered a key factor in the empire's quick decline after Auranzgeb's death.{{Sfn|Streusand|2011|p=283-285}} The conquest of Golconda (and Bijapur) did not stabilize the Mughal position in the Deccan like Aurangzeb may have expected. Aurangzeb would never return to the Mughal capital city of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] in the north, but would continue to fight [[Deccan wars|the Maratha threat in the Deccan]] until his death.{{Sfn|Richards|2010|p=222-227}} The Mughal hold over Golconda's territories would last until the mid-18th century, after which [[Hyderabad Subah]] would become [[Hyderabad state|independently]] administered by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].{{Sfn|Leonard|1971|p=569–570}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Balasubramaniam |first=R |date=2005 |title=FATH RAIHBAR - THE MASSIVE BRONZE CANNON AT PETLA BURJ OF GOLCONDA FORT |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol3_2005_09_FATH%20RAIHBAR%20THE%20MASSIVE%20BRONZE%20CANNON%20AT%20PETLA%20BURJ%20OF%20GOLCONDA%20FORT.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=}}
* {{Citation |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqzE-5rPVWwC |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120605438}}
* {{Citation |last=Chaudhuri |first=Archisman |title=The El Nino of 1685–1687 in Golconda and Northern Coromandel, South Asia: Drought, Famine, and Mughal Wars |date=2022 |work=Droughts, Floods, and Global Climatic Anomalies in the Indian Ocean World |pages=97–125 |editor-last=Gooding |editor-first=Philip |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-98198-3_4 |access-date=2025-01-13 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-98198-3_4 |isbn=978-3-030-98198-3 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D |title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |year=2012 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-52619-7 |oclc=808366461}}
* {{Citation |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan/page/n903/mode/2up |edition=2nd |publisher=Rupa}}
* {{Citation |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India |date=2009 |url=https://archnet.org/authorities/2736/publications/12049 |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture & MIT Libraries}}
* {{Citation |last=Kugle |first=Scott |title=When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry |date=2016-05-02 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ&dq=fateh+maidan+mughal&pg=PA137 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-2678-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Lal |first=Muni |title=Aurangzeb |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149369/page/n315/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Vikas Publishing House}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen |date=1971 |title=The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants |url=https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052461 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages= |doi=10.2307/2052461 |issn=1752-0401 |jstor=2052461|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture militaire du Deccan: une réponse défensive face à la guerre moderne = Deccan military architecture: a response to early modern warfare |date=2020 |place=Oxford |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-78969-745-2 |last2=Morelle |first2=Nicolas}}
* {{Citation |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |oclc=268771115 |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F |title=Mughal Rule in Golconda, 1687-1724 |date=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-JKAQAAMAAJ&q=military%20construction |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |year=1975a |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F |title=The Mughal empire |date=2010 |work=The new Cambridge history of India |volume=1 |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Johnson |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |date=2011-03-30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=1687 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib |date=1930 |volume=4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Orient Longman}}
* {{Citation |last=Seshan |first=Radhika |title=Trade and Politics on the Coromandel Coast: Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries |date=2012 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Trade_and_Politics_on_the_Coromandel_Coa/lo-KjFtqC7sC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=siege+of+golconda+warfare&pg=PA36&printsec=frontcover |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-25-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Steingass |first=Francis Joseph |title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature |date=1892 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ |place=London |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul}}
* {{Citation |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E |title=Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |pages= |year=2011 |place=Boulder, Colo |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Tracy |first=James D |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |date=2000-09-25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&dq=siege+of+golconda&pg=PA409 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6}}
* {{Citation |last=UNESCO |title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar |date=2010 |work=World Heritage Convention Tentative Lists |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |publisher=UNESCO}}{{refend}}
{{Coord missing|Telangana}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Golconda]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1687|Golconda]]
[[Category:1687 in India]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Golconda]]
[[Category:17th-century sieges]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Deccan sultanates]]

Shah Alam Gorakhpuri

2026-03-15T04:28:46Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting pg...

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and author (b. 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shah Alam Gorakhpuri
| native_name = شاہ عالم گورکھپوری
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_name = Shah Alam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|3|21}}
| birth_place = Baldiha, [[Gorakhpur district]] (now part of [[Maharajganj district]]), Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, author, teacher
| known_for = Deputy Secretary, All India Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat
| education = {{Bulleted list|[[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}} ([[Dars-e-Nizami]])
| alma_mater = [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] (M.A.), [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] (Ph.D.)
| notable_works = ''Tafaseer Quran aur Mirzai Shubhat'', ''Mirzaiyat aur Adalati Faislay'', ''Fitna Qadianiyat aur Islami Istilahaat''
| awards = [[Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy]] commendation (2014)
}}
'''Shah Alam Gorakhpuri''' (born 21 March 1969) is an Indian Islamic scholar and Deputy Secretary of the All India Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, dedicated to safeguarding the doctrine of [[Seal of the Prophets|Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]] (Finality of Prophethood).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title=Darul Uloom's services lauded |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/4986-darul-ulooms-services-lauded/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201120000/https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/4986-darul-ulooms-services-lauded/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shah Alam Gorakhpuri, born on 21 March 1969, in Baldiha village, [[Gorakhpur district]] (now [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]), began his education under his uncle at Madrasa Noor-ul-Islam. He later attended Anglo-English School, [[Ghughali]], and pursued Islamic studies at institutions like [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom]], Bahraich.<ref name=":Amīn">{{Cite web |last=Amīn |first=Muhammad Rūhul |date=14 November 2022 |title=Maulana Shah Alam Gorakhpuri: Mukhtasar Sawānihi Khaka |trans-title=Maulana Shah Alam Gorakhpuri: A Brief Biographical Outline |url=https://qindeelonline.com/ml-shah-alam-gorakhpuri-ka-sawanehi-khaka-by-ruhul-amin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115175217/https://qindeelonline.com/ml-shah-alam-gorakhpuri-ka-sawanehi-khaka-by-ruhul-amin/ |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref>

In 1986, he joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and completed [[Dars-i Nizami|Dars-e-Nizami]] in 1989 under the guidance of renowned scholars such as [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]], [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]], [[Nematullah Azami]], [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], [[Usman Mansoorpuri]], and [[Abdul Khaliq Madrasi]].<ref name=":Amīn"/> He specialized in Khatm-e-Nubuwwat in 1989–1990, benefiting from prominent mentors, including [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] and [[Manzoor Ahmad Chinioti]].<ref name=":Amīn"/><ref name=":Chinioti">{{cite book |last=Chinioti|first=Mushtaq Ahmad|title=Tahaffuz e Khatam e Nubuwat Ki Sad Saala Tareekh|trans-title=The centenary history of the Khatme Nubuwat movement|url=https://archive.org/details/tahaffuz-e-khatm-e-nubuwwat-ki-sad-saala-tareekh|publisher=International Khatme Nabuwat movement|location=[[Pakistan]] |page=523|date=2008|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkira-fida-e-millat-ebooks |title=Tadhkira-e-Fida-e-Millat |date=September 2012 |publisher=[[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] |editor-last=Mansoorpuri |editor-first=Muhammad Salmān |edition=2nd |location=1, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]], New Delhi |page=537 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1991, Gorakhpuri began as a preacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and later rejoined as a teacher in 1996, serving in the Department of Khatm-e-Nubuwwat. He also serves as Deputy Secretary of the All India Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat, playing a vital role in teaching, writing, and promoting this doctrine globally.<ref name=":Amīn"/><ref name=":Chinioti"/><ref name=": Khalili">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili |url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame' o Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date=October 2020 |location=Deoband |page=790 |language=ur |trans-title=A comprehensive and brief history of Darul Uloom Deoband |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faizabadi |first=Muhammad Jamāl |date=July–August 2009 |editor-last=ar-Rāshidi |editor-first=Zahid |editor-link=Zahid Ur Rashdi |editor2-last=Nāsir |editor2-first=Ammār Khān |title=Ek Shama Reh Gayi Thi, So Woh Bhi Khamosh Hai |trans-title=A Candle Was Left Burning, But Now It Too Is Extinguished |url=https://alsharia.org/2009/jul/hazrat-sarfaraz-wafat-maulana-jamal-faizabadi |url-status=live |journal=Monthly Al-Sharī'a |volume=20 |issue=7–10 |page=623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529180509/https://alsharia.org/2009/jul/hazrat-sarfaraz-wafat-maulana-jamal-faizabadi |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

Gorakhpuri earned an M.A. from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad, and a Ph.D. from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], Meerut, in 2010. Under Aslam Jamshedpuri's supervision, he wrote a thesis on the role of lesser-known scholars in promoting Urdu literature (1850–1900), later published by Educational Publishing House, Delhi.<ref name=":Amīn"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urdu Zuban-o-Adab ki Tadreej-o-Isha't mein Chand Gumnam Alma ka Mukhalsana Kirdar |url=https://ephbooks.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=51&product_id=957 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Educational Publishing House}}</ref> This work earned him a commendation from the [[Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy]] in 2014.<ref name=":Amīn"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2014 |title=Community News: Awards |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/10888-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202052946/https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/10888-awards/ |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=The Milli Gazette |language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Gorakhpuri researched, annotated, edited, and published over two hundred books on the topic of the Protection of [[Finality of Prophethood]].<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-last=Qasmi|editor1-first=Sadruddīn|editor2-last=Qasmi|editor2-first=Muhammad Sa'īdullāh|title=Hayat wa Khidmat Faiq Qasmi|trans-title=The Life and Services of Faiq Qasmi|edition=1st|date=October 2024|publisher=Jamia Arabia Taj-ul-Uloom|location=Laxmipur, [[Maharajganj district]], U.P|page=324|language=ur}}</ref> His notable books include:<ref name=":Amīn"/>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=327}}
* ''Tafaseer Quran aur Mirzai Shubhat'' ({{translation|Exegesis of the Quran and Mirzai Objections}})
* ''Mirzaiyat aur Adalati Faislay'' ({{translation|Mirzaiyat and Judicial Decisions}})
* ''Fitna Qadianiyat aur Islami Istilahaat'' ({{translation|The Fitna of Qadianism and Islamic Terminology}})
* ''Shakeel bin Hanif: Ek Taaruf wa Tajziyah'' ({{translation|Shakeel bin Hanif: An Introduction and Analysis}})
* ''Urdu Zaban o Adab ki Tareeje o Isha'at mein Chand Gumnaam Ulama ka Mukhlisana Kirdar - 1850 se 1900'' ({{translation|The Sincere Role of Some Unknown Scholars in the Promotion and Dissemination of Urdu Language and Literature - 1850 to 1900}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urdu Books of Shah Alam Gorakhpuri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/shah-alam-gorakhpuri/ebooks |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, he established Markaz al-Turath al-Islami al-Ilmi in Deoband, a center dedicated to research, editing, and publishing classical Islamic texts.<ref name=":Amīn"/> His book, ''Islami Aqaa'id o Maloomat'' ({{translation|Islamic Beliefs and Information}}), has been translated into eight languages, including Urdu, Hindi, English, Arabic, Malayalam, Gujarati, and Telugu. It is included in the curriculum of various schools and madrassas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Zafar |date=14 December 2019 |title=Islami Aqaa'id o Maloomat" par Tareekhi Musabaqa Bihusn o Khubi Ikhtitam Pazeer |trans-title=The historical competition on "Islamic Beliefs and Information" concluded successfully. |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/48822 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116164956/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/48822 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpuri, Shah Alam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Islamia University of Bahawalpur alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani religious writers]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad National Urdu University alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]

Patrick Dourado

2026-03-15T03:37:14Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Stub.

{{short description|Indian playwright (born 1939)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Dourado
| image = Patrick Dourado at Anil Kumar final rites (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dourado in 2015
| image_size = 100px
| birth_name = Patrocicio Dourado
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|6|23|df=y}}
| other_names = Patrocinio Dourado<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |archive-date=2023-08-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|director|singer|composer|ghostwriter}}
| years_active = 1957–present
}}

'''Patrocicio''' "'''Patrick'''" '''Dourado''' (born 23 June 1939) is an Indian playwright, theatre director, singer, composer, and [[ghostwriter]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions. In a career span of more than six decades, he has written scripts for more than 100 ''tiatrs'', starting in 1957 at the age of 18.

==Early life==
Dourado, being the eldest of his three siblings, hailed from a financially disadvantaged background.<ref name=":0" />

Following the loss of her husband, Dourado's widowed mother took on the role of a [[domestic worker]], earning 12 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] or {{INRConvert|0.75|year=1947}} in her efforts to provide for and raise their three children.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Dourado embarked on his journey in [[Tiatr|Konkani theatre]] at the age of approximately 18, when he successfully produced his inaugural play, ''Nagounnechi Girestkai''. With the support of his local acquaintances, the play was staged during the chapel feast at Pedda-[[Benaulim]] on 12 October 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-06 |title=193 shows and a re-release, this 'Ostori' shows no sign of stopping |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/193-shows-and-a-re-release-this-ostori-shows-no-sign-of-stopping/articleshow/52611248.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925232156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/193-shows-and-a-re-release-this-ostori-shows-no-sign-of-stopping/articleshow/52611248.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast members included Xavie (Bhatagoto), Jack Mendes, Santan Fernandes, and Francis Koloi. While Dourado had completed the script for the play, he encountered challenges in composing the accompanying ''[[Tiatr#Songs|cantos]]'' or songs due to his limited knowledge in [[musical composition]]. In search of guidance, Dourado approached a fellow villager named Caetano Piedade Fernandes, who possessed a wealth of experience in [[songwriting]]. Fernandes agreed to assist Dourado but not before imparting a lengthy lecture to him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A man untouched by fame |url=https://www.thegoan.net//a-man-untouched-by-fame/2012.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229171316/https://www.thegoan.net//a-man-untouched-by-fame/2012.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dourado made his debut in the realm of ''tiatrs'', receiving commendation from the audience for his maiden production. This initial success served as a catalyst for his subsequent endeavors in ''tiatr'' writing. Demonstrating his creative prowess, Dourado authored an additional series of six ''tiatrs'', namely ''Vodilunchem Utor'' (Elder's Word), ''Zolmachem Ghor'' (Birth House), ''Caitan Amcho Xezari'' (Caitan, Our Neighbour), ''Lembddo Bhatkar'', and ''Aplam ani Chaplam''. As of 2011, his prolific contributions to the genre encompassed a catalog of over 100 ''[[Tiatrs#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatrs]]'', including works such as ''Ghatki Bhoinn'' (Traitor Sister), ''Ostori'' (Woman), and ''Mira''. Dourado's artistic explorations extended beyond conventional norms, as evidenced by his ventures into experimental terrain on the ''tiatr'' stage. Notably, he undertook the scripting and direction of two productions exclusively featuring female performers-namely, ''Doyall Kallzacho'' (Kind Hearted) and ''Oxem Ghoddtta''.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Carnaval khell by Patrick Dourado.jpg|thumb|Carnival ''khell'' by Dourado staged at [[Cortalim]] Thana-[[Sancoale]] Junction]]
In the earlier years of [[Tiatr#Khell tiatrs|Konkani play]] scripting, the storylines were often transcribed in 32-page notebooks, eventually transitioning to larger registers in subsequent times. Notably, there was no formalized script for dialogue during this period; rather, emphasis was placed solely on composing songs that narrated the unfolding narrative. Dourado received valuable tutelage on song composition from his maternal uncle, Antonio Colaco of Bansi ward, who directed ''zomnivhele khells'' ([[Goan]] [[folk plays]]) in [[Curchorem|Cacora]]-[[Sanvordem]]. Building upon his initial play, Dourado composed additional songs and sought a final evaluation from Francis Koloi, whose satisfaction with the composition affirmed Dourado's abilities and encouraged him to forge ahead without hesitation.<ref name=":1" /> In a June 2016 interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Dourado acknowledged the assistance rendered by C P Bebo in his songwriting endeavors.<ref name=":0" />

Dourado has gained recognition in the field of scripting folk plays and continuous dramas. His skills as a composer on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage, particularly in creating heartfelt songs and captivating ''cantos'', have earned him reputation. In addition, he has served as a [[ghostwriter|ghost composer]] for numerous [[audio album]]s, composing lyrics for hundreds of songs and collaborating with various singers. Dourado's talents extend beyond music composition, as he has written numerous ''[[tiatrs]]'' (theatrical plays) and has also worked as a [[ghostwriter]] for well-known directors.<ref name=":1" />

Due to the nature of his shows being staged on a contractual basis by professional contractors, Dourado has faced financial constraints and has not been able to derive significant financial benefits. Consequently, he has relied on collaborations with producers and contractors, as he lacked the means to book halls and stage his shows in towns. Dourado himself acknowledges that organizing shows on a contractual basis does not yield substantial financial returns. Known for his [[storytelling]] abilities, as described by Daniel F de Souza of ''The Goan Everyday'', Dourado emphasizes the importance of patience in writing ''tiatrs''. He draws inspiration from accomplished playwrights of the past, such as [[M. Boyer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], and [[C. Alvares]], who would release their tiatrs once every two years, resulting in shows of quality in all aspects.<ref name=":1" />

==Awards==
As of 2011, Dourado's contributions have garnered recognition from multiple esteemed cultural and literary associations, including the [[Government of Goa]]. In the year 2000, he received a commendation from the [[Kala Academy|Kala Academy Goa]]. In 2004, he was bestowed with an honor by Kuwait Goans, while in 2008, he was felicitated by the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]]. Dourado's prowess in the realm of ''[[tiatr]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Goa State Cultural Award |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030337/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> was acknowledged by the Goa Government in 2008 when he was granted the esteemed State Cultural Award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-27 |title=Patrick Dourado is this Month's Personality at TAG's ''Meet the Artiste'' |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/27_aprl |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1957
|''Nagounnechi Girestkai''
|Writer/singer
|Debut ''tiatr''
|
|-
|1980s
|''Ostori''
|Director/writer
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Mhozo Sangati Tho''
|Director
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Against all odds |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Against-all-odds/89973 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Hi Tuji Jivitachi Kanni''
|Director
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=When wealth comes in the way of family ties |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=142188 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dourado, Patrick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]

Beed district

2026-03-13T08:15:17Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: expanded layout and cleaned formatting

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Beed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beed district
| official_name = Champavati Nagar
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kankaleshwar temple in Beed city.jpg
|photo2a = Hattikhana - Ambajogai - Maharashtra.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Top: Kankal Eshwar temple in [[Beed]] Bottom: Hatikhana in [[Ambajogai]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|50|N|75|45|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Beed
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Beed]]
| parts_type = ''Tehsils''
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. [[Beed]], 2. [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]], 3. [[Patoda]], 4. [[Shirur Kasar]], 5. [[Georai]], 6. [[Ambajogai]], 7. [[Wadwani]], 8. [[Kaij]], 9. [[Dharur, Beed district|Dharur]], 10. [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parali]], 11. [[Majalgaon]]
| area_total_km2 = 10693
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,585,049
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 17.91%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| governing_body = '''Beed Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = '''[[Sunetra Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]])}}
| leader_title1 = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1 = *President '''Mrs.'''
*Vice President '''Mr. '''
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 = *'''Shri. Vivek Johnson, I.A.S'''
| leader_title3 = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3 = *'''Shri. Jithin Rahman , I.A.S '''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = *'''[[Bajrang Manohar Sonwane]]''' {{small|([[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code(s)]]
| postal_code = 431xxx<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/maharashtra/beed/|title=PIN Codes of Beed District, Maharashtra, India|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924120107/https://www.indiapincode.info/location/maharashtra/beed/|archive-date=24 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
| registration_plate = MH 23, MH44
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Official Language]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Per capita income]](Beed district)
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1,21,515(2020-21)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Per capita income of Maharashtra 2011-12 to 2020-21 |url=https://mls.org.in/ |website=Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra, India |publisher=Maharashtra Vidhanmandal |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123026/http://mls.org.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://beed.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Nominal gross domestic product]](Beed district)
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 37,672[[crores]]
(2020-21)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District nominal gross Domestic Product of Maharashtra 2011-12 to 2020-21 |url=https://mls.org.in/ |website=Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra, India |publisher=Maharashtra Vidhanmandal |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123026/http://mls.org.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Beed district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[biːɖ]]]) is an administrative [[district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. The district headquarters are located at [[Beed]]. The district occupies an [[area]] of 10,693 km2 and has a [[population]] of 2,161,250 of which 17.91% were urban (as of 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |access-date=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=2010-01-11 }}</ref>

== Guardian Minister ==
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister Beed
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = [[Sunetra Pawar]]
| incumbentsince = 31 January 2026
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|https://beed.nic.in}}
}}

==History==
=== History of Maharashtra ===
{{See also|History of Maharashtra}}
{{See also|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)}}

[[File:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png|thumb|[[Hyderabad state]] in 1956 (in yellowish green). After reorganization in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with [[Bombay State|Bombay]] and [[Mysore state]]s respectively and rest of the state ([[Telangana]]) was merged with [[Andhra State]] to form the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
|left]]
Beed district has a long history of many rulers and kingdoms. In the ancient era, this city was called as ''Bhir''. The city still proudly shows some old monuments, showing the signs of past glory in the form of many city entry doors (called ''Ves'' or ''Darwaza'' in local language) and city protection walls. Until the 1st of May 1960, this part of [[Marathwada]] was under [[Hyderabad State]], but was later included into the Indian Republic after a fierce struggle between Indian Government and Nizam soldiers ([[Razakars]]). as The name of Bhir is given by Mohammad Tughlaq.

