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Indian subcontinent

2023-10-12T14:36:18Z

T50: rv sockpuppet

{{Short description|Physiographical region in South Asia}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{About|the physiographical region of Eurasia|the geographical subregion of Asia|South Asia}}
{{Redirect|The subcontinent|general usage of the term|Continent#Subcontinents}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox continent
|title = Indian subcontinent
|photo = [[File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg|250px]]
|photo_caption = Topographic map of the subcontinent
|image = [[File:Indian Subcontinent (orthographic projection).svg|250px]]
|image_size = 250px
|image_caption = Geopolitical coverage of the subcontinent
|countries = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|[[List of sovereign states|7]]}}

| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[Bhutan]]
| [[India]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding:
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], which is a part of the [[Malay Archipelago]].
* [[Ladakh]], [[Spiti]], and other areas which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]].
* Significant portions of [[northeast India]] which lie on the Indo-Burman Ranges (spanning [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Mizoram]]) as well as the [[Tibetan Plateau]] (northern [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]])
|name="India"}}
| [[Maldives]]{{refn|group=note|As [[island country|island countries]], Maldives and Sri Lanka are sometimes not considered part of the subcontinent, as they lack [[geographic contiguity]] with the mainland. They are considered parts of the region in [[cultural geography]] or [[geology]] instead.|name="Island country"}}
| [[Nepal]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding [[Upper Mustang]] and other areas which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]].|name="Nepal"}}
| [[Pakistan]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding:
* Significant landmasses from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|East Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (like [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]) which are situated on the [[Iranian Plateau]].
* Parts of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Areas]] (like [[Baltistan]]) which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]].
|name="Pakistan"}}
| [[Sri Lanka]]{{refn|group=note|name="Island country"}}
}}
|list_countries =
|dependencies = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[Dependent territory|External]] (1)
| [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]{{refn|group=note|Administered by the [[United Kingdom]], claimed by [[Mauritius]] as the [[Chagos Archipelago]].|name="BIOT"}} ([[United Kingdom]])
}}
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[List of territorial disputes|Disputed]] (1)
| [[Kashmir]]{{refn|group=note|{{Kashmir-note}}|name="Kashmir"}}
}}
|unrecognized =
|area = {{convert|4,440,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|languages = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''Official languages:''}}
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]
| [[Dzongkha]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}
|cities = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|[[List of largest cities#List|10 largest cities on the Indian subcontinent]]}}
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Dhaka]]
| [[Karachi]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Lahore]]
| [[Bangalore]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
}}
|population = {{circa|1.8 billion}}
|time = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''List:''}}
| [[Bangladesh Standard Time]] (BST)
| [[Bhutan Time]] (BTT)
| [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST)
| [[Time in Maldives|Maldives Time]] (MVT)
| [[Nepal Standard Time]] (NPT)
| [[Pakistan Standard Time]] (PKT)
| [[Sri Lanka Standard Time]] (SLST)
}}
|demonym = [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian]] [[Desi]] (colloquial)
}}

The '''Indian subcontinent'''{{refn|group=note|It is sometimes simply just referred as '''''the subcontinent''''' in South Asian contexts.|name="TheSubcontinent"}} is a [[physiographic region|physiographical region]] in [[United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia|Southern Asia]], situated on the [[Indian Plate]], projecting southwards into the [[Indian Ocean]] from the [[Himalayas]]. Geopolitically, it spans major landmasses from the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]],{{refn|group=note|name="India"}} [[Maldives]],{{refn|group=note|name="Island country"}} [[Nepal]],{{refn|group=note|name="Nepal"}} [[Pakistan]],{{refn|group=note|name="Pakistan"}} and [[Sri Lanka]].{{refn|group=note|name="Island country"}}<ref name="Oxford">"Indian subcontinent". ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' ({{ISBN|0-19-860441-6}}) New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of '''Greater India''', the region is now divided into three countries named Bangladesh, India and Pakistan."</ref><ref name="dkumar889" /><ref name="pirbhai14" /><ref name="mmann" /> Although the terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are often used interchangeably to denote the region, the geopolitical term of [[South Asia]] frequently includes [[Afghanistan]], which is not considered part of the subcontinent.<ref name=mcleodplus>John McLeod, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC&pg=PA1 The history of India]'', page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-313-31459-4}}; note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in Indian subcontinent or South Asia; Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, ''The Third World: states of mind and being'', pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, {{ISBN|0-04-910121-8}} Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent"" Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-856817-7}}; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, ''Asian Power and Politics'', pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-674-04979-9}} Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism." Mark Juergensmeyer, ''The Oxford handbook of global religions'', pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-513798-1}} Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, ''Modern South Asia'', page 3, Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-30787-2}}</ref>

Geologically, the subcontinent originates from [[Insular India]], an isolated landmass that [[rift]]ed from the [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]] during the [[Cretaceous]] and [[paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system|merged]] with the landmass of [[Eurasia]] nearly 55 million years ago, forming the Himalayas.<ref name="Jones2011p267">{{cite book|author=Robert Wynn Jones|title=Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267 |year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49920-0|pages=267–271}}</ref> Historically, as well as to the present day, it is and has been the most populated region in the world, holding roughly 20–25 percent of the global population at all times in history. Geographically, it is the [[peninsula]]r region in South Asia, delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the [[Hindu Kush]] in the west, and the [[Arakan Mountains|Arakan]] in the east.<ref name="Chapman, Graham P. p. 10" /> The neighboring geographical regions around the subcontinent include the [[Tibetan Plateau]] to the north, the [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] to the east, and the [[Iranian Plateau]] to the west and the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south.

== Name ==

In many historical sources, the region surrounding and southeast of the Indus River was referred to simply as “India.”<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022 t419">{{cite web | title=Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=2022-09-20 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indian-subcontinent | access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref> Historians continue to use this term to refer to the whole of the Indian subcontinent in discussions of history up until the era of the British Raj.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022 t419"/> During this period, “India” came to refer to a distinct political entity that later became a nation-state.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022 t419"/>

According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the term ''[[Continent#Subcontinents|subcontinent]]'' signifies a "subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a "large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent".<ref>''[http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged]'', Merriam-Webster, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "a large landmass smaller than a continent; especially: a major subdivision of a continent
! e Indian subcontinent | "</ref><ref name="OED">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102611/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/subcontinent Subcontinent], Oxford English Dictionaries (2012). Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "A large distinguishable part of a continent..."</ref> Its use to signify the Indian subcontinent is evidenced from the early twentieth century when most of the territory was either part of the [[British Empire]] or allied with them.<ref name=McLeod>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC|title=The History of India|first=John|last=McLeod|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313314599|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Milton Walter Meyer, ''South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent'', pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, {{ISBN|0-8226-0034-X}}</ref><ref>"Indian subcontinent" is used by Henry D. Baker, ''British India With Notes On Ceylon Afghanistan And Tibet'' (1915), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.236168/2015.236168.British-India#page/n403/mode/2up p. 401].</ref> It was a convenient term to refer to the region comprising both [[presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and the [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite OED|term=subcontinent|id=192528}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=Indian subcontinent|id=94389}}</ref>

The term has been particularly common in the British Empire and its successors,<ref>Milton Walter Meyer, ''South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent'', pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, {{ISBN|0-8226-0034-X}} Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, ''The Third World: states of mind and being'', pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, {{ISBN|0-04-910121-8}} {{Cite book|last= Boniface|first = Brian G. |author2=Christopher P. Cooper| title = Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann| date = 2005| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c46i9jr9mhgC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-7506-5997-0}} Judith Schott & Alix Henley, ''Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society'', pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, {{ISBN|0-7506-2050-1}} Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-856817-7}} Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, ''Asian Power and Politics'', pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-674-04979-9}} Mark Juergensmeyer, ''The Oxford handbook of global religions'', pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-513798-1}}</ref> while the term ''South Asia'' is the more common usage in Europe and North America.<ref>Judith Schott & Alix Henley, ''Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society'', pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, {{ISBN|0750620501}}</ref><ref>Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0198568177}}</ref> According to historians [[Sugata Bose]] and [[Ayesha Jalal]], the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance".<ref name=sugata>{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |author1-link=Sugata Bose |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayeha |author2-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1998 |title=Modern South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/3/mode/1up |publisher=Routledge |page=3 |isbn=0415307872}}</ref> [[Indology|Indologist]] Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term ''South Asia'' is becoming more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from [[East Asia]].<ref name=inden>Ronald B. Inden, ''Imagining India'', page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|1850655200}}</ref> While ''South Asia'', a more accurate term that reflects the region's contemporary political demarcations, is replacing the ''Indian subcontinent'', a term closely linked to the region's colonial heritage, as a cover term, the latter is still widely used in typological studies.<ref>{{cite book |first=Tom |last=McArthur |title=Oxford Guide to World English |page=309 |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003 |isbn=9780198607717}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Claudia |last=Lange |chapter=Standards of English in South Asia |editor=Raymond Hickey |title=Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World |page=256 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9781139851213 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZV7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256}}
</ref>

Since the [[partition of India]], citizens of Pakistan (which became independent of British India in 1947) and Bangladesh (which became independent of Pakistan in 1971) often perceive the use of the ''Indian subcontinent'' as offensive and suspicious because of the dominant placement of India in the term. As such it is being increasingly less used in those countries.{{refn|group=note|For example, a history book intended for Pakistani B.A. students by K. Ali uses the term "Indo-Pakistan" instead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=K. |title=A New History of Indo-Pakistan up to 1526 |publisher=Aziz Publishers |year=1980 |edition=4th |location=Lahore}}</ref>|name="Indo-Pakistan"}} Meanwhile, many Indian analysts prefer to use the term because of the socio-cultural commonalities of the region.<ref name=farmerplus>B.H. Farmer, ''An Introduction to South Asia'', page 1, Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1983, {{ISBN|9780416726008}}, "The 'Indian sub continent' is a term that certainly recognises the dominant position of India in both area and population. Since the partition of Indian Empire, use of this term becomes offensive to the Pakistanis and the Bangladeshis." Jona Razzaque, ''Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh'', page 3, Kluwer Law International, 2004, {{ISBN|9789041122148}} "Yet, because citizens of Pakistan (which was carved out of India in 1947 and has had recurring conflicts with India since then) and of Bangladesh (which became separated from Pakistan by civil war in 1971) might find offensive the dominant placement of India in the term "Indian subcontinent", many scholars today prefer the more recently adopted designation 'South Asia.'" Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, ''Religions of South Asia: An Introduction'', page 3, Routledge, 2006, {{ISBN|9781134593224}} S K Shah, ''India and Its Neighbours: Renewed Threats and New Directions'', page 26, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017, {{ISBN|9789386367501}} "Indian analysts, who talk of the Indian sub-continent, wish to keep in mind, in their analyses, the common historical, political, religious and cultural heritage of these three countries. The term sub-continent is used less and less in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The political leadership and the policy-makers in these two countries do not wish to be reminded of this common heritage. Any highlighting of this common heritage by Indian analysts is viewed by them with suspicion—— as indicating a hidden desire to reverse history and undo the 1947 partition."</ref> The region has also been called the "Asian subcontinent",<ref>Lizzie Crouch and Paula McGrath, "[http://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645 Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes]", Health check, BBC World Service</ref><ref>K. Alan Kronstadt, ''Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U. S. Interests'', page 7, Diane Publishing, 2011, {{ISBN|9781437929539}}</ref> the "South Asian subcontinent",<ref>Aijazuddin Ahmad, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: A Critical Approach]'', page 17, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, {{ISBN|9788180695681}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ayesha Jalal |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes |url-access=registration |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=xiii |isbn=9780674028012}}</ref><ref>K. D. Kapur, ''Nuclear Non-proliferation Diplomacy: Nuclear Power Programmes in the Third World'', page 365, Lancers Books, 1993, {{ISBN|9788170950363}}|Daya Nath Tripathi (ed), ''Discourse on Indo European Languages and Culture'', page 193, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2005, {{ISBN|9788178271200}} Muhammad Akram Khan, ''What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda'', page 183, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, {{ISBN|9781782544159}}</ref> as well as "India" or "[[Greater India]]" in the classical and pre-modern sense.<ref name="mcleodplus"/><ref name="mittal">Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, ''Religions of South Asia: An Introduction'', page 3, Routledge, 2006, {{ISBN|9781134593224}}</ref><ref name="Kathleen M page 10">Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, ''The Changing Geography of Asia'', page 10, Routledge, 2002, {{ISBN|9781134933846}}</ref>

== Geology ==
{{Multiple image
| width = 180
| image1 = Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png
| image2 = Opening of eastern Indian Ocean 120 Ma.png
| image3 = Opening of eastern Indian Ocean 80 Ma.png
| image4 = Opening of eastern Indian Ocean 40 Ma.png
| footer = From left to right, rifting of the Indian subcontinent away from Gondwana at 150 million years ago (Ma), 120 Ma, 80 Ma and during the [[Paleocene]].
| align = left
| direction =
| total_width =
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
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}}

[[Image:Himalaya-formation.gif|thumb|upright|right|Due to [[plate tectonics]], the [[Indian Plate]] split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Mya) with the [[Eurasian Plate]], resulting in the formation of the [[Himalayas]].]]

