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Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T02:14:49Z

Szeeshan896: starting article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kottayam {{Small|KL-14}}
| map_image = Kottayam Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
| map_caption = Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Francis George.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| mp = [[K. Francis George]]
| preceded_by = [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]] [[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]] [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]] [[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]] [[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]] [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]] [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
}}
'''Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==

Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=4 March 2009
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
|85
|[[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]]
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|[[Anoop Jacob]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|93
|[[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]]
|rowspan=6|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|[[Mani C. Kappan]]
|{{party name with color|Democratic Congress Kerala}}
|-
|94
|[[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
|[[Monce Joseph]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|95
|[[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]] (SC)
|K. Binimon
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
|96
|[[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]]
|Suresh (Nattakom suresh)
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|97
|[[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
|[[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|98
|[[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
|[[Chandy Oommen]]
|}

Former constituencies
*[[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
*[[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]]
*[[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]]
*[[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
*[[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
*[[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]]
*[[Vazhoor (former State Assembly constituency)|Vazhoor]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|colspan=6| '''[[Travancore-Cochin]]'''
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
| [[C. P. Mathew]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1952 – 1957
|-
|colspan=6| '''After the Formation of [[Kerala]]'''
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
| rowspan="2" |Mathew Maniyangadan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 1957 – 1962
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
| 1962 – 1967
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
| K. M. Abraham
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1971
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
| Varkey George
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress|rowspan=3}}
| 1971 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
| rowspan="2" |Skariah Thomas
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
| 1980 – 1984
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
| [[K. Suresh Kurup|K.Suresh Kurup]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| 1984 – 1989
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 1989 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
| rowspan="4" |[[K. Suresh Kurup|K.Suresh Kurup]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}
| 1996 – 1998
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
| 1998 – 1999
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
| 1999 – 2004
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
| 2004 - 2009
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jose K. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
| 2009 – 2014
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| 2014 – 2018
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| 2019–2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[K. Francis George]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|2024-''Incumbent''
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kottayam<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kottayam">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kottayam |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1114.htm |access-date=3 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803052612/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1114.htm |archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Francis George]]|party=Kerala Congress|votes=364,631|percentage=43.60|change={{increase}}26.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thomas Chazhikadan]]|party=Kerala Congress (Mani)|votes=277,365|percentage=33.17|change={{decrease}}13.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thushar Vellappally|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=165,046|percentage=19.74|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,933|percentage=1.43|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 87,266
|percentage = 10.43
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=837,890|percentage=66.70|change=-8.77}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress|loser=Kerala Congress (Mani)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|candidate = [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
|votes = 421,046
|percentage = 46.25
|change = -4.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[V. N. Vasavan]]|votes=314,787|percentage=34.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress|candidate=Adv. P. C. Thomas|votes=154,658|percentage=17.04|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 106,251
|percentage = 11.66
|change = -2.84
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=910,648|percentage=75.47|change=+3.77}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -4.71
}}

{{Election box end}}
Elected MP Thomas Chazhikadan switched to LDF alliance as he sided with Jose K Mani after the Split in Kerala Congress in 2020.

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (Mani)|candidate=[[Jose K. Mani]]|votes=424,194|percentage=50.96|change=+0.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Mathew T. Thomas]]|votes=303,595|percentage=36.47|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (Nationalist)|candidate=Noble Mathew|votes=44,357|percentage=5.33|change=N/A}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Adv. Anil Aickara|votes=26,381|percentage=3.17|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14,024|percentage=1.69|change=---}}{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 120,599
|percentage = 14.50
|change = -5.65
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=831,636|percentage=71.70|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (Mani)|candidate=[[Jose K. Mani|Jose K Mani]]|votes=4,04,962|percentage=50.13|change=+50.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Suresh Kurup]]|votes=3,33,392|percentage=41.27|change=-7.07}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Narayanan Namboothiri|votes=37,422|percentage=4.63|change=-2.88}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,07,820|percentage=73.75|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Suresh Kurup]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/closecontest/14/28 | title=IndiaVotes Close Contest: Kerala 2004 }}</ref>|votes=3,41,213|percentage=48.34|change=+1.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Anto Antony|votes=2,98,299|percentage=42.27|change=-3.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Radhakrishna Menon|votes=53,034|percentage=7.51|change=+1.81}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 42,914
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,05,776|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Suresh Kurup]]|votes=3,44,296|percentage=47.27|change=+0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. C. Chacko]]|votes=3,33,697|percentage=45.82|change=-0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. R. Surendran|votes=41,531|percentage=5.70|change=-0.29}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,33,725|percentage=72.05|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Suresh Kurup]]|votes=3,35,893|percentage=46.98|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chennithala]]|votes=3,30,447|percentage=46.22|change=-4.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=George Kurian|votes=42,830|percentage=5.99|change=---}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,19,864|percentage=73.26|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chennithala]]|votes=3,44,587|percentage=50.26|change=-1.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal|candidate=Jayalakshmi|votes=2,77,539|percentage=40.48|change=-2.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. K. Achary|votes=29,319|percentage=4.28|change=---}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Paul Chirakarode|votes=10,083|percentage=1.47|change=+0.65}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,13,707|percentage=76.07|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chennithala]]|votes=3,66,759|percentage=51.98|change=+0.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal|candidate=Thampan Thomas|votes=3,04,137|percentage=43.10|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=George Kurian|votes=22,622|percentage=3.21|change=+0.75}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,01,660|percentage=72.46|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Kottayam]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chennithala]]|votes=3,84,809|percentage=51.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Suresh Kurup]]|votes=3,31,276|percentage=44.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ettumanoor Radhakrishnan|votes=18,449|percentage=2.46|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,52,839|percentage=84.57|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[2019 Indian general election]]
* [[Indian general election, 2019 (Kerala)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/kottayam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kottayam Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|9.60|76.52|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kottayam (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Kottayam district]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh

2026-05-07T16:16:35Z

Szeeshan896: adding details!

{{short description|Uttar Pradesh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| general_secretary = Dharam Pal Singh
| headquarters = BJP Bhawan, 7, Vidhan Sabha Marg, [[Lucknow]] - 226 001, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|33|80|hex=#FF9933}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|25|31|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|258|403|hex=#FF9933}}
| state_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|79|100|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|https://up.bjp.org/}}
| leader = [[Yogi Adityanath]] ([[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]) 
| eci = National Party
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh''', or , ('''BJP Uttar Pradesh''') is the affiliate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its head office is situated at the BJP Bhavan, 7, Vidhan Sabha Marg, [[Lucknow]].

== Electoral history ==

=== Lok Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|{{Composition bar|0|86|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|{{Composition bar|1|86|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|7|86|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}6
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|12|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}5
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|{{Composition bar|4|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}8
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|8|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}8
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|51|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}43
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|52|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|59|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}7
|{{yes2}}[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|29|85|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}30
|{{yes2}}[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|10|80|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}19
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|10|80|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|71|80|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}61
|{{yes2}}[[First Modi ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|62|80|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}9
|{{yes2}}[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|33|80|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}29
|{{yes2}}[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]
|}

=== Vidhan Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|{{Composition bar|2|430|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|6.45%
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{Composition bar|17|430|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}15
|9.84%
|{{increase}}3.39%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|49|430|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}32
|16.64%
|{{increase}}6.80%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|98|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}49
|21.67%
|{{increase}}5.03%
|{{partial|Opposition, later Government}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|{{Composition bar|49|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}49
|17.93%
|{{decrease}}3.74%
|{{partial|Opposition, later Government}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{Composition bar|61|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}12
|17.12%
|{{decrease}}0.81%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|11|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}11
|10.76%
|–
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|16|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}5
|9.83%
|{{decrease}}0.93%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|57|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}41
|11.61%
|{{increase}}1.78%
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|221|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}164
|31.45%
|{{increase}}19.84%
|{{yes2}}[[First Kalyan Singh ministry|Government]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Composition bar|177|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}44
|33.30%
|{{increase}}1.85%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|174|425|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}3
|32.52%
|{{decrease}}0.48%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Composition bar|88|403|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}86
|20.08%
|{{decrease}}12.44%
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Composition bar|51|403|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}37
|16.97%
|{{decrease}}3.11%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Composition bar|47|403|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}4
|15%
|{{decrease}}1.97%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Composition bar|312|403|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}265
|39.67%
|{{increase}}24.67%
|{{yes2}}[[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Government]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|255|403|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}57
|41.3%
|{{increase}}1.63%
|{{yes2}}[[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Government]]
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kalyan Singh1.jpg|107x107px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalyan Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Atrauli (Assembly constituency)|Atrauli]]
|24 June 1991
|6 December 1992
| rowspan="2" |3 years, 217 days
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|21 September 1997
|12 November 1999
| rowspan="3" |[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Ram Prakash Gupta (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|12 November 1999
|28 October 2000
|{{Ayd|12 November 1999|28 October 2000}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|[[Haidergarh (Assembly constituency)|Haidergarh]]
|28 October 2000
|8 March 2002
|{{Ayd|28 October 2000|8 March 2002}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg|117x117px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|19 March 2017
|25 March 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|19 March 2017}}
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[Gorakhpur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Urban]]
|25 March 2022
|''Incumbent''
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|18th]]
|}

=== Deputy Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" |1
|[[File:Shri_Dinesh_Sharma_(cropped).jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|19 March 2017
|25 March 2022
|{{Ayd|19 March 2017|25 March 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Shri_Keshav_Prasad_Maurya_(cropped).jpg|83x83px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|19 March 2017
|25 March 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|19 March 2017|}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|25 March 2022
|''Incumbent''
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|18th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Brajesh_Pathak.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|[[Lucknow Cantonment Assembly constituency|Lucknow Cantonment]]
|25 March 2022
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|25 March 2022|}}
|}

=== Leaders of the Opposition in Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Kalyan Singh1.jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
|[[Atrauli (Assembly constituency)|Atrauli]]
|4 July 1993
|12 June 1995
|{{Ayd|4 July 1993|12 June 1995}}
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Lalji Tandon (cropped).jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Lalji Tandon]]
|[[Lucknow West Assembly constituency|Lucknow West]]
|7 September 2003
|13 May 2007
|{{Ayd|7 September 2003|13 may 2007}}
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|
|[[Madhav Prasad Tripathi]]
|1980
|1984
|4 years
|-style="text-align:center;"
|2
|[[File:Kalyan Singh1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
|1984
|1990
|6 years
|- style="text-align: center;"
|3
|
|[[Rajendra Kumar Gupta]]
|1990
|1991
|1 year
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|[[File:The Union Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Shri Kalraj Mishra calling on the Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari, in New Delhi on November 13, 2015 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|1991
|1997
|6 years
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|[[File:Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|25 March 1997
|3 January 2000
|{{Ayd|25 March 1997|3 January 2000}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 January 2000 |title=I would not hesitate in taking on anyone: Om Prakash Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/20000103-i-would-not-hesitate-in-taking-on-anyone-om-prakash-singh-761815-2012-07-21 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Om Prakash Singh]]
|3 January 2000
|17 August 2000
|{{Ayd|3 January 2000|17 August 2000}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(4)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2000 |title=Kalraj Mishra is UP BJP chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000818/nation.htm#1 |access-date= |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|[[File:The Union Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Shri Kalraj Mishra calling on the Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari, in New Delhi on November 13, 2015 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|17 August 2000
|24 June 2002
|{{Ayd|17 August 2000|24 June 2002}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2002 |title=Vinay Katiyar appointed UP BJP chief |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/24up.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|
|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
|24 June 2002
|18 July 2004
|{{Ayd|24 June 2002|18 July 2004}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2004 |title=BJP takes UP away from Katiyar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bjp-takes-up-away-from-katiyar/articleshow/782915.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|75px]]
|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
|18 July 2004
|3 September 2007
|{{Ayd|18 July 2004|3 September 2007}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2007 |title=Rajnath's close aide is party chief in UP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajnath-s-close-aide-is-party-chief-in-up/story-gFciFG9r1Y9VvijLsOCQwJ.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Ramapati Ji.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ramapati Ram Tripathi]]
|3 September 2007
|12 May 2010
|{{Ayd|3 September 2007|12 may 2010}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2010 |title=BJP elects new president from east UP again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/bjp-elects-new-president-from-east-up-again/story-AL9tHpeelMBTJCzSm2AEkO.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Surya Pratap Shahi (cropped).jpg|110x110px]]
|[[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
|12 May 2010
|13 April 2012
|{{Ayd|12 may 2010|13 April 2012}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Laxmikant Bajpai replaces Shahi as state BJP chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/laxmikant-bajpai-replaces-shahi-as-state-bjp-chief/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
|13 April 2012
|8 April 2016
|{{Ayd|13 April 2012|8 April 2016}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2016 |title=BS Yeddyurappa to head BJP in Karnataka, Keshav Prasad Maurya in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bs-yeddyurappa-to-head-bjp-in-karnataka-keshav-prasad-maurya-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/51743189.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| [[File:Shri Keshav Prasad Maurya (cropped).jpg|83x83px]]
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|8 April 2016
|31 August 2017
|{{Ayd|8 April 2016|31 August 2017}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Mahendra Nath Pandey appointed Uttar Pradesh BJP chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/aug/31/mahendra-nath-pandey-appointed-uttar-pradesh-bjp-chief-1650770.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|[[File:MN Pandey.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
|31 August 2017
|16 July 2019
|{{Ayd|31 August 2017|16 July 2019}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|14<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=Swatantra Dev Singh appointed Uttar Pradesh BJP president |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/swatantra-dev-singh-appointed-uttar-pradesh-bjp-president-2219541.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref>
| [[File:Swatantra dev singh welcoming hasnain baqai of safipur at his residence (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Swatantra Dev Singh]]
|16 July 2019
|25 August 2022
|{{Ayd|16 July 2019|25 August 2022}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|15<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh appointed Uttar Pradesh BJP president |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhupendra-singh-is-new-uttar-pradesh-bjp-chief-3285449 |access-date= |website=NDTV News |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Bhupendra Singh.jpg|Bhupendra Singh|75px]]
|[[Bhupendra Chaudhary]]
|25 August 2022
|14 December 2025
|{{age in years and days|25 August 2022|14 December 2025}}
|-
|16
|[[File:Pankaj Chaudhary in 2021 (cropped).jpg|75 px]]
|[[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
|14 December 2025
|''incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|14 December 2025}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Kerala]]
* [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
* [[NISHAD Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Srivijaya

2026-05-07T12:30:42Z

Szeeshan896: Starting.

{{Short description|Empire based on Sumatra (c. 671–1025 AD)}}
{{about|the empire|the airline|Sriwijaya Air}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{for|the Rashtrakuta Poet|Sri vijaya}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Srivijaya
| common_name = Srivijaya
| native_name = ''Kadatuan Śrīvijaya''
| p1 = Kantoli
| s1 = Melayu Kingdom
| year_start = {{Circa|671}}
| date_event1 = {{circa|682–685}}
| year_end = 1025
| date_start =
| event_start = [[History of Srivijaya#Beginning of Srivijaya era|Founded]]
| event1 = [[Srivijayan conquest of Kedah|Conquest of Kedah]]
| event2 = [[Mataram–Srivijayan wars]]
| date_event2 = {{circa|937–1016}}
| event_end = [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]]
| image_coat =
| symbol_type =
| image_map = Srivijaya Empire.svg
| image_map_caption = The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th to the 11th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest
| image_map2 = File:Srivijayan Expansion.gif
| image_map2_caption = Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in [[Palembang]] in the 7th century, then extending to most of [[Sumatra]], then expanding to [[Java]], [[Riau Islands]], [[Bangka Belitung]], [[Singapore]], [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], South [[Vietnam]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]], [[Sabah]], and ended as the Kingdom of [[Dharmasraya]] in [[Jambi]] in the 13th century.
| capital = [[Palembang]]<ref name=":02" />{{rp|295}}
| common_languages = [[History of the Malay language#Old Malay|Old Malay]]
| government_type = Monarchy, [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] state
| title_leader = Maharaja
| leader1 = [[Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya|Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]]
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|683}}
| leader2 = [[Dharmasetu]]
| year_leader2 = {{Circa|775}}
| leader3 = [[Samaratungga]]
| year_leader3 = {{Circa|792}}
| leader4 = [[Balaputra]]
| year_leader4 = {{Circa|835}}
| leader5 = Sri [[Cudamani Warmadewa]]
| year_leader5 = {{Circa|988}}
| currency = [[Early Nusantara coins]]
| stat_year1 = 1200 est.
| stat_area1 = 1200000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="Turchin223">{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D |date=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=223 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{History of Indonesia}}
{{History of Singapore}}
{{History of Malaysia}}
{{History of Thailand}}
'''Srivijaya''', also spelled '''Sri Vijaya''' or '''Sriwijaya''',<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720174 | jstor=42720174 | title=Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit | last1=Rausa-Gomez | first1=Lourdes | journal=Philippine Studies | date=20 January 1967 | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=63–107 | doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2335 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43733093 | jstor=43733093 | title=Śrī Vijaya | last1=Sastri | first1=K. A. Nilakanta | journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient | date=20 January 2024 | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=239–313 }}</ref> was a [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] [[thalassocracy|thalassocratic]]<ref name="Kulke"/> [[empire]] based on the island of [[Sumatra]] (in modern-day [[Indonesia]]) that influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|pages=171|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref> Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of [[Buddhism]] from the 7th to 11th century. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. Due to its location, Srivijaya developed complex technology using maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on [[Maritime Silk Road|the booming trade in the region]], thus transforming it into a [[luxury good|prestige goods]]-based economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=History of Humanity|last1=Laet|first1=Sigfried J. de|last2=Herrmann|first2=Joachim|publisher=Routledge|year=1994}}</ref>

The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. A [[Tang dynasty]] [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[Bhikkhu|monk]], [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], wrote that he visited Srivijaya for six months in 671 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=122}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zain|first=Sabri|title=Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm }}</ref> The earliest known inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] found near [[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]], dated 16 June 682.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peter Bellwood |author2=James J. Fox |author3=[[Darrell Tryon]] |editor-first1=Peter |editor-first2=James J. |editor-first3=Darrell |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-last2=Fox |editor-last3=Tryon |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |year=1995 |doi=10.22459/A.09.2006 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6 |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s05.html}}</ref> Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a [[hegemony|hegemon]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring [[Mataram Kingdom]], [[Khmer Empire]] and [[Champa]]. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with [[China]] which lasted from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] to the [[Song dynasty]]. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist [[Pala Empire|Pala]] of [[Bengal]], as well as with the Islamic [[Caliphate]] in the [[Middle East]].

Srivijaya is widely recognized as a powerful maritime kingdom in Southeast Asia. New research shows that while it had significant land-based elements, Srivijaya leveraged its maritime fleet not only for logistical support but also as a primary tool to project power across strategic waterways, such as the [[Strait of Malacca]]. In response to the ever-changing dynamics of Asia’s maritime economy, the kingdom developed sophisticated naval strategies to maintain its position as a regional trade hub. These strategies involved regulating trade routes and attracting merchant ships to their ports through strict control. As threats grew, Srivijaya’s fleet also transformed into an effective offensive force, used to protect trade interests while ensuring their dominance in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Thwin |editor-first=Maitrii Aung |title=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies {{!}} Cambridge Core |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies |access-date=2024-12-13 |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRIVIJAYAN CIVILIZATION : The Awakening of a Maritime Kingdom |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/27041/1/INTERNATIONAL%20SEMINAR.pdf |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Repositori Kemdikbud |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

The kingdom may have disintegrated after 1025 following [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|several major raids]] launched by the [[Chola Empire]] upon their ports.<ref name=":6" />{{rp|110}} Chinese sources continued to refer a polity named [[Sanfoqi]] thought to be Srivijaya for a few centuries, but some historians argued that Srivijaya would no longer be the appropriate name for the overlord's centre after 1025, when Sanfoqi referred to Jambi.<ref name=":02"/> After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. It was not until 1918 that [[French people|French]] historian [[George Cœdès]], of the [[French School of the Far East]], formally postulated its existence.<ref name="MUNOZ 117"/>
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1020s]]

== Etymology ==
''Srivijaya'' is a [[Sanskrit]]-derived name: श्रीविजय, ''Śrīvijaya''. ''Śrī''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=sri&direct=au|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|last=Glashoff|first=Klaus|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref> means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and also has some association with the divine, at least in [[Hinduism]]. ''Vijaya''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=vijaya&direct=au|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|last=Glashoff|first=Klaus|website=learnsanskrit.cc|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref> means "victorious" or "excellence".<ref name="MUNOZ 117">{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=117}}</ref> Thus, the combined word ''Srivijaya'' means "shining victory",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/07/srivijaya-a-primer-part-1/|title=Srivijaya: A primer – Part 1 {{!}} SEAArch – Southeast Asian Archaeology|date=2007-06-07|work=SEAArch – Southeast Asian Archaeology|access-date=2018-10-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> "splendid triumph", "prosperous victor", "radiance of excellence" or simply "glorious".

Early 20th-century historians who studied the inscriptions of [[Sumatra]] and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. In 1913, [[Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern|H. Kern]] was the first [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] that identified the name "Srivijaya" written in a 7th-century [[Kota Kapur inscription]] (discovered in 1892). However, at that time he believed that it referred to a king named "Vijaya", with "[[Sri]]" as an honorific title for a king or ruler.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/munas/prasasti-kota-kapur-dan-nama-kedatuan-sriwijaya/|title=Prasasti Kota Kapur dan nama Kedatuan Sriwijaya|last=MNI|date=2017-11-21|website=Museum Nasional|language=id|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

The [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] manuscript of [[Carita Parahyangan]], composed around the late 16th century in [[West Java]], mentioned the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be a king named [[Sanjaya of Mataram|Sanjaya]] that—after he secured his rule in [[Java]]—was involved in battle with the [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] and [[Keling]] against their king Sang Sri Wijaya.{{efn|group=lower-roman|1=[[Carita Parahyangan]] Canto XI: ''Ti inya Rahiyang Sanjaya nyabrang ka désa Malayu. Diprang di Kemir, éléh Rahiyangtang Gana. Diprang deui ka Keling, éléh Sang Sriwijaya.''}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Téks Carita Parahyangan|url=https://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1yEQp083nAHM3zJ-Z3yZPU0hjN19whZmVBVABrI2btP8&usp=embed_facebook|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Google Docs|language=en}}</ref>

Subsequently, after studying local stone inscriptions, manuscripts and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] historical accounts, historians concluded that the term "Srivijaya" was in reference to a [[polity]] or [[Monarchy|kingdom]]. The main concern is to define Srivijaya's amorphous statehood as a [[thalassocracy]], which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous harbour cities in Maritime Southeast Asia.<ref name="Kulke">{{Cite journal|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|date=2016|title=Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26435122|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=102|pages=45–96|doi=10.3406/befeo.2016.6231 |jstor=26435122 |issn=0336-1519|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Historiography==
[[File:Talang Tuo Inscription.jpg|thumb|left|[[Talang Tuwo inscription]], discovered in [[Bukit Seguntang]] area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park.]]

Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains.<ref>{{cite book | last =Taylor | title =Indonesia| pages = 29}}</ref> There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in [[Indonesia]] and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of [[Palembang]] (around where the kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s when the [[French people|French]] scholar, [[George Cœdès]], published his discoveries and interpretations in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Malay language|Malay]] newspapers.<ref name="TAYLOR_26">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/8 8–9]|isbn= 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Cœdès noted that the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] references to ''[[Sanfoqi]]'', previously read as ''Sribhoja'' or ''Sribogha'', and the inscriptions in [[Malay language|Old Malay]] refer to the same empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krom|first=N.J.|chapter= Het Hindoe-tijdperk |title= Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië|editor= F.W. Stapel|publisher=N.V. U.M. Joost van den Vondel|year=1938 |location= Amsterdam|pages= vol. I p. 149|no-pp=true }}</ref>

The Srivijayan historiography is based on two main sources: the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. The [[Buddhist]] monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]]'s account is especially important in describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 671 for six months. The 7th-century ''siddhayatra'' inscriptions discovered in [[Palembang]] and [[Bangka Island]] are also vital primary historical sources. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as the [[Zabag kingdom|Legend of the Maharaja of Zabaj and the Khmer King]] also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. Some Indian and [[Arabic]] accounts also vaguely describe the riches of the king of [[Zabag (ancient territory)|Zabag]]. It's likely that the Zabag-Khmer story was based on Javanese overlordship over Cambodia.<ref name=":02" />{{rp|269, 302}}

The historical records of Srivijaya were reconstructed from a number of stone inscriptions, most of them written in [[Malay language|Old Malay]] using [[Pallava script]], such as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription|Kedukan Bukit]], [[Talang Tuwo inscription|Talang Tuwo]], [[Telaga Batu inscription|Telaga Batu]] and [[Kota Kapur inscription|Kota Kapur]] inscriptions.<ref name="Coedes">{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/115188 |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |hdl=1885/115188 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref>{{rp|82–83}} Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran importance as a great empire to balance Java's [[Majapahit]] in the east. In the 20th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an [[Indonesian people|Indonesian]] identity within a united Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="TAYLOR_26"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sriwijaya : history, religion & language of on early Malay polity / collected studies by George Coedes and Lovis-Charles Damais; edited, Pierre-Ives Manguin and Tan Sri Dato Mubin Sheppard, OPAC Perpustakaan Nasional RI. |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=641227 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=opac.perpusnas.go.id}}</ref>

Srivijaya, and by extension Sumatra, had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it ''[[Sanfotsi]]'', ''[[Sanfotsi|Sanfoqi]]'' or ''Che-li-fo-che'' (''Shilifoshi''), and there was an even older kingdom of [[Kantoli]], which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya.<ref name="MUNOZ 114">{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=102}}</ref> The [[Arab people|Arabs]] called it ''[[Zabag Kingdom|Zabag]]'' or ''Sribuza'' and the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] called it ''Melayu''.<ref name="MUNOZ 114" /> While the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] called them ''[[Suvarnabhumi]]'', ''[[Suvarnadvipa]]'', ''Melayu'', or ''Malayu''. This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult.<ref name="MUNOZ 114" /> While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of [[Java]], there is a distinct possibility that they may have been referring to [[Sumatra]] instead.<ref>{{cite book |last= Krom |first= N.J. |title= Het oude Java en zijn kunst |edition =2nd| year= 1943|publisher= Erven F. Bohn N.V. |location= Haarlem |pages= 12}}</ref>

==Capital==
===Palembang===
According to the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dated 605 Saka (683), Srivijaya was first established in the vicinity of today's [[Palembang]], on the banks of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It mentions that [[Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya|Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]] came from Minanga Tamwan. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The [[Palembang]] theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by Cœdes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin. [[Soekmono]], on the other hand, argues that [[Palembang]] was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the [[Kampar River]] system in [[Riau]] where the [[Muara Takus]] temple is located as Minanga Tamwan.<ref name="Soekmono">{{cite book |author1=Drs. R. Soekmono | title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2''| edition= 2nd | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | year= 1973 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua_L2i3HgOIC |location =Yogyakarta| page=38|isbn=9789794132906|language=id}}</ref> However, a recent study suggests that Minanga Tamwan is located by the upper [[Komering River]] in modern Minanga village, Cempaka district, [[East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency]], South Sumatra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-08 |title=Masa Klasik Hindu-Buddha: Nama Desa Disebut dalam Prasasti |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjambi/masa-klasik-hindu-buddha-nama-desa-disebut-dalam-prasasti/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |publisher=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jambi |language=id}}</ref> Komering River is a tributary of the Musi River, with its [[confluence]] located in Palembang.

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houtvlotten met woningen erop die de rivier Moesi afzakken Palembang Zuid-Sumatra TMnr 10007707.jpg|thumb|left|[[Floating house]]s in [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]] bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this.<ref>Het sultanaat Palembang 1811 – 1825, M.O. Wolders, Kon. Inst. voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Den Haag 1975</ref>]]

Other than the Kedukan Bukit inscription and other Srivijayan inscriptions, immediately to the west of modern Palembang city, a quantity of artefacts have been revealed through archaeological surveys commenced since the 20th century. Artefacts unearthed include large amounts of Chinese ceramics and Indian rouletted ware remains, also the ruins of stupa at the foot of [[Bukit Seguntang]]. Furthermore, a significant number of Hindu-Buddhist statuary has been recovered from the Musi River basin. These discoveries reinforce the suggestion that Palembang was the centre of Srivijaya.<ref name="Britannica-Srivijaya-Palembang">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia|title=Indonesia – The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya-Palembang|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> Nevertheless, Palembang left little archaeological traces of ancient urban settlement. This is probably because of the nature of Palembang's environment — a low-lying plain which is frequently flooded by the Musi River. Experts suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of [[floating house]]s made from [[thatching|thatched materials]], such as wood, [[bamboo]] and straw. [[Zhao Rukuo]]'s 13th century Chinese account ''[[Zhu Fan Zhi]]'' confirmed this; "The residents of ''[[Sanfotsi|Sanfo-tsi]]'' (Srivijaya) live scattered outside the city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." It was probably that only [[Kedatuan]] (king's court) and religious structures were built on land, while the people live in floating houses along the Musi River.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumayku |first=Reynold |date=2013-09-17 |title=Konsep Mendesa di Ibu Kota Kerajaan Sriwijaya |url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/xml/2013/09/17/2047497/Konsep.Mendesa.di.Ibu.Kota.Kerajaan.Sriwijaya |access-date=2024-06-05 |publisher=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref>

Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state were controversial in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. Strong historical evidence found in Chinese sources, speaking of city-like settlements as early as 700 AD, and later [[Arabs|Arab]] travelers, who visited the region during the 10th and 11th centuries, held written proof, named the kingdom of Srivijaya. As far as early state-like polities in the [[Malay Archipelago]], the geographical location of modern Palembang was a possible candidate for the 1st-millennium kingdom settlement like Srivijaya as it is the best described and most secure in historical context, its prestige was apparent in wealth and urban characteristics, and the most unique, which no other 1st-millennium kingdom held, was its location in junction to three major rivers, the Musi River, the [[Komering River]], and the [[Ogan River]]. The historical evidence was contrasted in 1975 with publications by Bennet Bronson and Jan Wisseman. Findings at certain major excavation sites, such as Geding Suro, Penyaringan Air Bersih, Sarang Wati, and Bukit Seguntang, conducted in the region played major roles in the negative evidence of the 1st-millennium kingdom in the same region. It was noted that the region contained no locatable settlements earlier than the middle of the second millennium.

Lack of evidence of southern settlements in the archaeological record comes from the disinterest in the archeologist and the unclear physical visibility of the settlements themselves. Archeology of the 1920s and 1930s focused more on art and epigraphy found in the regions. Some northern urban settlements were sited due to some overlap in fitting the sinocentric model of city-state urban centres. An approach to differentiate between urban settlements in the southern regions from the northern ones of [[Southeast Asia]] was initiated by a proposition for an alternative model. Excavations showed failed signs of a complex urban centre under the lens of a sinocentric model, leading to parameters of a new proposed model. Parameters for such a model of a city-like settlement included isolation in relevance to its hinterland. No hinterland makes low archaeological visibility. The settlement must also have access to both easy transportation and major interregional trade routes, crucial in a region with few resources. Access to the former and later played a major role in the creation of an extreme economic surplus in the absence of an exploited hinterland. The urban centre must be able to organize politically without the need for ceremonial foci such as temples, monuments and inscriptions. Lastly, habitations must be impermanent, being highly probable in the region Palembang and of southern Southeast Asia. Such a model was proposed to challenge city concepts of ancient urban centres in [[Southeast Asia]] and basic postulates themselves such as regions found in the south, like Palembang, based their achievements in correlation with urbanization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bronson|first1=Bennet|last2=Wisseman|first2=Jan|date=17 April 1975|title=Palembang as Srivijaya The Lateness of Early Cities in Southern Southeast Asia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=19|issue=2|pages=220–239}}</ref>

[[File:Srivijaya Archaeological Park Palembang Indonesia.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Srivijaya Archaeological Park]] (green) located southwest from the centre of [[Palembang]]. The site forms an axis connecting [[Bukit Seguntang]] and [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]].]]

Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and [[Peninsular Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], and western [[Indonesia]]. Its main focus was the relationship of political, economic and geographical systems. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. He concluded, from his earlier publications in 1974 that state development in this region developed much differently than the rest of early Southeast Asia. Bronson's model was based on the dendritic patterns of a drainage basin where its opening leads out to sea. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. For the system to function appropriately, several constraints are required. The inability for terrestrial transportation results in movements of all goods through water routes, lining up economical patterns with the dendritic patterns formed by the streams. The second being the overseas centre is economically superior to the ports found at the mouth of the rivers, having a higher population and a more productive and technologically advanced economy. Lastly, constraints on the land work against and do not develop urban settlements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bronson|first=Bennet|editor-first1=Karl |editor-last1=Hutterer |date=1977|title=Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes toward Functional Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia|journal=Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia|pages=39–52 |doi=10.3998/mpub.19412 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.19412|isbn=9780472901722 |url=https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:48495 }}</ref>

An aerial photograph taken in 1984 near Palembang (in what is now [[Srivijaya Archaeological Park]]) revealed the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had once been densely populated.<ref name="Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan">Ahmad Rapanie, Cahyo Sulistianingsih, Ribuan Nata, "Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Beberapa Situs dan Temuannya", Museum Negeri Sumatera Selatan, Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan.</ref> By 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin had shown that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia).<ref name="MUNOZ 117" /> Palembang is called in {{zh|c=巨港|p=Jù gǎng|l=Giant Harbour}}, this is probably a testament of its history as a once a great port.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 2021 a number of treasures were found in the shallows and riverbed of the Musi River by local fishermen during a dive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Media Dunia Heboh atas Temuan Harta Karun Swarnadwipa Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Dasar Sungai Musi|url=https://www.kompas.tv/article/224817/media-dunia-heboh-atas-temuan-harta-karun-swarnadwipa-kerajaan-sriwijaya-di-dasar-sungai-musi|access-date=2021-11-11|website=KOMPAS.tv|language=id}}</ref> The treasures included coins of various periods, gold jewelries, Buddhist statues, gems, colourful beads, and Chinese ceramic fragments. However, these troves were immediately lost as local treasure hunters sold them to international antiquities dealers before archaeologists could properly study them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=Have Sumatran fishing crews found the fabled Island of Gold?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/22/have-sumatran-fishing-crews-found-the-fabled-island-of-gold|access-date=2021-11-11|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> These discoveries led to the treasure rush in the Musi River in 2021, where locals formed groups of treasure divers operating in parts of the Musi River in and around Palembang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Berburu Harta Karun Sungai Musi|url=https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/berburu-harta-karun-sungai-musi/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Tutur Visual Kompas.id|language=id}}</ref> These troves seem to confirm that Palembang was indeed the commercial centre of Srivijaya.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

===Jambi===
[[File:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Muaro Jambi]] Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious centre]]
Some scholars argue that the centre of Srivijaya was located in [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Muaro Jambi]], and not Palembang.<ref name="Leyten">{{Cite journal |last=Leyten |first=J. |title=Muaro Jambi, The Capital of Srivijaya, According to the writings of I-Tsing, Chau Ju-kua and recent studies and archaeological findings | date = April 2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34273392|website=academia.edu}}</ref> In 2013, archaeological research led by the [[University of Indonesia]] discovered several religious and habitation sites at the [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds]], suggesting that the initial centre of Srivijaya was located in the [[Muaro Jambi Regency]], Jambi on the [[Batang Hari River]], rather than on the originally-proposed Musi River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/124087/hl |title=Peneliti UI Temukan Bukti Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Jambi |language=id |date=15 July 2013 |last1=Jakarta |first1=Koran }}</ref> The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, and stretches 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, while 80 mounds (''menapos'') of temple ruins, are not yet restored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|title=Muaro Jambi Temple: The Legacy of Ancient Jambi|date=25 September 2011|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630104221/http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Temple">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html |title=Muarajambi Temple: Jambi's monumental mystery |author=Syofiardi Bachyul Jb |date=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The Muaro Jambi archaeological site was [[Mahayana]]-[[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhist]] in nature, which suggests that the site served as a Buddhist learning centre, connected to the 10th century Buddhist scholar [[Dharmakīrtiśrī|Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti]]. Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosted thousands of Buddhist [[Bhikku|monks]].

Compared to Palembang, Muaro Jambi has richer archaeological sites, i.e. multiple red brick temples and building structures along the Batang Hari river whilst Pelembang has no comparable temples or building structures. The proponents of the theory that Muaro Jambi was Srivijaya's capital point out that the descriptions written by [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] and [[Zhao Rukuo]], the description of [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Srivijaya realms by the Cholas]] and archaeological findings, suggest that Srivijaya's capital fits Muaro Jambi's environment better than the marshy Palembang.<ref name="Leyten"/> The study also compares the environment, geographical location, and the economic wealth of both cities; arguing that Jambi, located on the mouth of the Batang Hari River basin with its connection to Minangkabau hinterland was the centre of gold trade in the area, that described as the fabulous wealth of Srivijaya.<ref name="Leyten"/>

===Central Java===
In the second half of the eighth century, the Srivijayan mandala seems to have been ruled by the Sailendra dynasty of Central Java. Several Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (the Javanese Sailendra dynasty) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay Peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably [[Lambri]]). However, it's unknown whether Srivijaya's capital moved to Java or Srivijaya simply became a subordinate of Java.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Zakharov |first=Anton A |date=August 2012 |title=The Śailendras Reconsidered |url=https://iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=2013-10-30 |website=nsc.iseas.edu.sg |publisher=The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{rp|20–23}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Nugroho |first=Irawan Djoko |title=Majapahit Peradaban Maritim |publisher=Suluh Nuswantara Bakti |year=2011 |isbn=978-602-9346-00-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=8–10, 30–31}}

===Other places===
Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the [[Chaiya district]] in [[Surat Thani province]], [[Thailand]], was the centre of Srivijaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage6Sri2011Chaiya.html |title=Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya |author=Takashi Suzuki |date=25 December 2012 |access-date =6 March 2013 }}</ref> The Srivijayan Period is referred to as the time when Srivijaya ruled over present-day southern Thailand. In the region of Chaiya, there is clear evidence of Srivijayan influence seen in artwork inspired by [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. Because of the large amount of remains, such as the Ligor stele, found in this region, some scholars have attempted to prove that Chaiya was the capital.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia|last1=Chihara|first1=Daigorol|last2=Giebel|first2=Rolf W.|publisher=Brill|year=1996}}</ref> This period was also a time for art. The Buddhist art of the Srivijayan Kingdom was believed to have borrowed from Indian styles like that of the Dvaravati school of art.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thai Art with Indian Influences|last=Jermsawatdi|first=Promsak|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1979}}</ref> Some scholars believe that ''Chaiya'' probably comes from ''Srivijaya''. It was a regional capital in Srivijaya. Some [[Thai people|Thai]] historians argue it was the capital of Srivijaya itself,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf |title= Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part |author=Chand Chirayu Rajani |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=62 |year=1974 |pages=174–211 }}</ref> but this is generally discounted.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==History==
{{see also|History of Srivijaya}}
===Formation and growth===

====Siddhayatra====
[[File:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] displayed in the [[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]

Around 500 AD, the roots of the Srivijayan empire began to develop around present-day [[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]]. The [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] (683)—considered to be the oldest inscription related to Srivijaya,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sadzali |first=Asyhadi |date=2019-04-30 |title=Hulu ke Hilir: Jaringan dan Sistem Perniagaan Sungai Kerajaan Srivijaya |url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/paradigma/vol9/iss1/5 |journal=Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=61 |doi=10.17510/paradigma.v9i1.276 |issn=2503-0868|doi-access=free }}</ref> discovered on the banks of the Tatang River near the [[Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park|Karanganyar site]], states about the "glorious Srivijaya",{{efn|group=lower-roman|1=[[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] 10th line: ''Śrīvijaya jaya siddhayātra subhikṣa nityakāla'' (... Glorious Sriwijaya! prosperity and riches...)}} a ''[[Kedatuan|kadatuan]]'' (kingdom or polity) which was founded by [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]] and his retinue. He had embarked on a sacred ''siddhayatra''{{efn|group=lower-roman|1=According to [[George Cœdès|Coedès]], ''siddhayatra'' refers to some "magic potion". An alternative translation, however, is possible: [[Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder|Zoetmulder]]'s ''Dictionary of Old Javanese'' (1995) renders it as "a prosperous journey".}} journey and led 20,000 troops and 312 people in boats with 1,312 foot soldiers from Minanga Tamwan to [[Jambi]] and [[Palembang]]. Many of these armed forces gathered under Srivijayan rule would have been the sea people, referred to generally as the ''[[orang laut]]''. In establishing its power, Srivijaya had first to consolidate its position in Southeast Sumatra, which at that time consisted of multiple [[kadatuan|quasi-independent polities]] ruled by local [[Datuk|Datu]]s (chieftain).<ref name="UNESCO Silk Roads Programme">{{Cite journal|title=Port and polity of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (5th – 14th Centuries A.D.)|author=Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/port_and_polity_of_the_malay_peninsula_and_sumatra.pdf|journal=International Seminar Harbour Cities Along the Silk Roads}}</ref>{{rp|4}}

Under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, the [[Melayu Kingdom]] became the first kingdom to be integrated into Srivijaya. This possibly occurred in the 680s. [[Melayu Kingdom|Melayu]], also known as [[Melayu Kingdom|Jambi]], was rich in gold and was held in high esteem at the time. Srivijaya recognised that the submission of [[Melayu Kingdom|Melayu]] would increase its own prestige.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=124}}</ref>

The empire was organised in three main zones: the estuarine capital region centred on [[Palembang]], the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]] basin which served as a hinterland, and estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. The areas upstream of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]] were rich in various commodities valuable to [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=113}}</ref> The capital was administered directly by the ruler, while the hinterland remained under local [[Datuk|datu]]s or [[tribal chief]]s, who were organised into a network of alliances with the Srivijaya [[maharaja]] or king. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with rival river systems such as the [[Batang Hari River]], centred in [[Jambi]].

The [[Telaga Batu inscription]], discovered in Sabokingking, eastern [[Palembang]], is also a ''siddhayatra'' inscription, from the 7th century. This inscription was very likely used in a ceremonial ''sumpah'' (allegiance ritual). The top of the stone is adorned with seven [[nāga]] heads, and on the lower portion there is a water spout to channel liquid that was likely poured over the stone during a ritual. The ritual included a curse upon those who commit treason against Kadatuan Srivijaya.

The [[Talang Tuwo inscription]] is also a ''siddhayatra'' inscription. Discovered in [[Bukit Seguntang|Seguntang Hill]], western [[Palembang]], this inscription describes the establishment of the ''Śrīksetra'' garden endowed by King Jayanasa of Srivijaya for the well-being of all creatures.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|82–83}} It is likely that the [[Bukit Seguntang|Seguntang Hill]] site was the location of the ''Śrīksetra'' garden.

====Regional conquests====
According to the [[Kota Kapur inscription]] discovered on [[Bangka Island]], the empire conquered most of southern [[Sumatra]] and the neighbouring island of [[Bangka Island|Bangka]] as far as Palas Pasemah in [[Lampung]]. Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against [[Java]] in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of [[Tarumanagara]] in [[West Java]] and the [[Kalingga Kingdom|Kalingga]] in [[Central Java]]. The empire thus grew to control trade on the [[Strait of Malacca]], the western side of [[Java Sea]], and possibly the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name="Naval Melaka Straits">{{Cite journal |last=Heng |first=Derek |date=October 2013 |title=State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500–1500 CE |url=https://archive.org/details/naval-strategies-in-the-melaka-straits-c.-500-1500-ce/page/380/mode/2up |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=380–399 |doi=10.1017/S0022463413000362 |s2cid=161550066}}</ref>{{rp|pp=390-391}}

[[Chinese language|Chinese]] records dating to the late 7th century mention two [[Sumatra]]n kingdoms and three other kingdoms on [[Java]] as being part of Srivijaya. By the end of the 8th century, many [[West Java|western Java]]nese kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara and [[Kalingga Kingdom|Kalingga]], were within the Srivijayan sphere of influence.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Golden age===
[[File:Avalokiteçvara, Malayu Srivijaya style.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The golden [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]]-Srivijayan [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]] in Rataukapastuo, [[Muarabulian]], [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]]]

The 7th-century [[Sojomerto inscription]] mentions that an [[Old Malay]]-speaking Shivaist family led by Dapunta Selendra had established themselves in the Batang area of the northern coast of [[Central Java]]. He was possibly the progenitor of the [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra]] family. By the early 8th century, an influential [[Buddhist]] family related to Srivijaya, the [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra family]] of Javanese ancestry,<ref name="MUNOZ 132">{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=132}}</ref> dominated [[Central Java]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=125}}</ref>

====Conquest of the Malay Peninsula====
{{main|Srivijayan conquest of Kedah}}

[[File:Malay Kingdoms en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Malay polities in [[Sumatra]] and [[Malay Peninsula]]. By the turn of the 8th century the states in [[Sumatra]] and [[Malay Peninsula]] were under Srivijayan domination.]]

During the 7th century, [[Langkasuka]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]] became part of Srivijaya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=130}}</ref> Soon after this, [[Pan Pan (kingdom)|Pan Pan]] and [[Tambralinga]], north of Langkasuka, came under Srivijayan influence. These kingdoms on the peninsula were major trading nations that transported goods across the [[Kra Isthmus]].

The [[Ligor inscription]] in Vat Sema Muang says that Maharaja [[Dharmasetu]] of Srivijaya ordered the construction of three sanctuaries dedicated to the Bodhisattvas [[Padmapani]], [[Vajrapani]], and [[Buddha]] in the northern [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|pages=130–131|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>

====Sailendra dynasty rule====
{{main|Sailendra|Mataram Kingdom}}

The Sailendras of [[Java]] established a relationship with the [[Sumatra]]n Srivijayan lineage, and then further established their rule and authority in the [[Mataram kingdom]] of [[Central Java]]. It is unknown what the exact nature of their relationship was, with Arab sources mentioning that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably [[Lambri]]).<ref name=":7" />{{rp|20–23}}<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=8–10, 30–31}}

In [[Java]], [[Dharanindra]]'s successor was [[Samaragrawira]] (r. 800–819), mentioned in the [[Nalanda inscription]] (dated 860) as the father of [[Balaputradewa]], and the son of ''Śailendravamsatilaka'' (the jewel of the Śailendra family) with the stylised name ''Śrīviravairimathana'' (the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra.<ref name= Coedes />{{rp|92}} Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior [[Java]] in the [[Kedu Plain]] and being more interested in completing the [[Borobudur]] project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the 9th century, that the Khmer prince [[Jayavarman II]] was appointed governor of [[Indrapura (Khmer)|Indrapura]] in the [[Mekong Delta]] under [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendran]] rule. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from [[Tonle Sap]] to [[Mahendraparvata]], severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] independent from [[Java]] in 802.{{efn|group=lower-roman|1=Some academics, such as Charles Higham and Michael Vickery, disputed Coedès' assumption that Jayavarman II lived in Java for some time. They asserted that people living in Cambodian regions near the former territory of Champa used the Khmer word ''chvea'', which normally refers to the Indonesian island of Java, for the Cham. Jayavarman II, moreover, started his career in a town in the east of Cambodia, a region near Champa, cf. Charles Higham, ''The Civilization of Angkor'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2001, p. 56). Arlo Griffiths, however, refuted these theories and convincingly demonstrated that Java in the inscriptions both in the continent of Southeast Asia and in the Indonesian and Malaysian archipelago refer to the Indonesian island of Java, see his article 'The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE' (''Archipel'' 85/1 (2013), p. 43-81).}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Arlo |year=2013 |title=The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE |journal=Archipel |language=en |volume=85/1 |pages=43–81 |doi=10.3406/arch.2013.4384 |issn=0044-8613|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01958103/file/arch_0044-8613_2013_num_85_1_4384.pdf }}</ref> Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of [[Dharmasetu]].<ref name= Coedes />{{rp|108}} He was mentioned by his other name Rakai Warak in the [[Mantyasih inscription]].

Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom and Cœdes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and [[Samaratungga]] as the same person.<ref name= Coedes />{{rp|92}} However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in the Mantyasih inscription as the 5th monarch of the [[Mataram kingdom]]. This would mean that Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira.

Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who assumed the throne of Srivijaya around 792.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|pages=175|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref> By the 8th century, the Srivijayan court was virtually located in [[Java]], as the Sailendras monarch rose to become the [[Maharaja]] of Srivijaya.

After Dharmasetu, [[Samaratungga]] became the next [[Maharaja]] of Srivijaya. He reigned from 792 to 835. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, [[Samaratungga]] did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold on [[Java]]. He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of [[Borobudur]]; a massive stone [[mandala]], which was completed in 825, during his reign.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=143}}</ref> According to Cœdès, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra]] reigning in [[Java]]... its center at [[Palembang]]."<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|92}} [[Samaratungga]], like Samaragrawira, seems to have been influenced by peaceful [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] beliefs and strove to become a peaceful and benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess [[Pramodhawardhani]] who was betrothed to Shivaite [[Rakai Pikatan]], son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in [[Central Java]]. The political move that seemed to be an effort to secure peace and Sailendran rule on [[Java]] by reconciling the [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] with Shivaist [[Hindu]]s.

====Return to Palembang====
[[File:123 Dwarapala (39095909642).jpg|thumb|378x378px|A guardian ([[dvarapala]]) statue from Muaro Jambi.]]
Prince [[Balaputra]], however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani in [[Central Java]]. The relations between [[Balaputra]] and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. An older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that [[Balaputra]] was the son of [[Samaratungga]], which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana, argued that [[Balaputra]] was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of [[Samaratungga]], which would make him the uncle of Pramodhawardhani.<ref name="Srivijaya21">{{cite book | author=Muljana, Slamet | title=Sriwijaya | publisher=Yogyakarta: LKiS |year=2006 | page=21 | language=id | isbn=979-8451-62-7}}</ref>

It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from [[Central Java]] because of a succession dispute with Pikatan, or already ruled in [[Sumatra]]. Either way, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled the [[Sumatra]]n branch of [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra dynasty]] and was enthroned in the Srivijayan capital of [[Palembang]]. Historians have argued that this was because Balaputra's mother Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira, was the princess of Srivijaya, making Balaputra the heir of the Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of the [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra dynasty]] from [[Java]], as proclaimed in the [[Nalanda inscription]] dated 860.<ref name= Coedes />{{rp|108}}

After a trade disruption at [[Guangzhou|Canton]] between 820 and 850, the ruler of [[Melayu Kingdom|Jambi]] (Melayu Kingdom) was able to assert enough independence to send missions to [[China]] in 853 and 871.<ref name ="Kurnia-Sholihat">{{Cite book|last1=Kurnia|first1=Nia|last2=Irfan|first2=Sholihat|title=Kerajaan Sriwijaya: pusat pemerintahan dan perkembangannya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0j5xAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Girimukti Pasaka|year=1983|location=Jakarta|language=id}}</ref>{{rp|95}} The [[Melayu Kingdom]]'s independence coincided with the troubled times when the [[Sailendra]]n [[Balaputradewa]] was expelled from [[Java]] and later seized the throne of Srivijaya. The new maharaja was able to dispatch a tributary mission to [[China]] by 902. Two years after that, the weakening [[Tang dynasty]] conferred a title on a Srivijayan envoy.

In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of [[Tang dynasty]] and the rise of [[Song dynasty|Song]], there was brisk trading between the overseas world with the [[Fujian]] kingdom of [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min]] and the rich [[Guangdong]] kingdom of Nan Han. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this. Sometime around 903, the [[Muslim]] writer [[Ibn Rustah]] was so impressed with the wealth of the Srivijayan ruler that he declared that one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or had more revenue. The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at [[Palembang]] (especially the [[Srivijaya archaeological park|Karanganyar site]] near [[Bukit Seguntang|Seguntang Hill]] area), [[Muara Jambi]] and [[Kedah]].

====War against Java====
{{main|Mataram–Srivijayan wars}}

[[File:032 Avadana Level 1, Ship and Crew.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Borobudur ship|Javanese vessel]] depicted in [[Borobudur]]]]

In the 10th century, the rivalry between Sumatran Srivijaya and the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Mataram kingdom]] became more intense and hostile. The animosity was probably caused by Srivijaya's effort to reclaim the Sailendra lands in Java or by Mataram's aspiration to challenge Srivijaya domination in the region. In [[East Java]], the [[Anjukladang inscription]] dated 937 mentions an infiltration attack from [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] — which refers to a Srivijayan attack upon the Mataram Kingdom of [[East Java]]. The villagers of Anjuk Ladang were awarded for their service and merit in assisting the king's army, under the leadership of [[Mpu Sindok]], in repelling invading Malayu (Sumatra) forces; subsequently, a ''jayastambha'' (victory monument) was erected in their honor.