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,81,140|13=1911|14=6,06,104|15=1921|16=4,53,844|17=1931|18=6,16,675|19=1941|20=6,91,946|21=1951|22=7,84,920|23=1961|24=9,49,673|25=1971|26=12,23,694|27=1981|28=14,12,990|29=1991|30=18,22,072|31=2001|32=21,61,250|33=2011|34=25,85,049|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Beed district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|12.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|2.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.84}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Beed district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,585,049,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Beed |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/782/download/2778/DH_2011_2727_PART_A_DCHB_BID.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Nevada 2,700,551
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 160th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|242|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.65%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Beed has a [[sex ratio]] of 912 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males. 19.90% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.59% and 1.27% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Beed district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 83.38 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 8.62 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.93 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 2.53 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.54 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 83.38% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.62% [[Urdu]], 3.93% [[Hindi]] and 2.37% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Agriculture]] is the main business in Beed, and it is largely dependent on [[monsoon]] rain. Beed also is a district which provides a large number [[sugarcane]] cutters. A large area of Beed is Rocky and hilly especially the Georai, Ashti, Ambajogai, Kaij and Patoda Taluka, these are the places where [[custard apple]] is cultivated.

==Geographical indication==
[[Beed Custard Apple]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 May 2016 valid upto 25 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ayesha |title=GI tag: It's all about regionalism, economics, stupid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/Nov/18/gi-tag-its-all-about-regionalism-economics-stupid-1704871.html |access-date=2 February 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rejuvenation of old and senile custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) Orchard Cv. Balanagar |url=https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2023/vol12issue12/PartAJ/12-12-466-573.pdf |website=The Pharma Innovation Journal 2023 |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

Balaghat Sitaphal Sangh from Dharur, proposed the GI registration of Beed Custard Apple. After filing the application in August 2014, the Custard Apple was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Beed Custard Apple" exclusive to the Custard Apple grown in the region. It thus became the first Custard Apple variety from India and the 19th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalitha |first1=N. |last2=Vinayan |first2=Soumya |title=Regional Products and Rural Livelihoods: A Study on Geographical Indications from India |date=4 January 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909537-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivqNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Beed+Custard+Apple&pg=PT101 |access-date=2 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The prestigious GI tag, awarded by the GI registry, certifies that a product possesses distinct qualities, adheres to traditional production methods, and has earned a reputation rooted in its geographical origin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beed Custard Apple : भौगोलिक मानांकन मिळूनही बीडच्या बालाघाट सिताफळाला मिळतोय केवळ १० ते १२ रूपये किलोंचा दर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/agriculture/farming-ideas/beed-custard-apple-despite-the-geographical-designation-balaghat-custard-apple-of-beed-fetches-only-rs-10-to-12-per-kg-a-a989/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |work=Lokmat |date=22 October 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Divisions==
This district is divided into eleven [[taluka]]s (or [[tehsil]]s). These are:

# [[Beed]]
# [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]]
# [[Gevrai]]
# [[Ambajogai]]
# [[Kaij]]
# [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parali (Vaijnath)]]
# [[Majalgaon]]
# [[Patoda]]
# [[Shirur Kasar]]
# [[Wadwani]]
# [[Dharur, Beed district|Dharur]]

==Officer==

===Members of Parliament===

*'''[[Bajrang Manohar Sonwane]]''' ([[Nationalist Congress Party Sharadchandra Pawar|NCPSP]]) {{small|([[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]])}}

====list of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''[[Pankaja Munde]]'''
| 31 October 2014 - 8 November 2019
|-
| '''[[Dhananjay Munde]]'''
| 9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
| '''[[Atul Save]]'''
| 27 September 2022 - July 2023
|-
| '''[[Dhananjay Munde]]'''
| July 2023 - 26 November 2024
|-
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''
| 18 January 2025 - Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Beed
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Shri. Radhabinod A. Sharma (IAS)'
| incumbentsince = 2020|
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Beed district
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|http://beed.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of District Magistrate / Collector ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''Shri. Radhabinod A. Sharma (IAS)'''
|2020 - Incumbent
|}

==Villages==


*[[Hatkarwadi, Maharashtra|Hatkarwadi]]
*[[Chaklamba]]
* Jamb
*[[Talwat Borgaon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Talwat Borgaon |url=https://www.veethi.com/talwat-borgaon/PL289175 |website=veethi.com |publisher=Galaxy Infomedia LLC |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tourism in Marathwada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://beed.nic.in Beed district official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120329041206/http://beedcity.com/ The Unofficial Website of Beed.]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Beed district
|North = [[Jalna district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Parbhani district]]
|Southeast = [[Latur district]]
|South = [[Osmanabad district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Ahmadnagar district]]
|Northwest = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]
}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beed District}}
[[Category:Beed district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad division]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]

Sunita Viswanath

2026-03-11T22:04:03Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting a data...

{{Short description|Indian-American activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunita। Viswanath
| image = Sunita_Viswanath_CODEPINK_2.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| education = [[Rutgers University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[SNDT Women's University]] ([[Master of Science|MA]])
| occupation =
}}

'''Sunita Viswanath''' is an [[Indian-American]] activist who has worked in women's and human rights organizations. She co-founded the human rights organizations [[Women for Afghan Women]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunita viswanath |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/champions/climate-faith-leaders/sunita-viswanath |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The White House |language=en}}</ref> Sadhana: Coalition of Progressive Hindus, and [[Hindus for Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=Raju Rajagopal, Sunita |title=Hindus for Human Rights {{!}} In support of the Dismantling Global Hindutva conference |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2021/12/upenn-hindtuva-conference-hindus-for-human-rights |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch {{!}} 'Hindus for Human Rights Will Continue Lobbying US against India's Treatment of Muslims' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/watch-hindus-for-human-rights-will-continue-lobbying-against-indias-treatment-of-muslims |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Viswanath was born in [[Chennai, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian-American Sunita Viswanath to be honoured as 'Champions of Change' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/indian-american-sunita-viswanath-to-be-honoured-as-champions-of-change/articleshow/48095453.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-14}}</ref> She moved between London and Chennai during her early age, and later moved to the US when she was 19.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-18 |title=Faith Leader Spotlight: Sunita Viswanath {{!}} ICNY |language=en-US |work=ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/icny-faith-leader-spotlight-sunita-viswanath/ |access-date=2022-07-14}}</ref><ref name="deccan">{{Cite web |last=dash |first=sanchita |date=2015-08-02 |title=Leap of faith |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150802/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/leap-faith |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Viswanath received a BA in mathematics from [[Douglass College]], [[Rutgers University]] and a MA in sociology from [[SNDT Women's University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIMN {{!}} Staff and Board Members |url=http://www.wimnonline.org/about/people.html#board |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130213/http://www.wimnonline.org/about/people.html |archive-date=2021-05-18 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Women in Media and News}}</ref>

== Activism ==

=== Women for Afghan Women ===

In 2001, Viswanath co-founded the nonprofit humanitarian organization [[Women for Afghan Women]] (WAW).<ref name="geneva" /> In 2002, Viswanath edited the volume of essays, ''Women for Afghan Women: Shattering Myths and Claiming the Future.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women for Afghan Women: Shattering Myths and Claiming the Future {{!}} The Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights |url=https://genderandsecurity.org/projects-resources/research/women-afghan-women-shattering-myths-and-claiming-future |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=genderandsecurity.org}}</ref> Initially founded to support the Afghan community in Queens, WAW expanded in 2005 to support the rights and needs of women in Afghanistan.<ref name="geneva">{{Cite web |title=Women for Afghan Women co-founder: Afghans' stories need to be told - Geneva Solutions |url=https://genevasolutions.news/peace-humanitarian/women-for-afghan-women-co-founder-afghans-stories-need-to-be-told |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=genevasolutions.news |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Viswanath was awarded the Feminist Majority Foundation's Global Women's Rights Award for her work with WAW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haitian Feminist Yolette Jeanty Honored With Other Global Women's Activists - Ms. Magazine |url=https://msmagazine.com/2011/04/28/haitian-feminist-yolette-jeanty-honored-with-other-global-womens-activists/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=msmagazine.com|date=28 April 2011 }}</ref>

Viswanath is no longer affiliated with WAW.<ref name="medium">{{Cite web |last=SunitaV |date=2022-04-25 |title=Open Letter to Women for Afghan Women from co-founders Sunita Viswanath and Masuda Sultan |url=https://medium.com/@sunitasviswanath/open-letter-to-women-for-afghan-women-from-co-founders-sunita-viswanath-and-masuda-sultan-3ec912833b80 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-03-31 |title=Statement from Leadership of Women for Afghan Women on Events of March 30, 2022 - Women For Afghan Women |url=https://womenforafghanwomen.org/press-releases/statement-from-leadership-of-women-for-afghan-women-on-events-of-march-30-2022/,%20https://womenforafghanwomen.org/press-releases/statement-from-leadership-of-women-for-afghan-women-on-events-of-march-30-2022/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Sadhana ===

In 2011, Viswanath co-founded Sadhana: Coalition of Progressive Hindus to be a progressive Hindu movement aligned with social justice commitments to anti-casteism and anti-racism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunita Viswanath: A New Kind of Allyship with Black Lives Matter |url=https://crcc.usc.edu/sunita-viswanath-a-new-kind-of-allyship-with-black-lives-matter/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=crcc.usc.edu |date=16 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> One of Sadhana's projects, Project Prithvi, aims to protect the environment by cleaning up a beach in Jamaica Bay, Queens.<ref name="deccan" /> In 2015, she was honored as a White House "Champion of Change" for her work with Sadhana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-22 |title=Champions of Change: People of Faith Acting on Climate |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/07/22/champions-change-people-faith-acting-climate |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=whitehouse.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-16 |title=White House honours Indian American woman as 'Champion of Change' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/white-house-honours-indian-american-woman-as-champion-of-change/story-GapDrUeaDkODcYCH0XFRxL.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hindus for Human Rights ===

In 2019, Viswanath co-founded [[Hindus for Human Rights]] (HfHR), a US-based advocacy organization that aims to promote religious pluralism in North America and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=Sunita Viswanath: India's democracy is in grave danger; state repression of minorities, dissenters at all-time high |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2021/04/08/sunita-viswanath-indias-democracy-in-grave-danger-444859/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, Viswanath wrote a piece with Raju Rajagopal in favor of the Dismantling Global Hindutva conference in the face of criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=Raju Rajagopal, Sunita |title=Hindus for Human Rights {{!}} In support of the Dismantling Global Hindutva conference |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2021/12/upenn-hindtuva-conference-hindus-for-human-rights |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref> In May 2021, Viswanath was a named defendant in a defamation case filed by the [[Hindu American Foundation]], which was dismissed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-20 |title=Hindu American Foundation files defamation suit against Hindu rights nonprofit |url=https://religionnews.com/2021/05/20/hindu-american-foundation-files-defamation-suit-against-hindu-rights-nonprofit/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Bhargavi |date=2022-12-21 |title=U.S. District Judge Amit Mehta Dismisses Hindu American Foundation's Defamation Lawsuit Against Five Defendants |url=https://americankahani.com/lead-stories/u-s-district-judge-amit-mehta-dismisses-hindu-american-foundations-defamation-lawsuit-against-five-defendants/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=American Kahani |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Columbia University ===

In 2020, Viswanath was named a Religious Life Adviser at [[Columbia University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcoming Our New RLA's {{!}} Religious Life |url=https://religiouslife.columbia.edu/news/welcoming-our-new-rlas |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=religiouslife.columbia.edu}}</ref> Despite a petition claiming she was "anti-Hindu" and asking her to be removed, the university continued to support Viswanath in her role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=indica |date=2020-09-11 |title=Columbia University backs adviser, petition claims she is 'anti-Hindu' |url=https://indicanews.com/2020/09/11/columbia-university-backs-sunita-viswanath-petition-claims-she-is-anti-hindu/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Indica news |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other work ===

In 2020, Viswanath was appointed by New York City Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] to serve on the Faith-Based Sector Advisory Council to advise on the city's [[COVID-19]] response,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-08 |title=Mayor de Blasio Appoints Members to Sector Advisory Councils |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/332-20/mayor-de-blasio-appoints-members-sector-advisory-councils |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The official website of the City of New York}}</ref> and in 2021 she was part of Mayor-elect [[Eric Adams]]' transition committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurshid |first=Samar |title=Mayor-Elect Adams Announces Hundreds of Transition Committee Members |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/city/10946-mayor-elect-eric-adams-transition-committee-members |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Gotham Gazette |language=en-gb}}</ref>

In 2021, Viswanath was named by the [[Center for American Progress]] as one of 21 faith leaders to watch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Faith Leaders To Watch in 2021 |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/21-faith-leaders-watch-2021/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Center for American Progress |date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Viswanath serves on the advisory boards of UnFreeze Afghanistan and Population Media Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Board |url=https://www.unfreezeafghanistan.org/about-us/advisory_board/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704174438/https://www.unfreezeafghanistan.org/about-us/advisory_board/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=UNFREEZE AFGHANISTAN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff & Boards |url=https://www.populationmedia.org/about/staff-boards |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Population Media Center |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, Viswanath traveled to Afghanistan as part of a Women's Delegation for Peace and Education, which included [[Ruth Messinger]], [[Medea Benjamin]], Rev. Chloe Breyer, [[Daisy Khan]] and [[Masuda Sultan]], to advocate for women's rights and to deliver humanitarian aid.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Can Feminists Stand in Real Solidarity with Afghan Women? |language=en |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/women-afghanistan-solidarity/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegation to Kabul |url=https://www.unfreezeafghanistan.org/delegation-to-kabul/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802185913/https://www.unfreezeafghanistan.org/delegation-to-kabul/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=UNFREEZE AFGHANISTAN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="medium" />

In August 2022, Viswanath and Masuda Sultan co-founded [http://www.abaadafghanistan.org Abaad: Afghan Women Forward], an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] which works to provide humanitarian assistance and fund economic programs for women. Its first clients included those formerly served by WAW.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-afghan-women-left-behind|title=The Afghan Women Left Behind|first= Rozina|last=Ali|date=August 24, 2022|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Viswanath's first marriage was to writer [[Suketu Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Suketu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PW6PDQAAQBAJ |title=Maximum City: Bombay Lost And Found |date=2005 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-375-70340-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Littlest Bhopalis |url=https://www.lassiwithlavina.com/thebuzz/the-littlest-bhopalis/html |access-date=2022-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her second marriage was to Stephan Shaw, who is an active member of [[Jewish Voice for Peace]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mozumder |first=Suman Guha |title=Multicultural love in the time of polarization |url=https://www.indiaabroad.com/indian-americans/multicultural-love-in-the-time-of-polarization/article_0a62ecf6-a571-11e7-b157-bb69d32674db.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=IndiaAbroad.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=J. K. R. |date=2020-01-27 |title=Thousands stage anti-CAA protests across US, demand Trump administration to impose sanction against Amit Shah |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/world/thousands-stage-anti-caa-protests-across-us-demand-trump-administration-to-impose-sanction-against-amit-shah/280276/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=Sunita |title=Hindus must stand against Hindutva: Why I protested against Narendra Modi in Houston and New York |url=https://scroll.in/article/938851/hindus-must-stand-against-hindutva-why-i-protested-against-modi-in-houston-and-new-york |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 September 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> She has three sons, Gautama, Akash, and Satya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-17 |title=Indian American Sunita Viswanath to be honoured for climate change efforts |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/NRI/2015-07-17/Indian-American-Sunita-Viswanath-to-be-honoured-for-climate-change-efforts/164002 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Board |url=https://www.sadhana.org/executive-board |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Sadhana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Hindu Reflects on Passover |url=https://www.tikkun.org/a-hindu-reflects-on-passover/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Tikkun |date=8 April 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.abaadafghanistan.org ABAAD: Afghan Women Forward]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American women's rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Douglass College alumni]]
[[Category:SNDT Women's University alumni]]
[[Category:American organization founders]]

Gold Coins (film)

2026-03-11T10:01:46Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gold Coins
| image = Gold Coins Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pramod G Gopal
| producer = Neni Entertainment
| writer = Pramod G Gopal
| starring = Dr Amar Ramachandran Master Vasudev Master Gopal [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Meera Nandan]] [[Tessa Joseph]]
| cinematography = Manju Lal
| editing = [[Sandeep Nandakumar]]
| distributor = Sopanam Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gold Coins''''' is a 2017 Malayalam feature film written and directed by Pramod G Gopal, and starring Dr Amar Ramachandran, Master Vasudev, Master Gopal, Sunny Wayne, Meera Nandan, and Tessa Joseph in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-13 |title=Adish Praveen starrer 'Gold Coins' trailer is out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/adish-praveen-starrer-gold-coins-trailer-is-out/articleshow/58655468.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is a Neni Entertainments production<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/dec/12/the-curious-story-of-sunny-wayne-1548060.html|title=The curious story of Sunny Wayne|work=The New Indian Express|date=12 December 2016 |accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref> and was released on 9 June 2017.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Dr. Amar Ramachandran as Dineshan
* Master Vasudev as Kichu
* Master Gopal as Achu
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Katha
* [[Meera Nandan]] as Smriti Teacher
* [[Tessa Joseph]] as Sujatha
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Headmaster Lucko mash
* [[Hemanth Menon]] as Nihal
* Anil Nedumangad as Nazeer
* Raja Sahib as Charlie
* Sujith Sankar as Avanbhai
* Appunni Sasi as Anandan
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Bride father
* Saju Navodaya as Guide Gopan
* Master Adish Praveen as Rocket
* Master Rahul as Milma
* Master Abin as Thurumbu
* Master Aakash as Bottle
* Annop Chandran as announcer
* Jelbi Anna Augustine as Laya
* Baby Neha Amar as Nandana
* Baby Devaprabha as Anna
* Baby Aanmary as Aanmary
* Master Laxman as Pauly
* Nandan as Salman
* Aaron as Roney
* Saju Kodiyan as Auto driver Radhamani
* Munshi Venu as Hotel owner
* Purushu Kottayam as Dineshan Boss
* Majeed as Cycle shop owner
* Kunjikka as Koya mash
* Biju kodungallur as Toddy man
* Vinod kedamangangalam as Antony
* Dr.Justine as Gopi
* Shyam as Paraman
* Vishnu as Syed
* Boney as Chain hacker
* Akhil as democracy
* Saji as Bhagavan
* Satheesh chevayur as Giri
* Jose.P.Raphel as Tamil sales man
}}

== Songs ==
* illillam (pathos) : P.Jayachandran
* illillam : K.S. Harisankar, Sneha Johnson, Albin Nelson...
* Hridhaya deepam : Baby Shreya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?m=5408|title = List of Malayalam Songs from the movie Gold Coins}}</ref>

== Release ==
Initially the film was released 9 June 2017. Currently Movie is streaming on Saina Play - a Malayalam OTT Platform From 16 July 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6513334}}
*[https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/19443/malayalam/gold-coins/ review]
*[https://lensmenreviews.com/gold-coins-malayalam-movie-review-2017/ review]
*[https://www.indiaglitz.com/gold-coins-review-malayalam-movie-21611 review]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Harald Tambs-Lyche

2026-03-10T02:58:48Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Starting stub - done

{{short description|Norweign anthropologist}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Harald Tambs-Lyche
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1946}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal={{ill|Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning|no|Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning}} |volume=20 |issue=1–4 |year=1979 |page=2 |publisher=[[Universitetsforlaget|Universitetsforlaget AS]] |place=Oslo, Norway |title=Medarbeidere |trans-title=Employees |others=[[Institutt for samfunnsforskning]] [Norwegian Institute for Social Research] |language=no |issn=0040-716X |eissn=1504-291X |quote=HARALD TAMBS-LYCHE, født 1946. Magister i sosialantropologi 1972. Amanuensis ved Institutt for sosialantropologi, Universitetet i Bergen fra 1972.}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| occupation = Anthropologist
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse = Marine Carrin
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Bergen]]
| thesis_title = Power and Devotion: Religion and Society in Saurashtra
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1992
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = Anthropology
| sub_discipline = {{br separated entries|Ethnology|Social anthropology}}
| workplaces = Professor emeritus of ethnology at the [[University of Picardy Jules Verne]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = {{br separated entries|[[Caste system in India]]|Ethnicity|History of social stratification in India}}
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Harald Tambs-Lyche''' (born 1946) is a Norwegian ethnologist and social anthropologist.

Tambs-Lyche earned a doctorate degree from the [[University of Bergen]] in 1992 with a doctoral thesis on the research subject of 'religion and society' in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] of India's Gujarat. He worked at the [[University of Bergen]] as a lecturer of social anthropology and retired as a professor of ethnology from the [[University of Picardy Jules Verne]]. His research interests includes the history of social stratification and the caste system in India.