The Indian subcontinent was formerly part of [[Gondwana]], a supercontinent formed during the late [[Neoproterozoic]] and early [[Paleozoic]].<ref name="Jones2011p267" /> Gondwana began to break up during the [[Mesozoic]], with [[Insular India]] separating from [[Antarctica]] 130-120 million years ago<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gaina|first1=Carmen|last2=Müller|first2=R. Dietmar|last3=Brown|first3=Belinda|last4=Ishihara|first4=Takemi|last5=Ivanov|first5=Sergey|date=July 2007|title=Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica|journal=Geophysical Journal International|language=en|volume=170|issue=1|pages=151–169|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x|bibcode=2007GeoJI.170..151G|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Madagascar]] around 90 million years ago,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Torsvik|first1=T.H.|last2=Tucker|first2=R.D.|last3=Ashwal|first3=L.D.|last4=Carter|first4=L.M.|last5=Jamtveit|first5=B.|last6=Vidyadharan|first6=K.T.|last7=Venkataramana|first7=P.|date=October 2000|title=Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x|journal=Terra Nova|language=en|volume=12|issue=5|pages=220–224|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x|bibcode=2000TeNov..12..220T|s2cid=128896193|issn=0954-4879}}</ref> during the [[Cretaceous]]. Insular India subsequently drifted northeastwards, colliding with the [[Eurasian Plate]] nearly 55 million years ago, during the [[Eocene]], forming the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Jones2011p267" /> The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains geologically active, prone to major earthquakes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bethany D. Rinard Hinga|title=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-297-7|pages=89–90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Alexander E. Gates|author2=David Ritchie|title=Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1sXfJCiCHQC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7270-5|pages=116–118}}</ref>

[[Physical geography|Physiographically]], it is a [[peninsula]]r region in South Asia delineated by the [[Himalayas]] in the north, the [[Hindu Kush]] in the west, and the [[Arakan Mountains|Arakanese]] in the east.<ref name="Chapman, Graham P. p. 10">{{citation|last1=Baker|first1=Kathleen M.|last2=Chapman|first2=Graham P.|title=The Changing Geography of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=11 March 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-93384-6|pages=10– |quote=This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dhavendra Kumar|title=Genomics and Health in the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889 |year=2012| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537475-9|pages=889–890}}</ref> It extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the southwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the southeast.<ref name=Oxford/><ref name="McLeod p1">John McLeod, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC&pg=PA1 The history of India]'', page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-313-31459-4}}</ref> Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by large mountain barriers.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Asia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2009 |last=Pannell |first= Clifton W. |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia |quote=The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continents pre-existing fabric. The neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone (along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate), and the island arcs and marginal basins.}}</ref> [[Laccadive Islands]], [[Maldives]] and the [[Chagos Archipelago]] are three series of [[coral atoll]]s, [[cay]]s and Faroes on the Indian plate along with the [[Chagos–Laccadive Ridge]], a [[mid-ocean ridge|submarine ridge]] that was generated by the northern drift of the Indian Plate over the [[Réunion hotspot]] during the [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Cenozoic]] times.<ref>E. Bredow, R. Gassmöller, J. Dannberg and B. Steinberger, [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.T13C2734B/abstract Geodynamic Models of Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Indian Ocean and its Effect on the Crustal Thickness of the Réunion Hotspot Track] (abstract), Astrophysics Data System (ADS), Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</ref><ref>T.R. McClanahan, C.R.C. Sheppard and D.O. Obura, ''Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation'', page 327, Oxford University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|9780195352177}}</ref><ref name=RHK/> The Maldives archipelago rises from a basement of volcanic basalt outpourings from a depth of about 2000 m forming the central part of the ridge between Laccadives and the [[Great Chagos Bank]].<ref name=RHK>Rudie H. Kuiter and Timothy Godfrey, ''Fishes of the Maldives – Indian Ocean'', page 1, Atoll Editions, 2014, {{ISBN|9781876410971}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Confluence of Zansakr and Indus River.jpg|thumb|The [[Indus River|Indus]] defines much of the [[ecosystem]] on the Indian subcontinent]]
According to anthropologist [[John R. Lukacs]], "the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia."<ref>John R. Lukacs, ''The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal'', page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, {{ISBN|9780306414077}}</ref> According to historian [[B. N. Mukherjee]], "The subcontinent is an indivisible geographical entity."<ref name=BNMNSI>Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, ''Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey'', page 4, Regency Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|9788187498261}}</ref> According to geographer [[Dudley Stamp]], "there is perhaps no mainland part of the world better marked off by nature as a region or a 'realm' by itself than the Indian subcontinent."<ref>{{cite book |author=L. Dudley Stamp |author-link=Dudley Stamp |year=1957 |title=India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma |location=London |publisher=Methuen |page=185 |oclc=213547929}}</ref>

This natural physical landmass in South Asia is the dry-land portion of the [[Indian Plate]], which has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006"/> The Himalayas (from [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east to [[Indus River]] in the west), Karakoram (from Indus River in the east to [[Yarkand River]] in the west) and the Hindu Kush mountains (from Yarkand River westwards) form its northern boundary.<ref name=BNMNSI/><ref>Samiul Hasan, ''The Muslim World in the 21st Century: Space, Power, and Human Development'', page 84, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, {{ISBN|9789400726321}}</ref> In the west it is bounded by parts of the mountain ranges of [[Hindu Kush]], [[Spīn Ghar]] (Safed Koh), [[Sulaiman Mountains]], [[Kirthar Mountains]], Brahui range, and Pab range among others,<ref name=BNMNSI/> with the Western Fold Belt along the border (between the Sulaiman Range and the Chaman Fault) is the western boundary of the Indian Plate,<ref>S. Mukherjee, R. Carosi, P.A. van der Beek, B.K. Mukherjee and D.M. Robinson (ed.), ''Tectonics of the Himalaya'', Geological Society of London, 2015, {{ISBN|9781862397033}}</ref> where, along the Eastern Hindu Kush, lies the Afghanistan–Pakistan border.<ref>Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh and Umesh K. Haritashya, ''Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers'', page 525, Springer Science & Business Media, 2011, {{ISBN|9789048126415}}</ref> In the east, it is bounded by [[Patkai]], [[Naga Hills|Naga]], [[Lushai Hills|Lushai]] and [[Chin Hills|Chin]] hills.<ref name=BNMNSI/> The [[Indian Ocean]], [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] forms the boundary of the Indian subcontinent in the south, south-east and south-west.<ref name=BNMNSI/>
[[File:Pink sunrise in Langtang.jpg|thumb|The rocky interiors of the [[Himalayas]]]]
Given the difficulty of passage through the Himalayas, the sociocultural, religious and political interaction of the Indian subcontinent has largely been through the valleys of Afghanistan in its northwest,<ref>{{cite book|author1=John L. Esposito|author2=Emad El-Din Shahin|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUcSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453 |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-063193-2|pages=453–456}}</ref> the valleys of [[Manipur]] in its east, and by maritime routes.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006"/> More difficult but historically important interaction has also occurred through passages pioneered by the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]]. These routes and interactions have led to the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|spread of Buddhism]] out of the Indian subcontinent into other parts of Asia. The [[Islamic conquests in India|Islamic expansion]] arrived into the Indian subcontinent in two ways: through Afghanistan on land, and to the Indian coast through the maritime routes on the Arabian Sea.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|pages=5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80}}</ref>

==Geopolitics==
In terms of modern geopolitical boundaries, the Indian subcontinent constitutes [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]], besides, by convention, the island country of [[Sri Lanka]] and other nearby island nations of the Indian Ocean, such as [[Maldives]] and {{cns|the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]].|date=July 2022}}{{or|date=July 2022}}<ref name=dkumar889>{{cite book|author=Dhavendra Kumar|title=Genomics and Health in the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889 |year=2012| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537475-9|page=889}}</ref><ref name=pirbhai14>{{cite book|author=Mariam Pirbhai|title=Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsCZZ3K6-uYC&pg=PA14 |year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9964-8|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dhavendra Kumar|title=Genomics and Health in the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537475-9|page=889|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221053207/https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live|quote=India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean}}</ref><ref>Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, ''Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas'', pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, {{ISBN|3-11-013417-9}} {{Cite book | last = Haggett | first = Peter | title = Encyclopedia of World Geography (Vol. 1) | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | date = 2001 | page = 2710 | isbn = 0-7614-7289-4}}</ref><ref>"the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia" [[John R. Lukacs]], ''The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal'', page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, {{ISBN|9780306414077}}. "the seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent". [[Tatu Vanhanen]], ''Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries'', page 144, Routledge, 1997, {{ISBN|9780415144063}}</ref> unlike "South Asia" sometimes the expression "Indian subcontinent" may exclude the islands of Maldives and Sri Lanka.<ref>John McLeod, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC&pg=PA1 The history of India]'', page 1, Greenwood Publishing fGroup, 2002, {{ISBN|0-313-31459-4}}</ref> According to Chris Brewster and [[Wolfgang Mayrhofer]], India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent. Brewster and Mayrhofer also maintain that with Afghanistan and Maldives included the region is referred to as South Asia.<ref>Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofer, ''Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management'', page 576, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|9780857938718}}</ref> The periphery of the subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and the island chains of the Maldives, features large Muslim populations, while the heartland, including most of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, are overwhelmingly Hindu or Buddhist.<ref>[[Salma K. Jayyusi]], Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli and Andre Raymond, ''The City in the Islamic World'', page 198, BRILL, 2008, {{ISBN|9789004162402}}</ref> Since most of these countries are located on the [[Indian Plate]], a continuous [[landmass]], the borders between countries are often either a river or a [[no man's land]].<ref>Chandra K. Sharma, ''Geology of Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Countries'', page 14, Sangeeta Sharma Books, 1990, ASIN B0006EWSCI</ref>

The precise definition of an "Indian subcontinent" in a geopolitical context is somewhat contested as there is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=anderson5>{{cite book|author1=Ewan W. Anderson|author2=Liam D. Anderson|title=An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs|date=4 December 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-VJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64862-5|page=5}}, Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".</ref><ref name="Jona Razzaque 2004">{{cite book|author=Jona Razzaque|title=Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3|year=2004|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-411-2214-8|pages=3 with footnotes 1 and 2}}</ref><ref>Akhilesh Pillalamarri, [https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/south-asia-or-india-an-old-debate-resurfaces-in-california/ South Asia or India: An Old Debate Resurfaces in California], The Diplomat, 24 May 2016; {{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Mukhtar |title=Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |year= 2014 |publisher=Foursome |isbn=978-1-4959-4130-6 |page=14}}</ref><ref name=mmann>{{cite book|author=Michael Mann|title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-62445-5|pages=13–15}}</ref> Whether called the Indian subcontinent or South Asia, the definition of the geographical extent of this region varies.<ref name="mittal"/><ref name="Kathleen M page 10"/> [[Afghanistan]], despite often considered as a part of South Asia, is usually not included in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=anderson5/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus| title=A History of Islamic Societies| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA698| year=2014| publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9| pages=269, 698–699}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Louis D Hayes|title=The Islamic State in the Post-Modern World: The Political Experience of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsiaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|year=2014|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-4724-1262-1|pages=55–56}}; {{cite book|author=Robert Wuthnow|title=The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-28493-9|pages=11–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC |title=Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books |date=20 October 2004 |isbn=9781402012150 |accessdate=20 July 2022|last1=Kumar |first1=Dhavendra }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4RLAAAAMAAJ |title=The Nations of the Indian Subcontinent - Irwin Isenberg - Google Books |date=4 October 2007 |isbn=9780824205218 |accessdate=20 July 2022|last1=Isenberg |first1=Irwin }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2ZXHAAACAAJ |title=The History of Emigration from the Indian Subcontinent - Katherine Prior - Google Books |isbn=9780531144183 |accessdate=20 July 2022|last1=Prior |first1=Katherine |year=1997 }}</ref> Maldives, an [[island country]] consisting of a small [[archipelago]] southwest of the peninsula, while largely considered a part of the Indian subcontinent,<ref name="pirbhai14"/> sometimes is mentioned by sources, including the [[International Monetary Fund]], as a group of islands away from the Indian subcontinent in a south-western direction.<ref>Ludwig Paul, ''Persian Origins'', page 31, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|9783447047319}}, "Maldive Islands which are scattered about the sea south-west of the Indian subcontinent, extending over more than 1,000km in a north-south direction."</ref><ref>Legal Department, International Monetary Fund, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rsEtEUFkVYUC&q=indian+subcontinent Maldives: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism]'', page 15, International Monetary Fund, 2012, {{ISBN|9781463979676}}, "[[Maldives]] is the smallest Asian country in both population and land area. Its closest neighbors to the north are India's [[Laccadive Islands]]. To the northeast is the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. To the south it borders the British Indian Occan Territory. About 2.600 kilometers (1,600 miles) further east, across the Indian Ocean, is Malaysia. To the west, the [[Horn of Africa]] is approximatcly 3,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) away."</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Religion ===
{{See also|South Asia#Religions}}