In 990, King [[Dharmawangsa]] of Java launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and attempted to capture the capital [[Palembang]]. The news of the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] invasion of Srivijaya was recorded in Chinese [[Song dynasty|Song]] period sources. In 988, a Srivijayan envoy was sent to the Chinese court in [[Guangzhou]]. After sojourning for about two years in [[China]], the envoy learned that his country had been attacked by [[Java]] which made him unable to return home. In 992 an envoy from Java arrived in the Chinese court and explained that their country was involved in continuous war with Srivijaya. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to [[Champa]] in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about the condition of his country. The Srivijayan envoy then sailed back to China and appealed to the Chinese Emperor for the protection of Srivijaya against [[Javanese people|Javanese]] invaders.<ref name="Kulkeb">{{cite book | title = Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, Volume 1 of Nalanda-Sriwijaya series |editor=Hermann Kulke |editor2=K Kesavapany |editor3=Vijay Sakhuja |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |year=2009 |isbn=9789812309372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC}}</ref>{{rp|229}}

Dharmawangsa's invasion led the [[Maharaja]] of Srivijaya, Sri [[Cudamani Warmadewa]], to seek protection from China. Warmadewa was known as an able and astute ruler, with shrewd diplomatic skills. In the midst of the crisis brought by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] invasion, he secured Chinese political support by appeasing the Chinese Emperor. In 1003, a [[Song dynasty|Song]] historical record reported that the envoy of ''San-fo-qi'' was dispatched by the king ''Shi-li-zhu-luo-wu-ni-fo-ma-tiao-hua'' (Sri Cudamani Warmadewa). The Srivijayan envoy told the Chinese court that in their country a Buddhist temple had been erected to pray for the long life of Chinese Emperor, and asked the emperor to give the name and the bell for this temple which was built in his honor. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple ''Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou'' ('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple.<ref name="Kulkeb"/>{{rp|6}}

In 1006, Srivijaya's alliance proved its resilience by successfully repelling the Javanese invasion. This attack opened the eyes of Srivijayan Maharaja to the threat of the Javanese Mataram Kingdom, so he laid a plan to destroy his Javanese rival. Srivijaya assisted Haji (king) Wurawari of Lwaram to revolt, which led to the attack and destruction of the Mataram palace. This sudden and unexpected attack took place during the wedding ceremony of Dharmawangsa's daughter, which left the court unprepared and shocked. With the death of Dharmawangsa and the fall of the Mataram capital, Srivijaya contributed to the collapse of Mataram kingdom, leaving [[East Java|Eastern Java]] in further unrest, violence and, ultimately, desolation for several years to come.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|130,132,141,144}}

===Decline===
====Chola invasion====
{{see also|Chola invasion of Srivijaya}}
[[File:Candi Gumpung Muarojambi.jpg|left|thumb|Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds]] of the [[Melayu Kingdom]], later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre]]The factors in the decline of Srivijaya were foreign piracy and raids that disrupted trade and security in the region. [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India]], [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya]] in 1025.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|142–143}} His navy sailed swiftly to Sumatra using monsoon winds, made a stealth attack and raided Srivijaya's 14 ports. The strike took Srivijaya by surprise and unprepared; they first ransacked the capital city of Palembang and then swiftly moved on to other ports including [[Kedah|Kadaram]] (modern Kedah).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=The Chola raid on Srivijaya as a geostrategic manoeuvre|url=https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2020/12/22/the-chola-raid-on-srivijaya-as-a-geostrategic-manoeuvre/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=SEAArch – Southeast Asian Archaeology|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both [[piracy]] and foreign trade. At times, the Chola's seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOfjaW7C3AsC&q=Chola+piracy&pg=PA367 |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History |author=Craig A. Lockard |date=27 December 2006 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=367 |isbn=0618386114 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> An inscription of King Rajendra states that he had captured the King of Kadaram, [[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]], son of Mara Vijayatunggavarman, and plundered many treasures including the ''Vidhyadara-torana,'' the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour.

According to the 15th-century ''[[Malay Annals]]'', [[Rajendra Chola I]] after the successful naval raid in 1025 married Onang Kiu, the daughter of Vijayottunggavarman.<ref name="Buddhism, Diplomacy p.226" /><ref>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71</ref> This invasion forced Srivijaya to make peace with the [[Java]]nese kingdom of [[Kahuripan]]. The peace deal was brokered by the exiled daughter of Vijayottunggavarman, who managed to escape the destruction of Palembang, and came to the court of King [[Airlangga]] in [[East Java]]. She also became the queen consort of Airlangga named Dharmaprasadottungadevi and, in 1035, Airlangga constructed a Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort.<ref name="Munoz">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+the+Malay+Peninsula |isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>{{rp|163}}

The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests against parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula for the next 20 years. The expedition of [[Rajendra Chola I]] had such a lasting impression on the Malay people of the period that his name is even mentioned (as ''Raja Chulan'') in the ''[[Malay Annals]]''.<ref name="Buddhism, Diplomacy p.226" /><ref>History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800 by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43</ref><ref>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 by [[John N. Miksic]] p.147</ref><ref>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71</ref> Even today the Chola rule is remembered in [[Malaysia]] as many [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as the Raja of [[Perak]], [[Raja Chulan]].<ref>Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158</ref><ref>India and Malaya Through the Ages: by S. Durai Raja Singam</ref><ref name="Singapore">{{cite book | title= The History of Singapore | author=Jean Abshire | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA13 | page=17 | publisher=ABC-CLIO, 2011 | date=21 March 2011 | isbn=9780313377433 | access-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Chaiya Wat Kaew.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times]]

Rajendra Chola's overseas expeditions against Srivijaya were unique in India's history and its otherwise peaceful relations with the states of Southeast Asia. The reasons for the naval expeditions are uncertain as the sources do not state its exact causes. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks were probably caused by Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of Chola's trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to well known countries to gain prestige.<ref name="Kulke" /> The new research however, suggests that the attack was a pre-emptive strike with a commercial motive. Rajendra Chola's naval strike was a [[Geostrategy|geostrategic]] manoeuvre.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mandira|last=Nayar|date=27 December 2020|title=Lord of the ocean|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/12/17/lord-of-the-ocean.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

The raids gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], which were based on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. With the passing of time, the regional trading centre shifted from the old Srivijayan capital of Palembang to another trade centre on the island of Sumatra, [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Jambi]], which was the centre of [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]].<ref name="Singapore" />

====Under the Cholas====
''Sanfoqi'' sent a mission to China in 1028, but this would refer to Malayu-Jambi, not Srivijaya-Palembang.<ref name=":02" />{{rp|398, 405}} No Srivijayan envoys arrived in China between 1028 and 1077. This indicates that the ''[[Mandala (political model)|mandala]]'' of Srivijaya has faded. It is very possible that Srivijaya collapsed in 1025.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=9789971695583|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|110}} In the following centuries, Chinese chronicles still mentioned "Sanfoqi", but this term probably refers to the [[Malayu (kingdom)|Malayu]]-Jambi kingdom, evidenced by the Chinese record of ''Sanfoqi Zhanbei guo'' (Jambi country of Sanfoqi). The last epigraphic evidence that mentions the word "Sriwijaya" or "Srivijaya" comes from the Tanjore inscription of the Chola kingdom in 1030 or 1031.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last1=Miksic|first1=John N.|last2=Goh|first2=Geok Yian|date=2017|title=Ancient Southeast Asia|location=London|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>{{rp|397, 398, 405}}

Chola control over Srivijaya lasted for several decades. Chinese chronicles mentioned ''Sanfoqi Zhu-nian guo'' which means "Chola country of Sanfoqi", likely refer to Kedah. ''Sanfoqi Zhu-nian guo'' sent missions to China in 1077, 1079, 1082, 1088, and 1090. It is possible that the Cholas installed a crown prince in the Tamil-dominated area of the Malacca Strait.<ref name=":02" />{{rp|398, 399, 405}}

There is also evidence to suggest that [[Kulottunga Chola]], the maternal grandson of emperor Rajendra Chola I, in his youth (1063) was in Srivijaya,<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|148}} restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram (Kedah) and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Siam Society, Volume 63|author=Siam Society|publisher=s.n., 1975|page=252}}</ref> These expeditions were led by Kulottunga to help the [[Sailendra]] king who had sought the help of Virarajendra Chola.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=K Kesavapany|author3=Vijay Sakhuja|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009 – History|page=305}}</ref> An inscription of Canton mentions Ti-hua-kialo as the ruler of Srivijaya. According to historians, this ruler is the same as the Chola ruler Ti-hua-kialo (identified with Kulottunga) mentioned in the Song annals and who sent an embassy to China. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Srivijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram (Kedah) after the naval expedition of 1067 and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne.<ref name="suvarnadipa">{{cite book|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=K Kesavapany|author3=Vijay Sakhuja|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009 – History|pages=11–12}}</ref>

Tamil colonization of the Malacca Strait seems to have lasted for a century. The Cholas left several inscriptions in northern Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Tamil influence can be found in works of art (sculpture and temple architecture), it indicated government activity rather than commerce. Chola's grip on northern Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula receded in the 12th century — the Tamil poem ''Kalingatupparani'' of {{Circa|1120}} mentioned Kulottungga's destruction of Kadaram (Kedah). After that, Kedah disappeared from Indian sources.<ref name=":02" />{{rp|398, 399}}

====Successor state Malayu Dharmasraya====
{{see also|Melayu Kingdom|Dharmasraya}}
After the fall of Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra in the 11th century, and a period of Chola involvements in the region, there are no clear records which can explain the period ensuing the fall of Srivijaya. Almost 150 years later, a new dynasty emerged in the region replacing the Sailendras. They were the [[Mauli dynasty]] that ruled the [[Melayu Kingdom]] in [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Jambi]] by the [[Batang Hari River|Batang Hari river valley]].<ref name="Muljana" /> This late 12th century Malayu [[Dharmasraya]] kingdom can be considered as the successor of Srivijaya. The oldest inscription bearing the name of Maharaja Mauli is the [[Grahi inscription]] dated 1183.

==Government and economy==

===Political administration===
[[File:Telaga Batu inscription.JPG|thumb|left|[[Telaga Batu inscription]] adorned with seven [[nāga]] heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual]]

The 7th century [[Telaga Batu inscription]], discovered in Sabokingking, Palembang, testifies to the complexity and stratified titles of the Srivijayan state officials. These titles are mentioned: ''rājaputra'' (princes, lit: sons of king), ''kumārāmātya'' (ministers), ''bhūpati'' (regional rulers), ''senāpati'' (generals), ''nāyaka'' (local community leaders), ''pratyaya'' (nobles), ''hāji pratyaya'' (lesser kings), ''dandanayaka'' (judges), ''tuhā an vatak'' (workers inspectors), ''vuruh'' (workers), ''addhyāksi nījavarna'' (lower supervisors), ''vāsīkarana'' (blacksmiths/weapon makers), ''cātabhata'' (soldiers), ''adhikarana'' (officials), ''kāyastha'' (store workers), ''sthāpaka'' (artisans), ''puhāvam'' (ship captains), ''vaniyāga'' (traders), ''marsī hāji'' (king's servants), ''hulun hāji'' (king's slaves).<ref>Casparis, J.G., (1956), ''Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D.'', Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.</ref>

During its formation, the empire was organised in three main zones — the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland and source of valuable goods, and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. These rival estuarine areas, through raids and conquests, were held under Srivijayan power, such as the Batanghari estuarine ([[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] in Jambi). Several strategic ports also included places like [[Bangka Island]] (Kota Kapur), ports and kingdoms in Java (highly possible [[Tarumanagara]] and [[Kalingga]]), [[Kedah]] and [[Chaiya]] in Malay peninsula, and [[Lamuri]] and [[Pannai]] in northern Sumatra. There are also reports mentioning the Java-Srivijayan raids on Southern Cambodia (Mekong estuarine) and ports of [[Champa]].

After its expansion to the neighbouring states, the Srivijayan empire was formed as a collection of several [[Kedatuan|Kadatuan]]s (local principalities), which swore allegiance to the central ruling powerful Kadatuan ruled by the Srivijayan Maharaja. The political relations and system relating to its realms is described as a [[Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)|mandala model]], typical of that of classical Southeast Asian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. It could be described as federation of kingdoms or vassalised polity under a centre of domination, namely the central Kadatuan Srivijaya. The polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing further administrative integration.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cewces_papers&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dmandala%2520srivijaya%2520political%2520federation%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D11%26ved%3D0CBgQFjAAOAo%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fepublications.bond.edu.au%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1007%2526context%253Dcewces_papers%26ei%3DxrfkTu3fKdDQrQfpmuCSCA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHApSYyFUfMf3LtiD2a95urqw-X5w%26sig2%3DSrOqXV_mGyJ6xCRIIOpJQA#search=%22mandala%20srivijaya%20political%20federation%22
| title = Mandala: from sacred origins to sovereign affairs in traditional Southeast Asia
| access-date = 11 December 2011
| last = Dellios
| first = Rosita
| date = 1 January 2003
| publisher = Bond University Australia
}}</ref>

The relations between the central kadatuan and its member (subscribers) kadatuans were dynamic. As such, the status would shift over generations. Minor trading ports throughout the region were controlled by local vassal rulers in place on behalf of the king. They also presided over harvesting resources from their respective regions for export. A portion of their revenue was required to be paid to the king.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kee-Long|first=So|date=1998|title=Dissolving Hegemony or Changing Trade Pattern? Images of Srivijaya in the Chinese Sources of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries|jstor=20072047|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=295–308|doi=10.1017/s0022463400007451|s2cid=159891823 }}</ref> They were not allowed to infringe upon international trade relations, but the temptation of keeping more money to themselves eventually led foreign traders and local rulers to conduct illicit trading relations of their own.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wolters|first=O. W.|date=1966|title=A Note on the Capital of Śrīvijaya during the Eleventh Century|jstor=1522654|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=23|pages=225–239|doi=10.2307/1522654}}</ref> Other sources claim that the Champa invasion had weakened the central government significantly, forcing vassals to keep the international trade revenue for themselves.<ref name=":0" />

In addition to coercive methods through raids and conquests and being bound by ''pasumpahan'' (oath of allegiance), the royalties of each kadatuan often formed alliances through dynastic marriages. For example, a previously suzerained kadatuan over time might rise in prestige and power, so that eventually its ruler could lay claim to be the maharaja of the central kadatuan. The relationship between Srivijayan in Sumatra (descendants of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa) and Sailendras in Java exemplified this political dynamic.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

===Economy===

==== Trade agreements and commerce ====
[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Expansion of Buddhism]]
starting in the 5th century BC from [[northern India]] to the rest of [[Asia]], which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the [[Silk Road]]. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Acri |author-first=Andrea |date=20 December 2018 |title=Maritime Buddhism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]The main goal of Srivijayan foreign economic relations was to secure a lucrative trade agreement to serve the large Chinese market, that spanned from the [[Tang dynasty]] to the [[Song dynasty]]. In order to participate in this trade agreement, Srivijaya was involved in a tributary relation with China, in which they sent several envoys and embassies to secure the Chinese court's favour. By 1178, a Srivijayan mission to China highlighted Srivijaya's role as an intermediary to acquire Bornean products, such as plum flower-shaped Borneo camphor planks.<ref name="New Perspectives">{{Cite book |last1=Aung-Thwin |first1=Michael Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvWrAgAAQBAJ&q=Srivijaya+in+Borneo&pg=PA61 |title=New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations |last2=Hall |first2=Kenneth R. |date=2011-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81964-3 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:MUS Koin perak Kerajaan Sriwijaya; 3.jpg|thumb|1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th – 10th century]]

In the world of commerce, Srivijaya rose rapidly to be a far-flung empire controlling the two passages between India and China, namely the [[Sunda Strait]] from Palembang and the [[Malacca Strait]] from Kedah. Arab accounts state that the empire of the Srivijayan Maharaja was so vast that the swiftest vessel would not have been able to travel around all its islands in two years. The islands that the accounts referred to produced camphor, aloes, sandal-wood, spices like [[clove]]s, [[nutmeg]]s, [[cardamom]] and [[cubeb]]s, as well as ivory, gold and tin, all of which made the wealth of the Maharaja equal to any king in [[Medieval India]].<ref name="Poesponegoro">Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, [[Nugroho Notosusanto]], (1992), ''Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuna'', PT Balai Pustaka, {{ISBN|979-407-408-X}}</ref>

==== Riverine system model ====
Besides interregional trade agreements, the Srivijayan economy is also theorized to have adopted a "riverine system model", where dominance of a river-system and river-mouth centres guaranteed the kingdom's control of the flow of goods from the hinterland region upstream of the river; as well as control on trade within the Straits of Malacca and international trade routes going through the strait. Srivijaya's victory on its dominance of river-mouths centres on the Sumatra, Malaya and western Java coasts ensured Palembang's control over the region. This was accomplished through its system of: 'oath of allegiances' to local elites; its efforts on redistributions of wealth; and alliances made with local ''datus'' (chieftains) rather than on direct coercion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Kenneth R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC |title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7 |pages=22–24 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Items of trade and barter system ====
The port of Srivijaya served as an important [[entrepôt]] in which valuable commodities from the region and beyond were collected, traded and shipped. [[Rice]], [[cotton]], [[indigo]] and [[silver]] from Java; [[aloe]]s, [[resin]], [[camphor]], [[ivory]], rhino horns, [[tin]] and [[gold]] from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; [[rattan]], rare [[timber]], camphor, [[Gemstone|gems]] and precious stones from Borneo; exotic birds and rare animals, [[iron]], [[sappan]], [[sandalwood]], and rare spices including [[clove]] and [[nutmeg]] from the [[Eastern Indonesia]]n archipelago; various spices of Southeast Asia and India including [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[Piper cubeba|cubeb]] and [[cinnamon]]; also Chinese [[ceramics]], [[lacquerware]], [[brocade]], fabrics, silks, and Chinese artwork were among valuable commodities being traded in Srivijayan ports. What goods were actually native to Srivijaya is currently disputed due to the volume of cargo that regularly passed through the region from India, China, and Arabia. Foreign traders stopped to trade their cargo in Srivijaya with other merchants from Southeast Asia and beyond. It was an easy location for traders from different regions to meet as opposed to visiting each other directly. This system of trade has led researchers to conjecture that the actual native products of Srivijaya were far less than what was originally recorded by Chinese and Arabic traders of the time. It may be that cargo sourced from foreign regions accumulated in Srivijaya. The accumulation of particular foreign goods that were easily accessible and in large supply might have given the impression they were products of Srivijaya. This could also work in the opposite direction with some native Srivijayan goods being mistaken as foreign commodities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Dashu |last2=Xiang |first2=Kunpeng |date=2011-01-01 |title=Sri Vijaya as the Entrepôt for Circum-Indian Ocean Trade |url=http://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1379 |journal=Études Océan Indien |language=fr |issue=46–47 |pages=308–336 |doi=10.4000/oceanindien.1379 |issn=0246-0092 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Ceramics were a major trade commodity between Srivijaya and China with shard artefacts found along the coast of Sumatra and Java. It is assumed that China and Srivijaya may have had an exclusive ceramics trade relationship because particular ceramic shards can only be found at their point of origin, in Guangzhou, or in Indonesia, but nowhere else along the trade route.<ref name=":2" /> There have been some discrepancies with the dating of said artifacts. Ceramic sherds found around the Geding Suro temple complex have been revealed to be much more recent than previously assumed. A statuette found in the same area did align with Srivijayan chronology, but it has been suggested that this is merely a coincidence and the product was actually brought to the region recently.<ref name=":1" />

The currency of the empire was gold and silver coins embossed with the image of the sandalwood flower (of which Srivijaya had a trade monopoly on) and the word "vara," or "glory," in Sanskrit.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Money – Srivijaya Money |url=http://www.thaibankmuseum.or.th/eng/museum107.php |access-date=2018-03-24 |website=www.thaibankmuseum.or.th}}</ref> Other items could be used to barter with, such as porcelain, silk, sugar, iron, rice, dried galangal, rhubarb, and camphor.<ref name=":0" /> Some Arabic sources record that the profits acquired from trade ports and levies were converted into gold and hidden by the King in the royal pond.<ref name=":3" />

==== Trade relations with Arabia ====
Other than fostering lucrative trade relations with India and China, Srivijaya also established commerce links with [[Arabia]]. In a highly plausible account, a messenger was sent by Maharaja [[Sri Indravarman]] to deliver a letter to [[Caliph]] [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 718. The messenger later returned to Srivijaya with a ''Zanji'' (a black female slave from [[Zanj]]), a gift from the Caliph to the Maharaja. Later, a Chinese chronicle made mention of Sri Indravarman and how the Maharaja of Srivijaya had sent the Chinese Emperor a ''ts'engchi'' (Chinese spelling of the Arabic ''Zanji'') as a gift in 724.<ref name="Azra">{{cite book |last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|author-link=Azyumardi Azra|title=Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation|publisher=Mizan Pustaka|year=2006|isbn=979-433-430-8}}</ref>

Arab writers of the 9th and 10th century, in their writings, considered the king of Al-Hind (India and to some extent might include Southeast Asia) as one of the four great kings in the world.<ref name="Ancien Regime p.41">India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel: p.41</ref><ref name="Al-Hind p.226">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion Islam 7th–11th centuries by André Wink p. 226</ref> The reference to the kings of Al-Hind might have also included the kings of Southeast Asia; Sumatra, Java, Burma and Cambodia. They are, invariably, depicted by the Arab writers as extremely powerful and being equipped with vast armies of men, horses and having tens of thousands of elephants.<ref name="Ancien Regime p.41"/><ref name="Al-Hind p.226"/> They were also said to be in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver.<ref name="Ancien Regime p.41"/><ref name="Al-Hind p.226"/> Trading records from the 9th and 10th centuries mention Srivijaya, but do not expand upon regions further east, indicating that Arabic traders were not engaging with other regions in Southeast Asia, serving as further evidence of Srivijaya's important role as a link between the two regions.<ref name=":2" />

===Thalassocratic empire===

For some periods, Srivijaya controlled the transoceanic trade in its central passage in the [[Strait of Malacca]], as part of the [[Maritime Silk Road]]. This has led some historian to argue that the amorphous statehood of Srivijaya, which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous port cities in the Maritime Southeast Asia, was actually a [[Thalassocracy]].<ref name="Kulke"/> However, the true nature of Srivijaya naval development and maritime hegemony is still a subject of studies and disagreements among historians.

Srivijaya benefited from the lucrative maritime trade between China and India as well as trading in products such as [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] [[spice]]s within the [[Malay Archipelago]]. Serving as Southeast Asia's main [[entrepôt]] and gaining trade patronage by the Chinese court, Srivijaya was constantly managing its trade networks and, was always wary of potential rival ports of its neighbouring kingdoms. A majority of the revenue from international trade was used to finance the military which was charged with the responsibility of protecting the ports. Some records even describe the use of iron chains to prevent pirate attacks.<ref name=":0" />

Srivijayan settlers may have colonized some parts of Madagascar. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place around 830.<ref name="A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar"/>

====7th to 11th centuries====
Previously it was assumed that Srivijaya was a maritime power that could not be separated from ethnicity and society in the Malacca Strait. The assumption that occurs is that the formation of a successful state and hegemony in the strait is directly related to the ability to participate in international maritime activities, which means that a shore-based state like this develops and maintains its power with its navy. However, a survey of the available information shows that such an assumption is incorrect. Data on maritime activity are scanty and mentions of their navy occurs only in incomplete sources. Even the material aspects of Southeast Asian navies were not known until the 15th century, scientific attention generally focused on shipbuilding techniques.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=381}}

In the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD), it is recorded that only 312 people used boats out of a total force of 20,000 people, which also included 1312 land soldiers. The large number of ground troops shows that Srivijaya's navy only acted as a minor provider of logistical support. In the 8th century, Srivijaya's naval capabilities grew to match the proportion of its army strength, although it only played a role as logistical support.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=382–384}}

The absence of any terms denoting maritime vessel for general use and military showed that the navy was not a permanent aspect of Srivijaya. Even when neighboring powers in maritime Asia, especially Java during the 10th to 14th centuries, and the [[Chola Empire]] in the 11th century, began to develop their navies, Srivijaya's naval power was relatively weak. For example, ''Songshi'' and ''Wenxian'' ''Tongkao'' note that between 990 and 991, a Srivijayan envoy was unable to return from South China to Palembang because of the ongoing military conflict between Java and Srivijaya. However the Javanese, Arabs from the Middle East, and South Asia were able to maintain diplomatic and economic exchanges with China during this time. The Javanese navy was strong enough to seriously disrupt Srivijaya's communications with China. Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=385–386}}

Srivijaya's response to Javanese aggression appeared to be defensive. In his account of ''Sanfoqi'', Zhao Rugua records in ''Zhufanzhi'' ({{Circa|1225}}):
<blockquote>In the past, [this state] used an iron chain as a barrier to prepare against other robbing parties (arriving on vessels?). There were opportunities to release (i.e. draw) it by hand. If merchant ships arrive, it has to be released".<ref>Chen Jiarong and Qian Jiang, ''Zhufanzhi zhubu'' [Treatise on the Foreign Barbarians] (Hongkong: Hongkong University Press), p. 47.</ref><ref name=":Chau">{{Cite book |last1=Hirth |first1=Friedrich |last2=Rockhill |first2=William Woodville |title=Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu Fan Chï |publisher=Imperial Academy of Sciences |year=1911 |location=St. Petersburg |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023289345/page/n75/mode/2up|pages=60, 62}}</ref></blockquote>

The inability of the Malacca Strait states to respond to maritime threats became very clear in the early 11th century. Between 1017 and 1025, the Chola Empire raided the main Malay ports in the strait and the Gulf of Siam, including Kedah, Malay (Jambi), Lambri, Srivijaya, and Langkasuka, looted the Kedah treasury and captured Srivijayan rulers, a further indication of the incompetence of the Malacca Strait states to defend themselves from naval attacks.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=385–386}}

Until the 11th century, at least in terms of their military outlook, the kingdom was arguably land-based. Only with the changing international context from the 11th century onwards, marked initially by the Chola attacks, and then with the increasing presence of Chinese merchants directly operating in Southeast Asian waters, coupled with the emergence of new powers on the seafront, did the role and nature of these navies begin to change.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=387–388}}

==== 12th to 13th centuries ====
After the [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Chola attack]], historians believe that Srivijaya may be no longer the appropriate name for the overlord's centre, and epigraphic references to 'Sriwijaya' also ceased after the attack. However, the Chinese term for Srivijaya, namely ''Sanfoqi'', was still used centuries later, but after 1025 the term ''Sanfoqi'' referred to the [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu Dharmasraya kingdom]] where the [[mandala (political model)|mandala]] was re-centred.<ref name=":02" />{{rp|398, 405}} The new records appeared in the ''Lingwai daida'' (1178 AD), written by Zhou Qufei:
<blockquote>This country (Sanfoqi) has no products, but its people are well trained in warfare. When they put medicine on their body, they can't be hurt. In offensive naval warfare, their attacks are unmatched. Therefore, neighboring countries are aligned with it. If foreign ships passing through the vicinity do not call in this state, [vessels] are sent to teach them a lesson and to kill. Therefore, the state is rich, with rhino horn, elephant [tusks] (ivory), pearls, aromatics and medicines.<ref>Tu Youxiang, ''Zhou Qufei : Lingwai daida'' [Answers from beyond the Southern Mountains] (Shanghai: Yuandong chubanshe, 1996), p. 42.</ref></blockquote>

Similar information about ''Sanfoqi'' is also recorded in ''Zhufanzhi'' (c. 1225), which records:<blockquote>All are excellent in maritime and land warfare. At any time that a mobilisation order is established, chieftains [are the ones who] command [the troops]. All of them prepare and equip [themselves] with soldiers, equipment, and food. Arriving at the enemy, they dare to die (i.e. are not afraid of dying). [Hence it is regarded as] the elder of the various states (i.e. [[Primus inter pares|first amongst equals]])... This state is at the middle of the sea, controlling the choke-point through which the various foreign vessels come and go. In the past, [it] used an iron chain as a barrier... This year (i.e. presently), it is not taut (i.e. not extended) and not used, [lying in a] pile in the water... If merchant ships cross [the vicinity] and do not enter [i.e. call at the port], then ships are dispatched to do battle [with them]. They have to die (i.e. the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). Hence, this state (Sanfoqi) is a great shipping centre.<ref>Chen and Qian, ''Zhufanzhi zhubu'', p. 46.</ref><ref name=":Chau" /></blockquote>

This information may refer to sea and river warfare in particular given the extensive navigation capabilities of the Musi and Batang Hari rivers where the main centres of the kingdoms around the Malacca Strait (Palembang and Jambi) were located. These records show that both the nature of the navy and the role it played in the survival of the government itself, in the late 12th and 13th centuries, became very different.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=387–388}}

At the same time, the 12th century saw the beginning of the decline of the empires around the Malacca Strait and in the eyes of its foreign partners. [[Kedah Kingdom#Medieval history|Kedah]] fell outside the influence of ''Sanfoqi'' during the 11th century. By the early 13th century, Pahang, Kuala Beranang and Kompei had established direct economic links with the Chinese port of [[Quanzhou]].<ref>Zhao Yanwei, ''Yunlu manchao'' [Writings from the clouds and foothills], 1206, 5: 88.</ref> Jambi became independent from ''Sanfoqi''<nowiki/>'s influence in the early 13th century, while Ligor fell under the influence of [[Tambralinga|Tambralingga]] in the 1230s.<ref>Chen and Qian, ''Zhufanzhi zhubu'', p. 78.</ref>

After Singhasari's attack on ''Malayu'' in 1275, a large number of Malay port-states emerged in the strait, each seeking to engage directly with foreign traders, with varying degrees of success. Therefore, the development of an increasingly proactive naval strategy was not only a reaction to the changing nature of interactions with major trading partners such as China and India, but also as a result of the polities' declining power.{{sfn|Heng|2013|p=393–394}}

==== Ship types ====
Textual record of Srivijayan vessels are very lacking, as [[Old Malay]] epigraphical records rarely mentioned watercraft. The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD) mentioned ''samvau'' (modern Malay: ''[[Sampan]]''). A ship type called ''[[Lancang (ship)|lancang]]'' is identified as a Malay type of ship in later records, but during the Srivijaya era, the ship was mentioned in 2 inscriptions on the northern coast of Bali dated 896 and 923. These inscriptions are written in the Old Balinese language, and not in Old Malay.<ref name=":12">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.</ref>{{Rp|149–150}}

====Srivijayan exploration====
The core of the Srivijayan realm was concentrated in and around the [[Malacca Strait|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait|Sunda]] straits and in [[Sumatra]], the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[West Java|Western Java]]. However, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, the influence of Srivijaya seems to have extended far beyond this core. Srivijayan navigators may have reached as far as [[Madagascar]]. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place around 830. According to an extensive mitochondrial DNA study, native [[Malagasy people]] today can likely trace their heritage back to 30 founding mothers who sailed from [[Indonesia]] 1,200 years ago. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] contains loan words from [[Sanskrit]], with all the local linguistic modifications via [[Javanese language|Javanese]] or [[Malay language|Malay]], hinting that [[Madagascar]] may have been colonised by settlers from Srivijaya.<ref name="A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar">{{cite journal |title=A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |author=Murray P. Cox |author2=Michael G. Nelson |author3=Meryanne K. Tumonggor |author4=François-X. Ricaut |author5=Herawati Sudoyo |date=2012 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0012|pmc=3367776 |pmid=22438500 |volume=279 |issue=1739 |pages=2761–8}}</ref>

==Culture and society==
Srivijaya-Palembang's significance both as a centre for trade and for the practice of Vajrayana Buddhism has been established by Arab and Chinese historical records over several centuries. Srivijaya' own historical documents, inscriptions in Old Malay, are limited to the second half of the 7th century. The inscriptions uncover the hierarchical leadership system, in which the king is served by many other high-status officials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Srivijaya-empire|title=Srivijaya empire {{!}} historical kingdom, Indonesia|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en}}</ref> A complex, stratified, cosmopolitan and prosperous society with their tastes in art, literature and culture, with complex set of rituals, influenced by Mahayana Buddhism; blossomed in ancient Srivijayan society. Their complex social order can be seen through studies on inscriptions, foreign accounts, and in bas-reliefs of temples from this period. Their accomplished artistry was evidenced from a number of Srivijayan Mahayana Buddhist statues discovered in the region. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which was characterised by the heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom. Some forms of metallurgy were used as jewelry, coins and as decorative status symbols.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Joyce C.|last2=Hamilton|first2=Elizabeth G.|title=The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives|journal=Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective|pages=805–852}}</ref>

===Art and culture===
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| image2 = Avalokiteshvara Bingin Jungut Srivijaya.JPG
| caption2 = Avalokiteshvara Bingin Jungut, [[Musi Rawas Regency|Musi Rawas]], South Sumatra. Srivijayan art (c. 8th–9th century CE) resemble Central Java [[Sailendra]]n art.
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Some art was heavily influenced by Buddhism, further spreading religion and ideologies through the trade of art. The [[Buddhist art]] and architecture of Srivijaya was influenced by the Indian art of the [[Gupta Empire]] and [[Pala Empire]]. This is evident in the Indian [[Amaravati art|Amaravati style]] Buddha statue located in Palembang. This statue, dating back to the 7th or 8th century, is evidence of the spread of art, culture, and ideology through trade.<ref>Thai Art with Indian Influences by Promsak Jermsawatdi p.65</ref><ref name=":0" /> According to various historical sources, a complex and cosmopolitan society with a culture deeply influenced by Vajrayana Buddhism, flourished in the Srivijayan capital. The 7th century [[Talang Tuwo inscription]] described Buddhist rituals and blessings at the event of establishing a public park. This inscription allowed historians to understand the practices being held at the time, as well as their importance to the function of Srivijayan society. Talang Tuwo serves as one of the world's oldest inscriptions that talks about the environment, highlighting the centrality of nature in Buddhist religion and Srivijayan society. The [[Kota Kapur inscription]] mentions Srivijayan military dominance against Java.

The [[Old Malay]] language, the predecessor to the modern [[Malay language]], had been used since the 7th century in the Malay Archipelago as evident by inscriptions in the coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java. The language was spread by traders and become the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the archipelago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/174/sriwijaya-dalam-telaah |title=Sriwijaya dalam Tela'ah |author=rmz |date=5 June 2007 |publisher=Melayu Online |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022105208/http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/174/sriwijaya-dalam-telaah |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://melayuonline.com/eng/opinion/read/80/risen-up-maritime-nation |title=Risen Up Maritime Nation! |author=Bambang Budi Utomo |date=23 January 2008 |publisher=Melayu Online |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022091319/http://melayuonline.com/eng/opinion/read/80/risen-up-maritime-nation |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Despite its economic, cultural and military advances, Srivijaya left few archaeological remains in their heartlands in Sumatra. Some Buddhist temples dated from Srivijayan era are found in Sumatra and are [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Muaro Jambi]], [[Candi Muara Takus|Muara Takus]] and [[Bahal temple|Biaro Bahal]].

Some Buddhist sculptures, such as Buddha [[Vairocana]], Boddhisattva [[Avalokiteshvara]] and [[Maitreya]], were discovered at numerous sites in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. These archaeological findings such as the stone statue of Buddha discovered in [[Bukit Seguntang]], Palembang,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epalembang.com/lang/en/travel-tourism/landmarks/bukit-siguntang/|title=Bukit Siguntang « ePalembang|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Avalokiteshvara from Bingin Jungut in Musi Rawas, the bronze Maitreya statue of Komering, all discovered in South Sumatra. In Jambi, a golden statue of Avalokiteshvara was discovered in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian.<ref>Titik Temu, Jejak Peradaban di Tepi Batanghari, Photograph and artifact exhibition of Muara Jambi Archaeological site, Bentara Budaya Jakarta, 9–11 November 2006</ref> In the Malay Peninsula the bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara of [[Bidor]] was discovered in [[Perak]],<ref>[http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/kaalachakra/art_and_Architecture1.htm KaalaChaKra, Early Indian Influences in Southeast Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720113310/http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/kaalachakra/art_and_Architecture1.htm |date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> and Avalokiteshvara of [[Chaiya]] in Southern Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bridgemanart.com/image/Srivijaya-7th-13th-Century/Avalokitesvara-figure-from-the-Srivijaya-Period-found-in-Chaiya-Thailand-9th-10th-century-bronze/6680daf37df64243a2cf59d12ea94fb0?key=%20Bangkok%20Thailand&thumb=x150&num=15&page=14|title=Bridgeman Images|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> The difference in material, supports the spread of Buddhism through trade.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

After the bronze and Iron Age, an influx of bronze tools and jewelry spread throughout the region. The different styles of bangles and beads represent the different regions of origin and their own specific materials and techniques used. Chinese artwork was one of the main items traded in the region, spreading art styles enveloped in ceramics, pottery, fabrics, silk, and artwork.<ref name=":0" />

===Religion===
{{quote box
| quote = "...Many kings and chieftains in the islands of the Southern Ocean admire and believe (Buddhism), and their hearts are set on accumulating good actions. In the fortified city of Bhoga [Palembang, Srivijaya's capital] Buddhist priests number more than 1,000, whose minds are bent on learning and good practices. They investigate and study all the subjects that exist just as in the Middle Kingdom (Madhya-desa, India); the rules and ceremonies are not at all different. If a Chinese priest wishes to go to the West in order to hear (lectures) and read (the original), he had better stay here one or two years and practise the proper rules and then proceed to Central India."
| source = — from [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]]'s ''[[A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea]]''.<ref name="Takakusu">{{cite book |author=Junjiro Takakusu |date=1896 |title=A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695 by I-tsing |url=https://archive.org/stream/recordofbuddhist00ichi#page/n39/mode/2up/search/1000 |publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref>
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Remnants of Buddhist shrines (stupas) near Palembang and neighboring areas aid researchers in their understanding of the Buddhism within this society. Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of [[Buddhism]] as they established it in places they conquered like [[Java]] and [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].<ref name="Bentley">Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 72.</ref> People making pilgrimages were encouraged to spend time with the monks in the capital city of [[Palembang]] on their journey to [[India]].<ref name="Bentley"/>

Other than Palembang, three Srivijayan archaeological sites in Sumatra are notable for their Buddhist temple density. They are [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds|Muaro Jambi]] by the bank of the [[Batang Hari River]] in Jambi province; [[Muara Takus]] stupas in the [[Kampar River]] valley of Riau province; and [[Bahal temple|Biaro Bahal]] temple compound in the [[Barumun River|Barumun]] and [[Pannai]] river valleys, North Sumatra province. It is highly possible that these Buddhist sites served as ''[[sangha]]'' community; the monastic Buddhist learning centres of the region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Candi Tinggi.jpg|thumb|right|Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound]]

In the 5th century, the Chinese monk [[Faxian]] visited the region. 250 years later, the monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] stayed in Srivijaya for six months and studied Sanskrit. According to Yijing, within Palembang there were more than 1,000 monks studying for themselves and training traveling scholars who were going from India to China and vice versa. Most of these travelers stayed in Palembang for long periods of time to wait for Monsoon winds to help further their journey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=W.|first=T.|date=1897|title=Review of A Record of the Buddhist Religion, as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A. D. 671–695), I-Tsing|jstor=25207848|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=358–364}}</ref>

A stronghold of [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]], Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. These included the Chinese monk Yijing, who made several lengthy visits to Sumatra on his way to study at [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda University]] in India in 671 and 695, and the 11th century [[Bengal]]i Buddhist scholar [[Atisha]], who played a major role in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in [[Tibet]]. Yijing and other monks of his time practiced a pure version of Buddhism although the religion allowed for cultural changes to be made.<ref>Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 73.</ref> He is also given credit for translating Buddhist text which has the most instructions on the discipline of the religion.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Magnin | first1 = Paul | year = 1995 | title = Messengers Of Light: Chinese Buddhist Pilgrims In India | journal = UNESCO Courier | volume = 48 | issue = 5| page = 24 }}</ref> Yijing wrote his memoir of Buddhism whilst in Srivijaya. Travellers to these islands mentioned that gold coins were in use in the coastal areas but not inland. Srivijaya drew in priests from as far away as Korea.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Takakusu |first1=Junjiro |title=A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago |url=https://archive.org/details/recordofbuddhist00ichi/page/n45/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1896 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

A notable Srivijayan and revered Buddhist scholar was [[Dharmakirti]] who taught Buddhist philosophy in Srivijaya and Nalanda. The language diction of many inscriptions found near where Srivijaya once reigned incorporated Indian Tantric conceptions. This evidence makes it clear the relationship of the ruler and the concept of bodhisattva—one who was to become a Buddha. This is the first evidence seen in the archaeological record of a Southeast Asian ruler regarded as a religious leader/figure.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

One thing researchers have found Srivijaya to be lacking is an emphasis in art and architecture. While neighboring regions have evidence of intricate architecture, Palembang lacks Buddhist stupas or sculptures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592|title=Borobudur Temple Compounds|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] was also practiced in Srivijaya. This is based on the discovery of the [[Bumiayu temple]] ruin, a [[red brick]] Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th and 13th century.<ref name="Kumparan-Bumiayu">{{Cite web|title= Candi Bumiayu, Satu-satunya Komplek Candi Sriwijaya di Sumsel|url=https://kumparan.com/urbanid/foto-candi-bumiayu-satu-satunya-komplek-candi-sriwijaya-di-sumsel-1sTAXagJnN5|date= 18 December 2019|access-date=2021-01-26|website=kumparan|language=id-ID}}</ref> The Bumiayu temple site is located by the banks of the Lematang River, a tributary of the Musi River. This temple compound was probably built by a [[Kedatuan]] within Srivijaya's [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]]. The fact that a Hindu temple was discovered within the area of predominantly Buddhist Srivijaya suggests that Srivijaya's two religious groups coexisted quite harmoniously.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

According to the styles of Shiva and Agastya statues found in Bumiayu temple 1, those Hindu statues are dated from around the 9th to 10th-century. By the 12th to 13th-century it seems that the faith in Bumiayu was shifted from Hinduism to [[Tantric Buddhism]].<ref name="BPCB-Jambi">{{Cite web|first=Bambang|last=Budi Utomo|date=2017-06-22|title=Percandian Bumiayu |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjambi/percandian-bumiayu/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Jambi|language=id-ID}}</ref>

==Relations with regional powers==
Although historical records and archaeological evidence are scarce, it appears that by the 7th century, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java and much of the Malay Peninsula. Initially, Srivijaya dominated a [[confederation]] of semi-autonomous port cities in the region, through nurturing alliances and gaining fealty among these [[Kadatuan|polities]]. Regarding its status as the central port of the region, it seems that Srivijaya had a unique "ritual policy" in its relations with the dominant powers of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China.<ref name="Kulke"/>

The oldest accounts of the empire come from Arabic and Chinese traders who noted in their travel logs of the importance of the empire in regional trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=WOLTERS|first=O. W.|title=Studying Śrīvijaya|date=1979|jstor=41492851|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=52|issue=2 (236)|pages=1–32}}</ref> Its location was instrumental in developing itself as a major port which connected China, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Control of the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait]]s meant it controlled both the [[spice trade|spice route]] traffic as well as local trade, charging a toll on passing ships. Serving as an entrepôt for Chinese, Malay, and Indian markets, the port of Palembang, accessible from the coast by way of a river, accumulated great wealth. Instead of traveling the entire distance from the Middle East to China, which would have taken about a year with the assistance of monsoon winds, it was easier to stop at Srivijaya. It took about half a year from either direction to reach Srivijaya which was a far more effective and efficient use of manpower and resources. A round trip from one end to Srivijaya and back would take the same amount of time to go the entire distance one way. This theory has been supported by evidence found in two local shipwrecks. [[Belitung shipwreck|One off the coast of Belitung]], an island east of Sumatra, and another [[Cirebon shipwreck|near Cirebon]], a coastal city on the nearby island of Java. Both ships carried a variety of foreign cargo and, in the case of the Belitung wreck, had foreign origins.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Melayu Kingdom]] was the first rival power centre absorbed into the empire, and thus began the domination of the region through trade and conquest in the 7th through the 9th centuries. The Melayu Kingdom's gold mines in the [[Batang Hari River]] hinterland were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word [[Suvarnabhumi|Suvarnadvipa]], the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. Srivijaya helped spread Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western [[Borneo]]. Its influence waned in the 11th century.

According to ''[[History of Song (book)|Song shi]]'', a [[Song dynasty]] chronicle, ''Sanfoqi'' sent their envoys for the last time in 1178. Then in 1225 [[Zhao Rukuo|Chau Ju-kua]] mentioned that Palembang (Srivijaya) was a vassal kingdom that belonged to ''Sanfoqi''. This means that between 1178 and 1225 the Srivijayan kingdom centred in Palembang was defeated by the Malayu kingdom centred in Jambi. Thus, the seat of the empire moved to [[Muaro Jambi Regency|Muaro Jambi]] in the last centuries of the kingdom existence.<ref name ="Kurnia-Sholihat"/>{{rp|100}}

Srivijaya was then in frequent conflict with, and ultimately subjugated by, the [[Java]]nese kingdoms of [[Singhasari]] and, later, [[Majapahit]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Spuler | first = Bertold |author2 = F.R.C Bagley | title = The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4 | publisher = Brill Archive | pages = 252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ | isbn = 9789004061965 | year = 1981 }}</ref> This was not the first time the Srivijayans had a conflict with the Javanese. According to historian Paul Michel Munoz, the Javanese [[Sanjaya dynasty]] was a strong rival of Srivijaya in the 8th century when the Srivijayan capital was located in [[Java]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The [[Khmer Empire]] might also have been a [[tributary state]] in its early stages. It is mentioned that the Khmer king, [[Jayavarman II]], spent years in the court of Sailendra in Java before returning to Cambodia to rule around 790. Influenced by the Javanese culture of the Sailendran-Srivijayan ''mandala'' (and likely eager to emulate the Javanese model in his court), he proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java and ruled as [[devaraja]], establishing Khmer Empire and starting the [[Angkor]] era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Groslier|first=Bernard Philippe|title=Indochine, Carrefour des Arts|publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient|year=1961|location=Paris|pages=124}}</ref>

Some historians claim that Chaiya in [[Surat Thani province]] in southern Thailand was, at least temporarily, the capital of Srivijaya, but this claim is widely disputed. However, Chaiya was probably a regional centre of the kingdom.<ref name="Muljana" />

Srivijaya also maintained close relations with the [[Pala Empire]] in [[Bengal]]. The [[Nalanda inscription]], dated 860, records that Maharaja Balaputra dedicated a monastery at the [[Nalanda|Nalanda university]] in Pala.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|109}} The relation between Srivijaya and the [[Chola dynasty]] of southern India was initially friendly during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]]. In 1006, a Srivijayan Maharaja from the Sailendra dynasty, king [[Maravijayattungavarman]], constructed the [[Chudamani Vihara]] in the port town of [[Nagapattinam]].<ref name="sastri219220">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], pp 219–220</ref> However, during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] the relationship deteriorated as the Chola dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities.<ref>Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67</ref>

The reason for this sudden change in the relationship with the Chola kingdom is not fully known. However, as some historians suggest, that the Khmer king, Suryavarman I of the [[Khmer Empire]], had requested aid from Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] against Tambralinga.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336">Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318–336, Brill Publishers</ref> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatungavarman.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336"/><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342">[[R. C. Majumdar]] (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338–342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</ref> This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The conflict ended with a victory for the Chola and heavy losses for Srivijaya and the capture of Sangramavijayottungavarman in the Chola raid in 1025.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|142–143}}<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336"/><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342"/> During the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], Srivijaya sent an embassy to the Chola dynasty.<ref name="Buddhism, Diplomacy p.226">Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations by Tansen Sen p.226</ref><ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.485</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Gadispalembang.jpg|thumb|left|The gilded costume of South Sumatran [[Gending Sriwijaya]] dance.]]