==Family==
Harald Tambs-Lyche is married to Marine Carrin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Good Country: Individual, Situation, and Society in Saurashtra |edition=illustrated |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=2004 |page=8 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173044175 |lccn=2004307843 |oclc=1129582901 |quote=At the other end of the process, I realize how the influence of my wife, Marine Carrin, has changed my way of thinking and writing about my experiences — a process of gradual growth for which I thank her.}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|She is also an anthropologist.<ref>{{cite web |website=University of Groningen |place=Groningen, Netherlands |title=Associate Fellows {{!}} Religion, Culture and Society of Indian "Tribal" (Adivasi) Communities |date=25 April 2014 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/institute-of-indian-studies/research-clusters/adivasi/associate-fellows |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>}}

==Education and academic career==
Tambs-Lyche did his master's in 1972 with the thesis titled "London Patidars" and his Ph.D. in 1992 with the thesis titled "Power and Devotion: Religion and Society in Saurashtra" — both from Norway's University of Bergen<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[New Community]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=1978 |pages=19–30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |title=Ethnic Commitment Versus Structural Reality: South Asian Immigrant Workers in Britain |first1=Dennis |last1=Brooks |first2=Karamjit |last2=Singh |doi=10.1080/1369183X.1978.9975545 |s2cid=143404990 |quote=Harald Tambs-Lyche, 'London Patidars' (Unpublished Magistergrad Thesis, Bergen University 1972)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India |edition=illustrated |section=Notes |first=Catherine |last=Weinberger-Thomas |translator-first1=David Gordon |translator-last1=White |translator1-link=David Gordon White |translator-first2=Jeffrey |translator-last2=Mehlman |translator2-link=Jeffrey Mehlman |year=1999 |page=229 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |place=Chicago, USA |isbn=978-0226885681 |lccn=99037258 |oclc=41674327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wPthVcxWGkC&pg=PA229 |quote=Harald Tambs-Lyche, "Power and Devotion. Religion and Society in Saurashtra," 3 vols. (Ph.D. diss., University of Bergen, 1992)}}</ref> — and worked at the university as a lecturer of social anthropology.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=[[Choice Reviews|Choice]] |volume=18 |issue=1–6 |year=1980 |pages=34–52 |publisher=[[Association of College and Research Libraries]] |place=Middletown, Connecticut, USA |title=Memories of Underexposure: Reflections of Women in Films |first=Gregory A. |last=Finnegan |page= |oclc=1554411 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_Q8AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Harald+Tambs-Lyche+Lecturer+in+Social+Anthropology%2C+University+of+Bergen%22 |quote=Harald Tambs-Lyche Lecturer in Social Anthropology, University of Bergen}}</ref> He is a professor emeritus of ethnology at the University of Picardy Jules Verne in [[Amiens]], France.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vulnerability, Marginalization and Culture: Felicitation Volume for Prof. Deepak Kumar Behera |year=2018 |page=xii |publisher=Concept |place=New Delhi, India |editor1-first=Rashmi |editor1-last=Pramanik |editor2-first=Uwe |editor2-last=Skoda |editor3-first=Lidia |editor3-last=Guzy |section=Bio-Note of the Contributors |isbn=978-9386682550 |lccn=2019315572 |oclc=1076804917 |url=https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/165717567/Seeberg_Aarhus.pdf |quote=Dr. Harald Tambs-Lyche is Professor Emeritus of Ethnology at the University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens.}}</ref>

==Research==
Between starting of the 1970s and August 1972, Tambs-Lyche conducted field research on the "life and actions" of [[Gujarat]]i [[Patidars]] living in London who had moved in Britain in the 1960s. He did anatomization of the Patidar's "mercantile ideology" and proffered that it distinguishes these immigrants from the British people and "constitutes the major element in the construction of an ethnic boundary". [[Fredrik Barth]]'s view on the ethnic groups and boundaries and Barth's "idea of 'choice' and of seeing the 'rules' of society as generative, rather than as static and fixed" significantly shaped his study, though in his study, he went over the "idea of constraint" in larger depths than Barth. [[Marcus Banks (anthropologist)|Marcus Banks]] suggests that Tambs-Lyche, along with Sandra Wallman, is amongst the few scholars who have comprehensively worked on the research ideas of Barth.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions |orig-year=First published 1996 |year=2003 |pages=100–116 |publisher=Routledge |place=UK |chapter=Ethnicity and Race in Britain — 'Ethnic Groups' in Britain |first=Marcus |last=Banks |isbn=978-1134899609 |lccn=95033348 |oclc=1048250024 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeO3h7Qd_hkC&pg=PA100}}</ref> He participated as an associate fellow in the project "History and Theory of the Anthropology of India" which was convened by Peter Berger at the [[University of Groningen]] in the Netherlands. At the program, he studied "the implications of Barth’s theories of ethnicity for an urban and modern setting".<ref>{{cite web |website=University of Groningen |place=Groningen, Netherlands |title=History and Theory of the Anthropology of India |date=25 October 2013 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/institute-of-indian-studies/research-clusters/history-theory/ |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=UoG>{{cite web |website=University of Groningen |place=Groningen, Netherlands |title=Associate Fellows {{!}} History and Theory of the Anthropology of India |date=8 April 2021 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/institute-of-indian-studies/research-clusters/history-theory/associate-fellows |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

[[File:India_Saurashtra_locator_map.svg|thumb|150px|right|Saurashtra region in India]]
Tambs-Lyche developed interest in "history and theory of caste" and worked on the subject with a focus on Gujarat's Saurashtra region. He studied "the changing constellations of caste" in the region with regard to the period from 800 CE to the [[British Raj]] and in the present-day society "from an interactional point of view".<ref name=UoG/> He did research on the goddess cult and [[Swaminarayan sect]] in Gujarat and highlighted the socioeconomic changes in the Gujarati society, which according to him, were responsible for the rise in prominence of vegetarian male deities at the expense of the goddess who was associated with "blood and meat". Farhana Ibrahim do not agree with his argument that the increasing tendency towards vegetarianism contributed to the decrease in goddess worship in Gujarat. She reasons that this argument "fails to take into account the fact, that the goddess herself can undergo a transformation" and be "made vegetarian". She gives an example of the [[Ashapura Mata|goddess Ashapura]] who became "vegetarian and non-violent" and is worshipped in Gujarat's [[Kachchh]] region. Ibrahim notes that Ashapura has, however, "lost her status within the earlier context, where she was the guardian goddess of an independent Kachchh".<ref>{{cite book |title=Settlers, Saints and Sovereigns: An Ethnography of State Formation in Western India |series=Critical Asian Studies |first=Farhana |last=Ibrahim |orig-year=First published 2009 |year=2020 |page=135 |publisher=Routledge |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-1000083972 |oclc=1203019881 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref>

He studied "the relations caste identity entertains to ethnicity and class in a situation where all three are salient" in a study on Karnataka's [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]]. His research on caste highlighted the significance of "conflict, competition and power relations", but because of the influence of [[Louis Dumont]] and [[McKim Marriott]] on him, also placed emphasis on "the presence of a hierarchizing mode of interaction and discourse".<ref name=UoG/>

Tambs-Lyche and Carrin also studied the work of the Scandinavian Christian missionaries among the [[Santals]] at the [[Santhal Parganas]] in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of Tribal Society |series=Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies, Volume 5 |edition=reprint |editor1-first=Georg |editor1-last=Pfeffer |editor2-first=Deepak Kumar |editor2-last=Behera |editor1-link=Georg Pfeffer |year=1997 |pages=139–159 |publisher=Concept |place=New Delhi, India |chapter=The Santal Conception of Time |first=Marine |last=Carrin |isbn=978-8170229834 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Scandinavian+missionaries%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tattoo Histories: Transcultural Perspectives on the Narratives, Practices, and Representations of Tattooing |series=Routledge Studies in Cultural History, Volume 81 |edition=illustrated |editor-first=Sinah Theres |editor-last=Kloß |year=2019 |pages=181–194 |publisher=Routledge |place=New York, USA |article=The Custom of Marking the Body Among the Santals of India |first=Ata |last=Mallick |isbn=978-1000707984 |lccn=2019043359 |oclc=1125292259 |article-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBTADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185}}</ref>

==Written work==
===Power, Profit, and Poetry (2000)===
Tambs-Lyche's ''Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India'' is a study of the social changes that took place in Gujarat's [[Kathiawar]] (in the Saurashtra region) from the [[Medieval India#Early medieval period|early medieval period]] to the turn of the 19th century. In the book, Tambs-Lyche provided a study of the changing relationship between three groups in the region — the kings and their agricultural, [[Brahmin]], [[pastoral]] and [[Rajput]] supporters; the merchants; and the [[Charans]] — with the three of them representing power, profit, and poetry, respectively. Assessing Tambs-Lyche's work, [[M. N. Buch|Mahesh Neelkanth Buch]] stated that he explored the subject matter from three angles — anthropological, socio–political, and historical — with an infusion of myth and legend. Buch suggested that though these attributes made his work a scholarly study, he could not do full justice to it by constricting the whole study in only one volume, which, in the opinion of Buch, should have been presented in "several volumes".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=27 |number=3, ''Magical Reality Social Realities'' |year=2000 |pages=127–136 |publisher=[[India International Centre]] |place=New Delhi, India |editor1-first=Geeti |editor1-last=Sen |editor2-first=Bela |editor2-last=Butalia |editor3-first=Rachna |editor3-last=Joshi |title=Reviewed Work: Power, Profit and Poetry — Traditional Society in Kathiawar by Harald Tambs-Lyche |first=Mahesh Neelkanth |last=Buch |author-link=M. N. Buch |jstor=23005588 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

===An Encounter of Peripheries (2008)===
[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The [[Santal Parganas]] in a 1907 map of the Bengal area]]
''An Encounter of Peripheries: Santals, Missionaries, and Their Changing Worlds, 1867–1900'', coauthored by Tambs-Lyche and Carrin, is a monographic study of the work of two Scandinavian missionaries–turned–[[Evangelism|evangelists]] — Hans Peter Borresen from Denmark and Lara Olaf Skrefsrud from Norway — among the Santals living in India's eastern region at a time when the region was "beyond the direct control of British India".<ref name="SC"/><ref name="CB"/> The authors located the two "within the broader transformations in northern Europe, the Victorian empire in India, colonial Bengal and the Santal communities in the aftermath of the suppressed rising [[Santhal rebellion|''(Hul)'' of 1855–56]]". The monograph argued that the variations in the Victorian evangelism was one of the root causes of the "failure of the Scandinavians to sustain their communitarian vision of a Santal utopia, ruled by puritan values of industry and prosperity".<ref name="SC"/>

[[Jadavpur University]]'s Suchetana Chattopadhyay stated that though the book provided "empirical insights" in the less explored universe of Scandinavian Christian missionaries and the part they played in structuring Santal [[Agency (sociology)|agency]] from the 1860s till the end of the 19th century, in their study, the ethnographic material was given precedence over the historical material by the authors. Chattopadhyay is of the view that, in the monograph, "the ethnographic segments resemble interpolations and do not blend with the historical narratives".<ref name="SC">{{cite journal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=44 |number=49 |date=December 5–11, 2009 |pages=26–28 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |place=India |title=Reviewed Work: An Encounter of Peripheries: Santals, Missionaries and Their Changing Worlds, 1876–1900 by Marine Carrin, Harald Tambs-Lyche |first=Suchetana |last=Chattopadhyay |jstor=25663857 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

The authors drew praise from [[Butler University]]'s Chad Bauman for shedding light on the similarities between the Santals and the first Christian missionaries (who worked among the Santals) of the Scandinavian 'Indian Home Mission' (IHM) that was established in 1868 CE. In the opinion of Bauman, there are three problems with the monograph — firstly, the missionaries of the IHM were neither British nor colonialists and scholars agree that the "missionary values and ambitions were often at odds with those of the [British] empire" but a study of their relationship with the British colonialists suggests that they "were a significant part of imperial agency", however, the authors maintained that they "were part of colonial dynamics, but not of the colonial project"; secondly, "it is inordinately focused on the European side of this ostensible encounter"; thirdly, the text has "organizational problems" which leads to "a loss of chronological clarity". Bauman, however, suggested the monograph provides access to the ethnographic and historical material from the IHM archives which numerous researchers might have missed due to "linguistic issues".<ref name="CB">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=January 2009 |via=Butler University, USA |title=Book Review: An Encounter of Peripheries: Santals, Missionaries, and their Changing Worlds, 1867–1900 |first=Chad |last=Bauman |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1440 |url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1440&context=jhcs |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Transaction and Hierarchy (2017)===
Tambs-Lyche's ''Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste'' is a study of the Indian society and its caste system from historical and sociological perspectives.<ref name="RR"/>

Tambs-Lyche reflected on the previous studies on caste by Adrian C. Mayer, Andre Beteille, [[Frederick George Bailey]], Fredrik Barth, [[Gerald Berreman]], [[Govind Sadashiv Ghurye]], Louis Dumont, McKim Marriott, and [[Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas]]. He praised Dumont for his "effort to formulate a sociological as well as cultural theory of the castes" and criticized him "for having generalized a Brahmano-centric model of the caste system". [[University of Lausanne]]'s Raphaël Rousseleau noted that Tambs-Lyche initially "[distinguished] various forms of kingship" in northern and southern India from the medieval and modern period by drawing on the approach of [[Burton Stein]], and later introduced his personal "historical schematization" as well. Rousseleau also noted that he drew from the works of [[Chris Fuller (academic)|Chris J. Fuller]], Lawrence A. Babb, [[Susan Snow Wadley]], and Gérard Toffin and Véronique Bouillier to "[demonstrate] the contextual and fluid nature of divine classifications" to emphasize "the importance of transactions in the processes of hierarchization of gods and men", thereby making the argument that "rituals and festivals reflect less an underlying harmonious order than they express strategic attempts to create an Integration through Ritual".<ref name="RR">{{cite journal |journal={{ill|South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal|fr|South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal}} |date=11 January 2021 |publisher=Association pour la Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud |place=Paris, France |via=[[OpenEdition Journals]] |title=Harald Tambs-Lyche. Transactions and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste |first=Raphaël |last=Rousseleau |doi=10.4000/samaj.7041 |s2cid=252680020 |issn=1960-6060 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/7041|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Works==
===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=2017 |publisher=Routledge |place=London, UK |isbn=978-1351393966 |lccn=2016362561 |oclc=993949230}}
*{{cite book |title=Business Brahmins: The Gauda Saraswat Brahmins of South Kanara |edition=illustrated |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=2011 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173049026 |lccn=2011311897 |oclc=755004375}}
*{{cite book |title=An Encounter of Peripheries: Santals, Missionaries, and Their Changing Worlds, 1867–1900 |first1=Harald |last1=Tambs-Lyche |first2=Marine |last2=Carrin |year=2008 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173047558 |lccn=2008306403 |oclc=1131583460}}
*{{cite book |title=The Good Country: Individual, Situation, and Society in Saurashtra |edition=illustrated |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=2004 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173044175 |lccn=2004307843 |oclc=1129582901}}
*{{cite book |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173041761 |lccn=97900971 |oclc=36884049}}
*{{cite book |title=London Patidars: A Case Study in Urban Ethnicity |edition=illustrated |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=1980 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |place=Boston, USA; London, UK |isbn=978-0710084712 |lccn=80040636 |oclc=1049767731}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online |editor1-first=Marine |editor1-last=Carrin |editor2-first=Michel |editor2-last=Boivin |editor3-first=Gérard |editor3-last=Toffin |editor4-first=Paul |editor4-last=Hockings |editor5-first=Raphaël |editor5-last=Rousseleau |editor6-first=Tanka Bahadur |editor6-last=Subba |editor7-first=Harald |editor7-last=Lambs-Tyche |editor2-link=Michel Boivin |editor4-link=Paul Hockings |editor6-link=Tanka Bahadur Subba |display-editors=4 |year=2021 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |article=Hindu Pastoralists of Western India |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |doi=10.1163/2665-9093_BERO_COM_032234 |isbn=978-9004355521}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Rivista Degli Studi Orientali |volume=91 |issue=2 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Sapienza University of Rome]] |place=Rome, Italy |title=Historicity, Subalternity and Caste |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |issn=0392-4866 |eissn=1724-1863}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Irish Journal of Anthropology |volume=19 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=14–30 |publisher=Anthropological Association of Ireland |place=Kildare, Ireland |title=Domination by Hegemony, or Force Countered by Resistance? The Indian Caste Order between Scott and Gramsci |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |issn=1393-8592 |url=http://anthropologyireland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IJA_19_2_2016.pdf}}
*{{cite web |title=Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: Nordic Schools of Approach |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |year=2014 |pages=51–73 |publisher=[[Roskilde University]] |place=Roskilde, Denmark |via=[[Open Journal Systems]] |url=http://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/ocpa/article/view/3605/1787}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Social Anthropology (journal)|Social Anthropology]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=23–42 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |title='You Don't Joke With These Fellows.' Power and Ritual in South Canara, India |first1=Harald |last1=Tambs-Lyche |first2=Marine |last2=Carrin |doi=10.1017/S0964028203000028 |doi-broken-date=30 October 2025 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/47907018/j.1469-8676.2003.tb00070.x20160809-30002-bobs4n.pdf}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |year=1975 |pages=349–355 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |title=A Comparison of Gujarati Communities in London and the Midlands |first=Harald |last=Tambs-Lyche |doi=10.1080/1369183X.1975.9975385}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==See also==
*[[Dirk H. A. Kolff]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |website=[[Academia.edu]] |title=Harald Tambs-Lyche |url=https://haraldtambslyche.academia.edu/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambs-Lyche, Harald}}

[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:University of Bergen alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bergen]]
[[Category:Norwegian ethnologists]]
[[Category:Social anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Norwegian educators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Picardy Jules Verne]]

Jeete Hain Shaan Se

2026-03-03T23:57:42Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: added info

{{short description|1988 film by Kawal Sharma}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeete Hain Shaan Se
| image = JeeteHainShaanSefilm.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kawal Sharma]]
| producer = Smt P. Bhagyam
| writer = Abhilash Raaj Jallandhary
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Sanjay Dutt]]|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]|[[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]|[[Vijeta Pandit]]}}
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = S. Pappu
| editing = Vijay Pandey A. Sanjeevi
| distributor = Shree Bhagyalakshmi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|04|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 2 crores<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=mahmad.rafik |title=2 ಕೋಟಿ ಬಜೆಟ್‌ನ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗೆ 15 ದಿನವಾದ್ರೂ ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಗಳಿಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟಿರಬಹುದು? |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/cine-world/2-crore-budget-movie-released-36-years-ago-did-not-get-tickets-for-15-days-mrq-skd66u |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 8 crores<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Jeete Hain Shaan Se''''' (translation: We Live with Honor) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[action film]] directed by [[Kawal Sharma]]. The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Vijeta Pandit]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeete Hain Shaan SeUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/jeete-hain-shaan-se/movieshow/62519332.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Johny, Govinda and Iqbal are three friends living in a small community in [[Bombay]]. Together, they help people in need in their community. As a result, they fall out of favour with the local gangster D.K., who was previously known as Balwant.

Tragedy unfolds when Govinda’s mother passes away. At the funeral, Govinda is reunited with his father, Advocate Verma, who had been missing for years. Shortly thereafter, a police inspector introduces Johny to his biological mother, Mary.

Johny discovers that Advocate Verma was behind the atrocities inflicted on his mother in the past. Consumed by a desire for justice, Johny confronts Verma, igniting a conflict with Govinda, who adamantly defends his father’s innocence. The widening rift between Johny and Govinda threatens their once-strong friendship, creating an opening for D.K. to manipulate their division to further his own agenda.

Amidst the strife, Iqbal takes it upon himself to mediate and restore harmony between Johny and Govinda, striving to thwart D.K.'s plans and safeguard their bond. The story unfolds as the trio navigates their personal conflicts and external threats, exploring themes of friendship, loyalty and the pursuit of justice.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Johny D'Souza / Himself
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Govinda Verma
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Iqbal Ali
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Julie
* [[Vijeta Pandit]] as Kiran
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Balwant / D.K.
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Advocate Verma
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Geeta Verma
* [[Gita Siddharth]] as Mary D'Souza
* Krishnakant as Rahim Ali
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Advocate Aziz Ahmed
* [[Gufi Paintal]]
* [[Narendra Nath]]
* [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]]
* [[Viju Khote]]
* [[Manik Irani]] as Gullu
* [[Bhushan Tiwari]]
* Monty as Dawood
* [[C. S. Dubey]]
* [[Gurbachan Singh]] as Goga

==Songs==
The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. All songs were penned by [[Indeevar]], except "Salaam Seth Salaam Seth" which was penned by Shaily Shailendra.

#"Julie Julie Johnny Ka Dil Tumpe Aaya" - [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] and [[Anu Malik]]
#"Govinda Govinda" - [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Rab Roothe Roothe" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]], Shabbir Kumar and Anu Malik
#"Salaam Seth Salaam Seth" - Anu Malik
#"[[Allah Hoo]]" - [[Mohammed Aziz]]
#"Jeete Hain Shaan Se" - [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], Anuradha Paudwal, Kavita Krishnamurthy and Shabbir Kumar

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0361772|Jeete Hain Shaan Se}}

[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:1988 films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Njan Salperu Ramankutty

2026-03-03T21:37:19Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: New

{{short description|2004 Malayalam movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Njan Salperu Ramankutty
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Anil Babu]]
| producer = [[B Rakesh|B. Rakesh]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Lalu Alex]] [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = P.C Mohanan
| distributor = Universal Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2004|03|19|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
| screenplay = [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
}}
'''''Njan Salperu Ramankutty''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam language]] [[Comedy film]] directed by [[Anil Babu]] and starring [[Jayaram]], [[Gayatri Jayaraman]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Lalu Alex]] and [[Maniyanpilla Raju]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/salperu-ramankutty-review-malayalam-pclv1ubjfbajf.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411070518/https://www.sify.com/movies/salperu-ramankutty-review-malayalam-pclv1ubjfbajf.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2022 | title=Salperu Ramankutty | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/lalu-alex-opens-up-about-the-box-office-failure-of-jayaram-starrer-salperu-ramankutty-movie/articlecontent-pf179961-069967.html | title=ജയറാം ചിത്രത്തിന് സംഭവിച്ച അപ്രതീക്ഷിത പരാജയം, പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട സിനിമയെ കുറിച്ച് ലാലു അലക്‌സ്‌ | date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ramankutty, a teacher in the village school is known as "salperu" (i.e. good reputation). Ramankutty's uncles- Narayanan, Madhavan, Velayudhan and Shankaran
are in a competition to get Ramankutty to marry their respective daughters. Ramankutty agrees to marry his uncle Velayudhan's daughter. Madhavan's daughter Sangeetha arrives from Mumbai and seeing her, Ramankutty changes his mind. On the eve of the marriage Ramankutty's reputation is shattered. Life becomes hell.