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in South Asia|Traditional games of South Asia}}
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the subcontinent,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Boria |title=South Asia's cricket obsession |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6171549.stm |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=BBC |date=21 December 2006}}</ref> with 90% of the sport's worldwide fans being in the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite news |title=India constitutes 90 percent of one billion cricket fans: ICC research |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-constitutes-90-percent-of-one-billion-cricket-fans-icc-research/articleshow/64760726.cms |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=27 June 2018}}</ref> There are also some traditional games, such as [[kabaddi]] and [[kho-kho]], which are played across the region and officially at the [[South Asian Games]] and [[Asian Games]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Traditional Games for Children, Traditional Games of Tamilnadu for Kids, Old Ancient Tamil Games of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.parentcircle.com/9-indian-traditional-games-for-children/article |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=ParentCircle |date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OCA » Ancient tag game of kho kho catching on fast |url=https://ocasia.org/news/231-ancient-tag-game-of-kho-kho-catching-on-fast.html |website=Olympic Council of Asia |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkat |first1=Rahul |title=Kabaddi at Asian Games: Indian men and women rule the roost |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/kabaddi-asian-games-history-winners-champions-list |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=Olympics.com |date=27 June 2023}}</ref> the leagues created for these traditional sports (such as [[Pro Kabaddi League]] and [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]) are some of the most-watched sports competitions in the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=17 January 2023 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119051136/https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Mint |quote="He also said that UKK is now among the top-5 non-cricketing leagues in India, after Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) and Indian Super League being the first two..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=27 January 2023 |title=Pro kabaddi, kho-kho leagues chase IPL viewership. India rediscovering regional sports |url=https://theprint.in/feature/pro-kabaddi-kho-kho-leagues-chase-ipl-viewership-india-rediscovering-regional-sports/1337725/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Arabian Peninsula]]
*[[Greater India]]
*[[Hindustan]]
*[[South Asia]]
*[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}{{Continents of Earth}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian subcontinent}}

[[Category:Toponyms for India]]
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:Geology of Asia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Continents]]

SK Sturm Graz

2023-09-28T13:54:51Z

T50: SK Sturm Graz

{{Short description|Austrian professional football club}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox football club
| nickname = Die Schwoazn, The Blackies
| ground = [[Liebenauer Stadium|Merkur Arena]]
| capacity = 16,364 15,400 (international games)
| league = [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]]
| season = [[2022–23 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2022–23]]
| position = Austrian Bundesliga, 2nd of 12
| current = 2022–23 SK Sturm Graz season
| image = SK Sturm Graz logo.svg
| upright = 0.75
| clubname = SK Sturm Graz
| fullname = Sportklub Sturm Graz
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1 May 1909}}
| chairman = Christian Jauk
| manager = [[Christian Ilzer]]
| website = http://www.sksturm.at
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'''Sportklub Sturm Graz''' is an Austrian professional [[association football]] club, based in [[Graz]], [[Styria]], playing in the [[Austrian Football Bundesliga]]. The club was founded in 1909. Its colours are black and white.

In its history, Sturm Graz has won the Austrian football championship three times, in 1998, 1999 and 2011, and participated several times in the [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League]]. Their biggest rivals are Graz neighbours [[Grazer AK]]. They share their Stadium, the Merkur Arena, with Grazer AK. This is a very controversial topic as Sturm Graz Fans groups have been fighting for years for a „Zwei-Stadien Lösung“ (2 Stadium Solution). The Shared stadium creates many unnecessary problems that would be solved with a second one.

== History ==

[[File:Sturm Graz Performance Graph.png|300px|thumb|Historical chart of Sturm Graz league performance]]

=== Foundation ===
SK Sturm Graz was founded in 1909 as a workers team, as opposed to its neighbours [[Grazer AK]], founded in 1902. Between 1921 and 1949, the team enjoyed considerable success in winning the regional Styrian championship 11 times.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The [[Anschluss]] in 1938 made Austria part of the [[Nazi Germany|German Third Reich]] and Austrian clubs became part of German football competition. Sturm played in the opening round of the 1940 Tschammerpokal, predecessor to the modern-day [[DFB-Pokal]]. They then qualified to play in the [[Gauliga Ostmark]], one of Germany's top-flight regional leagues, in 1941. The team withdrew part way through the 1941–42 season and was relegated after an 11th-place result in the following campaign.<ref>Grüne, Hardy (2001). Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs 7. Vereinslexikon. Kassel: Agon-Sportverlag. {{ISBN|9783897841475}}.</ref>

In 1949, Sturm entered the Austrian national league as the first non-[[Vienna]]-based team.

=== 1981: First success ===
The first great success came under manager [[Otto Barić]], when the club finished runners-up in the league in the 1980–81 season. In 1983–84, the club battled through to the quarter-finals of the [[1983–84 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]], beaten only by [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] through a penalty in extra-time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liverpool's barrage gets semi-final spot|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=diwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2011%2C946439|date=22 March 1984|access-date=4 September 2013|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|agency=United Press International|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214183603/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=diwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2011,946439|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1992: Start of a new era ===
In December 1992, [[Hannes Kartnig]] was installed as president, naming his close friend [[Heinz Schilcher]] as new manager. At the time, Sturm was languishing under enormous debts. Sturm qualified for the newly formed [[Zehnerliga]], and Kartnig and Schilcher decided the best course of action would be to abstain from big-name signings, opting instead for a new start using young players from the club's youth setup. In 1993, [[Milan Đuričić (footballer, born 1945)|Milan Đuričić]] became manager.

=== 1994 to 2002: Osim and European football ===
In 1994, the Bosnian [[Ivica Osim]] took control of the up-to-now unsuccessful Sturm; this proved to be a crucial turning-point in the club's history. Osim succeeded in producing an effective and powerful team using the young and inexperienced players at his disposal, strengthened with a few experienced leading players. The team's first success was as runners-up in the league in 1995. One year later, they won their first title, beating [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling|Admira Wacker]] in the cup final, but wobbling in the league to finish runners-up yet again.

In 1998, Sturm won its first Austrian Bundesliga title, pulling away from the field early on and winning the title with seven games in hand. Sturm set two records during this season; they remained unbeaten in their first 12 matches, and then for another 19 matches later in the season. At the end of the season, they amassed 81 points, an Austrian record total, winning the title with 19 points ahead of [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]. This season also saw the development of the "magic triangle" of [[Mario Haas]], [[Hannes Reinmayr]] and [[Ivica Vastić]].

The year 1999 saw Sturm Graz retain the title, securing the treble as they did so (league, cup and super cup), in addition to appearing in the qualification for the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Here, however, a scoreless draw with [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] proved to be the team's only success. The 1999–2000 season saw Sturm in the Champions League for a second time, finishing third in its group. [[FC Tirol]] wrested the domestic title from Sturm's grasp, but the runners-up spot achieved was sufficient for a third trip into the following season's Champions League.

Sensationally, Sturm Graz won its Champions League Group D (against [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]], [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] and [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]]), reaching the second round for the first time. The league campaign was less successful – a fourth-place finish, the worst under Osim.

After the Champions League exploits, several key players out of the 12 who later left were not suitably replaced. Worse still, this hasty squad redevelopment devoured almost all the profit made from the European campaign. Only a small fraction of the money was invested in youth development to establish an academy. Despite this, the newly assembled team again finished in second place in the league, but failed at the qualification hurdle for the Champions League. This, together with increasing criticism from the club president, precipitated the departure of Osim after eight years at the helm.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

=== 2002 to 2009: Consolidation ===
[[File:Mannschaft des SK Sturm Graz beim Cupfinale 2010.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sturm Graz, 2010 cup winners]]
[[Franco Foda]] and [[Gilbert Gress]] (seven defeats in nine games) both enjoyed short and fruitless stints as coach, before former sweeper [[Mihailo Petrović (footballer)|Michael Petrović]] took control in autumn 2003. He presided over a gradual introduction of young talent, securing the team's place in the top flight in both 2004 and 2005, finishing in seventh position.

Since 2005, Sturm has been facing financial problems and, on 1 September 2006, a petition of bankruptcy was filed by the tax authorities. Because of the financial situation, Sturm was forced to use young players who were soon sold to reconsole the club. Also in 2006, coach Michael Petrović left the club and was replaced by Franco Foda.

=== 2009 to present day: New successes ===
[[File:Sturm Graz.png|thumb|right|Former logo]]
After a fourth-place finish in 2009, the Blackies qualified for the group stage of the [[UEFA Europe League]] in 2009–10. Their opponents were Galatasaray, [[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]] and [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]]. In 2010, the Blackies won the [[ÖFB-Cup]] in [[Klagenfurt]] in front of 25,000 of its own fans against [[SC Wiener Neustadt|Wiener Neustadt]]. That was the highest number of fans ever travelling to a match in a different [[States of Austria|state]].

In 2010–11, Sturm won the Austrian championship. A highlight of the season was a qualifying match against [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] in the [[2010–11 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]].

In 2011–12, Sturm played in the [[2011–12 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]] qualification rounds and managed to defeat Hungarian club [[Fehérvár FC|Videoton]] and [[FC Zestafoni|Zestafoni]] of Georgia. In the play-off, however, Sturm Graz lost against [[FC BATE Borisov|BATE Borisov]], thus ensuring qualification to the group stages of the [[2011–12 UEFA Europa League|Europa League]], where they were grouped with [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]], [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]] and [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]. At the end of the season, Sturm finished fifth in the Bundesliga and head coach Franco Foda was fired after six years. With his replacement [[Peter Hyballa]], Sturm played strong during the autumn months, but a poor spring resulted in Hyballa's dismissal before the end of the season. Sturm managed to fourth in the final league table, albeit with the lowest number of points ever sufficed for fourth place. This ensured Europa League qualification for the subsequent year. [[Darko Milanič]], who won several titles with [[NK Maribor|Maribor]] in Slovenia, took the reins of the club for the 2013–14 campaign.

== Stadium ==
[[File:Merkur Arena.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Liebenauer Stadium|UPC-Arena]]]]

The traditional home of the team for many years was the ''[[Gruabn]]'', which held over 12,000 people – almost exclusively standing – and which was characterised by its narrow playing field and the proximity of the fans to the players. From 1997 to 2005, Gruabn was used just as a training ground and for youth and amateur matches. In 2005, the ground was sold to the city of Graz to relieve the club's financial difficulties. The year 1997 saw the club's move to the [[Liebenauer Stadium|Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium]], shared between Sturm and its local rivals, [[Grazer AK]]. From February 2006, the stadium was called [[Liebenauer Stadium|UPC-Arena]]. In July 2016, Merkur Insurance won the Sponsoring rights for the stadium. The stadium is now called the Merkur Arena.

== Fans and the Graz Derby ==
A study published in 2008 by the German market research institute ''Sport + Markt'' showed that Sturm have around 360,000 fans across Austria, which is only second to the number of [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]] supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.oe24.at/sport/fussball/rapid_wien/700000_Oesterreicher_sind_Rapid-Fans_361960.ece|title = 700.000 Österreicher sind Rapid-Fans|date = 18 September 2008|access-date = 9 May 2014|archive-date = 1 October 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091001035655/http://www.oe24.at/sport/fussball/rapid_wien/700000_Oesterreicher_sind_Rapid-Fans_361960.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> In Europe, there are estimated to be 410,000 fans, which ranks them as the 117th-most supported club.<ref>[http://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/fussball/1776577/index.do Bericht zur Studie auf ''kleinezeitung.at''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207224527/http://www.kleinezeitung.at/sport/fussball/1776577/index.do |date=7 December 2010 }}, retrieved 25 March 2009.</ref>

There are several organised [[Ultras|fan groups]] – the biggest and most well-known are Jewels Sturm and the Brigata Graz, which were both founded in 1994, and Grazer Sturmflut, founded two years later in 1996.

Sturm fans have a very strong friendship with fans of German [[2. Bundesliga]] club [[Karlsruher SC|Karlsruhe]]. They have also contacts with fans of [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] and fans from [[Pisa S.C.|Pisa]] and [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrara]] in the Italian league. More recently, they have also had contacts with a group of [[NK Maribor|Maribor]] ultras.