Although Srivijaya left few archaeological remains and was almost forgotten in the collective memory of Maritime Southeast Asia, the rediscovery of this ancient maritime empire by Cœdès in the 1920s raised the notion that it was possible for a widespread political entity to have thrived in Southeast Asia in the past. Modern Indonesian historians have used Srivijaya as a frame of reference of how ancient globalisation, foreign relations and maritime trade, have shaped Asian civilisation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kompas.id/baca/opini/2018/09/05/sriwijaya-dan-spirit-asia/|title=Sriwijaya dan Spirit Asia|first=Susanto |last=Zuhdi|date=2018-09-05|work=Kompas.Id|access-date=2018-09-06|language=id}}</ref>

An important legacy of Srivijaya was its language. Unlike some inscriptions of Srivijayan contemporaries – [[Tarumanagara]] and other Javanese polities that use Sanskrit – Srivijayan inscriptions were written in [[Old Malay]]. This has promoted the status of local languages to the same status as Sanskrit; as the language of the elite. [[Sanskrit]] was only known in certain circles such as the [[brahmin]] and [[Kaviraj|kavi]], while Old Malay was a common language in the Srivijayan realm. This linguistic policy probably stemmed from the rather egalitarian nature of Mahayana Buddhism adhered to in Srivijaya, in contrast to the elitist nature of Hinduism. Unlike Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism did not have emphasize on a [[Caste|caste system]] that limited the use and knowledge of liturgical language to the Brahmin caste.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/revolusi-bahasa-di-sriwijaya-vQX3L|title=Revolusi Bahasa di Sriwijaya|website=Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|date=8 August 2017|language=id|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the spread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. It was the working language of traders, being used in various ports and marketplaces in the region.<ref>[http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070616131617/http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html |date=16 June 2007 }}</ref>

[[File:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Gilded [[songket]] in Palembang ''Aesan Gede'' wedding costume, South Sumatra.]]
Today, in [[Indonesian art|Indonesian artistic tradition]], [[songket]] weaving art is strongly associated with [[Palembang]],<ref name="Antara-Songket">{{cite web|url=http://beta.antaranews.com/berita/1279268106/the-ancient-sriwijaya-heritage-tampilkan-kemilau-songket-dan-adat-perkawinan-sumsel|title=The Ancient Sriwijaya Heritage" Featuring Glimpse of Songket in Traditional Southern Sumatra Wedding Ceremony|publisher=Antara|date=2010-07-26|access-date=2022-10-21|language=id}}</ref> and to a certain extent West Sumatra and Jambi. This has motivated Indonesian historians to trace the origin of songket and its possible link to Srivijaya. Based on an archaeological study on the [[Bumiayu temple]] complex in [[Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency]], South Sumatra, it can be seen that songket has been known by the people of South Sumatra since the 9th century.<ref name="Retno Purwanti, Sondang Martini Siregar">{{Cite journal|title=Sejarah songket berdasarkan data arkeologi|trans-title=The History of Songket Based on Archaeological Data|journal=Siddhayatra|volume=21|issue=2|year=2016|first1=Retno|last1=Purwanti|first2=Sondang Martini|last2=Siregar|doi=10.24832/siddhayatra.v21i2.22|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=971258&val=14942&title=SEJARAH%20SONGKET%20BERDASARKAN%20DATA%20ARKEOLOGI|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://southsumatratourism.com/2021/02/18/songket-at-bumiayu-temple-arca/|title=Songket at Bumiayu Temple Arca|date=2021-02-18|access-date=2021-12-21|website=southsumatratourism|first=William|last=Mikha}}</ref> A textile motif known today in Palembang songket as ''lepus'' can be seen on the vest worn by Figure 1 statue at the Bumiayu temple complex, which suggests that the motif that has been around since the 9th century.<ref name="Retno Purwanti, Sondang Martini Siregar"/> This archaeological study has enforced the notion that songket gold thread weaving tradition originated in Srivijaya.<ref name="Antara-Songket"/>

Modern [[Indonesia]]n nationalists have used the name of Srivijaya, along with [[Majapahit]], as a source of pride.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-IZCcEuX30C&q=Srivijaya+source+of+Indonesia+pride&pg=PA9|title=Strategic Centrality|isbn=9789812301031|access-date=25 August 2015|last1=Smith|first1=Anthony L.|year=2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies }}</ref> Srivijaya has become the focus of national pride and regional identity, especially for the people of [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]]. For the people of Palembang, Srivijaya has become a source of artistic inspiration for [[Gending Sriwijaya]] song and traditional dance.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Taman Purbakala Kerajaan Sriwijaya - Museum Sriwijaya.jpg|thumb|left|The Sriwijaya Museum in [[Srivijaya Archaeological Park]]]]

Srivijaya is a street name in many cities in Indonesia and has become synonymous with Palembang and South Sumatra. [[Srivijaya University]], established in 1960 in Palembang, was named after Srivijaya. Kodam Sriwijaya (a military commando area unit), PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (a fertiliser company), Sriwijaya Post (a Palembang-based newspaper), [[Sriwijaya Air]] (an airline), [[Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium]], and [[Sriwijaya F.C.]] (Palembang football club) were also all named after Srivijaya. On 11 November 2011, during the opening ceremony of [[2011 Southeast Asian Games]] in Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, Palembang, a colossal dance performance titled "Srivijaya the Golden Peninsula" was performed featuring Palembang traditional dances and a life-sized replica of an ancient ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2011/11/16/the-new-golden-peninsula-games/|title=The new Golden Peninsula Games|work=New Mandala|date=16 November 2011|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/news/detail/541/spectacular-opening-of-the-26th-sea-games-in-palembang|title=Wonderful Indonesia – Spectacular Opening of the 26th SEA GAMES in Palembang|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114180033/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/news/detail/541/spectacular-opening-of-the-26th-sea-games-in-palembang|archive-date=14 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In popular culture, Srivijaya has become the source of inspiration for numbers of fictional feature films, novels and comic books. For example, the 2013 film ''Gending Sriwijaya'', took place three centuries after the fall of Srivijaya, telling a story about court intrigue amidst the efforts to revive the fallen empire.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gending Sriwijaya (2013) | work = Film Indonesia | url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-g016-13-949954_gending-sriwijaya#.V7b_Lo9OKAg | language = id }}</ref>

==List of kings==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width="75%"
!width="70px"|Date
!width="140px"|Name
!width="140px"|Capital
!width="400px"|Stone inscription or embassies to China and events
|-
|683
|[[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]]
|Srivijaya
|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription|Kedukan Bukit]] (683), [[Talang Tuwo inscription|Talang Tuwo]] (684), and [[Kota Kapur Inscription|Kota Kapur]] (686) inscriptions
Malayu conquest, expedition to ''Bhumi Jawa'' (result unknown)<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|82–83}}
|-
|702
|[[Sri Indravarman]]
Che-li-t'o-lo-pa-mo
|Srivijaya
Shih-li-fo-shih
|Chinese embassies 702, 716 and 724<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|83–84}}
Embassies to Caliph [[Mu'awiya I]] and Caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]]
|-
|728
|[[Rudra Vikrama]]
Liu-t'eng-wei-kung
|Srivijaya
Shih-li-fo-shih
|Chinese embassies 728 and 742<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|84}}
|-
| colspan="4" |'''No information 742–775'''
|-
|775
|[[Dharmasetu]] or Vishnu
|Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
|[[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] ([[Ligor]]),<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|84}} Vat Sema Muang
|-
|775
|[[Dharanindra]]
|Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
|[[Ligor]], started to build [[Borobudur]] in 770
Conquered South Cambodia
|-
|782
|[[Samaragrawira]]
|Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
|[[Ligor]], Arabian text (790), continued the construction of Borobudur
|-
|792
|[[Samaratungga]]
|Unknown (under Javanese Sailendra dynasty overlordship)
|[[Karangtengah inscription]] (824), 802 lost Cambodia, 825 completion of Borobudur
|-
|835
|[[Balaputra]]dewa
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Ousted from Java
[[Nalanda inscription]] (860)
|-
| colspan="4" |'''No information 835–960'''
|-
|960
|Sri Udayadityavarman
Si-li-Hu-ta-hsia-li-tan
Shih-li Wu-yeh
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Chinese embassies 960 and 962<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|131}}
|-
|980
|Haji
Hsia-ch'ih
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Chinese embassies 980 and 983<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|132}}
|-
|988
|Sri [[Cudamani Warmadewa]]
Se-li-chu-la-wu-ni-fu-ma-tian-hwa
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Chinese embassies 988, 992, 1003 and 1004<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|132,141}}
Javanese King [[Dharmawangsa]] attack of Srivijaya, building of a temple for the Chinese Emperor, Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044), building of a temple at [[Nagapattinam]] with revenue from [[Rajaraja Chola I]]
|-
|1006, 1008
|[[Maravijayottungavarman|Sri Maravijayottungavarman]]
Se-li-ma-la-pi
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Constructed the [[Chudamani Vihara]] in [[Nagapattinam]], India in 1006.<ref name="sastri219220"/>
Chinese embassies 1008 and 1016<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|141–142}}
|-
|1017
|[[Haji Sumatrabhumi]]
Ha-ch'i-su-wa-ch'a-p'u
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Chinese embassy 1017
|-
|1025
|[[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]]
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|[[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]], captured by [[Rajendra Chola]]
[[Tamil inscriptions in Malay world#Tanjore Inscription|Chola inscription]] on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|142}}
|-
|1028
|[[Sri Deva]]
Shih-li Tieh-hua
|Srivijaya
San-fo-ts'i
|Chinese embassy 1028<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|142}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sri+Deva+Srivijaya&pg=PA68|title=History of South East Asia|last=Hall|first=D.G.E.|date=1981|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9781349165216|language=en|page=67-68}}</ref>
|}Source:<ref name="Muljana">{{cite book | author=Muljana, Slamet | title=Sriwijaya | publisher=Yogyakarta: LKiS |year=2006 | isbn=979-8451-62-7}}</ref><ref name="MUNOZ 175">{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=175}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist | group=lower-roman | close}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* D. G. E. Hall, ''A History of South-east Asia''. London: Macmillan, 1955.
* {{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=Darrell J. |last2=Kustiarsih |first2=Heny |year=2019 |title=Ceramics from the Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia: Based on a private collection |location=Freemantle |publisher=Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology |series=Special Publication No. 22 |url=https://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/sites/default/files/no._22_ceramics_from_the_musi_river_palembangsmall.pdf |access-date= 3 November 2021}}
* {{cite book | author=Muljana, Slamet | title=Sriwijaya | publisher=Yogyakarta: LKiS |year=2006 | isbn=979-8451-62-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1ALHtAiibQC}}
* {{cite book | author=Munoz, Paul Michel | title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula | publisher=Editions Didier Millet | year=2006 | isbn=981-4155-67-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ}}
* D. R. SarDesai. ''Southeast Asia: Past and Present''. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.
* Stuart-Fox, Martin. ''A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade, and Influence''. London: Allen and Unwin, 2003.
* Triastanti, Ani. ''Perdagangan Internasional pada Masa Jawa Kuno; Tinjauan Terhadap Data Tertulis Abad X–XII''. Essay of Faculty of Cultural Studies. Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta, 2007.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Srivijaya}}
{{Div col}}
* [http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562024/Srivijaya-empire Britannica Encyclopedia: Srivijaya empire]
* [http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/srivijaya-kingdom/ Articles about Srivijaya Kingdom in Southeast Asian Archaeology.com]
* [http://users.skynet.be/network.indonesia/ni6001.htm Timeline of Indonesia from prehistory to present: click on the period for info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206153407/http://users.skynet.be/network.indonesia/ni6001.htm |date=6 February 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180208182847/http://melayuonline.com/eng/history/dig/330 Melayu online: Çriwijaya Kingdom]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/27795095@N04/sets/72157615663081283 Candi Muaro Jambi]
* [http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage6Sri2011Chaiya.html Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya – Takahashi Suzuki]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502044359/http://www.nationalmuseums.finearts.go.th/thaimuseum_eng/chaiya/main.htm Chaiya National Museum]
{{col div end}}

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{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}
{{Asia in topic|Buddhism in}}
{{Empires}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 7th century]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in Asia]]
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[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]]
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[[Category:Tributaries of Imperial China]]

Atul Bora (AGP politician)

2026-05-07T03:01:42Z

Szeeshan896: adding a stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Atul Bora
| native_name =
| image = Atul Bora in 2025.jpg
| caption = Bora in 2025
| image_size = 200
| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 24 May 2016
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = {{ubl|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]}}
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|[[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)|Agriculture and Horticulture]]|Animal Husbandry and Veterinary {{small|(2016–24)}}|Urban Development {{small|(2016–20)}}|Town and Country Planning {{small|(2018–20)}}|Border Protection and Development, Implementation of Assam Accord {{small|(2021–present)}}}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Rakibul Hussain]] {{small|(Agriculture)}}|[[Khorsing Engti]] {{small|(Animal Husbandry)}}|[[Sumitra Patir]] {{small|(UD, T&CP)}}|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]] {{small|(BP&D, IAA)}}}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[Krishnendu Paul]] {{small|(Animal Husbandry)}}|[[Pijush Hazarika]] {{small|(UD, T&CP)}}}}

| office1 = President of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| term_start1 = 15 July 2014
| predecessor1 = Prafulla Kumar Mahanta
| 1blankname1 = Working President
| 1namedata1 = [[Keshab Mahanta]]

| office2 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 2016
| constituency2 = [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| predecessor2 = Arun Phukan
| term_start3 = 10 May 1996
| term_end3 = 14 May 2001
| constituency3 = [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| predecessor3 = [[Nagen Neog]]
| successor3 = [[Ajanta Neog]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|4|7}}
| birth_place = Borahi Gaon, [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Assam]], India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Bulbuli Baruah
| children =
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| profession =
| website = {{URL|atulbora.com}}
}}
'''Atul Bora''' (born 7 April 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]] affiliated with [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. He represents the [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat constituency]] in the Assam Legislative Assembly since 2016 and the Golaghat constituency from 1996 to 2001. He was the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Urban Development, Town and Country Planning Since 2016 in the [[Sonowal ministry]] and the [[Sarma ministry]]. He also served as the 2nd president of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] since 2014 and working president of the party from 2011 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/assam2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=92|title=ATUL BORA (AGP):Constituency- Golaghat (Golaghat ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Bora was born into a family of [[Chutia people|Chutia]] ethnicity at Borahi Gaon, Athgaon Mouza, of [[Golaghat District]]. He is the eldest son of Sri Mehuram Bora and Smti. Punya Probha Bora. He completed his primary education at Saraimoria LP School and Torfat ME school.

Thereafter he was admitted to Kacharihat High School, where he passed the HSLC Examination. Subsequently, he took admission in [[Debraj Roy College]], Golaghat and after graduation, he joined [[Gauhati University]] and obtained his master's degree in Political Science. He also obtained an LLB Degree from Gauhati University Law College.

== Political career ==

Bora participated actively in the [[Assam Movement]] while he was a student. He was elected Organizing Secretary and thereafter the General Secretary of the [[All Assam Students Union]]. He was also President of the [[All Assam Students Union]].

Bora also became the Founder Chairman of the North-East Students' Co-ordination Committee, composed of student organisations of the north-eastern states. As the Founder Chairman, Bora became instrumental in organising educational, cultural, socio-political, sports and awareness programmes in entire [[North-East India]].

Bora joined active politics by enrolling himself as an [[Asom Gana Parishad]] worker in 1995.

On 9 June 1996, he was elected as MLA from his home constituency [[Golaghat Vidhan Sabha constituency|Golaghat constituency]]. Bora also practised law for a few years until assuming charge of various responsible posts of the party such as District President, Joint Secretary, General Secretary of the Central Committee. In 2011 he was elected as the Working President of [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. On 15 July 2014, Bora assumed the charge of President of the party.
[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu lighting the lamp to inaugurate the year long Golden Jubilee Celebrations of Assam Agricultural University, in Jorhat, Assam.JPG|thumb|Bora with Vice President [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]] and Governor [[Jagdish Mukhi|Jagadish Mukhi]]]]In May 2016, Bora won the Bokakhat constituency. He was sworn in as Cabinet Minister on 24 May 2016 and has been allotted polities like agriculture, horticulture and food processing, animal husbandry and veterinary, urban development department, and town and country planning departments.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sarbananda-sonowal-distributes-portfolios-himanta-biswa-sarma-gets-finance-1411276 | title=Sarbananda Sonowal Distributes Portfolios, Himanta Biswa Sarma Gets Finance | date=26 May 2016 | publisher=NDTV | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | access-date=20 September 2019 }}</ref>

In January 2018, Assam Agriculture Minister Bora inaugurated a chief minister’s free diagnostic and laboratory services at the Swahid Kushal Konwar Civil Hospital here in a colourful ceremony in presence of the joint director of health services, ADC (H), superintendent of SKK civil hospital, representatives from HLL Lifecare Ltd and other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minister Atul Bora launches free laboratory and diagnostic service|date=23 July 2018|url=https://nenow.in/minister-atul-bora-launches-free-laboratory-and-diagnostic-services/|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190843/https://nenow.in/minister-atul-bora-launches-free-laboratory-and-diagnostic-services/|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Atul}}
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chutiya community]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

Brijraj Singh Bhati

2026-05-06T16:39:23Z

Szeeshan896: creating bio

{{Short description|Maharawal of Jaisalmer from 1982 to 2020}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Brijraj Singh
| title = [[Chhatrala Yadupati]] Rukn-ud-Daula Maharajadhiraja Raj-Rajeshwar Parama Bhattarak Muzaffar Jang Bijaimand
| succession = {{Br separated entries|[[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]|and Head of [[Bhati]] clan}}
| reign = 28 February 1982{{sndash}}28 December 2020
| predecessor = [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]]
| successor = [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1968|11|13}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|11|28|1968|11|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Raseshwari Rajya Laxmi]]|28 January 1993}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Chaitanya Raj Singh]]|Janmajeya Singh}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Jaisalmer_Flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| father = [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]]
| mother = Mukut Rajya Lakshmi Devi
| dynasty = [[Bhati]]
}}
'''Brijraj Singh''' (also spelled '''Brij Raj Singh''';13 November 1968{{Sndash}}28 December 2020) was [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] and head of the [[Bhati]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]] from 28 February 1982 until his death in 2020.
==Early life, family, and education==
Singh was born on 13 November 1968 to [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]], the Maharawal of Jaisalmer, and his wife, Mukut Rajya Lakshmi Devi, a granddaughter of [[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAISALMER |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718093208/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=LAMBJUNG & KASKI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nepal/nepal_rana9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720145500/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nepal/nepal_rana9.html |archive-date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married on 28 January 1993 to Raseshwari Rajya Laxmi, a daughter of Sahadev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana and great-granddaughter of [[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=LAMBJUNG & KASKI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nepal/nepal_rana3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911062926/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nepal/nepal_rana3.html |archive-date=2017-09-11 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> They had two children: [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]] and Janmajeya Singh.<ref name=":1" />

==Succession==
Singh became Maharawal of Jaisalmer immediately upon the death of his father on 28 February 1982.<ref name=":1" /> Traditionally, the Maharawal is also regarded as the head of the Bhati clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/bHiBAAAAIAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopaedia_Britannica/ekr54rC2hxMC |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |date=1902 |publisher=Little, Brown |pages=748–749 |language=en}}</ref> His coronation was held on 13 March 1982.<ref name=":1" /> However, he was only a namesake Maharawal, as long before his coronation the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|twenty-sixth amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] abolished the formal recognition of royal titles, privileges, and associated entitlements previously granted to the rulers of [[Princely states in India|princely states.]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Parliament of India |url=http://archive.org/details/E13841971009161722 |title=The Constitution of India (26th Amendment) Act 1971 |date=1971 |pages=813–814}}</ref> Despite that, he was held in great esteem by the people of [[Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
He was a convener of [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Katritzky |first=Freda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_of_Private_Castles_Palaces_and/m5If8DYt6-8C |title=The World of Private Castles, Palaces and Estates |date=2005 |publisher=Chateaux Prives |isbn=978-2-9524142-1-0 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> He had restored many monuments and palaces of historical importance and antiquity inside [[Jaisalmer Fort]] and made them open to the public.<ref name=":4" /> He headed a number of trusts, such as Gridhar Samark Trust and Jaisalmer Heritage Trusts.<ref name=":4" /> Through these, he did a lot of welfare work to support the people of Jaisalmer and to encourage the education of girls.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

==Death==
Singh died on 28 December 2020 at Medanta Hospital in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-29 |title=Scion of Jaisalmer’s erstwhile royal family Brijraj Singh dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/scion-of-jaisalmers-erstwhile-royal-family-brijraj-singh-dies/articleshow/79999235.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-04 |title=PM Narendra Modi condoles death of Brijraj Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/pm-condoles-death-of-brijraj-singh/articleshow/80087955.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was there getting liver treatment.<ref name=":0" /> His eldest son, [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]], succeeded him to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-16 |title=Chaitanyaraj Singh crowned 44th Maharawal of Jaisalmer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/chaitanyaraj-singh-crowned-44th-maharawal-of-jaisalmer/articleshow/80294051.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonar Fort witnesses coronation of Chaitanya Raj Singh as 44th 'Maharawal' of Jaisalmer |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sonar-fort-witnesses-coronation-of-chaitanya-raj-singh-as-44th-maharawal-of-jaisalmer20210115201914/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Central Geological Service

2026-04-29T07:27:56Z

Szeeshan896: creating a info

{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; width: 27em"
|+'''Central Geological Service'''
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#3b444b; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Service Overview
|-
|-
| '''Abbreviation'''
| CGS
|-
| '''Formed'''
| 2010
|-
|'''Headquarters'''
|Geological Survey of India (GSI)-Central Headquarters (CHQ), [[Kolkata]]
|-
| '''Country'''
| {{Flag|India}}
|-
| '''Training Ground'''
| [[Geological Survey of India Training Institute (GSITI)]], [[Hyderabad]] 
|-
| '''Controlling Authority'''
| [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]], [[Government of India]]
|-
|-
| '''General Nature'''
| [[Government of India|Governmental]], [[Natural Resources]]
|-
| '''Cadre Size'''
| 2700-3500
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="15" style="background:#3b444b; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Service Chief
|-
|
|Shri Asit Saha, Director General

|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:purple; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Head of the Civil Services
|-
|
|'''[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]''' Current: [[Rajiv Gauba|Rajiv Guaba]] [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-0525/india/29581250_1_cabinet-secretary-senior-ias-officer-batch-officers |title=A K Seth to be cabinet secretary |date=2011-05-25 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-09-22}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

In September, 2010, the geology stream of the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), was constituted as ''''Central Geological Service'''' and commonly referred as '''Central Geological Service (CGS)''' '''(केन्द्रीय भूवैज्ञानिक सेवा)'''. The Central Geological Service (CGS) is one of the [[Natural Resource|central natural resource service]]s which is part of the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] of the [[Government of India]]. The Central Geological Service (formerly Geology stream of GSI) was constituted as an Organized '''Group ‘A’ Gazetted Service''' as per DOPT OM No. I-11019/12/2008-CRD dated 19/11/2009 by the Cadre Controlling Authorities.

GSI is organized group 'A' service since 1982 as per DoPT O.M.No.5/12/79-PP-II dated 31.07.1982 and schedule -I. Its number of vacancies and details of the examination are notified on the website of UPSC (www.upsc.gov.in).

The Officers of Central Geological Service (CGS) are recruited by [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) and posted to the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI). It is an esteemed geological organization officially formed in 1851 by [[British East India Company]]. It is a central government organisation in India working as '''an Attached Office to the Ministry of Mines,''' Government of India to carry out geological surveys, mineral exploration and allied studies.

== Hierarchy ==
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Grade
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in the field
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in Headquarters
! style="text-align:center;" | Basic pay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Apex Scale (Pay level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | {{center|Director General}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary / Head of Organisation]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (+) (Pay level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Director General (Geology)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (Pay level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Administrative Grade (Pay level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Administrative Grade (Functional) (Pay level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director (Geology)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Non Functional) (Pay level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Superintending Geologist
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Pay level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Geologist
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Time Scale (Pay level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Geologist
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|lk=on}}
|}

=== Assessment of suitability for promotion and posting ===
The performance of CGS officers is assessed through an Annual Performance Appraisal Report (APAR). The report is compiled annually and is initiated by the officers themselves, designated as the Reporting Officer, who lists out their achievements, completion of assigned activities and targets for the year. The report is then modified and commented by the Reviewing Officer, usually the superior of the Reviewing Officer. Reports submitted for CGS officers are forwarded by the Reviewing Officer to the Accepting Authority, who will conduct a final review of the report.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geology of India]]

J.P. Javali

2026-04-25T02:59:38Z

Szeeshan896: starting new bio!

{{Short description|Indian Politician (1931-2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|05|04|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|11|21|1931|05|04|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnataka College Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]
| parents = Padmanabhaiah (father)
| spouse = Shakuntla J. Javali (1954)
| children = 3 sons and 1 daughter
| party = [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|25px]] [[Janata Dal]]
| office = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1988
| term_end = 2 April 1994
}}

'''J.P. Javali''' (4 May 1931 – 21 November 2001) was an [[Indian politician]] and Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the Parliament of India) from 1988 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpFJucR0foC&q=j.p.+javali+rajya+sabha |title=Rajya Sabha Members: Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=India Parliament Public Accounts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKUt_ytPMToC&q=j.p.+javali+rajya+sabha |title=Report - Public Accounts Committee |date=1994 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq-KAAAAMAAJ&q=j.p.+javali+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who |date=1992 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Javali was born on 4 May 1931 in [[Tumkur]]. Padmanabhaiah was his father. He completed his education from [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnataka College Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge25AAAAIAAJ&q=j.p.+javali+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who in Asian and Australasian Politics |date=1991 |publisher=Bowker-Saur |isbn=978-0-86291-593-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Javali married Shakuntla J. Javali in 1954 and the couple has 3 sons and 1 daughter.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1
|1988
|1994
|Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the Parliament of India)
|}

== Death ==
J.P. Javali died on 21 November 2001 at the age of 70.

== References ==
<references />

{{Improve categories|date=January 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Javali, J.P.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]

Chandramouli Gaddamanugu

2026-04-23T09:19:39Z

Szeeshan896: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{BLP one source|date=February 2026}}
'''Chandramouli Gaddamanugu''' is an Indian scientist and former official of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). He is best known for his four-decade-long contribution to the development of the [[Akash (missile)|Akash missile]] system. In 2026, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, for his work in the field of science and engineering.<ref name="Hindu25">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-26 |title=This ex-DRDO scientist spent his entire career building Akash missile system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/this-ex-drdo-scientist-spent-his-entire-career-building-akash-missile-system/article69583175.ece |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and early life==
Gaddamanugu is a native of the state of [[Telangana]]. He completed his Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur|JNTU Anantapur]]. He later obtained a Master of Technology (M.Tech) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras]].<ref name="Hindu25" />

==Career==
Gaddamanugu joined the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) in 1984. His entry into the organization coincided with the early stages of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), where he worked under the leadership of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="Hindu25" />
He dedicated his entire professional career, spanning approximately 40 years, to the Akash surface-to-air missile system. He rose through the ranks to become an Outstanding Scientist and served as the Project Director for the Akash missile system. In this capacity, he oversaw the development and refinement of various iterations of the technology, including the Akash-1S and the [[Akash-NG]] (New Generation). He was also involved in the process of inducting the missile system into the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and facilitated its export to international markets.<ref name="Hindu25" />
Gaddamanugu has described his professional life as being synonymous with the Akash project, stating that he remained committed to the single project throughout his tenure at DRDO rather than moving between different missile programs.<ref name="Hindu25" />

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)<ref name="Hindu25" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaddamanugu, Chandramouli}}
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Innale Vare

2026-04-21T19:50:07Z

Szeeshan896: starting post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Innale Vare
| image = File:Innale Vare.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official Film Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Jis Joy]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Jis Joy
| story = [[Bobby–Sanjay]]
| based_on =
| producer = Mathew George
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Antony Varghese]]
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
*[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Bahul Ramesh]]
| editing = Ratheesh Raj
| music = [[4 Musics]]
| studio = Central Advertising
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|06|09|}}
| runtime = 140 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Innale Vare''''' ({{translation|Until yesterday}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]], which is directed by [[Jis Joy]] and produced by Mathew George.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jis Joy on 'Innale Vare': Making a thriller film is no cakewalk - EXCLUSIVE|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jis-joy-on-innale-vare-making-a-thriller-film-is-no-cakewalk-exclusive/articleshow/90307969.cms |access-date=2022-08-31 |newspaper=The Times of India | first=Silpa | last=Rajan | date=19 March 2022 | language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Antony Varghese]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2022/05/29/innale-vare-trailer.html |title=ഫീൽ ഗുഡ് അല്ല, ഇനി ത്രില്ലറുമായി ജിസ് ജോയ്; ഇന്നലെ വരെ; ട്രെയിലര്‍. |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Manorama News}}</ref> The film was directly released on [[SonyLIV]] [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform on 9 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/innale-vare/articleshow/92075041.cms|title=Innale Vare Review: Asif Ali, Nimisha Sajayan, Antony Varghese in an Engaging Thriller |date=8 June 2022 |work=The Times Of India |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/cbi-5-to-innale-vare-upcoming-malayalam-movies-releasing-on-ott/etphotostory/91966511.cms|title='CBI 5' To 'Innale Vare': Upcoming Malayalam Movies Releasing On OTT |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Adhi Shankar is a leading actor in Malayalam film industry. He has made a number of enemies with his arrogant behavior and womanizing ways. He has a serious relationship with a retailer, Aishu, while having a sexual affair with married co-actor, Karthika Lakshmi. He also disappoints multiple movie producers and is under severe financial pressure.

One day, he gets tricked by Anjali, posing as a fan, and held captive in her flat. Together with her co-conspirator, Sharath, Anjali manages to hold Adishankar captive for a few days while controlling his life by accessing his smart phone. They thwart Aadhi's efforts to escape.

The duo destroys Adhi's personal life as well by using his social media account and sending misleading messages to both Karthika Lakshmi and Aishu. Posing as Aadhi, Sharath contacts Adhi's manager and manages to extract 1.5 crores of cash. It is revealed that Anjali and her family are facing eviction from their own house by a bank, whom they owe 1.5 crores.

Once the money is received, Anjali and Sharath releases Aadhi. Though Aadhi contacts police immediately, they do not believe his story. Also, Anjaly and Sharath cleverly fabricate an alternate version of events in which Aadhi is an abusive boyfriend of Anjaly. Police inspector, even though not entirely convinced by this version, advises Aadhi that proceeding further with his complaint will only tarnish his public image.

Aadhi is scorned by his mother and Aishu alike with Aishu leaving him for good and Karthika's husband visits him to inform that he is divorcing her too. Aadhi now wants to get back at Anjali and Vinod for spoiling his life like this. Ahead of their property auction, both Anjali and Vinod hide the 1.5 crores got through deceiving Aadhi in her compound well and wait for their source to convert it into white money for settling the bank loan. Since they couldn't do it on time, the bank officials come and start the attachment proceedings one day. During the process, they hear some sounds from the outhouse and discovers Aadhi imprisoned there. The issue escalates and police arrives, when Aadhi accuses Anjali to have kidnaped him and extracted the money from him and tells the police and media that they were in a relationship. He had planted himself there with the help of his manager Jomi to get back at Anjali and Vinod. During the commotion Jomi discovers someone upstairs and leads Aadhi to the place.

Aadhi is shocked to discover that the house belongs to Aanandhan, a producer who was running behind Aadhi to get him dub for his portions and release his long pending movie. Aadhi had declined to do so since the movie had run into production hell and 2-3 movies had already released meanwhile with the same theme. He had attempted suicide at the prospectus of losing his house and is bedridden now. Anjali was Aanandhan's daughter, and the entire plot was her attempt at retaining their house using Aadhi himself. Anjali and Vinod are arrested and taken away based on Aadhi's statement and circumstantial evidence. However, after seeing Aanandhan's state, Aadhi withdraws his case and convinces the bank to give some more time to the owners to pay up. Since they got a time extension from the bank due to Aadhi, Anjali and Vinod returns Aadhi's 1.5 crore at his shooting set. Aadhi promises to do another film under Aanandhan's banner to help them replay the loans and invites both to his wedding with Karthika.

==Cast==
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Aadhi Sankar
* [[Antony Varghese]] as Vinod [[Sreedhar]] / Sharath
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] as Anjali / Shani
* [[Reba Monica John]] as Aishu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asif Ali-Jis Joy film begins rolling|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/20/asif-ali-jis-joy-film-begins-rolling-2292083.html|access-date=16 June 2022|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 April 2021 }}</ref>
* Athulya Chandra as Karthika Lakshmi
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Aanandhan
* [[Rony David]] as Jomi
* [[Sreelakshmi]] as Aadhi's mother
* Unni Nair as Sudhakaran
* Anand Bal
* [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] as himself
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Circle Inspector Yasser
* Nisha Mathew as Anjali's mother
* Manoranjan as medical shop owner

== Production ==
The pooja of the film was in April 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/MOLLIWOOD007/photos/a.393300064202175/1610870665778436/?type=3|title=Pooja of the New Jis Joy Asif Ali Nimisha Sajayan movie|date=19 April 2021 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/atress-nimisha-sajayans-pics-from-asif-ali-antony-varghese-starrer-jis-joy-directorial-movie-pooja-function/photoshow/82178056.cms|title=ബ്ലാക്കണിഞ്ഞ് നിമിഷ; വൈറലായി പുത്തൻ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|date=21 April 2021|access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Malayalam Samayam News}}</ref> Shooting began in [[Kochi]] soon after the pooja ceremony. Shooting wrapped up in September 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/23/asif-ali-completes-jis-joys-next-a-thriller-2362401.html|title=Asif Ali completes Jis Joy's next, a thriller|date=23 September 2021 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The title of the film was decided later and the first look poster of the movie was released on 5 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan-and-antony-varghese-to-star-in-jis-joys-upcoming-thriller-innale-vare/articleshow/89378679.cms|title=Asif Ali, Nimisha Sajayan, and Antony Varghese to star in Jis Joy's upcoming thriller 'Innale Vare'|date=6 February 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> The dubbing works ended in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-starrer-innale-vare-director-jis-joy-shares-an-update/articleshow/90125859.cms|title=Asif Ali starrer 'Innale Vare': Director Jis Joy shares an update|date=10 March 2022|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> All the other post-production works of the film was done in March 2022.

== Release ==
The film was directly released on the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform, [[SonyLIV]] on 9 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/innale-vare-trailer-asif-ali-starrer-unravels-the-eventful-life-of-a-movie-star/articleshow/91850821.cms|title='Innale Vare' trailer: Asif Ali starrer unravels the eventful life of a movie star|date=28 May 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprimetime.in/asif-ali-starrer-innale-vare-trailer-out-film-to-premiere-on-ott|title=Asif Ali starrer 'Innale Vare' trailer out – film to premiere on OTT |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Prime Time News |last1=Nair |first1=Nivedita }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Firstpost]] gave a rating of 3.25 out of 5 for the movie and stated that, "The film is not constructed as a pacey, edge-of-the-seat thriller, but instead one that appears more straightforward than it actually is and is less focused on suspense than it is on the human condition. The one who steals the show in ''Innale Vare'' though is Nimisha Sajayan who is simultaneously oily and scared, terrified yet determined."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/innale-vare-movie-review-theres-more-to-this-thriller-than-appearances-suggest-10788661.html|title=Innale Vare movie review: There's more to this thriller than appearances suggest|date=9 June 2022 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

Dhanya K. Vilayil of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 of 5 and wrote that, "Innale Vare gives an average viewing experience due to the fact that the film is a predictable story for the audience. The film has brilliant performances by Asif Ali and Nimisha Sajayan. Cinematography, background music and other aspects of the film are excellent."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/innale-vare-movie-review-rating-asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan-660316|title=Innale Vare Review & Rating: തിളക്കമാർന്ന പ്രകടനവുമായി ആസിഫും നിമിഷയും, ശരാശരി കാഴ്ചാനുഭവം സമ്മാനിച്ച് 'ഇന്നലെ വരെ'; റിവ്യൂ |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

S. R Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that, "Jis Joy's latest movie 'Innale Vare' aspires to be a dark and intelligent thriller, but fails on both counts."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/innale-vare-movie-review-jis-joys-latest-aspires-to-be-a-dark-and-intelligent-thriller-but-fails-on-both-counts/article65517486.ece|title='Innale Vare' movie review: Jis Joy's latest aspires to be a dark and intelligent thriller, but fails on both counts |date=11 June 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Manorama News]] wrote that "Innale Vare is an awesome thriller with a cleanly written screenplay without much fuss. The strong performance of Asif Ali, Nimisha Sajayan and Antony Varghese is the strength of the movie".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2022/06/09/innale-vare-movie-review.html|title=ട്രാക്ക് മാറ്റി ജിസ് ജോയ്; അടിമുടി ത്രില്ലർ; റിവ്യു |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Manorama News}}</ref>

Manjima Das of Leisure Byte said that "with an engaging story, interesting characters, crisp cinematography and editing, Jis Joy has offered the audiences a piece of dark thriller that is reflective and cautionary with its various themes".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/innale-vare-review-asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=Leisure Byte|title=Innale Vare movie review by Leisure Byte}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt17886992}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jis Joy]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Direct-to-video thriller films]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Shyla Lopez

2026-04-20T00:17:55Z

Szeeshan896: Stub

{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Distinguish|Sheila Lopez}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyla Lopez
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Model, actress
| years_active = 1992{{Endash}}2007
| known_for =
| children = 1
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|Vladislav Vershinin|2006}}
}}

'''Shyla Lopez''' is a former Indian model and actress.

== Career ==
Shyla Lopez from Bengaluru won the [[Femina Miss India]] 1992 contest. She also won [[Femina Miss India Bangalore]] and represented India at the [[Miss World]] contest in 1992, which was held at [[Sun City (South Africa)|Sun City]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/silver-jubilee/the-city-of-queens/articleshow/4819407.cms|title=The city of queens|date=25 July 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/these-12-indian-supermodels-will-be-a-blast-from-the-past-1804151|title=These 12 Indian Supermodels Will Be A Blast From The Past|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 January 2018|first=Dayel|last=Pererira|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

She shot for several music videos including ''Ladki Ban Than Ke Nikli'', ''Meri Soni'', ''Aa Jaane Jaa'', ''Someday'', ''Baahon Mein Chale Aao'', ''Aaja Piya'' and ''I Love You''.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7397088/|title=Shyla Lopez|work=[[IMDb]]|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/its-time-for-action/articleshow/36415490.cms|title=It's time for action|date=4 February 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> She appeared in photographer Sumeet Chopra's 2003 calendar and starred in a [[Wheel (detergent)|Wheel]] detergent advertisement alongside [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref name="T"/> She played a teacher in the 2006 Tamil film ''[[Boys and Girls (2006 film)|Boys and Girls]]'' (2006) alongside Govinda's nephew Arjun Singh, who played a student.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/govindas-son-in-tamil-flick/article28583117.ece|title=Govinda's son in Tamil flick|date=27 May 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405192811/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/govindas-son-in-tamil-flick/article28583117.ece|archive-date=5 April 2022|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

After being a model for more than ten years, she announced her exit from the industry after Vladislav Vershinin, an investment banker from Moscow in 2006.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/its-time-i-made-a-graceful-exit/articleshow/1419056.cms|title='It's time I made a graceful exit'|date=February 17, 2006|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Despite announcing her exit, she still represented India at the [[Miss World]] contest in 2007. As of 2007, she had a son named Alexander.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/hit-and-missus/articleshow/1669918.cms|title=Hit and Missus!|date=23 February 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Music videos ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of music videos done by Trisha Krishnan}}
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Composer(s)
!Singer(s)
!Performer(s)
! scope="col" |Album / Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
| 1995 || ''Ladki Ban Than Ke Nikli'' ||
|[[Baba Sehgal]]
| || || rowspan="3"|<ref name="I"/>
|-
| 2000 || ''Meri Soni'' ||
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aa Jaane Jaan|Aa Jaane Jaa]]'' || colspan="2" | [[Instant Karma (band)|Instant Karma]]
| || ''Dance Masti Forever''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 || ''Someday'' || [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|[[Leslee Lewis|Leslie Lewis]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|Madhu Sapre, Marc Robinson|| ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLW8Cac3LSo|title=Someday - Shyla Lopez | Dum|date=May 21, 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''Baahon Mein Chale Aao'' || [[Ehsaan Noorani]], Farhad Wadia, Instant Karma, [[Loy Mendonsa]], [[R. D. Burman]]
|Instant Karma, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|Shahwar Ali|| ''Dance Masti'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulqxeKXPo8E|title=Baahon Mein Chale Aao - Dance Masti , Instant Karma | Shyla Lopez, Shahwar Ali|date=February 25, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''Aaja Piya'' || colspan="2" | Instant Karma
| || ''Best Of Dance Masti'' || <ref name="T"/>
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Boys and Girls (2006 film)|Boys and Girls]]'' || Simran || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7397088}}
*[https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/indian-fashion-icons-from-the-90s/morphshow/80412602.cms Shyla Lopez] at ''[[The Times of India]]''
*[https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/entertainment/Kunal-Dasgupta's-party/400099 Shyla Lopez] at ''[[The Times of India|Timescontent.com]]''
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20030127-calendars-the-cheesecake-windfall-to-a-new-destination-for-corporates-and-lensmen-793687-2003-01-26 Sumeet Chopra's calendar] at ''[[India Today]]''
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-dekho-at-the-iconic-ads-over-the-years/articleshow/4432798.cms?from=mdr Govinda's Wheel detergent ad] at ''[[The Economic Times]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez, Shyla}}
[[Category:20th-century Miss World contestants]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:40Z

Szeeshan896: new

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Rajarajeshwari Nagar
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 154
| map_image = 154-Rajarajeshwarinagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:485815}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
| mla = [[Munirathna]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = M. Srinivas
}}

'''Rajarajeshwari Nagar Assembly constituency''', also known as RR Nagar, is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Karnataka|State of Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located within the [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)|M. Srinivas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="4" | [[Munirathna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2020 elections in India#Karnataka|2020 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 28/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajarajeshwarinagar <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Munirathna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 127,980 |percentage = 48.72% |change = {{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kusuma. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 116,138 |percentage = 44.21% |change = {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. V. Narayana Swamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,795 |percentage = 2.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 4,118 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,996 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,842 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}23.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 263,030 |percentage = 54.14% |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 262,701}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 485,815 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2020 elections in India#Karnataka|2020 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Rajarajeshwarinagar <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Munirathna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 125,990 |percentage = 60.87% |change = {{increase}}28.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kusuma. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,877 |percentage = 32.79% |change = {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy. V |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,269 |percentage = 4.96% |change = {{decrease}}18.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,497 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,113 |percentage = 28.08% |change = {{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 209,423 |percentage = 45.31% |change = {{decrease}}9.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,991}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 462,236 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajarajeshwarinagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Munirathna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 108,065 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniraju Gowda. P. M |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 82,573 |percentage = 32.20% |change = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ramachandra |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,360 |percentage = 23.54% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,724 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,492 |percentage = 9.94% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 256,636 |percentage = 54.38% |change = {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 256,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 471,900 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajarajeshwarinagar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Munirathna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,064 |percentage = 37.16% |change = {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. L. R. Thimmananjaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,251 |percentage = 27.32% |change = {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)|M. Srinivas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,726 |percentage = 26.52% |change = {{decrease}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Venkatesh Gowda |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,419 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Priyadharshini Iyer. S. V |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,885 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,813 |percentage = 9.84% |change = {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,075 |percentage = 56.82% |change = {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,258}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,514 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajarajeshwarinagar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)|M. Srinivas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,187 |percentage = 41.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Krishnamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,595 |percentage = 28.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantharayappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 36,785 |percentage = 25.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Vishwanath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,374 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,592 |percentage = 13.61% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,921 |percentage = 47.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,495 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.919|77.516|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:19Z

Szeeshan896: creating stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Nagrota]]
| mla = [[Devyani Singh Rana]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=BJP’s Devyani Rana Wins Nagrota Assembly Seat | website=Daily Excelsior | date=November 14, 2025 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bjps-devyani-rana-wins-nagrota-assembly-seat/ | access-date=November 14, 2025}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 elections in India|2025]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| established = 1996
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 77
}}

'''Nagrota Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Nagrota]] is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/anantnag.html Elections In]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ |title="2014 Assembly Election Results of Jammu & Kasmir / Jharkhand" |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Nagrota Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/nagrota.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Ajatshatru Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2| [[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2|[[Devender Singh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2025^]]
|[[Devyani Singh Rana]]
|-
|}
★by election

== Election results ==
===2025 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election, 2025]]: Nagrota<ref name="2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|title=2025 Nagrota Assembly constituency By Poll Result|date=14 November 2025|work=|accessdate=15 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115044704/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-U0877.htm|archivedate=15 November 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|issue=|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Devyani Singh Rana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 42,350
|percentage = 57.36
|change = {{decrease}}7.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harsh Dev Singh]]
|party = Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party
|votes = 17,703
|percentage = 23.98
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shamim Begum
|party =Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|votes = 10,872
|percentage = 14.73
|change ={{decrease}}9.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Joginder Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 359
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 349
|percentage = 0.47
|change = {{increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,647
|percentage = 33.38
|change = {{decrease}}7.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:73833}}
|percentage = 75.08
|change = {{decrease}}2.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party
|swing = {{decrease}}7.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagrota<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devender Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,113 |percentage=64.94% |change={{increase}}32.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,641 |percentage=23.81% |change= {{decrease}}15.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,979 |percentage=8.07% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=809 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shak Mohammed |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=791 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}9.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=285 |percentage=0.38% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,472 |percentage=41.13% |change= {{increase}}34.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,083 |percentage=77.51% |change= {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,573 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}25.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagrota<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devender Singh Rana]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,678 |percentage=39.03% |change={{increase}}19.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishore |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,630 |percentage=32.35% |change={{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Wazir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,422 |percentage=10.58% |change={{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Dev Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,853 |percentage=8.00% |change={{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Hussain Ali Waffa |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=4,049 |percentage=6.67% |change={{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazakat Ali Khatana |party=Independent politician |votes=616 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=594 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,048 |percentage=6.67% |change= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,671 |percentage=83.22% |change= {{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,907 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,141 |percentage=22.76% |change={{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Ajat Shatru |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,521 |percentage=19.45% |change={{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Dev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,817 |percentage=15.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Najibullah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,030 |percentage=8.23% |change={{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,769 |percentage=5.66% |change={{decrease}}15.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh Manhas |party=Independent politician |votes=2,633 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Rashid |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,460 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,620 |percentage=3.31% |change= {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,958 |percentage=79.33% |change= {{increase}}15.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,715 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,653 |percentage=26.82% |change={{increase}}16.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajatshatru Singh]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,586 |percentage=26.65% |change={{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,376 |percentage=21.09% |change={{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,362 |percentage=16.02% |change={{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yesh Paul Gupta |party=Shiv Sena |votes=776 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=766 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=703 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=67 |percentage=0.17% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,723 |percentage=63.85% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,238 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagrota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajatshatru Singh]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,849 |percentage=28.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj Bargotra |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,731 |percentage=20.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,217 |percentage=15.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivdev Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,204 |percentage=15.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,833 |percentage=10.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rasheed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,627 |percentage=5.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,118 |percentage=7.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,716 |percentage=64.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,196 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nagrota]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.80|74.91|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T15:27:27Z

Szeeshan896: bio

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Purbasthali Dakshin
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Purbasthali Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| mla = [[Swapan Debnath]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| constituency_no = 268
| established = 1951
| electors = 190,763
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 268 Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency covers Nandai, Kankuria, Begpur, Atghoria Simlan, Dhatrigram and Sultanpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Kalna, India|Kalna]] I community development block and Nasratpur, Samudragarh, Bogpur, Sreerampur and [[Nadanghat]] gram panchayats of [[Purbasthali]] I community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation Commission, Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency is part of No. 38 [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

Following are the members of the legislative assembly from Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency over the years.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="3"|Bimalananda Tarkatirtha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Lalit Mohan Hazra
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Mollah Humayun Kabir
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nurunnesa Sattar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Manoranjan Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Himansu Dutta
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Subrata Bhowal
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|Swapan Debnath
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Purbasthali Dakshin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Swapan Debnath]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pran Krishna Tapadar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jiyadul Sheikh|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rabindranath Mondal |party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manotosh Mondal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Fajar Ali Sheikh|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pravat Maji|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Purbasthali Dakshin<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/purbasthali-dakshin-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Purbasthali Dakshin Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Swapan Debnath]] |votes=105,698|percentage=49.08|change=+0.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Rajib Kumar Bhowmick|votes=88,268|percentage=41.00|change=+78.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=Abhijt Bhattacharya |votes=15,061|percentage= 6.99|change=-77.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Surajit Mondal |votes=3,105|percentage=1.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party= PMPT||candidate= Santosh Kumar Adhikary|votes=1,639|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,562|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=215,353 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Purbasthali Dakshin<ref name="Purbasthali Dakshin">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25268.htm|title = Purbasthali Dakshin |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=268| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223619/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=268| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purbasthali Dakshin| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purbasthali Dakshin |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-10 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Swapan Debnath]]
|votes = 104,398
|percentage = 53.40
|change = +3.58#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhijit Bhattacharya
|votes = 66,732
|percentage = 34.10
|change = +34.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajib Kumar Bhowmick
|votes = 19,003
|percentage = 9.70
|change = +3.48
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PDS
|candidate = Nasimul Gani Syed
|votes = 1,555
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jiyadul Sheikh
|votes = 1,318
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoranjan Bal
|votes = 1,223
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ram Hansda
|votes = 796
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Abdul Kalam Sheikh
|votes = 796
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 37,666
|percentage = 19.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,627
|percentage = 88.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +3.58#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+Congress vote percentages in 2011, in Purbasthali Dakshin constituency.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Purbasthali Dakshin<ref name="Purbasthali Dakshin">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25268.htm|title = Purbasthali Dakshin |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=268| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223619/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=268| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purbasthali Dakshin| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Purbasthali Dakshin |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-10 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Swapan Debnath]]
|votes = 86,039
|percentage = 49.72
|change = +0.10#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Aleaya Begam
|votes = 70,181
|percentage = 40.56
|change = -3.35#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadeb Basak
|votes = 10,765
|percentage = 6.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Hansda
|votes = 1,818
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Badrodojja Molla
|votes = 1,676
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Irai Sekh
|votes = 1,385
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kanai Lal Pandey
|votes = 1,172
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 173,036
|percentage = 90.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +3.45#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress and CPI(M) vote percentages in 2006, in [[Purbasthali Assembly constituency|Purbasthali]] constituency.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

F. D. Alpaiwalla Museum

2026-04-19T10:43:35Z

Szeeshan896: creating new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Framji Dadabhoy Alpaiwalla Museum
| image =
| imagesize = 250px
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai##Maharashtra
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.95|N|72.795|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|1952|df=yes}}
| dissolved =
| location = [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| type = [[Archaeology museum]], [[History museum]] and [[Ethnographic museum]]
| director = [[Pheroza J. Godrej]]
| curator =
| owner = [[Bombay Parsi Punchayet]]
| publictransit = {{rint|mumbai|suburban}} [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Road]]
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| website =
}}

'''The Framji Dadabhoy Alpaiwalla Museum''' is an archaeological and ethnographic [[museum]] in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]] that contains artifacts relating to the history and heritage of India's [[Zoroastrian]] community. Set up and maintained by the [[Bombay Parsi Punchayet]], the museum consists of two sections: the F. D. Alpaiwalla Collection and archaeological finds from [[Iran]] donated by Zoroastrian priest and archaeologist Ervad Jamshed Unvala. Housed in the Khareghat Memorial Building in [[Malabar Hill]], the F. D. Alpaiwalla Museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Zoroastrian community.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=28 March 2025 |title=Sole museum on Parsi history in the city opens after restoration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sole-museum-on-parsi-history-in-city-opens-after-restoration/articleshow/119609153.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723214935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sole-museum-on-parsi-history-in-city-opens-after-restoration/amp_articleshow/119609153.cms |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=17 May 2025 |title=Of opium, fire temples, and sarees: A peek into the world of India's dwindling Parsees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgv445jqr1o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723214335/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgv445jqr1o |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Aarushi |date=28 March 2025 |title=Museum exhibits objets d’art from collections of prominent Parsis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/museum-exhibits-objets-d-art-from-collections-of-prominent-parsis-101743103030439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419111835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/museum-exhibits-objets-d-art-from-collections-of-prominent-parsis-101743103030439.html |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== History ==

The Alpaiwalla Museum was set up in 1952 (or 1954 as per the Bombay Parsi Punchayet) to house the personal collection of [[Parsi]] bullion merchant Framji Dadabhoy Alpaiwalla.<ref>{{cite web|title=FD Alpaiwalla Museum, Mumbai|url=https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/fd-alpaiwalla-museum-19562.html}}</ref><ref name="cntraveller">{{cite news |last=Doshi |first=Riddhi |date=12 April 2025 |title=Mumbai's F D Alpaiwalla Museum reopens, offering a window into Parsi culture |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/mumbais-fd-alpaiwalla-museum-reopens-offering-a-window-into-parsi-culture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628102614/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/mumbais-fd-alpaiwalla-museum-reopens-offering-a-window-into-parsi-culture/ |archive-date=28 June 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Conde Nast Traveller}}</ref> Alpaiwalla's collection included many interesting objects such as a ''[[firman]]'' issued by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] dated 1618 CE granting land to two Parsi gentlemen of [[Navsari]] in [[Gujarat]]. Other items donated by Alpaiwalla included [[chinaware]] and 19th century oil portraits.

In 1951, [[Pahlavi language|Pahlavi]] scholar, priest and archaeologist, Jamshedji Maneckji Unvala (1888-1961) excavated an old ''[[dakhma]]'' in [[Yazd]], Iran and donated its contents to the Alpaiwalla Museum.<ref name="everlastingflame">{{cite book|title=The Everlasting Flame: Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination|page=159|editor=Sarah Stewart|year=2013|publisher=[[SOAS]]}}</ref> These excavated artifacts form the core of the museum's archaeology collection.<ref name="everlastingflame" /> The ''dakhma'' was hastily created sometime in the 17th century for victims of a [[Plague (disease)|plague]] epidemic.<ref name="everlastingflame" /> Unvala also donated items he had gathered a French-sponsored excavation at [[Susa]] in the 1920s and other excavations he had participated in his lifetime.<ref name="cntraveller" /> Unvala served as the first curator of the Alpaiwalla Museum.<ref name="cntraveller" />

The museum has been renovated twice - first in 1984 and then, for a second time between 2018 and 2025.<ref name=":0" /> The museum has participated in both national as well as international exhibitions. In 2013, some of the museum's artifacts were transported to the [[United Kingdom]] where they were housed at the [[Brunei Gallery]], [[London]] as part of an exhibition on Zoroastrianism by the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[University of London]], titled ''The Everlasting Flame - Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination'' from 11 October 2013 to 15 December 2013.<ref name="soas">{{cite web|title=The Everlasting Flame - Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/everlasting-flame-zoroastrianism-history-and-imagination|publisher=SOAS}}</ref> In 2016, the exhibition travelled to [[Delhi]] where the artifacts were housed at the [[National Museum]] as part of a programme organised from 21 March 2016 to 15 May 2016 jointly by Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Minority Affairs and [[UNESCO]]-[[PARZOR]] and inaugurated by India's then Minister of Finance and Information and Broadcasting, [[Arun Jaitley]].<ref name="pib_19march2016">{{cite news |date=19 March 2016 |title=Shri Arun Jaitley opens the Everlasting Flame International Programme |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=138176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629115423/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=138176 |archive-date=29 June 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2025 the museum was closed for renovations. The glass display cases dating from the 1970s were replaced and a replica [[Fire temple]] was built as an addition to the existing museum.<ref name="toi" /> The renovated museum with the latest lighting, [[Braille]] display signboards and other amenities made with the help of a [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] grant was opened on 27 March 2025.<ref name="toi" />

== Artifacts ==

Among the prized artifacts exhibited at the museum are a copy of a ''firman'' by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir granting 25 acres of land to two Zoroastrian priests from Navsari, a replica of the "[[Cyrus Cylinder]]", and the calling card of [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], the ''Grand Old Man of India'' and the first Indian to be elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. It also features old photographs of Mumbai city, Chinese porcelain, a mannequin of a Parsi woman dressed in traditional gara saree and a library with 1900 books.<ref name="bbc" /><ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Website ==

* {{cite web|title=F. D. Alpaiwala Museum|url=https://bombayparsipunchayet.org/fd-alpaiwala-museum/|publisher=Bombay Parsi Punchayet}}

[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian organizations]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bombay State]]

Kanthaswamy

2026-04-18T13:47:11Z

Szeeshan896: starting new post!

{{short description|2009 film directed by Susi Ganesan}}
{{About|Tamil language film||Kandasamy (disambiguation){{!}}Kandasamy}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanthaswamy
| image = Kanthaswamy Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Susi Ganesan]]
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]]
| writer = Susi Ganesan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
*[[Shriya Saran]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]] Rajesh Kumar
| studio = [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu|V. Creations]]
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu|Kalaipuli Internationals]] {{small|(India)}}|[[Ayngaran International]] {{small|(Overseas)}}}}
| released = {{Film date|2009|08|21}}
| runtime = 195 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}21 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/kanthaswamy/|title=Kanthaswamy Box Office|website=bestoftheyear.in|date=7 June 2017|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724045918/https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/kanthaswamy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kanthaswamy''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] directed and written by [[Susi Ganesan]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as the [[titular character]], with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and [[Vadivelu]] appearing in supporting roles. The film was mostly dubbed in Telugu as '''''Mallanna''''' with Vadivelu's scenes partially reshot with [[Brahmanandam]]. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

The film was released on 21 August 2009 and received positive reviews and became a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallanna film muhurat – Telugu cinema function – Vikram & Shriya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-mallanna.html |website=Idlebrain.com |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126104836/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-mallanna.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallanna press meet function – Telugu cinema – Vikram & Shriya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-mallanna.html |website=Idlebrain.com |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017002754/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-mallanna.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
V. Pugazhmarattu Kanthaswamy is an officer in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Economic offences Wing, who along with his friends grants the wishes of the needy (whom they write letters in Lord [[Murugan|Muruga]] [[temple]]) by disguising as an anthropomorphic rooster behavioured [[vigilante]]. During a CBI raid, Kanthaswamy discovers a stash of [[black money]] owned by Pallur Paramajothi Ponnusamy alias PPP, an arrogant business tycoon and his partner Rajmohan. Ponnusamy pretends to suffer from a [[stroke]] in order to escape questioning by the police. Ponnusamy's daughter Subbalakshmi gets enraged by the news and goes after Kanthaswamy to seek revenge by pretending to be in love with him.

Knowing her real intentions, Kanthaswamy plays along, which forms a cat-and-mouse chase between the two where they eventually fall in love with each other. In a parallel comedic role, Thengakadai Thenappan/Kobarikayala Subbayya is also sought by a local [[police inspector]] who tries to solve the mystery of "Lord Muruga saving the people". In a series of twists, the police inspector is able to bring out the truth that the CBI is involved in the role behind the secret work of helping the needy people, though he is not able to confirm it. Kanthaswamy finds the password of PPP's bank account, in which the black money is illegally saved, as he tricks Subbalakshmi into revealing the password and answers the security questions indirectly.