==Cast==
*[[Jayaram]] as Ramankutty
*[[Gayatri Jayaraman]] as Sangeetha
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Madhavan
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Velayudhan
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Shankaran
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Narayanan
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Devaki, Ramankutty's Mother
*Karthika
*[[Urmila Unni]]
*[[Suja Karthika]] as Ramankutty's sister
*[[Boban Alummoodan]]
*[[Nirosha]] as Dakshayani
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Kunjambu
*[[Kottayam Nazir]] as Himself
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Qadir
*[[Thesni Khan]] as Ramankutty's younger sister
*Binda

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Raveendran]], with lyrics written by [[B. R. Prasad]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || Madana Pathakayil || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2 || Kaliyadi Thalir || [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| 3 || They They (Puzha Paadum) || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
| 4 || Mandarapoo || [[Radhika Thilak]]
|-
| 5 || Madana Pathakayil (D) || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Radhika Thilak]]
|-
| 6 || Mandarapooventhe || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Radhika Thilak]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi

2026-03-02T21:36:48Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: added info

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Seema Pahwa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi
| image = Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Seema Pahwa]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Jio Studios|[[Drishyam Films]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drishyamfilms.com/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Drishyam Films|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817092309/http://www.drishyamfilms.com/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>|}}
| writer = Seema Pahwa
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]|[[Vinay Pathak]]|[[Vikrant Massey]]|[[Konkona Sen Sharma]]|[[Vineet Kumar]]|[[Manoj Pahwa]]|[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]|[[Supriya Pathak]]|[[Deepika Amin]]|[[Ninad Kamat]]|}}
| music = Sagar Desai
| cinematography = Sudip Sengupta
| editing = Dipika Kalra
| studio = [[Drishyam Films]] Jio Studios
| distributor = [[UFO Moviez]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/ufo-moviez-forays-into-film-distribution-109791.html|title=UFO Moviez forays into film distribution|date=22 December 2020|publisher=Exchange4media|language=en-US|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|17|Mumbai Film Festival|2021|1|1|India}}
| runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mziznte|title=Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi (2021)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719151521/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mziznte|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 0.27 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi Box Office Collection|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=January 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ramprasad-ki-tehrvi/box-office/|access-date=2022-01-12|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109013814/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ramprasad-ki-tehrvi/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi '''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/most-awaited-indie-films-to-look-forward-to-in-2019-1990191.html|title=Most Awaited Indie Films to Look Forward to in 2019|date=2019-01-03|website=News18|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130038/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/most-awaited-indie-films-to-look-forward-to-in-2019-1990191.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070619/relationships-are-overrated.html|title=Relationships are overrated: Konkona Sen Sharma|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=2019-06-07|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023032938/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070619/relationships-are-overrated.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2019 [[Indian Cinema|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language [[family drama]] film directed by [[Seema Pahwa]] and produced by Jio Studios and Drishyam Films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seema-pahwa-to-debut-as-director-with-film-starring-naseeruddin-shah-konkona-sen-manoj-pahwa-4878471.html|title=Seema Pahwa to debut as director with film starring Naseeruddin Shah, Konkona Sen, Manoj Pahwa|date=2018-08-02|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001053529/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seema-pahwa-to-debut-as-director-with-film-starring-naseeruddin-shah-konkona-sen-manoj-pahwa-4878471.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It features an ensemble cast of [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], and [[Vineet Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dont-get-as-many-offers-as-i-used-to-i-think-its-because-im-older-now-says-konkona-sensharma-2178587.html|title=Don't Get as Many Offers as I Used to, I think it's Because I'm Older Now, Says Konkona Sensharma|website=News18|date=9 June 2019 |access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629205727/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dont-get-as-many-offers-as-i-used-to-i-think-its-because-im-older-now-says-konkona-sensharma-2178587.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also marks the directorial debut for actress [[Seema Pahwa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/nanihal-lko-films-theatre-and-manoj-pahwa/story-1WR3bkU8LfjzpE2iCzAC9I.html|title=Nanihal Lko, films, theatre and Manoj Pahwa|date=2019-03-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804193856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/nanihal-lko-films-theatre-and-manoj-pahwa/story-1WR3bkU8LfjzpE2iCzAC9I.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who also wrote the film, based on her own play, ''Pind Daan''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The film premiered at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|Mumbai Film Festival]] on 17 October 2019.<ref name="mami:m1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/programmeDetail/673|title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - ProgrammeDetail Site|website=Mumbai Film Festival|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316003002/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/programmeDetail/673|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/30/seema-pahwas-directorial-debut-ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi-to-premiere-at-mumbai-film-festival-14608.html|title=Seema Pahwa's directorial debut, Ram Prasad ki Tehrvi, to premiere at Mumbai Film Festival|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 September 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006065145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/30/seema-pahwas-directorial-debut-ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi-to-premiere-at-mumbai-film-festival-14608.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 1 January 2021.<ref name="m2:Outlook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/seema-pahwas-ramprasad-ki-tehrvi-to-release-on-january-1/1995795|title=Seema Pahwa's ''Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi'' to release on January 1|date=19 December 2020|website=Outlook India|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115025407/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/seema-pahwas-ramprasad-ki-tehrvi-to-release-on-january-1/1995795|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Ramprasad's entire family gathers at their ancestral home in Lucknow <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-film-ramprasad-ki-tehrvi-is-an-engrossing-drama-193993 |title="The film Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi is an engrossing drama" |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704144319/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-film-ramprasad-ki-tehrvi-is-an-engrossing-drama-193993 |url-status=live }}</ref> for 13 days after his death, to perform Pind Daan an after-life ritual that is performed after someone's demise and observe the Hindu traditions and death rituals called the [[terahvin|tehrvi]]. During the course, the family’s dynamics, politics, and insecurities come out, and then they realise that the importance of people and things are only evident in retrospect.<ref name="mami:m1" />

==Cast==
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Ramprasad Bhargava (Bauji)
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Amma (Mrs. Bhargava - Ramprasad's wife)
** [[Sanah Kapur]] as Young Amma
*[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Seema Bhargava (Nishant's wife)
*[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Nishant Bhargava aka Neetu (Ramprasad's youngest son)/ Young Ramprasad Bhargava
*[[Vikrant Massey]] as Rahul Bhargava (Gajraj's son)
*[[Manoj Pahwa]] as Gajraj Bhargava (Ramprasad's eldest son)
*[[Ninad Kamat]] as Manoj Bhargava (Ramprasad's second son)
*[[Vinay Pathak]] as Pankaj Bhargava (Ramprasad's third son)
*[[Deepika Amin]] as Sushma Bhargava (Gajraj's wife)
*Divya Jagdale as Sulekha Bhargava (Manoj's wife)
*[[Sadiya Siddiqui]] as Pratibha Bhargava (Pankaj's wife)
*Anubha Fatehpura as Rani (Ramprasad's elder daughter)
*Sarika Singh as Dhaani (Ramprasad's younger daughter)
*[[Brijendra Kala]] as Prakash (Rani's husband)
*Shrikant Verma as Basant (Dhaani's husband)
*[[Rajendra Gupta]] as Tauji (Mr. Bhargava - Ramprasad's elder brother)
*[[Pushpa Joshi]] as Bua Ji (Ramprasad's elder sister)
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Mamaji (Amma's brother)
*[[Alka Kaushal]] as Sheila (neighbour)
*Manukriti Pahwa as Bitto (Sheila's daughter)
*Sawan Tank as Samay Bhargava (Manoj's son)
*Neivan Ahuja as Saksham
*Yamini Das as Mamiji
*Mahesh Sharma as Vinod Bhargava (Tauji's son, who also drives him around)

==Release==
The film premiered at Mumbai Film Festival in Mumbai on 17 October 2019.<ref name="mami:m1" />

The film was released theatrically on 1 January 2021.<ref name="m2:Outlook" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sagar Desai
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 December 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi/PZ0qfnbsNLc_|title=Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Jio Saavn|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513011812/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ram-prasad-ki-tehrvi/PZ0qfnbsNLc_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019–20
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:20
| language = Hindi
| label = Jio Studios
| producer =
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by Sagar Desai, while lyrics were written by [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey.]]

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length = 16:20
| title1 = Bulawa Aaya Re
| extra1 = K. Mohan, Abhigyan Dasgupta, Sagar Desai
| Lyrics1 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length1 = 4:47
| title2 = Aisa Hai Kyun
| extra2 = Neeraj Pandey, [[Rachita Arora]]
| Lyrics2 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length2 = 3:47
| title3 = Ek Adhoora Kaam
| extra3 = Arnab Chakraborty, [[Ninad Kamat]]
| Lyrics3 = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Jo Ghum Hua Ha
| Lyrics = [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| extra4 = Sapna Sand
| length4 = 4:10
}}

== Critical reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|78|6.1|9|consensus=|ref=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ramprasad_ki_tehrvi |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>
== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Drishyam Films]], Jio Studios
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819053921/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Filmfare Award 2022 Winners List: Complete Winners List Ranveer Singh, Kriti Sanon, Shershaah WIN BIG |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/filmfare-award-2022-winners-list-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-kriti-sanon-shershaah-win-big-5601794/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831041954/https://www.india.com/entertainment/filmfare-award-2022-winners-list-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-kriti-sanon-shershaah-win-big-5601794/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Seema Pahwa]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|[[Supriya Pathak]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
| {{nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10196464}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes | ramprasad_ki_tehrvi }}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ramprasad-ki-tehrvi/ Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]

Guindy National Park

2026-02-22T21:17:17Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{short description|National park in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Guindy National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = Guindy_national_park.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Guindy National Park entrance
| image_size =
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chennai, India
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Chennai District|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coords|13.0036|N|80.2293|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 2.7057
| established = 1977
| visitation_num = 700,000
| visitation_year = 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Guindy National Park|publisher=Tamil Nadu Forest Department|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html|access-date=6 Sep 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928004229/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html|archive-date=2012-09-28 }}</ref>
| governing_body = Tamil Nadu Forest Department
| url = {{URL|www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html|forests.tn.nic.in}}
}}
'''Guindy National Park''' is a [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected area]], located in [[Chennai]], India. Spread across {{convert|2.70|km2|abbr=on|2}}, it is one of the smallest [[National parks of India|National Parks in India]] and one of the few national parks situated inside a [[metropolitan area]]. The park is an extension of the grounds surrounding [[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] and encloses forests, scrub lands, lakes and streams.

The park has a role in both [[ex-situ conservation|''ex situ'']] and [[in-situ conservation|''in situ'']] conservation and is home to a variety of species including a wide variety of [[snakes]], [[geckos]], [[tortoises]], over 130 species of birds, 14 species of mammals including 400 [[blackbuck]]s, 2,000 [[spotted deer]], 24 [[jackals]], over 60 species of [[butterflies]] and [[spiders]] each and other [[invertebrate]]s. These are free-ranging fauna that live with minimal interference from human beings. [[Chennai Snake Park Trust|Guindy Snake Park]], formerly the location of [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] and Children's Park are located next to the park in the same premises. As of 2007, the parks had 700,000 annual visitors.

== History ==
Covering an area of {{convert|5|km2|abbr=on|2}}, the park was one of the last remnants of [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|tropical dry evergreen forest]] along the [[Coromandel Coast]] and was originally a [[game reserve]]. In the early 1670s, a garden space was carved out of the area and a residence called the ''Guindy Lodge'' was built by Governor [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|William Langhorne]] (1672–1678) for recreation. The remaining of the forest area was owned by Gilbert Rodericks, from whom it was purchased by the [[Madras Presidency|Government of Madras]] in 1821 for a sum of {{INR}} 35,000. The original area of {{cvt|505|ha}} was established as a [[Reserve Forest]] in 1910.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sportswomaninind00savorich|title=A Sportswoman in India|last=Savory|first=Isabel|publisher=London, Hutchinson & Co.; Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company|year=1900|location=The Library of the University of California|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sportswomaninind00savorich/page/373 373]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ADictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_Second_Supplement%2C_volume_2.djvu/245|title=Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, Volume 2|last=Woods|first=Gabriel Stanley|date=1912}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Havelock,_Arthur_Elibank_(DNB12)|title=Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement|last=Woods|first=Gabriel Stanley}}</ref>

Between 1961 and 1977, about {{cvt|172|ha}} of the forest, was transferred to various government departments in order to build educational institutions and memorials.<ref name="Chital"/> In 1958, a portion of the forest area was transferred to the Union Education Ministry for establishing the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] (IIT). In the same year, a portion of the land was transferred to the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] for creating the Guindy Deer Park and Children's Park under the direction of then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Memorials for [[Rajaji]] and [[Kamaraj]] were built in 1974 and 1975, respectively, from parcels of land acquired from the reserve. In 1977, the remaining forest area was transferred to the Forest Department and in 1978, it was declared a national park. It was walled off from the adjacent Raj Bhavan and IIT Madras in the late 1980s.<ref name="Raman"/>

== Habitat ==
[[File:Guindy National Park, Chennai.jpg|thumb|Inside the park]]
The Guindy National Park had historically enjoyed a certain degree of protection and was one of the last remnants of the natural habitats that typify the natural range of plant and animal [[biodiversity]] of the Coromandel coastal plains in the northeastern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Menon|first=R. K. G.|title=The Guindy National Park: Its history and physiogeography|journal=Blackbuck|volume=2|issue=1|pages=14–21|year=1986|url=http://blackbuck.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/guindynationalpark.pdf|access-date=21 Jul 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rapid Assessment of Biodiversity on the Campus of Indian Institute of Technology–Madras|pages=1–64|publisher=The Director, Indian Institute of Technology–Madras|date=August 2006|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/images/stories/iitm/Campus%20Biodiversity%20Report.pdf|access-date=9 Aug 2009}}</ref> The park has a tropical climate with mean annual temperatures of {{cvt|32.9|°C}} (maximum) and {{cvt|24.3|°C}} (minimum). Rainfall ranges from {{cvt|522|mm}} to {{cvt|2135|mm}}, with an average annual rainfall of {{cvt|1215|mm}}. The summer season in April and May determines the peculiar vegetation of the coast. Between June and December, wet season prevails, with dry season occurring between January and March. The area also has a cleared meadow called Polo Field measuring about {{cvt|230|m}} by {{cvt|160|m}} and a lake known as the 'Tangal Eri'.<ref name="Chital"/> The presence of the park and the surrounding green areas resulted in the epithet ''the green lungs of Chennai''. The park is protected by a perimeter wall for a length of {{cvt|9.5|km}}. There is an extensive network of roads and trails. The road network covers about {{cvt|14|km}} within the park. The park has two large tanks, namely, Kathan Kollai and Appalam Kolam, in addition to two ponds, which usually dry up during summer.<ref name="Chital">{{cite journal|last=Shankar Raman |first=T. R.|author2=R. K. G. Menon|author3=R. Sukumar|title=Ecology and Management of Chital and Blackbuck in Guindy National Park, Madras|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=93|issue=2|pages=178–192|year=1996|url=http://blackbuck.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/raman-menon-sukumar-jbnhs.pdf|access-date=21 Jul 2012}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The park has a [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|dry evergreen scrub]] and [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|thorn forest]], grasslands and water bodies with over 350 species of plants including shrubs, climbers, herbs and grasses and over 24 variety of trees, including the [[Annona squamosa|sugar-apple]], ''[[List of Rutaceae genera|Atlantia monophylla]]'', [[Feronia limonia|wood-apple]], and [[Azadirachta indica|neem]]. The region's physiognomy occurs as discontinuous or dense scrub-woodlands and thickets, containing species such as introduced ''Acacia planifrons'', ''Clausena dentata'' shrubs, palmyrah palm (''[[Borassus flabellifer]]''), ''Randia dumetorum'', ''Randia malabarica'', ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'', ''[[Acacia chundra]]'', exotic cactus ''Cereus peruviana'' and ''Glycosmis mauritiana''.{{cn|date=October 2025}} This flora provides an ideal habitat for over 150 species of birds. About one-sixth of the park has been left as open grassland to preserve that habitat for blackbucks. Though both the species of blackbuck and spotted deer have their natural habitat in grassland, the spotted deer prefer bushes and can adjust in land covered with shrubbery.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Fauna==
[[File:Deer at Guindy National Park.jpg|thumb|Wandering deer at the park]]
[[File:Guindy national park 09 Rosy Pelican.jpg|thumb|Pelican at Guindy national park]]

There are over 14 species of mammals including [[blackbuck]], [[chital]], [[jackal]], [[small Indian civet]], [[common palm civet]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[hyena]], [[pangolin]], [[hedgehog]], [[common mongoose]], [[Indian palm squirrel]], and [[Indian hare]] apart from several species of [[bats]] and [[rodents]]. The [[near threatened]] blackbuck, considered as the flagship species of the park, was introduced in 1924 by [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas]].<ref name="rj">{{cite journal|author1=R. J. Ranjit Danials|author2=C. Arivazhagan|year=2008|title=The Indian blackbuck recovers from the brink of extinction in Chennai, India|journal=Oryx|publisher=Fauna & Flora International|volume=42|issue=4|pages=481–488|doi=10.1017/S0030605308423141|doi-access=free}}</ref> Albino male blackbucks were also introduced to the park by the Maharaja of Bhavnagar.<ref name="Chital"/> While the blackbuck population has seen a decline, the chital population has increased in the last century. As per the census conducted on 29 February 2004, there were 405 blackbucks.(including 10 in the IIT campus), and 2,650 chitals including 1,743 females and 336 fawns.<ref name="Chital"/><ref name="Raman">{{cite journal|last=T. R. S.|first=Raman|author2=R. K. G. Menon|author3=R. Sukumar|year=1995|title=Decline of blackbuck (''Antilope cervicapra'') in an insular nature reserve—Guindy National Park|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/j_archive/currsci/68/6/578-580/viewpage.html|url-status=dead|journal=Current Science|volume=68|issue=6|pages=578–580|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314110433/https://www.ias.ac.in/j_archive/currsci/68/6/578-580/viewpage.html|archive-date=14 March 2005}}</ref>

The park has over 150 species of birds including [[grey partridge]], [[crow pheasant]], [[parrot]], [[quail]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher|paradise flycatcher]], [[black-winged kite]], [[crested honey buzzard|honey buzzard]], [[black kite|pariah kite]], [[golden-backed woodpecker]], [[yellow-wattled lapwing]], [[red-wattled lapwing]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[shrikes]], [[Asian koel]], [[minivets]], [[munias]], [[parakeet]], [[tailor bird]], [[American robin|robin]], [[drongo]], and [[stone curlew]]. Bird watchers anticipate migratory birds here like [[teal]]s, [[garganey]]s, [[red-crested pochard|pochard]]s, [[intermediate egret|medium egret]]s, [[great egret|large egrets]], [[night heron]]s, [[pond heron]]s and [[Asian open-billed stork|open-billed stork]]s every fall season.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oppili|first=P.|title=Looking for exotic species at the Guindy National Park|location=Chennai|date=16 November 2004|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/16/stories/2004111612840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206100821/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/16/stories/2004111612840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 May 2007}}</ref> The park is home to about nine species of [[amphibians]]<ref name="Chital"/> There park hosts [[reptiles]] such [[saw-scaled viper]], [[Sitana ponticeriana|fan-throated lizard]], and [[Bengal monitor|Indian monitor lizard]]. There are other species of [[lizard]]s, [[gecko]]s, [[chameleon]]s, [[turtles]], and [[tortoises]] including the [[endangered]] [[Indian star tortoise]]. There are a large variety of insects including 60 species of [[spiders]] and 60 species of [[butterflies]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== Snake park and children's park==
[[File:Guindy national park Painted Stork.jpg|thumb|A painted stork in the park]]
[[Chennai Snake Park Trust|Guindy Snake Park]], formerly the location of [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], is next to the Guindy National Park. The Snake Park gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the [[Central Zoo Authority of India|Central Zoo Authority]] in 1995. The park is located on an {{cvt|22|acre|ha}} area of the National Park and includes a children's park and play area. The park displays [[king cobra]], [[Pythonidae|python]]s, [[Viperidae|viper]]s and other reptiles, animals such as black buck, [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], spotted deer, [[porcupine]], jackal, [[crocodile]], [[otter|common otter]], [[rhesus monkey]], [[Macaca radiata|bonnet monkey]] and [[common langur]] and birds including [[Pelecanus philippensis|grey pelican]], night heron, [[cormorant]], [[cockatiel]], [[parrot]], [[mongoose]], [[common peafowl]]. The children's park also exhibits a fossilized tree specimen which is estimated to be about 20 million years old and has a statue of a [[Tyrannosaurus]] at the entrance.<ref name="EcoSpots">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|title=Chennai's eco spots|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=9 January 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article2787737.ece|access-date=9 Jan 2012}}</ref> In December 2019, an [[augmented reality]] (AR) show with a capacity of 20 persons was opened to public.<ref>{{cite news|title=AR show a new attraction at Guindy Children's Park|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|pages=3|date=27 December 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ar-show-a-new-attraction-at-guindy-childrens-park/article30405978.ece|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

== Location and access==
Entry into this protected reserve is restricted, and visitors can go into the core area only when escorted by a forest ranger from the Forest Department.<ref>{{cite web|last=Appasamy|first =David|title =Guindy National Park: National Treasure|publisher= Metroblogging Chennai|date=21 April 2006|url=http://chennai.metblogs.com/archives/2006/04/guindy_national_park_national.phtml|access-date=9 Jun 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307115307/http://chennai.metblogs.com/archives/2006/04/guindy_national_park_national.phtml|archive-date=7 March 2007}}</ref> The children's park and the snake park have separate entrances from [[Sardar Patel Road, Chennai|Sardar Patel Road]] next to the [[Adyar Cancer Institute]] and independent entry fees. The parks are open from 9 AM to 6 PM on all days except Tuesday. The nearest railway stations are the [[Kasturba Nagar MRTS station]] on [[Chennai MRTS]], [[Guindy railway station]] on the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] and [[Guindy metro station]] on the [[Chennai Metro]].<ref name="EcoSpots"/>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]
* [[Birding in Chennai]]
* [[Parks in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Snake Park Trust]]
* [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]]
* [[Marine Kingdom]]
* [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]]
{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Environment}}

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071102045840/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/Ecotourism/enquiryforall.php Tamil Nadu Forest Department]

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:National parks in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1977]]
[[Category:Parks in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban forests in India]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Dindori Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-21T14:43:03Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: added!