Sturm have a big rivalry with cross-town rivals [[Grazer AK]], with whom they compete the Graz Derby. In 1974, there was big opposition from both sets of fans against a proposed merger to become "FC Graz." Since 1920, excluding the friendly matches (especially before the first official Styrian Cup in 1920), 197 matches have been played between the two, of which there were 185 encounters in the [[Football in Austria|league]] (130 at the professional level and 55 at amateur level in the Styrian League); an additional five encounters in the [[Austrian Cup]]; one match in the [[Austrian Supercup]]; two meetings in the [[Tschammerpokal]] and four games in the Styrian Cup. The very first Derby took place in 1911, the last was dated 17 May 2007. So far, Sturm have won more derby matches than Grazer AK.

Other rivalries are with the two Vienna clubs ([[FK Austria Wien|Austria Wien]] and [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]) due to the history of competition for trophies between the three clubs, and as with most [[ultras]] the fans have a strong dislike of [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]], unhappy with the acquisition of [[SV Austria Salzburg|Austria Salzburg]] by Austrian [[energy drink]] company [[Red Bull]].

== Honours ==
* '''[[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]]'''
** '''Champions (3)''': [[1997–98 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1997–98]], [[1998–99 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1998–99]], [[2010–11 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2010–11]]
** Runners-up (8): [[1980–81 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1980–81]], [[1994–95 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1994–95]], [[1995–96 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1995–96]], [[1999–2000 Austrian Football Bundesliga|1999–2000]], [[2001–02 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2001–02]], [[2017–18 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2017–18]], [[2021–22 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2022–23]]
* '''[[Austrian Cup]]'''
** '''Winners (6)''': [[1995–96 Austrian Cup|1995–96]], [[1996–97 Austrian Cup|1996–97]], [[1998–99 Austrian Cup|1998–99]], [[2009–10 Austrian Cup|2009–10]], [[2017–18 Austrian Cup|2017–18]], [[2022–23 Austrian Cup|2022–23]]
** Runners-up (4): 1947–48, 1974–75, [[1997–98 Austrian Cup|1997–98]], [[2001–02 Austrian Cup|2001–02]]
* '''[[Austrian Supercup]]'''
** '''Winners (3)''': 1996, 1998, 1999
** Runners-up (2): 1997, 2002
* '''Austrian Amateur Champions''' (1): 1934
*'''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]''' (1): [[2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2008]] (Joint Winner)<ref name="Intertoto2008">[http://www.eurotopfoot.com/uic.php3 Coupe Intertoto 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205222/http://www.eurotopfoot.com/uic.php3 |date=6 June 2014}}. Listed are all 11 teams that won the Intertoto Cup, qualifying for the UEFA Cup.</ref>
 
*'''[[UEFA Champions League]]''' (3 participations): [[1998–99 UEFA Champions League|1998–99]], [[1999–2000 UEFA Champions League|1999–2000]], [[2000–01 UEFA Champions League|2000–01 (2nd Group stage)]]
*'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]''' (11 participations): [[1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1970–71]], [[1974–75 UEFA Cup|1974–75]], [[1978–79 UEFA Cup|1978–79]], [[1981–82 UEFA Cup|1981–82]], [[1983–84 UEFA Cup|1983–84]] (Quarter-finals), [[1988–89 UEFA Cup|1988–89]], [[1991–92 UEFA Cup|1991–92]], [[1995–96 UEFA Cup|1995–96]], [[1999–2000 UEFA Cup|1999–2000]], [[2002–03 UEFA Cup|2002–03]]

== European records ==
*'''Q'''= Qualifying
*'''P'''= Preliminary
*'''PO''' = Play-off
{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Country
! Club
! Home
! Away
|-
|rowspan="2"|1970–71
|rowspan="2"|[[1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Finland}}
|[[Ilves]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|2–4
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|England}}
|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|1974–75
|[[1974–75 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Belgium}}
|[[Royal Antwerp F.C.|Royal Antwerp]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|1975–76
|rowspan="3"|[[1975-76 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}}
|[[PFC Slavia Sofia|Slavia Sofia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}
|[[Szombathelyi Haladás]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|QF
|{{flagicon|FRG}}
|[[Eintracht Frankfurt]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|1978–79
|[[1978–79 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|FRG}}
|[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–5
|-
|rowspan="2"|1981–82
|rowspan="2"|[[1981–82 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|URS}}
|[[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|SWE}}
|[[IFK Göteborg]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|2–3
|-
|rowspan="4"|1983–84
|rowspan="4"|[[1983–84 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Romania|1965}}
|[[FC Sportul Studențesc București|Sportul Studențesc]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[Hellas Verona F.C.|Hellas Verona]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|GDR}}
|[[1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig|Lokomotive Leipzig]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|QF
|{{flagicon|England}}
|[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1 ([[After extra time|AET]])
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|1988–89
|[[1988–89 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[Servette FC|Servette]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|1991–92
|[[1991–92 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[FC Utrecht|Utrecht]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
|-
|1995–96
|[[1995–96 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|Q
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}}
|[[SK Slavia Prague|Slavia Prague]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|1996–97
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1996-97|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}}
|[[AC Sparta Prague|Sparta Prague]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|1997–98
|rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1997-98|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}}
|[[APOEL FC|APOEL]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|rowspan="4"|1998–99
|rowspan="4"|[[UEFA Champions League 1998-99|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}
|[[Újpest FC|Újpest]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|4–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–2
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group C – 4th
|{{flagicon|Russia}}
|[[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–5
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–6
|-
|rowspan="5"|1999–00
|rowspan="4"|[[UEFA Champions League 1999-00|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[Servette FC|Servette]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group D – 3rd, '''P'''
|{{flagicon|France}}
|[[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|{{flagicon|England}}
|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–3
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}}
|[[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Croatia Zagreb]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–3
|-
|[[1999-00 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|3–3 ([[After extra time|AET]])
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
|-
|rowspan="8"|2000–01
|rowspan="8"|[[UEFA Champions League 2000-01|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Israel}}
|[[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[Feyenoord]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group D – 1st, '''P'''
|{{flagicon|Scotland}}
|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–5
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkey}}
|[[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
|-
|{{flagicon|France}}
|[[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–5
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group A – 3rd
|{{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–5
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|{{flagicon|England}}
|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–3
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|2001
|[[2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup|UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|2
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[FC Lausanne-Sport|Lausanne-Sport]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|3–3
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002–03
|[[UEFA Champions League 2002-03|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Israel}}
|[[Maccabi Haifa F.C.|Maccabi Haifa]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|3–3
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2002-03 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Scotland}}
|[[Livingston F.C.|Livingston]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|5–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|3–4
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}}
|[[PFC Levski Sofia|Levski Sofia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1 ([[Kicks from the penalty mark|p]] 8–7)
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|rowspan="2"|[[2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup|UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1
|{{flagicon|Andorra}}
|[[FC Rànger's|Rànger's]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|5–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|Germany}}
|[[VfL Wolfsburg]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|2–2
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|rowspan="2"|[[2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup|UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|2
|{{flagicon|Belarus}}
|[[FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk|Shakhtyor Soligorsk]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}
|[[Budapest Honvéd FC|Budapest Honvéd]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|2008–09
|[[UEFA Cup 2008-09|UEFA Cup]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[FC Zürich|Zürich]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1 ([[Kicks from the penalty mark|p]] 2–4)
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="6"|2009–10
|rowspan="6"|[[UEFA Europa League 2009-10|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|[[NK Široki Brijeg|Široki Brijeg]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}}
|[[OFK Petrovac|Petrovac]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|5–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|Play-off
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}
|[[FC Metalist Kharkiv|Metalist Kharkiv]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group F – 4th
|{{flagicon|Romania}}
|[[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkey}}
|[[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010–11
|rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Europa League 2010-11|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Georgia}}
|[[FC Dinamo Tbilisi|Dinamo Tbilisi]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|Play-off
|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|rowspan="6"|2011–12
|rowspan="3"|[[UEFA Champions League 2011-12|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Hungary}}
|[[Fehérvár FC|Videoton]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|2–3
|-
|Q3
|{{flagicon|GEO}}
|[[FC Zestafoni|Zestafoni]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|1–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|PO
|{{flagicon|Belarus}}
|[[FC BATE Borisov|BATE Borisov]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[UEFA Europa League 2011-12|UEFA Europa League]]
|rowspan="3"|Group L – 4th
|{{flagicon|Russia}}
|[[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}}
|[[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–3
|-
|2013–14
|[[UEFA Europa League 2013-14|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[Breiðablik UBK|Breiðablik]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|0–0
|-
|2015–16
|[[UEFA Europa League 2015-16|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Russia}}
|[[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|2–3
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017–18
|rowspan="2"|[[2017–18 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}}
|[[FK Mladost Podgorica|Mladost Podgorica]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–0
|-
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Turkey}}
|[[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018–19
|[[2018-19 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–3
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|[[2018-19 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}}
|[[AEK Larnaca FC|AEK Larnaca]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–5
|-
|2019–20
|[[2019–20 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|Q2
|{{flagicon|Norway}}
|[[FK Haugesund|Haugesund]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021–22
|rowspan="4"|[[2021–22 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|Play-off
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}}
|[[NŠ Mura|Mura]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"|3–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|Group B – 4th
|{{flagicon|France}}
|[[AS Monaco FC|AS Monaco]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[PSV Eindhoven]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–4
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–2
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[Real Sociedad]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"|1–1
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022–23
|[[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}
|[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|1–2 ([[After extra time|AET]])
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"|0–1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2022–23 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|rowspan="3"|Group F – 4th
| {{flagicon|ITA}}
| [[S.S.Lazio|Lazio]]
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–0
| bgcolor="#ffd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–2
|-
| {{flagicon|NED}}
| [[Feyenoord]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"| 1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–6
|-
|{{flagicon|DNK}}
| [[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddffdd;"| 1–0
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–2
|-
|rowspan=4|2023–24
|[[2023–24 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]]
|Q3
|{{flagicon|NED}}
| [[PSV Eindhoven]]
| bgcolor="#fdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–3
| bgcolor="#fdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–4
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2023–24 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]
|rowspan="3"|Group D
|{{fbaicon|POR}}
|[[Sporting CP]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''14 Dec'''
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2
|-
|{{fbaicon|POL}}
|[[Raków Częstochowa]]
|style="text-align:center;"|'''30 Nov'''
|style="text-align:center;"|'''5 Oct'''
|-
|{{fbaicon|ITA}}
|[[Atalanta BC]]
|style="text-align:center;"|'''26 Oct'''
|style="text-align:center;"|'''9 Nov'''
|-
|}

== Players ==

=== Current squad ===
{{updated|28 September 2023}}
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=NED|pos=GK|name=[[Kjell Scherpen]]|other={{small|on loan from [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton]]}}}}
{{fs player|no=2|nat=SCO|pos=DF|name=[[Max Johnston (footballer)|Max Johnston]]}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=SLO|pos=DF|name=[[Jon Gorenc Stanković]]}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=SUI|pos=DF|name=[[Gregory Wüthrich]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[Aleksandar Borković]]}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Alexander Prass]]}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=POL|pos=FW|name=[[Szymon Włodarczyk]]}}
{{fs player|no=10|nat=GEO|pos=MF|name=[[Otar Kiteishvili]]}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Manprit Sarkaria]]}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Javi Serrano]]|other={{small|on loan from [[Atlético Madrid]]}}}}
{{fs player|no=15|nat=DEN|pos=FW|name=[[William Bøving]]}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=CPV|pos=FW|name=[[Bryan Teixeira]]}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=SVN|pos=FW|name=[[Tomi Horvat]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=NOR|pos=FW|name=[[Seedy Jatta]]}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Stückler]]}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=BIH|pos=DF|name=[[Jusuf Gazibegović]]}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Vesel Demaku]]}}
{{fs player|no=24|nat=BEL|pos=DF|name=[[Dimitri Lavalée]]|other={{small|on loan from [[K.V. Mechelen|Mechelen]]}}}}
{{fs player|no=25|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Stefan Hierländer]]}}
{{fs player|no=27|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=Gabriel Haider}}
{{fs player|no=28|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[David Schnegg]]}}
{{fs player|no=29|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Fuseini]]}}
{{fs player|no=31|nat=AUT|pos=GK|name=Luka Marić}}
{{fs player|no=35|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[Niklas Geyrhofer]]}}
{{fs player|no=38|nat=AUT|pos=FW|name=[[Leon Grgic]]}}
{{fs player|no=40|nat=AUT|pos=GK|name=Matteo Bignetti}}
{{fs player|no=42|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[David Affengruber (footballer, born 2001)|David Affengruber]]}}
{{fs player|no=44|nat=MLI|pos=DF|name=[[Amadou Dante]]}}
{{fs end}}