Kanthaswamy transfers the money to his own account, which he would use for helping poor and needy people. In the end, Ponnusamy originally gets stroke upon realising his money gone and that the account has zero balance. Kanthaswamy encounters Rajmohan, whom people think to be a humble person. Kanthaswamy reveals Rajmohan's true intentions, which leads the people to understand Rajmohan's true colour and Kanthaswamy arrests him. Subbulakshmi, who realizes that her father is a corrupt person, proposes to Kanthaswamy where they get married and live in [[Rajasthan]]. Kanthaswamy reads some letters tied to a tree (just like the ones at the Lord Muruga temple), where he puts a letter in a pocket with a secret smile, implying that he will pursue as a vigilante again.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as V. Pugazhmarattu Kanthaswamy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Economic offences Wing
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Parandhaman IPS, [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] of [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]]
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as R. Krishna Rao IPS, [[Director general of police|Joint Director]] of CBI
* [[Shriya Saran]] as PP Subbulakshmi, PPP's Daughter ([[voiceover]] by [[Suchitra]])
* [[Vadivelu]] as Thengakadai Thenappan
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Pazhuvur Paranjothi Ponnusamy "PPP" ([[voiceover]] by [[P. Ravi Shankar]]) and Subbulakshmi's father
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Rajmohan, PPP's partner ([[voiceover]] by [[Subbu Panchu]])
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Ganganathan, PPP's assistant
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]]
* [[Vinod Raj (Tamil actor)|Vinod Raj]] as Rajmohan's assistant
* [[Charle]]
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Mexico Pichumani
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as Meenakumari, an [[actress]] ([[item number]])
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Constable
* [[Mayilsamy]]
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Auto driver
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Thief
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Thenappan's sidekick
* Sevvalai Rasu
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Constable
* [[Chelladurai]] as Constable
;Uncredited
* [[Susi Ganesan]] as Ganesh IPS, Superintendent of Police of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] and Kanthaswamy's friend
* Boys Rajan as CB-CID officer
* [[Vengal Rao]] as Coconut thief
* [[Citizen Mani]] as bystander
;Telugu version
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Kobbarikayala Subbayya
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Auto driver
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Coconut thief
* Rocket Raghava as Jaffa
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the vigilante film ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'', actor Vikram decides to do another vigilante film. In January 2007, early reports suggested that Kalaipuli International were set to make a film starring Vikram directed by [[Susi Ganesan]], titled ''Kanthaswamy'' for a release during [[Diwali]] 2007.<ref name="diwali">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Susi-Hari venture named 'Kandasamy' |publisher=Nowrunning.com |access-date=28 January 2007 |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=9344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614012505/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=9344 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Soon after the announcement, [[Shriya Saran]], who was acting in ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' at the time, was chosen to play the heroine.<ref name="shriya">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=What makes Shriya click? |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=27 February 2007 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29470.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302080958/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29470.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2007}}</ref> However, due to Vikram and Shriya's projects, the film was delayed and the first schedule was postponed to July 2007. The film's first photo shoot was carried out in June 2007 at Muthukadu near [[Chennai]] featuring the lead actors.<ref name="muthukadu">{{cite web|year=2007|title=Hari begins work on Kandasamy|publisher=Galattatime.com|access-date=14 June 2007|url=http://www.galattatime.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&Itemid=2|archive-date=13 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513110414/http://www.galattatime.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&Itemid=2|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The film began filming a pre-launch trailer, the first of its kind in [[Tamil cinema]], to be screened at the launch, with Hari, Susi Ganesan and fashion designer Chetan travelling to Malaysia to look for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]-inspired costumes.<ref name="costume">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Hari's costume party |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=16 July 2007 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-03/16-07-07-vikram.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165143/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-03/16-07-07-vikram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The inauguration of ''Kanthaswamy'' took place on 22 September 2007 at the Devi Paradise theatre in Chennai. For the event, a unique electronic invitation, made in China, was presented to guests who had been invited. The invitation was the size of a laptop and featured an 8-minute trailer of ''Kanthaswamy''.<ref name="trailere">{{cite web|author=Ashok Kumar, S.R |year=2007 |title=Invitation for launch of 'Kandasamy' not commonplace |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 September 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/09/19/stories/2007091959110200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110182415/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/09/19/stories/2007091959110200.htm |archive-date=10 January 2009 }}</ref> Each invitation had cost about [[Rupee|Rs.]] 15,000, making it the most expensive invitation in [[Indian film]] history.<ref name="card">{{cite web |author=Warrior, Shobha |year=2007 |title=I want my movies to be the biggest film of 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=25 September 2007 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/20sd1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204421/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/20sd1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the launch ceremony, the team announced they had adopted two villages near [[Madurai]]; Sangampatti and Gandhi Nagar, to shoot in initially and then to provide basic amenities like school and proper roads among other things to the villagers for a year. The team, who were praised for their actions, were the first production team to take part in such activity in Tamil cinema.<ref name="travill">{{cite web |author=Kavitha, S.S |year=2007 |title=Adoption with a difference |work=The Hindu|access-date=10 November 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/10/stories/2007111050380100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110125420/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/10/stories/2007111050380100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref>

In November 2007, the shooting was halted temporarily due to an accident that occurred at the shooting spot at the Chennai Boat Club. Cameraman Ekambaram was canning the shots as per director Susi Ganesan's instructions when a pole erected on the sets unexpectedly fell on the director's head, resulting in an injury.<ref name="taccidentl">{{cite web |year=2007 |title='Kandasamy' shooting comes to a halt |website=Cinesouth |access-date=23 November 2007 |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23112007-4.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125102543/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23112007-4.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2007}}</ref> The film finished schedules at Italy, where the trailer was filmed as well as schedules in Tanzania, Kenya and Switzerland. During the production of the film, actor Raghuvaran died suddenly and hence subsequently, his role was replaced by Ashish Vidyarthi, which also led to a delay in the release of the film. A schedule in locations in Mexico was also held, after the team went location hunting there, with a song and several scenes canned.<ref name="thunt">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Bangkok purchases for 'Kandasamy'
|website=Cinesouth |access-date=19 June 2007 |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19062007-5.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627054131/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19062007-5.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2009}}</ref> The film, initially described as a "hilarious comedy", was rumoured to be a remake of the American cult hit ''[[The Breakfast Club]]'',<ref name="vikramt">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Vikram's Kandasamy remake of the English movie "The Breakfast Club"
|publisher=TamilFilmRatings.com |access-date=10 May 2007 |url=http://www.tamilfilmratings.com/news/fullnews.asp?ref=388 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513184843/http://www.tamilfilmratings.com/news/fullnews.asp?ref=388  |archive-date = 13 May 2007}}</ref> however Susi Ganesan has claimed that the film has a more [[Robin Hood]] feel to it.<ref name="vhoodmt">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Robin Hood of Kollywood |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=7 May 2007 |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/vikram-kandasaamy-shreya-070507.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218062737/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/vikram-kandasaamy-shreya-070507.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Following the announcement of the project, Shriya Saran was signed in February 2007, when she was in the middle of completing her other projects ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' and ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''.<ref name="shriya" /> In September 2007, with the release of the trailer several other artistes names were featured as supporting cast. Prominent supporting actor [[Raghuvaran]] was selected to play as Shriya's father and shot scenes in the role, before his unexpected death during the production of the film, subsequently, his role was replaced by [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].<ref name="kashna">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Kanthaswamy's latest replacement |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=31 May 2008 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-04/kanthaswamy-31-05-08.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203218/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-04/kanthaswamy-31-05-08.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] was also added in a supporting role, as well as lesser established actors such as Vikram's father Vinod Raj, [[Y. G. Mahendran]], Shiv, Arun Madhavan, Vinayak and Alex, whilst [[Mumaith Khan]] was assigned for an [[item number]]. Later on, veteran [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]<ref name="krishna">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=A new star joins Kanthaswamy |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=5 November 2007 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-07-01/05-11-07-kanthaswamy.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033815/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-07-01/05-11-07-kanthaswamy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was signed to a role in the project as well as [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] who will do a villainous role in the film.<ref name="indrajith">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Prithiviraj's sibling in Kanthaswamy |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=20 November 2007 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-07-03/20-11-07-kanthaswamy.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205601/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-07-03/20-11-07-kanthaswamy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indrajith was selected for the role ahead of other prominent character actors [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Irfan Khan (actor)|Irfan Khan]] and [[Suman (actor)|Suman]].<ref name="badguy">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Kanthaswamy's new villain! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=27 November 2007 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14563470|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122140929/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14563470|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2007}}</ref> Along with the change of actor for Raghuvaran's role, Indrajith's role was taken by [[Mukesh Tiwari]] and the role created for [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] was deleted. Moreover, [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], who had featured in the original trailer, opted out and was replaced by [[Vadivelu]]. [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] took up a negative role in the film to make a comeback in acting.<ref name="imik">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Mansoor's Kanthasamy connection |publisher=Chennai365.com |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://www.chennai365.com/news/mansoors-kanthasamy-connection/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118210658/http://www.chennai365.com/news/mansoors-kanthasamy-connection/ |archive-date=18 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The producer of ''Kanthaswamy'', [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]] and Susi Ganesan, the director ensembled an experienced team to produce the film. Veterans [[Thotta Tharani]], [[A. S. Laxmi Narayanan]] and Viveka between them, take care of the [[art direction]], [[sound|audiography]] and [[lyrics]] respectively. [[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the music. While [[N. K. Ekambaram]] was assigned as the director of photography of the film, the film was edited by three film editors [[Praveen K. L.]], [[N. B. Srikanth]] and M. V. Rajesh. [[Kanal Kannan]] and Chatrapathy Shakthi are the fight masters for the film, whilst Mittra media are responsible for the publicity designs of the film outputs, adding to their work with the trailer and the invitations. The film is co-produced, by Chennai businessmen, A. Paranthaman and A. K. Natraj, along with Dhanu.

== Music ==
=== Tamil ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Kanthaswamy
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 May 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:04
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Current (2009 film)|Current]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Arya 2]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The film has seven songs composed by Devi Sri Prasad (DSP). For the first time, Vikram has sung most of the songs in this movie. The songs from the bilingual albums were released to the public after an audio launch at the [[Chennai Trade Centre]] in Chennai on 17 May 2009. "En Peru Meenakumari" samples "Bambara Kannaala" from ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' (1957).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/movie-news-reviews/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/|title=கந்தசாமி - இசை விமர்சனம் - Nilacharal|website=Nilacharal.com|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019164135/http://www.nilacharal.com/movie-news-reviews/%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Item-girl-turns-heroine/articleshow/3835723.cms|title=Item girl turns heroine!|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317053556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Item-girl-turns-heroine/articleshow/3835723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
|headline= Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:04
| all_writing = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title1 = Excuse Me
| extra1 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suchitra]]
| length1 = 05:46
| title2 = Allegra
| extra2 = [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length2 = 05:23
| title3 = Meow Meow
| extra3 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 04:31
| title4 = Ithellam Dupe
| extra4 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length4 = 04:08
| title5 = Mambo Mamiya
| extra5 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| length5 = 04:36
| title6 = En Peru Meenakumari
| extra6 = [[Malathy Lakshman]], [[Krishna Iyer]]
| length6 = 04:20
| title7 = Kanthaswamy Theme
| extra7 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length7 = 03:04
| title8 = Kanthaswamy
| note8 = DSP mix
| extra8 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length8 = 03:16
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Mallanna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:05
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
}}

{{track listing
|headline= Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:05
| all_lyrics = Sahithi
| title1 = Excuse Me
| extra1 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suchitra]]
| length1 = 05:48
| title2 = Allegra
| extra2 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length2 = 05:23
| title3 = Meow Meow
| extra3 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 04:31
| title4 = Ivannee Dupe
| extra4 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length4 = 04:08
| title5 = Mambo Mamiya
| extra5 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length5 = 04:36
| title6 = Naa Peru Meenakumari
| extra6 = [[Malathy Lakshman]], [[Krishna Iyer]]
| length6 = 04:20
| title7 = Mallana Theme
| extra7 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length7 = 03:03
| title8 = Mallana
| note8 = DSP mix
| extra8 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length8 = 03:16
}}

== Release ==
The original Tamil version of the film was given a [[Central Board of Film Certification#U certificate|"U" certificate]], along with some cuts by the [[Indian Censor Board]]. Additionally, the Telugu version ''Mallanna'' was granted a [[Central Board of Film Certification#U/A certificate|U/A certificate]], with a few cuts from the Board. Some theaters reduced 15 minutes of Brahmanandam's comedy from the Telugu version.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mallanna.html|title=Mallanna (Kanthaswamy in Tamil) review – Telugu cinema Review – Vikram & Shriya Saran|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811055220/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mallanna.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to [[Raghuvaran]]'s death, the release was postponed.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Kanthaswamy'' received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Vikram and Shriya's performances, the soundtrack, background score, and plot. However the film's editing, writing, and length received criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilomovie.com/tamil-movie-review/2549-movie-review-kanthaswamy- |title=Movie Review — Kanthaswamy |publisher=Tamilomovie.com |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122162039/http://tamilomovie.com/tamil-movie-review/2549-movie-review-kanthaswamy- |archive-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Indiaglitz'' reviewed that "the movie was delight to watch and praised Shriya that as a cool cat, she plays a perfect foil to Vikram in the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/9204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015124219/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/9204.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Kanthaswamy Tamil Movie Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' also reviewed that "the movie was a roller coaster ride of pure unadulterated masala. It praised Vikram and Shriya saying while Vikram rocked and the film belongs to him, Shriya sizzled throughout and carried the glamorous role with élan and the attitude".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kandasamy-review-tamil-14905901.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627144514/http://www.sify.com/movies/kandasamy-review-tamil-14905901.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2013|title=Movie Review:Kandasamy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and commented: "Watch ''Kandhasamy'' for its beautiful locales, a ravishing heroine, and Vikram's smile but go with nil expectations as this particular super-hero doesn't have much to offer a discerning viewer".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |title=Kandasamy is a commercial cocktail |publisher=Rediff |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920160956/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film 2/5 and stated that it was "A hollow hype".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/kanthaswamy.html |title=Kanthaswamy — Tamil Movie Reviews |website=Behindwoods |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622211617/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/kanthaswamy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cinema Chaat gave the film 3.5/5 stars, and stated that "''Kanthaswamy'' is not a great film, but instead serves as an excellent example of what might have been."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinemachaat.com/2010/08/26/kanthaswamy/|title=Kanthaswamy|date=26 August 2010|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323085335/http://cinemachaat.com/2010/08/26/kanthaswamy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the Telugu version ''Mallanna'', Fullhyd.com gave the film a positive rating of 3.25/5, writing that "Well, it's been long since we saw the good guys consistently act much smarter than the bad guys. And for that alone, ''Mallanna'' comes out a winner."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/mallanna/telugu/mallanna-movie-reviews-3132-2.html|title=Mallanna Movie Review|website=movies.fullhyderabad.com|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220191427/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/mallanna/telugu/mallanna-movie-reviews-3132-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five and noted that "On a whole, ''Mallana'' is an example of what happens when popular screenplay goes wrong in any of Shankar's movies".<ref name="I" />

=== Box office ===
The film collected {{INR}} 13.7 million in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/280.html |title=Eagerly awaiting 'Wanted', 'Dil Bole Hadippa' |author=Taran Adarsh |date=16 September 2009 |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223095325/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/280.html |archive-date=23 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In Malaysia it collected a $1,077,658 in its total run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2009&wk=40&p=.htm|title=Malaysia Box Office, October 1–4, 2009|date=8 April 2012|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022100514/http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2009&wk=40&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In Chennai box office it collected {{INR}} 72.8 million in seven weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14925283 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102052311/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14925283 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2010 |title=2009- Kollywood Hits & Misses! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kollywood-sets-a-new-milestone/articleshow/5215530.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104211116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-11/news-interviews/28080587_1_hits-tamil-films-tamil-nadu | url-status=live | archive-date=4 November 2012 | first1=Sreedhar | last1=Pillai | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kollywood sets a new milestone | date=11 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F12%2F31&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01901&AppName=1 |title=Article Window |website=epaper.timesofindia.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717060453/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F12%2F31&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01901&AppName=1 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
'''Amrita Mathrubhumi Award'''

* Best Actress – [[Shriya Saran]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53278.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100106023816/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53278.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 January 2010 | title= Suriya & Shriya to win Mathrubhumi awards|date= 5 January 2010 |work= Indiaglitz |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

'''Edison Awards'''
* [[Edison Awards (Tamil)|Best Public Relations Officer]] – Diamond Babu

'''Vijay Awards'''

The film has been nominated for the following categories:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-02/vijay-awards14-05-10.html |title=Countdown for the Vijay awards |website=Behindwoods |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=19 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919114053/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-02/vijay-awards14-05-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favorite Hero]] – [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
* [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favorite Heroine]] – [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favorite film]] – [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]]
* [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favorite Director]] – [[Susi Ganesan]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] – [[Thotta Tharani]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] – Saravana Rajan
* [[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]] – Nellai Shanmugam
* [[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] – Chaitanya and Sai

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Susi Ganesan}}

[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s superhero films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
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[[Category:2009 films]]
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[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
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[[Category:Films about Mexican drug cartels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Susi Ganesan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
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[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
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[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajini Rao

2026-04-18T11:08:49Z

Szeeshan896: creating

{{short description|American physiologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajini Rao
| image = Rajini Rao.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| fields = Physiology, cation transport
| workplaces = [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]
| alma_mater = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] [[University of Rochester]]
| known_for = Physiology of cation transport in health and disease
| awards = 2009 Hans Prochaska Memorial Lecturer, 2009 Johns Hopkins Professors Award for Excellence in Teaching in Preclinical Sciences
}}
'''Rajini Rao''' is an American physiologist who is a professor at [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine]]. Rao is also the director of the Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and is the [[principal investigator]] of the Rao Lab. She is an elected fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/01/31/ten-from-johns-hopkins-named-aaas-fellows/|title=Ten Johns Hopkins researchers named American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellows
|access-date=2023-01-31}}</ref> Rao discovers novel ion channels and explores their roles in human health and disease. The Rao Lab identified the oncogenic role of SPCA2 in breast cancer through an aberrant method of signalling to calcium channels.

== Early life and education==
Rao was born in India. She pursued her undergraduate degree in chemistry and biology in 1980 at [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] in [[Bangalore]]. Rao graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajini Rao, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/8404811/rajini-rao |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine |language=en |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Rao then moved to the United States to conduct her graduate studies at the [[University of Rochester]] in [[Rochester, New York]].<ref name=":0"/> Under the mentorship of Alan E. Senior, Rao explored the biochemistry of the alpha subunit of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' [[F-ATPase|F1-ATPase]] enzyme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajini Rao - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=2WhfeLoAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate |website=scholar.google.com |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> In her graduate work, Rao discovered that three catalytic sites in the ATPase enzyme needed to interact to achieve maximal enzymatic rate and that this occurs in a cyclical mechanism.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Properties of Hybrid F1-ATPase Enzymes Suggest That a Cyclical Catalytic Mechanism Involving Three Catalytic Sites Occurs |last1=R |first1=Rao |last2=Ae |first2=Senior |date=1987-12-25 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=262 |issue=36 |pages=17450–4 |doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45400-2|language=en |pmid=2891693 |doi-access = free}}</ref> She later found that the binding of ATP to the alpha subunit of the F1-ATPase and the associated conformational changes are abolished when the Lysine-175 residue is mutated.<ref name="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |title=Directed Mutagenesis of the Strongly Conserved Lysine 175 in the Proposed Nucleotide-Binding Domain of Alpha-Subunit From Escherichia Coli F1-ATPase |last1=R |first1=Rao |last2=J |first2=Pagan |date=1988-11-05 |language=en |pmid=2903146 |last3=Ae |first3=Senior |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=31 |pages=15957–63|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37542-2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Her work suggests a critical role for this specific residue on the nucleotide binding of ATP to the ATPase enzyme.<ref name="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>

Following the completion of her PhD in 1988, Rao pursued postdoctoral work at [[Yale University]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]].<ref name=":0" /> Rao worked under the mentorship of Carolyn Slayman to gain experience in the field of genetics.<ref name=":3"/> Rao was funded by an [[American Heart Association]] Postdoctoral Fellowship from 1990 to 1991.<ref name=":0"/>  Rao's work explored the functions of the H+-ATPase in yeast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajini Rao - Publications |url=https://neurotree.org/beta/publications.php?pid=52688 |website=neurotree.org |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> She used site directed mutagenesis to probe the role of specific amino acid residues in the function of the enzyme.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Mutagenesis of Conserved Residues in the Phosphorylation Domain of the Yeast Plasma Membrane H(+)-ATPase. Effects on Structure and Function |last1=R |first1=Rao |last2=Cw |first2=Slayman |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=1993-03-25 |volume=268 |issue=9 |pages=6708–13 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53307-X |language=en |pmid=8454643|doi-access=free }}</ref> Rao also developed a novel system with which to probe the function and structure of the H+ATPase.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=R |last2=Slayman |first2=C W |date=April 1992 |title=Mutagenesis of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. A novel expression system. |journal=Biophysical Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=228–237 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81808-8 |issn=0006-3495 |pmc=1260523 |pmid=1534699|bibcode=1992BpJ....62..228R }}</ref> Since ATPases are essential for the survival of a cell, mutating them will lead to cell death and render the preparation difficult to study.<ref name=":1" /> In order to maintain wildtype expression of ATPases while studying the effects of certain mutations on ATPase function, Rao created a way to rapidly express the mutant ATPase in a secretory vesicle pool such that these vesicles could be isolated to study the {{not a typo|catalytics}} of the enzyme.<ref name=":1" /> Following her postdoctoral work, Rao worked for one year as an Associate Research Scientist in the Department of Genetics at Yale University.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Career and research==
In 1993, Rao was recruited to [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] where she became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology.<ref name=":0" /> In 1998, Rao was promoted to associate professor and then in 2004, she became the first female full professor in the Department of Physiology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rajini Rao, PhD |url=https://cmm.jhmi.edu/index.php/cmm-faculty/rajini-rao-phd/ |website=cmm.jhmi.edu |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> In 2008, Rao was promoted to director of the Graduate Training Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine.<ref name=":2" /> Rao also acts as a faculty mentor within several other departments at Johns Hopkins and teaches several classes on Pathways and Regulation, the Human Body, and Molecules and Cells.<ref name=":2" /> Rao is a member of the American Association of Science the Federation of American Society of Experimental Biology.<ref name=":0" />

As the principal investigator of the Rao Lab, Rao leads a research program focused on exploring the role of intracellular cation transport in health and disease.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rao Lab Homepage |url=http://www.bs.jhmi.edu/physiology/raolab/home.html |website=www.bs.jhmi.edu |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The lab uses yeast as a [[model organism]] with which to study the biology of cation transport channels.<ref name=":3" /> The specific transporters they focus on are H+-ATPases, Ca2+-ATPases, and Na+/H+ exchangers.<ref name=":0" /> The Rao Lab defined the secretory pathway Ca2+, Mn2+-ATPases (SPCA) and later discovered their roles in breast cancer development.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Mingye |last2=Grice |first2=Desma M. |last3=Faddy |first3=Helen M. |last4=Nguyen |first4=Nguyen |last5=Leitch |first5=Sharon |last6=Wang |first6=Yingyu |last7=Muend |first7=Sabina |last8=Kenny |first8=Paraic A. |last9=Sukumar |first9=Saraswati|last10=Roberts-Thomson|first10=Sarah J. |last11=Monteith |first11=Gregory R. |date=2010-10-01 |title=Store-Independent Activation of Orai1 by SPCA2 in Mammary Tumors |url= |journal=Cell |language=English |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=84–98 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.040 |issn=0092-8674 |pmid=20887894 |pmc=2950964}}</ref> A specific isoform of SPCA that is upregulated in breast cancer cells seemed to mediate aberrant calcium signalling, leading to increased calcium influx and promote tumorigenesis.<ref name=":4" />

=== Cation transporters in neurological disease===
After becoming the first to clone the endosomal Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger (eNHE) and recognize it as a separate exchanger from the plasma membrane NHE, the Rao Lab has begun to explore this exchanger in the context of neurological diseases including [[autism]]. [[Alzheimer's disease]], and [[glioblastoma]].<ref name=":0"/> Since rare mutations in the NHE gene had been associated with autism, Rao probed the function of autism-associated variants of this transporter.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Kondapalli |first1=Kalyan C. |last2=Hack |first2=Anniesha |last3=Schushan |first3=Maya |last4=Landau |first4=Meytal |last5=Ben-Tal |first5=Nir |last6=Rao |first6=Rajini |date=2013-09-25 |title=Functional evaluation of autism-associated mutations in NHE9 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=2510 |doi=10.1038/ncomms3510 |pmid=24065030 |pmc=3815575 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2510K |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> Normally, the transporter mediates increased uptake of glutamate and stabilizes expression of the transferrin receptor and the GLAST transporter.<ref name=":5" /> However, the variants of the NHE in autism led to loss of function in the glial cells called astrocytes.<ref name=":5" />  Their finding highlighted the possibility of autism-associated mutations exerting their effects through loss of [[astrocyte]] function in the brain.<ref name=":5" />  The Rao Lab then discovered that NHE9 expression in glioblastoma is associated with poor clinical prognosis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Kondapalli |first1=Kalyan C. |last2=Llongueras |first2=Jose P. |last3=Capilla-González |first3=Vivian |last4=Prasad |first4=Hari |last5=Hack |first5=Anniesha |last6=Smith |first6=Christopher |last7=Guerrero-Cázares |first7=Hugo |last8=Quiñones-Hinojosa |first8=Alfredo |last9=Rao |first9=Rajini |date=2015-02-09 |title=A leak pathway for luminal protons in endosomes drives oncogenic signalling in glioblastoma |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=6289 |doi=10.1038/ncomms7289 |pmid=25662504 |pmc=4354686 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.6289K |issn=2041-1723 |doi-access=free}}</ref> NHE9 is an exchanger of Na+ and H+, and when blocked in glioblastoma it attenuates tumor growth and improves the efficacy of typical glioblastoma treatment, EGFR inhibitors.<ref name=":6" /> Cation channels have also been associated with the pathogenesis of [[Alzheimer's disease]]. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Hari |last2=Rao |first2=Rajini |date=2018-07-10 |title=Amyloid clearance defect in ApoE4 astrocytes is reversed by epigenetic correction of endosomal pH |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=28 |pages=E6640–E6649 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1801612115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=29946028 |pmc=6048470|bibcode=2018PNAS..115E6640P |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Rao Lab found in 2018 that defects in the NHE6 exchanger of Na+ and H+ led to defective clearance of [[amyloid beta]] by astrocytes.<ref name=":7" /> Through epigenetic modulation, they were able to restore the ability of NHE6 to maintain alkalinity in the [[endosome]] and this improved amyloid beta clearance by astrocytes.<ref name=":7" /> In 2020, the Rao group published a review on the role of tumor acidification and cancer [[metastasis]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Ko |first1=Myungjun |last2=Quiñones-Hinojosa |first2=Alfredo |last3=Rao |first3=Rajini |date=2020-04-06 |title=Emerging links between endosomal pH and cancer |journal=Cancer and Metastasis Reviews |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=519–534 |doi=10.1007/s10555-020-09870-1 |issn=1573-7233 |pmc=7316587 |pmid=32253638}}</ref>

== Awards and honors==
* 2009: Hans Prochaska Memorial Lecturer at Johns Hopkins<ref name=":0" />
* 2009: Teacher of the Year Award, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine<ref name=":0" />
* 2009: Johns Hopkins Professors Award for Excellence in Teaching in Preclinical Sciences<ref name=":0" />
* 2006: Keynote speaker for Pan American Plant Membrane Biology Workshop<ref name=":0" />
* 2001–2003: Nico Van Uden Keynote Speaker for SMYTE conferences at Crete and Bonn<ref name=":0" />
* 1994–1997: [[American Cancer Society]] Junior Faculty Award<ref name=":0" />

== Selected publications==
* Kondapalli, KC, Llongueras, JP, Capilla-Gonzalez, V, Hack, A, Smith, C, Guerrero-Cazares, H, Quinones-Hinojosa, A, and Rao, R. (2015) A leak pathway for luminal protons in endosomes drives oncogenic signaling in glioblastoma. Nature Communications 6 Article number: 6289 doi:10.1038/ncomms7289<ref name=":0" />
* Hack A, Schushan M, Landau M, Ben-Tal N, Rao R. "Functional evaluation of autism-associated mutations in NHE9." Nat Commun. 2013;4:2510. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3510.<ref name=":0" />
* Patenaude C, Zhang Y, Cormack B, Köhler J, Rao R. "Essential role for vacuolar acidification in [[Candida albicans]] virulence." J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 6;288(36):26256-64. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.494815. Epub 2013 Jul 24.<ref name=":0" />
* Cross BM, Hack A, Reinhardt TA, Rao R. "SPCA2 regulates Orai1 trafficking and store independent Ca2+ entry in a model of lactation." PLoS One. 2013 Jun 28;8(6):e67348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067348. Print 2013.<ref name=":0" />
* Shim JS, Rao R, Beebe K, Neckers L, Han I, Nahta R, Liu JO. "Selective inhibition of HER2-positive breast cancer cells by the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir." J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Oct 17;104(20):1576-90. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs396. Epub 2012 Oct 5.<ref name=":0" />
* Kondapalli KC, Kallay LM, Muszelik M, Rao R. "Unconventional chemiosmotic coupling of NHA2, a mammalian Na+/H+ antiporter, to a plasma membrane H+ gradient." J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 19;287(43):36239-50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.403550. Epub 2012 Sep 4.<ref name=":0" />
* Feng, M., Grice, D., Faddy, H.M., Ngyuen, N., Leitch, S., Wang, Y., Muend, S., Kenny, P.A., Sukumar, S., Roberts-Thomson, S., Monteith, G., and Rao, R. (2010) Store-independent activation of Orai1 by SPCA2 in mammary tumors. Cell 143, 84–98.<ref name=":0" />

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Rajini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian physiologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Alzheimer's disease researchers]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]

Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:04Z

Szeeshan896: creating stub

{{for|the Bihar constituency in [[Madhubani district]]|Madhubani Assembly constituency}}
{{other uses|Madhuban (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Madhuban, Bihar
|type= SLA
| map_image = 18-Madhuban, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|incumbent_image = Rana Randhir.jpg
|mla = [[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = Shivjee Rai
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran]]
|division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|18]]
|established = 1957
| electors = 265,505
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Madhuban Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 18. Madhuban Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
Madhuban, Pakridayal and Phenhara [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Madhuban Assembly constituency is part of 4. [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Madhuban Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/madhuban.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Rup Lal Rai
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mangal Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Mahendra Bharti
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rajpati Devi
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rup Lal Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vraj Kishore Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sitaram Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Rana Randhir]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Shivjee Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rana Randhir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Madhuban<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:86002}}
|percentage = 46.78
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sandhya Rani Kushwaha
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:80510}}
|percentage = 43.8
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Kushwaha
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5383}}
|percentage = 2.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shashi Ranjan Kumar Alias Sonu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2647}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Kunal Bhushan Alias Bittu
|votes = {{formatnum:2602}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Syed Mohammad Imam
|votes = {{formatnum:2007}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2064}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = -1.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5492}}
|percentage = 2.98
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183824}}
|percentage = 69.24
|change = +9.77
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===

Source<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseS0418.htm?ac=18 |access-date=2025-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127031402/https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseS0418.htm?ac=18 |archive-date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Madhuban<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73179}}
|percentage = 47.69
|change = +3.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Madan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:67301}}
|percentage = 43.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shashi Ranjan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2639}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Shivjee Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2082}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change = -2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3732}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change = -0.93
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5878}}
|percentage = 3.83
|change = -7.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153448}}
|percentage = 59.47
|change = +0.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Madhuban<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61054}}
|percentage = 43.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Shivajee Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:44832}}
|percentage = 32.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Madhukar
|votes = {{formatnum:12366}}
|percentage = 8.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Bhagwan Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:4882}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Syed Mohammad Imam
|votes = {{formatnum:2837}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2075}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1746}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Shashi Ranjan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1658}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4666}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16222}}
|percentage = 11.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138934}}
|percentage = 59.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

{{coord|26|25|43|N|85|08|24|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi

2026-04-07T05:49:13Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama]]
| company = Iris Production
| writer = Abhiram Ramdasi
| screenplay =
| director = Jayant Pawar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image = Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi ZM.jpg
| image_size =
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 748
| producer = Vidyadhar Pathare
| news_editor =
| location = [[Lonavala]]
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|09|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|12|21}}
| related = ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi''''' ({{translation|Seventh Girl's Seventh Daughter}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satvya Mulichi Satvi Mulgi’s Maha episode: Netra to know the mystery behind her name - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgis-maha-episode-netra-to-know-the-mystery-behind-her-name/articleshow/97769214.cms |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is directed by Jayant Pawar and produced by Vidyadhar Pathare under the banner of Iris Production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mystery Of The Third Box Will Be Revealed Soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/saatvya-mulichi-saatvi-mulgi-the-mystery-of-the-third-box-will-be-revealed-soon/articleshow/105583609.cms |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 12 September 2022 by replacing ''[[Devmanus 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The secret of Advait and Netra's marriage will be revealed soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-the-secret-of-advait-and-netras-marriage-will-be-revealed-soon/articleshow/101411533.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Titeeksha Tawde, [[Aishwarya Narkar]] and Ajinkya Nanaware in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netra's Panchapitika Mystery To Reveal Soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/saatvya-mulichi-saatvi-mulgi-netras-panchapitika-mystery-to-reveal-soon/articleshow/104577213.cms |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Shabaash Mithu' fame Titeeksha Tawde's new show 'Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulagi' to premiere soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shabaash-mithu-fame-titeeksha-tawdes-new-show-satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulagi-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/93661200.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Netra foresees the future and warns people of impending dangers. However, her superpower proves to be a curse as she always gets blamed and hated for her inauspicious utterances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“उत्सुकता नाही तर तणाव वाढतो”, ‘सातव्या मुलीची…’मधील ट्वीस्ट पाहून प्रेक्षकांना राग अनावर, म्हणाले, “एवढी क्रूरता…” |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-new-promo-audience-criticized-by-comments/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Titeeksha Tawde as Netra Kulkarni / Netra Adwait Rajadhyaksh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Titeeksha Tawde on being a part of Satvya Mulichi Satvi Mulgi: Happy to play a supernatural role for the first time - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/titeeksha-tawde-on-being-a-part-of-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-happy-to-play-a-supernatural-role-for-the-first-time/articleshow/94020844.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Ajinkya Nanaware as Adwait Shekhar Rajadhyaksh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajinkya Nanaware on being a part of Satvya Mulichi Satvi Mulgi: I'm working hard for my character as its my first ever TV serial - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ajinkya-nanaware-on-being-a-part-of-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-im-working-hard-for-my-character-as-its-my-first-ever-tv-serial/articleshow/94762577.cms |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as Rupali Anil Mhatre / Rupali Shekhar Rajadhyaksh / Maithili Sengupta - Adwait's stepmother<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Narkar on being a part of Satvya Mulichi Satvi Mulgi; says, "It is a role I haven't played before" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aishwarya-narkar-on-being-a-part-of-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-says-it-is-a-role-i-havent-played-before/articleshow/94217428.cms |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Netra's family
* Jayant Ghate as Bhalchandra Kulkarni (Bhalaba) - Netra's grandfather<ref>{{Cite web |title=“अजून किती मुर्खपणा दाखवणार”, ‘सातव्या मुलीची…’मधील रुपाली व नेत्रामधील युद्ध पाहून प्रेक्षक भडकले, म्हणाले, “रुपालीची भूमिका संपवा आणि…” |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-marathi-serial-new-promo-audience-expressed-their-displeasure-through-comments/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
** Vinesh Ninnurkar as young Bhalaba
* Sakshi Paranjape as Mangala Kulkarni - Netra's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेत्रा, अद्वैत व इंद्राणी सोडून कुटुंबातील सगळेच सदस्य रुपालीच्या ताब्यात, त्रिनयनाच्या लेकी आता पुढे काय करणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-new-twist/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Pranita Acharekar as Hema Kulkarni - Netra's sister<ref>{{Cite web |title=विरोचकाकडून रुपालीला एक वेगळीच शक्ती, राजाध्यक्ष कुटुंबियांवर मोठं संकट, देवी आईच्या लेकी या संकटाचा सामना करणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-new-twist-see-the-details/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Amruta Bane as Manorama Kulkarni - Indrani's mother; Bhalaba's sister

;Adwait's family
* Veera Newale as Reema Adwait Rajadhyaksh - Netra & Adwait's daughter
* Aadhiki Kasbe as Isha Adwait Rajadhyaksh - Netra & Adwait's daughter
* Shweta Mehendale as Indrani Padmakar Rajadhyaksh - Padmakar's stepdaughter
* Rahul Mehendale as Shekhar Padmakar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's father
* Mugdha Godbole-Ranade as Mamata Shekhar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's mother
* Rajani Welankar as Padmaja Padmakar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's grandmother
** Janhavi Killekar as young Padmaja
* Vivek Joshi as Padmakar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's grandfather
** Chaitanya Chandratre as young Padmakar
* Abhijeet Kelkar as Kedar Padmakar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's uncle<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी’ मालिकेत 'बिग बॉस मराठी' फेम अभिनेत्याची एन्ट्री, प्रोमो समोर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-actor-abhijeet-kelkar-to-play-role-in-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-serial-a-a971/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Amruta Raorane as Ketaki Kedar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's aunt
* Prashant Keni as Tejas Shekhar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's step-brother
* Ekta Dangar as Falguni Tejas Rajadhyaksh - Tejas' wife
* Aniruddha Deodhar as Tanmay Shekhar Rajadhyaksh - Adwait's step-brother

;Others
* [[Suruchi Adarkar]] as Astika Jathar - Snake catcher<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suruchi Adarkar is all set to play a pivotal role in Satvya Mulichi Satvi Mulgi, check out her first look here - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/suruchi-adarkar-is-all-set-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-check-out-her-first-look-here/articleshow/106512564.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] as Trinayana Goddess<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी..'मध्ये विरोचकाचा होणार वध; ऐश्वर्या नारकरांची मालिकेतून एक्झिट? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-updates-netra-will-killed-virochak-in-upcoming-episode-of-satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-aishwarya-narkar-titiksha-tawade-1303510 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ajinkya Joshi as Adhokshaj (Banti) - Rupali's brother<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोटातील बाळ पाडण्याच्या इंद्राणीच्या सल्ल्यामुळे नेत्रा दुःखी, देवीआईच्या लेकींमध्येच मतभेद, विरोचकाने डाव साधला? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-new-twist-netra-is-sad-as-indrani-advises-her-to-abort-the-baby/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Rajan Tamhane as Mr. Diwadkar - Historian<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेत्राच्या पोटात वाढतोय विरोचकाचाच अंश, त्रिनयना देवीच्या लेकी या नवीन संकटाचा सामना कसा करणार? कथेला ट्विस्ट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-one-baby-in-netras-stomach-and-two-heartbeats-are-heard/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Kiran Rajput as Rekha Mahajan - Netra's friend<ref>{{Cite web |title=विरोचकाविरुद्ध लढण्यासाठी नेत्रा व इंद्राणीला देवीआईकडून मदत अशक्य, विरोचकाचा वाढलेला प्रभाव कसा थांबवणार नेत्रा?, नवा ट्विस्ट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-marathi-serial-update-see-the-details/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ashwini Mukadam as Lalita Mahajan - Rekha's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=घरी परतल्यानंतर रुपालीचं रुपच बदललं, सासूच्या फोटोसमोर उभं राहून रडताना नेत्राने तिचा गळाच पकडला अन्…; नाटक की आणखी काही? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-rupali-once-again-returned-to-the-family-of-rajadhyaksha-in-her-new-look/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Atul Mahajan as Prabhakar Ghaisas - Astrologer<ref>{{Cite web |title=इंद्राणीला रुपालीने केलं किडनॅप, तिच्याच रक्ताने नेत्राला पाठवलं पत्र, तन्मय फाशी घेत असताना अद्वैतने बघितलं अन्…; मृत्यूचा थरार |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-zee-marathi-serial-update-shekhar-rajadhyaksha-kidnapped-indrani/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sai Kalyankar as Meghana - Adwait's assistant<ref>{{Cite web |title=“अती झालं”, ‘सातव्या मुलीची…’मध्ये रुपालीच्या डोळ्यांमध्ये नेत्राने मसाला फेकलेला प्रोमो पाहून प्रेक्षक भडकले, म्हणाले, “राग येतो कारण…” |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-the-audience-expressed-their-displeasure-on-the-new-promo/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;" |Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;" |Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;" |Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Bengali TV series)|Trinayani]]'' ত্রিনয়নী
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 26 July 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Dibyadrushti'' ଦିବ୍ୟାଡ୍ରଷ୍ଟି
| 6 January 2020
| Zee Sarthak
| 16 July 2022
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Trinayani (Telugu TV series)|Trinayani]]'' త్రినయని
| 2 March 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 25 January 2025
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Nayan - Jo Vekhe Unvekha]]'' ਨਯਨ - ਜੋ ਵੇਖੇ ਉਨਵੇਖਾ
| 3 January 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]'' மாரி
| 4 July 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 1 November 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi'' सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी
| 12 September 2022
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 21 December 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Parvathy'' പാർവതി
| 12 June 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 30 September 2024
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-award-2023-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-won-best-serial-best-hero-and-best-heroin-award-check-list-here/articleshow/104978073.cms|title=सर्वोत्कृष्ट नायक, नायिका ते बेस्ट सीरियल... झी मराठी अवॉर्ड सोहळ्यात या मालिकेचीच हवा|access-date=2023-11-05|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Jayant Ghate
|Bhalchandra Kulkarni (Aaba)
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सातव्या मुलीची…’ मालिका बंद करण्याची प्रेक्षकांची मागणी, विरोचकाला परत आलेला पाहून म्हणाले, “काहीही दाखवतात आणि…” |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/saatvya-mulichi-saatvi-mulgi-serial-update-shatagriva-entry-into-the-rajadhyakshaha-family-new-twist-audience-displeasure-through-cmments/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedy Female
|Ekta Dangar
|Falguni Rajadhyaksha
|-
|Best Friends
|Titeeksha Tawde-Ekta Dangar
|Netra-Falguni
|}

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
# 9 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी’मध्ये धक्कादायक वळण, नेत्राच्या आयुष्यात शतग्रीवची एन्ट्री? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/shocking-twist-in-satavya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-shatagrivas-entry-in-netras-life-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 27 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिकेत नवं वळण, नेत्राचं बदललेलं रूप रुपालीची झोप उडवणार! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulagi-marathi-serial-episodic-a592/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 11 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी मालिकेत शतग्रीव राक्षसाचा राजाध्यक्षांच्या घरात प्रवेश, नवीन कथानक पाहून प्रेक्षक नाराज, म्हणाले, “काय बालिशपणा…” |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-shatagriva-monster-entry-into-the-rajadhyakshaha-family-new-twist-audience-upset/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
# 8 January 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=अद्वैतला कळेल का नेत्राच्या दिव्यशक्तीबद्दल? मालिकेत नवे वळण |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-10th-jan-2023-141673355899072.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130104012/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-update-10th-jan-2023-141673355899072.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
# 12 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिका उत्कंठावर्धक वळणावर, नेत्राचं सत्य कळल्यावर रुपाली आपला पराभव स्वीकारणार? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulagi-serial-episodic-a592/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 19 March 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=केदारकडून मैथिलीला जीवे मारण्याचा प्रयत्न, नेत्राने वाचवला जीव, राजाध्यक्ष कुटुंबाला सत्य कळणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/saatvya-mulichi-saatvi-mulgi-marathi-serial-update-kedar-attempts-to-kill-maithili-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
# 16 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=पायाला लागल्याचे केदारचे खरं सत्य सर्वांसमोर येणार, नेत्रा करणार मोठा खुलासा, काय असेल नेमकं कारण? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-updates-of-kedar-lies-will-be-exposed/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
# 25 June 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिका रोमँटिक वळणावर; अद्वैत आणि नेत्राच्या प्रिवेडिंग फोटोशूटचे फोटो व्हायरल |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-marathi-serial-latest-update-satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-takes-a-romantic-turn-advaita-and-netra-pre-wedding-photoshoot-photos-go-viral-1185797 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 30 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट; पंचपिटिका रहस्याच्या शोधात नेत्रा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-marathi-serial-latest-update-know-entertainment-television-updates-1220618 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 20 August 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिका नव्या वळणावर, अद्वैत-नेत्रा मनोरमाचं सत्य शोधणार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/satvya-mulichi-satvimulgi-marathi-serial-episodic-a-a592/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 26 November 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी’ मालिकेत नवीन ट्विस्ट, अद्वैतचा जाणार जीव? नेत्रा वाचवू शकणार का नवऱ्याचे प्राण? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/zee-marathi-serial-satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulagi-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
# 24 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=अखेर रुपालीचं सत्य अद्वैतला कळणार?, ‘सातव्या मुलीची…” मालिकेत मोठा ट्विस्ट, प्रोमोने वाढवली उत्सुकता |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/satvya-mulichi-satavi-mulgi-serial-new-promo-video-viral-on-social-media/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
# 21 January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी'मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, राजाध्यक्ष कुटुंबाला विरोचकाच्या सेवकापासून वाचवणार नेत्रा? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/a-big-twist-in-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulagi-netra-will-save-the-rajadhyaksha-family-from-virochakas-servant-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 25 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=“काय तमाशा लावलाय…” ‘सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी’मधील नागीण अवतारामुळे सुरुची ट्रोल; नेटकरी म्हणाले… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/suruchi-adarar-troll-in-nagin-look-satyava-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-dpj-91-4146361/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
# 10 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title='सातव्या मुलीची सातवी मुलगी' मालिका कधी निरोप घेणार? ऐश्वर्या नारकरांनी सांगितलं |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/aishwarya-narkar-zee-marathi-serial-satvya-mulichi-satvi-mulgi-last-episode-will-be-telecast-entertainment-marathi-news-1270238 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29280802}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/saatvya-mulichi-saatvi-mulgi/0-6-4z5214554 ''Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Lower Bazaar, Shimla

2026-03-28T02:26:54Z

Szeeshan896: creating data

{{short description|Market in Shimla, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date = December 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lower Bazaar
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood, Market
| image_skyline = Lower Bazaar - Shimla 2014-05-08 2091.JPG
| image_caption = Lower Bazaar shops
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Location of Lower Bazaar in Shimla
| mapframe-coordinates =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.103828|77.173475|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Bazaar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| length_km = 0.7
| demographics1_title1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171001
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}
'''Lower Bazaar''' is a market in [[Shimla]] city. It is just below the Middle Bazaar and [[Mall Road, Shimla|Mall Road]]. The market is popular among locals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2024 |title=Stray dogs bite woman in Shimla's Lower Bazar area, locals say inadequate waste disposal in market adding to menace |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/shimla-lower-bazar-stray-dog-bite-waste-disposal-9466511/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The market has diverse range of shops such as clothing and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla: लोअर बाजार में नगर निगम ने 5 तहबाजारियों का सामान किया जब्त ... |url=https://m.himachal.punjabkesari.in/common404 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=m.himachal.punjabkesari.in}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:SHIMLA BAZAAR UNDER SNOW.jpg|thumb|Lower Bazaar in 1917, photo clicked from Circular Road]]

The Lower Bazaar was settled by the [[British Indians|British]] for local Indians. The Britishers did not allow Indians in Upper Bazaar (Mall Road), which is why Lower Bazaar was created.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2015 |title=The Guardian:In Shimla, the city of Indian Summers, the Raj's colonial legacy lives on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/28/shimla-indian-summers-raj-colonial-legacy-lives-on&ved=2ahUKEwi2y72q_c-KAxUzs1YBHQznNdEQFnoECCQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2wra2gdJ6E245pMyu1YNLd |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]] has declared parts of the bazaar as no-vending zones, which has provoked angry reactions from shopkeepers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shimla's Lower Bazaar declared no-vending zone |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/shimlas-lower-bazaar-declared-no-vending-zone/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Rahul |date=15 December 2024 |title=Lower Bazaar in Shimla Declared No-Vending Zone Amid Encroachment Concerns |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2024/12/lower-bazaar-in-shimla-declared-no-vending-zone-amid-encroachment-concerns/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peace and Harmony March in Shimla {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2024/1013_pd/peace-and-harmony-march-shimla |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Shimla mosque row: Beopar Mandal threatens action after Police use force against Hindu protesters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shimla-mosque-row-beopar-mandal-threatens-action-after-police-use-force-against-hindu-protesters/articleshow/113287467.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Location and transportation ==
Lower Bazaar is located in the center of Shimla. The area is a no vehicle zone, only ambulances and [[Shimla Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation]] vehicles are allowed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 October 2020 |title=Shimla's old tunnels are crying for attention; planned ones in limbo |url=https://citizenmatters.in/shimla-mobility-story-of-the-towns-old-tunnels/&ved=2ahUKEwi2y72q_c-KAxUzs1YBHQznNdEQFnoECCkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3KHn0K4XRQpJ_CChlUozyK |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lower Bazar, Shimla, India - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://wanderlog.com/place/details/3849466/lower-bazar |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lower Bazar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/shimla/lower-bazar/ps35723604.cms |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Commodities ==
[[File:Lower Bazaar - Shimla 2014-05-08 2102.JPG|thumb|People shopping in Lower Bazaar]]
The Bazaar sells household items, jewellery, stationary, and toys. It also contains many restaurants and dhabas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2016 |title=Lower Bazar - Shimla Travel guide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/shimla/lower-bazar/ps35723604.cms&ved=2ahUKEwjrl73E-c-KAxXQklYBHYdIEL0QFnoECCUQAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw2qh90YJGAZre0gqt2hK2s3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/shimla/lower-bazar/ps35723604.cms&ved=2ahUKEwjrl73E-c-KAxXQklYBHYdIEL0QFnoECCUQAQ&sqi=2&usg |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Bazaars]]
[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Shimla]]

Kumbalangad

2026-03-28T01:46:37Z

Szeeshan896: starting new data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kumbalangad
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ml
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kerala
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Kumbalangad, [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
|coordinates = {{coord|10.6661|N|76.2255|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 53.19
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 680623
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
|area_code = +914884******
|registration_plate = KL-05 ** xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other neighbourhoods]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Wadakkancherry]], [[Kanjirakode]], [[Chittanda]], [[Parlikad]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Municipality]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = Wadakkanchery Municipality
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency|Wadakkancherry]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kumbalangad'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08AUAQAAMAAJ&dq=Kumbalangad |title=Bhārata Kī Janagaṇanā, 1981. Śrnkhalā 10, Kerala |date=1900 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKoUAQAAMAAJ&dq=Kumbalangad |title=Kerala District Gazetteers, Trichur: Supplement |date=1981 |publisher=S.G.P., at the Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kerala (India) Department of Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHBuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kumbalangad |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Trichur |last2=Sreedhara Menon |first2=A. |date=1981 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |language=en}}</ref> is a neighbourhood near [[Wadakkancherry]] in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] of [[Kerala]] state in India.

== Location ==
Kumbalangad is located at an altitude of about {{convert|53.19|m|ft}} above the mean sea level with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|10.6661|N|76.2255|E}}).