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dindori Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Dindori.map}}
| map_caption =Dindori Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 2008
| assembly_cons = [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]] [[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] [[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]] [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]] [[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]] [[Dindori (Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Bhaskar Bhagare]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors =18,53,387
| preceded_by = [[Bharati Pawar]]
}}
'''Dindori''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. It is in [[Nashik district]]. This constituency was created on 19 February 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted 12 July 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> The first held elections were in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Harischandra Devram Chavan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. [[Bhaskar Bhagare]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]] is elected as Member of Parliament in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. Now he represents Dindori Loksabha Constituency by defeating [[BJP]] Candidate [[Bharati Pawar]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Dindori Lok Sabha constituency comprises six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|format=PDF|page=24|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|113
|[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|[[Suhas Kande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 117
|[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)
|[[Nitin Arjun Pawar|Nitin Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|118
|[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]
|[[Rahul Daulatrao Aher|Rahul Aher]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|119
|[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|121
|[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
|[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
|-
|122
|[[Dindori (Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori]] (ST)
|[[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal|Narhari Zirwal]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Harishchandra Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Bharati Pawar]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhaskar Bhagare]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|shortname=Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]]<ref name="Dindori Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Dindori Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/dindori |accessdate=21 February 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221144207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/dindori |archivedate=21 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
| candidate = [[Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare]]
| votes = 577339
| percentage = 46.53
| change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| votes = 4,64,140
| percentage = 37.40
| change = {{decrease}}12.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Babu Sadu Bhagare
| votes = 1,03,632
| percentage = 8.35
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
| candidate = Dhomse Malati Rahul
| votes = 37,103
| percentage = 2.99
| change ={{decrease}}2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Jagtap Dipak Ganpat
| votes = 15,681
| percentage = 1.26
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Tulshiram Chiman Khotare
| votes = 9,654
| percentage = 0.78
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 8,246
| percentage = 0.66
| change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 1,13,199
| percentage = 9.12
| change = {{down}}8.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes =12,40,910
| percentage =66.95
| change ={{increase}}1.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
|loser =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| votes =5,67,470
| percentage =49.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Dhanraj Mahale]]
| votes =3,68,691
| percentage =32.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
| votes = 1,09,570
| percentage = 9.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = Bapu Barde
| votes = 58,847
| percentage = 5.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 9,446
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 1,98,779
| percentage =17.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes =11,38,702
| percentage =65.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1320.htm?ac=20|title=Maharashtra - Dindori|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133231/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1320.htm?ac=20|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Harischandra Devram Chavan]]|votes=5,42,784|percentage=55.95|change=+14.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Bharati Pawar]]|votes=2,95,165|percentage=30.42|change=-5.36}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Hemant Motiram Waghere|votes=72,599|percentage=7.48|change=-7.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mali Sharad Sahebrao|votes=17,724|percentage=1.83|change=-0.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gaikwad Abhijeet Kalyanrao|votes=10,267|percentage=1.06|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha|candidate=Prabhat Chindhu Sonawane|votes=10,578|percentage=0.57|change=-0.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ajitdada Bhika Pawar|votes=5,177|percentage=0.53|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dnyaneshwar Damu Mali|votes=4,067|percentage=0.42|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kailas Sakharam More|votes=3,900|percentage=0.40|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Bharat Kisan Mate|votes=2,024|percentage=0.21|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,897|percentage=1.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,47,619
|percentage = 25.53
|change = +20.05
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,70,182|percentage=63.40|change=+15.83}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = +10.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=90|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harischandra Devram Chavan]]
|votes = 2,81,254
|percentage = 41.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]
|votes = 2,43,907
|percentage = 35.78
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jeeva Pandu Gavit
|votes = 1,05,352
|percentage = 15.46
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gangurde Dipak Shankar
|votes =17,902
|percentage =2.63
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shankar Deoram Gangurde
|votes =11,372
|percentage = 1.67
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gangurde Balu Kisan
|votes =6,957
|percentage = 1.02
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha
|candidate = Pawar Sampat Waman
|votes =6,717
|percentage = 0.99
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhika Harsing Barde
|votes =4,649
|percentage = 0.68
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vijay Namdeo Pawar
|votes =3,513
|percentage = 0.52
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 37,347
|percentage = 5.48
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,81,623
|percentage = 47.57
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malegaon Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Nashik district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/dindori/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Dindori lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|20.2|73.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dindori Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Nashik district]]

Vikramjit Singh Rooprai

2026-02-19T23:47:46Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting new bio

{{Short description|Indian author and educationist (born 1983)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Vikramjit Singh Rooprai.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| name = Vikramjit Singh Rooprai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manama]], Bahrain
| occupation = Educator, Author, Historian
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Sikkim Manipal University]]
| spouse = Maninder Pal Kaur
| children = 2
}}
'''Vikramjit Singh Rooprai''' (born 10 February 1983) is an Indian author, educator, and heritage activist. He started his career as a [[software engineer]] and later became a [[Digital marketing|digital marketing consultant]]. He left his full time IT job in 2015, and became an educator, establishing heritage labs in schools and training teachers on how to use history to teach various subjects. His first book ''Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis'', dedicated to the [[stepwell]]s of [[Delhi]], is published by Niyogi Books.

== Early life and background ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
Vikramjit was born in [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]] and has done most of his schooling from [[Delhi]]. He attended Green Fields Public School, [[Guru Harkrishan Public School]] and Shaheed Bishan Singh Memorial Sr. Sec. School before joining [[Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes]] '[[O Level|O]]' & '[[A-level|A' Level]]. He dropped out of 'B' Level from Jagan Institute of Management Studies. Vikramjit won 20+ awards in information technology competitions organized by colleges and computer societies of India. He married Maninder Pal Kaur in 2008. They have two children.

== Career ==

=== Software and digital marketing ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
Vikramjit started developing professional software while in school. After dropping out of Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes 'B' Level, he started working with Sirez Infosystems of Delhi as a Research Analyst. In 2006, he joined [[Digitas]] and was soon promoted to associate director (Research and Innovation). During his tenure in Digitas, Vikramjit applied for Bachelor of Science (IT) through distance education from [[Sikkim Manipal University]]. He later applied for and cleared Masters of Computer Applications from same university. Vikramjit started his own company in 2011, under the name Techno:Cats. He and his team was taken over by [[arvato services|Arvato Services]] arm of [[Bertelsmann AG]]. He worked for arvato India till October, 2015, before turning into a full-time educationist and historian.

=== Heritage activism ===
In 2009, Vikramjit started his heritage exploration and named the project ''Didar-i-Dilli''. He started with Monuments of Delhi, which later became the most accurate and reliable source of information on the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi|monuments]] and [[List of Indian monarchs|rulers of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/8517/tbi-heritage-someone-who-cares-for-the-monuments-of-delhi/|title=TBI Heritage: Vikramjit Singh Rooprai - Someone Who Cares For The Monuments Of Delhi|date=28 October 2013|website=The Better India}}</ref> In 2010, Vikramjit established [[Youth for Heritage Foundation#The Heritage Photography Club|The Heritage Photography Club]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-helping-hand-for-heritage/article4081579.ece | title=A helping hand for heritage | date=10 November 2012 | first=Sohail | last=Hashmi | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=13 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373671/len039s-eye-view-capital039s-history.html |title=Len's eye view of Capital's history |website=www.deccanherald.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528220725/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373671/len039s-eye-view-capital039s-history.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/397931/lost-time-revived-images.html|title=Lost in time, revived in images|date=9 April 2014|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/294558/amateurs-capture-delhis-history.html|title=Amateurs capture Delhi's history|date=26 November 2012|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In 2013, he started Heritage Talks at various monuments, which were later moved to [[India Habitat Centre]]. In 2014, he registered his Trust, [[Youth for Heritage Foundation]] and started large scale heritage promotion campaigns.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150921-delhis-new-storytellers-820440-2015-09-10|title=Delhi's New Storytellers|author=Kavyanjali Kaushik |date=September 10, 2015 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

Vikramjit started promoting heritage through photography.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/time-frames/article5542594.ece|title=Time frames|first=Abir|last=Ahmed|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 January 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He now conducts regular heritage walks and talks across the country including lectures in schools, colleges and universities. He has been on several panel discussions and debates on sensitive heritage issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneworldnews.in/love-thy-heritage-vikramjit-singh |title=Love thy Heritage: Vikramjit Singh |accessdate=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528220735/http://www.oneworldnews.in/love-thy-heritage-vikramjit-singh |archivedate=28 May 2015 }}</ref> His Twitter Handle (@DelhiHeritage) has been listed as a specialized handle for [[History of Delhi|historic trivia about Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/follow-twitter-handles-that-specialise-in-historical-trivia/story-8pdR9rITQvYVOVM66cHEqL.html|title=Follow Twitter handles that specialise in historical trivia|date=18 December 2013|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== As educationist ===
In January 2017, Vikramjit launched Heritageshaala, an education company setting up Heritage Labs in Schools and Colleges across India. Vikramjit is currently a visiting faculty member at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]. He also trains teachers throughout India on Experiential Narrative Pedagogy. His company developed card and board games to teach school students.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-world-heritage-day-delhi-group-to-launch-games-to-make-history-learning-fun-2605962 | title=Delhi group to launch games to make history learning fun | date=18 April 2018 | first=Cheena | last=Kapoor | newspaper=DNA}}</ref> In 2021, Vikramjit received the Innovative Educator of the Year award by ScooNews.

=== As author ===
Vikramjit released his first book ''Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis'' in August 2019, published by Niyogi Books. He claims it to be the first book dedicated to the stepwells of Delhi.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} He spent 5 years researching the for the book and was able to obtain archival material from [[National Archives of India|National Archives]], Central Archaeological Library, [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI Photo Archives]] and [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|IGNCA]]. He provided a list of all 32 stepwells in Delhi, recorded since late 1800s. Out of these, top 10 were discussed in detail, along with 2 special mentions. Baolis covered in his book are:
* [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Kotla Feroz Shah Baoli]]
* [[Red Fort|Red Fort Baoli]]
* [[Delhi Ridge|Ridge Baoli]]
* [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din Baoli]]
* [[Agrasen Ki Baoli|Ugrasen ki Baoli]] (also spelled as Agrasen ki Baoli)
* [[Munirka|Munirka Baoli]]
* [[Baolis of Mehrauli|Gandhak ki Baoli]]
* [[Purana Qila|Purana Qila Baoli]]
* [[Rajon Ki Baoli|Rajon ki Baoli]]
* [[Loharheri|Loharheri Baoli]]
* Baoli of Meherban Agha's Mandi – Arab ki Sarai, [[Humayun's Tomb]] Complex
* [[Baolis of Mehrauli|Hafiz Dawood ki Baoli]] (also known as Dargah Khawaja Kaki ki Baoli), Mehrauli

The foreword was written by [[Sohail Hashmi]] and the book was launched by Sohail Hashmi and [[Narayani Gupta]] in Delhi.

Given his work on the stepwells of India, the Ministry of Culture (Govt of India) appointed him the curator for gallery on Stepwells of India, setup at the [[Red Fort]], during the India Art, Architecture, and Design Biennale 2023. The event was inaugurated by the Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 December 2023,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1983731 | title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi to inaugurate the first Indian Art, Architecture & Design Biennale 2023 Tomorrow at Red Fort | date=7 December 2023 | first=PIB | last=Delhi | newspaper=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> and Vikramjit conducted a curated tour for the PM in his gallery.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.vikramjits.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rooprai, Vikramjit Singh}}
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim Manipal University alumni]]
[[Category:Historic preservationists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Manama]]
[[Category:Stepwells in Delhi]]

Ronson Vincent

2026-02-15T06:28:14Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: New.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ronson Vincent
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{bda|8 August 1983}}
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], India
| other_names = George Vincent
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2010 – present
| known_for = Nandan in ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
| notable_works =
| style =
| height =
| spouse = Neeraja Baiju
}}

'''Ronson Vincent''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-wanted-the-villains-role-Ronson-Vincent/articleshow/17507319.cms|title= I wanted the villain's role|website= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> also known as '''George Vincent''', is an Indian film and television actor.

==Early life==
Ronson's family hails from Calicut India.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Career==
Ronson Vincent started his career as a model for popular brands. He made his silver screen debut with the Telugu film ''[[Manasara...]]'' directed by [[Ravi Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/manasara-review-not-gripping--25458.html|title='Manasara' Review: Not Gripping}}</ref> He portrayed the character of an IT professional, a man with shades of grey. Vincent received the Bharata Muni award for the best villain for the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Vincent landed in Malayalam with ''Study Tour Batch 162'' helmed by Thomas Benjamin.

He entered the television with the soap opera ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/05/bharya-serial-cast-actors-actresses.html|title= Bharya serial cast& crew}}</ref> aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. He played Nandan, son of Prof. Vishwanatha Menon and Jayapradha teacher. ''Bharya'' tells the tale of family residing in Vrindavanam.

== Filmography ==
===Television===
*''All programs are serials, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Channel !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Minnukettu]]'' || [[Surya TV]] || Meera's lover || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Vigraham'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || John || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2016-2019 || ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Nandan || Malayalam || Debut ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || 9th Asianet television awards || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Co-host || Malayalam || Award night ||
|-
| Star War || [[Surya TV]] || Participant || Malayalam || Reality show ||
|-
| 2018 || Urvashi Theaters || Asianet || Participant || Malayalam || Reality show ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]]'' || Flowers TV || Jatayu Dharman || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Arayannagalude Veedu]]'' || Flowers TV || Jatayu Dharman || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || ''Bangaru Panjaram'' || [[Star Maa]] || Rajashekar Varma (Raja Babu) || Telugu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''Anuragam'' || Mazhavil Manorama || Aravindan || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''Koodathayi'' || Flowers TV || Tony || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''Comedy Stars Season 2'' || Asianet || Rameshan || Malayalam || Comedy show ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Rakkuyil (TV series)|Rakkuyil]]'' || Mazhavil Manorama || Roy Alex Palathingal || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)]]'' || Asianet || Contestant || Malayalam || Reality show ||
|-
| 2024-2025 || ''[[Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan]]'' || Asianet || [[Narasimha|Narasimham]] / Govindan || Malayalam || ||
|}

===Films===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !!Language!!Ref
|-
|2008||''Chempada''||||[[Malayalam]]||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Manasara...]]'' ||Rajan || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/M/Manasara/Manasara_review.html|title=Manasara Review}}</ref>
|-
|2012||''Study tour batch 162''||IT professional ||Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu]]'' || Lakshmi's husband || rowspan="2" | Telugu||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Mallela-Theeram-lo-Sirimalle-Puvvu/movie-review/20949772.cms|title=Mallela Theeram lo Sirimalle PuvvuMovie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr. Pellikoduku]]'' || ||
|-
|2020||''Nun''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Ramabanam]]'' || Mukherjee's son || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''|| Ajay Thakur ||
|-
|2026 || ''[[The RajaSaab]]'' || Goon ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Award!!Category !! Serial!! Result
|-
|2017 ||Modern film city Masika television awards 2016 ||Best Debut Male||rowspan=6|''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''||{{Won}}
|-
|2017|| 10th Asianet television awards||Best New Face (Male)||{{Nominated}}
|-
||2017|| 10th Asianet television awards||Best Star Pair||{{Nominated}}
|-
|2017|| 10th Asianet television awards||Most popular Actor||{{Nominated}}
|-
|2017|| 10th Asianet television awards||Youth Icon ||{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|RonsonVincent}}
* [http://www.ronsonvincent.com Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Ronson}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]

Smriti Morarka

2026-02-12T02:47:36Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting new data...

{{Infobox person
| name = Smriti Morarka
| image = Smriti Morarka (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Smriti Morarka
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Sophia College for Women]] [[Loreto College, Kolkata]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Social activist
| known_for = Reviving handwoven cloth, advocating for mental health
| awards = "Woman Power Award" [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] (2019)
| spouse = Gautam Morarka<ref name=morepr4Tanruvi/>
| children = 2<ref name=morepr4Tanruvi/>
| website =
}}

'''Smriti Morarka''' is an Indian social activist reviving [[Handloom sari|handwoven cloth]] and improving mental health. In 2019 she was awarded the "Woman Power Award" [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by the [[President of India]] on [[International Women's Day]] in recognition of the example she has made.<ref name=lok/>

==Life==
Morarka was educated at [[Welham Girls' School]],<ref name=morepr4Tanruvi>{{Cite web|title=Weaving a success story|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/weaving-a-success-story/75061/|date=2005-09-04|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=reference does not mention Morarka or Tantuvi / Tanruvi / Tatruvi|date=April 2023}} [[Sophia College for Women]] and [[Loreto College, Kolkata]] where she studied history and Political Science.<ref name=another15minsoffame>{{Cite web|title=Smriti G Morarka - trustee|url=https://www.manotsav.com/team/smriti-g-morarka/|language=en-US|work=Monotsav.com|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Her family collected art. Her mother had created a National Institute specialising in Indology, Religion and Cultural Studies in [[Varanasi]]. She met the hand loom weavers who were finding it very difficult to find buyers for their work in Karsi.<ref name="turk">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/smriti-morarka-benaras-weavers-fashion-turkish-embassy-5470804/|title=We should provide Indian crafts a secure environment to thrive: Smriti Morarka|date=2018-12-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

Morarka started a brand named "Tantuvi" in 1998<ref name=morepr4Tanruvi/> with the ambition of selling their work<ref name=biog/> despite the general decline in the industry.<ref name="moneymoney">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-this-documentary-varanasis-sari-weavers-talk-about-their-craft-and-its-present-state-of-decline/article23774217.ece|title=In this documentary, Varanasi's sari weavers talk about their craft and its present state of decline|last=Panicker|first=Anahita|date=2018-05-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-05-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tatruvi is a [[sanskrit]] word that means "weaver". She regarded Tantuvi as her third child and the work created by the 80-100 weavers she has working occupy six days of her week.<ref name=morepr4Tanruvi/>

She realised that she would need to improve the way business was made. She knew that although the hand woven products were going to have to be expensive, but she saw that the quality was unequalled,<ref name=biog>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ministrywcd/status/1104014419036524544|title=Ms. Smriti Morarka - #NariShakti Puraskar 2018 Awardee in Individual category.pic.twitter.com/ymtdopI9Hq|last=WCD|first=Ministry of|date=2019-03-08|website=@ministrywcd|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> even though the industry was "hanging on a thread".<ref name="riches">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/hanging-on-a-thread-national-handloom-day-varanasi-weavers-5296625/|title=Hanging on a Thread|date=2018-08-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Previously the fabric had been bought very cheaply by dealers who then the work at high prices. She has built a model where the weavers get a fair share of the profits.<ref name=kk>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/lifestyle/restoring-old-varanasi-weave-original-glory|title=Restoring the old Varanasi weave to its original glory|date=2018-12-15|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> She decided to concentrate on the creation of [[saree]]s which would sell at about 50,000 rupees.<ref name=kk/>

She was given the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award in 2019.<ref name=lok>{{Cite web|title=स्मृति मोरारका को नारी शक्ति पुरस्कार, बुनकरी कला को संकट से उबारने पर राष्ट्रपति ने किया सम्मानित|url=https://www.loksabhachunav.com/news/smriti-morarka-got-nari-shakti-puraskar|last=LSChunav|website=www.loksabhachunav.com|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The "2018" award was made in the Presidential Palace by the President of India. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] was present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery|website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> Morarka is a trustee of the Manotsav Foundation which is concerned with mental health.<ref name=another15minsoffame/>

==Private life==
She is married to the industrialist Gautam R Morarka.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-others/mr-gr-morarka-chairman-md-dwarikesh-sugar-industries-113111400266_1.html | title=IIFL - BSE/NSE, India Stock Market Recommendations, Live Stock Markets, Sensex/Nifty, Commodity Market, Financial News, Mutual Funds }}</ref><ref name=halfhouroffame>{{Cite news|title=Weave will rock you in style - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Weave-will-rock-you-in-style/articleshow/519435565.cms|website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2001 |access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> They have two children.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morarka, Smriti}}
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Sethu (actor)

2026-02-11T07:15:25Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sethu G Pillai
|image = Sethu Mynaa.jpg
|caption = Sethu Mynaa at a function
|birth_name = Sethu G. Pillai
|birth_date = 13 March
|birth_place = [[Mavelikara]], Kerala, India
|other names = Settu<ref name = se>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mwood-is-still-not-receptive-to-experiments-Sethu/articleshow/44801005.cms|title=M'wood is still not receptive to experiments: Sethu|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref>
|occupation = Actor, Producer, Businessman
|years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Sethu G Pillai''' is an Indian actor who appears in South Indian language films. He was born in [[Mavelikkara]], Alappuzha district, Kerala. He has acted in films including ''[[Mynaa]]'', ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' and ''[[Manadhil Maayam Seidhai]]''. He has produced movies including ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' and ''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]''.