=== Out on loan ===
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=AUT|pos=MF|name=[[Christoph Lang]]|other=at [[TSV Hartberg|Hartberg]] until 30 June 2024}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=AUT|pos=FW|name=[[Luca Kronberger]]|other=at [[WSG Tirol|Tirol]] until 30 June 2024}}
{{fs end}}

=== Retired numbers ===
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no= 3 |nat=AUT |pos=DF |name=[[Günther Neukirchner]]|other=1989–2006}}
{{fs player|no= 7 |nat=AUT |pos=FW |name=[[Mario Haas]]|other=1993–2012}}
{{fs end}}

==Coaching staff==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
|First-Team Manager
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Christian Ilzer]]
|-
|First-Team Assistant Manager
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Uwe Hölzl
|-
|First-Team Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Dominik Deutschl
|-
|First-Team Goalkeeper Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Stefan Loch
|-
|Mental Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Mathias Berthold]]
|-
|Athletic Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Marco Angeler
|-
|Rehab Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Bernd Prorok
|-
|Development Coach
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Günther Neukirchner]]
|-
|Chief Analyst
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Paul Pajduch
|-
|Managing Director Sport
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Andreas Schicker]]
|-
|Scout
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Bruno Friesenbichler]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Christoph Leitgeb]]
|-
|Director of youth department/Stadium Announcer
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Thomas Raffl]]
|-
|Chief instructor
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Dietmar Pegam]]
|-
|Team Manager
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Martin Ehrenreich]]
|}

== Managerial history ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Leopold Kruschitz (1945–46)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Josef Molzer]] (1946–49)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ludwig Durek]] (1950)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Franz Czernicky]] (1951–52)
* {{flagicon|Austria}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Karl Decker (footballer)|Karl Decker]] (1952–54)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}}{{flagicon|Austria}} Janos Gerdov (1954)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Hans Gmeindl (1955)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Rudolf Strittich]] (1 July 1955 – 30 June 1956)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Josef Blum]] (1956–58)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ludwig Durek]] (1958–60)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}}{{flagicon|Austria}} János Szép (1960–61)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Otto Mühlbauer (1961)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} August Rumpf (1961–62)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}}{{flagicon|Austria}} Lajos Lörinczy (1962–63)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} August Rumpf (1963)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Rudolf Suchanek (1963–64)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Karl Adamek]] (1965–66)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Franz Fuchs (footballer)|Franz Fuchs]] (1966–67)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Karl Kowanz]] (1967)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Gerd Springer]] (1967–70)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}}{{flagicon|Austria}} János Szép (1970–71)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} August Rumpf (1971)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Adolf Remy (1971–72)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Karl Schlechta]] (1972–77)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Dr. [[Günther Paulitsch]] (1977–80)
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Otto Barić]] (1 July 1980 – 30 June 1982)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Gernot Fraydl]] (1 July 1982 – 9 April 1984)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Robert Pflug (10 April 1984 – 23 September 1984)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hermann Stessl]] (24 September 1984 – 30 June 1985)
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Ivan Marković (footballer, born 1928)|Ivan Marković]] (1 July 1985 – 12 October 1985)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Franz Mikscha (13 Oct 1985 – 30 June 1986)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Walter Ludescher]] (1 July 1986 – 24 September 1988)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Manfred Steiner (''int.'') (24 September 1988 – 31 October 1988)
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Otto Barić]] (1 Oct 1988 – 30 June 1989)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[August Starek]] (1 July 1989 – 1 November 1991)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Robert Pflug (1 Nov 1991 – 1 October 1992)
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Ladislav Jurkemik]] (1 Nov 1992 – 30 June 1993)
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Milan Đuričić (footballer, born 1945)|Milan Đuričić]] (1 July 1993 – 30 June 1994)
* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Ivica Osim]] (1 June 1994 – 14 September 2002)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Franco Foda]] (14 September 2002 – 31 May 2003)
* {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Gilbert Gress]] (1 July 2003 – 31 August 2003)
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Mihailo Petrović (footballer)|Mihailo Petrović]] (1 September 2003 – 31 May 2006)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Franco Foda]] (1 July 2006 – 12 April 2012)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Thomas Kristl]] (''int.'') (12 April 2012 – 31 May 2012)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Peter Hyballa]] (1 June 2012 – 22 April 2013)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Markus Schopp]] (''int.'') (22 April 2013 – 3 June 2013)
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Darko Milanič]] (4 June 2013 – 23 September 2014)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Günther Neukirchner]] (''int.'') (23 September 2014 – 30 September 2014)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Franco Foda]] (30 September 2014 – 1 January 2018)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Heiko Vogel]] (1 January 2018 – 5 November 2018)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Günther Neukirchner]] (''int.'') (5 Nov 2018 – 12 November 2018)
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Roman Mählich]] (12 Nov 2018 – 31 June 2019)
* {{flagicon|England}} [[Nestor El Maestro]] (1 July 2019 - 25 June 2020)
{{div col end}}
<ref>[https://www.sksturm.at/de/klub/geschichte/trainer/ SK Sturm Graz Official Website: Geschichte Trainer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218025406/https://www.sksturm.at/de/klub/geschichte/trainer/ |date=18 December 2021 }} {{in lang |de}}</ref>

== Club management ==

=== Administration ===
* President: Christian Jauk

=== Coaching staff ===
* Coach: [[Christian Ilzer]]
* Asst. Coach: [[Dominik Deutschl]], [[Uwe Hölzl]]
* Goalkeeping Coach: [[Stefan Loch]]
* Youth and Amateur Team Coach: [[Mohamed Sahli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{in lang|de}} [http://www.sksturm.at/ Official Website]
*[http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50111/domestic.html Sturm Graz at UEFA.COM]
*[http://www.eufo.de/football/aut/sk_sgraz.htm Sturm Graz at EUFO.DE]
*[http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/sturm-graz/ Sturm Graz at Weltfussball.de]
*[http://www.footballsquads.co.uk/austria/2012-2013/bundes/sturmgraz.htm Sturm Graz at Football Squads.co.uk]
*[http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/club.php?id=141 Sturm Graz at National Football Teams.com]
*[http://www.football-lineups.com/team/Sturm_Graz/ Sturm Graz at Football-Lineups.com]
*{{in lang|de}} [http://www.sturm12.at/ Onlinenews about Sturm Graz]

{{SK Sturm Graz seasons}}
{{Austrian Bundesliga}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Graz, Sturm FK}}
[[Category:SK Sturm Graz| ]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1909]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Austria]]
[[Category:Football clubs from former German territories]]
[[Category:1909 establishments in Austria]]

Agra (2023 film)

2023-09-16T04:20:25Z

T50:

{{short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agra
| image = Agra (2023 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Kanu Behl]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vikram Mehra
* Siddarth Anand Kumar
* William Jéhannin
* Kanu Behl}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Atika Chohan
* Kanu Behl}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Mohit Agarwal
* [[Priyanka Bose]]
* [[Rahul Roy]]
* [[Vibha Chibber]]}}
| music = Karan Gour
| cinematography = Saurabh Monga
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Samarth Dixit
* Nitesh Bhatia}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Yoodlee Films|Saregama India Ltd]]
* [[UFO Moviez|UFO Production]]
* O28 Films
}}
| distributor = Les Films de l'Atalante
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2023|5|24|[[2023 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]}}
| country = India
| runtime = 132 minutes
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Agra''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|ɡ|r|ə}}, {{IPA-hns|ˈaːgraː|lang|Agra.ogg}}) is a 2023 Hindi-language Indian [[drama film]], co-written and directed by [[Kanu Behl]]. It features debutant Mohit Agarwal, [[Priyanka Bose]], [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Vibha Chibber]], [[Sonal Jha]] and Aanchal Goswami in pivotal roles. The film follows Guru, a young single call center employee who still lives with his parents. Consumed by frustration, he plunges into a fever bordering on insanity, between pathetic fantasies, dating apps and hysterical self-harm.

"''Agra'' grasps the reality of patriarchy in India through the prism of male sexual misery,” is the description given in [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]] of the film, where it premiered in the [[Directors' Fortnight]] on 24 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kanu-behls-agra-to-have-world-premiere-at-directors-fortnight-of-cannes-film-festival-8562919/lite/|title=Kanu Behl's Agra to have world premiere at Directors' Fortnight of Cannes Film Festival|work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Mohit Agarwal as Guru
* [[Priyanka Bose]] as Priti
* [[Rahul Roy]] as daddy ji<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/rahul-roy-heads-back-on-set-with-film-on-sexual-dynamics-within-a-family/21385022|title=Rahul Roy heads back on set with film on sexual dynamics within a family|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ruhani Sharma]] as Mala<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220619/ruhani-sharma-goes-north.html |title=Ruhani Sharma goes North |author=Sashidhar Adivi|website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as mummy ji
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Aunty ji
* Aanchal Goswami as Chhavi

==Production==

In November 2022, the film was selected for India’s Film Bazaar strand, which is a part of Film Bazaar, the South Asia film project market operated by India’s National Film Development Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/film-bazaar-india-2022-selections-1235430958/|title= ‘Agra,’ ‘Joram,’ ‘Sultana’s Dream’ Among Projects Selected for India’s Film Bazaar Sidebars |last= Ramachandran |first= Naman |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date= 15 September 2023}}</ref>

''Agra'' was filmed in June and July 2019. In 2020, when the film was in the middle of post production, It was held up for five months due to COVID-19 pandemic. It was shot on location in [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/sexual-repression-india-agra-taj-mahal-kanu-behl-cannes-1235622599/ |title= Sexual Repression in India and an ‘Agra’ Without Taj Mahal: Kanu Behl on Cannes Directors’ Fortnight Selection |last= Ramachandran |first= Naman |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date= 15 September 2023}}</ref>

==Release==

The film premiered at [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]] in Directors' Fortnight on 24 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |title=Cannes Directors' Fortnight Unveils 2023 Line-Up: Michel Gondry, Hong Sangsoo, 'Good Time' DoP Sean Price Williams Make Cut – Full List & Film Details |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/cannes-directors-fortnight-2023-line-up-2-1235329293/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref name="can:prod">{{Cite web |title=Selection 2023 |url=https://www.quinzaine-cineastes.fr/en/selection/2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Quinzaine des cinéastes |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, it was selected at 2023 [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], where it won the Best Indie Film award and Best Performance in Film (male) award for Mohit Agarwal.<ref name="ht:rel">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html|title=IFFM 2023 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Pathaan, Rani Mukerji, Sita Ramam win top honours|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

It will also be screened at the [[28th Busan International Film Festival|BIFF]] in 'A Window on Asian Cinema' in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_all_list.asp?allYear=2023 |title= The 28th Busan International Film Festival: Selection List |website=Busan International Film Festival|access-date=September 15, 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-headed-to-busan-film-festival/articleshow/103395151.cms |title= Karan Johar's 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' headed to Busan Film Festival|website= Times of India |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

==Reception==

On the review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] website, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10.<ref name="score:rotten">{{cite Rotten Tomatoes |title= Agra (2023, Drama) |id= agra_2023 |type=m |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

''Agra'' which had its world premiere in the [[Directors’ Fortnight]] section of the [[76th Cannes Film Festival]] received a 5-minute standing ovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/agra-premieres-at-cannes-has-5-minute-standing-ovation-at-directors-fortnight-101685004947995.html|title=Kanu Behl’s Agra premieres at Cannes, gets 5-minute standing ovation at Directors’ Fortnight |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

Fabien Lemercier reviewing for [[Cineuropa]] praised the film and wrote, "A hard-hitting and audacious film that will leave no one indifferent and that only a formally talented filmmaker like Kanu Behl could bring to a safe harbour beyond its ambient darkness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/442951/ |title= Cannes 2023: Directors’ Fortnight Review: Agra|first= Fabien |last= Lemercier |access-date=15 September 2023 |website= Cineuropa |language=en}}</ref> Namrata Joshi for [[ScreenDaily]] wrote in review that in the film "The characters are developed well and have complexity to them, and the terrific ensemble cast elevates the film; particularly Bose, Agarwal and Roy..."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/agra-cannes-review/5182369.article |title=‘Agra’: Cannes Review|first= Namrata |last= Joshi |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a positive review and described it as "a triumphal return to Cannes".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/express-at-cannes-anurag-kashyap-kanu-bahl-chart-triumphal-returns-8628499/ |author=Gupta, Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title= Express at Cannes: Anurag Kashyap, Kanu Bahl chart triumphal returns |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date= 15 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] wrote on ''Himal Southasian'': "Agra is an unsettling reminder of why society should study the victim-turned-victimiser phenomenon, the heterogeneity of evil and persecution, if we wish to combat the self-destructive nature of patriarchy." Vetticad added, "The optimistic view is that just as 'life finds a way', to quote Steven Spielberg’s Jurassic Park, so too good cinema will find its audience."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.himalmag.com/agra-kanu-behl-film-grim-portrait-sexual-violence-repressed-indian-man/|author=Vetticad, A.M.M. |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |title=In ‘Agra’, a grim portrait of the repressed Indian man |website= Himal Southasian |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee(s) of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award ceremony 
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category 
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne#2023|2023]]
| Best Indie Film
| ''Agra''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center | <ref name="ht:rel"/>
|-
| Best Performance in Film (male)
| Mohit Agarwal
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten tomatoes}}
* [https://www.quinzaine-cineastes.fr/en/film/agra ''Agra''] at Quinzaine des cinéastes