{{Location map many | Kerala
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Kumbalangad
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = cyan
| label1_width = 14
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|10.6661|N|76.2255|E}}
}}

== Bioremediation ==
Kumbalangad in Wadakkancherry is one of the dumpsites in Thrissur district where bioremediation work is started.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dumpsites turning into ticking time bombs in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/mar/11/dumpsites-turning-into-ticking-time-bombs-in-kerala-2554913.html |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>

== Religion ==
There is a Syro Malabar Catholic church viz., St. Jude Thaddeus church situated at Kumbalangad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Jude Thaddeus Church Kumbalangad Thrissur Kerala, Trichur Churches In India |url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/trichur/st-jude-thaddeus-church-kumbalangad.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.churchesinindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.trichurarchdiocese.org/sacellum/parishes/view_details/151]

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Kazakhstan

2026-03-27T23:04:59Z

Szeeshan896: refined formatting for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia}}
{{Redirect|Qazaqstan|the Kazakh state television broadcaster|Qazaqstan (TV channel)}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Kazakhstan
| common_name = Kazakhstan
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|paren=omit}}|{{native name|kk|Qazaqstan Respublikasy}}|{{native name|ru|Республика Казахстан}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg
| flag_width = 135
| image_coat = Emblem of Kazakhstan (3D).svg
| symbol_width = 85
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = {{nowrap|{{lang|kk|Қазақстан Республикасының Мемлекеттік гимні}} Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Memlekettık gimnı}} "[[Menıñ Qazaqstanym|State Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Kazakhstan national anthem, played by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg|Kazakhstan national anthem, played by the U.S. Navy Band]]}}
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]}}
| capital = [[Astana]] {{Coord|51|8|N|71|26|E|type:city_region:KZ-71}}
| largest_city = [[Almaty]] {{Coord|43|14|N|76|57|E|type:city_region:KZ-75}}
| coordinates =
| official_languages = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]}}{{efn |name = language1 |[[National language]] in all aspects of the whole territory of the state and in its international relations<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Article 7 |url=https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912 |website=Akorda.kz |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>}}
* {{nowrap|[[Russian language|Russian]]}}{{efn|name="language2"}}}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 71.3% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
| 14.6% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]]
| 3.3% [[Uzbeks in Kazakhstan|Uzbek]]
| 1.8% [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan|Ukrainian]]
| 1.5% [[Uyghurs in Kazakhstan|Uyghur]]
| 1.1% [[Germans in Kazakhstan|German]]
| 1.1% [[Tatars in Kazakhstan|Tatar]]
| 5.3% [[Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan|others]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/social-statistics/demography/publications/337150/|title=Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups and age groups (at the beginning of 2025)|publisher=Government of Kazakhstan|access-date=27 March 2025|archive-date=8 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008135930/https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/social-statistics/demography/publications/337150/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2025
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 69.3% [[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]]
| 17.2% [[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christianity]]
| 2.3% [[Irreligion in Kazakhstan|no religion]]
| 0.2% [[Religion in Kazakhstan|other]]
| 11.0% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="2021EthnicStatistics">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT464825 |script-title=kk:2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары |trans-title=Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan |publisher=Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics |access-date=19 September 2022 |language=kk |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902140633/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT464825}}</ref><ref name="Viktorova">{{cite web |last1=Viktorova |first1=Polina |title=How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan |url=https://cabar.asia/en/how-the-number-of-believers-changed-in-kazakhstan |website=CABAR.asia |publisher=The Institute for War & Peace Reporting |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003022458/https://cabar.asia/en/how-the-number-of-believers-changed-in-kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kazakhstan|section=People and Society|access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref>
| religion_year = 2021
| demonym = {{ubli|Kazakh|Kazakhstani{{efn|"Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1=Johann F. |last2=Larsen |first2=Knud S. |last3=Krumov |first3=Krum |last4=Vazow |first4=Grigorii |title=Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior |date=2013 |publisher=Kassel University Press |isbn=978-3-86219-454-4 |page=164 |url={{GBurl |id=p_TauaCvBdUC}} |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC |archive-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>}}}}
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential system|presidential republic]]{{efn|name=semi-president|Kazakhstan is ''[[de jure]]'' a [[presidential republic]]<ref name="Factbook-Ural"/> according to the [[Constitution of Kazakhstan|country's constitution]];<ref>{{cite web |title=GOV.KZ |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-hongkong/activities/11587 |access-date=8 November 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612202820/https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-hongkong/activities/11587 |url-status=live }}</ref> but it is ''[[de facto]]'' a [[semi-presidential]] republic.}} under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] government<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |title=Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine |page=50 |date=2023 |work=Democracy Index 2022 |publisher=The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.akorda.kz/en/republic_of_kazakhstan/kazakhstan |title=Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225215822/https://www.akorda.kz/en/republic_of_kazakhstan/kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Oljas Bektenov]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Mäjilis]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Kazakhstan|Formation]]
| established_date1 = {{circa|1465}}
| established_event1 = [[Kazakh Khanate]]
| established_date2 = 26 August 1920
| established_event2 = [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh ASSR]]
| established_date3 = 5 December 1936
| established_event3 = [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]
| established_date4 = 16 December 1991
| established_event4 = Independence from the [[Soviet Union]]
| established_date5 = 26 December 1991
| established_event5 = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Recognized]]
| established_event7 = [[Constitution of Kazakhstan|Current constitution]]
| established_date7 = 30 August 1995
| area_km2 = 2,724,900
| area_rank = 9th
| area_sq_mi = 1,052,085 
| percent_water = 1.7
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 20,495,975<ref>{{cite web |url=https://astanatimes.com/2026/02/kazakhstans-population-reaches-almost-20-5-million-as-of-january/ |title=Kazakhstan’s Population Reaches Almost 20.5 Million as of January (as of February 3, 2025) |language=en |publisher=astanatimes.com |date=2026-02-03 |access-date=2026-02-05 |archive-date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204141004/https://en.inform.kz/news/kazakhstans-population-stands-at-20286084-on-january-1-f8954a/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 65th
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_density_km2 = 7.44
| population_density_sq_mi = 18 
| population_density_rank = 236th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $904.500 billion<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 37th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $44,450<ref name="IMF"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $300.540 billion<ref name="IMF"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 48th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,770<ref name="IMF"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 64th
| Gini = 27.8 
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=KZ |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518140724/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=KZ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.837
| HDI_rank = 60th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]] (₸)
| currency_code = KZT
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Kazakhstan|+7]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]
| time_zone =
| drives_on = right
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.kz]] |[[.қаз]]}}
}}

'''Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|kk|Қазақстан, Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA|kk|qɑzɑqsˈtɑn|pron|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}|{{langx|ru|Казахстан|Kazakhstan}}, {{IPA|ru|kəzɐxˈstan|pron|Ru-Казахстан.ogg}}}}}} officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|kk|Қазақстан Республикасы, Qazaqstan Respublikasy}}|{{langx|ru|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan}}}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] situated primarily in [[Central Asia]], with a [[European Kazakhstan|portion]] of its territory extending into [[Eastern Europe]].{{efn|About 4% of Kazakhstan's territory, west of the [[Ural (river)|Ural River]], lies in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Malcolm |last1=Porter |first2=Keith |last2=Lye |title=Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXn6qEGYv0QC&q=area%2Bof%2Bkazakhstan%2Bin%2Beurope%2Bsq%2Bkm&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cherrytree Books |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-84234-461-3 |page=14 |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXn6qEGYv0QC&q=area+of+kazakhstan+in+europe+sq+km&pg=PA14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Factbook-Ural">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kazakhstan|section=Geography|date=29 September 2021}}</ref>}} It borders [[Russia]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Russia border|north and west]], [[China]] to the [[China–Kazakhstan border|east]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border|southeast]], [[Uzbekistan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border|south]], and [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border|southwest]], and it has a coastline along the [[Caspian Sea]]. The capital is [[Astana]] and the country's [[List of most populous cities in Kazakhstan|largest city]] and principal cultural and economic center is [[Almaty]], which served as the capital until 1997.

Kazakhstan is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|ninth-largest country by land area]] and the largest landlocked country. [[Steppe|Hilly plateaus]] and [[plain]]s account for nearly half its vast territory, with [[Upland and lowland|lowlands]] composing another third; its southern and eastern frontiers are composed of mountainous regions. Kazakhstan has a population of 20.5 million and [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|one of the lowest population densities]] in the world, with fewer than {{convert|8|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people |people|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2023-11-16/kazakhstans-population-reaches-20-million-president-tokayev-has-congratulated-his-fellow-citizens |title=Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens |language=en |publisher=kursiv.kz |date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117134411/https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2023-11-16/kazakhstans-population-reaches-20-million-president-tokayev-has-congratulated-his-fellow-citizens/}}</ref> Ethnic [[Kazakhs]] constitute a majority, while [[Russians in Kazakhstan|ethnic Russians]] form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority country]] with a sizeable [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan|Christian community]].

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic era]]. In antiquity, various nomadic [[Iranian peoples]] such as the [[Saka]], [[Massagetae]], and [[Scythians]] dominated the territory, with the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]] expanding towards the south. [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nomads entered the region from the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the [[Mongol Empire]] under [[Genghis Khan]]. Following the disintegration of the [[Golden Horde]] in the 15th century, the [[Kazakh Khanate]] was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three {{lang|kk-latn|[[jüz]]}} (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the [[Russian Empire]]; by the mid-[[19th century]], all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galiev |first=Anuar |date=1998 |title=Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904124830/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=4 December 2011 |publisher=Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp}}</ref> Following the 1917 [[Russian Revolution]] and subsequent [[Russian Civil War]], it became [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|an autonomous republic]] of the [[Russian SFSR]] within the [[Soviet Union]]. Its status was elevated to that of [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|a union republic]] in 1936. The Soviet government settled Russians and other ethnicities in the republic, which resulted in ethnic Kazakhs being a minority during the Soviet era. Kazakhstan was the last [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]] of the Soviet Union to [[On the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan|declare independence]] in 1991 during [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|its dissolution]].

Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both [[Economy of Kazakhstan|economically]] and [[Politics of Kazakhstan|politically]], accounting for 60% of the region's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], primarily through its [[Oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan|oil and gas industry]]; it also has vast mineral resources,<ref name="time">{{cite news |last=Zarakhovich |first=Yuri |date=27 September 2006 |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html |title=Kazakhstan Comes on Strong |magazine=Time |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235354/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html |archive-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> ranking among the highest producers of iron and silver in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Kazakhstan also has the highest [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] ranking in the region. It is a [[Unitary state|unitary]] constitutional republic;<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution |url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016 |website=[[Parliament of Kazakhstan]]}}</ref> however, its government is [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]].<ref name="index2010">{{cite web |date=6 December 2010 |title=Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat |url=https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213120004/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit}}</ref><ref name="index2022">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=Economist Intelligence Unit}}</ref> Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the [[United Nations]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]], [[Eurasian Economic Union]], [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]], [[Organization of Turkic States]], [[International Organization of Turkic Culture]] and Special Guest status with the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly]].

== Etymology ==
According to the most widely accepted theory, the word qazaq (Kazakh) derives from a Turkic root meaning "free", "independent", or "wanderer".<ref name="Zakon">{{cite web |url=http://zakon.kz/63399-imja-naroda-proiskhozhdenie-termina.html |title=The name of the people: origin of the term "Kazakh" |website=zakon.kz |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731080510/https://www.zakon.kz/63399-imja-naroda-proiskhozhdenie-termina.html |archive-date=2019-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31}}</ref>

The Turkic word qazaq (قازاق) was reliably recorded in 13th–14th century dictionaries, including the Codex Cumanicus<ref>{{cite book |author=Kuun, Géza |year=1880 |title=Codex Cumanicus |url=https://archive.org/details/codexcumanicusbi00kuunuoft |location=Budapest |publisher=Budapestini Scient. Academiae Hung}}</ref> and a Mamluk-Kipchak Arabic dictionary published by Martin Houtsma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |title=Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-30648-6 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkUpCwAAQBAJ}}</ref> In these sources, the word meant "unattached", "homeless", "loner", or "exile", and later acquired the meaning "free man".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sultanov |first=T. |title=Who are the Kazakhs |journal=Rodina |year=2004 |issue=2 |pages=28–31 |language=ru}}</ref>

The English word ''Kazakh'', meaning a member of the Kazakh people, derives from {{Langx|ru|казах}}.<ref>{{Cite OED |term=Kazakh}}</ref> The native name is ''{{Langx|kk|қазақ|translit=qazaq|label=none}}''. It might originate from the Turkic word verb ''qaz-'', 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs' [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic]] culture.<ref name=etym>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cossack (n.) |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0 |dictionary=The Online Etymology Dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024126/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> The term ''[[Cossacks|Cossack]]'' is of the same origin.<ref name=etym />

In [[Turko-Persian]] sources, the term ''Özbek-Qazaq'' first appeared during the mid-16th century, in the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' by [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]], a [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatayid]] prince of [[Kashmir]], which locates Kazakh in the eastern part of ''[[Desht-i Qipchaq]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources |author=Kenzheakhmet Nurlan |page=133 |year=2013}}</ref> According to [[Vasily Bartold]], the Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=V. V. |last=Barthold |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia |translator=V. & T. Minorsky |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |date=1962 |volume= 3 |page=129}}</ref>

Though ''Kazakh'' traditionally referred only to [[Kazakhs|ethnic Kazakhs]], including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and other neighbouring countries, the term is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including residents of other ethnicities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Surucu |first=Cengiz |s2cid=145155985 |title=Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan |journal=[[Central Asian Survey]] |year=2002 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.1080/0263493032000053208 |volume=21 |issue=4 |issn=0263-4937}}</ref> In the Kazakh language, the country is called ''Qazaqstan'' in the [[Latin script]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-41800186 |work=BBC News |date=31 October 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406123838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-41800186 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Kazakhstan}}

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}} 

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&q=kazakhstan%2Bpaleolithic&pg=PA91 |title=Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia |last=Ikawa-Smith |first=Fumiko |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081003-5 |page=91 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174608/https://books.google.com/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&q=kazakhstan+paleolithic&pg=PA91 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Botai culture]] (3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as [[Ancient North Eurasian]]s, while also displaying some [[Genetic history of East Asians|Ancient East Asian]] admixture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Balanovsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Lukianova |first3=Elena |last4=Kahbatkyzy |first4=Nurzhibek |last5=Flegontov |first5=Pavel |last6=Zaporozhchenko |first6=Valery |last7=Immel |first7=Alexander |last8=Wang |first8=Chuan-Chao |last9=Ixan |first9=Olzhas |last10=Khussainova |first10=Elmira |last11=Bekmanov |first11=Bakhytzhan |date=June 2019 |title=The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=966–976 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6542712 |pmid=31036896 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..966J}}</ref> [[Pastoralism]] developed during the [[Neolithic]]. The population was [[Caucasian race|Caucasoid]] during the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismagulov |first=O |year=2010 |title=Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis |journal=Science of Central Asia |url=http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=4&Itemid=28 |display-authors=etal |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210124931/http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7:physical-anthropology-of-kazakh-people-and-their-genesis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |first=Ann |last=Gibbons |date=10 June 2015 |title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians |journal=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading [[Steppe Route]], the ancestor of the terrestrial [[Silk Road UNESCO World Heritage Sites|Silk Roads]]. Archaeologists believe that humans first [[domestication of the horse|domesticated the horse]] in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European [[Afanasievo culture]],<ref>According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),</ref> later early [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] cultures such as [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]],<ref name="Beckwith49">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |postscript=:}} "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."</ref> and later Indo-Iranians such as the [[Saka]] and [[Massagetae]].<ref name="B_68">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=68}} "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"</ref><ref name="D_37">{{cite book |last=Dandamayev |first=M. A. |author-link=Muhammad Dandamayev |chapter=Media and Achaemenid Iran |editor1-last=Harmatta |editor1-first=János |editor1-link=János Harmatta |year=1994 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC |publisher=UNESCO |page=37 |isbn=92-3-102846-4 |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915113713/https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC |url-status=live }} "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."</ref> Other groups included the nomadic [[Scythians]] and the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and [[Srubnaya culture]]s, precursors to the peoples of the [[Scythian cultures]], were found to harbour mixed ancestry from the [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe herders]] and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narasimhan |first1=Vagheesh M. |date=2019 |title=The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=365 |issue=6457 |article-number=eaat7487 |biorxiv=10.1101/292581 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7487 |pmc=6822619 |pmid=31488661 |bibcode=2019Sci...365t7487N }}</ref>

=== Turkic Khaganate and Cuman-Kipchak ===
{{main|Turkic migration|First Turkic Khaganate|Cumania}}

The main [[Turkic migration|migration]] of [[Turkic peoples]] occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely [[Indo-Iranians|Iranian]], into primarily of East Asian descent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Damgaard |first1=Peter de Barros |last2=Marchi |first2=Nina |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Peyrot |first4=Michaël |last5=Renaud |first5=Gabriel |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Moreno-Mayar |first7=J. Víctor |last8=Pedersen |first8=Mikkel Winther |last9=Goldberg |first9=Amy |last10=Usmanova |first10=Emma |last11=Baimukhanov |first11=Nurbol |date=May 2018 |title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=369–374 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 |pmid=29743675 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..369D |hdl=1887/3202709 |s2cid=13670282 |issn=1476-4687 |quote=The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia. |hdl-access=free |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160318/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2 |url-status=live}} The quotation is from pp. 4–5.</ref>

The [[First Turkic Khaganate]] was founded by [[Bumin Qaghan|Bumin]] in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The [[Göktürks]] drove before them various peoples: [[Xionites]], [[Uar (tribe)|Uar]], [[Onogurs|Oghur]]s, and others. These seem to have merged into the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and [[Old Great Bulgaria|Bulgars]]. Within 35 years, the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate|eastern half]] and the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century.

=== Mongol Empire and Golden Horde ===
{{main|Mongol empire|Golden Horde}}

The [[Cuman people|Cumans]] entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities [[Taraz]] (Aulie-Ata) and [[Hazrat-e Turkestan]] had long served as important way-stations along the [[Silk Road]] connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the [[Mongol Empire]], the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the [[division of the Mongol Empire]] in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the [[Golden Horde]], also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During the Golden Horde period, a [[Turco-Mongol tradition]] emerged among the ruling elite wherein [[Turkification|Turkicized]] descendants of [[Genghis Khan]] followed [[Islam]] and continued to reign over the lands.

=== Kazakh Khanate ===
{{Main|Kazakh Khanate|Turco-Mongol tradition}}

In 15th century, the [[Kazakh Khanate]] emerged as a result of the dissolution of the [[Golden Horde]]. Established by [[Janibek Khan]] and [[Kerei Khan]], it continued to be ruled by the [[Chinggisids|Chingissid]] clan of [[Töre (dynasty)|Tore]] ([[Jochi]]d dynasty). The Kazakh Khanate was a successor state of the left (eastern) wing of Ulus Of Jochi.<ref name="Lee">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |title=The Kazakh Khanate |editor-last=Ludden |editor-first=David |encyclopedia=The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338291376 |access-date=31 July 2025 |ref=Lee2019}}</ref>

In the early 16th century, Kazakhs transformed [[Kazakh Khanate|the Khanate]] into a [[nomadic empire]] stretching across the steppes east of the Caspian Sea and north of the [[Aral Sea]] as far as the upper [[Irtysh|Irtysh River]] and the western approaches to the [[Altai Mountains]]. During the reigns of [[Burunduk Khan]] (ruled 1488–1509) and [[Kasym Khan]] (1509–18), the Kazakhs were the masters of virtually the entire steppe region, reportedly able to bring 200,000 cavalry into the field and feared by all their neighbours. Many historians consider Kasym Khan's leadership the starting point of a distinct and sovereign Kazakh state. His influence extended Kazakh authority from the southeastern regions of modern Kazakhstan to the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Kazakhstan#ref357359 |title=''History of Kazakhstan'' {{!}} Britannica |access-date=2 August 2025 |archive-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110151151/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Kazakhstan#ref357359 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lee" /> [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mirza Muhammad Haidar]] wrote in his ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' that:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources |last=Kenzheakhmet |first=Nurlan |page=142 |year=2013}}</ref>

During the reign of the three sons of [[Kasym Khan]], the authority of the khan weakened somewhat, leading to the eventual fragmentation of the Kazakh Khanate into three distinct "hordes": the Great Horde in southeastern Kazakhstan north of the Tien Shan, the Middle Horde in the central steppe near the Aral Sea, and the Little Horde between the Aral Sea and the Ural River. In these regions, the khan's power was often constrained by tribal leaders, known as sultans, and even more so by the beys and batyrs, heads of the clan-based communities. Although the khans nominally commanded a formidable military, their authority relied heavily on the loyalty of these local leaders.<ref name="Britannica"/>

[[File:"Padishah (Emperor) of Dast-i Qipchaq". Tabriz or Qavin, circa 1550. British Museum, 1948-10-9-056 (complete).jpg|150px|thumb|[[Padishah]] (Emperor) of Dast-i Qipchaq, (1550). Possible portrait of [[Töre (dynasty)|Kazakh khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |title=Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30649-3 |page=iv |url=https://brill.com/display/title/32479 |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709012116/https://brill.com/display/title/32479 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The final son of Kasym Khan to rule, [[Haqnazar Khan|Haqnazar]], overcame these challenges, reunited the three hordes, and expanded his power beyond the steppes. He brought under his control not only the Kazakh hordes but also the [[Bashkirs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] and [[Nogais]], as well as territories such as the [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]], [[Khanate of Sibir|Siberian]], and [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan khanates]], and cities like [[Bukhara]], [[Khiva]], and [[Tashkent]]. According to Rychkov, Haqnazar's reign was marked by a brutal consolidation of power, where he exploited the instability of neighbouring peoples, imposed heavy tributes, and severely restricted their movements and resources. He limited them to a single cooking pot per three households, confiscated livestock, goods, and even children, and prohibited land ownership and movement across certain rivers. These actions rendered these peoples impoverished and submissive, but they also strengthened his dominion across the region.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Abusseitova">{{cite book |last=Abusseitova |first=M. Kh. |title=The Kazakh Khanate in the Second Half of the 16th Century |publisher=Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov |location=Alma-Ata |year=1985 |pages=52–53 |language=Russian |url=https://www.academia.edu/94606048}}</ref>

He initiated regular raids into [[Transoxiana]], a pattern continued by his successors, including Tauekel Khan, who [[Kazakh invasion of Northern Bukhara|briefly occupied Samarkand]]. However, by the early 17th century, the unity that had been restored began to unravel once again, leading to the fragmentation of the khanate. As a result, central power weakened significantly, and numerous smaller, local rulers emerged across the region.<ref name="Britannica" />

After Tauke's death in 1715/1718, the Kazakh Khanate lost its unity, and the three hordes effectively became separate khanates.<ref name="Russian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://bigenc.ru/c/kazakhskoe-khanstvo-3b4db9 |website=bigenc.ru |title=Kazakh Khanate |date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>

During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought the [[Oirats]], [[Kazakh–Dzungar Wars|including the Dzungars]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648 |title=Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811050147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648 |archive-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 [[Kazakh-Dzungar Wars|war against the Dzungar Khanate]], following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of [[Abul Khair Khan]], the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the [[Battle of Añyraqai]] in 1729.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |title=Country Briefings: Kazakhstan |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113054/http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Жуз.svg|thumb|left|250px|Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century
{|
|{{legend|#ccff99|[[Junior Juz]]}}
|{{legend|#fdd99b|[[Middle Juz]]}}
|{{legend|#ffaaaa|[[Senior Juz]]}}
|}]]

[[Ablai Khan]] participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungars from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "''batyr''" ("hero") by the people. He later became the last khan whose authority was recognized across the Kazakh steppe, ruling the Middle Zhuz from 1771 to 1781. In 1740, Ablai had accepted Russian suzerainty, while pursuing a policy of balancing between [[Russian Empire]] and [[Qing dynasty]], which for a time allowed the Kazakh Khanate to preserve relative autonomy. After his death, his son Vali Khan (1781–1819) abandoned an independent policy and acknowledged [[Russian Empire|Russian]] authority.<ref name="Russian Encyclopedia" />

In 1822, the Khanate institution among the Kazakh [[zhuz|Hordes]] was abolished, sparking the [[Kenesary's Rebellion|uprising of Sultan Qasym]] in 1824–1827. The final attempt to restore the Khanate was led by Sultan [[Kenesary Qasymuly|Kenesary Qasymov]], who proclaimed himself khan in 1837 and conducted an armed struggle against Russian authorities until his death in 1847.<ref name="Russian Encyclopedia" />

=== Russian Kazakhstan ===
[[File:Battle Cossacks with Kyrgyz 1826.JPG|thumb|[[Ural Cossacks]] skirmish with Kazakhs]]

In the first half of the 18th century, the [[Russian Empire]] constructed the {{Interlanguage link|Irtysh line|ru|Иртышская линия}}, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including [[Omsk]] (1716), [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]] (1718), [[Pavlodar]] (1720), [[Orenburg]] (1743) and [[Petropavl]]ovsk (1752),<ref>"''Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness''". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 {{ISBN|0230599427}}</ref> to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory.<ref>"''Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview''". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. {{ISBN|0822315211}}</ref> In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of [[Pugachev's Rebellion]], which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and [[Volga Germans|Volga German]] settlements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bodger |first1=Alan |title=The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773-1775 |date=1988 |publisher=Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University |isbn=978-99993-2-812-8 |page=22}}</ref> In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The "[[Great Game]]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. The [[tsar]]s effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced an administrative system and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the [[British Empire]], which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, [[Orsk]], in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organizations.

Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakhs, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture.

Due to its incorporation into the Russian Empire, Kazakh intellectuals led a cultural renaissance that surpassed those of other Central Asian peoples. Russian schooling brought modern ideas to the steppe, and figures like [[Shoqan Walikhanov]] and [[Abai Qunanbaiuly|Abay Kunanbayev]] adapted these ideas to the specific needs of Kazakh society, creating a secular culture unparalleled in other parts of Asian Russia.<ref name="Britannica" />

[[File:Valikhanov.jpg|thumb|Shoqan Walikhanov and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]|200px]]
[[File:Statue of Abai Kunanbayev (Budapest) 05.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Abai Qunanbaiuly in [[Budapest]], Hungary|200px]]

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began [[Colonization|colonizing]] the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of [[Jetisu|Semirechye]]. The number of settlers rose still further once the [[Trans-Aral Railway]] from [[Orenburg]] to [[Tashkent]] was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in [[St. Petersburg]] oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=16 December 1991 |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> [[Vasile Balabanov]] was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the [[Russian Empire]]. The most serious uprising, the [[Central Asian revolt of 1916|Central Asian revolt]], occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and [[Cossacks|Cossack]] settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html |title=Kazakhstan |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |date=2005y |archive-date=15 April 2005 |access-date=29 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415185833/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html}}</ref> Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

In the wake of the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Alash Autonomy|Alash Orda]] government was formed in 1917 as an attempt to secure Kazakh autonomy. Although it existed only in name, Alash Orda represented the Kazakh push for self-rule. The Bolshevik Red Army eventually defeated White Russian forces in the region by 1920, and Kazakhstan was incorporated into the Soviet Union.<ref name="Britannica"/>

=== Kazakh SSR ===
{{Main|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}

Following the [[October Revolution|collapse of central government]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the [[Alash Autonomy]]) before eventually succumbing to the [[Bolsheviks]]' rule. On 26 August 1920, the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]] within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of [[Orenburg]]. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazak ASSR]] and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of [[Kyzylorda]], and in April 1927 to [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]].

Despite their traditionally nomadic lifestyle, the Kazakhs were among the most literate groups in Central Asia, which set them apart in the region. However, Soviet policies, including forced [[collectivization]] and repression of the traditional elite in the late 1920s and 1930s, led to devastating consequences for the Kazakh population. These policies caused widespread famine and high fatalities, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths between 1926 and 1939, mostly due to starvation and related diseases, as well as violence (see also: [[Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33]]). Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China, but many did not survive the journey.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903203830/http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2006 |title=The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives |author=Simon Ertz |date=2005 |journal=Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Pianciola, Niccolò |url=http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1 |title=Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934 |journal=Cahiers du monde russe |year=2004 |volume=45 |pages=137–192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023090501/http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1 |archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|policies of political reprisals]] pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

On 5 December 1936, the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR) and made the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], a full [[Republics of the Soviet Union|union republic]] of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]].

The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000 [[Volga Germans]] deported from the [[Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] in September–October 1941, and then later the [[Greeks in Kazakhstan|Greeks]] and [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatars]]. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest [[Gulag|Soviet labour camps]] (the Gulag), including [[Akmol|ALZhIR]] camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people".<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918 Children of the gulag live with amnesia]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918 |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''Taipei Times'', 1 January 2007</ref> Many moved due to the policy of [[population transfer in the Soviet Union]] and others were forced into [[involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union]].

The [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet-German War]] (1941–1945) led to an increase in industrialization and [[mineral extraction]] in support of the war effort. At the time of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] initiated the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernizations under Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the [[Kazakhs]] had become a minority, making up 30% of the population. Ethnic [[Russians]] accounted for 43%.<ref>Flynn, Moya (1994). ''[{{GBurl|id=YLeAxHLmgR8C|p=15}} Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands']'' Anthem Press. p. 15. {{ISBN|1-84331-117-8}}</ref>

In 1947, the USSR, as part of its [[Soviet atomic bomb project|atomic bomb project]], founded an [[Semipalatinsk Test Site|atomic bomb test site]] near the north-eastern town of [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]], where the [[RDS-1|first Soviet nuclear bomb]] test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 with adverse consequences for the nation's environment and population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/ |title=Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future |last=Keenan |first=Jillian |newspaper=The Atlantic |language=en-US |access-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202233241/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/ |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> The [[Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan]] became a major political force in the late 1980s.

In April 1961, [[Baikonur]] became the springboard of [[Vostok 1]], a spacecraft with Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] being the first human to enter space.

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the [[Jeltoqsan]] riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the [[General Secretary|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan|Communist Party]] of the Kazakh SSR [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]] with [[Gennady Kolbin]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putz |first=Catherine |title=1986: Kazakhstan's Other Independence Anniversary |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/1986-kazakhstans-other-independence-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214923/https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/1986-kazakhstans-other-independence-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s policy of ''[[glasnost]]'' ("openness").

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Young Pioneers in Kazakh SSR.jpg|[[Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union|Young Pioneers]] at a Young Pioneer camp in the Kazakh SSR
File:Egemen Archive Momyshuly Margulan.jpg|[[Bauyrzhan Momyshuly]] (holding a cane) next to Alkey Margulan and Mekemtas Myrzakhmetuly (on the right side, next to Momyshuly) at the Congress of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan
File:International conference on Primary Health Care - Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud - Almaty -1978.jpg|The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the [[Alma Ata Declaration|Alma-Ata Declaration]]
</gallery>

=== Independence ===
Kazakhstan declared its [[sovereignty]] within the Soviet Union on 25 October 1990. Following the failed August 1991 [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]] in Moscow, the country proclaimed full independence on 16 December 1991, becoming the last Soviet republic to do so. Ten days after Kazakhstan's declaration, the Soviet Union itself dissolved. This period marked a significant turning point in Kazakhstan's history, as it embarked on a new political and economic path separate from Moscow's control.

[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the communist-era leader of Kazakhstan, became the country's first president. Under his leadership, Kazakhstan transitioned from a Soviet-era planned economy to a market economy, focusing on privatization and foreign investments. The emphasis on economic reform, particularly in the oil sector, helped Kazakhstan become one of Central Asia's most economically powerful nations. By 2006, Kazakhstan contributed around 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil exports. However, political reforms lagged behind these economic strides, and Nazarbayev maintained an authoritarian rule throughout his presidency.<ref name="time" />

In 1997, Nazarbayev [[Capital relocation in Kazakhstan|moved the capital]] from Almaty, the country's largest city, to [[Astana]] (later renamed Nur-Sultan in 2019),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-20 |title=Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47638619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225212541/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47638619 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=2021-01-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> a decision that symbolized the government's desire to modernize and assert control over the country's vast territories. The capital city change was part of broader efforts to establish a new national identity and shift the political center from former Soviet-era heartlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital change: A look at some countries that have moved their capitals – Nigeria: Lagos to Abuja |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/capital-change-a-look-at-some-countries-that-have-moved-their-capitals/kazakhstan-almaty-to-nur-sultan/slideshow/69183884.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420174234/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/capital-change-a-look-at-some-countries-that-have-moved-their-capitals/kazakhstan-almaty-to-nur-sultan/slideshow/69183884.cms |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's political landscape during Nazarbayev's rule was characterized by limited political pluralism. In the 2004 parliamentary elections, the pro-government Otan Party, led by Nazarbayev, dominated the Majilis (the lower house of parliament). Other parties sympathetic to the president, such as the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the Asar party (founded by Nazarbayev's daughter), secured most of the remaining seats, while opposition parties struggled to gain representation. International observers, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, criticized the elections for not meeting democratic standards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Elections, 19 September and 3 October 2004 |url=https://www.osce.org/node/57857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108211859/https://www.osce.org/node/57857 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=[[osce.org]] |date=15 December 2004 |language=en}}</ref>

Despite claims of progress toward democracy, Kazakhstan's political system remained authoritarian well into the 21st century.<ref>Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/kazakhstans-steady-progress-toward-democracy/2011/03/28/AF1XPKCC_story.html OP Ed: "Kazakhstan's steady progress toward democracy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210234358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/kazakhstans-steady-progress-toward-democracy/2011/03/28/AF1XPKCC_story.html|date=10 December 2015}}, ''Washington Post''</ref> In 2010, the country was still ranked as an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian regime]] on ''[[The Economist]]'''s [[The Economist Democracy Index|Democracy Index]].<ref name="index2010" /><ref name="index2022" /> Nazarbayev, who had ruled since independence, announced his resignation on 19 March 2019, after nearly three decades in power.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=Kazakh leader resigns after three decades |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47628854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425061650/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47628854 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> His successor, [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]], won the 2019 presidential election and took office on 12 June 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=Nazarbayev protégé wins Kazakhstan elections marred by protests |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190610-kazakhstan-presidential-election-tokayev-nazarbayev-protesters-arrested |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922092114/https://www.france24.com/en/20190610-kazakhstan-presidential-election-tokayev-nazarbayev-protesters-arrested |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=CEC announces preliminary results of 2019 Presidential Election in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/cec-announces-preliminary-results-of-2019-presidential-election-in-kazakhstan_a3536331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815174133/https://www.inform.kz/en/cec-announces-preliminary-results-of-2019-presidential-election-in-kazakhstan_a3536331 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=inform.kz}}</ref> Tokayev's first official act was to rename the capital city to Nur-Sultan, in honour of Nazarbayev's legacy.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2019 |title=Kazakhstan renames capital as new president takes office |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190320-kazakhstan-capital-new-president-astana-nursultan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216140002/https://www.france24.com/en/20190320-kazakhstan-capital-new-president-astana-nursultan |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

However, Tokayev's presidency faced significant challenges. In January 2022, Kazakhstan was gripped by [[2022 Kazakh unrest|large-scale protests]] following a sharp rise in fuel prices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122522/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The unrest quickly escalated, and Tokayev responded decisively by assuming control of the country's Security Council, removing Nazarbayev from the post and consolidating his own power. This marked a dramatic shift in Kazakhstan's political dynamics, with Tokayev signalling a departure from the old Nazarbayev-era system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev handed over security council job on his own will: Spokesman |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kazakhstan-s-nazarbayev-handed-over-security-council-job-on-his-own-will-spokesman/2469352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216143609/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kazakhstan-s-nazarbayev-handed-over-security-council-job-on-his-own-will-spokesman/2469352 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> In September 2022, the capital's name was reverted to Astana, a move seen as part of the broader efforts to distance the country from the former president's influence.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2022 |title=Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/kazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914002239/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/kazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Kazakhstan|List of cities in Kazakhstan}}

As it extends across both sides of the [[Ural River]], considered the dividing line separating Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan is one of only two [[Landlocked country|landlocked countries]] in the world that [[transcontinental countries|has territory in two continents]] (the other is [[Azerbaijan]]).

With an area of {{convert|2700000|km2}}—equivalent in size to Western Europe—Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the [[Russian Empire]], Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's [[Xinjiang]] province,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1SpCwAAQBAJ&q=kazakhstan%2Blost%2Bsome%2Bof%2Bits%2Bterritory%2Bto%2Brussia%2Band%2Bchina&pg=PT85 |title=Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier |last=Warikoo |first=K. |date=2 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29028-5 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417184150/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1SpCwAAQBAJ&q=kazakhstan+lost+some+of+its+territory+to+russia+and+china&pg=PT85 |url-status=live}}</ref> and some to Uzbekistan's [[Karakalpakstan]] autonomous republic during Soviet years.

It shares borders of {{convert|6846|km}} with Russia, {{convert|2203|km}} with [[Uzbekistan]], {{convert|1533|km}} with China, {{convert|1051|km}} with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and {{convert|379|km}} with [[Turkmenistan]]. Major cities include [[Almaty]], [[Astana]], [[Shymkent]], [[Aktobe|Aktöbe]] and [[Karaganda|Karagandy]]. It lies between latitudes [[40th parallel north|40°]] and [[56th parallel north|56° N]], and longitudes [[46th meridian east|46°]] and [[88th meridian east|88° E]]. While located primarily in Asia, a [[European Kazakhstan|small portion]] of Kazakhstan is also located west of the [[Urals]] in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601203047/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451 |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Altai Mountains]] and the [[Tian Shan]], and north to south from the plains of [[Siberia|Western Siberia]] to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The [[Kazakh Steppe]] (plain), with an area of around {{convert|804500|km2}}, occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry [[steppe]] region. The steppe is characterized by large areas of [[grassland]]s and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include [[Lake Balkhash]], [[Lake Zaysan]], the [[Charyn Canyon|Charyn River and gorge]], the [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Irtysh River|Irtysh]], [[Ishim River|Ishim]], [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Syr Darya]] rivers, and the [[Aral Sea]] until it largely dried up in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<ref>{{cite news |author=Daily Telegraph |title=Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=1 May 2010 |location=London |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408214552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea-one-of-the-planets-worst-environmental-disasters.html |archive-date=8 April 2010}}</ref>

The [[Charyn Canyon]] is {{convert|80|km}} long, cutting through a red [[sandstone]] plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern [[Tian Shan]] ("Heavenly Mountains", {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Almaty) at {{coord|43|21|1.16|N|79|4|49.28|E|}}. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between {{convert|150|and|300|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare [[ash tree]], ''[[Fraxinus sogdiana]]'', which survived the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]] there and has now also grown in some other areas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3390/d15060769 |title=Anatomical Structure and Phytochemical Composition of a Rare Species Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (Oleaceae) Growing in Different Soils in Kazakhstan |journal=Diversity |date=2023 |doi-access=free |last1=Aldibekova |first1=Almagul |last2=Kurmanbayeva |first2=Meruyert |last3=Aksoy |first3=Ahmet |last4=Permitina |first4=Valeria |last5=Dimeyeva |first5=Liliya |last6=Zverev |first6=Nikolai |volume=15 |issue=6 |page=769 |bibcode=2023Diver..15..769A}}</ref> [[Bigach crater]], at {{coord|48|30|N|82|00|E|}}, is a [[Pliocene]] or [[Miocene]] [[asteroid]] [[impact crater]], {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old.

Kazakhstan's [[Almaty]] region is also home to the [[Mynzhylky mountain plateau]].

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Kazakhstan BMNG.jpg|Satellite image of Kazakhstan (November 2004)
File:Eurasian steppe belt.jpg|The [[Kazakh Steppe]] is part of the [[Eurasian Steppe]] Belt (in {{Colorsample|#AAEEFF}} on the map).
File:Panorama(sharyn).jpg|[[Charyn Canyon]]
File:Steppe of western Kazakhstan in the early spring.jpg|The Kazakh Steppe in the early spring
</gallery>

=== Natural resources ===
{{See also|Energy in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Reserve Karkaraly.jpg|thumb|[[Qarağandy Region]]]]

Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic product). According to some estimates,<ref name="Homestead">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070507024507/http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/MineralWealth.html Mineral Wealth]. homestead.com</ref> Kazakhstan has the second largest [[uranium]], [[chromium]], lead, and [[zinc]] reserves; the third largest [[manganese]] reserves; the fifth largest copper reserves; and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. In 2015, Kazakhstan's gold production is 64 metric tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.<ref>International Crisis Group. (May 2007). [http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225435/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> One such location is the [[Tokarevskoye gas condensate field]].

In total, there are 160 deposits with over {{convert|2.7|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian shore]] are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that {{convert|3.5|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of oil and {{convert|2.5|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}} of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is {{convert|6.1|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}}. However, there are only three [[Oil refinery|refineries]] within the country, situated in [[Atirau|Atyrau]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 |title=Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info |work=kazworld.info |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232217/http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 |archive-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> [[Pavlodar]], and [[Şymkent]]. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US [[Energy Information Administration]], Kazakhstan was producing approximately {{convert|1540000|oilbbl}} of oil per day in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables.cfm?periodType=Annual&startYear=2005&startMonth=1&endYear=2009&endMonth=12&tableNumber=29 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409081928/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables.cfm?periodType=Annual&startYear=2005&startMonth=1&endYear=2009&endMonth=12&tableNumber=29 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |title=Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply |work=U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis. |publisher=Tonto.eia.doe.gov |date=11 May 2010 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Kaindy lake south-east Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Kaindy (lake)|Lake Kaindy]] in south-eastern Kazakhstan]]
[[File:Aral Sea 1989-2008.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Aral Sea]] in 1989 and 2008]]
There are several large navigable [[river]]s in Kazakhstan. All of them flow along the edges of the country, mainly in the north, while the southern and central parts of the river are mostly steppe, often drying up completely in the height of summer.
Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of [[phosphorite]]. Two of the largest deposits include the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and the Chilisai deposit of the [[:ru:Актобинский фосфоритоносный бассейн|Aqtobe phosphorite basin]] located in northwestern Kazakhstan, with resources of 500–800{{nbsp}}million tonnes of 9% ore.<ref>[http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/news/chilisai_Phosphate_Project_ore_reserve_update/ Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402211127/http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/news/chilisai_phosphate_project_ore_reserve_update |date=2 April 2016 }} // SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC</ref><ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9422097.pdf#page=7 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303091425/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9422097.pdf |date=3 March 2013 }} // USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves</ref>

On 17 October 2013, the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.<ref>[http://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/https://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant |date=1 January 2016 }}. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 KAZ 1991–2020.svg|thumb|328x328px|Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Kazakhstan 1991–2020]]
Kazakhstan has an "extreme" [[Continental climate|continental]] and [[Cold steppe|cold steppe climate]], and sits solidly inside the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]], featuring the [[Kazakh Steppe|Kazakh steppe]], with hot summers and cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world, after [[Ulaanbaatar]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Coldest Capital Cities In The World |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html |website=WorldAtlas.com |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108040732/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html |archive-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=KZ&name=Kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan climate information |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102193331/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=KZ&name=Kazakhstan |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Almaty]] || 30/18 || 86/64 || 0/−8 || 33/17
|-
|[[Şymkent]] || 32/17 || 91/66 || 4/−4 || 39/23
|-
|[[Qarağandy]] || 27/14 || 80/57 || −8/−17 || 16/1
|-
|[[Astana]]|| 27/15 || 80/59 || −10/−18 || 14/−1
|-
|[[Pavlodar]] || 28/15 || 82/59 || −11/−20 || 12/−5
|-
|[[Aqtobe]] || 30/15 || 86/61 || −8/−16 || 17/2
|}

=== Wildlife ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Corsac fox]]]]

There are ten [[List of protected areas of Kazakhstan|nature reserves]] and ten [[List of national parks of Kazakhstan|national parks]] in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five [[Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan|areas of conservancy]]. Common plants are ''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]'', ''[[Gagea]]'', ''[[Allium]]'', ''[[Carex]]'' and ''[[Oxytropis]]''; endangered plant species include native wild apple (''[[Malus sieversii]]''), wild grape (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'') and several wild [[tulip]] species (e.g., ''[[Tulipa greigii]]'') and rare onion species ''[[Allium karataviense]]'', also ''[[Iris willmottiana]]'' and ''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]''.<ref>A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): ''Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly''. In: ''Tethys Biodiversity Research''. Tom 1, S. 17–21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016 |url=http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |publisher=viranatura.com |access-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045058/http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Common mammals include the [[wolf]], [[red fox]], [[corsac fox]], [[moose]], [[argali]] (the largest species of sheep), [[Eurasian lynx]], [[Pallas's cat]], and [[snow leopards]], several of which are protected.
Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Book |url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) |access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205173757/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Przewalski's horse]] has been reintroduced to the steppes after nearly 200 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Wild Przewalski's horses return to Kazakhstan after 200 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/wild-przewalskis-horses-return-to-kazakhstan-after-200-years |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615211832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/wild-przewalskis-horses-return-to-kazakhstan-after-200-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Kazakhstan|Politics of Kazakhstan|Elections in Kazakhstan}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = WIPO Director General Meets President of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev 2025 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] [[President of Kazakhstan|President]] 
| caption2 = [[Olzhas Bektenov]] [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]] 
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}}

=== Political system ===

Officially, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional [[unitary republic]]; [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] led the country from 1991 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/02/07/yes-kazakhstan-should-change-its-name-this-map-shows-why/ |title=Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why. |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/02/07/yes-kazakhstan-should-change-its-name-this-map-shows-why/ |archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47628854 |title=Kazakh leader resigns after three decades |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425061650/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47628854 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-03-19/president-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-resigns |title=Kazakhstan's Leader Nazarbayev Resigns After Three Decades in Power |last=Auyezov |first=Olzhas |date=19 March 2019 |website=US News |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081832/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-03-19/president-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-resigns |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tokayev-wins">{{cite news |title=Nazarbayev ally wins big in Kazakhstan election after hundreds arrested |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/hundreds-arrested-as-kazakhs-protest-against-rigged-election |agency=The Guardian |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712033625/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/hundreds-arrested-as-kazakhs-protest-against-rigged-election |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The president may veto legislation that has been passed by the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|parliament]] and is also the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan|armed forces]]. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Republic of Kazakhstan {{!}} CIS Legislation |url=https://cis-legislation.com/cis/kazakhstan/index.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=cis-legislation.com |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109232202/https://cis-legislation.com/cis/kazakhstan/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan has a [[bicameral]] parliament composed of the ''[[Majilis]]'' (the [[lower house]]) and [[Senate of Kazakhstan|senate]] (the [[upper house]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323103659/http://akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archive-date=23 March 2013 |title=Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan |publisher=Akorda.kz |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the ''Majilis''; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 48 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies ([[mäslihat]]s) of Kazakhstan's twenty principal [[Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan|administrative divisions]] (seventeen regions and three nationally significant cities).<ref name="Republic of Kazakhstan">{{cite web |title=Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://www.akorda.kz/en/republic_of_kazakhstan/kazakhstan |website=Official Website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan |publisher=The Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110220907/https://www.akorda.kz/en/republic_of_kazakhstan/kazakhstan |archive-date=10 November 2024 |publication-place=Astana |language=en}}</ref> The president appoints the remaining fifteen senators. ''Majilis'' deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament.
In 2020, [[Freedom House]] rated Kazakhstan as a "consolidated [[authoritarian]] regime", stating that [[freedom of speech in Kazakhstan]] is not respected and "Kazakhstan's electoral laws do not provide for [[free and fair election]]s."<ref name="kaz2">{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Nations in Transit 2020 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kazakhstan/nations-transit/2020 |website=Freedom House |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212641/https://freedomhouse.org/country/kazakhstan/nations-transit/2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] has consistently ranked Kazakhstan as an "authoritarian regime" in its [[Democracy Index]], ranking it 128th out of 167 countries for 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year |title=Global democracy has a very bad year |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726221509/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year |title=Global democracy has another bad year |newspaper=The Economist |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323135217/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] described Kazakhstan an [[electoral autocracy]] in 2024.<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313112226/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Political reforms===
Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties.<ref name="poleform">{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to Liberalize Rules on Protests and Political Parties |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-12-20/kazakhstan-to-liberalize-rules-on-protests-and-political-parties |agency=REUTERS |publisher=USNews |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224202342/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-12-20/kazakhstan-to-liberalize-rules-on-protests-and-political-parties |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, Tokayev established the National Council of Public Trust as a public platform for national conversation regarding government policies and reforms.<ref name="Iran Daily">{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan President Tokayev's initiatives on public safety, rule of law, human rights |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/News/263944.html |website=iran-daily.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114194339/http://www.iran-daily.com/News/263944.html |url-status=live}} [[File:CC BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref> In July 2019, the President of Kazakhstan announced a concept of a 'listening state' that quickly and efficiently responds to all constructive requests of the country's citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/long-take/first-glimpses-of-tokayevs-kazakhstan/ |title=First glimpses of Tokayev's Kazakhstan: The listening state? |date=17 September 2019 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920081417/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/long-take/first-glimpses-of-tokayevs-kazakhstan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A law will be passed to allow representatives from other parties to hold chair positions on some Parliamentary committees, to foster alternative views and opinions.{{when|date=March 2022}} The minimum membership threshold needed to register a political party will be reduced from 40,000 to 20,000 members.<ref name="Iran Daily"/> Special places for peaceful rallies in central areas will be allocated and a new draft law outlining the rights and obligations of organizers, participants and observers will be passed.<ref name="Iran Daily"/> In an effort to increase public safety, President Tokayev has strengthened the penalties for those who commit crimes against individuals.<ref name="Iran Daily"/>

On 17 September 2022, Tokayev signed a decree that limits presidential tenure to one term of seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan limits presidential term, renames capital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/17/kazakhstan-limits-presidential-term-renames-capital |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917174621/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/17/kazakhstan-limits-presidential-term-renames-capital |url-status=live}}</ref> He furthermore announced the preparation of a new reform package to "decentralise" and "distribute" power between government institutions. The reform package also seeks to modify the electoral system and increase the decision-making authorities of Kazakhstan's regions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Tokayev bites the reform bullet |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/11/19/tokayev-bites-the-reform-bullet/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221081643/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/11/19/tokayev-bites-the-reform-bullet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The powers of the parliament were expanded at the expense of those of the president, relatives of whom are now also barred from holding government positions, while the Constitutional Court was restored and the death penalty abolished.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Voters back reforms to reject founder's legacy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-voters-back-reforms-to-reject-founders-legacy/a-62037144 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221081812/https://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-voters-back-reforms-to-reject-founders-legacy/a-62037144 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Regions of Kazakhstan|Districts of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is divided into seventeen [[Regions of Kazakhstan|regions]] ({{langx|kk|облыстар}}, {{lang|kk-latn|oblystar}}; {{langx|ru|link=no|области}}, {{lang|ru-latn|oblasti}}), as well as four cities which are administered separately from their surrounding geographic regions.<ref name="Republic of Kazakhstan" /> The regions are subdivided into 177 [[Districts of Kazakhstan|districts]] ({{langx|kk|аудандар}}, {{lang|kk-latn|audandar}}; {{langx|ru|link=no|районы}}, {{lang|ru-latn|rayony}}).<ref name="OECD" >{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan, Unitary County |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/profile-Kazakhzstan.pdf |publisher=www.oecd.org |access-date=6 February 2018 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190320/https://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/profile-Kazakhzstan.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government.<ref name="Adilet">{{cite web |title=On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993 |url=http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z930004200_ |website=Adilet |publisher=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information |access-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207124434/http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z930004200_ |archive-date=7 February 2018}}</ref>

{{anchor|special status cities}}
The cities of [[Almaty]], [[Astana]] and [[Shymkent]] have official status as cities of [[City of republican significance (Kazakhstan)|republican significance]] and do not belong to their surrounding regions. The city of [[Baikonur]] also has special status because it is being leased to Russia until 2050 for the [[Baikonur cosmodrome]].<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kazakhstan|date=9 January 2021 }}</ref> Shymkent gained its status as a "city of republican significance" in June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akorda.kz/ru/events/akorda_news/akorda_other_events/publichnoe-podpisanie-ukaza-o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |script-title=ru:Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан" |trans-title=Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan" |date=19 June 2018 |publisher=President of Kazakhstan |language=ru |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211174128/https://www.akorda.kz/ru/events/akorda_news/akorda_other_events/publichnoe-podpisanie-ukaza-o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |archive-date=2026-02-11 |url-status=live|title=}}</ref>

Each region is headed by an ''[[Akim|äkim]]'' (regional governor) appointed by the president. District ''äkimi'' are appointed by regional ''äkim''s. On 10 December 1997, Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan renames capital to honour ex-leader |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/23/kazakhstan-renames-capital-to-honour-ex-leader |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108232741/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/23/kazakhstan-renames-capital-to-honour-ex-leader |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Municipal divisions ===
Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural.<ref name="Adilet" /> At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as ''cities of republican significance'' on the administrative level equal to that of a region.<ref name="OECD"/> At the intermediate level are ''cities of regional significance'' on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts.<ref name="OECD" /> At the lowest level are ''cities of district significance'', and over two-thousand ''villages and rural settlements'' ({{lang|ru-latn|aul}}) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts.<ref name="OECD" />

=== Urban centres ===
{{Largest cities
| country = Kazakhstan
| stat_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT305821 |title=Обложка |website=stat.gov.kz |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613081608/http://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT305821}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Region
| div_link =
|city_1 = Almaty
|div_1 = Almaty
|pop_1 = 1,854,656
|city_2 = Astana
|div_2 = Astana
|pop_2 = 1,078,384
|city_3 = Şymkent
|div_3 = Shymkent{{!}}Shymkent
|pop_3 = 1,009,086
|city_4 = Qarağandy
|div_4 = Qarağandy Region{{!}}Qarağandy
|pop_4 = 497,712
|city_5 = Aqtobe
|div_5 = Aqtobe Region{{!}}Aqtobe
|pop_5 = 487,994
|city_6 = Taraz
|div_6 = Jambyl Region{{!}}Jambyl
|pop_6 = 357,791
|city_7 = Pavlodar
|div_7 = Pavlodar Region{{!}}Pavlodar
|pop_7 = 333,989
|city_8 = Öskemen
|div_8 = East Kazakhstan Region{{!}}East Kazakhstan
|pop_8 = 331,614
|city_9 = Semey
|div_9 = Abai Region{{!}}Abai
|pop_9 = 323,138
|city_10 = Atyrau
|div_10 = Atyrau Region{{!}}Atyrau
|pop_10 = 269,720

}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in South Korea, March 2012-15.jpeg|thumb|President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev]] with US President [[Barack Obama]] and Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2012]]

Kazakhstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, [[Belarus]], Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] established the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonize trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the [[UN Human Rights Council]] for the first time on 12 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/ |title=Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council |work=Tengrinews.kz English |date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations, [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]], [[Turkic Council]], and [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). It is an active participant in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] [[Partnership for Peace]] program.<ref name="pfpsigs">{{cite web |author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization |title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document |date=5 October 2006 |url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129213256/http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm |archive-date=29 November 2006}}</ref>

In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the [[Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly]]. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998 |title=Situation in Kazakhstan and its relations with the Council of Europe |last=Iwiński |first=Tadeusz |date=7 July 2006 |website=Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly |access-date=14 February 2020 |quote=For its part, the Assembly might decide, already at this stage, to interpret Rule 59 of its Rules of procedure, concerning special guests, in such a way as to include the Eurasian States. Two Council of Europe member States, Turkey and Russia, belong geographically to both Europe and Asia and are therefore Eurasian. Strictly speaking, the three South Caucasus States, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in Asia, yet their membership of political Europe is no longer in doubt. [...] This being the case, Kazakhstan, as a Eurasian State participating in the OSCE and a signatory to the International covenant on civil and political rights and the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, would meet the criteria laid down in Rule 59, making it eligible to apply for special guest status with the Assembly. |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233442/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2017/10/2017-cornell-engvall-kazakhstan-in-europe-why-not.pdf |title=Kazakhstan in Europe: Why Not? |last1=Cornell |first1=Svante |last2=Engvall |first2=Johan |date=2017 |website=Institute for Security & Development Policy |access-date=15 February 2020 |quote=However, by 2006, a Rapporteur for the Political Affairs Committee concluded that because of Kazakhstan's nature as a European country, the country should be considered 'eligible to apply for a special guest status.' |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154030/https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2017/10/2017-cornell-engvall-kazakhstan-in-europe-why-not.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the council until its democracy and human rights records improved.