==Career==
Sethu started his cinema career in the Tamil film industry with the movie ''Mynaa'', released in November, 2010 and produced by John Max and directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]]. Sethu played the role of DSP Bhaskar, a police officer. This led to him being popularly known as Mynaa Sethu.<ref name = se/>

In 2014, Sethu acted in a Tamil / Telugu bilingual film called ''Manadhil Maayam Seidhai'' in Tamil and ''Manasunu Maaya Seyake'' in Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/apr/04/a-heroic-return-for-mynaa-sethu-465004.html|title=A 'heroic' return for Mynaa Sethu|date=4 April 2013 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Its-romance-and-action-for-Sethu/articleshow/23867070.cms|title=It's romance and action for Sethu|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=}}</ref> In the same year, he was in the Malayalam movie [[100 Degree Celsius (film)|''100 Degree Celsius'']]. In 2015, Sethu acted in the Tamil action movie [[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Sethu has produced the movies ''Kokki'' and ''Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar''.<ref name = se/>

==Filmography==
'''As Actor'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''Year'''
!'''Movie'''
!'''Role'''
!'''Language'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|2010
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|Bhaskar
|Tamil
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Thank You (2013 film)|Thank You]]''
|Dev Menon
|Malayalam
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[100 Degree Celsius (film)|100 Degree Celsius]]''
| Aravind
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Manasunu Maaya Seyake]]''
| Jai
|Telugu
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|2025
|''Myyal''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|}
'''As Producer'''
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Year'''
!'''Movie'''
!'''Language'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Sethu was born in [[Mavelikkara]] in [[Alappuzha]] district of [[Kerala]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318173128/http://spicyonion.com/actor/sethu-mynaa-movies-list/ Article title]}}
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mwood-is-still-not-receptive-to-experiments-Sethu/articleshow/44801005.cms
* http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-mynaa-review/20101104.htm
* https://www.facebook.com/100DegreeCelsiusMovie/photos/a.316321995145655.70126.316310628480125/492358164208703
* {{IMDb name|5463539}}
*https://twitter.com/sethuactor?lang=en

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Mohit Gupta

2026-02-08T17:48:52Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: small changes

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohit Gupta
| image = Dr-Mohit-Gupta.jpg
| birth_date = 1-09-1974
| occupation = Doctor and professor
}}

'''Mohit Gupta''' is a professor of cardiology at GB Hospital and [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi News, Latest Delhi News, New Delhi News Today and Headlines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}{{failed verification|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref name="outlook"/> Gupta is associated with the [[Brahma Kumaris]].<ref name="outlook">{{Cite web|title=Media is playing major role in society's decline: BK Shivani|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/media-is-playing-major-role-in-societys-decline-bk-shivani/1075450|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Outlook (Magazine)}}{{failed verification|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Focus on alternative methods of teaching: Minister to varsities|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/focus-on-alternative-methods-of-teaching--minister-to-varsities.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

An [[artificial intelligence]] model developed by [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi|Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]] (IIIT)-Delhi in collaboration with [[cardiologists]] from G B Pant Hospital and [[Harvard Medical School]]. Gupta was the principal investigator of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandan Jha |first=Durgesh |date=May 28, 2022 |title=AI model to predict mortality of heart attack survivors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/ai-model-to-predict-mortality-of-heart-attack-survivors/articleshow/91843625.cms |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Delhi Doctors develop a system to prevent post-heart attack failure. This model has been specially designed for predicting the chances of a patient dying within 30 days of suffering a heart attack or surviving.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi doctors develop a system to prevent post-heart attack fatalities |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/delhi-doctors-develop-a-system-to-prevent-post-heart-attack-fatalities-8654921.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Moneycontrol |date=7 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he was conferred with the Excellence in Cardiology by the Government of India for his work in the field of medicine. He resides in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Devasheesh |date=2022-01-25 |title=COVID-19 infection can cause heart damage, claim experts |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/health/covid-19-infection-can-cause-heart-damage-claim-experts-2022-01-25-756273 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and Accreditations ==

''' 2021 ''' Received Best Cardiology Innovation award for the year 2021, By Cardiology Society of India: For pioneering work on Artificial Intelligence in Heart attack patients{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

''' 2021 ''' Received DMA Excellence award: for outstanding contribution for the year 2021 in the Covid 19{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

''' 2019 ''' Honored by Association of Physicians of India Delhi branch with Prof KL Wig Oration in December 2019. - Talk on Genes, Emotions and Mind power{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== Publications ==

Prevalence and patterns of coronary artery anomalies in 28,800 adult patients undergoing angiography in a large tertiary care centre in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Ankit |last2=Sarkar |first2=Prattay Guha |last3=Gupta |first3=Mohit D. |last4=Girish |first4=Mp |last5=Kunal |first5=Shekhar |last6=Batra |first6=Vishal |last7=Yusuf |first7=Jamal |last8=Mukhopadhyay |first8=Saibal |last9=Tyagi |first9=Sanjay |title=Prevalence and patterns of coronary artery anomalies in 28,800 adult patients undergoing angiography in a large tertiary care centre in India |journal=Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease |date=16 December 2021 |volume=92 |issue=3 |doi=10.4081/monaldi.2021.2066 |pmid=34918500 |s2cid=245287793 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Reference links ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Mohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Sukhaji Thakor

2026-02-08T02:14:21Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting a article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Sukhaji Thakor''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Thakor Sukhaji Somaji(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BECHARAJI(MAHESANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5966 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Bechraji Assembly constituency in [[Mehsana district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Becharaji Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Becharaji constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/becharaji-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203033816/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/becharaji-23 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thakor is from [[Becharaji|Bechraji]], Mehsana district, Gujarat. He is the son of Somaji Ghemraji. He completed his Bachelor of Rural Studies in 1987 at Lokseva College, which is affiliated with [[Saurashtra University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Thakor won from [[Bechraji Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 69,872 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bhopaji Thakor of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,286 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0623.htm?ac=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205175708/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0623.htm?ac=23 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Becharaji Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. Thakor Sukhaji Somaji Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/becharaji-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562639.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights {{!}} Bechraji Mahesana Election Result 2022: BJPs Dr. Thakor Sukhaji Somaji wins against Congress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/bechraji-mahesana-gujarat-assembly-election-2022-result-live-updates-vidhan-sabha-chunav-thakor-amrutji-babuji-dr-thakor-sukhaji-somaji-sagarbhai-harajibhai-rabari-bjp-congress-aap-2545417 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakor, Sukhaji}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Debo Prasad Barooah

2026-02-07T18:36:01Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: post

{{short description|Indian academic and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debo Prasad Barooah
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|10|1}}
| birth_place = [[Golaghat|Golaghat, Assam]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|1|28|1930|10|1}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati, Assam]], India
| occupation = {{Flat list|Academician, Historian, Ex-VC Gauhati University}}
| spouse = Renu Devi (Barooah)
| father =
}}

'''Debo Prasad Barooah''' was an Indian academician, author, historian and the former [[Vice-Chancellor]] ''(the Chief Executive)'' of [[Gauhati University]]. Barooah, highly regarded for his knowledge of political science and history of the region had a brilliant academic record beginning with his graduation in 1954.

== Life and education ==
Barooah was born in [[Golaghat]] to the family of Tara Prasad Barooah. His father Tara Prasad Barooah was also an eminent lawyer of Assam, University Prize-man, Gold-medalist in English from Calcutta University. Barooah passed his matriculation from Golaghat – Government Boys Bezbarooah Higher Secondary School and graduated with first class in 1954 and got masters in History from Gauhati University in 1956 where he topped his class. He started his teaching career as a lecturer in the Department of History at Gauhati University taking up the papers on International Relations. Later he also started teaching at the Department of Political Science (1958) Gauhati University, as one of the founding teachers. After the retirement of Prof. V.V. Rao from the department, Prof. D.P. Barooah finally joined the Department of Political Science and started heading it as well. He did his D Phil on the thesis Indo-British Relations 1950–60. He was [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] ''[[Emeritus]] Fellow'' for two years and was also Senior Associate of [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2913/at06|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref> He was married to Renu Devi, Former Dean – Faculty of Arts, Gauhati University, [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Present Condition of Child Workers in Guwahati City |url=http://assamchildrightscommission.gov.in/pdf/guwahati_city.pdf |website=assamchildrightscommission.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306101551/http://assamchildrightscommission.gov.in/pdf/guwahati_city.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Research papers and books ==
Barooah is credited for a large number of research papers, which are highly regarded in intellectual circles. Some of those have been published in national and international journals. Few of his published works are:
# [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRNIAAAAMAAJ World History]
# [https://books.google.com/books?id=NIEdAAAAMAAJ Indo-British Relations 1950–60]
# [https://books.google.com/books?id=UE7zAAAAMAAJ World War I and II and other Essays]

Some of his other work, among others; include:
* Aspects of History of Assam
* Karagaror Diary
* foolmoni (novel)
* Anchalikotar dostabez
* Desh-Bidesh:Drsti aru anubhav Vol.I
* Desh-Bidesh:Drsti aru anubhav Vol.II
* Rooplekha (Story, etc.)
* Yuddha aru santi
* Bharotor boideshik niti (edited by:Pabitra narayan borah)
* Swadesh aru swajatir dostabez (collection by:Pabitra narayan borah)
* Gaon khonor pora jogot khonoloi (collection by:Pabitra narayan borah)
* Prithibir prothom samajtantrik biplob.

== Career ==
As an academician he mentored many students and researchers and acted as guide to 23 scholars. He was involved in several post-retirement assignments, including his association with the University Grants Commission.<ref name="auto"/>

As a writer his write-ups had been published in various English National Dailies. He was a '''''Guest Column Writer''''' for [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] newspaper published from [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2008 |title=VC resignation unfortunate, unexpected – Amarjyoti Choudhury acted in a manner he thought was best against 'escapist' Dispur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/vc-resignation-unfortunate-unexpected-amarjyoti-choudhury-acted-in-a-manner-he-thought-was-best-against-escapist-dispur/cid/585340 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

Barooah was a [[Professor]] and Head of [[Political Science]] from 1978 till his appointment as Gauhati University Vice-Chancellor in 1986. Barooah was also a nationalist blended with regionalism and had contributions in different assignments including a case relating to 17 May 1996, murder of noted journalist Parag Kumar Das. A Division Bench of the Gauhati High Court, comprising Chief Justice J Chalemeswar and Justice Hrishikesh Roy, admitted a revision petition as regards investigation into the case. The court had then registered the plea on the basis of a letter written by Dr. Debo Prasad Barooah to the Chief Justice of the High Court where, in his letter, Barooah alleged ''"slackness on part of the CBI in investigating the case."''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091028/nation.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation|website=www.tribuneindia.com \|accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref>

Barooah played a role in organising the first political convention of the [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] in Golaghat in October 1985. But he stayed away from direct involvement with any political party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academics-india.com/Obituary.htm|title=Historian Bipan Chandra passes away|website=www.academics-india.com |accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref>

== Death ==
Barooah died on 28 January 2013 due to cardiac arrest. His death was deplored by various people including Assam's Governor JB Patnaik and Minister for Information & Public Relations – Basanta Das.<ref>http://janasanyogassam.nic.in/393.pdf{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi also expressed his deep condolence at the demise of Dr Barooah. In their condolence messages, they said that ''"Assam has lost a great educationist, academician, litterateur and a social worker."''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=147557&dtP=2014-02-08&ppr=1#.UxdG3_mSy4I |title=The Sentinel |access-date=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100839/http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=147557&dtP=2014-02-08&ppr=1#.UxdG3_mSy4I |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2913/city06|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barooah, Debo Prasad}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gauhati University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat]]

Harphoul Mohini

2026-02-06T06:22:17Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Starting new data

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Harphoulmohini.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] Action Romance Thriller
| creator = Tanuja Chaturvedi Niranjan Thade
| developer = Anand Vardhan
| writer = Tanuja Chaturvedi
| story = Sachin Rane Ajit Singh
| screenplay = Fatima Shubham '''Dialogue''' Zaheer Shaikh
| director = Rohit Dwivedi
| creative_director = Bharat Chouksey
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Shekhar Bhujbal
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| open_theme = ''Mil Paayenge Kaise...Harphoul Mohini''
| composer = Nishant Raja & Debjit Roy
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 119 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rajesh Ram Singh
| producer = Rajesh Ram Singh Pradeep Kumar Piya Bajpayee Shaika Parween
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Kerala]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Ashish Singh Khalid Ali
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 16-19 minutes
| company = Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|12|8}}
| related =
}}
'''''Harphoul Mohini''''' is a Hindi language action romance neo noir family entertainer adventure horror supernatural thriller show based on a [[Jats|Haryanvi Jaat Boy]] and [[Malayalis|Malayali Girl]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title=Colors TV' new show 'Harphoul mohini' to have South-Indian plot {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/colors-tv-new-show-harphoul-mohini-to-have-south-indian-plot-hot-news-1528052 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> produced by Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment. It aired from 13 June 2022 to 8 December 2022 on [[Colors TV]], starring [[Shagun Sharma]] and Zebby Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-zebby-singh-talk-about-their-new-show-harphoul-mohini/articleshow/90723840.cms|title=Shagun Sharma, Zebby Singh talk about their new show 'Harphoul Mohini'|website=The Times Of India|date=8 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Plot==
This is the story of Harphoul and Mohini, both are completely different from each other.

Mohini lives in Kerala with her parents and three younger sisters Malli, Velli and Savitri. Mohini's father Vijayan has lost his job and there is no boy in Kerala who can marry his daughters without dowry. Meanwhile, if Vijayan does not pay the money, then he will have to leave his house as well. Mohini promises her father that she will find a boy who does not want dowry and that she will be able to save house with her dowry gold.

Meanwhile, Harphoul, who lives in Haryana with his mother, disabled brother and sister-in-law, has to save his ancestral land from his uncle. It is decided in the Panchayat that if Harphoul is not married in a month, then the land will belong to the Panchayat.

Mai's niece, Saroj, who lives in Kerala, arranges the marriage of Harphoul and Mohini. Harphoul's uncle Balwant Chowdhury tries hard to stop Harphoul's marriage but finally Harphoul and his family reach to Kerala for the wedding. Harphoul and Mohini do not like each other but agree to the marriage for the sake of their families.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Zebby Singh<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/north-meets-south-385681|title=Harphoul Mohini features Shagun Sharma and Zebby Singh|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as Harphoul Singh Chaudhary: Harveer and Phoolmati's son; Santok's brother; Balwant and Sharda's nephew; Rajendra and Surendra's cousin; Mohini's husband; Vijayan and Shyamala's son-in-law; Malli, Velli and Savitri's brother-in-law (2022)
* [[Shagun Sharma]]<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/north-meets-south-385681|title=Harphoul Mohini features Shagun Sharma and Zebby Singh|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as Mohini Singh Chaudhary ([[Birth name|née]] Unni): Vijayan and Shyamala's daughter; Malli, Velli and Savitri's sister; Harphoul's wife; Harveer and Phoolmati's daughter-in-law; Santok's sister-in-law (2022)

===Recurring===
====Singh Choudhary family====
* Shivendraa Saainiyol as Harveer Singh Chaudhary; Balwant's brother; Phoolmati's husband; Santok and Harphoul's father (2022) (Dead)
* [[Supriya Shukla]] as Phoolmati "Maai" Chaudhary: Harveer's wife; Santok and Harphoul's mother (2022)
* Amal Sehrawat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amal-sehrawat-it-is-not-right-to-put-labels-on-actors/articleshow/91155384.cms|title=Amal Sehrawat: It is not right to put labels on actors - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 April 2022 }}</ref> as Santok Singh Chaudhary: Harveer and Phoolmati's son; Harphoul's brother; Balwant and Sharda's nephew; Rajendra and Surendra's cousin; Salini's husband (2022)
* [[Sonali Nikam]] as Salini Singh Chaudhary: Santok's wife; Harveer and Phoolmati's daughter-in-law; Harphoul's sister-in-law (2022)
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Balwant Singh Chaudhary: Harveer's brother; Sharda's husband; Rajendra and Surendra's father (2022)
* Jaanvi Sangwan as Sharda Singh Chaudhary: Balwant's wife; Rajendra and Surendra's mother (2022)
* Kunal Jaiswal as Rajendra Singh Chaudhary: Balwant and Sharda's son; Surendra's brother; Devyani's husband (2022)
* Priya Gautam as Devyani Singh Chaudhary: Rajendra's wife; Balwant and Sharda's daughter-in-law; Surendra's sister-in-law (2022)
* Karan Maan as Surendra Singh Chaudhary: Balwant and Sharda's son; Rajendra's brother; (2022)
* Manohar Teli as Banwari Singh Chaudhary: Harveer and Balwant's cousin; Santok, Harphoul, Rajendra and Surendra's uncle (2022)
* Preeti Gandwani as Dr. Saroj Singh Chaudhary: Harveer and Phoolmati's niece; Santok and Harphoul's cousin; Rajan and Rahul's mother (2022)
====Unni family====
* Pankaj Vishnu as Vijayan Unni: Shyamla's husband; Mohini, Malli, Velli and Savitri's father; Harphoul's father-in-law (2022)
* Resham Rampur as Shyamla Unni: Vijayan's wife; Mohini, Malli, Velli and Savitri's mother; Harphoul's mother-in-law (2022)
* Iqra Shaikh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acting has been my passion but I am also pursuing it as I have family responsibilities, says Iqra Shaikh who will be seen in Harphoul Mohini - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/acting-has-been-my-passion-but-i-am-also-pursuing-it-as-i-have-family-responsibilities-says-iqra-shaikh-who-will-be-seen-in-harphoul-mohini/articleshow/91050278.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Times of India |date=24 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as Malli Unni: Vijayan and Shyamla's daughter; Mohini, Velli and Savitri's sister; Harphoul's sister-in-law (2022)
* Ashi Sharma as Velli Unni: Vijayan and Shyamla's daughter; Mohini, Malli and Savitri's sister; Harphoul's sister-in-law (2022)
* Aadhya Barot as Savitri "Savi" Unni: Vijayam and Shyamla's daughter; Mohini, Malli and Velli's sister; Harphoul's sister-in-law (2022)
===Other Recurring Cast===
* Akshay Suri as Sukhvinder "Sukha": Harphoul's best friend (2022)
* Vinn Modgill as Abhimanyu "Manyu": Harphoul's best friend (2022)
* Ayan Kapoor as Aadesh: Harphoul's best friend (2022)
* Trilokchander Singh as Sarpanch (2022)
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Bhaiji: Balwant's boss (2022)
* Pradeep Duhan as Inspector (2022)
* Nupur Yadav as Ragini (2022)
* Anny Singh as Shushila: Mohini's friend (2022)
* [[Abha Parmar]] as Ganga (2022)
* Diya Singh as Minoo (2022)
* Sumit Setia as Sunder (2022)
* Vishaal Kapoor as Sandeep: Ragini's husband (2022)
* Deepak Soni as inspector Sameer Chauhan (2022)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/harphoul-mohini/ ''Harphoul Mohini''] at [[Colors TV]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt20252972}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/harphoul-mohini/314230 ''Harphoul Mohini''] on [[Voot]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

St. Mary's Church, Noida

2026-02-05T04:50:04Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting a data

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| name = St. Mary's Church
| fullname =
| other name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Plaque on the entrance about the foundation stone laying..jpg
| imagesize =
| imagealt =
| caption = Plaque on the entrance of the Church
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| relief =
| latm =
| latNS =
| latd =
| longm =
| longEW =
| longd =
| lats =
| longs =
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5849|77.3603|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Noida]]
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| website = {{URL| http://www.stmaryschurchnoida.org}}
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = {{start date and age|1991}}
| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date = {{start date|df=yes| 1993| 08| 15}}
| cult =
| relics =
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| past bishop =
| people = 5000<ref name=b />
| capacity =
| length = 
| width = 
| width nave = 
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| other dimensions =
| floor count =
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| bells = 1
| bells hung = 1
| bell weight = 
| parish = Noida Parish
| deanery = Noida Deanery
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Agra|Agra Archdiocese]]
| district = [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
| archbishop = Rev. [[Raphy Manjaly]]
| priestincharge =
| priest = Fr. Santosh Dsa
| asstpriest = Fr. Suthesh, Fr. Asime Beck, Fr. Stephen
| honpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| deacon =
| reader =
| student intern =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| verger =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| rcia =
| youthmin = NCYS
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
| imagelink =
| landscape =
}}

'''St. Mary's Church''' is the first Catholic [[parish]] in the city of [[Noida]], India and is dedicated to the [[Assumption of Our Lady]]. It comes under the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra Diocese]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The parish lies on the north-western tip of Agra Diocese, bordering with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi Diocese]] on the west and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meerut|Meerut Diocese]] on the north. The present parish priest of the church is Father Joseph Dabre and the Assistant Priest is Father Stephen Paul, a member of the Society of the Blessed Sacrament. The parish comprises roughly 850 Catholic families.