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Agra]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Muppathi Moonu Waterfalls

2023-09-07T14:45:04Z

T50:

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{short description|Waterfalls in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox waterfall|name=Muppathi Moonu Waterfalls|photo=|photo_caption=|location=[[Mankulam]], [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]], India|coords=|elevation=|type=|height=|height_longest=|average_width=|number_drops=|average_flow=|watercourse=|image=}}

'''Muppathi Moonu Waterfalls''' is located in [[Idukki district]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everflowing Muppathi Moonu waterfalls and offroad jeep safari- new favourites of tourists in Idukki |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/travel/everflowing-muppathi-moonu-waterfalls-and-offroad-jeep-safari-new-favourites-of-tourists-in-idukki-1.8578976 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ദൃശ്യവിരുന്നൊരുക്കി മുപ്പത്തിമൂന്ന് വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം {{!}} Idukki {{!}} Kerala {{!}} Deshabhimani {{!}} Sunday Dec 6, 2020 |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/news-idukkikerala-06-12-2020/911748 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.deshabhimani.com}}</ref> Located in [[Mankulam, Idduki|Mankulam]], it originates from a forest and is mostly visited by tourists, who visits [[Aanakkulam|Anakkulam]] for trekking and site seeing of elephants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വിനോദ സഞ്ചാരികളുടെ ഇഷ്ടകേന്ദ്രമായി മാങ്കുളത്തെ മുപ്പത്തിമൂന്ന് വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/idukki/muppathimoonnu-water-fall-in-mankulam-panchayath/articleshow/79591383.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]

{{waterfall-stub}}

Amy Maghera

2023-08-24T12:45:33Z

T50: new article

{{Short description|British model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amy Maghera
| image = Amrit Maghera.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Maghera in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| other_names =
| television = ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| years_active= 2008–present
| occupation = Actress
}}
'''Amy Maghera''' (formerly '''Amrit Maghera'''){{efn|Her birth name is Amrit, but she announced her name change to Amy in March 2021.<ref name=AmyInsta/> To reflect this, the article will refer to her as Amy.}} is a British model and actress, working in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films. From 2015 to 2017, she appeared in the British soap opera ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' as [[Neeta Kaur]].

==Career==
Maghera began her career as a dancer for the likes of [[Kanye West]] and [[Guns N' Roses]]. She was working as a background dancer on the sets of a [[Bollywood]] film in [[Mumbai]] when she was scouted by a [[Modeling agency|modelling]] agency bringing in a five-year contract with [[Lakme]], India's highest top end [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] company as its [[brand ambassador]]. She also featured as a [[Backup dancer|backing dancer]] for the [[£1 Fish|£1 Fish song]] by [[One Pound Fish Man]] in December 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amritmaghera.com/ |title=Amrit Maghera |publisher=amritmaghera.com |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722211003/http://amritmaghera.com/ |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This launched her career in modelling as she went on to do assignments with reputed brands like [[Satya Paul]], [[Miss Sixty]], [[L’Oreal]], [[Skechers]], [[Nokia]] and [[Olay]] among others, besides participating in fashion shows with designers like Alison Kanugo and [[Neeta Lulla]].{{Cn|date=March 2022}} In 2014, she appeared in ''[[Mad About Dance]]''. She also did the lead vocals for the film. A Punjabi film ''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]'' with singer Amrinder Gill followed soon after.{{Cn|date=March 2022}}

In April 2015, a British-Asian film featuring her, ''[[Amar Akbar & Tony]]'', was released in the [[United Kingdom]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She then acted alongside [[Sandhya Mridul]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Sarah-Jane Dias]] and [[Anushka Manchanda]] in the 2015 film ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'', a film which marked the debut of Pan Nalin in mainstream Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/pan-nalin-directs-india-s-first-female-friendship-film-angry/article_521e84ba-348a-11e5-a9fe-c7be68127cbd.html |title=Pan Nalin Directs India's First Female Friendship Film, 'Angry Indian Goddesses' |publisher=India West |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165557/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/pan-nalin-directs-india-s-first-female-friendship-film-angry/article_521e84ba-348a-11e5-a9fe-c7be68127cbd.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2015, Maghera joined the cast of the [[Channel 4]] [[soap opera]], ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' as [[Neeta Kaur]]. She departed the serial in November 2017 after her character was [[killed off]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/hollyoaks-viewers-shocked-after-evil-11437046.amp |title=Hollyoaks viewers shocked after evil Mac Nightingale drops Neeta Kaur to almost certain death |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> Her death scene was nominated for Best Show-Stopper at the 2018 [[Inside Soap Awards|''Inside Soap'' Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronation Street tops ''Inside Soap'' Awards 2018 shortlist with 18 nominations |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation-street/a868513/coronation-street-inside-soap-awards-shortlist-2018/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 31 March 2021, she uploaded a post on Instagram stating that she had legally changed her forename from Amrit to Amy. She stated that Amy has been a lifelong nickname for her, and that she is equally "proud of my mixed heritage - Indian and White". Her name change was not to turn her back on any culture, as she also stated in the post that she is maintaining her mother's Indian surname Maghera.<ref name=AmyInsta>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CNETP_ABJYs/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/amy.maghera/2541240751065699884 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration |title=30 March 2021 at 19:40 |last=Maghera |first=Amy |website=[[Instagram]] |date=30 March 2021 |accessdate=1 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' || Shazia || Hindi || Credited as Aimee Maghera
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]'' ||Alisha || Punjabi || With [[Amrinder Gill]] as male lead
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mad About Dance]]'' || Aashira Qureshi || Hindi || Also singer
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' || 'Jo' Joanna || Hindi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Amar Akbar & Tony]]'' || || English || A British-Asian film
|-
| 2015–2017 || ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' || [[Neeta Kaur]] || English || Series regular
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' || Nadia Badhir || English || 1 episode
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Skater Girl]]'' || Jessica || Hindi and English || Feature film
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4199026}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maghera, Amrit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English female models]]
[[Category:English soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:European actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses of European descent in Indian films]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:British actresses of Asian descent]]

Natasha Bharadwaj

2023-07-16T17:55:52Z

T50:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}

'''Natasha Bharadwaj''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] web shows. Bharadwaj started her career as a contestant on the reality show ''[[India's Next Superstars]]'' (2018), where she emerged as the winner. She then made her acting debut with the web series ''[[Pawan & Pooja]]'' (2020). Bharadwaj is best known for her role in the series ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/getahead/report/why-the-internet-loves-natasha-bharadwaj/20230530.htm |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=Rediff.com |author=Rediff Style |title=Why The Internet Loves Natasha Bharadwaj}}</ref>

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Natasha Bharadwaj
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
| title = [[Miss Diva 2016]] (''Finalist'') [[Miss Diva 2016]] (''Miss Talented'')
| alma mater = [[Jai Hind College]], [[Mumbai]]
}}

==Early life==
Bharadwaj was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]]. She completed her graduation from [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.beautypageants.in/contestantprofile/53481545.cms |title=Miss Diva 2016 - Yamaha Fascino Miss Talented Natasha Bharadwaj - All Details |accessdate=22 September 2017 |website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> Bharadwaj participated in [[Miss Diva 2016]], where she became one of the finalist and won the title "Yamaha Fascino Miss Talented".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/contestants/miss-diva-finalists-2016/contestantslist/53412916.cms|title=2016 - Miss Diva Contestants - Miss Diva - Beauty Pageants |accessdate=25 August 2017 |website=Femina Miss India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/ishq-next-door-actress-natasha-bharadwaj-when-it-comes-to-love-i-am-an-old-school-romantic/cid/1952047|title=Ishq Next Door actress Natasha Bharadwaj: When it comes to love, I am an old-school romantic |accessdate=14 July 2023 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[India's Next Superstars]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aman Gandotra, Natasha Bharadwaj and Shruti Sharma were declared winners of India's Next Superstars|language=en-US|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indias-next-superstars-winners-aman-gandotra-natasha-bharadwaj-5127299/|access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pawan & Pooja]]''
| Pooja Maheshwari
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan & Pooja trailer: Deepti Naval, Mahesh Manjrekar, Gul Panag, Sharman Joshi explore changing definitions of love|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pawan-pooja-trailer-deepti-naval-mahesh-manjrekar-gul-panag-explore-changing-definitions-of-love-8006651.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
| Dr. Diya Parekh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikkhil Advani on 'Mumbai Diaries 26/11' success: Overwhelming to see everyone's effort getting recognition|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/nikkhil-advani-on-mumbai-diaries-2611-success-overwhelming-to-see-everyones-effort-getting-recognition-23192157|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Mid Day|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''Ishq Next Door''
| Meher Kaur Sikka
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishq Next Door Trailer: Abhay Mahajan, Natasha Bharadwaj, Mrinal Dutt, Purav Jha starrer series|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/ishq-next-door-trailer-abhay-mahajan-natasha-bharadwaj-mrinal-dutt-purav-jha-and-gopi-desai-starrer-ishq-next-door-official-trailer/amp_videoshow/101302393.cms|access-date=28 June 2023|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''Maan Meri Jaan''
| King
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH - Trending music video 'Maan Meri Jaan' sung by King, starring Natasha Bharadwaj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-trending-hindi-video-song-maan-meri-jaan-sung-by-king/videoshow/96394688.cms|access-date=25 October 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress - Drama (OTT)
| ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/topic/natasha-bharadwaj/awards |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=Times of India |title=List of awards and nominations received by Natasha Bharadwaj}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|10019156}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharadwaj, Natasha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from India]]

Kalnai River

2023-07-10T20:15:24Z

T50: Designed a new article.

{{short description| Tributary of river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kalnai River

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Flows through
| subdivision_name2 = [[Donadi]]-[[Thathri]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| source1 = Kalgoni Stream
| source1_location = [[Donadi]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|33.133750|N|75.853266|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth = [[Chenab River]]
| mouth_location = [[Thathri]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|08|43|N|75|47|28|E|display=inline}}
| length =
| elevation =
| discharge =
| watershed =
}}

The '''Kalnai River''' is a tributary of the [[Chenab River]] in the [[Bhalessa]] region bordering [[Doda district|Doda]] and [[Kishtwar district]]s in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="j603">{{cite web | title=3 killed in landslides, flash floods in Jammu | website=[[Greater Kashmir]] | date=9 July 2023 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/rain-batters-jk-3-killed-in-landslides-flash-floods-in-jammu | access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeraj |last2=Rana |first2=Suresh Kumar |last3=Raina |first3=Pankaj |last4=Amir |first4=Raja |last5=Kichloo |first5=Muzaffar Ahmed |title=An annotated checklist of the birds of upper Chenab catchment, Jammu & Kashmir, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=11869 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38029034/An_annotated_checklist_of_the_birds_of_upper_Chenab_catchment_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India |issn=0974-7907}}</ref> An under construction 48MW Lower Kalnai hydroelectric project is located at [[Donadi]] on this river.<ref name="k952">{{cite web | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Hanging fate of Lower Kalnai power project | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=24 February 2022 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hanging-fate-of-lower-kalnai-power-project/ | access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

==Course==
The Kalnai River originates from the confluence of the Kalgoni Stream and the rivulet from the [[Bunjwah]] area at [[Donadi]].<ref name="f799">{{cite web | title=Energo is Developing Hydro Power Project in Jammu & Kashmir | website= EPC, Operation & Maintenance Services Company in India | date=6 September 2018 |url=http://energoindia.co.in/services/hydro-projects.html | ref={{sfnref | EPC, Operation & Maintenance Services Company in India | 2018}} | access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="c246">{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=India justifies designs of Pakal Dul, Lower Kalnai hydro projects in J-K as Pakistan objects | website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=23 March 2021 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-justifies-designs-of-pakal-dul-lower-kalnai-hydro-projects-in-j-k-as-pakistan-objects-229331 | access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref> The river flows through the [[Bhalessa]] region.<ref name="d442">{{cite web | last=Yusafzai | first=Tahir Nadeem Khan | title=Doda admin asks people not to venture near water bodies | website=[[Greater Kashmir]] | date=31 July 2022 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/doda-admin-asks-people-not-to-venture-near-water-bodies | access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