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multi-vector foreign policy" ({{langx|kk|көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат|köpvektorly syrtqy saiasat }}), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the Western world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blank |first=Stephen |title=Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=27 April 2005 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045839/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Ariel |title=Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact |publisher=Business News Europe |date=7 October 2008 |url=http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817020006/http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archive-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> Russia leases approximately {{convert|6000|km2|0|abbr=out}} of territory enclosing the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] and the well-known space station [[Mir]].

On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and [[Barack Obama|Obama]] met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic prosperity, and universal values.<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan president Nazarbayev | The White House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216172644/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev |date=16 February 2017 }}. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>

Since 2014, the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018.<ref name=AT5>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation |url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/ |website=Astanatimes.com |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170610/http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/ |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.<ref name=UN>{{cite web |title=Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54350#.WDczqbXXfYU |website=un.org |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045313/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54350#.WDczqbXXfYU |archive-date=25 November 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states Summit gets underway in Samarkand 02.jpg|thumb|Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]], [[Xi Jinping]], and other leaders at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]] summit in Samarkand, 16 September 2022]]
Kazakhstan has supported UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name=TN1>{{cite news |title=Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/military/Kazakh-peacekeepers-in-Western-Sahara-257039/ |publisher=Tengrinews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204101/http://en.tengrinews.kz/military/Kazakh-peacekeepers-in-Western-Sahara-257039/ |archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through specialized UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialized military vehicles.<ref name="TN1" />

In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Ukraine's southeastern regions]].<ref name=gpostukraine1>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |work=Global Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205230451/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine's independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainenaz>{{cite news |title=Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan's Economic Resilience |url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/ |work=The Astana Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182750/http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal.<ref name=CarnegieUkraniepiece>{{cite web |title=Nazarbayev as Mediator |work=Carnegie Moscow Center |url=http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144059/http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |last1=Malashenko |first1=Alexey}}</ref> It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.<ref name="CarnegieUkraniepiece" />

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainejan26statement>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements |url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/ |work=The Astana Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Putin-Tokayev meeting (2022-11-28) 01.jpg|thumb|President [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 28 November 2022]]

On 6 March 2020, the Concept of the Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030 was announced. The document outlines the following main points:

* An open, predictable and consistent foreign policy of the country, which is progressive in nature and maintains its endurance by continuing the course of the First President – the country at a new stage of development;
* Protection of human rights, development of humanitarian diplomacy and environmental protection;
* Promotion of the country's economic interests in the international arena, including the implementation of state policy to attract investment;
* Maintaining international peace and security;
* Development of regional and multilateral diplomacy, which primarily involves strengthening mutually beneficial ties with key partners – Russia, China, the United States, Central Asian states and the EU countries, as well as through multilateral structures – the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3622809 |title=President approves new concept of Kazakhstan's foreign policy for 2020–2030 |last=INFORM.KZ |date=9 March 2020 |website=inform.kz |language=ru |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407103930/https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3622809 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CSTO Map.svg|thumb|Member states of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO)]]

Kazakhstan's memberships of international organizations include:

* [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS)
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO)
* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]
* [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]
* [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]], with [[NATO]], Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, [[Moldova]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]]
* [[Turkic Council]] and the [[TÜRKSOY]] community. (The national language, [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], is related to the other [[Turkic languages]], with which it shares cultural and [[Turkic peoples|historical ties]])
* United Nations
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE)
* [[UNESCO]], where Kazakhstan is a member of its [[World Heritage Committee]]<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title=Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1082/ |publisher=UNESCO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218004512/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1082 |archive-date=18 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] as a participating government
* [[World Trade Organization]]<ref name="wtokz">{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm |website=World Trade Organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122807/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm |archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC)<ref name="oicmems">{{cite web |title=Member States |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en |website=OIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609063319/http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>
* The [[Abraham Accords]] (2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 7, 2025 |title=Kazakhstan confirms joining Abraham Accords |url=https://www.anews.com.tr/world/2025/11/07/kazakhstan-confirms-joining-abraham-accords |access-date=Nov 7, 2025 |work=Andalou Agency}}</ref>
Based on these principles, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Kazakhstan has increasingly pursued an independent foreign policy, defined by its own foreign policy objectives and ambitions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Wilder Alejandro |date=May 2020 |title=A Rising Global Player: Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in the 2020s |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/KI_200514_cable%2051_v1.pdf |website=Wilson Center |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082204/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/KI_200514_cable%2051_v1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Umarov |first=Temur |title=Kazakhstan Is Breaking Out of Russia's Grip |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/16/kazakhstan-russia-ukraine-war/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Foreign Policy |date=16 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223102832/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/16/kazakhstan-russia-ukraine-war/ |url-status=live}}</ref> through which the country attempts to balance its relations with "all the major powers and an equally principled aversion towards excessive dependence in any field upon any one of them, while also opening the country up economically to all who are willing to invest there."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan asserts its independent foreign policy |url=https://trendsresearch.org/insight/kazakhstan-asserts-its-independent-foreign-policy/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=trendsresearch.org |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082345/https://trendsresearch.org/insight/kazakhstan-asserts-its-independent-foreign-policy/}}</ref>

Kazakhstan is the 59th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |title=2024 Global Peace Index |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2025, after establishing diplomatic relations with Israel, the Kazakh Foreign Ministry issued a statement indicating that the nation had become a participant in the Abraham Accords to safeguard its interests, consistent with the balanced, constructive, and peaceful foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan confirms joining Abraham Accords |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kazakhstan-confirms-joining-abraham-accords/3737753 |website=AA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Joining Abraham Accords, US Official Confirms |date=6 November 2025 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/kazakhstan-joining-abraham-accords-us-official-confirms |publisher=[[Fox News]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106223931/https://www.foxnews.com/world/kazakhstan-joining-abraham-accords-us-official-confirms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Kazakhstan Republican Guard.JPEG|right|thumb|[[Republican Guard (Kazakhstan)|Kazakhstan Republican Guard]]]]
[[File:A Kazakh Sukhoi Su-27P(modified).jpg|thumb|A Kazakhstan [[Sukhoi Su-27]]]]

Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the [[Soviet Armed Forces]]' [[Turkestan Military District]]. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] (the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005.

The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41 [[MiG-29]]s, 44 [[MiG-31]]s, 37 [[Su-24]]s and 60 [[Su-27]]s. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putz |first=Catherine |title=Yes, Kazakhstan Has a Navy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/yes-kazakhstan-has-a-navy/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107065311/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/yes-kazakhstan-has-a-navy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan sent 29 military engineers to [[Iraq]] to assist the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|US post-invasion mission in Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-21 |title=Kazakhstan withdraws soldiers from Iraq |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kazakhstan-idUSTRE49K4UL20081021 |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181157/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kazakhstan-idUSTRE49K4UL20081021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified {{convert|718|m3|abbr=out}} of water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios |url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/steppe-eagle-military-exercises-cover-broad-spectrum-scenarios |publisher=Central Asia Newswire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141550/http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/steppe-eagle-military-exercises-cover-broad-spectrum-scenarios |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's [[National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|National Security Committee]] (UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered the most important part of KNB. Its director is [[Nurtai Abykayev]].

Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the [[KAZBAT]] peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the US Military.<ref name=steppe1>{{cite news |title=Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June |url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/02/steppe-eagle-2015-multinational-peacekeeping-exercises-held-april-june/ |work=The Astana Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095229/http://astanatimes.com/2015/02/steppe-eagle-2015-multinational-peacekeeping-exercises-held-april-june/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.<ref name=un1>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/12/20/world/20reuters-kazakhstan-un.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan was ranked 142nd out of 180 countries in [[Reporters Without Borders]]' [[Press Freedom Index]] for 2024; previously it ranked 134th for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan |work=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184703/https://rsf.org/en/kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's human rights situation has been described as poor by independent observers. In its 2015 report of human rights in the country, [[Human Rights Watch]] said that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion."<ref name="World Report 2015: Kazakhstan">[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020227/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=28 October 2016 }}, accessed October 2015.</ref> It has also described the government as authoritarian.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/05/kazakhstan-elections-and-transition-wasnt |title=The Kazakhstan elections and the transition that wasn't |website=hrw.org |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301011034/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/05/kazakhstan-elections-and-transition-wasnt |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader [[Vladimir Kozlov (politician)|Vladimir Kozlov]], remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020227/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=28 October 2016 }}, accessed September 2016.</ref> However, Kazakhstan has achieved significant progress in reducing the prison population.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Trochev |first1=Alexei |chapter=Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms |date=2019 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5 |title=Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy |pages=75–99 |editor-last=Caron |editor-first=Jean-François |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5 |isbn=978-981-13-6692-5 |access-date=2020-12-04 |last2=Slade |first2=Gavin |s2cid=159320888 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2016: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160847/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=14 September 2016 }}, accessed September 2016.</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[false information]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakh Opposition Activist Detained For 'Spreading False Information' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-suraev-opposition-activist-detained-false-information-toqaev/30563253.html |work=Human Rights Watch |date=18 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728232222/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-suraev-opposition-activist-detained-false-information-toqaev/30563253.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Various police reforms, like creation of local police service and zero-tolerance policing, aimed at bringing police closer to local communities, have not improved cooperation between policemen and ordinary citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slade |first1=Gavin |last2=Trochev |first2=Alexei |last3=Talgatova |first3=Malika |date=2020-12-02 |title=The Limits of Authoritarian Modernisation: Zero Tolerance Policing in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867 |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=73 |language=en |pages=178–199 |doi=10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867 |s2cid=229420067 |issn=0966-8136 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119120806/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

{{Blockquote|The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the [[right to an attorney]], and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee's attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence.<ref name="countryreport">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395#wrapper "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618054438/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395#wrapper |date=18 June 2020 }}, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref>

[...]The law does not provide for an [[independent judiciary]]. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions.

Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited [[bribes]] in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.<ref name="countryreport"/>}}

Kazakhstan's global rank in the [[World Justice Project]]'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).<ref name=WJP2015>{{cite web |title=Rule of Law Index 2015 |url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#groups/KAZ |website=World Justice Project |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#groups/KAZ |archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

The [[ABA Rule of Law Initiative]] of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.<ref name=ABArol>{{cite web |title=Rule of Law in Kazakhstan |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan.html |publisher=American Bar Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225822/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=ABAback>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Background |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/background.html |publisher=American Bar Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231239/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/background.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary.<ref name=ABAjr>{{cite web |title=Judicial Reform |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/news.html |publisher=American Bar Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230348/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/news.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intended to digitize all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018.<ref name="digitise">{{cite news |title=Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018 |url=https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/kazakh-criminal-justice-system-to-be-digitised-by-2018/ |agency=The Astana Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034931/https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/kazakh-criminal-justice-system-to-be-digitised-by-2018/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Many criminal cases are closed before trial on the basis of reconciliation between the defendant and the victim because they simplify the work of the law-enforcement officers, release the defendant from punishment, and pay little regard to the victim's rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trochev |first=Alexei |date=2017 |title=Between Convictions and Reconciliations: Processing Criminal Cases in Kazakhstani Courts |url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/Trochev-final.pdf |journal=Cornell Journal of International Law |volume=50 |pages=107–145 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720082506/https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/Trochev-final.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997, although it is still socially unacceptable in most areas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1 |page=40 |author1=Paul Brummell}}</ref> Discrimination against [[LGBT rights in Kazakhstan|LGBT people]] in Kazakhstan is widespread.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan: LGBT Community Living in Fear |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/23/kazakhstan-lgbt-community-living-fear |work=Human Rights Watch |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727005543/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/23/kazakhstan-lgbt-community-living-fear |archive-date=27 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Life in the Closet: The LGBT Community in Central Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/life-in-the-closet-the-lgbt-community-in-central-asia/ |work=The Diplomat |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802051901/https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/life-in-the-closet-the-lgbt-community-in-central-asia/ |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Kazakstan GDP per capita 1973–2022.png|thumb|GDP per capita development in Kazakhstan since 1973]]
In 2018, Kazakhstan had a GDP of $179.332 billion and an annual growth rate of 4.5%. Per capita, Kazakhstan's GDP stood at $9,686.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/official/dynamic |title=stat.gov.kz |website=stat.gov.kz |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017035705/https://stat.gov.kz/official/dynamic |url-status=live}}</ref> Buoyed by high world [[crude oil]] prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1% to 3% during the [[2008 financial crisis]], and then rising again from 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531180249/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archive-date=31 May 2011 |title=GDP growth (annual %) |work=The World Bank. World Bank.org |access-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of [[uranium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142342/http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=№ 1 in the world |work=The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-central-asia.aspx#:~:text=Uranium%20and%20Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Kazakhstan%20%28Updated%20June,2019%2C%20Kazakhstan%20produced%2043%25%20of%20the%20world%27s%20uranium. |title=Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan |publisher=world-nuclear.org |date=June 2022 |access-date=13 Jan 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326045234/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/ |archive-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6% in 2014.<ref name=BRICplus>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity |url=http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/ |publisher=BRIC Plus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181513/http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/ |archive-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by a falling [[price of oil]] and the effects of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4a55aa6-dd04-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3mCiNSOzr Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519084837/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4a55aa6-dd04-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3mCiNSOzr |date=19 May 2020 }}, [[Financial Times]], 21 May 2014</ref> The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014.<ref>"Tenge Fever", [[The Economist]], 22 February 2014</ref> Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html Kazakhstan's currency plunges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174742/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html |date=5 February 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 August 2015</ref> Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.<ref name=IMFrepay>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan profile |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/kazakhstan/47484.htm |website=State.gov |publisher=US State Department |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164708/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/kazakhstan/47484.htm |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan weathered the [[2008 financial crisis]] by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilization. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalization of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for [[small and medium enterprise]]s (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $21 billion, or 20% of the country's GDP, with $4 billion going to stabilize the financial sector.<ref name=ft21bn>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan unveils $21bn rescue package |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN |work=Financial Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002103/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> During the [[Great Recession]], Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2% in 2009, but increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.<ref name=imfarticleiv>{{cite web |title=IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm |website=Imf.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183248/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan's government continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The [[2008 financial crisis]] forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4% in 2013 from 8.7% in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5%.<ref name=kzwbprofile>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Profile |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan |publisher=The World Bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911201346/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan |archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>

In March 2002, the [[US Department of Commerce]] granted Kazakhstan [[market economy]] status under [[Trade Act of 2002|US trade law]]. This change in status recognized substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency [[convertibility]], wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] to receive an investment grade [[credit rating]] from a major international [[credit rating agency]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kazakhstan Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information |publisher=IBP, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5145-2848-8 |page=51}}</ref> By late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $4.2 billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP was 21.7% in 2000, 17.5% in 2001, and 15.4% in 2002. In 2019, it rose to 19.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan at "BBB"; Outlook Stable |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-kazakhstan-at-bbb-outlook-stable-21-08-2020 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=fitchratings.com |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108071514/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-kazakhstan-at-bbb-outlook-stable-21-08-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Yacht club in Aktau.jpg|thumb|[[Aqtau]] is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the [[Caspian Sea]].]]
On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced [[Tax rates around the world|tax rates]] was adopted. The [[value added tax]] fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, payable by all employers, from 21% to 20%, and the personal [[income tax]] from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003.

Kazakhstan instituted a pension reform program in 1998. By January 2012, the pension assets were about $17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was [[Privatization|privatized]] in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates pension funds. The growing demand of pension funds for investment outlets triggered the development of the debt [[Security (finance)|securities]] market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], including the government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan was studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan |url=http://gca.satrapia.com/+unified-pension-fund-recommended-in-kazakhstan+ |newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia |date=23 January 2013 |publisher=Satrapia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121242/http://gca.satrapia.com/+unified-pension-fund-recommended-in-kazakhstan+ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and [[The Heritage Foundation]].<ref name="EFI2018">{{cite web |title=Economic Freedom Index |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110910/http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking |archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Foreign trade ===
[[File:2013Kazakhstani imports.PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013]]

Kazakhstan's increased role in [[global trade]] and central positioning on the [[Belt and Road Initiative|new Silk Road]] gave the country the potential to open its markets to billions of people.<ref name="priSilkRoad">{{cite web |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-09-14/chinas-new-silk-road-traverses-kazakhstan-some-kazakhs-are-skeptical-chinese |publisher=pri.org |title=China's new Silk Road traverses Kazakhstan. But some Kazakhs are skeptical of Chinese influence |date=14 September 2020 |access-date=2021-05-27 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508141306/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-09-14/chinas-new-silk-road-traverses-kazakhstan-some-kazakhs-are-skeptical-chinese |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm |publisher=WTO.org |title=WTO: Kazakhstan |access-date=2021-05-28 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122807/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's [[foreign trade]] turnover in 2018 was $93.5 billion, which is 19.7% more than in 2017. Export in 2018 reached $67 billion (up 25.7% in comparison to 2017) and import was $32.5 billion (up 9.9% in comparison to 2017).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018 |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-s-foreign-trade-turnover-rises-by-19-7-in-2018_a3497852 |website=Kazinform |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029200840/https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-s-foreign-trade-turnover-rises-by-19-7-in-2018_a3497852 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Exports accounted for 40.1% of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan exports 800 products to 120 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018 |url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/04/kazakhstan-increased-exports-nearly-25-percent-in-2018/ |website=astanatimes.com |date=18 April 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806005648/https://astanatimes.com/2019/04/kazakhstan-increased-exports-nearly-25-percent-in-2018/ |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Песня жаворонка(3264-2448).jpg|thumb|right|Grain fields near [[Kökşetau]]]]

[[Agriculture in Kazakhstan|Agriculture]] accounts for approximately 5% of Kazakhstan's GDP.<ref name="CIA" /> Grain, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and livestock are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than {{convert|846000|km2|sqmi}}. The available agricultural land consists of {{convert|205000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of arable land and {{convert|611000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of [[pasture]] and hay land. Over 80% of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).<ref name=wb1>{{cite web |title=Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database. |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC |publisher=The World Bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210004356/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

Chief livestock products are [[dairy product]]s, leather, meat, and [[wool]]. The country's major crops include wheat, [[barley]], cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major source of [[hard currency]], rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some [[Kazakh wine]] is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepard |first=Wade |title=How Kazakhstan Is Becoming The Next Frontier For World-Class Wine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/02/29/could-kazakhstan-become-the-next-frontier-for-world-class-wine/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107122830/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/02/29/could-kazakhstan-become-the-next-frontier-for-world-class-wine/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Energy===
[[File:Caspian region oil and natural gas infrastructure.png|thumb|Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven [[Energy policy of Kazakhstan|oil reserves]] in the Caspian Sea region.]]
Energy has been the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and [[natural gas condensate]] from the [[oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan]] amounted to {{convert|79.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|lk=out|abbr=off}} in 2012 up from {{convert|51.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to {{convert|13.9|e9m3|e9cuft|lk=out|abbr=off}}, up 22.7% compared to 2002, including natural gas production of {{convert|7.3|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}. Kazakhstan holds about {{convert|4|e9t|e9LT e9ST|abbr=off}} of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2000|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of gas. Kazakhstan is the 19th largest oil-producing nation in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan energy profile – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/kazakhstan-energy-profile |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=IEA |date=15 April 2020 |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108085609/https://www.iea.org/reports/kazakhstan-energy-profile |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $7 billion, representing 65% of overall exports and 24% of the GDP.
Major oil and gas fields and recoverable [[oil reserves]] are [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] with {{convert|7|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}; [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] with {{convert|8|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}} and {{convert|1350|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of natural gas; and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] with 7 to {{convert|9|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}.

[[KazMunayGas]] (KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The [[Tengiz Field]] was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year [[Tengizchevroil]] venture between [[Chevron Texaco]] (50%), US [[ExxonMobil]] (25%), [[KazMunayGas]] (20%), and [[LukArco]] (5%).<ref>{{Citation |title=Chevron-led Kazakh oil firm hits record output in 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oil-kazakhstan-tengizchevroil-idUSL5N0L11CD20140127 |year=2014 |publication-place=International |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181047/https://www.reuters.com/article/oil-kazakhstan-tengizchevroil-idUSL5N0L11CD20140127 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by [[BG Group|BG]], [[Agip]], ChevronTexaco, and [[Lukoil]].<ref name=ogj280612>{{cite news |url=http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/karachaganak-field-agreement-takes-effect.html |title=Karachaganak field agreement takes effect |publisher=[[PennWell Corporation]] |newspaper=[[Oil & Gas Journal]] |date=2012-06-28 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107183535/https://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/karachaganak-field-agreement-takes-effect.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Also [[China|Chinese]] oil companies are involved in Kazakhstan's oil industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracing the Chinese Footprints in Kazakhstan's Oil and Gas Industry |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/tracing-the-chinese-footprints-in-kazakhstans-oil-and-gas-industry/ |work=The Diplomat |date=12 December 2020 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181048/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/tracing-the-chinese-footprints-in-kazakhstans-oil-and-gas-industry/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. It committed Kazakhstan to meet 50% of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum |url=https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2018/kazakhstan--green-economy-reforms-gain-momentum.html |website=UNDP |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127212947/https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2018/kazakhstan--green-economy-reforms-gain-momentum.html |archive-date=27 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The green economy was projected to increase GDP by 3% and create some 500,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uyzbayeva |first=Aigerim |date=February 2015 |title=Towards Achieving Energy Efficiency in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073 |journal=International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015) |volume=9 |via=ResearchGate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012043609/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073_Towards_Achieving_Energy_Efficicency_in_Kazakhstan |archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> The government set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12), for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants 16.71 tenges ($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenges ($0.18).<ref name=renewableprices>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources |publisher=Bloomberg News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309165647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===

{{Main|Transport in Kazakhstan|Telecommunications in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Railway Map of Kazakhstan (kk).png|thumb|Map of Kazakhstan's railway network]]
[[File:KTZ 2TE10U Aynabulak.jpg|thumb|Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.]]

Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are {{convert|15333|km|mi|abbr=on}} in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.<ref name=ciafactbook>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/ |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |website=cia.gov |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132304/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{convert|15333|km|mi|abbr=on}} of {{Track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} gauge, {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} electrified, in 2012.<ref name=ciafactbook /> Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from [[Almaty]] (the southernmost city) to [[Petropavl]] (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.

[[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy]] (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French locomotive manufacturer [[Alstom]] in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. As of 2018, Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/loco-manufacturer-obtains-first-iris-certification-in-kazakhstan.html |website=railwaygazette.com |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011411/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/loco-manufacturer-obtains-first-iris-certification-in-kazakhstan.html |archive-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing centre in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan |url=http://www.raillynews.com/2017/alstom-inaugurated-first-locomotive-repairing-centre-kazakhstan/ |website=raillynews.com |date=24 July 2017 |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011359/http://www.raillynews.com/2017/alstom-inaugurated-first-locomotive-repairing-centre-kazakhstan/ |archive-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Astana Nurly Zhol railway station]], the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on 31 May 2017. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m2 station was expected to be used by 54 trains and would have the capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/astana-nurly-zhol-station-opens.html |website=railjournal.com |date=2 June 2017 |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513012912/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/astana-nurly-zhol-station-opens.html |archive-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a small {{convert| 8.56|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system in [[Almaty]]. Second and third metro lines were planned for the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at [[Alatau (Almaty Metro)|Alatau]] and [[Zhibek Zholy (Almaty Metro)|Zhibek Zholy]] stations.<ref name=urbanrail.net>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm |title=urbanrail.net |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425050228/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Astana Metro]] system has been under construction, but was abandoned at one point in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/No-Light-Rail-Transport-for-Astana-24346/ |title=No Light Rail Transport for Astana |website=Tengrinews.kz |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042415/https://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/No-Light-Rail-Transport-for-Astana-24346/ |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, an agreement was signed for the project to be resumed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/astana-light-rail-framework-agreement-signed.html |title=Astana light rail framework agreement signed |first=DVV Media |last=UK |work=Railway Gazette |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702011816/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/astana-light-rail-framework-agreement-signed.html |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is an {{convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}} tram network, which began service in 1965 with, as of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes.<ref name=Pavlodar>[[Pavlodar]]</ref>

The [[Khorgos Gateway]] dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary [[dry port]]s for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than {{convert|9000|km|abbr=on}} between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ which officially commenced operations in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-the-new-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/2/#4770e6ab5322 |website=forbes.com |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513012524/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-the-new-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/2/#4770e6ab5322 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=live |last1=Shepard |first1=Wade}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[European Commission]] [[blacklist]]ed all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of [[Air Astana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=2016-09-22 |title=Aviation Safety: Commission updates EU air safety list – Iran and Africa make progress |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/news/2016-06-16-air-ban_en |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Mobility and Transport – European Commission |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073308/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/news/2016-06-16-air-ban_en |url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, Kazakhstan took measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist, saying there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/ |website=flightglobal.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014911/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/ |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Казахстан. Боровое, вид с Болектау, осень, вечер.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Burabay]], view from Mount Bolectau]]
[[File:Верхняя точка горнолыжной трассы курорта Чимбулак..JPG|thumb|[[Shymbulak]] ski resort in Almaty]]
[[File:Expo 2017 "Nur Alem" Pavilion Glass Pathway 2.jpg|192x192px|thumb|The Nur Alem Pavilion at EXPO 2017 in [[Astana]]]]
[[File:MAX 5113.jpg|thumb|[[Almaty]]]]

Kazakhstan is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|ninth-largest country by area]] and the largest landlocked country in the world. As of 2014, tourism accounted for 0.3% of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government had plans to increase it to 3% by 2020.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web |author=Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news |work=The Guardian |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503182321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |archive-date=3 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68601 |title=Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117123606/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68601 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[World Economic Forum]]'s [[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]] of 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan was $3.08 billion or only 1.6% of total GDP. The WEF ranked Kazakhstan 80th in its 2019 report.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wef.ch/3129pen |title=Rankings |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925161646/https://wef.ch/3129pen |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 43rd in the number of tourist arrivals. In 2014, ''[[The Guardian]]'' described tourism in Kazakhstan as "hugely underdeveloped," despite the country's mountain, lake, and desert landscapes.<ref name=Lillis /> Factors hampering an increase in tourism were said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure," "poor service," and the difficulties of travel in a large underdeveloped country.<ref name=Lillis /> Even for Kazakhs, going for a holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name=Lillis>{{cite news |last1=Lillis |first1=Joanna |title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |access-date=11 December 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503182321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |archive-date=3 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kazakh government, long characterized as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition,<ref name="time" /> in 2015 issued a "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020." It aimed to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan: [[Astana]] city, [[Almaty]] city, [[East Kazakhstan Region|East Kazakhstan]], [[South Kazakhstan Region|South Kazakhstan]], and [[West Kazakhstan Region|West Kazakhstan]] Oblasts. It also sought investment of $4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/environment/Kazakhstan-to-develop-its-tourism-industry-254241/ |title=Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz |publisher=En.tengrinews.kz |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119065420/http://en.tengrinews.kz/environment/Kazakhstan-to-develop-its-tourism-industry-254241/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lillis />

Kazakhstan has offered a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], Georgia, [[Moldova]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Mongolia]], Russia and [[Ukraine]], and for up to 30 days to citizens of [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], [[Serbia]], [[South Korea]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]], [[UAE]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. It also established a visa-free regime for citizens of 54 countries, including the [[European Union]] and [[OECD#Member countries|OECD member states]], the [[United States|US]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="tim">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=KZ|accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="mfa.kz">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.kz/ru/content-view/vizovyj-rezhim-rk-s-drugimi-gosudarstvami |title=Visa Regime of Kazakhstan with other countries |publisher=The Ministry of foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan |date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |language=ru |archive-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609052952/http://www.mfa.kz/ru/content-view/vizovyj-rezhim-rk-s-drugimi-gosudarstvami}}</ref>

=== Foreign direct investment ===
Kazakhstan has attracted $330 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) from more than 120 countries since its independence (1991).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhussupova |first=Dilshat |date=11 September 2019 |title=Kazakhstan attracts $330 billion FDI since 1991 |url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/09/kazakhstan-attracts-330-billion-fdi-since-1991/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911192654/https://astanatimes.com/2019/09/kazakhstan-attracts-330-billion-fdi-since-1991/ |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=7 April 2020 |website=The Astana Times}}</ref> In 2015, the US State Department said Kazakhstan was widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region.<ref name="2013ICS">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf |title=2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan |publisher=US State Department |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094555/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> In 2014, President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which included a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes.<ref name=taxnews>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks |url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/Kazakhstan_Enacts_Investor_Tax_Breaks____65000.html |publisher=Tax News |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701081052/http://www.tax-news.com/news/Kazakhstan_Enacts_Investor_Tax_Breaks____65000.html |archive-date=1 July 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30% once a production facility is in operation.<ref name="taxnews" />
In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $14 billion of [[foreign direct investment]] inflows into the country at a 7% growth rate.<ref>[http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013]. EY.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308092531/http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 |date=8 March 2014 }}</ref> In 2018, $24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan targets to invite USD 34 bln of investments by 2025 |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-targets-to-invite-usd-34-bln-of-investments-by-2025_a3569720 |website=Kazinform |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024190130/https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-targets-to-invite-usd-34-bln-of-investments-by-2025_a3569720 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[European Bank of Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD) and Kazakhstan created the partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy.<ref name=EBRDprrp>{{cite web |title=EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment |url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525223329/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml |archive-date=25 May 2014 |publisher=EBRD}}</ref>
As of May 2014, Kazakhstan had attracted $190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it led the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita.<ref name=AstanaT>{{cite web |title=Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors |url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/05/nazarbayev-announces-plans-new-major-incentives-foreign-investors/ |website=Astanatimes.com |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170550/http://astanatimes.com/2014/05/nazarbayev-announces-plans-new-major-incentives-foreign-investors/ |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" had been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improve policy to attract FDI.<ref name="oecdkzpolicyreview">{{cite web |title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017 |url=http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-kazakhstan-2017-9789264269606-en.htm |website=OECD.org |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=OECD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001653/http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-kazakhstan-2017-9789264269606-en.htm |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>
China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] (BRI) in which Kazakhstan functions as a transit hub.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180554/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641_China%27s_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_through_the_lens_of_Central_Asia |date=24 October 2021 }}", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.</ref>

=== Banking ===

The [[banking]] sector in Kazakhstan experienced a boom-and-bust cycle in the early 21st century. Following a period of rapid growth during the mid-2000s, the industry collapsed in 2008 due to the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Several major banks, including [[BTA Bank]] J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted shortly thereafter. In the aftermath, the sector underwent significant contraction and [[restructuring]], with total system-wide loans declining from 59% of GDP in 2007 to 39% by 2011. To stabilize the sector, the [[National Bank of Kazakhstan]] introduced a [[deposit insurance]] scheme as part of broader reforms. During this period, several international banks operated in Kazakhstan, including [[Royal Bank of Scotland|RBS]], [[Citibank]], and [[HSBC]]. Additionally, foreign institutions such as South Korea's [[Kookmin Bank]] and Italy's [[UniCredit]] entered the Kazakh market through [[acquisitions]] and [[equity investment]]s. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== Economic competitiveness ===

According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011 |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104835/http://www3.weforum.org//docs//WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> One year later, the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220035746/http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archive-date=20 February 2014 |title=Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries |publisher=Kazakh-tv.kz |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

In the 2020 Doing Business Report by the World Bank, Kazakhstan ranked 25th globally and as the number one best country globally for protecting minority investors' rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/k/kazakhstan/KAZ.pdf |title=Doing Business 2020 |website=Doing Business |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105075707/https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/k/kazakhstan/KAZ.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013 and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum [[Global Competitiveness Report]] that was published at the beginning of September 2014.<ref name=AT1>{{cite web |title=Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment |url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/09/staying-competitive-toughening-external-environment/ |website=Astanatimes.com |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170605/http://astanatimes.com/2014/09/staying-competitive-toughening-external-environment/ |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the CIS in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education.<ref name="AT1" /> The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.<ref name="AT1" />

=== Corruption ===
{{Main|Corruption in Kazakhstan}}

In 2005, the [[World Bank]] listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], [[Libya]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174501/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all |date=5 February 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 November 2006</ref> In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries<ref name="OECD1">[{{GBurl|id=BU7uK583X8MC|dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking|p=112}} OECD Investment Policy Reviews], P112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> and the [[World Economic Forum]] listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country.<ref name="OECD1" /> A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption, [[access to information]], and prosecuting corruption.<ref name="oecdreport2017">{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms |url=http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/kazakhstan-should-build-on-efforts-to-fightcorruption-and-push-forwar-with-reforms.htm |publisher=OECD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054105/http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/kazakhstan-should-build-on-efforts-to-fightcorruption-and-push-forwar-with-reforms.htm |archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Kazakhstan has implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognized by organizations like [[Transparency International]].<ref name="tpi">{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan removed from list of most corrupt countries |work=The Astana Times |date=March 2018 |url=https://astanatimes.com/2018/03/kazakhstan-removed-from-list-of-most-corrupt-countries/ |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225134558/https://astanatimes.com/2018/03/kazakhstan-removed-from-list-of-most-corrupt-countries/ |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Switzerland]] confiscated US$48 million in Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States.<ref name=basel>{{cite web |url=https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/documents/131024_selected_case_studies.pdf |title=Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies |author1=Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel |author2=Kodjo Attisso |publisher=International Centre for Asset Recovery |page=5 |via=Basel Institute on Governance |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075353/https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/documents/131024_selected_case_studies.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>
US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$84 million in the US and another US$60 million in Switzerland.<ref name=basel />

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.<ref name=MLATfeb15>{{cite web |title=Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan |newspaper=U.S. Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/02/237732.htm |publisher=US State Department |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130211231/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/02/237732.htm |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Transparency International]]'s 2024 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Kazakhstan a score of 40. When ranked by score, Kazakhstan ranked 80th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221200343/https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |url-status=live }}</ref> For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries{{efn |Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan |group="Note"}} was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPI 2024 for Eastern Europe & Central Asia: Vicious cycle of weak democracy and flourishing corruption |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-eastern-europe-central-asia--vicious-cycle-weak-democracy-flourishing-corruption |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226113743/https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-eastern-europe-central-asia--vicious-cycle-weak-democracy-flourishing-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref> For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 8 (ranked 180).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Kazakhstan |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/kaz |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Transparency.org |date=11 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303143147/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/kaz |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Trends in GERD GDP ratio in Central Asia, 2001−2013.svg|thumb|Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), figure 14.3.]]

Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52% of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national research councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Innovation Performance Review |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2012 |location=New York and Geneva}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last=Mukhitdinova |first=Nasiba |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |location=Paris |pages=365–387}}</ref>

[[File:The irradiation experiments at the ion accelerator DC-60. Astana, Kazakhstan.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60]]

One of the most ambitious targets of the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1% of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18% of GDP. It will be difficult to reach the target as long as economic growth remains strong.{{Update inline|date=March 2021}} Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6% in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$598 million to PPP$714 million between 2005 and 2013.<ref name=":1" />

Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (c. US$1.6 billion), or around 1.1% of GDP. Some 11% of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40 to 70% of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new services and production methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2% of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> Kazakhstan was ranked 81st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/kazakhstan |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012035001/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2012, President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] announced the ''Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy'' with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the ''Business 2020'' roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Soyuz expedition 19 launch pad.jpg|thumb|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] is the world's oldest and largest operational [[spaceport]].]]

During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major regional exporter of beef, dairy, and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant [[genetically modified crops]] developed.<ref name=":1" />

The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy fixes a target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.<ref name=":1" />

The Digital Kazakhstan program was launched in 2018 to boost the country's economic growth through the implementation of digital technologies. Kazakhstan's digitization efforts generated 800 billion tenges (US$1.97 billion) in two years. The program helped create 120,000 jobs and attracted 32.8 billion tenges (US$80.7 million) of investment into the country.

Around 82% of all public services became automated as part of the Digital Kazakhstan program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan's Digitization Program Brings Additional $2 billion Into the Economy |url=https://astanatimes.com/2020/06/kazakhstans-digitization-program-brings-additional-2-billion-into-the-economy/ |website=The Astana Times |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622014433/https://astanatimes.com/2020/06/kazakhstans-digitization-program-brings-additional-2-billion-into-the-economy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}

{{See also|Kazakhs}}[[File:Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg|alt=|thumb|[[Population pyramid]], 2023]]
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992]]

The [[US Census Bureau]] International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019),<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Clock: World |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/kz |website=census.gov |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184512/https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/kz |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> while United Nations sources such as {{UN Population|source}} give an estimate of {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 20 million as of November 2023.<ref name="Негізгі">{{cite web |title=Негізгі |url=http://stat.gov.kz |website=stat.gov.kz |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193655/http://stat.gov.kz/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 Kazakhstan's population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063807/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 |date=8 December 2015 }}. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013</ref>

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Kazakhstan ranks 25th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Kazakhstan's GHI score is 5.3, which indicates a low level of hunger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183607/https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan}}

As of 2025, ethnic [[Kazakhs]] are 71.3% of the population and ethnic [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russians]] are 14.6%. The ethnic Russian population has significantly declined since the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|breakup of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=uz |first=Daryo |date=2023-06-12 |title=Kazakhstan at 20 million: populations and possibilities |url=https://daryo.uz/en/2023/12/06/kazakhstan-at-20-million-populations-and-possibilities |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Daryo.uz |language=en}}</ref> Other groups include [[Tatars]] (1.1%), [[Ukrainians]] (1.8%), [[Uzbeks]] (3.3%), [[Germans]] (1.1%), [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (1.5%), [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Dungans]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Koreans]], [[Poles in the former Soviet Union|Poles]], and [[Lithuanians]]. Some minorities such as [[Ukrainians]], [[Koreans]], [[Volga Germans]], [[Chechens]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm Remembering Stalin's deportations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606174402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm |date=6 June 2013 }}, BBC News, 23 February 2004</ref> [[Meskhetian Turks]], and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported to Kazakhstan]] in the 1930s and 1940s by Josef Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]) existed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084902/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archive-date=4 January 2007 |title=Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Dzhasybay beach.jpg|thumb|Kazakhstanis on a [[Lake Jasybay]] beach, [[Pavlodar Region]] ]]

Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] and [[Soviet space program]] during the [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] era.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenall |first=Robert |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |title=Russians left behind in Central Asia |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911080317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about one million [[Germans of Kazakhstan|Germans in Kazakhstan]], mostly descendants of the [[Volga Germans]] deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], most of them emigrated to Germany.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125555/http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans |date=8 December 2015 }}, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005</ref> Most members of the smaller [[Pontian Greek]] minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of [[Koreans]] in the Soviet Union were [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deported to Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=openDemocracy |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109105937/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These people are now known as [[Koryo-saram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Samarkand to Seoul: Central Asian migrants in South Korea {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/from-samarkand-to-seoul-central-asian-migrants-in-south-korea |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=eurasianet.org |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109014339/https://eurasianet.org/from-samarkand-to-seoul-central-asian-migrants-in-south-korea |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan|Ukrainians]] and [[Volga Germans]], a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref> Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and [[Oralman|immigration of ethnic Kazakhs]] from China, [[Mongolia]], and Russia.

As of 2026, 63.6% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemelova |first=Fatima |title=Kazakhstan's Population Reaches Almost 20.5 Million as of January - The Astana Times |url=https://astanatimes.com/2026/02/kazakhstans-population-reaches-almost-20-5-million-as-of-january/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204160610/https://astanatimes.com/2026/02/kazakhstans-population-reaches-almost-20-5-million-as-of-january/ |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=astanatimes.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country.<ref>[https://www.akorda.kz/en/official_documents/constitution_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.</ref> [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] (part of the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak sub-branch]] of the [[Turkic languages]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1 |page=22 |author1=Paul Brummell}}</ref> was proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census,<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=National composition, religion and language proficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://stat.gov.kz/upload/medialibrary/cee/3rsfg8ps3xo19orb284esg4rx27ihqf7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.pdf |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=stat.gov.kz |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055758/https://stat.gov.kz/upload/medialibrary/cee/3rsfg8ps3xo19orb284esg4rx27ihqf7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|323}} and has the status of "state language". [[Russian language|Russian]], on the other hand, was spoken by 83.7% as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm |title=The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan |website=Studycountry |language=en-US |access-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm |archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> It has equal status to Kazakh as an "official language", and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kazakhstan-language/lost-in-translation-kazakh-leader-bans-cabinet-from-speaking-russian-idUSKCN1GB1EJ Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525033358/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kazakhstan-language/lost-in-translation-kazakh-leader-bans-cabinet-from-speaking-russian-idUSKCN1GB1EJ|date=25 May 2018}}". Reuters. 27 February 2018.</ref> However, only 63.4% of ethnic Kazakhs and 49.3% of the country's population are daily speakers of the Kazakh language, according to the same census.<ref name="census"/>{{rp|382}}

The government announced in January 2015 that the [[Latin alphabet]] would replace [[Cyrillic]] as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.<ref name="inform.kz">[http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711 Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711|date=19 February 2017}}. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and [[German language|German]]. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498 |title=Kazakhstan in 2013 |work=Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics |date=2014 |page=33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031425/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498 |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English).<ref>{{cite web |title=Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan |url=http://kazakhstanun.com/address-of-the-head-of-state-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan/ |publisher=Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322165432/http://kazakhstanun.com/address-of-the-head-of-state-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Kazakhstan}}

{{Bar box
| title=Religion in Kazakhstan (2021 census)<ref name="2021EthnicStatistics"/><ref name="Viktorova"/>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]]|green|69.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christianity]]|blue|17.2}}
{{Bar percent|No response|red|11.01}}
{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion in Kazakhstan|Atheism]]|grey|2.25}}
{{Bar percent|[[Religion in Kazakhstan|Other religions]]|purple|0.2}}
}}

According to the 2021 census, 69.3% of the population is [[Islam in Kazakhstan|Muslim]], 17.2% are [[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christian]], 0.2% follow [[Religion in Kazakhstan|other religions]] (mostly [[Buddhism in Kazakhstan|Buddhist]] and [[History of the Jews in Kazakhstan|Jewish]]), 11.01% chose not to answer, and 2.25% identify as [[atheist]].<ref name="2021EthnicStatistics"/><ref name="Viktorova"/>

Kazakhstan is a [[secular state]] whose constitution guarantees religious freedoms. Article 39 of the constitution states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council affirmed these rights in a 2009 declaration, which stated that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsiaNews.it |title=Restrictive new law on religious freedom is unconstitutional |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Restrictive-new-law-on-religious-freedom-is-unconstitutional-14477.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |publisher=www.asianews.it |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108041316/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Restrictive-new-law-on-religious-freedom-is-unconstitutional-14477.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]] is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]. After decades of [[Religion in the Soviet Union|religious suppression by the Soviet Union]], the coming of independence witnessed a surge in the expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of [[Religion|religious beliefs]] and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques, churches, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.<ref name="kazakhrel" />

Some figures show that [[non-denominational Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |access-date=27 December 2016 |date=9 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] following the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1 |page=23 |author1=Paul Brummell}}</ref> These include ethnic [[Kazakhs]], who constitute about 7% of the population, as well as ethnic [[Uzbeks]], [[Uighurs]], and [[Tatars]].<ref name="usstate">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002182320/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm |date=2 October 2017 }} U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Less than 1% are part of the Sunni [[Shafi`i]] school (primarily [[Chechens]]). There are also some [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 |title=KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage |publisher=Forum 18 |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214920/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> There are a total of 2,300 mosques,<ref name="kazakhrel">[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/ Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511052119/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english |date=11 May 2010 }} Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme [[mufti]], who since 2020 is [[Nauryzbay Taganuly Otpenov]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Отпенов Наурызбай Таганулы |url=https://www.muftyat.kz/ru/kmdb/thinkers/otpenov-nauryzbai-taganuly/ |website=muftyat.kz}}</ref>.<ref>[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ Islam in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918045538/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ |date=18 September 2009 }}. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 |title=KAZAKHSTAN: 'Mosques cannot be independent' |publisher=Forum 18 |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205847/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> [[Eid al-Adha]] is recognized as a national holiday.<ref name="kazakhrel" /> One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.<ref name="USCOIRFk2009">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |title=Kazakhstan |work=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522225421/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |archive-date=22 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other Christian groups include [[Catholic Church in Kazakhstan|Roman Catholics]], [[Greek Catholics]], and [[Protestants]].<ref name="usstate" /> There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9 [[Greek Catholic]]), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognized as a national holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name="kazakhrel" /> Other religious groups include Judaism, the [[Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan|Baháʼí Faith]], [[Hinduism in Kazakhstan|Hinduism]], [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Buddhism]], and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name="usstate" />

According to the 2009 Census data, there are few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |title=Нац состав.rar |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084232/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Астана, центральная мечеть с угла.jpg|The [[Astana Grand Mosque]] in the capital Astana. Islam is the majority religion in the country.
File:Zenkov Cathedral Winter.jpg|[[Ascension Cathedral, Almaty|Ascension Cathedral]] in Almaty
File:Караганда, Собор Пресвятой Девы Марии Фатимской.jpg|[[Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima, Karaganda|Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima]] is the biggest Catholic church in Central Asia.
</gallery>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Palace of Arts Shabyt.jpg|thumb|Kazakh National University of Arts]]

Education is universal and mandatory through to the [[Secondary education|secondary level]] and the [[List of countries by literacy rate|adult literacy rate]] is 99.5%.<ref name="collegeatlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html |title=Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities |publisher=CollegeAtlas |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223224/http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> On average, these statistics are equal for both women and men in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1 |page=24 |author1=Paul Brummell}}</ref>

Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ |title=Vocational Education in Kazakhstan |date=August 2012 |access-date=3 June 2014 |author=UNESCO-UNEVOC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000448/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialized schools, magnet schools, [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]], [[Lyceum#Lyceums in today's education|lyceums]] and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.<ref name="collegeatlas" />

At present, there are [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities]], [[Academy|academies]] and institutes, [[College or university school of music|conservatories]], higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the [[bachelor's degree]]; specialized higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the master's degree. Postgraduate education leads to the ''[[Kandidat Nauk]]'' ("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (PhD). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051507/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 |date=8 December 2015 }}. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</ref>

The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organizations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.<ref name=WB11>{{cite web |title=World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan |url=http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan |website=Finchannel.com |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309080855/http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> The project aims to provide training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and employees in need of training.<ref name="WB11" />

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Kazakhstan|Kazakh clothing|Kazakh wedding ceremony}}

[[File:Equestrian heritage, Kazakhstan.JPEG|thumb|upright|left|A Kazakhstani performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.]]

Before the Russian colonization, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. [[Islam]] was introduced into the region with the arrival of the [[Arabs]] in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of [[Turkestan]] and spread northward.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora'', pg. 24</ref> The [[Samanids]] helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The [[Golden Horde]] further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.<ref>Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396</ref>

Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy: [[Abay Qunanbayuli]], [[Mukhtar Auezov]], [[Gabit Musirepov]], [[Kanysh Satpayev]], [[Mukhtar Shakhanov]], [[Saken Seyfullin]], [[Jambyl Jabayev]], among many others.

Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism-related organizations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Kazakh literature}}

Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of literature, both [[oral literature|oral]] and written, produced in the [[Kazakh language]] by the [[Kazakh people]] of Central Asia".<ref name="Feldman">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kazakh-literature |title=Kazakh literature |author=Walter Feldman |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402083053/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kazakh-literature |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], Kazakh recognized territory under the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of its history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs.

[[File:USSR stamp A.Qunanbayuli 1965 4k.jpg|thumb|1965 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] stamp honouring Kazakh essayist and poet [[Abai Qunanbaiuly]]]]

According to Chinese written sources from the 6th–8th centuries CE, the Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had an oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods and were primarily transmitted by [[bard]]s: professional storytellers and musical performers.<ref name="Nurmanova">{{Cite journal |title=La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs |author=Aitjan Nurmanova |translator=Alié Akimova |journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale |date=September 2000 |issue=8 |volume=2000 |pages=93–100 |url=https://asiecentrale.revues.org/597 |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108202604/https://asiecentrale.revues.org/597 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Traces of this tradition are shown on [[Old Turkic alphabet|Orkhon script]] stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans").{{Citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=We need a source to reference this information.}} Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided into two main categories: the jıraws (jiraus, jyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the [[aqyn]]s (akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs.<ref name="Feldman" /> There were several types of works, such as [[didactic]] ''termes'', [[elegiac]] ''tolgaws'', and [[epic (genre)|epic]] ''jırs''.<ref name="Feldman" /> Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century.<ref name="Feldman" /> There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Jıraw (also known as Dospambet Jyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited [[Constantinople]]), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı.<ref name="Feldman" />

Other notable bards include Kaztugan Jyrau, Jiembet Jyrau, Axtamberdy Jyrau, and Buxar Jyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to [[Ablai Khan]], and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Jüsip Köpeev.<ref name="Nurmanova" /> ''Er Targhın'' and ''[[Alpamysh|Alpamıs]]'' are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century.<ref name="Feldman" /> The ''[[Book of Dede Korkut]]'' and Oguz Name (a story of an ancient Turkic king [[Oghuz Khan]]) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around the 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meeker |first=Michael E. |date=August 1992 |title=The Dede Korkut Ethic |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=395–417 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800021954 |s2cid=162799102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=GÖMEC |first=Saadettin |date=2009 |title=The Identity of Oguz Kagan, the Oguz in the History and the Epics of Oguz Kagan |journal=Turkish Studies |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=133–145}}</ref>

The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to [[Abai Qunanbaiuly]] ({{langx|kk|Абай Құнанбайұлы}}, sometimes Russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is ''The Book of Words'' ({{langx|kk|қара сөздері, Qara sözderi}}), a philosophical treatise and collection of poems where he criticizes Russian colonial policies and encourages other Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy. The literary magazines ''[[Ay Qap]]'' (published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and ''Qazaq'' (published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=y3Sk7GeUe5oC |p=79}} |title=Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics |first=Rafis |last=Abazov |date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-05618-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 659.jpg|thumb|[[Nowruz]] on stamp of Kazakhstan]]

The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after [[Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly]], a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html |title=From Folklore to Soviet National Culture: The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music" (1920–1942) |website=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918141923/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Foundation Asyl Mura is archiving and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It competes with the national conservatoire in Astana, Kazakhstan's capital.

When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of Kazakhstan from the period before a strong Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as many Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, and didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.

[[File:Astudio.jpg|thumb|[[A-Studio]] was created in 1982 in [[Almaty]], then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio".]]

The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, and conservatories, where European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the [[Russian Empire]] and then the [[Soviet Union]], Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with [[ethnic Russian music]] and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by [[ethnography|ethnographic]] research teams including composers, music critics and [[musicology|musicologists]]. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear [[musical notation|notation]]. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style [[European classical music]].

The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitized manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920, [[Aleksandr Zatayevich]], a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of [[fret]]s and [[strings (music)|strings]]. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Folklore to Soviet National Culture- The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music"(1920–1942)- |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918141923/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fine arts ===
{{Main|Kazakh art}}

In Kazakhstan, the fine arts, in the classical sense, have their origins in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It was largely influenced by Russian artists, such as Vasily Vereshchagin and Nikolai Khludov, who intensively travelled in Central Asia. Khludov had a particular influence on the development of the local school of painting, becoming the teacher of many local artists. The most famous of these is Abilkhan Kasteyev, after whom the State Museum of Art of Kazakhstan was renamed in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A. KASTEYEV STATE MUSEUM OF ARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN |url=https://www.gmirk.kz/en/home |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110041209/https://www.gmirk.kz/en/home |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kazakh school of fine arts was fully formed by the 1940s and flourished in the 1950s. Local painters, graphic artists and sculptors, trained under the unified Soviet system of artist education, began active work, often using national motifs in their art. The painters O. Tansykbaev, J. Shardenov, K. Telzhanov, and S. Aitbaev, graphic artists E. Sidorkina and A. Duzelkhanov, and sculptors H. Nauryzbaeva and E. Sergebaeva are today counted among the key figures of Kazakhstani art.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Kazakh cuisine}}

In the national cuisine, livestock meat, like [[horse meat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Most Popular Kazakhstani Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-dishes-in-kazakhstan |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=tasteatlas.com |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417192354/https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-dishes-in-kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[beef]] can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments include black tea, often served with milk and dried fruits (such as dried apricots) and nuts. In southern provinces, people often prefer [[green tea]]. Traditional milk-derived drinks such as [[ayran]], [[shubat]] and [[kymyz]]. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a variety of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as [[pilaf]] and [[beshbarmak]]. They also drink their national beverage, [[Kumis|kumys]], which consists of fermented mare's milk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuisine of Kazakhstan |url=https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml |website=Oriental Express Central Asia |access-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053709/https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Astana Arena 2014-03-15.JPG|thumb|[[Astana Arena]] opened in 2009.]]
Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in [[boxing]]. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation and increased world awareness of its athletes. [[Dmitry Karpov]] and [[Olga Rypakova]] are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletes. [[Dmitry Karpov]] is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2003 World Championships in Athletics|2003]] and [[2007 World Athletics Championships]]. [[Olga Rypakova]] is an athlete, specializing in [[triple jump]] (women's), taking silver in the [[2011 World Championships in Athletics]] and Gold in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. [[Mikhail Shaidorov]] won gold in the [[2026 Winter Olympics]] in Men's Figure Skating. Kazakhstan's city of [[Almaty]] submitted bids twice for the [[Winter Olympics]]: in [[Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics|2014]] and again for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]]. [[Astana]] and [[Almaty]] hosted the [[2011 Asian Winter Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=2011 Asian Winter Games |url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/asia/2011-asian-games/ |access-date=5 November 2017 |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012714/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/asia/2011-asian-games/ |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The [[Football Federation of Kazakhstan]] is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organizes the [[Kazakhstan national football team|men's]], [[Kazakhstan women's national football team|women's]], and [[futsal]] national teams.