== History ==

Catholics searching for jobs were living in the industrial city of [[Noida]] since its constitution in 1976 by the UP Industrial Development Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf|title=U.P. INDUSTRIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT ACT – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976)|last=|first=|date=1976|website=Noida Authority|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211441/http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially they went to nearby churches in [[Delhi]] especially [[Mayur Vihar]] for attending [[Holy Eucharist|Mass]]. On the insistence of Noida Catholics, the priest from Mayur Vihar parish later agreed to celebrate the Mass on Saturday evenings in Noida as he had to be in his parish on Sundays. Due to the lack of a proper place, it was arranged in the houses of different people.

In 1984, [[Archbishop]] Cecil de Sa appointed Fr. Johnson Chiryankandath, then parish priest of [[Bulandshahar]] to survey the pastoral needs of Noida. He visited Noida often for that reason.<ref name=b>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's Church|url=http://www.agraarchdiocese.com/Parishes.aspx?CID=31&PID=29|work=Official website of Agra Diocese}}</ref>
In 1985, the parishioners approached the newly appointed priest in Mayur Vihar to take Noida into the pastoral care of Mayur Vihar parish. The priest expressed helplessness as he could do nothing without consent from both the Archbishops of Delhi and Agra. Further deliberation resulted in a meeting between the two archbishops and a resolution that the people of Noida would be included in the Mayur Vihar Parish until a dedicated priest was appointed by the Agra Diocese for Noida Catholics.

In 1986, Fr. Johnson was appointed as the [[parish priest]] for Noida by Archbishop Cecil de Sa, thus including Noida in the [[ecclesial]] jurisdiction of Agra Diocese. Till then, Noida was an independent parish.

In October 1986, Fr. Johnson applied for land to build a [[Church (building)|church]]. The Noida Authority allotted land in Sector-25, Noida. But due to objections from residents of Sector 25, the [[Land lot|plot]] was returned.

On the archbishop's advice, Fr. Johnson approached Noida authority for a Mass centre. An [[H.I.G.]] flat in Sector-27, Noida was obtained in December 1987 and inaugurated and named as "Maria Sadan" in February 1988. Maria Sadan is still used as a Mass centre by the parish. From 1996 the [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christians]] living in Noida were permitted to use the Mass centre until their own church was constructed and consecrated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church, Noida – History|url=http://www.orthodoxchurchnoida.com/church-history.html|work=Official website – Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church|access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

The plot in Sector-34, where the church presently stands<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/agra/st-marys-church-noida.html|title=St Mary's Church Noida, Churches In India|website=www.churchesinindia.com}}</ref> was allotted by the authority, in exchange for the originally allotted plot in Sector-25, in May 1990 after three years of pursuance by Fr. Johnson and the parishioners.

The foundation stone for the church was laid on 15 August 1991<ref name=b /> by the then [[Archbishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra Diocese]], Rev. [[Cecil de Sa]]. Two years later the structure was consecrated for public worship.

== Geography ==
The church presently stands in Sector – 34, (A 71/A, Sector 34, Noida) just near the ''Ram Mandir''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dhama|first=Manika|title=The fake hills of Noida Sector 34|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xyFV1aeZdnWCedsEoJgy3N/Local-Geography--The-fake-hills-of-34.html|work=Livemint|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> There is a local shopping complex where a [[Mother Dairy]] booth is also situated.
The church is situated less than 1 kilometre from [[Noida Sector 34 metro station]]

== Major celebrations and events ==
* [[Christmas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=क्रिसमस पर विश्व कल्याण के लिए प्रार्थना|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-9978853.html|newspaper=Dainik Jagran|date=26 December 2012}}</ref> – 24 December midnight
* [[Easter]] – midnight celebration as per [[liturgical year]]
* [[Good Friday]] – as per liturgical year
* Parochial [[feast day]] of the Assumption of Our Lady and the Independence Day of India – 15 August
* NCYS painting competition – last Sunday of July or first Sunday of August
* [[All Souls Day]] – 1 November
* [[Feast of Christ the King]] – last Sunday of [[Ordinary Time]]

== NCYS ==
On 10 May 1990, the then parish priest Fr. Johnson Chiryankandath founded a youth group of the parish and named it Noida Catholic Yuva Sangh (NCYS). It initially consisted of 10 members, later increasing steadily.

Since 1996, the NCYS has been organizing painting competitions <ref>{{cite news|title=Competition|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx?issue=10872013080900000000001001&page=65&article=2671a6a5-dce0-466c-ae01-16ea848d4661&key=8B6lGWJzLZT6XI0ng/oD+Q==&feed=rss&ei=aMpkUtP-DcaUrAeu7YAg&usg=AFQjCNG8mVrskeb1ireBynWCirN_v-FD6w&bvm=bv.54934254,d.bmk|access-date=25 August 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> every year during church feasts in the nearby Assisi Convent School in Noida. Children from around [[Noida]] are invited, especially students from various schools in Noida.<ref>{{cite web|title="Expressions" - Ursula students winners|url=http://www.ursulinegreaternoida.org/Achievements.aspx|work=Official Website of Ursula Convent School, Greater Noida|access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interschool Results for August 2012 - ::Vishwa Bharti Public|url=http://www.vbpsnoida.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=131&Itemid=122|work=Official Website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Achievements|url=http://cambridgenoida.org/achievements/|work=Official website- Cambridge School}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Painting Competition Notice |url=http://www.stjosephsgn.com/Download.aspx?Doc=Notice.pdf |work=Official website- St. Joseph's School |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226115136/http://www.stjosephsgn.com/Download.aspx?Doc=Notice.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2014 }}</ref> Although NCYS prefers pre-registration through participant schools, spot registration is also usually available.

Blood donation camps are also organised by NCYS on Good Friday every year, in association with local blood banks like [[Rotary Club]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=New Delhi Update|journal=Bulletin of Rotary Club of New Delhi|date=April 2012|volume=VII|issue=41|page=Page no. 3|url=http://www.rotaryclubofnewdelhi.com/Bulletin/April_09_2012.pdf|access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> It is meant to be an act of following [[Jesus]] symbolically, as [[Christians]] believe that [[Jesus|He]] also shed his blood on the cross for others.

== NCWA ==
The church is also one of the five major members of the Noida Christian Welfare Association (NCWA)<ref>{{cite news|title=Inter-Denominational Children's Fest 2012' on October 13 at Noida|url=http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2012/10/11/inter-denominational-childrens-fest-2012-on-october-13-at-noida/|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The Orthodox Herald|date=11 October 2012}}</ref> which conducts various social activities for the welfare of the Christian community in Noida. It also organises annual [[Christmas]] processions though various areas of Noida stopping at all five member churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=NCWA Invitation to Christmas Procession|url=http://marthoman.tv/news_bureau/2012/December/15/12%20X%20mas%20invitation.pdf|work=Invitation from NCWA on the Orthodox Church website|publisher=NCWA|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NCWA Christmas 2012 Procession Route |url=http://marthoman.tv/news_bureau/2012/December/15/route%2012.pdf|work=NCWA Christmas 2012 Procession Route from the Orthodox Church website|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

== Persecutions ==
There have been many attacks on the priests living here. On 20 October 2008, Conrad Dominic Xavier, a call centre employee, was found murdered in Maria Sadan in Sector- 27.<ref>{{cite news|title=BPO employee found dead in Noida |url=http://newzstreet.com/news.php?news_id=10 |newspaper=Newzstreet |date=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227071811/http://newzstreet.com/news.php?news_id=10 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> Dominic was allowed to live in the Mass centre along with the church helper, as he had told the priest that he was new to the place and had no one to approach in the city. Parishioners suspect that the intention was to harm the priest but Dominic became the victim by mistake.
The murderer, Shailendra Chauhan, alias Uday Singh, who later admitted the crime was arrested from [[Delhi]] by the [[Delhi Police]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Noida Cops seek man's custody for 2008 murder|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/noida-cops-seek-man-s-custody-for-2008-murder/482953/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=30 June 2009|access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>
In January 2009, Chauhan had attacked and critically wounded Fr. Jipson of St. Mary's Church, with a poison filled injection. The man also admitted to having vandalised a church in [[Sarita Vihar]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malegaon blast accused's aide held for attacking churches, killing worker|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/malegaon-blast-accused-s-aide-held-for-attacking-churches-killing-worker/story-ueVwUyxncAbuRx13uomPMJ.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.stmaryschurchnoida.org/ Official Website]
* [http://www.ncysonline.org/ Official Website of NCYS]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXFyVDAnk6jgTXXUC33bWNA/ Official You tube channel for Live Mass]

{{Portal|Catholicism|India}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Noida]]

Ardhangini – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi

2026-02-04T20:47:35Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: put up a entry

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Other uses|Ardhangini (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =Ardhangini (2007 TV series).jpeg
| caption =
| runtime = approx. 24 minutes
| creator = Jay Production
| director = Shyam Maheshwari
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jay Mehta &
* Kinnari Mehta
}}
| company = Jay Production
| starring = See below
| open_theme = "Ardhangani" by [[Javed Ali]] and Pamela Jain
| voices = {{Plainlist|
* [[Javed Ali]]
* [[Pamela Jain]]
* [[Debojit Saha]]
* [[Raktima Chatterjee]]
}}
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Bengali
}}
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2007|10|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2008|03|20|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 84
}}

'''''Ardhangini – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television series that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 29 October 2007 to 20 March 2008 based on the concept of how beauty turns into a curse. It concludes with the death of the lead character, Kangana, in the series' last episode.<ref name=entertainment>{{cite web|title=Sudeepa plays her dream role in Ardhangani|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2007/sudeepa-singh-ardhangani-161107.html|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=22 October 2013|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061650/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2007/sudeepa-singh-ardhangani-161107.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=india>{{cite web|title=Ardhangani – TV's take on Devdas|date=6 October 2007 |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2007/ardhangani-devdas-saratchandra-061007.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061914/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2007/ardhangani-devdas-saratchandra-061007.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=telly>{{cite web|title=Ardhangani |url=http://www.tellybeat.com/ardhangani |publisher=tellybeat.com |accessdate=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060931/http://www.tellybeat.com/ardhangani |archivedate=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=apni>{{cite web|title=Ardhangani – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi |url=http://www.apnicommunity.com/ardhangani-ek-khoobsurat-jeevan-saathi/ |publisher=apnicommunity.com |accessdate=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061857/http://www.apnicommunity.com/ardhangani-ek-khoobsurat-jeevan-saathi/ |archivedate=23 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is based on the life of a simple girl named Kangana, who belongs to a traditional [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family. Kangana is an exceptionally beautiful girl who knows that she can attract any man, but still hopes for a life partner who will admire, respect and want her for who she is, not her beauty. However, when her beauty becomes her curse, it changes her life forever.

Kangana's own family, who are jealous of her, try to destroy every happiness that enters her life. Kangana's childhood sweetheart, Priyam, comes back from America and their love story begins. Kangana falls in love with Priyam, as he has all the qualities she is looking for in her Prince Charming. Soon, she marries him, starting a new chapter in her life. But, life is not as straightforward for Kangana as she was expecting it to be.

Problems start arising in her life because of her beauty. Priyam cannot stand that his wife is far more talented and in-demand than him, and with every passing day, his insecurities about Kangana keep growing. He accuses Kangana of having an affair with his own best friend Nivaan and out of his lowliness complex, starts keeping an eye on her to know what she does and whom she meets. His suspicion grows so much that he starts raising his hand on Kangana. He gives her a permanent scar on her face so that she would look like a normal person.

In the end, Kangana commits suicide because she was raped and did not want to bring shame on the family.

== Cast ==
* Sudeepa Singh as Kangana Priyam Bhattacharya (née Dasgupta): Priyam's late wife (2007–2008) (Dead)
* Ajay Krishnamurti as Priyam Bhattacharya: Kangana's widower (2007–2008)
* [[Chetan Pandit]] as Chandra Sen
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Sushmita Sen
* [[Melissa Pais]] as Roktima Sen / Bhattacharya
* Roma Sengupta as Thakur Maa
* Sonali Verma as Paromita Bhattacharya
* [[Gireesh Sahdev]] as Harish Bhattacharya
* Jay Pathak as Palash Bhattacharya
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Onir Bhattacharya
* [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]] as Moonmoon Masi
* Himanshi Choudhary / Monaz Mevawala as Bipasha Mitra
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] as Nivaan Banerjee
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Business Man
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Maushumi Bhattacharya
* Ritu Vij as Sonalika Bhattacharya

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013233050/http://www.zee-tv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=87 Official Website]

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Sahar Elevated Access Road

2026-01-23T06:39:19Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: starting data

{{Short description|Road in Mumbai, India}}
{{Redirect|SEAR|"Special Event Assessment Rating"|National Special Security Event}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state=Maharashtra
|name = Sahar Elevated Access Road
|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|zoom=14|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q7399472| stroke-width=3|title=Sahar Elevated Access Road}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes= Sahar Elevated Access Road marked in Red on Mumbai area map
|length_km= 2.2
|direction_a= West
|terminus_a= [[Western Express Highway]]
|junction=
|direction_b= East
|terminus_b= [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]]
|formed=12 February 2014
|history=
|states= [[Maharashtra]]
|cities= [[Mumbai]]
|maint = [[Mumbai International Airport Limited]] (MIAL)
}}

The '''Sahar Elevated Access Road''', abbreviated to '''SEAR''', is a dedicated, elevated, [[Controlled-access highway|express]] [[access road]] in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/mumbai-airport-s-new-world-class-terminal/article1-1171631.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111142359/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/mumbai-airport-s-new-world-class-terminal/article1-1171631.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2014 |title=Mumbai airport's new world-class terminal |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2014-01-11 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> that connects the [[Western Express Highway]] (WEH) near Hanuman Nagar junction in [[Vile Parle]], with the [[Courtyard|forecourts]] of Terminal T2 of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sahar-elevated-road-ready-after-delays/articleshow/28532474.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120013047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-08/mumbai/45990249_1_road-corridor-new-airport-terminal-weh |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-01-20 |title=Sahar elevated road 'ready' after delays |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-01-08 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> The road improves access and travel times between the WEH and the airport.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-09/news/46030345_1_road-corridor-elevated-corridor-sahar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144620/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-09/news/46030345_1_road-corridor-elevated-corridor-sahar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Mumbai: Sahar elevated road corridor may open next month |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2014-01-09 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> The 2.2 km long access road has 4 entry and 2 exit points. The road also includes an underpass for vehicles travelling on the WEH and a pedestrian subway;<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Four-ways-to-a-faster-commute/Article1-1010870.aspx |title=Four ways to a faster commute |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213154235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Four-ways-to-a-faster-commute/Article1-1010870.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> as well as an underpass, a tunnel, and ramps connecting the highway to the terminal which bypasses the congested roadways below.

The corridor was developed by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) under its Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project (MUIP). The project cost of {{INRConvert|400.77|c}},<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sahar-flyover-t2-to-start-operations-from-february-11/ |title=Sahar flyover, T2 to start operations from February 11|publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2014-02-08 |accessdate=2022-04-18}}</ref> approved by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JnNURM), was paid by the [[Government of India|Central Government]], the [[Government of Maharashtra]], the MMRDA, and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai International Airport Limited]] (MIAL).<ref name="HT"/><ref name="LT"/>

In July 2018, parts of the relatively new road were found damaged with potholes due to poor maintenance and seasonal monsoon rains, resulting in slow traffic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsoon rains disrupt traffic, schools in India's financial hub of Mumbai |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/202466-monsoon-rains-disrupt-traffic-schools-in-indias-financial-hub-of-mumbai |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai rains LIVE UPDATES: Re-exam announced for Mumbai University MSc students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-rains-weather-flood-death-toll-imd-alert-live-updates-5251753/? |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route description==
[[File:SEAR5.JPG|thumb|View of SEAR]]
[[File:SEAR4.JPG|thumb|View of SEAR]]
[[File:SEAR3.JPG|thumb|View of SEAR]]
[[File:SEAR2.JPG|thumb|Exit from Western Express Highway]]
[[File:SEAR3InsideTunnel.JPG|thumb|SEAR Inside Tunnel View]]
The six-lane, signal-free approach road originates near Hanuman Nagar junction in Vile Parle on the Western Express Highway (WEH), and ends at the [[Courtyard|forecourts]] of Terminal T2 of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji Majaraj International Airport]].<ref name="indiatimes1"/> From the WEH, the road heads east till the elevated section takes it over the Sahar Road. The corridor continues east over the Indian Airlines Project Road till it reaches the current main approach of the International terminal, where the corridor disperses into ramps which lead to the arrival and departure of the Terminal forecourts.

The road is 2.2 km long and has three lanes in each direction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://freepressjournal.in/rev-up-on-sahar-elevated-road-only-in-feb/ |title=Rev up on Sahar elevated road only in Feb! |newspaper=Free Press Journal |access-date=2014-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095044/http://freepressjournal.in/rev-up-on-sahar-elevated-road-only-in-feb/ |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> On the WEH end, the project comprises {{convert|1050|m|ft}} of elevated road, a {{convert|98|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel with ramps measuring {{convert|261|m|ft}}, three vehicular underpasses each at {{convert|48|,|22|, and|30|m|ft}}, and {{convert|641|m|ft}} of six-lane at-grade roadway. The plan also includes a {{convert|48|m|ft|adj=on}} pedestrian underpass on the WEH. The road will also have four ramps measuring {{convert|2200|m|ft}} on the airport end.<ref name="LT"/>

The road reduces travel time from the highway to the airport to five minutes from the 30 to 45 minutes it previously took.<ref name="indiatimes2"/><ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-soon-zoom-to-terminal-2-via-elevated-road-1947164 |title=Mumbai: Soon, zoom to Terminal 2 via elevated road |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-08 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> For smoother traffic flow, two-wheelers and three-wheelers, including bicycles, are prohibited from entering.

==History==
===Background===
Despite the proposed Terminal 2's proximity with Mumbai's arterial [[Western Express Highway]], commuters approaching the terminal had to travel via the congested roads of eastern [[Andheri]] (viz. Sahar Road) before reaching the airport's forecourt.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Commuters had to cross Sambhaji Nagar, Rajaram Wadi, NAD Colony, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Road, Bamanwada, Sahar Post and Telegraph Colony, GVK Residential Colony and slow-moving traffic on Sahar road to reach the international terminal.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

The impending shift of domestic air traffic would also make the situation worse during the daytime and the evening-peak traffic hours. To avoid these traffic bottlenecks, an elevated direct corridor by-passing the crowded [[Chakala]], [[Sahar, Maharashtra|Sahar]] Road, and the Jog flyover areas of Andheri (East) was envisioned.<ref name="LT"/> The elevated road was constructed to provide direct access to the international terminal,<ref name="dnaindia1"/> as well as reduce traffic on the WEH, especially at the Andheri-Kurla road junction.<ref name="indiatimes2"/> The SEAR had a tunnel incorporated into the design; it enables motorists on the WEH to access the SEAR with ease.

===Construction===
The project was commissioned in January 2008,<ref name="HT">{{cite news |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Demolition-of-350-houses-paves-the-way-for-elevated-road-at-Sahar/Article1-776835.aspx |title= Demolition of 350 houses paves the way for elevated road at Sahar |work= [[Hindustan Times]] |date= 2 December 2011 |access-date= 9 September 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111222101300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Demolition-of-350-houses-paves-the-way-for-elevated-road-at-Sahar/Article1-776835.aspx |archive-date= 22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite news |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_inordinate-delays-same-old-excuses_1216952 |title= Inordinate delays, same old excuses |work= [[Daily News & Analysis]] |date= 27 December 2008 |access-date= 13 September 2012}}</ref> and the original deadline for completing the entire project was January 2010.<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

The corridor was developed by the MMRDA under its Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project (MUIP) scheme with [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JnNURM) funding. The project was funded by the [[Government of India|Central Government]], the [[Government of Maharashtra|State Government]], the MMRDA, and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai International Airport Limited]] (MIAL).<ref name="HT"/><ref name="LT">{{cite web |url= http://www.lntecc.com/homepage/documents/Concord_jan11.pdf|title= Flying in to the Airport forecourt |publisher= ECC Concord |date= January 2011 |access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> The Sahar Elevated Access Road was constructed jointly by the MMRDA and the MIAL.<ref name="dnaindia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-elevated-road-widest-on-single-pier-1948393 |title=Mumbai: Elevated road widest on single pier |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-10 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> The cost of construction for the MMRDA was {{INRConvert|377.59|c}}, higher than the earlier estimated {{INRConvert|287.37|c}}.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> The road was built in two parts: the first was a 1.8 km stretch from the WEH to the Hyatt Regency (on Sahar Airport Road),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.regency.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels-mumbai-regency/index.jsp?null |title=5-star luxury hotel in Mumbai, India – Hyatt Regency Mumbai |publisher=Mumbai.regency.hyatt.com |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> and the second was a 1.5 km stretch from the Hyatt Regency to the airport. The first section cost {{INRConvert|3.43|b}} and was built by the MMRDA, while the second cost {{INRConvert|2.27|b}} and was built by MIAL.<ref name="hindustantimes1"/>

The 1,300-metre long elevated road<ref name="dnaindia1"/> consists of 30 spans of {{convert|35|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} precast concrete segments erected using a specially fabricated launching girder and strand jack. The pillars measure {{convert|2.5|x|2.8|m|ft}} at the base. The {{convert|27.6|m|ft|adj=on}} deck superstructure is composed of a {{convert|9|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} precast central spine and two {{convert|9.3|m|ft|adj=on}} cantilever wings on either side connected to the central spine by concrete stitching and transverse pre-stressing methods.<ref name="LT"/> The pedestrian, and two and three-wheeler underpasses on the Western Express Highway were constructed with pre-cast box cells. The approaches on either sides were built with reinforced earth walls.<ref name="LT"/> The pedestrian and vehicular underpass on Western Express Highway in Vile Parle is 45 metres long, and the MIAL underpass on Justice MC Chhagla Road is 48 metres long.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> A {{convert|98.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel was constructed at the junction of the corridor with the WEH using the cut and cover method with concrete contiguous piles.<ref name="LT"/>

The Sahar Elevated Access Road and the new terminal at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|BOM]] opened on 12 February 2014.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

====Impediments====
[[File:MumbaiAirportT2.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Airport's new Terminal 2 (T2) Arrivals section]]
Carrying out construction activities on one of Mumbai's busiest roads, with minimum interference to traffic, was a major challenge. There was no opportunity for diversion of traffic as the deck-width of the bridge was as wide as the road-width below. Frequent VIP movements accessing the airport further compounded the problem. Also, the corridor passes by the Post & Telegraph colony<ref name="DNA"/> and a few 5-star hotels which were apprehensive about the project. The issues were sorted through negotiations and environmentally friendly construction practices.