The river continues its journey, gradually gaining strength as it moves southeastwards. After a course of approximately 25 kilometers, it reaches the town of [[Thathri]], where it finally joins the mighty [[Chenab River]].<ref>{{Cite journal | author1 = Sharma, Neeraj | author2 = Rana, Suresh | author3 = Raina, Pankaj | author4 = Amir, Raja | author5 = Kichloo, Muzaffar | year = 2018 | pages = | title = An annotated checklist of birds of upper Chenab catchment, Jammu and Kashmir, India | volume = 10 | journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa | doi = 10.11609/jot.3464.10.7.11869-11894}}</ref>

==Dams==
===Lower Kalnai Hydroelectric Project===
The Lower Kalnai Hydroelectric Project is a proposed hydropower project located on Kalnai river in the Doda district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The project was awarded to a construction company in 2013 with an initial completion target of 2017. However, due to certain problems faced by the executing company, the project was delayed and left incomplete.<ref name="k952"/>

In response to the challenges, the State Administrative Council, nearly three years ago, sanctioned re-tendering of the project, considering factors such as the completed work, current material and equipment prices, and revised detailed project report (DPR). However, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Power Development Corporation]] has not completed the re-tendering process, and there is no tangible evidence of progress.<ref name="k952"/>

During the meeting of the Indus Commissioners of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], Pakistan raised objections to the designs of the Lower Kalnai Hydroelectric Project in Jammu and Kashmir. They also sought more information on the projects in Ladakh that were sanctioned after the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]]. India, on its part, justified its stand on the designs of the project. The Lower Kalnai project, proposed in [[Kishtwar district |Kishtwar]] and [[Doda district]]s, was among the projects discussed under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]]. Both countries engaged in discussions on these issues during the annual Permanent Indus Commission meeting, which marked an important engagement between the two nations.<ref name="c246"/>

==See also==
* [[Neeru river]]
* [[Chenab River]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External Links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/133029782#map=11/33.1232/75.9454 Kalnai river] on OpenStreet.

[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Chenab River]]

Buddhist temple

2023-05-06T07:57:17Z

T50: Formulated a new page.

{{Short description|Buddhist place of worship}}
[[File:Candi Sewu viewed from the south, 23 November 2013.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Sewu]], an eighth century Mahayana Buddhist temple in [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]
{{Buddhism}}
A '''Buddhist temple''' or [[Buddhist monastery]] is the [[place of worship]] for [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], the followers of [[Buddhism]]. They include the structures called [[vihara]], [[chaitya]], [[stupa]], [[wat]] and [[pagoda]] in different regions and languages. Temples in Buddhism represent the [[Pure Land Buddhism|pure land]] or pure environment of a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]]. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire inner and outer peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kadampanewyork.org/temple/|title=New York Buddhist Temple for World Peace|publisher=Kadampanewyork.org|access-date=2012-06-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611060043/http://www.kadampanewyork.org/temple/|archive-date=2012-06-11}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{anchor|Arch|Buddhist temple architecture}}
{{Main|Buddhist architecture|Architecture of India#Indic|l2= Architecture of Indic religions}}

Its architecture and structure varies from region to region. Usually, the temple consists not only of its buildings, but also the surrounding environment. The Buddhist temples are designed to symbolize five elements: fire, air, water, earth and [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|wisdom]].<ref name="bbcworship">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/customs/worship_1.shtml|title=Buddhism: Buddhist Worship|website=BBC|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref>

==India==
{{anchor|Arch|arch}}
{{See also|Architecture of India|Ancient Indian architecture|Indian vernacular architecture|Buddhist caves in India}}

The design of temples in India was influenced by the idea of a place of worship as a representation of the universe. For Buddhist temple complexes one tall temple is often centrally located and surrounded by smaller temples and walls. This center surrounded by oceans, lesser mountains and a huge wall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Riley |first1=Michael Kampel |title=Art Beyond the West |publisher=Pearson Education |page=61}}</ref>

A [[Chaitya]], Chaitya hall or Chaitya-griha refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in [[Indian religions]]. The term is most common in [[Buddhism]], where it refers to a space with a [[stupa]] and a rounded [[apse]] at the end opposite the entrance, and a high roof with a rounded profile. Strictly speaking, the chaitya is the stupa itself, and the Indian buildings are chaitya halls, but this distinction is often not observed. Many of the early Chaitya were [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]], as in [[Karla caves]] or [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]].

[[File:Tall circular Buddhist temple, Early 1st Century CE - Mathura - ACCN 00-M3 - Government Museum - Mathura.jpg|thumb|Tall circular Buddhist temple, early 1st Century CE, [[Mathura Museum]]]]
Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type. [[Ashoka]] also built the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] circa 250 BCE, a circular structure, in order to protect the [[Bodhi tree]] under which the [[Buddha]] had found enlightenment. The [[Bairat Temple]] is also a round structure, which can be seen through archaeological remains. Representations of this early temple structure are found [[:File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg|on a 100 BCE relief]] sculpted on the railing of the stupa at [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], as well as in [[Sanchi]].<ref>"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I" by John C. Huntington. ''Orientations'', November 1985 pg 61</ref> From that period the [[Diamond throne]] remains, an almost intact slab of [[sandstone]] decorated with reliefs, which Ashoka had established at the foot of the [[Bodhi tree]].<ref name="Huu Phuoc">Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA240 p.240]</ref><ref name="Ching">A Global History of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzombek, Vikramaditya Prakash, John Wiley & Sons, 2017 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 p.570ff]</ref> These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as [[Tulja Caves]] or [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli]].<ref name=BA233>Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA233 p.233-237]</ref>

<gallery>
File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg|Ashoka's [[Mahabodhi Temple]] and [[Diamond throne]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], built circa 250 BCE. [[Bharhut]] frieze
File:Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi, Stupa 1, Southern gateway
File:Andhra pradesh, santuario a più piani, da ghantasala, 90-110 ca..JPG|Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE, [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] Stupa<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Adam|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173120|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA41|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA238|language=en}}</ref>
File:Tulja Lena Chaitya remains.jpg|Remains of the circular rock-hewn circular [[Chaitya]] with columns, [[Tulja Caves]]
</gallery>

==Indonesia==
{{Main|Candi of Indonesia}}
[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Borobudur]] in [[Central Java]], the world's largest Buddhist temple]]

Buddhism is the second oldest religion in [[Indonesia]] after [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]], which arrived from India around the second century.<ref name="bdea">{{cite web
| title = Buddhism in Indonesia
| work = Buddha Dharma Education Association
| publisher = Buddha Dharma Education Association
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/indo-txt.htm
| access-date = 2006-10-03 }}</ref> The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by [[Indian culture]] were established around the same period. The oldest Buddhist [[archaeological site]] in Indonesia is arguably the [[Batujaya]] stupas complex in [[Karawang]], West Java. The oldest relic in Batujaya was estimated to originate from the 2nd century, while the latest dated from the 12th century. Subsequently, significant numbers of Buddhist sites were found in [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Jambi]], [[Bukit Seguntang|Palembang]] and [[Muara Takus|Riau]] provinces in Sumatra, as well as in [[Borobudur|Central]] and [[Jabung|East Java]]. The Indonesian archipelago has, over the centuries, witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires, such as the [[Sailendra]] dynasty, the [[Medang Kingdom|Mataram]] and [[Srivijaya]] empires.

According to some Chinese source, a Chinese Buddhist monk [[I Ching (monk)|I-tsing]] on his pilgrim journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of [[Srivijaya]] based on [[Sumatra]] in the 7th century. A number of Buddhist [[Cultural heritage|historical heritages]] can be found in Indonesia, including the 8th century [[Borobudur]] [[mandala]] monument and [[Sewu]] temple in [[Central Java]], [[Batujaya Archaeological Site|Batujaya]] in West Java, [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Muaro Jambi]], [[Muara Takus]] and [[Bahal temple]] in Sumatra, and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms.

[[File:Candi Tinggi.jpg|thumb|right|Candi tinggi, a temple within the [[Muara Takus|Muaro Jambi]] temple compound]]
During the era of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] empire, Buddhism—identified as ''Dharma ri Kasogatan''—was acknowledged as one of kingdom's official religions along with Hinduism. Although some of kings might favour Hinduism over another, nevertheless the harmony, toleration and even syncretism were promoted as manifested in [[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]] national motto, coined from [[Kakawin Sutasoma]], written by Mpu Tantular to promotes tolerance between [[Hindu]]s (Shivaites) and [[Buddhist]]s.<ref>[http://www.depkumham.go.id/xdepkumhamweb/xPeraturan/xUUD Depkumham.go.id] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212100545/http://www.depkumham.go.id/xdepkumhamweb/xPeraturan/xUUD }}</ref> The classical era of ancient Java also had produces some of the exquisite examples of [[Buddhist art]]s, such as the statue of [[Prajnaparamita]] and the statue of Buddha Vairochana and Boddhisttva Padmapani and Vajrapani in [[Mendut]] temple.

In contemporary [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Indonesian Buddhist]] perspective, ''[[Candi of Indonesia|Candi]]'' refers to a shrine, either ancient or new. Several contemporary ''[[vihara]]s'' in Indonesia for example, contain the actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of [[Pawon]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Replika Candi Pawon|work=Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya|url=http://www.dhammacakka.org/?channel=tentangkami&mode=detailfasilitas&id=93}}</ref> and [[Plaosan]]'s ''perwara'' (small) temples. In Buddhism, the role of a ''candi'' as a shrine is sometimes interchangeable with a [[stupa]], a domed structure to store Buddhist relics or the ashes of cremated Buddhist priests, patrons or benefactors.

==Japan==
[[File:Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)-112516.jpg|thumb|Buddhist temple of [[Kinkaku-ji]], declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]]]
{{Main|Buddhist temples in Japan}}
[[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist temples]] typically include a [[Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)|Main Hall]].

A distinctive feature is the [[chinjusha]], a [[Shinto shrine]] devoted to the temple's [[kami (spirit)|kami]]. Buddhism co-existed with [[Shinto]], but in the 8th century Buddhism became the state religion and Buddhist temples were built. High concentration of important [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist]] temples can be found in Japanese culture heartland of [[Kansai region]], especially in [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] and [[Kyoto]].

==Thailand==
[[File:01-วัดเบญจมบพิตรดุสิตวนารามราชวรวิหาร.jpg|thumb|[[Wat Benchamabophit]]]]
{{Main|Thai temple art and architecture}}

Buddhist temples in [[Thailand]] are known as [[wat]], from the Pāḷi vāṭa, meaning "enclosure". Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles. A wat, with few exceptions, consists of two parts: the ''Phutthawat'' and the ''Sangkhawat''. The ''Phutthawat'' ({{lang-th|พุทธาวาส}}) is the area which is dedicated to Buddha. While the ''Sangkhawat'' is the area which is dedicated to [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] Buddhist [[monastery|monastic]] community.

==Sri Lanka==
[[File:Jetavanaramaya Stupa profile.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jetavanaramaya]] tallest stupa in the ancient world]]
{{See also|Buddhism in Sri Lanka|List of Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka}}

Buddhist temples in Sri Lanla are known as 'Pansala' or 'Viharaya' in [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]. Common features in Sri Lankan temples include [[Stupa]], [[Ficus religiosa|Bo Tree]] and Temple Buildings. Oldest living human-planted [[Bodhi Tree]] in the world [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]] and some of the largest [[Stupa]] in the world including [[Ruwanwelisaya]], [[Jetavanaramaya]] and [[Abhayagiri vihāra]] located in Sri Lankan temples.

==See also==
*[[Gautama Buddha]]
*[[Buddhist paths to liberation|Dhamma]]
*[[Sangha]]
*[[Refuge (Buddhism)|Three Refuges]]
*[[Five Precepts]]
*[[Pāli Canon]]
*[[Uposatha]]
*[[Cetiya]]
*[[Sri Maha Bodhi]]
*[[Vihara]]
*[[Wat]]
*[[Kyaung]]
*[[Burmese pagoda]]
*[[List of Buddhist temples]]
*[[Buddhist architecture]]
*[[Aniconism in Buddhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples|*]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries|*]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings|Temple]]
[[Category:Buddhist architecture|Temple]]

Asian Film Award for Best Actor

2023-03-13T03:10:54Z

T50: Created page with ''''Asian Film Award for Best Actor''' has been awarded annually since 2007 by the Hong Kong International Film Festival|Hong Kong International Film Festival S...'