[[File:Barys Arena.jpg|left|thumb|[[Barys Arena]] in 2015]]

Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was [[Alzhan Zharmukhamedov]], who played for [[PBC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and the [[Soviet Union's national basketball team]] in the 1960s and 1970s. [[Kazakhstan's national basketball team]] was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the [[Basketball at the 2002 Asian Games – Men|2002 Asian Games]], where it defeated the [[Philippines men's national basketball team|Philippines]] in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official [[Asian Basketball Championship]], now called FIBA Asia Cup, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007.

The [[Kazakhstan national bandy team]] is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the [[Bandy World Championship]], including the [[2012 Bandy World Championship|2012 edition]] when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bandy2012.kz/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124005338/http://bandy2012.kz/en/ |title=Ставки на Футбол – bandy2012.kz |date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bandyvm2015.ru/assets/images/gruppa-a/sas_2882-800x532.jpg |title=Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015 |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409225605/http://bandyvm2015.ru/assets/images/gruppa-a/sas_2882-800x532.jpg |archive-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The team won the first [[Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games]]. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the [[List of Russian bandy champions|Soviet Union national championships]] in 1977 and 1990 and the [[European Cup (bandy)|European Cup]] in 1978. Bandy is developed in ten of the country's seventeen administrative divisions (eight of the fourteen regions and two of the three cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=365 |title=News – XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом |website=bandyvm2015.ru |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604031406/http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=365 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Akzhaiyk]] from [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], however, is the only professional club.

[[File:Nik Antropov Jets 2012-02-11.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Nik Antropov|Nikolai Antropov]]]]

The [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team|Kazakh national ice hockey team]] have competed in [[ice hockey]] in the 1998 and [[2006 Winter Olympics]], as well as in the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. The [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]] is held since 1992. [[Barys Astana]] is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Meanwhile, the [[Kazzinc-Torpedo]] and play in the [[Supreme Hockey League]] since 1996 and the [[Saryarka Karagandy]] since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include [[Nik Antropov]], Ivan Kulshov and [[Evgeni Nabokov]].

[[Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes|Kazakh boxers]] are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except [[Cuba]] and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers ([[Vassiliy Jirov]] in 1996, [[Bakhtiyar Artayev]] in 2004 and [[Serik Sapiyev]] in 2012) were recognized as the best boxers for their techniques with the [[Val Barker Trophy]], awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In [[boxing]], Kazakhstan performed well in the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney. Two boxers, [[Bekzat Sattarkhanov]] and [[Yermakhan Ibraimov]], earned [[gold medal]]s. Another two boxers, [[Bulat Zhumadilov]] and [[Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov]], earned [[silver medal]]s. [[Oleg Maskaev]], born in [[Taraz|Zhambyl]], representing Russia, was the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Heavyweight Champion after knocking out [[Hasim Rahman]] on 12 August 2006. The reigning [[World Boxing Association|WBA]], WBC, IBF and [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] [[list of middleweight boxing champions|middleweight champion]] is Kazakh boxer [[Gennady Golovkin]]. [[Natascha Ragosina]], representing Russia, but from [[Qarağandy]] held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.

=== Film ===
{{Main|Cinema of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Red Carpet at AIAFF.jpg|thumb|[[International Astana Action Film Festival]], 2010]]

Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned [[Kazakhfilm]] studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced movies such as ''[[Myn Bala]]'', ''[[Harmony Lessons]]'', and ''Shal''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhfilm Studios |url=https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0036615/ |publisher=IMDbPro.com |access-date=2022-10-10 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010180922/https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0036615/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the host of the [[International Astana Action Film Festival]] and the [[Eurasia International Film Festival]] held annually. Hollywood director [[Timur Bekmambetov]] is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT646 |title=Lonely Planet Central Asia |last1=Lioy |first1=Stephen |last2=Kaminski |first2=Anna |last3=Mayhew |first3=Bradley |last4=Walker |first4=Jenny |date=2018 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78701-960-7 |language=en |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003022334/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT646 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.<ref>[http://ortcom.kz/en/news/artur-platonov-wins-cannes-corporate-media--tv-award-2013.2571 CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://ortcom.kz/en/news/artur-platonov-wins-cannes-corporate-media--tv-award-2013.2571 |date=1 January 2016 }}. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.cannescorporate.com/en/winners2013.php Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907030048/http://www.cannescorporate.com/en/winners2013.php |date=7 September 2015 }}. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

Serik Aprymov's ''Little Brother'' (''Bauyr'') won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival [[goEast]] from the German Federal Foreign Office.<ref name=EEC>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast |date=20 April 2014 |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/Kazakhstans-Little-Brother-takes-Federal-Foreign-Office-award-at-goEast-253027/ |publisher=TengriNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712032054/http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/Kazakhstans-Little-Brother-takes-Federal-Foreign-Office-award-at-goEast-253027/ |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Timur Bekmambetov by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Timur Bekmambetov]], a popular Kazakh film director]]

Kazakhstan was ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the [[Reporters Without Borders]] [[World Press Freedom Index]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Press Freedom Index 2014 |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014 |website=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php |archive-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> A mid-March 2002 [[court order]], with the government as a [[plaintiff]], stated that ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'' were to stop printing for three months.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |author=Wines, Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Wines 2012 |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072344/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as ''Not That Respublika''.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation ''Assandi-Times'' newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech |website=Human Rights Watch |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830121944/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

With support from the US Department of State's [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to assist press outlets in Kazakhstan.<ref name=aba>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice and Human Rights |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html |publisher=American Bar Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025650/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat-e Turkestan, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi|Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui]]]]

=== UNESCO World Heritage sites ===
Kazakhstan has three cultural and two natural sites on the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage list. The cultural sites are:

* [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi|Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui]], added in 2003
* Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of [[Tamgaly]], added in 2004
* [[Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor]], added in 2014

The natural sites are:

* [[Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan]], added in 2008
* Western [[Tien Shan]], added in 2016<ref name=UNESCOkz>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/KZ/ |publisher=UNESCO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104414/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/Kz |archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

=== Public holidays ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Kazakhstan}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|left=yes|Asia|Europe|Countries}}
* {{annotated link|Aurora Minerals Group}}
* [[List of cities in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Outline of Kazakhstan]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist
| notes =

{{efn
| name = language2
| Recognized as an official language and can be used in government institutions and organizations alongside state language<ref name="auto"/>
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 365–387
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| licence statement URL =
| licence = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Alexandrov |first=Mikhail |year=1999 |title=Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30965-5}}
* Cameron, Sarah. (2018) ''The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan'' (Cornell University Press, 2018) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55459 online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410142038/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55459 |date=10 April 2021 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Clammer |first1=Paul |last2=Kohn |first2=Michael |first3=Bradley |last3=Mayhew |name-list-style=amp |title=Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=1-86450-296-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cummings |first=Sally |title=Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite |location=London |publisher=Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=1-86064-854-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Demko |first=Georg |title=The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstane |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-7007-0380-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fergus |first1=Michael |last2=Jandosova |first2=Janar |name-list-style=amp |title=Kazakhstan: Coming of Age |location=London |publisher=Stacey International |year=2003 |isbn=1-900988-61-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=George |first=Alexandra |title=Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime |location=Lanham |publisher=University Press of America |year=2001 |isbn=0-7618-1964-9}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |title=The Kazakh Khanate |editor-last=Ludden |editor-first=David |encyclopedia=The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=April 2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.60 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7 |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-16 |ref=Lee2019 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622232844/https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Virginia |year=2000 |title=Law and Custom in the Steppe |location=Richmond, UK |publisher=Curzon |isbn=0-7007-1405-7}}
* Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda (1990). [https://archive.org/details/sovietdisunion00bohd ''Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR''].
* {{Cite book |last=Nazarbayev |first=Nursultan |title=Epicenter of Peace |location=Hollis, NH |publisher=Puritan Press |year=2001 |isbn=1-884186-13-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nazpary |first=Jom |title=Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstana |location=London |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7453-1503-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Olcott |first=Martha Brill |year=2002 |title=Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise |url=https://archive.org/details/kazakhstanunfulf00olco |url-access=registration |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |isbn=0-87003-189-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rall |first=Ted |year=2006 |title=Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? |location=New York |publisher=NBM |isbn=1-56163-454-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadtoruinis0000rall}}
* Rashid, Ahmed. [https://archive.org/details/resurgenceofcent0000rash ''The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?'']
* {{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=Christopher |title=In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared |location=London |publisher=Profile Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86197-868-4}}
* Smith, Graham, ed. (2017). [https://archive.org/details/nationalitiesque00grah ''The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union''] (2nd ed.).
* {{Cite book |last=Thubron |first=Colin |year=1994 |title=The Lost Heart of Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/lostheartofasia00thub |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-06-018226-1}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Kazakhstan|voy=Kazakhstan}}


'''General'''
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* {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kazakhstan}}
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053245/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm Kazakhstan] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929170237/http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan]
* [http://en.encyclopedia.kz/ Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222042315/http://en.toikazan.kz/index.php/Main_Page |date=22 February 2021 }}
* [https://www.economist.com/asia/2011/12/17/not-quite-eternal-nursultan Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011]
* [https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701131444/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan |date=1 July 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181104065103/http://theregionaltourism.org/ The Region Initiative (TRI)]
* {{Wikiatlas|Kazakhstan}}
* {{OSM relation|214665}}
* [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html Country Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101112856/http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html |date=1 January 2011 }} from [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/ Kazakhstan Discovery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208205735/http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/ |date=8 February 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175009/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119135.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630165914/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ |date=30 June 2012 }} from [[International Futures]].

'''Government'''
* [http://www.mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145154/http://www.mfa.kz/ |date=29 September 2011 }}
* [http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100131/http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en |date=26 January 2013 }}
* [https://www.gov.kz/ Government of Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123445/https://www.gov.kz/ |date=21 September 2022 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917225116/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

'''Trade'''
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023152736/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary |date=23 October 2015 }}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
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Segestria (spider)

2026-03-27T11:14:19Z

Szeeshan896: Starting.

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Spider_cutted.jpg
| image_caption = ''S. florentina''
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Cretaceous| Present}}
| taxon = Segestria
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804<ref name=wsc />
| type_species = ''[[Segestria florentina|Aranea florentina]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Pietro Rossi (scientist)|Rossi]], 1790)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 22, [[#Species|see text]]
}}

'''''Segestria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Segestriidae|tube dwelling spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1804.<ref name=Latr1804 />

==Species==
{{as of|2021|09}} it contains 21 species and one subspecies, found mainly in [[Eurasia]], though some species are found in the [[Americas]], two in [[North Africa]], and one in [[New Zealand]] and one in [[Madagascar]]:<ref name=wsc />
* ''[[Segestria bavarica]]'' [[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1843 — Europe to Azerbaijan
* ''[[Segestria bella]]'' [[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & [[Wilton Ivie|Ivie]], 1935 — USA
* ''[[Segestria cavernicola]]'' [[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1915 — Italy
* ''[[Segestria croatica]]'' [[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1852 — Croatia
* ''[[Segestria danzantica]]'' Chamberlin, 1924 — Mexico
* ''[[Segestria davidi]]'' [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1884 — Syria
* ''[[Segestria fengi]]'' ([[:species:Alexander Anatol'evich Fomichev|Fomichev]] & [[Yuri M. Marusik|Marusik]], 2020) — China
* ''[[Segestria florentina]]'' (Rossi, 1790) ([[Type species|type]]) — Europe to Georgia. Introduced to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
* ''[[Segestria fusca]]'' Simon, 1882 — Portugal, Spain, France, Italy
* ''[[Segestria inda]]'' Simon, 1906 — India
* ''[[Segestria madagascarensis]]'' [[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1877 — Madagascar
* ''[[Segestria mirshamsii]]'' Marusik & [[:species:Mikhail Mikhailovich Omelko|Omelko]], 2014 — Iran
* ''[[Segestria nekhaevae]]'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2020 — Tajikistan
* ''[[Segestria nipponica]]'' Kishida, 1913 — Japan
* ''[[Segestria pacifica]]'' [[Nathan Banks|Banks]], 1891 — USA
* ''[[Segestria pusiola]]'' Simon, 1882 — Spain, France (Corsica), Algeria
* ''[[Segestria saeva]]'' [[Charles Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1837 — New Zealand
* ''[[Segestria sbordonii]]'' [[Paolo Brignoli|Brignoli]], 1984 — Greece (Crete)
* ''[[Segestria senoculata]]'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) — Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Japan
** ''[[Segestria senoculata castrodunensis]]'' Gétaz, 1889 — Switzerland
* ''[[Segestria shtoppelae]]'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2020 — Kazakhstan
* ''[[Segestria turkestanica]]'' Dunin, 1986 — Central Asia

==References==
<references>
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web| title=Gen. Segestria Latreille, 1804| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2019-10-12| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3075| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
<ref name="Latr1804">{{cite journal| last=Latreille| first=P. A.| year=1804| title=Tableau methodique des Insectes| journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris| pages=129–295| volume=24| author-link=Pierre_André_Latreille}}</ref>
</references>

{{Taxonbar| from=Q2524440}}

[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Segestriidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]

Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor

2026-03-26T18:26:18Z

Szeeshan896: corrected page and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian film award category}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Supporting Actor
| image = Ravi Kishan celebrates his 44th birthday.jpg
|image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The recent recipient: [[Ravi Kishan]] (2025)
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[David Abraham Cheulkar]], ''[[Boot Polish (film)|Boot Polish]]'' ([[2nd Filmfare Awards|1955]])
| holder = [[Ravi Kishan]] for ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]])
| website = [https://archive.today/20120708102013/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/ Filmfare Awards]
}}

The '''Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor''' is given by ''Filmfare'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Hindi film]]s, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. Although the awards started in 1954, awards for the best supporting actor category started only in 1955. As of 2023, [[Anil Kapoor]] leads the list, with four wins. [[Vivek Oberoi]] ([[Company (2002 film)|''Company'']], 2003) holds the record for being the youngest recipient of the award, whereas Anil Kapoor has the record for being the oldest (''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'', 2023). [[Abhishek Bachchan]] holds the record for winning the award thrice consecutively (2005, 2006 & 2007).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=150
|caption5=[[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Abhishek Bachchan]] hold the record (3) of maximum award in this category.
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
| Actor with most awards
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
| 4
|-
| Actor with most nominations
|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| 9
|-
| Actor with most consecutive wins
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| 3
|-
| Actor with most nominations without ever winning
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| 8
|-
| Actors with most nominations in a single year
| [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] {{small|(1962)}}, [[Raaj Kumar]] {{small|(1965)}}, [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] {{small|(1970)}}, [[Prem Nath]] {{small|(1974)}}, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] {{small|(1975)}}, [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] {{small|(1981)}}, [[Naseeruddin Shah]] {{small|(1983)}}, [[Akshay Kumar]] {{small|(2005)}}, [[Pankaj Tripathi]] {{small|(2021-2022)}}
| 2
|-
|Films with most nominations in a single year
|''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2010) – [[Boman Irani]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Sharman Joshi]] ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2011) – [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Nana Patekar]] ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' (2017) – [[Fawad Khan]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]]
|3
|-
| Oldest winner
| rowspan="2" | [[Anil Kapoor]]
| rowspan="2" | 66
|-
| Oldest nominee
|-
| Youngest winner
| [[Vivek Oberoi]]
| 26
|-
| Youngest nominee
|[[Akshaye Khanna]]
| 22
|}

==Multiple nominees==
* '''9 Nominations''' : [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* '''8 Nominations''' : [[Amrish Puri]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* '''7 Nominations''' : [[Anupam Kher]], [[Anil Kapoor]]
* '''6 Nominations''' : [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]]⁣
* '''5 Nominations''' : [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Om Puri]], [[Nana Patekar]]

==Multiple winners==
<gallery class="center">
File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|[[Anil Kapoor]] (4 Wins)
</gallery>

* '''4 Awards: [[Anil Kapoor]]'''
* '''3 Awards: [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]]'''
* '''2 Awards: [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Vicky Kaushal]]'''

==List of winners==

===1950s===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1955 [[2nd Filmfare Awards|(2nd)]] 
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|David|[[David Abraham Cheulkar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|John|John}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Boot Polish (film)|Boot Polish]]'''''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1955 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1955/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1956 [[3rd Filmfare Awards|(3rd)]]
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Abhi Bhattacharya 1984.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Abhi|[[Abhi Bhattacharya]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Shekhar|Shekhar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Jagriti]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1956 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1956/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Johnny|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]}}
| {{sort|Johnny|Johnny}}
| [[Railway Platform (film)|''Railway Platform'']]
|-
| {{sort|Ulhas|[[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]]}}
| {{sort|Sher|Inspector Sher Singh}}
| ''[[Kundan (film)|Kundan]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1957 [[4th Filmfare Awards|(4th)]] 
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Motilal Rajvansh.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Motilal|[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Chunni Babu|Chunni Babu}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'''''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1957 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1957/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Johnny|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]}}
| {{sort|Master|Master}}
| ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1958 [[5th Filmfare Awards|(5th)]] 
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Shyama|[[Raj Mehra]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Kashiram|Kashiram}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'''''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1958 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1958/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Ajit|[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]}}
| {{sort|Krishna|Krishna}}
| ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1959 [[6th Filmfare Awards|(6th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Johnny|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Charandas|Charandas}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Madhumati]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1959 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1959/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Rehman|[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]}}
| {{sort|Rehman|Rehman}}
| ''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]''
|-
| {{sort|Modi|[[Sohrab Modi]]}}
| {{sort|Ezra|Ezra}}
| ''[[Yahudi]]''
|}

===1960s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1960 [[7th Filmfare Awards|(7th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Manmohan-Krishna.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Manmohan|[[Manmohan Krishna]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Abdul|Abdul Rasheed}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1960 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1960/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Raaj|[[Raaj Kumar]]}}
| {{sort|Ram|Ram Lal}}
| ''[[Paigham (1959 film)|Paigham]]''
|-
| {{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}
| {{sort|Mahesh|Mahesh}}
| ''[[Chhoti Bahen]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1961 [[8th Filmfare Awards|(8th)]] 
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Motilal Rajvansh.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Motilal|[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Jagdish|Sir Jagdish Chandra Roy}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'''''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1961 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1961/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Agha|[[Agha (actor)|Agha]]}}
| {{sort|Agha|Agha}}
| ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]''
|-
|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
|[[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]
|''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''
|-
| {{sort|Rehman|[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]}}
| {{sort|Nawab|Pyaare Mohan/Nawab Saheb}}
| ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1962 [[9th Filmfare Awards|(9th)]]
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Nana|[[Nana Palsikar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Kaalia|Kaalia}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kanoon]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1962 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1962/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}
| {{sort|Mahesh|Mahesh}}
| ''[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]''
|-
| {{sort|Pran|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| {{sort|Raka|Raka}}
| ''[[Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1963 [[10th Filmfare Awards|(10th)]]
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Anokhe|Anokhe}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1963 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1963/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}
| {{sort|Kasturi|Kasturi}}
| ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]''
|-
| {{sort|Rehman|[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]}}
| {{sort|Sarkar|Chhote Sarkar}}
| ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1964 [[11th Filmfare Awards|(11th)]]
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Raaj Kumar|[[Raaj Kumar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Ram|Ram}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dil Ek Mandir]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1964 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1964/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Johnny Walker|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]}}
| {{sort|Ghayal|Ghayal}}
|''[[Mere Mehboob]]''
|-
| {{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}
| {{sort|Sunder|Sunder}}
|''[[Ghar Basake Dekho]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1965 [[12th Filmfare Awards|(12th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Nana|[[Nana Palsikar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Johnny|Johnny}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1965 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1965/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Dharmendra|[[Dharmendra]]}}
| {{sort|Ranjit|Ranjit}}
| ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]''
|-
| {{sort|Rajendra|[[Rajendra Kumar]]}}
| {{sort|Gopal|Gopal Verma}}
| ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1966 [[13th Filmfare Awards|(13th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Raaj|[[Raaj Kumar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Raju|Raju}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1966 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1966/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Mehmood|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]}}
| {{sort|Butler|The Butler}}
| ''[[Gumnaam]]''
|-
| Raaj Kumar
| {{sort|Moti|Moti}}
| ''[[Kaajal]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1967 [[14th Filmfare Awards|(14th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Indian film actor Ashok Kumar (2).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Ashok|[[Ashok Kumar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Gopal|Gopal}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Afsana'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1967 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1967/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Pran|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| {{sort|Ramesh|Thakur Ramesh}}
| ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]''
|-
| {{sort|Rehman|[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]}}
| {{sort|Amjad|Amjad}}
| ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1968 [[15th Filmfare Awards|(15th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Pran Actor.JPG|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Pran|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Malang|Malang}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Upkar]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1968 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1968/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Ashok|[[Ashok Kumar]]}}
| {{sort|Shanti|Shanti Swarup}}
| ''[[Mehrban]]''
|-
| {{sort|Om|[[Om Prakash]]}}
| {{sort|Gokulchand|Gokulchand}}
| ''[[Dus Lakh]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1969 [[16th Filmfare Awards|(16th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Sanjeev Kumar 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Sanjeev|[[Sanjeev Kumar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Rai|Inspector Rai}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1969 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1969/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Manoj|[[Manoj Kumar]]}}
| {{sort|Shekhar|Dr. Shekhar}}
| ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]''
|-
| {{sort|Raaj|[[Raaj Kumar]]}}
| {{sort|Chitrasen|Chitrasen}}
| ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neelkamal]]''
|}

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1970 [[17th Filmfare Awards|(17th)]] 
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Pran Actor.JPG|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shambhu Mahadev Rao'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1970 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1970/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashok Kumar]]
| Shivnath 'Joggi Thakur' Choudhary
| ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''
|-
| [[Balraj Sahni]]
| Kailash Nath Kaushal
| ''[[Ek Phool Do Mali]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1971 [[18th Filmfare Awards|(18th)]] 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Feroz Khan.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Jai Kishan "JK"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Aadmi Aur Insaan]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1971 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1971/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prem Chopra]]
| Boss
| ''[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]''
|-
|Feroz Khan
|Shekhar Kapoor
|''[[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1972 [[19th Filmfare Awards|(19th)]] 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Amitabh.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Dr. Bhaskar K. Bannerjee'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1972 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1972/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| Shikari Banne Khan Bhopali
| ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]''
|-
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
|Thakur Arjun Singh
|''[[Paras (1971 film)|Paras]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1973 [[20th Filmfare Awards|(20th)]] 
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Pran Actor.JPG|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Ram Singh'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Be-Imaan]]'''''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1973 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1973/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prem Nath]]
| Khan Badshah
| ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1974 [[21st Filmfare Awards|(21st)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Amitabh.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Vikram 'Vicky' Maharaj'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Namak Haraam]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1974 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1974/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashok Kumar]]
| Raja
| ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''
|-
|[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]]
|Chandru Kriplani
|''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]''
|-
| [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| Sher Khan
| ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''
|-
|[[Prem Nath]]
| Jack Braganza
|''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1975 [[22nd Filmfare Awards|(22nd)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:VinodKhanna.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Vinod Khanna]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shankar Kumar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Haath Ki Safai]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1975 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1975/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]
| SP Rajesh
| ''[[International Crook]]''
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[Prem Nath]]
|Daulatram
|''[[Amir Garib]]''
|-
| Harnam Singh
| ''[[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]''
|-
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| Gopichand 'Gopi' Sharma
|''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1976 [[23rd Filmfare Awards|(23rd)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Shashi Kapoor during a media interaction at 36th IFFI, 2005.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shashi Kapoor]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Ravi Verma'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1976 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1976/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
| [[Sholay#Cast|Gabbar Singh]]
| ''[[Sholay]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|Chaudhary Pratap Rai
|''[[Do Jhoot]]''
|-
| Michael D'Souza
| ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]''
|-
|[[Utpal Dutt]]
| Maheem Ghoshal
|''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1977 [[24th Filmfare Awards|(24th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Prem Chopra on November 21, 2013.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Prem Chopra]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Ronjit Malik'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Do Anjaane]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1977 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1977/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashok Kumar]]
| Julius Nagendranath Wilfred Singh
| ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]''
|-
|Prem Chopra
|Appa
|''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]''
|-
| [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| Vijay Khanna
| ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]''
|-
|[[Vinod Khanna]]
| Ajay Pirachand
|''[[Hera Pheri (1976 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1978 [[25th Filmfare Awards|(25th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Sriram Lagoo.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shriram Lagoo]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Mr. Modi'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Gharaonda]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1978 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1978/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Shriram Lagoo
| Architect
| ''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]''
|-
|[[Tariq Ali Khan|Tariq]]
|Sanjay Khan
|''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
|-
| Vikram
| Chandramohan 'Chander' U. Nath
| ''[[Aadmi Sadak Ka]]''
|-
|[[Vinod Mehra]]
| Shrikanth Mathur
|''[[Anurodh]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1979 [[26th Filmfare Awards|(26th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border||width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Saeed Jaffrey]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Mir Roshan Ali'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1979 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1979/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| Inspector Lawrence
| ''[[Devata (1978 film)|Devata]]''
|-
|[[Randhir Kapoor]]
|Raju
|''[[Kasme Vaade]]''
|-
| [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
| Raj Kumar Gupta
| ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]''
|-
|[[Vinod Khanna]]
| Vishal Anand
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1980 [[27th Filmfare Awards|(27th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border||width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Amjad|[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Fazlu|Fazlu}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dada (1979 film)|Dada]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1980 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1980/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Naseeruddin|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}
| {{sort|Sarfaraz|Sarfaraz Khan}}
|''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''
|-
| {{sort|Shatrughan|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]}}
| Mangal Singh
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
|-
| [[Utpal Dutt]]
| Bhavani Shankar
| ''[[Gol Maal]]''
|-
| {{sort|Vinod|[[Vinod Mehra]]}}
| Kishan
| ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1981 [[28th Filmfare Awards|(28th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Om Puri (5528572613).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Om Puri|[[Om Puri]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Bhikhu Lahniya'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1981 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1981/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Amjad|[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]}}
| Inspector Amjad Khan
|''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]''
|-
| [[Girish Karnad]]
| {{sort|Ravi|Ravi Kapoor}}
| [[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]
|-
| [[Raj Kapoor]]
| Abdullah
| ''[[Abdullah (film)|Abdullah]]''
|-
| [[Shriram Lagoo]]
| Mr. Chandra
| ''[[Insaf Ka Tarazu]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1982 [[29th Filmfare Awards|(29th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border||width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Amjad Khan|[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Bishan|Bishan}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1982 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1982/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Amjad Khan
| Havaldar Sher Singh
| ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''
|-
| [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| Anil
| ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]''
|-
| [[Saeed Jaffery]]
| Lalan Mian
| ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]''
|-
| [[Suresh Oberoi]]
| Ram Singh
| ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1983 [[30th Filmfare Awards|(30th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shammi Kapoor still19.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Shammi|[[Shammi Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Gurbaksh|Gurbaksh}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Vidhaata]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1983 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1983/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Girish Karnad]]
| Rakesh
| ''[[Teri Kasam]]''
|-
| [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
| Abu Baba
| ''Vidhaata''
|-
| [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| Raja
| ''[[Namak Halaal]]''
|-
| [[Vinod Mehra]]
| Dr. Prashant Chaturvedi
| ''[[Bemisal]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1984 [[31st Filmfare Awards|(31st)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border||width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Sadashiv|[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Rama|Rama Shetty}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ardh Satya]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1984 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1984/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| Jan Nisar Akhtar Khan
| ''[[Andha Kanoon]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Rajaram Purshottam Joshi
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]''
|-
| Tungrus
| ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]''
|-
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| Raj Bedi
| ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1985 [[32nd Filmfare Awards|(32nd)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Anil|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Raja|Raja}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Mashaal]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1985 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1985/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| {{sort|Raghuvir|Raghuvir Singh}}
| ''Kanoon Kya Karega''
|-
| Nikhil Bhagat
| Raghu
| ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (film)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
|-
| [[Shafi Inamdar]]
| Inspector Shafi
| ''[[Aaj Ki Awaaz]]''
|-
| [[Suresh Oberoi]]
| Rahim
| ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1986 [[33rd Filmfare Awards|(33rd)]] 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Puri|[[Amrish Puri]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Thakral|G D Thakral}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Meri Jung]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1986 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1986/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Anupam|[[Anupam Kher]]}}
| {{sort|Virendra|Virendra}}
| ''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]''
|-
| {{sort|Kamal|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
| {{sort|Raja|Raja}}
| ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
|-
| {{sort|Kulbhushan|[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]}}
| {{sort|Gopi|Havaldar Gopi Dada}}
| ''[[Ghulami]]''
|-
| {{sort|Saeed|[[Saeed Jaffery]]}}
| {{sort|Kunj|Kunj Bihari}}
| ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''
|-
| {{sort|Utpal|[[Utpal Dutt]]}}
| {{sort|Badri|Badri Prasad Sharma}}
| ''[[Saaheb]]''
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989 [[34th Filmfare Awards|(34th)]] 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Anupam Kher.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Anupam|[[Anupam Kher]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Bhalla|Yodhraj Bhalla}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1989 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1989/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Chunky|[[Chunky Pandey]]}}
| {{sort|Baban|Baban}}
| ''[[Tezaab]]''
|-
| {{sort|Nana|[[Nana Patekar]]}}
| S.P. Suhas Dandekar
| ''[[Andha Yudh]]''
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 1990 [[35th Filmfare Awards|(35th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Nana patekar.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Nana Patekar]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Anna'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Parinda]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1990 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1990/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]]
| Bhairav Singh
| ''[[Tridev]]''
|-
| [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]
| Thakur Rajendra Singh
| ''[[Batwara]]''
|-
| [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| Inspector PK
| ''[[Raakh]]''
|-
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
| Lalit Khanna
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991 [[36th Filmfare Awards|(36th)]] 
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Mithun Chakraborty image cropped.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Mithun Chakraborty]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Krishnan Iyer M.A.'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'''''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1991 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1991/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| Hazari Prasad
| ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''
|-
| [[Om Puri]]
| Joe D'Souza
|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''
|-
| [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
| Gangster
| ''[[Pratibandh]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992 [[37th Filmfare Awards|(37th)]] 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Danny Denzongpa3 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Danny Denzongpa]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Sher Khan'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sanam Bewafa]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1992 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1992/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]]
| Nageshwar
| ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[Anupam Kher]]
| Prem Anand
|''[[Lamhe]]''
|-
| Mandhari
| ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
|-
|[[Saeed Jaffrey]]
| Khan Baba
|''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993 [[38th Filmfare Awards|(38th)]] 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Danny Denzongpa3 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Danny Denzongpa]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Khuda Baksh'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Khuda Gawah]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1993 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1993/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]]
| Gopichand Verma
| ''[[Muskurahat (1992 film)|Muskurahat]]''
|-
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| Jai
| ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994 [[39th Filmfare Awards|(39th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Sunny deol 2012 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sunny Deol]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Govind'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Damini]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1994 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1994/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]]
| Purshotam Kashinath Sathe
| ''[[Gardish]]''
|-
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| Ram Kumar Sinha
|''[[Khalnayak]]''
|-
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| Shivajirao Wagle
| ''[[Tirangaa]]''
|-
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Amar Verma
|''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995 [[40th Filmfare Awards|(40th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:JackieShroff.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Jackie Shroff]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shubhankar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[1942: A Love Story]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1995 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1995/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| Prof. Siddharth Choudhury
| rowspan = 2|''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
|-
| [[Mohnish Behl]]
| Rajesh Nath
|-
| [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| Deepak Kumar
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|-
| [[Suniel Shetty]]
| Vikram Singh
|''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996 [[41st Filmfare Awards|(41st)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:JackieShroff.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Jackie Shroff]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Raj Kamal'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1996 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1996/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amrish Puri]]
| Baldev Singh Chaudhary
| ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
|-
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
| Angad Singh / Sikander
|''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''
|-
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Raj Solanki
| ''[[Naajayaz]]''
|-
| [[Paresh Rawal]]
| Brijnath "Birju"
|''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997 [[42nd Filmfare Awards|(42nd)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Amrish Puri]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shambhunath'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1997 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1997/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
| Shambhunath Singh Rathod
|''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]''
|-
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| Suraj Kapoor
| ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|-
|[[Om Puri]]
| Sanatan
|''[[Maachis]]''
|-
| [[Salman Khan]]
| Rajnath "Raju" Sahay
| ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998 [[43rd Filmfare Awards|(43rd)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Amrish Puri]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Raja Thakur'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1998 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1998/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| Ajay
|''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
|-
| [[Akshaye Khanna]]
| Dharmvir
| ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
|-
| [[Om Puri]]
| Inspector Udham Singh
| ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]''
|-
| [[Suniel Shetty]]
| Bhairav Singh
|''Border''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 [[44th Filmfare Awards|(44th)]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Salmanrampwalk.png|95px]] |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Salman Khan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Aman Mehra'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1999 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1999/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arbaaz Khan]]
| Vishal Thakur
| ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|-
|[[Manoj Bajpai]]
| Bhiku Mhatre
|''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
|-
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Maj. Sarfaraz Khan
| ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''
|-
|[[Om Puri]]
| Inspector Khan
|''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]''
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2000 [[45th Filmfare Awards|(45th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Anil|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Vikrant|Vikrant Kapoor}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2000/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mohnish Bahl]]
| Vivek
| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
|-
| [[Mukesh Rishi]]
| Inspector Salim
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|-
| [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| Dhananjay "Jai" Pandit
| ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
|-
| [[Sanjay Narvekar]]
| Dedh Footiya
|''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2001 [[46th Filmfare Awards|(46th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Amitabh.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Amitabh|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Narayan|Narayan Shankar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Mohabbatein]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2001 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2001/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| Shriram Abhyankar
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
|-
| [[Chandrachur Singh]]
| Ajay
| ''[[Kya Kehna]]''
|-
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
| Havaldar Gopinath Surve Patil
|''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
|-
| [[Suniel Shetty]]
| Ranger Mohammad Ashraf
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2002 [[47th Filmfare Awards|(47th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Akshaye Khanna still2.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Akshaye Khanna]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sid|Siddharth 'Sid' Sinha}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2002 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2002/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
| Bulwa
| ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| Yashvardhan 'Yash' Raichand
| rowspan=2| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|-
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| Rohan Y. Raichand
|-
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| Raj Singh Puri
| ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2003 [[48th Filmfare Awards|(48th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:'Vivek Oberoi'.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Vivek|[[Vivek Oberoi]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Chandu|Chandrakant 'Chandu' Nagre}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2003 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2003/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| Vijay Singh Rajput
| ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''
|-
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| Chunnilal "Chunnibabu"
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
|-
| [[Mohanlal]]
| Srinivasan
| ''Company''
|-
| [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| Jay 'Ajju' Rehan
| ''[[Kaante]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2004 [[49th Filmfare Awards|(49th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Saif at 2014 Stardust.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Saif|[[Saif Ali Khan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Rohit|Rohit Patel}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2004 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2004/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Prem Kumar
| ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''
|-
| [[Arshad Warsi]]
| Circuit
| ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-
| [[Manoj Bajpai]]
| Gen. Yogender Singh Yadav
| ''[[LOC Kargil]]''
|-
| [[Salman Khan]]
| Alok Raj Malhotra
| ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2005 [[50th Filmfare Awards|(50th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Abhishek Bachchan.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Singh|Lallan Singh}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Yuva]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2005 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2005/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Akshay Kumar]]
| Inspector Shekhar Verma
| ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
|-
| Sunny Khurana
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| Chaudhary Sumer Singh
| ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|-
| [[Zayed Khan]]
| Laxman Prasad Sharma
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2006 [[51st Filmfare Awards|(51st)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Abhishek Bachchan.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Shankar|Shankar Nagre}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2006 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2006/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| DCP Dashrath Singh
| ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''
|-
| [[Arshad Warsi]]
| Ranjan 'Ron' Mathur
| ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''
|-
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Mohit
| ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|-
| [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| Girish Sharma
| ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2007 [[52nd Filmfare Awards|(52nd)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Abhishek Bachchan.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Rishi|Rishi Talwar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2007 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2007/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| Samarjit 'Sam' Talwar
| ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna''
|-
| [[John Abraham]]
| Rajat Verma
| ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
|-
| [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]
| Aslam
| rowspan=2| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|-
| [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
| Karan R. Singhania
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2008 [[53rd Filmfare Awards|(53rd)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Sahabzade Irrfan Ali Khan, at an Investiture Ceremony II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 01, 2011 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Irrfan Khan]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Monty|Monty}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Life in a... Metro]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2008 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2008/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| Ram Shankar Nikumbh
| ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|-
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
| Sagar "Majnu" Panday
| ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''
|-
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| Manikdas Gupta
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| [[Shreyas Talpade]]
| Pappu Master
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009 [[54th Filmfare Awards|(54th)]] 
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Arjun Rampal, Madhur Bhandarkar, Kareena Kapoor at the First look launch of 'Heroine' 03 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Arjun|[[Arjun Rampal]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Joe|Joseph 'Joe' Mascarenhas}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Rock On!!]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2009 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2009/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Shankar Nagre
| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]''
|-
| [[Prateik Babbar]]
| Amit Mahant
| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
|-
| [[Sonu Sood]]
| Chaudhary Sumer Singh
| ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|-
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| Lucky
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
|-
| [[Vinay Pathak]]
| Balwinder Khosla
| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2010 [[55th Filmfare Awards|(55th)]] 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Boman Irani.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Boman|[[Boman Irani]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Viru|Viru Sahastrabuddhe}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[3 Idiots]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2010 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2010/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amol Gupte]]
| Sunil Shekhar Bhope
| ''[[Kaminay]]''
|-
| [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
| Omar Aijaz
| ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]''
|-
| [[R. Madhavan]]
| Farhan Qureshi
|''3 Idiots''
|-
| [[Rishi Kapoor]]
| Romy Rolly
| ''[[Luck By Chance]]''
|-
| [[Sharman Joshi]]
| Raju Rastogi
|''3 Idiots''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 [[56th Filmfare Awards|(56th)]] 
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Ronit Roy at Sahara IPL Awards (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Ronit|[[Ronit Roy]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Singh|Bhairav Singh}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2011 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2011/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arjun Rampal]]
| Prithviraj Pratap
| ''[[Raajneeti]]''
|-
| [[Arshad Warsi]]
| Razzak Hussain aka Babban
| ''[[Ishqiya]]''
|-
| [[Emraan Hashmi]]
| Shoaib Khan
|''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''
|-
| [[Manoj Bajpai]]
| Virendra Pratap
| rowspan="2" |''Raajneeti''
|-
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| Brij Gopal
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 [[57th Filmfare Awards|(57th)]] 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Farhan-Akhtar.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Farhan|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Imran|Imran Habib}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2012 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2012/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhay Deol]]
| Kabir Dewan
| ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara''
|-
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Suryakanth
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
|-
| [[Pitobash Tripathy]]
| Mandook
| ''[[Shor in the City]]''
|-
| [[Vir Das]]
| Arup
| ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2013 [[58th Filmfare Awards|(58th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Annu Kapoor.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Annu|[[Annu Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Baldev|Dr. Baldev Chaddha}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Vicky Donor]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2013 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2013/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| Krishna Vasudev Yadav
| ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
|-
| [[Emraan Hashmi]]
| Joginder Parmar
| ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]''
|-
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| Taimur
| ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''
|-
| [[Rishi Kapoor]]
| Rauf Lala
| ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2014 [[59th Filmfare Awards|(59th)]] 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Nawazuddin_Siddiqui_-_IIFA_2017_Green_Carpet_(36349709816)_(cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Nawazuddin|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Shaikh|Shaikh}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[The Lunchbox]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2014 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2014/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
| Avinash 'Avi' Yog
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|-
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| P. K. Sharma
| ''[[Special 26]]''
|-
| [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| Harphool Singh Mandola
| ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]''
|-
| [[Rajkummar Rao]]
| Govind Patel
| ''[[Kai Po Che!]]''
|-
| [[Vivek Oberoi]]
| Kaal
| ''[[Krrish 3]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2015 [[60th Filmfare Awards|(60th)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Kay_kay_menon_first_look_of_tukka_fit.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Kay Kay|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Khurram|Khurram Meer}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2015 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2015/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Nandu Bhide / Vicky Grover
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|-
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| Rakesh Mahadkar
| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
|-
| [[Ronit Roy]]
| Vikram Malhotra
| ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''
|-
| [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]
| Karan Rastogi
| ''[[Mardaani]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2016 [[61st Filmfare Awards|(61st)]] 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Anil_Kapoor_1.jpeg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Anil|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Kamal|Kamal Mehra}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2016 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2016/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
| Pappi Sharma
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|-
| [[Jimmy Shergill]]
| Raja Awasthi
|-
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| Liak Mohammed Tungrekar
| ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]''
|-
| [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| Vidyadhar Pathak
| ''[[Fly Away Solo|Masaan]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2017 [[62nd Filmfare Awards|(62nd)]] 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:The Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar presenting the Giants Award to Shri Rishi Kapoor for films field, at the “44th Giants Day Celebration”, in Mumbai on September 17, 2016 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Rishi|[[Rishi Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Amarjeet|Amarjeet "Dadu" Kapoor}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2017 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2017/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| ASI Sartaj Singh
| ''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|-
| [[Fawad Khan]]
| Rahul Kapoor
| ''Kapoor & Sons''
|-
| [[Jim Sarbh]]
| Khalil
| ''[[Neerja]]''
|-
| [[Rajkummar Rao]]
| Deepu Sebastian
| ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''
|-
| [[Rajat Kapoor]]
| Harsh Kapoor
|''Kapoor & Sons''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018 [[63rd Filmfare Awards|(63rd)]] 
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Rajkumar Rao Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards 2019 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Rajkummar|[[Rajkummar Rao]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Pritam|Pritam Vidrohi}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2018 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2018/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| Shakti Kumar
| ''[[Secret Superstar]]''
|-
| [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
| Shyamprakash Kori
| ''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|-
| [[Manav Kaul]]
| Ashok Dubey
| ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|-
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| Daya Shankar Kapoor a.k.a. DK
| ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
|-
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| Assistant Commandant Aatma Singh
| ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2019 [[64th Filmfare Awards|(64th)]] 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Gajraj Rao–Vicky Kaushal.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Gajraj|[[Gajraj Rao]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Jeetendra|Jeetendra Kaushik}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Badhaai Ho]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2019 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2019/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Vicky|[[Vicky Kaushal]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Kamli|Kamlesh "Kamli" Kanhaiyalal Kapasi}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sanju]]'''''
|-
| [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| Bittu
| ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|-
| [[Jim Sarbh]]
| [[Malik Kafur]]
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| [[Manoj Pahwa]]
| Bilal Ali Mohammad
| ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
|-
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| Rudra
| ''Stree''
|}

===2020s===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2020 ([[65th Filmfare Awards|65th]]) 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Siddhant Chaturvedi at the Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards 2025 (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Siddharth|[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shrikant Bhosle "MC Sher"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Gully Boy]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2020 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2020/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| Honey Batra
| ''[[Good Newwz]]''
|-
| [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
| Karate Mani / Jimmy
| ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]''
|-
| [[Manoj Pahwa]]
| Circle Officer Brahmadatt Singh
| ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]''
|-
| [[Ranvir Shorey]]
| Vakil Singh
| ''[[Sonchiriya]]''
|-
| [[Vijay Varma]]
| Moeen
| ''Gully Boy''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2021 ([[65th Filmfare Awards|66th]]) 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Saif_at_2014_Stardust.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Saif|[[Saif Ali Khan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Udaybhan|Udaybhan Singh Rathore}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Tanhaji]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2021 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2021/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
| Gopi Ghasiteram Bansal
| ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|-
| [[Gajraj Rao]]
| Shankar Tripathi
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
|-
| [[Kumud Mishra]]
| Sachin Sandhu
| ''[[Thappad]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| Anup Saxena
| ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
|-
| Rahul Satyendra “Sattu” Tripathi
| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2022 ([[67th Filmfare Awards|67th]]) 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Pankaj Tripathi World Premiere Newton Zoopalast Berlinale 2017 06.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Pankaj Tripathi|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Bhanu|Bhanu Pratap Pandey}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2022 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2022/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| Eeshit Mehta
| ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
|-
| [[Manav Kaul]]
| Coach Sarvadhamaan Rajan
| ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]''
|-
| Pankaj Tripathi
| PR Man Singh
| ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|-
| [[Paran Bandopadhyay]]
| Kali Krishna Paul
| ''[[Bob Biswas]]''
|-
| [[Raj Arjun]]
| R. N. Veerappan
| ''[[Thalaivii]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | 2023 ([[68th Filmfare Awards|68th]]) 
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Anil Kapoor|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Bheem|Bheem Saini}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'''''
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2023 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2023/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| Om Sharma
| ''[[Uunchai]]''
|-
| [[Darshan Kumar]]
| Krishna Pandit
|''[[The Kashmir Files]]''
|-
| [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
| Guru Narayan
| ''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|-
| [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
| Bhoora Singh Solanki
| ''[[An Action Hero]]''
|-
| [[Manish Paul]]
| Gurpreet Sharma
| ''Jugjugg Jeeyo''
|-
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| IAS Brahmadutt
|''The Kashmir Files''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2024 ([[69th Filmfare Awards|69th]]) 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Vicky Kaushal snapped promoting Zara Hatke Zara Bach Ke on the sets of The Kapil Sharma Show (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Vicky Kaushal|[[Vicky Kaushal]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sukhi|Sukhi}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2024/101 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aditya Rawal]]
| Nibras
| ''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]''
|-
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
| Balbir Singh and Kailash Petkar
| rowspan=2 |''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|-
| [[Bobby Deol]]
| Abrar Haque
|-
| [[Emraan Hashmi]]
| Aatish Rehman
| ''[[Tiger 3]]''
|-
| [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
| Chandon Chatterjee
| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2025 ([[70th Filmfare Awards|70th]]) 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ravi Kishan celebrates his 44th birthday.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Ravi Kishan|[[Ravi Kishan]]}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Shyam|Inspector Shyam Manohar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |publisher=Filmfare |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| Rudra Bhaiya
| ''[[Stree 2]]''
|-
| [[Paresh Rawal]]
| Paresh Goswami
|''[[Sarfira]]''
|-
| [[R. Madhavan]]
| Vanraj Kashyap
| ''[[Shaitaan]]''
|-
| [[Raghav Juyal]]
| Fani Bhushan
| ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110729134041/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/awards/filmfare_award/index.html Filmfare Awards] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20120708102013/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/ Official site]

{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Filmfare Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award For Best Supporting Actor}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|Supporting Actor]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actor]]

Aditya Arya Archive

2026-03-25T19:39:15Z

Szeeshan896: adding new stub!

{{Short description|Indian photographic archive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
'''Aditya Arya Archive''' is one of the earliest photographic [[archive]]s in [[India]], engaged in the digitizing, documentation, annotation, restoration and preservation of photographic material of archival significance in India.<ref name="adityaaryaarchive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/#/-about-archive/about-aditya-arya-archive |title=About Aditya Arya Archive |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102122358/http://www.adityaaryaarchive.com/ |archivedate=2 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="photoraj">{{cite web |url=http://www.photoraj.com/collections/aditya-arya-archive |title=Aditya Arya Archive |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311012144/http://www.photoraj.com/collections/aditya-arya-archive |archivedate=2012-03-11}}</ref> Aditya Arya Archive is led by Aditya Arya,<ref name="photoraj" /> who is an eminent commercial photographer.<ref name="fravahr1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?breve669 |title=Indian history in a yellow crate of negatives |publisher=fravahr.org |accessdate=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918105047/http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?breve669 |archive-date=18 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
The Aditya Arya Archive began with the historical collection of [[photojournalism|photojournalist]] [[Kulwant Roy]], presented to Aditya Arya.<ref name="adityaaryaarchive1"/> Roy (1914–1984) was among the handful of photojournalists in India who documented the eventful years immediately before and after [[Partition of India|independence]]. He was a close friend of the Arya family<ref name="tehelka1">{{cite news |last=Gadihoke |first=Sabeena |url=http://tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub081108croniclesof_india.asp |title=Chronicles of India Beginning |magazine=Tehelka |volume=5 |issue=44 |date=2008-11-08 |accessdate=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222163743/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub081108croniclesof_india.asp |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and left his surviving photographic [[negative (photography)|negatives]] and prints to Aditya Arya. These prints and negatives remained forgotten in boxes for nearly 23 years<ref name="cnngo1">{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Alisha |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/visual-archives-kulwant-roy-529186 |title='History in the making': The visual archives of Kulwant Roy | CNN Travel |publisher=Cnngo.com |date=2010-04-13 |accessdate=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913225129/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/visual-archives-kulwant-roy-529186 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> after his death, until their inheritor Aditya Arya, began restoring and cataloguing them.<ref name="vedicbooks1">{{cite book |last1=Arya |first1=Aditya |last2=Kamtekar |first2=Indivar |title=History in the Making: The Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy |url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/history-in-the-making-the-visual-archives-of-kulwant-roy-p-15859.html |publisher=Vedic Books |isbn=9788172238681 |year=2010 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref> The archive included many unpublished pictures of national leaders and events of the Indian pre and post-independence era<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |last=Hauzel |first=Hoihnu |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100516/jsp/graphiti/story_12450776.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726192830/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100516/jsp/graphiti/story_12450776.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2013 |title=Making history click |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |date=2010-05-16 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref> and were brought to the public domain after the establishment of the Aditya Arya Archive.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pathak |first=Nilima |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/gandhi-s-story-in-photographic-detail-1.764140 |title=Gandhi's story in photographic detail |newspaper=Gulf News |location=Dubai |publisher=Al Nisr Publishing |date=2011-02-19 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
One of the outcomes of the unearthing and restoration process of the archive was that many images from the last years of [[British Raj|British rule]] and the early decades after India's independence, which were reprinted over the decades and credited to random journalists, turned out to be Roy's work and have now been duly acknowledged. One of many such images is the iconic 1939 photograph of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] and [[Ali Jinnah]] in a heated argument, which has now been credited to Roy by Getty Images.<ref name="vedicbooks1"/>
Many historians believe that the archive may shed light on the key moments in India's [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]].<ref name="fravahr1"/>

==Rare and iconic images from the Aditya Arya Archive==
Aditya Arya Archive contains some rare and iconic images from the period of India's independence struggle and thereafter.<ref name="cnngo1"/> These include rare photographs of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Gandhi and [[Sardar Patel]] huddled in an animated discussion,<ref name="telegraphindia1"/> Mahatma Gandhi in debate with Mohd. Ali Jinnah, with whom he was seldom seen with, [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] sharing a laugh with Pt. Nehru, Pt. Nehru wearing khaki shorts heading to attend a Congress [[Seva Dal]] Volunteers rally in [[Kanpur]],<ref name="telegraphindia1"/> Pt. Nehru in [[cricket]] gear, the [[Indian National Army Trials]], Pt. Nehru bidding farewell to his grandson [[Rajiv Gandhi]] as he leaves for a tour,<ref name="tehelka1" /> [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] meetings, [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] meetings,<ref name="tehelka1"/> Mahatma Gandhi's visit to the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]], signing of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], Mahatma Gandhi addressing the [[Indian National Army]] soldiers,<ref name="cnngo1"/> the [[Cripps' Mission]], a series documenting the development of the [[Bhakra Dam]] and photographs from the front of the [[Sino-Indian War]], etc.