The work on the tunnel at the Western Express Highway end of the corridor was carried out only at night because the location lies within the landing and taking off ''funnel'' of the adjacent airport runway. Work at the site was halted several times by the airport authorities due to emergency landings on the runway.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |url= http://www.mumbaimirror.com/printarticle.aspx?contentid=201206032012060309583981f8d765e9 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130129072637/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/printarticle.aspx?contentid=201206032012060309583981f8d765e9 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 29 January 2013 |title= A leap year |work= [[Mumbai Mirror]] |date= 3 June 2012 |access-date= 13 September 2012 }}</ref> Space constraints at the casting yard were dealt with by designing the pre-cast and cantilever segments so they could be stacked in two piers. The pedestrian and vehicular underpasses on the WEH were constructed in planned phases to minimize disturbance to traffic, allowing completion of the project on time.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Sahar Elevated Access Road}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Expressways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

Meenamarg

2026-01-19T00:11:28Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Minimarg]], Pakistan administered village in Gilgit Baltistan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meenamarg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = The Gateway to Ladakh
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Dras]]
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dras]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kargil.nic.in/revenue-villages/|title=Revenue Villages | District Kargil, Union Territory of Ladakh | India}}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Dras Elevation">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54RgJ6FgMl0C&pg=PA226 |title=Cold Deserts of India |last=Singh Negi |first=Sharad |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=8173871272 |page=226 |language=en}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 3300
| population_total = 1,988
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Shina language|Shina]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194102
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|http://kargil.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Meenmarg''' is one the entry points in [[Ladakh]] from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ladakh-announces-free-covid-19-vaccine-to-all-from-may-1-101619467999787.html|title=Ladakh announces free Covid-19 vaccine to all from May 1|date=27 April 2021}}</ref> It is just east of [[Zoji La]] Pass. Meenamarg lies on the [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]] between [[Srinagar]] and [[Leh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/50bedded-quarantine-centre-screening-post-set-up-on-srinagarleh-nh-in-kargil/1788838|title=50-bedded quarantine centre; screening post set up on Srinagar-Leh NH in Kargil}}</ref> A full-fledged COVID-19 screening post was established in Meenimarg in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/undeterred-by-coronavirus-ioc-rolls-out-worlds-largest-supply-mission-for-ladakh/articleshow/75016643.cms|title=Undeterred by coronavirus, IOC rolls out world's largest supply mission for Ladakh|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 April 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ladakh}}
{{Kargil district}}
[[Category:Ladakh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Kargil| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

AKM Mozammel Haque (politician)

2026-01-16T18:38:21Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: added new post w/ infobox

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = AKM Mozammel Haque
| native_name = {{no bold|আ ক ম মোজাম্মেল হক}}
| image = Minister AKM Mozammel Haque Speaking at Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy for Documentary Premiere 2022-09-21 (PID-0020981) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Haque in 2022
| office = [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister for Liberation War Affairs]]
| term_start = 5 January 2014
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Shajahan Khan]]
| successor = [[Faruk-e-Azam]] (as adviser)
| office1 = [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Religious Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 11 December 2018
| term_end1 = 6 January 2019
| successor1 = [[Motiur Rahman (politician, born 1942)|Motiur Rahman]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Gazipur-1]]
| parliament2 = Bangladesh
| term_start2 = 25 January 2009
| term_end2 = 6 August 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Md. Rahamat Ali]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gazipur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}
'''AKM Mozammel Haque''' ({{langx|bn|আ ক ম মোজাম্মেল হক}}; born 1 October 1946) is a [[Awami League|Awami]] politician. He was the [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister for Liberation War Affairs]] from 2014 to 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Anisul: Qamrul, Mozammel need not to resign |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/anisul-ministers-need-not-resign-posts/ |work=Dhaka Tribune |accessdate=13 September 2016 |date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/120113/Mozammel-demands-Zia%25E2%2580%2599s-DNA-test |title=Mozammel demands Zia's DNA test |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910233523/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/120113/Mozammel-demands-Zia%E2%80%99s-DNA-test |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is also a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Gazipur-1]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/11/lack-management-mounts-sufferings-holidaymakers/ |title=Lack of management mounts sufferings for holidaymakers |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=11 September 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/shishu-park-be-removed-shahbagh-1283179 |title=Shishu Park to be removed from Shahbagh |work=The Daily Star |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Haque was born on 1 October 1946 in Dakhina Khan, [[Gazipur Sadar Upazila]], [[Gazipur District]] to Anwar Ali and Rabeya Khatun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://molwa.gov.bd/site/office_head/268c2bd7-dd1b-400f-bf1b-d84fa23a487f/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |title=Honorable Minister |website=molwa.gov.bd |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802012603/https://molwa.gov.bd/site/office_head/268c2bd7-dd1b-400f-bf1b-d84fa23a487f/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Haque was a member of the [[East Pakistan Chhatra League]] Central Working Committee. According to Awami sources, he fought in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971 and was part of the [[Mukti Bahini]]. But this claim only came to life after 1996. This story of him being a freedom fighter was made by AL to give him the Freedom Fighter certificate. From 1973 to 1986, he was elected Upazila chairman three times and four times municipal mayor.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

He was elected to the parliament from [[Gazipur-1]] in 2008. He was elected unopposed from the same constituency in the 2014 elections which the opposition boycotted citing unfair conditions for the election.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2013 |title=Bangladesh opposition to boycott elections |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/12/bangladesh-opposition-boycott-elections-2013122900876856.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> He acted as the [[Minister of Religious Affairs (Bangladesh)|religious minister of Bangladesh]] from 2018 to 2019. In 2019, he was appointed the [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister for Liberation War Affairs]].<ref name=":0" />

== Controversy ==
In 1974, Mozammel was implicated in the abduction and gang rape of a newlywed housewife, whose driver and husband were killed. Her body was found three days later near a bridge in [[Tongi]]. Although arrested by [[Bengal Lancers|Lance]] Major Nasser and handed over to the police, Mozammel was released, reportedly due to [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s intervention. According to [[Anthony Mascarenhas]], this shook the confidence in the Bangladesh army and led Major Faruq to plan for removing Mujib from power, which finally happened as [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib's assassination]].<ref name="Balb">{{cite book |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Anthony |title=Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood |date=1986 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-39420-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoZ0QgAACAAJ&q=legacy+of+blood |pages=48–55 |quote=One day during a combing operation in Tongi area north of Dhaka Major Nasser who was commanding another squadron of the Bengal Lancers, arrested three small-time thugs. In the course of the interrogation one of the men broke down and told the army officers a story about a particularly gruesome triple murder which had rocked Tongi the previous winter. It transpired that a newly married couple travelling to their home in a taxi had been waylaid on the outskirts of town. The bridegroom and the taxi driver were hacked to death and their bodies thrown in the river. The bride, who was carried off to an isolated cottage, was repeatedly raped by her abductors. Three days later her mutilated body was found on the road near a bridge.Confessing to his part in the crime, the thug told the army men the police investigation was called off when they found out that the ring-leader of the gang was his boss, Muzamil, chairman of the Tongi Awami League. According to Farook, the confession so infuriated the interrogating officer, a boyish lieutenant named Ishtiaque who had since resigned and left the country, that "he started kicking the chap so hard that he died of internal injuries". Muzamil himself was taken by Major Nasser to Dhaka for prosecution after he confirmed from police records that the thug had been telling the truth. According to Farook, Muzamil offered Nasser 300,000 Takkas for his release. "Don't make it a public affair", the Awami Leaguer advised him. "You will anyway have to let me go, either today or tomorrow. So why not take the money and forget about it?" Nasser, who was affronted by this blatant attempt to bribe him, swore he would bring Muzamil to trial and make him hang for his crime. He handed him over to the civil authorities. Farook said they were all astonished a few days later to find that Muzamil had been released on Shiekh Mujib's intervention. "I told you to take the money", Muzamil crowed. "You would have been the gainers. Now I have been released anyway and you get nothing."The incident shattered Farook and his colleagues. Tongi marked the turning point for them. "It seemed as if we were living in a society headed by a criminal organization. It was as if the Mafia had taken over Bangladesh. We were totally disillusioned. Here was the head of government abetting murder and other extreme things from which he was supposed to protect us. This was not acceptable. We decided he must go". "...when hope is extinguished, accountability denied and the people have nothing further to lose, they turn to violence to redress their wrongs". |access-date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anthony Mascarenhas]] briefly mentioned Mozammel's involvement in this crime in his 1986 book ''[[Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood]]''.<ref name="Balb"/><ref name=Ob>{{cite book |last1=Obaidullah |first1=A. T. M. |title=Institutionalization of the Parliament in Bangladesh: A Study of Donor Intervention for Reorganization and Development |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5317-7 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNjDwAAQBAJ&q=Muzammil+tongi&pg=PA32 |access-date=10 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The incident has been also depicted in novel ''[[Deyal]]'' by [[Humayun Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:হুমায়ূন আহমেদের বর্ণনায় আ. লীগ নেতা মোজাম্মেলের ধর্ষণ-হত্যার চিত্র |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/international/news/770942 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Janakantha]] |date=8 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Role in the Liberation War==
According to Awami League in 1996, during the [[liberation war of Bangladesh]], he fought as a freedom fighter from [[Gazipur]] and an organizer of the liberation war in the city. On 19 March 1971, in the first battle in Gazipur, he led the frontline against Brig. Jahan Zeb under the orders of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the convener of the Armed Resistance Committee.<ref name=":0" />

Many, including [[Hasan Uddin Sarkar]], claim that the information about his participation in the Liberation War is a fake information made in 1996. After the Awami League came to power in 1996, when the Muktijoddha Gazette was published and AKM Mozammel Haque's name was included in it, there was discussion and criticism in the National Parliament. In 2023, a writ petition was filed in the High Court by JAMUKA member and Secretary General of the National Muktijoddha Foundation, Kh. M. Amir Ali, whose case number is 15142, a total of seven people, including the then Cabinet Secretary, Secretary of the Ministry of Liberation War Affairs, and JAMUKA Chairman AKM Mozammel Haque, were made accused in the writ case. After analyzing the application form of the case in the court and searching for information from various sources, it was found that AKM Mozammel Haque's name is not in the list of 51,000 freedom fighters trained in India. There are allegations that his name was included by rubbing out the volume of the Red Muktibarta made in 1986 kept in the National Museum.<ref name=m/> As evidence, many claim that Hasan Uddin Sarkar, Habibullah, Nazrul Islam Khan, Soumendra Goswami, Shahidul Islam Pathan, Motalib, Shahidullah Bachchu, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Sheikh Abul Hossain, Abdus Sattar and thousands of people led the armed resistance war against the Pakistani forces in Joydevpur, Gazipur on March 19, 1971, but Mozammel Haque was also among the thousands of people, but A.K.M. Mozammel Haque distorted history and took full credit, also before 1971, Mozammel Haque passed BA and MA in 1994, but he tampered with the documents of the Liberation War and wrote MA LLB in his educational qualification, which is impossible.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মোজাম্মেল ও তার সনদ নিয়ে যা বললেন মুক্তিযোদ্ধারা |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/920515 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

== Corruption charges ==
Post [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|Student-People's Uprising]], the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) filed a case against Haque for allegedly acquiring illegal assets worth Tk10.34 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-29 |title=Tk10.34cr illegal assets: ACC sues ex-minister AKM Mozammel Haque |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/corruption/tk1034cr-illegal-assets-acc-sues-ex-minister-akm-mozammel-haque-1129166 |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref>

===Error in the preparation of the list of Rajakars===
On December 15, 2019, A.K.M. Mozammel Haque, as the then Minister of the Ministry of Liberation War Affairs, held a press conference and released a list of 10,789 'anti-independence' [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Rajakars]]. But the names of gazetted [[Bangladesh liberation war|Freedom fighters]] and members of the families of martyrs in the list created anger and criticism. Later, the list was suspended for correction.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রাজাকারের তালিকা: ক্ষোভ আর প্রতিবাদের মুখে বিতর্কিত তালিকা শেষ পর্যন্ত স্থগিত করলো সরকার |work=BBC News |language=bn |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-50834746}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:দৈনিক আমাদের সময় |url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/232359 |work=Amader Shomoy |language=bn}}</ref><ref>[https://www.banglatribune.com/604294/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87 main] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210524180738/https://www.banglatribune.com/604294/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87 archive]</ref>

===Freedom fighter identity and certificate forgery===
He was one of the main people involved in making 25,000, or possibly 50,000 fake freedom fighter certificates in Bangladesh during the 16-year Awami League government until 5 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:টাকার জন্য সবই করতেন আ ক ম মোজাম্মেল |url=https://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/details/01939d28d7849 |work=Amader Shomoy |language=bn}}</ref>

In the investigation report after August 5, 2024, [[Faruk-e-Azam]] said that Mozammel Haque used to charge 5 lakh taka for each fake certificate of freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযোদ্ধা সনদে ঘুসের থাবা মোজাম্মেলের |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-lastpage/892069 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> A report in Jugantor said that Mozammel received bribes worth around 100 million taka in total, ranging from 3 lakh taka to 2 crore taka for each fake certificate.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:যুগান্তরে প্রকাশিত খবরে তোলপাড় গাজীপুর |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/921017 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

On April 13, 2025, at the 95th meeting of the [[National Freedom Fighter Council]] or JAMUKA, chaired by [[Faruk-e-Azam]], Chairman and Advisor on Liberation War Affairs, it was stated that there is controversy over AKM Mozammel Haque's participation in the Liberation War and if the allegations are proven, his freedom fighter certificate and gazette will be cancelled.<ref name=m>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সাবেক মুক্তিযুদ্ধবিষয়ক মন্ত্রীরই মুক্তিযোদ্ধা সনদ ‘ভুয়া’, তালিকায় আরো যারা |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2025/04/30/1511203 |work=Kaler Kantho |date=30 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Mozammel}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of liberation war affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Dendrelaphis andamanensis

2026-01-13T23:37:57Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: article!

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Dendrelaphis andamanensis 339815360.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=Achyuthan, N.S. |author2=Mohapatra, P. |year=2021 |title=''Dendrelaphis andamanensis'' |article-number=e.T199635A2608105 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T199635A2608105.en}}</ref>
| genus = Dendrelaphis
| species = andamanensis
| authority = ([[John Anderson (zoologist)|Anderson]], 1871)
}}

'''''Dendrelaphis andamanensis''''', the '''Andaman bronzeback''', is a [[species]] of snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is found on the [[Andaman Islands]] in [[India]].<ref name="iucn status"/><ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Dendrelaphis |species=andamanensis |access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Dendrelaphis andamanensis 339828464.jpg|thumb|Eating a lizard]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3022303}}

[[Category:Dendrelaphis|andamanensis]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1871]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Anderson (zoologist)]]

{{Colubrid-stub}}

Indian locomotive class YL

2026-01-11T23:27:43Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: Starting new data - done

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian locomotive class YL
| image = Indian Railways Class YL.jpg
| powertype = Steam
| builder = [[Henschel & Son]] [[Hitachi]] [[MÁVAG]] [[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]]
| builddate = 1952–1957
| totalproduction = 264
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-6-2}}
| gauge = {{track gauge|1000 mm}}
| coupleddiameter = {{convert|1092|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| engine total = {{convert|6680|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| coupled = {{convert|2540|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| wheelbasewithtender = {{convert|13367|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| over buffers = {{convert|16396|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|8|t|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers = {{convert|24|t|abbr=on}}
| serviceweight = {{convert|38|t|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|1.67|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|14.5|bar|psi|abbr=on}}
| totalsurface = {{convert|48.77|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| superheaterarea = {{convert|12.1|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|312|x|560|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| notes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jdhsmith.math.iastate.edu/term/slinigr.htm |title=Indian Government Railways steam locomotives |last=Smith |first=Jonathan |date=2009 |website=The terminal: Standard steam locomotives |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] |access-date=30 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=92}}
}}

The Indian locomotive '''class YL''' were [[2-6-2]] locomotives built for [[Indian Railways]]' [[metre-gauge]] network as one of the standard designs developed post-[[Partition of India|partition]] from the Indian Railway Standard (IRS) design locomotives.

== History ==
[[File:YL_5112_in_Mhow_1992.jpg|thumb|YL 5112 in [[Mhow]], 1992]]
The YL class locomotives were designed for mixed service{{Clarify|reason=Mixed-traffic duties? Mixed consist trains?|date=November 2024}} on branch lines as a successor to the [[Indian locomotive class YF|class YF]] that were built from 1929 and 1938. A total of 264 members were built by locomotive manufacturers in West Germany, [[Japan]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] and the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Hughes|1977|p=23}} They were relatively light, with a service weight of 38 tons and an eight-ton axle load.

Many were in use until the end of steam traction in the 1990s, with three surviving into preservation. Number 5001 is on static display at [[Gorakhpur]] railway station.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 January 2024 |language=en |title=Steam locomotives in India |url=https://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=17764 |website=steamlocomotive.info}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2024}} Numbers 5000 and 5010 are stored in very poor condition at Indian Railways' own workshops in [[Izzatnagar]] near [[Bareilly]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 January 2024 |language=en |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA) |title=Preserved Steam Locomotives on IR |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-steam-preserved-2021.html}}</ref>

== Builders and numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Builder
!Year
!Quantity
!Serial number
!Running number
!1957 running number
|-
|[[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]]
|1952
|10
|7434–7443
|2801–2810
|5000–5009
|-
|[[Hitachi Rail|Hitachi]]
|1956
|63
|12291–12353
|2811–2873
|5010–5072
|-
|[[MÁVAG]]
|1957
|40
|7472–7511
|2874–2913
|5073–5112
|-
|[[Henschel & Son|Henschel & Sohn]]
|1956
|151
|29381–29531
|7000–7150
|5113–5263
|-
| colspan="6" |{{Small|Source:{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=24}}}}
|}

== Allocations ==
The YL class locomotives were mainly used in the north-east and west of India. By the end of 1976, all locomotives built were in service with the following regional zones of [[Indian Railways]]:{{Sfn|Hughes|1977|p=96}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Regional zone
!Quantity
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Central Railways]]
|6
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Northern Railways]]
|10
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[North Eastern Railways]]
|130
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
|44
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Western Railways]]
|74
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />
{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |title=Steam Locomotives in India, Part 2 – Metre Gauge |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |year=1977 |isbn=0-9503469-3-4}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Diagrams/Loco.jpg.html YL class technical diagram], Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA)
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class YL}}

{{Metre gauge locomotives of India}}

[[Category:2-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:1′C1′ h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Hitachi locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India|YM]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1952]]
[[Category:Metre-gauge steam locomotives]]
[[Category:Henschel locomotives]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives]]

Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao

2025-12-31T04:30:54Z

THIMMIRI RAVEENDRA: brief fix lead for clarity and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place =India
| birth_date = 1887
| death_date = Unknown
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = Stage actor
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao''' (born 1887, date of death unknown) was an Indian stage actor, Telugu-Sanskrit pandit and author.

He studied at [[Pithapuram]]. He was attracted to the stage acting and played Graciana role in the [[Merchant of Venice]] at the age of 10 years. He got the attention of Head master [[Kuchi Narasimham]].

He joined the drama company 'Kakinada Amateurs' in 1913 and played the role of Gaya in ''[[Gayopakhyanam]]''. In the drama competitions of the same drama he received the first prize from [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]]. He used to play Dharmaraja in ''Pandava Vijayam''. His favorite role was Bahuka in ''Chitranalineeyam'' of Dharmavaram. During the plays of Rasaputra vijayam, Pratarudriyam, [[Sarangadhara]] dramas in 1918 at Victoria Public Hall, they were appreciated by doyen of Indian drama [[Bellary Raghava]].

==Family==
He married Venkataratnamma, who launched and edited ''Anasuya'', the first women’s magazine in Telugu, featuring women writers and Ajanta style illustrations. Their daughter was named after the magazine. He has two daughters: [[Vinjamuri Seetha Devi]] and [[Vinjamuri Anasuya Devi]]. [[Devulapalli Krishna Sastry]] was his nephew.

==Awards==
He received [[Padma Shri]] Award from [[Government of India]] in 1967.

==References==
* Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu, Telugu University, 2005.
* Encyclopaedia Indica, Volume 2, Jagdish Saran Sharma, S. Chand, 1981

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao, Vinjamuri}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]