{{Short description|Asian Film Awards}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Asian Film Awards]] for Best Actor
| image = Tony Leung Chiu Wai (Berlin Film Festival 2013) (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 180x200px
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2022 recipient: [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]]
| awarded_for = Best performance in Asian Cinema in the leading role
| presenter = [[Hong Kong International Film Festival|Hong Kong International Film Festival Society]]
| country =
| year = [[1st Asian Film Awards|2007]]
| year2 = 2022
| holder_label = Winner (2022)
| holder = [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]]
| website = [http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/ www.asianfilmawards.asia]
| previous = 15th
| main = [[16th Asian Film Awards]]
| next = 17th
}}

'''Asian Film Award for Best Actor''' has been awarded annually since 2007 by the [[Hong Kong International Film Festival|Hong Kong International Film Festival Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.51voa.com/VOA_Standard_English/VOA_Standard_English_20448.html |title=South Korea Takes Top Prizes at Asian Film Awards|accessdate=2014-01-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2012/03/20/a-separation-triumphs-at-asian-film-awards/ |title=A Separation’ Triumphs at Asian Film Awards|accessdate=2014-01-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/85993/nora-aunor-eddie-garcia-win-top-acting-honors-at-asian-film-awards |title=Nora Aunor, Eddie Garcia win top acting honors at Asian Film Awards|accessdate=2014-01-30}}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%" cellpadding="5"
|-
!width="100"|'''Year'''
!width="300"|'''Winner and nominees'''
!width="300"|'''English title'''
!width="300"|'''Original title'''
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[1st Asian Film Awards|2007]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Song Kang-ho]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''괴물''', '''''Goemul'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Chang Chen]]|| ''[[The Go Master]]'' || 吴清源 '' Wú Qīngyuán''
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shah Rukh Khan]]||colspan="2"|''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Andy Lau]]||colspan="2"| ''[[A Battle of Wits (2006 film)|A Battle of Wits]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]]|| ''[[I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK]]'' || 싸이보그지만 괜찮아 ''Ssaibogeujiman Gwaenchanha''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ken Watanabe]]|| ''[[Memories of Tomorrow]]'' || 明日の記憶 ''Ashita no Kioku''
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[2nd Asian Film Awards|2008]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} '''[[Tony Leung Chiu-Wai]]'''||colspan="2" style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Lust, Caution]]'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Jack Kao]]||colspan="2"| ''Good Man Dog''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ryō Kase]]|| ''[[I Just Didn't Do It]]''|| それでもボクはやってない
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Jet Li]]||colspan="2"| ''[[The Warlords]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Joe Odagiri]]|| ''[[Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad|Tokyo Tower]]'' || 東京タワー〜オカンとボクと、時々、オトン〜
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Song Kang-ho]]|| ''[[Secret Sunshine]]'' || 밀양 ''Milyang''
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[3rd Asian Film Awards|2009]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Masahiro Motoki]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Departures (2008 film)|Departures]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''おくりびと''', '''''Okuribito'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Ge You]]|| ''[[If You Are the One (film)|If You Are the One]]'' || 非诚勿扰 ''Fēichéng Wùrǎo''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Ha Jung-woo]]|| ''[[The Chaser (2008 film)|The Chaser]]''|| 추격자 ''Chugyeogja''
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Akshay Kumar]]|| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' || सिंह इज़ किंग
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kenichi Matsuyama]]|| ''[[Detroit Metal City]]'' || デトロイト・メタル・シティ
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Song Kang-ho]]|| ''[[The Good, the Bad, the Weird]]'' || 좋은 놈, 나쁜 놈, 이상한 놈, ''Joheun nom nabbeun nom isanghan nom''
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%" cellpadding="5"
|-
!width="100"|'''Year'''
!width="300"|'''Winner and nominees'''
!width="300"|'''English title'''
!width="300"|'''Original title'''
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[4th Asian Film Awards|2010]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[Wang Xueqi]]'''||colspan="2" style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Bodyguards and Assassins]]'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tadanobu Asano]]|| ''[[Villon's Wife]]'' || ヴィヨンの妻〜桜桃とタンポポ〜
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Huang Bo]]|| ''[[Cow (2009 film)|Cow]]'' || 斗牛
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Song Kang-ho]]|| ''[[Thirst (2009 film)|Thirst]]'' || 박쥐 ''Bakjwi''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hitoshi Matsumoto]]|| ''[[Symbol (film)|Symbol]]'' || しんぼる
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[5th Asian Film Awards|2011]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Ha Jung-woo]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[The Yellow Sea (film)|The Yellow Sea]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''황해''', '''''Hwang hae'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Chow Yun-fat]]|| ''[[Let the Bullets Fly]]'' || 让子弹飞, ''Ràng Zǐ Dàn Fēi''
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Ge You]]|| ''[[Sacrifice (2010 film)|Sacrifice]]'' || 赵氏孤儿 ''Zhào Shì Gū Ér''
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Ethan Juan]]|| ''[[Monga (film)|Monga]]'' || 艋舺 ''Báng-kah''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kōji Yakusho]]|| ''[[13 Assassins (2010 film)|13 Assassins]]'' || 十三人の刺客 ''Jūsannin no Shikaku''
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[6th Asian Film Awards|2012]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Donny Damara]]'''||colspan="2" style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Lovely Man]]'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Chen Kun]]|| ''[[Flying Swords of Dragon Gate]]'' || 龙门飞甲
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Andy Lau]]|| ''[[A Simple Life]]'' || 桃姐 ''Táo Jiě''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Park Hae-il]]|| ''[[War of the Arrows]]'' || 최종병기 활 ''Choechongp'yŏngki Hwal''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kōji Yakusho]]|| ''[[Chronicle of My Mother]]'' || わが母の記 ''Waga Haha no Ki''
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[7th Asian Film Awards|2013]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Eddie Garcia]]'''||colspan="2" style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Bwakaw]]'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Joseph Chang]]|| ''[[Girlfriend, Boyfriend]]'' || 女朋友。男朋友
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Choi Min-sik]]|| ''[[Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time]]'' || 범죄와의 전쟁 ''Bumchoiwaui Junjaeng''
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Tony Leung Ka-fai]]|| ''[[Cold War (2012 film)|Cold War]]'' || 寒戰
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Liu Ye (actor)|Liu Ye]]|| ''[[The Last Supper (2012 film)|The Last Supper]]'' || 王的盛宴
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[8th Asian Film Awards|2014]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Irrfan Khan]]'''||colspan="2" style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[The Lunchbox]]'''''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Masaharu Fukuyama]] ||''[[Like Father, Like Son (2013 film)|Like Father, Like Son]]''|| そして父になる ''Soshite Chichi ni Naru''
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Lee Kang-sheng]]|| colspan="2"|''[[Stray Dogs (2013 film)|Stray Dogs]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Tony Leung Chiu-Wai]]|| ''[[The Grandmaster (film)|The Grandmaster]]'' || 一代宗師
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Song Kang-ho]]|| ''[[The Attorney]]'' || 변호인 ''Byeonhoin''
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[9th Asian Film Awards|2015]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[Liao Fan]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Black Coal, Thin Ice]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''白日焰火'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Choi Min-sik]]||''[[The Admiral: Roaring Currents]]''||명량
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ryo Kase]]||''[[Hill of Freedom]]''|| 자유의 언덕
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Sean Lau|Sean Lau Ching-wan]]||''[[Overheard 3]]''|| 竊聽風雲3
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Ethan Juan|Ethan Ruan]]||''[[Paradise in Service]]''||軍中樂園
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Takeru Satoh]]||''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends]]''||るろうに剣心伝説の最期編
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[10th Asian Film Awards|2016]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Lee Byung-hun]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Inside Men (film)|Inside Men]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''내부자들'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[John Arcilla]]||''[[Heneral Luna]]''||
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Masatoshi Nagase]]||''[[Sweet Bean]]''|| あん
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Feng Xiaogang]]||''[[Mr. Six (film)|Mr. Six]]''|| 老炮兒
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Donnie Yen]]||''[[Ip Man 3]]''||葉問3
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[11th Asian Film Awards|2017]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Tadanobu Asano]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Harmonium (film)|Harmonium]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''淵に立つ'''
|-
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Michael Hui]] || ''[[Godspeed (film)|Godspeed]]'' || 一路顺风
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gong Yoo]] || ''[[Train to Busan]]'' || 부산행
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Fan Wei (actor)|Fan Wei]]|| ''[[Mr. No Problem]]''|| 不成问题的问题
|-
| {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Richie Jen]] || ''[[Trivisa]]''|| 树大招风
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[12th Asian Film Awards|2018]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} '''[[Louis Koo]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[Paradox (2017 film)|Paradox]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''杀破狼・贪狼'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Kim Yoon-seok]] || ''[[1987: When the Day Comes]]'' || 1987
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Sukollawat Kanarot]] || ''Malila: The Farewell Flower'' ||
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajkummar Rao]] || ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]'' ||
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Duan Yihong]] || ''The Looming Storm'' || 暴雪将至
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[13th Asian Film Awards|2019]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Kōji Yakusho]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[The Blood of Wolves]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''孤狼の血'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Yoo Ah-in]] || ''[[Burning (2018 film)|Burning]]'' || 버닝
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Xu Zheng (actor)|Xu Zheng]] || ''[[Dying to Survive]]'' || 我不是藥神
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}}{{flagicon|China}} [[Aaron Kwok]] || ''[[Project Gutenberg (film)|Project Gutenberg]]'' || 無雙
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Ranbir Kapoor]] || ''[[Sanju]]'' ||
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%" cellpadding="5"
|-
!width="100"|'''Year'''
!width="300"|'''Winner and nominees'''
!width="300"|'''English title'''
!width="300"|'''Original title'''
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|[[14th Asian Film Awards|2020]]||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Lee Byung-hun]]'''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|'''''[[The Man Standing Next]]'''''||style="background:#B0C4DE;"| '''남산의 부장들'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Hamed Behdad]]|| ''[[Castle of Dreams (2019 film)|Castle of Dreams]]'' || قصر شیرین
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Chen Yi-wen]]|| ''[[A Sun (film)|A Sun]]'' || 陽光普照
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Masataka Kubota]]|| ''[[First Love (2019 film)|First Love]]'' || 初恋
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}}{{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{ill|Tai Bo (actor)|lt=Tai Bo|zh|張嘉年}}|| ''[[Suk Suk|Twilight's Kiss]]'' || 叔．叔
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Wang Jingchun]]|| ''[[So Long, My Son]]'' || 地久天长
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|[[15th Asian Film Awards|2021]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2021/10/08/asian-film-awards-winners-2021/ |title= 15th Asian Film Awards – Winners 2021 |author= Sabastian Nadilo |work= Asian Film Festivals |date= October 8, 2021 |access-date= October 9, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>||style="background:#B0C4DE;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Yoo Ah-in]]''' ||style="background:#B0C4DE;"| '''''[[Voice of Silence (2020 film)|Voice of Silence]]''''' ||style="background:#B0C4DE;"| '''소리도 없이'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kōji Yakusho]]|| ''[[Under the Open Sky]]'' ||すばらしき世界
|-
| {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Mo Tzu-yi || ''[[Dear Tenant]]''|| 親愛的房客
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Yi (actor)|Zhang Yi]] || ''[[One Second (film)|One Second]]'' || 秒钟
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Gordon Lam|Lam Ka Tung]] ||''[[Limbo (2021 film)|Limbo]]''|| 智齒
|-
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|[[16th Asian Film Awards|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/asian-film-awards-decision-to-leave-leads-nominations-1235212781/ |last=Ntim |first=Zac |title=Asian Film Awards: ''Decision to Leave'' And ''Drive My Car'' Lead Nominations |date=6 January 2023|access-date=6 January 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} '''[[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]]'''
|'''''[[Where the Wind Blows]]'''''
| '''風再起時'''
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Yi (actor)]]
|''[[Home Coming (2022 film)|Home Coming]]''
| 萬里歸途
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Park Hae-il]]
|''[[Decision to Leave]]''
| 헤어질 결심
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hidetoshi Nishijima (actor)|Hidetoshi Nishijima]]
|''[[Drive My Car (film)|Drive My Car]]''
| ドライブ・マイ・カー
|-
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mohsen Tanabandeh]]
|''[[World War III (2022 film)|World War III]]''
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ryohei Suzuki]]
|''Egoists''
| エゴイスト
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330180259/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2012/ Official site]

{{Asian Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{Asian Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asian Film Awards 2012}}
[[Category:Asian Film Awards]]
[[Category:Best Actor Asian Film Award winners| ]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actor]]

Pew Research

2022-05-18T10:38:44Z

T50: Wrote an informative guide.

#redirect [[Pew Research Center]]

User talk:T50

2021-05-30T19:26:41Z

T50:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=T50}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 00:54, 31 May 2021 (IST)
*Ok 👌 [[User:T50|T50]] ([[User talk:T50#top|talk]]) 00:56, 31 May 2021 (IST)