==History in the making==
Taking a leap with the Kulwant Roy collection, the Aditya Arya Archive released a book, History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy, in April 2010. The book has been published in hardback by HarperCollins Publishers India Ltd.<ref name="cnngo1"/>

Aditya Arya and Indivar Kametkar worked together on the book for nearly three years, putting together text and images to form a compelling visual narrative.<ref name="cnngo1"/> It is a visual documentary on the history of India from the 1930s to 1950s and some of Kulwant Roy's original captions and the imprint of his own rubber stamp on several pages.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/> The forward has been written by India's Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh.<ref name="cnngo1"/> [[File:Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy- Gandhi Collection 4.jpg|thumb|A [[India Photo Archive Foundation#Publications|collector's edition]] was launched titled 'Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy- Gandhi Collection by Aditya Arya Archive]]

==Book launch and exhibitions==
* The first exhibition of Kulwant Roy's work took place at Delhi's Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) in October 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Puri |first=Anjali |title=History on Bromide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=aditya+arya+archive&pg=PA66 |journal=Outlook |location=New Delhi |volume=48 |issue=40 |pages=64–67 |date=2008-10-06 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
* The Great Divide: India and Pakistan, a book which contained some images from the Kulwant Roy collection, was launched at the India International Center, New Delhi in May 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Naqvi |first=Saeed |title=Looking Into The Abyss |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250307 |journal=Outlook |location=New Delhi |volume=49 |issue=25 |date=2009-06-29 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Malik |first=Rohit |url=http://www.delhievents.com/2009/05/book-launch-discussion-great-divide.html |title=BOOK ( Launch & Discussion ) "The Great Divide – India and Pakistan" edited by Ira Pande, at Main Building, IIC - 11th May 09 |publisher=Delhi Events |date=2004-02-26 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
* An exhibition of photographs from History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy, was organized in collaboration with Indian Council for Cultural Relations and India Canada Association at three venues in Canada in June 2009: 5th Parallel Gallery, Riddell Center, University of Regina; George Bothwell Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacanadasask.ca/content/rare-indian-photographs-visit-regina |title=Rare Indian photographs to visit Regina |publisher=India Canada Association of Saskatchewan |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2013-04-09 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123232947/http://indiacanadasask.ca/content/rare-indian-photographs-visit-regina |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunlopartgallery.org/events/archives_2009.html |title=Past Events - 2009 |publisher=Dunlop Art Gallery |accessdate=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123232947/http://www.dunlopartgallery.org/events/archives_2009.html |archive-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfu.ca/archive-sfunews/news/story_06190901.shtml |title=Coming Up |work=SFU News Online |date=2009-06-19 |publisher=Simon Fraser University |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
* The Gandhi Memorial Center, Washington, D.C. held an exhibition of photographs from History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy, sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and in cooperation with the Indian Embassy of India in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhitopia.org/events/history-in-the-making-the |title=History in the Making: The Visual Archives of Photojournalist Kulwant Roy |work=GandhiTopia |publisher=GandhiServe Foundation |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
* Soon after the book launch of History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy, The Piramal Art Gallery at Mumbai's National Center for Performing Arts hosted an exhibition of Roy's works in April 2010.<ref name="cnngo1"/>
* Where Three Dreams Cross, 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, at the Whitechapel Gallery in London in April 2011, displayed some selected images from the Kulwant Roy collection.<ref name="asianartnewspaper1">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/article/where-three-dreams-cross |title=Where Three Dreams Cross |newspaper=Asian Art |location=London |date=2012-03-03 |accessdate=2013-04-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726134759/http://www.asianartnewspaper.com/article/where-three-dreams-cross |archivedate=26 July 2013 }}</ref>
* Book launch and exhibition of History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roywas organized at Teen Murti, New Delhi in April 2010. Mrs. Gursharan Kaur, wife of India's Prime Minister, was invited as a special guest at the occasion.<ref name="asianartnewspaper1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/04/25/gursharankaur-dedicates-book-on-photojournalist-kulwantroy.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111155742/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/04/25/gursharankaur-dedicates-book-on-photojournalist-kulwantroy.html |url-status=live |archive-date=11 January 2013 |title=Gursharan Kaur dedicates book on photojournalist Kulwant Roy's works |work=Oneindia News |date=2010-04-25 |access-date=2013-04-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mehra |first=Purva |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Snapshots-of-history-when-the-camera-did-not-lie/Article1-525610.aspx |title=Snapshots of history when the 'camera did not lie' |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2010-04-01 |accessdate=2013-04-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031160307/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Snapshots-of-history-when-the-camera-did-not-lie/Article1-525610.aspx |archivedate=31 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roy was launched at Mayfair's Nehru Centre, London by the High Commissioner of India in May 2010<ref>{{cite web|last=Villarreal |first=Ignacio |url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=38228 |title=Unpublished Images of India's History Recovered from Yellow Crates |publisher=Artdaily.com |date=2010-05-24 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref>
* Book launch and exhibition of History in the making – The visual archives of Kulwant Roytook place at Morlaix France in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letelegramme.com/local/finistere-nord/morlaix/ville/exposition-a-la-manu-l-inde-en-54-cliches-historiques-14-09-2010-1049224.php |title=Exposition à la Manu. L'Inde en 54 clichés "historiques" |work=Le Télégramme |language=French |date=2010-09-14 |accessdate=2013-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agglo.morlaix.fr/fr/agenda-des-manifestations.php?op=search&show=1&commune=0&dateDebut=20100903&dateFin=201 |title=Agenda des Manifestations |work=Morlaix Communauté: Agglomération |language=French}}{{dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref>
* An exhibition of Roy's works title 'The Visual Archives of Kulwant Roy' was held at the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi which was inaugurated on 14 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://netindian.in/news/2012/11/15/00022047/ngma-displays-rare-photographs-kulwant-roy |title=NGMA displays rare photographs by Kulwant Roy |work=NetIndian |date=2012-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shailaja |last=Tripathi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/history-as-it-is/article4099692.ece |title=History as it is |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2012-11-16}}</ref>

==India Photo Archive Foundation==
One of the outcomes of the process of restoration of the historical photographic collections is the India Photo Archive Foundation, which was established in the year 2009.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/> The [[India Photo Archive Foundation]] is a Public Charitable Trust engaged in digitising, annotating, and preserving photographic archives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Aditya |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/life/article2814020.ece |title=History through her lens |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Photo archives in India]]

Vinayakan

2026-03-22T22:44:20Z

Szeeshan896:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinayakan
| image = Vinayakan.jpg
| caption = Vinayakan in 2022
| birth_name = Vinayakan T. K.
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1970}}<ref>{{cite web |title="I don't have much belief in the system": Actor Vinayakan talks to the Media |website=Round Table India |date=March 23, 2017 |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/interview-with-the-actor-vinayakan/ |access-date=March 22, 2026}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|composer}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] (2016)
| relatives =
}}

'''Vinayakan''' is an Indian actor, former dancer, and composer who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]] films as well as some [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Vinayakan|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=7446|publisher=Malayala Chalachithram|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=MusicDirector>{{cite web|last1=Anand|first1=Shilp Nair|title=On the superhero trail|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-superhero-trail/article4785988.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 September 2016|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=MusicVinayakan>{{cite web|last1=നായർ|first1=അനീഷ്|title=വിനായകന്റെ അസൂയയും അഹങ്കാരവും|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/vinayakan-kammattipaadammovie-malayalamfilm-malayalam-news-1.1079869|publisher=Mathrubhumi|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> He started his career with a un-credited appearance in the 1995 film ''[[Maanthrikam]]''.

Vinayakan won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] in the year 2016 for his role of Ganga in [[Rajiv Ravi]]'s ''[[Kammatipaadam]].''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-07 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2016: Vinayakan and Rajisha Vijayan are the Best Actor and Actress |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinayakan-and-rejisha-vijayan-win-the-kerala-state-best-actor-and-actress-awards/articleshow/57517633.cms#:~:text=March%207,%202017-,Kerala%20State%20Film%20Awards%202016:%20Vinayakan%20and%20Rajisha%20Vijayan,the%20Best%20Actor%20and%20Actress&text=While%20Vinayakan%20bagged%20the%20award,performance%20in%20Anuraga%20Karikkin%20Vellam. |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His recognized roles include Edakochi "Dude" in [[Aadu (film)|''Aadu - Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu'']] and its successor film [[Aadu 2 (film)|''Aadu 2'']], and as Ayyappan in [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]'s ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]''

He gained wider attention by playing the antagonist Varman in [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]'s Tamil-language action film [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023) starring [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance in 'Jailer' is Vinayakan's sublime comeback at detractors |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/12/vinayakan-rajinikanth-jailer-performance-varman-character.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

== Career ==

===Acting===
Vinayakan began his career as a dancer and had a dance troupe named ''Black Mercury'' with [[Fire dance]] being his forte. Director [[Thampi Kannanthanam]] introduced him in ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' and later in ''[[Onnaman]]''. He was noticed for his performances in ''[[Stop Violence]]'', ''[[Vellithira]]'', ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'', ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' and ''[[Thottappan]]''. Also, he appeared in a couple of Bollywood movies.<ref name=MusicDirector/><ref name=MusicVinayakan/>

Vinayakan was appreciated for his performance as Ganga in [[Rajeev Ravi]]' s 2016 film ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=VS|first1=Goutham|title=Dulquer Salmaan shines in a raw and realistic cut into the brutally buried history of Dalits|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kammatipaadam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-shines-in-a-raw-and-realistic-cut-into-the-brutally-buried-history-of-dalits-2811732/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=20 September 2016|date=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kammatti Paadam Movie Review|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kammatti-paadam-malayalam-movie-review-20718.html|work=India Glitz|access-date=20 September 2016|date=21 May 2016}}</ref> and nominated for a national award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinayakan-was-not-in-the-final-four-for-best-actor/articleshow/58066847.cms|title=Vinayakan was not in the final four for Best Actor |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> It also brought him the Best Actor Award of the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], The North American Film Award for Outstanding performance in a film and Best Actor Award (2016) of the Cinema Paradiso Club Cine Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beat |first=Filmi |date=30 January 2017 |title=Nivin Pauly And Manju Warrier Bag Top Honours At NAFA 2017! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/nivin-pauly-and-manju-warrier-bag-top-honours-at-nafa-2017-252998.html |website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> In the same film, he made his debut as a music director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=I never felt I was inferior and that empowered me: Vinayakan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-never-felt-i-was-inferior-and-that-empowered-me-vinayakan/articleshow/57576215.cms |access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref>

''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]'' was included in [[The Hindu]]'s top 25 Malayalam films of the decade and is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New Wave Movement]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-12-19 |title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His upcoming projects include [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s [[Dhruva Natchathiram: Chapter One – Yuddha Kaandam|''Dhruva Natchathiram:Chapter One - Yuddha Kaandam'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-17 |title=Vinayakan to lock horns with Vikram in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vinayakan-to-lock-horns-with-vikram-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/63798990.cms |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Music===
Vinayakan composed the song "Puzhu Pulikal" for the movie ''[[Kammatipaadam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100317/vinayakan-to-do-composing-choreography.html|title=Vinayakan to do composing, choreography|date=2017-03-10|language=en}}</ref>'' He has also composed the music for the title track of [[Trance (2020 film)|''Trance'']] (2020).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-most-requested-title-track-composed-by-vinayakan-from-trance-is-here/articleshow/74330624.cms|title=The most requested title track composed by Vinayakan from 'Trance'|date=2020-02-27|language=en}}</ref> He has also sung songs for [[Rafi Mecartin|Rafi]]'s film ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' and another one for [[Ordinary (film)|''Ordinary'']], [[Sugeeth]]'s movie''.<ref name=":0" />''

== Controversies ==
*On 24 October 2023, he was arrested for creating a ruckus at the [[Ernakulam]] Town North police station in [[Kochi]]. The incident was from a family dispute and he was later released on bail after a medical examination. [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Thrikkakkara|Thrikkakara]], [[Uma Thomas]], publicly criticized the quick release, suggesting it was related to Vinayakan's political associations <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinayakan released on bail after medical exam, MLA Uma Thomas questions 'weak charges' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/25/vinayakam-abuse-police-arrest-bail.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title='Jailer' actor Vinayakan arrested for creating a ruckus at police station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/jailer-actor-vinayakan-arrested-ruckus-police-station-8997944/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

*On 7 September 2024, Vinayakan was taken into custody by [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] Police in [[Hyderabad]] following an altercation with [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) gate staff. He was reportedly under the influence of alcohol during the incident.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jailer Actor Vinayakan Booked For Unruly Behaviour At Hyderabad Airport |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/oscars/jailer-actor-vinayakan-booked-for-unruly-behaviour-at-hyderabad-airport/ar-AA1qcup8?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=2ef7e848ec084104a71603b7a4fb0fc1&ei=57 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=MSN}}</ref> Security officials affirmed he arrived in Hyderabad in a visibly drunken state on an Indigo flight from Kochi and was to travel to Goa, before his arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actor Vinayakan arrested at Hyderabad airport for 'causing ruckus' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/malayalam-actor-vinayakan-arrested-at-hyderabad-airport-for-causing-ruckus-101725788560032.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

*On 9 May 2025, Vinayakan was taken into custody for drunk and disorderly behaviour at a hotel in [[Kollam]], where he was staying from May 2 for a movie shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-07 |title=Malayalam actor Vinayakan taken into custody for creating ruckus at Kollam hotel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/May/08/malayalam-actor-vinayakan-taken-into-custody-for-creating-ruckus-at-kollam-hotel |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |title='ഇതിന്റെ വാതിൽ തലകൊണ്ട് അടിച്ചു പൊട്ടിക്കും ഞാൻ'; കൊല്ലത്ത് പൊലീസ് കസ്റ്റഡിയിൽ ബഹളം വെച്ച് വിനായകൻ |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/kollam/vinayakan-creates-ruckus-in-police-custody-in-kollam-1406710 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Madhyamam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Michael Jackson dupe || Debut
|-
|2001
|''[[Onnaman]]''||Patrick||
|-
|2002
| ''[[Stop Violence]]'' ||Montha ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
| [[Vellithira (2003 film)|''Vellithira'']] ||Padavan||
|-
| [[Ivar (2003 film)|''Ivar'']] ||Vinayakan||
|-
|rowspan=3 |2004
|''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]''||Romy||
|-
| [[Greetings (2004 film)|''Greetings'']]||Hari||
|-
|''Quotation'' ||Maya||
|-
|rowspan=4|2005
|''[[By the People (2005 film)|By the People]]''|| Porter||
|-
|''[[Makalkku]]''|| Mental Patient ||
|-
|[[Junior Senior (Malayalam film)|''Junior Senior'']]||Sivan||
|-
|''[[Udayon]] ''|| Thoma's helper ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2006
|''Thanthra''|| Mayan||
|-
|''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]''||Uchandi||
|-
|''Jayam''||Saheer||
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' ||Satheeshan||
|-
| [[Big B (film)|''Big B'']] ||Pandi Asi||
|-
|2008
|''[[Pachamarathanalil]]''||Mad Man||
|-
|rowspan=3|2009
|''[[Nammal Thammil]]''||Tony||
|-
|[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|''Daddy Cool'']]|| Shelvam ||
|-
| ''[[Sagar alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || Style||
|-
|2010
| [[Best Actor (film)|''Best Actor'']] ||Pottan||
|-
|2011
|[[The Train (2011 film)|''The Train'']] || Githu ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' ||Alex||
|-
|[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|''Bachelor Party'']] ||Fakeer||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|''Police Maman''|| Manu||
|-
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' ||Chandran ||Segment - Aami
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || Sayippu ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2014
| ''[[Masala Republic]]'' || Bengali Babu||
|-
|''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''|| Prathaapan||
|-
| ''[[Iyobinte Pustakam]]'' || Chemban||
|-
|[[Seconds (2014 film)|''Seconds'']]||Thampi||
|-
|rowspan=3|2015
|[[Aadu (film)|''Aadu - Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu'']]||[[Aadu (franchise)#DUDE|Damodaran Unnimakan Delmen Edakochi "Dude"]]||
|-
| ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Rajaraja Cholan||Extended cameo
|-
|''Any Time Money''||||
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
| [[Kali (2016 film)|''Kali'']] ||Johnettan||
|-
|[[Kammatipaadam|''Kammattipaadam'']] || Gangadharan (Ganga) ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Kerala State Film Award]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|[[Role Models (2017 film)|''Role Models'']] ||Jyothish Narayanan||
|-
|[[Aadu 2 (film)|''Aadu 2'']] ||[[Aadu (franchise)#DUDE|Damodaran Unnimakan Delmen Edakochi "Dude"]]||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' ||Vareedh||
|-
|''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]''||Simon||
|-
|''[[Ee.Ma.Yau]]'' || Ayyappan ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinayakan-is-ayyappan-in-ee-ma-yau/articleshow/61722513.cms|title=Vinayakan is Ayyappan in 'Ee Ma Yau'|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2019
|''[[Thottappan]]''||Ithaq
|
|-
|''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]''||Hyder||
|-
|''[[Valiyaperunnal]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|-
|2020
|[[Trance (2019 film)|''Trance'']]||Thomas
|Also composed title track
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Oruthee]]'' || Sub Inspector Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Panthrandu]]'' || Andhro ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kasargold]]'' || Alex ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-29 |title=Asif Ali's 'Kasargold' all set to unleash breathtaking thrills upon its release on September 15 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-kasargold-all-set-to-unleash-breathtaking-thrills-upon-its-release-on-september-15/articleshow/102234429.cms |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Thekku Vadakku]]'' || Madhavan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-25 |title=Vinayakan and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Thekku Vadakku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/25/vinayakan-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-thekku-vadakku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[The Pet Detective]]'' || Yaqat Ali ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Pet Detective trailer: Sharaf U Dheen promises a fun, eccentric twist on the detective genre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/pet-detective-trailer-sharaf-u-dheen-promises-a-fun-eccentric-new-twist-on-the-detective-genrepet-detective-trailer-sharaf-u-dheen-promises-a-fun-eccentric-new-twist-on-the-detective-genre-10297318/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || Jayakrishnan||<ref>{{cite web |title=മമ്മൂട്ടി കമ്പനിയുടെ 'കളങ്കാവല്‍': പുതിയ ചിത്രത്തില്‍ മമ്മൂട്ടിക്കൊപ്പം വിനായകനും|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kalamkaval-movie-mammootty-vinayakan-movie-first-look-poster-srq7bz|access-date=May 25, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || [[Aadu (franchise)#DUDE|Damodaran Unnimakan Delmen Edakochi "Dude" and Sultan Azam Khan]] ||[[Dual role]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Aadu 3 box office collection: Jayasurya’s film weathers Dhurandhar 2 tsunami, collects over Rs 12 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadu-3-box-office-collection-jayasuryas-film-weathers-dhurandhar-2-tsunami-10592753/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2006||''[[Thimiru]]''|| Maayi ||credited as Vinayagam
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Singakutty]]'' || Gumban || Uncredited
|-
|''[[Kaalai]]'' ||Mokkai
| rowspan="3" |credited as Vinayagam
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Pichandi
|-
| [[Silambattam (film)|''Silambattam'']] || Tamizh’s best friend
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]''|| Anand aka Mandaiyan
|Uncredited
|-
| 2011
|''[[Siruthai]]'' || Bavuji's henchman||credited as Vinayagam
|-
| 2013
| [[Maryan (film)|''Maryan'']] ||Theekkurissi||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2023
| ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
|Varman
|
|-
|''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]''
|Unknown
|Unreleased
|-
|}

===Other languages===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2005
|[[James (2005 film)|''James'']]|| Shanti Narayan's henchman ||[[Hindi]]||
|-
|2006
|''[[Asadhyudu]]''|| Thambu || rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ekaloveyudu]]'' || Bhakta's brother
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award !! Category !! Film(s) !! Result
|-
| 2016
| [[Kerala State Film Award]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] || rowspan="4" | ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2016
| Movie Munshi Cine Awards || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]] || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[CPC Cine Awards]]|| Best Actor || {{Won}}
|-
| 2018|| Best Character Actor || rowspan="2" | ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 2019
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]] || {{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm2035937|Vinayakan}}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinayakan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Pondicherry Representative Assembly

2026-03-17T22:46:36Z

Szeeshan896: creating

{{Short description|Government body in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Pondicherry Representative Assembly
| native_name = {{lang|fr|Assemblée représentative de Pondichéry}}
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg
| coa_res = 100
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| houses =
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = June 1955
| preceded_by = [[Representative Assembly of French India]]
| disbanded = 30 June 1963
|succeeded_by = [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = President
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| members = 39
| political_groups1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| first_election1 = [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1955]]
| last_election1 = [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]]
| session_room =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Assembly Building, rue Victor Simonel, Pondicherry
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

After the merger of French settlements into an Indian union, a new assembly, named the '''Pondicherry Representative Assembly''', was created by the government of India. After the "de facto transfer day" of 1 October 1954, before 16 August 1962 also referred to as "de-jure transfer day". During this transition period, general elections to the representative assembly were held in [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1955]] and [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]]. After the de-jure transfer day, legal integration of French settlements into the Indian Union was complete. However, this assembly, like its predecessor, was advisory (to the chief commissioner) in its role, which led to frequent contention between the popular government and the chief commissioner.

==Background==
In 1946, [[French India]] (''Inde française'') became an [[Overseas territory (France)|overseas territory]] (''Territoire d'outre-mer'') of France.
In the same year, on 25 October, the Representative Assembly of French India (''Assemblée représentative de l'Inde française'') was created and replaced the general council (''conseil général'').<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZZYDwAAQBAJ|title=Les établissements français en Inde au XIXe siècle, 1816–1914 (4)|publisher=FeniXX|year=1988|isbn=9782402119122 }}</ref>

During the start of the [[Fourth Republic (France)|Fourth Republic]], decree nº 46–2381, dated 25 October 1946, was passed by the government of France, instituting the Representative Assembly in French India. This original assembly had 44 seats, but after the merger of Changernagore, its size was reduced to 39. A member of this assembly was referred to as a councillor and held a five-year fixed term.

The ''de facto'' transfer of French settlements in India took place on 1 November 1954. In January 1955, the Indian union government renamed these four French settlements to the Union Territory of Pondicherry.<ref name="IAR1955">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Affairs Record (Vol. I and II)|publisher=Diwan Chand Indian Information Center|year=1955}}</ref>{{rp|20}} On 11 June 1955, the government of India dissolved the Representative Assembly of French India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1955.468|title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1955, No. 468|work=Government of India|publisher=Directorate of Printing|year=1955}}</ref> After extending the 1951 People's Representative Act of the Indian Union to the state of Pondicherry, fresh elections were held to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly in July 1955, based on universal adult franchise.

==Tenures of different Representative Assemblies of the State of Pondicherry==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election year || Assembly || Period || Ruling party || '''[[Speaker (politics)|President]]'''{{refn|group=note|Equivalent to speaker in contemporary Indian assemblies}}|| '''Vice president'''{{refn|group=note|Equivalent to Deputy Speaker in the contemporary Indian assemblies}}
|-
| '''[[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1955]]''' || [[1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly|1st Assembly]] ||17 August 1955 – 28 October 1958|| [[Indian National Congress]] || R.L. Purushothama Reddiar [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu|Kamisetty Parasuram]]|| Kamisetty Parasuram N.A.
|-
| '''[[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]]''' || [[2nd Pondicherry Representative Assembly|2nd Assembly]] || Aug 1959 – 30 June 1962 || Indian National Congress || A. S. Gangeyan || N.A.
|-
|}

==Commune-wise allocation of seats==
After 1951, French India consisted of four "settlements" (French: ''établissements''), namely, [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karikal]], [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], and [[Yanaon]]. The Assemblée Représentative of French India allocated 39 seats to its 17 communes. Pondichéry and Karaikal had 8 and 6 electoral constituencies (''circonscriptions électorales''), respectively, while Mahé and Yanaon had one each.<ref name="joefi46">Journal Officiel des établissements français dans l'Inde, 1946.</ref>{{rp|1044–1046}}

As per Article 2 of the decree, the composition of the assembly is determined as follows:<ref name="joefi46"/>{{rp|1028}}
* '''Établissement de Pondichéry''' (22 seats)
** [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]]: 6
** [[Ariancoupom]]: 2
** Bahour: 2
** Modéliarpeth: 2
** Oulgaret: 4
** Nettapacom: 2
** Tiroubouvané: 2
** Villenour: 2
* '''Établissement de Karaikal''' (12 seats)
** Karaikal Ville: 4
** Cotchéry: 2
** Grand'Aldée: 2
** Neravy: 1
** Nédouncadou: 1
** Tirnoular: 2
* '''Établissement de Mahé''' (3 seats)
** Mahé: 3
* '''Établissement de Yanaon''' (2 seats)
** Yanaon: 2

==List of seats==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Constituencies of the Pondicherry Representative Assembly
|-
!Settlements (''Établissements'')!!Seats (''sièges'')!!Constituencies (''circonscriptions'')
|-
|Pondicherry
|22
|
'''Pondicherry''': Mouttalpeth, Couroussoucoupom, Cassicade, Pondicherry, Bussy Street, Ouppalam
 '''Ariancoupom''': Archivak–Ariancoupom, Tavalacoupom
 '''Bahour''': Bahour, Courouvinatam–Karaiamputtur
 '''Modéliarpeth''': Mouroungapacom, Nellitope
 '''Oulgaret''':Oulgaret, Calapeth, Saram–Lawspet, Rettiarpaleom
 '''Nettapacom''': Nettappakam, Embalam
 '''Tiroubouvané''': Sellipet–Suthukeni, Mannadipet
 '''Villenour''': Villenour, Oussoudou
|-
|Karaikal
|12
|
'''Cotchéry''': Cotchéry-Mada Kovil, Thirumeniyazhagar
 '''Karikal ''': Karikal Nord, Karikal Centre, Karikal Sud, Karaikovilpattu
 '''Tirnoular''': Tirounalar-Tharparinswarar Kovil, Tirounalar-Padhrakaliamman Kovil
 '''Néravy''': Néravy
 '''Neduncadou''': Neduncadou
 '''Grand Aldée''': Grand Aldée-Nord, Grand Aldée-Sud
|-
|Mahé
|3
|'''Mahé''': Mahé (Ville), Pallor, Pandakkal
|-
|Yanaon
|2
|'''Yanaon''': Cancalapeth, Adi Andhrapeth
|}

==1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election==
{{See also|First Representative Assembly of Pondicherry}}

The '''[[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]''' was held from 18 to 23 July. Initially, [[Maurice Pakkiriswamy Pillai]] led the Pondicherry Representative Assembly from 17 August 1955,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9smKAAAAMAAJ|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian National Congress|volume=15|page=229|work= A. Moin Zaidi|publisher=S. Chand Publications|year=1976}}</ref> until his death in January 1956.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Report of the General Secretaries|author= Shriman Narayan, K.P.Madhavan Nair|publisher=Indian National Congress|year=1956|isbn=9788120004009 }}</ref>{{rp|64–65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SWJN_Vol_32_PY.pdf|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru|page=156|work= Jawaharlal Nehru|volume=32|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1961}}</ref> At that point, another cabinet was formed, comprising Eduard Goubert, Chandrasekhara Chettiar, Mohammed Yusoof, S. Dakshinamoorthy Mudaliar, and Thiagraja Naicker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100486|title=India, A Reference Annual 1956|page=494|work= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|publisher=Publications Division|year=1956}}</ref>

==1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election==
{{See also|Second Representative Assembly of Pondicherry}}

The '''[[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]''' was held from 11 to 14 August. Among the winners, a six-member council of ministers was formed under the leadership of [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] and included Eduard Goubert, C. E. Barathan, Gouroussamy Pillai, P. Shanmugam, and Mohamed Ismail Maricar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100489|title=India, A Reference Annual 1962|page=499|work= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|publisher=Publications Division|year=1962}}</ref>

==Assembly building inauguration==
The representative assembly building was inaugurated during the [[Second Representative Assembly of Pondicherry|Second Assembly]] by then-commissioner S. K. Dutta, on 11 August 1961. However, that event was boycotted by leaders of the People's Front, which was the principal opposition party. The deputy leader of the opposition, M. M. Hussaine, clarified that it was a passive demonstration to garner attention from the central government in order to hasten the process of ''de jure'' transfer. A resolution urging this transfer was passed by the assembly in November 1959.<ref name="CivicAffairs1954">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-omAQAAIAAJ|title=Civic Affairs, Volume 9, Issues 1-6|publisher=Citizen Press at Kanpur|year=1961}}</ref>{{rp|82}}

==Dissolution==
The French settlements in India were ''de jure'' transferred on 16 August 1962. The Pondicherry Representative Assembly functioned until 30 June 1963 and was succeeded by the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Indian Parliament]] enacted the ''Government of Union Territories Act, 1963'', which came into force on 1 July 1963,<ref>{{cite web|title=Puducherry code volume 1|url=https://www.py.gov.in/portalapp/citizens/actsrules/LAWVOL1.pdf|publisher=Government of Puducherry|accessdate=7 June 2020|page=83|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050612/https://www.py.gov.in/portalapp/citizens/actsrules/LAWVOL1.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> and the pattern of government prevailing in the rest of the country was introduced in this territory also, but subject to certain limitations. [[Edouard Goubert]] became the chief minister in the subsequent Pondicherry Legislative Assembly.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Representative Assembly of French India]]
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]
* [[French colonial empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Legislature of the Puducherry}}
{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:20th century in French India]]
[[Category:Yanam]]
[[Category:Puducherry]]
[[Category:Karaikal]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments in India]]

Purba Medinipur district

2026-03-15T20:37:53Z

Szeeshan896: general fixed citations for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Purba Medinipur district
| official_name =
| native_name =
| other_name = East Medinipur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Memorial - Dariapur - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4348.JPG
|photo1b = College Junction - Contai - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4143.JPG
|photo2a = Bargabhima temple at Tamluk town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 07.jpg
|photo2b = Mahishadal Rajbari at Mahishadal Town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 13.jpg
|photo3a = Sunset at New Digha Beach 1.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: Memorial to [[Bankim Chfandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] at [[Dariapur, Purba Medinipur|Dariapur]], College Junction at [[Contai|Kanthi]], [[Mahishadal]] Rajbari, New Digha Beach at [[Digha]], Bargabhima temple in [[Tamluk]]
}}
| image_map =
| image_map1 = Purba Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of East Midnapore district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3|N|87.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tamluk]]


| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name =
| leader_party =
| leader_title2 = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name2 = Unice Rishin Ismail, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Parijat Biswas, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]

| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 4,785
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5,095,875
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 87.66 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 936 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|http://purbamedinipur.gov.in}}
}}

[[File:Ramsey Clark in Nandigram.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ramsey Clark]] visiting [[Nandigram]]]]
'''Purba Medinipur''' (English: ''East Medinipur'', alternative spelling ''Midnapore'') district is an [[district|administrative unit]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the southernmost district of [[Medinipur division]] – one of the five [[Divisions of West Bengal|administrative divisions]] of West Bengal. The headquarters is [[Tamluk]]. It was formed on 1 January 2002 after the [[Partition of Midnapore|Partition of Medinipur]] into [[Purba Medinipur|East Midnapore]] and [[Paschim Medinipur|West Midnapore]] which lies at the northern and western border of it. The state of [[Odisha]] is at the southwest border; the [[Bay of Bengal]] lies in the south; the [[Hooghly River]] and [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] to the east; [[Howrah district]] to the [[north-east]]; [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore district]] to the west.

East Midnapore comprises the sub-divisions of Tamluk, Contai and Haldia of erstwhile [[Midnapore district|Medinipur district]].<ref name="MP">{{cite web
|last = Jana
|first = Naresh
|date = 31 December 2001
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140314222620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 14 March 2014
|title = Tamluk readies for giant's partition
|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]
|access-date = 1 September 2008
}}</ref> Another sub-division, Egra has been created out of the erstwhile Contai sub-division during the partition of Midnapore. In 2011, the state government proposed to rename the district as '''Tamralipta district''' after the ancient port city of [[Tamralipta]] which used to lie near the modern district headquarters.

East Midnapore saw many political movements during the [[British Raj]]. A parallel government named the [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]] was formed during the [[Quit India Movement]] in Tamluk.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jansamachar.net/display.php3?id=&num=1287&lang=English
| title = Sushil Dhara:Dreams of '42 Service in '90s| access-date = 22 August 2009 | publisher = janasamachar.net.}}</ref> In 2007, East Midnapore witnessed the [[Nandigram violence]], an incident of police firing that killed 14 farmers.<ref name=telegraph140307>{{cite news | title = Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121204181250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 December 2012 | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] | date = 15 March 2007 | access-date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Midnapore district}}

===Tamralipta===
[[Tamralipta]], the port in ancient India, is believed by scholars to have been around modern-day Tamluk. It is mentioned in the writings of [[Ptolemy]] (150 AD), the Greco-Egyptian writer, as well as [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]], Chinese monks and travellers. It was the main port used by [[Ashoka]], the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor. With too much siltation the port lost its importance around eighth century A.D. The supreme leader of Tamralipta Jatiya sarkar was [[Satish Chandra Samanta|Satish chandra Samanta]].<ref name=humandev1>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 18 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| archive-date = 23 September 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Geography==

===Overview===
East Midnapore district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5  km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are [[Haldi River|Haldi]], [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]], [[Rasulpur]], [[Bagui]] and [[Keleghai]], flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref name=humandev1/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref>

===Major cities and towns===
Major cities and towns include [[Panskura]], [[Tamluk]], [[Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur|Nandakumar]], [[Contai]], [[Egra]], [[Haldia]], [[Mecheda]], [[Mahishadal]], [[Digha]], [[Mandarmani]], [[Khejuri]], [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur|Ramnagar]], [[Patashpur]], [[Kolaghat]], [[Nandigram]]. Chandipur

==Divisions==

===Administrative subdivisions===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2001)||Urban Population % (2001)
|-
| [[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk Sadar]]||[[Tamluk]]||1084.30||1,791,695||94.08||5.92
|-
| [[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]||[[Haldia]]||683.94||959,934||79.19||20.81
|-
| [[Egra subdivision|Egra]]||[[Egra]]||940.96||958,939||96.96||3.04
|-
| [[Contai subdivision|Contai]]||[[Contai]]||1251.21||1,385,307||93.55||6.45
|-
|}

Tamluk Sadar subdivision consists of [[Tamluk]] municipality, [[Panskura]] municipality and seven community development blocks: Nandakumar, Moyna, Tamluk, Shahid Matangini, Panskura–I, Panskura–II and Chandipur (Nadigram–III). Haldia subdivision consists of [[Haldia]] municipality and five community development blocks: Mahishadal, Nandigram–I, Nandigram–II, Sutahata and Haldia. Egra subdivision consists of [[Egra]] municipality and five community development blocks: Bhagawanpur–I, Egra–I, Egra–II, Pataspur–I and Pataspur–II. Contai subdivision consists of [[Contai]] municipality and eight community development blocks: Contai–I, Contai–II, Contai–III, Khejuri–I, Khejuri–II, Ramnagar–I and Ramnagar–II, Bhagawanpur–II.<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web| url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc| title = Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008| date = 19 March 2008| access-date = 6 December 2008| work = West Bengal| publisher = National Informatics Centre, India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc| archive-date = 25 February 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Tamluk]] is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 25 development blocks, 5 municipalities and 223 [[gram panchayat]]s in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web
|url = http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm
|title = Administration Setup
|publisher = Official website of Purba Medinipur district
|access-date = 6 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080425202901/http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm
|archive-date = 25 April 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Other than in the municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 10 urban units: five municipalities and five [[census town]]s.<ref name=adminsetup/> Panskura municipality was established in 2001.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Panskura.htm
|title = Municipalities: Panskura Municipality
|access-date = 6 December 2008
|publisher = Department of Urban Development, West Bengal
}}</ref>

====Tamluk Sadar subdivision====
* Two municipalities: [[Tamluk]] and [[Panskura]]
* [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 12 gram panchayats.
* [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Goasafat|Garsafat.]]
* [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] community development block consists of rural areas with 12 gram panchayats and two census towns: Anantapur and [[Dakshin Baguan|South Baguan]].
* [[Sahid Matangini (community development block)|Sahid Matangini]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Kakdihi]] and Shantipur.
* [[Panskura (community development block)|Panskura]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
* [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] community development block consists of rural areas with 13 gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Kolaghat]], Amalhara, Mihitikri and Kharisha.
* [[Chandipur (community development block)|Chandipur]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: Kotbar and Ershal.

====Haldia subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Haldia]].
* [[Mahishadal (community development block)|Mahishadal]] community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: Garh Kamalpur.
* [[Nandigram I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Nandigram]].
* [[Nandigram II]] community development block consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and one census town: Ashadtalya.
* [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] community development block consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and one census town: Barda
* [[Haldia (community development block)|Haldia]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 4 gram panchayats.

====Egra subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Egra]].
* [[Bhagabanpur I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10  gram panchayats and two census towns: Benudiya and Hincha Gerya.
* [[Egra I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Egra II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Patashpur I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9  gram panchayats.
* [[Patashpur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 7  gram panchayats.

====Contai subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Contai]].
* [[Contai I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] community development block consists of rural areas with 8  gram panchayats and one census town: Basantia.
* [[Contai III]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Khejuri I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 6  gram panchayats.
* [[Khejuri II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 5  gram panchayats.
* [[Ramnagar I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 9  gram panchayats and one census town: Khadalgobra.
* [[Ramnagar II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Bhagabanpur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

=== Assembly Constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
| 203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|[[Somen Mahapatra|Soumen Kumar Mahapatra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|[[Biplab Roy Chowdhury]]
|-
| 205
|[[Panskura Paschim]]
|[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|[[Firoja Bibi]]
|-
| 206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|[[Ashok Dinda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|[[Sukumar De]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|[[Tilak Kumar Chakraborty]]
|-
| 209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia (SC)]]
|[[Tapasi Mondal]]{{efn|Elected as BJP MLA, later defected to Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 210
| [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 211
|[[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|[[Uttam Barik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|[[Sumita Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 214
| [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|[[Rabindranath Maity]]
|-
| 215
| [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri (SC)]]
|[[Santanu Pramanik]]
|-
| 216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|-
| 217
|[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|[[Akhil Giri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 218
|[[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Tarun Kumar Maity]]
|}

Purba Medinipur contains 16 assembly constituencies, equally divided between two Lok Sabha constituencies Tamluk and Kanthi. The MP for Tamluk is [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]] (BJP) while the MP for Kanthi is [[Soumendu Adhikari]] (BJP). These are members of the Adhikari family which has dominated politics in the district whose prominent member has been Suvendu Adhikari, now Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.

==Demographics==

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Midnapore district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 5,095,875,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1358/download/4446/DH_2011_1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA_MEDINIPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = United Arab Emirates 5,148,664}}</ref> or the US state of [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Colorado 5,029,196}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 20th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1076|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.32%.<ref name=districtcensus/> East Midnapore has a [[sex ratio]] of 936 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.60%. 11.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.63% and 0.55% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.31% of the population. The Bengali dialect around [[Contai]] is heavily influenced by nearby dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]] and along the Odisha border, and the two dialects cannot be distinguished.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in East Midnapore district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|14.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day East Midnapore district{{Efn|This is the Contai and Tamluk subdivisions of the former Medinipur district}}
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|76}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,365,664
|90.19%
|4,343,972
|85.24%
|-
|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|139,408
|9.21%
|743,436
|14.59%
|-
|Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|9,165
|0.61%
|8,467
|0.17%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''1,514,237'''
|'''100%'''
|'''5,095,875'''
|'''100%'''
|}
Hindus are the majority religion in the district. Muslims are the second largest religion.<ref name="religion"/>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named East Midnapore one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 11 districts in West Bengal receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in East Midnapore Mat "[[Madurkathi|Madur]]" industry are very popular, it's occupation of most people. In the agriculture sector paddy, wheat, chilli, vegetable are also popular in [[India]].

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in Purba Medinipur
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Horn Craft''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar,
* '''Sea Shell''' – Ramnagar I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work'''- Sutahta, Mahishadal, Haldia, Nandakumar

|}

==Literacy and education==
{{quote box
| quote = '''Educational facilities in East Midnapore district:'''<ref name=eastmidnapore/> 
High School (including higher secondary school)–456 Junior High School–189 Junior High Madarsa–5 High Madarsa–8 Senior Madarsa–2 Primary School–3217 Sishu Sikhsha Kendra–1516 Ishwar chandra Jana Chetna Centre–3089 College–15 Engineering colleges–2 Skill development institutions–44
| width = 220px
}}
According to the 2011 census, the district has a literacy rate of 87.66<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|title=District Census 2011|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> up from 80.20% of 2001 census. As per 2001 census, this district had a male literacy rate of 89.1% and female literacy rate was 70.7%. The education index of this district is 0.74<ref name="purbamedinipur">{{cite web|url=http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/EDUCATION-NEW.htm|title=Official website of the Purba Medinipur District|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> and it is ranked first in literacy in comparison to other districts of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]</ref>

{{See also| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in East Midnapore district for the year 2013–2014. It may be noted that primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools, and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes, etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, polytechnics, medical colleges, Allied & Healthcare institutes, management colleges, teachers training, and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha centre, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2014ed>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1,084
|align="center"|84,258
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|5,789
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|43,408
|align="center"|144
|align="center"|171,516
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|12,728
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|2,747
|align="center"|2,704
|align="center"|112,411
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|557
|align="center"|43,173
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|5,082
|align="center"|54
|align="center"|36,767
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|83,659
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|9,792
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|6,256
|align="center"|1,359
|align="center"|59,879
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|629
|align="center"|41,418
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|11,537
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|32,167
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|90,730
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|9,498
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|1,595
|align="center"|62,200
|-
|align=left|[[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|align="center"|983
|align="center"|50,945
|align="center"|99
|align="center"|10,557
|align="center"|81
|align="center"|46,690
|align="center"|102
|align="center"|120,128
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|12,223
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|1,602
|align="center"|2,316
|align="center"|90,552
|-
|align=left|Purba Medinipur district
|align="center"|3,253
|align="center"|219,794
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|32,965
|align="center"|261
|align="center"|159,032
|align="center"|397
|align="center"|466,093
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|44,241
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|10,759
|align="center"|7,974
|align="center"|375,042
|}

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in East Midnapore district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|1,506
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|61,84
|align="center"|1,251,099
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|35
|align="center"|803
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|27,586
|align="center"|757,876
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|489
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|23,699
|align="center"|419,829
|-
|align=left|[[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|688
|align="center"|88
|align="center"|59,882
|align="center"|890,607
|-
|align=left|Purba Medinipur district
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|51
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|132
|align="center"|213
|align="center"|3,486
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|172,251
|align="center"|3,319,411
|}

== Tourism ==
The coastal region of East Midnapore district is in the face of river Hoogly. With good coastal, landform, seasonal, rural and heritage diversity, it offers the potential for tourism in its typical coastlines and rural areas. The famous tourist spots are<ref name="purbamedinipur" />

=== Tamluk (Tamralipta) ===
[[File:Bargabhima Temple Arnab Dutta.jpg|thumb|Bargabhima Temple, Tamluk]]
Tamluk, district headquarters of East Midnapore district is situated on the bank of river Rupnarayan which is a very popular picnic spot. The other places are:
*'''[[Bargabhima Temple]]''' is an 1150 years old Kali temple and is considered one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. According to Puran, the left ankle of Sati/Parvati fell here when Lord Vishnu cut the sacred body of Goddess Sati into several pieces to make Lord Shiva quiet.
*'''Archeological Museum''' of Tamluk is a must-see place. It contains artifacts of tamra (copper) and has preserved a tamralipta with Greek inscriptions. It preserves the historical heritage of Bengal.
*'''Rakhit Bati''' is another important place to visit in Tamluk. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was famous as a secret centre of the then revolutionary parties ''Anusilan Samiti'' and ''Gupta Samiti''.
* There are many other ancient temples in Tamluk town to visit, i.e., Jagannath Temple, Hari Temple, Mahaprabhu Temple, Ram Jiu Temple, Rajbari Temple, etc.

=== Panskura ===
[[File:Flower valley of Panskura.jpg|thumb|left |Panskura]][[File:Valley of Flowers in Panskura.jpg|thumb|right|Panskura]]
It is a municipality upgraded in 2002. It is one of the busiest towns in East Midnapore district. Panskura is known as "Valley of Flowers" with large supplies of flowers to other places. Panskura is also known for its green vegetables wholesale market near the [[Panskura Junction railway station]]. It is open every day after 10 pm until 7 am the next morning with a regular gathering of lakhs of people. Panskura is one of the busiest railway stations which extends up to Digha or Haldia directly through this station or by bus. The river Kansabati is a good picnic spot and Mahakali (Bhavatarini) temple nearby old Panskura bazar is a pilgrimage spot. Panskura is also well known for its cultural side. Many cultural schools and institutes are there. Panskura is famous for the recitation institute Chandabani [ছন্দবাণী].

=== Mahishadal ===

Mahishadal is only 16 km from Tamluk town where tourists can visit the Mahishadal Rajbari, the museum there and Gopal Jiu temple. Geonkhali is a place 8 km from Mahishadal, a perfect picnic spot at the junction (mohona) of three rivers.

=== Digha ===
[[Digha]] is a seaside resort town of East Midnapore district and, at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, is the most popular seaside resort of [[West Bengal]]. Renowned for its beaches, Digha is visited by thousands of tourists every year.
[[File:New Digha Beach 0221.JPG|thumb|New Digha Beach]]

=== Mandarmani ===
Mandarmani is a small virgin beach on the Bay of Bengal under Kalindi Gram Panchayat, only 14 km from Digha-Contai Road from Chaulkhola Bus Stop. It is a small fishing harbour and a fast developing tourist spot.

=== Haldia ===
[[File:Haldia port@.png|thumb|200px|[[Haldia Port]]]]
Haldia, a city and a municipality in East Midnapore, is a major seaport approximately {{cvt|100|km}} southwest of Kolkata near the mouth of the Hooghly River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges. It is being developed as a major trade port for Kolkata, intended mainly for bulk cargoes.

==Notable people==

*[[Birendranath Sasmal]], independence activist, [[barrister]], freedom fighter and politician
*[[Satish Chandra Samanta]], freedom fighter, politician and principal leader of [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]]
*[[Sushil Kumar Dhara]], freedom fighter, politician & another leader of [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]]
*[[Ajoy Mukherjee]], freedom fighter, politician & former Chief Minister of West Bengal
*[[Matangini Hazra]], freedom fighter, martyr in [[Quit India Movement]]
* [[Madhusudan Jana]], [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor]], [[journalist]], teacher and social worker. Founder of ''Nihar Press''
*[[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]], freedom fighter, politician, member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] which helped to create the [[Constitution of India]]
*[[Nikunja Behari Maiti]], Independence activist, politician, first Education Minister of [[West Bengal]]
*[[Anil Ghorai]], poet, novelist and short story writer
*[[Mani Lal Bhaumik]], [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] physicist and an internationally bestselling author, entrepreneur and philanthropist
*[[Anil Kumar Gain]], Indian statistician and Mathematician, founder of [[Vidyasagar University]]
*[[Samit Bhanja]], famous Indian actor
*[[Abha Maiti]], Indian politician and lawyer, minister of state for Industry in the [[Morarji Desai]] government
*[[Ashok Dinda]], Indian cricketer turned politician
*[[Suryakant Tripathi]], Indian poet, novelist, essayist and writer. One of the most significant poets of [[Hindi literature]]
* [[Rai Sahib]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]], [[Zamindar]], educationist and politician
*[[Phulrenu Guha]], educationist and politician
*[[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]], Indian politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]], one of the founder members of [[All India Secular Front|AISF]]
*[[Paresh Maity]], painter and [[Padma Shri]] and awardee 2014
*[[Jadugopal Mukherjee]], Indian politician and [[revolutionary]], one of the leaders of [[Jugantar]] group
*[[Somenath Maity]], Indian artist famous for [[urban landscape]] paintings
*[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]], Indian revolutionary and politician
* [[Biplab Roy Chowdhury]], politician
*[[Ashutosh Kuila]], Indian revolution, freedom fighter, famously martyred during the [[Quit India Movement]]
*[[Suvendu Adhikari]], Politician, Leader of Opposition, West Bengal

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
* [http://www.midnapore.in Legacy of Midnapore (Medinipur, Midnapur, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, East Midnapore, West Midnapore)]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514053213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/02/stories/2002010201551300.htm News of district bifurcation]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319130531/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/maps/medinipur.htm Map of old Medinipur district (district has now been split)]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Purba Medinipur district
|North = [[Howrah district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]]
|West = [[West Midnapore|West Midnapore district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur District}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Purba Medinipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]

Rama (playwright)

2026-03-15T04:02:45Z

Szeeshan896: stub

{{Short description|20th-century Portuguese playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rama
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Morjim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India) (most likely)
| era = Early phase of ''[[tiatr]]''{{efn|During the period from 1892 to the 1930s, the initial phase of ''tiatr'' emerged as the foundational stage of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater. It remains uncertain whether Braganza continued to be involved in the art form beyond this early phase, as historical records do not provide conclusive evidence of his continued activity.<ref name=":2" />}}
| occupation = Playwright
| known_for = ''Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story''
}}

'''L.C.D. Braganza'''{{efn|Braganza's complete name remains undisclosed, with indications suggesting a possible [[Portuguese name|Portuguese origin]]. Various authors have depicted his name using different spellings, including L. C. D'Braganza, L C D Braganza, L.C. D'Braganza, or L C D' Braganza. [[Konkani language|Konkani]] historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] has referenced him as L.C.D. Braganza (Alias Rama) or L C D alias Rama in his works.<ref name=":1" />}} ({{fl.|1908–1910|lk=on}}), known [[mononymously]] as '''Rama''', was an early 20th-century Portuguese playwright known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. His popular ''tiatr Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story'' (1910) had a significant impact on [[Saib Rocha]], an early [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright, who later became a leading producer and director in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater scene]]. Braganza, along with a few other ''[[tiatrist]]s'' (''tiatr'' performers) such as [[Karachiwala]], F. X. Fernandes Douglas, Rogaciano D'Souza, and [[Affonceka]], played a crucial role in strengthening the foundation of Konkani ''tiatr'' during the 20th century.

Originally from [[Morjim]], [[Goa]], Braganza relocated to [[Bombay]] during [[British India]]. He then began staging several ''tiatrs'' from around 1908 onwards. Two years later, he shot to fame with his ''tiatr Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story'' in 1910, which featured actors like [[Affonceka]], who made his debut in the ''tiatr'' with a small role as a servant, which contributed to his early success on the Konkani stage. To date, very little information exists about Braganza. The first information about him was written by Konkani historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] in his book ''100 Years of Tiatro'' in 2000.<ref name=":1" /> The second was by [[Goa University]] professor André Raphael Fernandes, who included Braganza among the list of ''tiatr'' personalities in 2010.<ref name=":2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 | title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre | publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa | pages=135, 175 | access-date=2024-02-06 | archive-date=2023-11-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> A little more about Braganza's place of origin and his place of residence was uncovered by writer Fausto V. da Costa in the book ''TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume'' (2019).<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Fausto V. da Costa, in the book ''TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume'', discusses the artistic contributions of Braganza, a figure in the realm of ''[[tiatr]]'', a popular form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. From approximately 1908 onwards, Braganza began staging his own ''tiatrs'' in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). Among his various works, one production that brought him acclaim was ''Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story'',{{efn|In the [[Konkani language]], the word "''vo''" has the translation of "or".}} which premiered in Bombay in 1910.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=8–9, 64}}</ref> [[Wilson Mazarello]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] historian and singer, explains in his book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' that it was during one of Braganza's ''tiatrs'' in Bombay that a young 12 year old Goan boy named A. J. Rocha (also known as Saib Rocha) had a transformative experience. Rocha, who had traveled to Bombay for further studies,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |author-link=Tomazinho Cardozo |date=2013-07-06 |title=Saib Rocha Tea kallar tiatrak novi dixa diupi kolakar |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/6july_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225060212/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/6july_amcho_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> was in the audience and this particular ''tiatr'' likely played a pivotal role in shaping his career as a prominent playwright, director, producer, and administrator in the world of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |author-link=Wilson Mazarello |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=75–76 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-06 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rocha eventually became a leading figure in the production and direction of Konkani ''tiatrs''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |date=2016-12-07 |title=Saluting those who forged ahead with a purpose in the tiatr world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/saluting-those-who-forged-ahead-with-a-purpose-in-the-tiatr-world/articleshow/55842978.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925223335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/saluting-those-who-forged-ahead-with-a-purpose-in-the-tiatr-world/articleshow/55842978.cms |archive-date=2022-09-25 |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story'' featured a notable cast, including [[Affonceka]] (Assis João Avelino Afonso), an early Konkani actor and playwright, who portrayed the character of Ramis, a servant.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Colaba Causeway, Bombay.jpg|thumb| A photo of [[Colaba Causeway]], 1905]]
There is limited information available regarding Braganza's personal life. He hailed from [[Morjim]], a [[census town]] located in the [[Pernem taluka]] of [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now situated in India). According to da Costa's ''TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume'' (2019), Braganza resided on [[Colaba|Colaba Island]] in [[Bombay]], which was under [[British India|British control]] at that time.<ref name=":0" /> Braganza was married to an unidentified woman who was engaged in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. She directed her husband's theatrical production ''Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story'' in 1910.<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1910
|''Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story''
|Writer
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama}}
[[Category:19th-century births]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

Henry George Briggs

2026-03-05T02:04:29Z

Szeeshan896: starting a data!

{{Short description|English merchant, traveller, and orientalist}}
{{one source|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Henry George Briggs
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1824|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[History of Mumbai#British period|Bombay]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1872|07|04|1824|10|20|df=y}}
| death_place = Bombay, India
| other_names =
| father = Henry Briggs
| occupation = merchant, traveller, orientalist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[#Works|see list]]
}}

'''Henry George Briggs''' (1824–1872) was an English merchant, traveller, and orientalist.

== Life ==
Henry George Briggs, son of Henry Briggs, was born in [[History of Mumbai#British period|Bombay]] on 20 October 1824. He travelled in [[History of South Africa#British colonisation, Mfecane and Boer Republics (1815–1910)|South Africa]] in 1843; in [[History of China#Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|China]] in 1845; and settled in Bombay in 1846, in the office of Briggs & Co. He served in the [[Bombay Secretariat]]. He went to [[Karachi]]: edited, in 1854, the ''Sindian'', and, in 1855, the Sind ''Kossid'', both long since defunct. He became, in 1856, Assistant Secretary at Bombay to the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. He was Secretary to the Bombay Municipality, 1860–1862. He was a merchant and agent at Bombay and [[Hingoli|Hingolee]] in 1863. His firm failed in the share mania of 1865; he travelled in Gujarat, and settled in Calcutta, entering the Public Works Department there. In May 1872, he went again to Bombay; he died there on 4 July 1872.<ref name=":0">Buckland 1906, p. 52.</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Cities of Gujdrashtra'' (1849), a book of travel in [[Gujarat]], containing curious information gleaned from travellers in India: of whose rare works he made an extensive collection.<ref name=":0" />
* ''The Parsis or Modern Zardushtians'' (1852), a work which had been superseded by 1906.<ref name=":0" />
* ''The Nizam, His History and Relations with the British Government'' (1861), a valuable work containing special information.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{source attribution| Buckland, Charles Edward (1906). [[wikisource:Dictionary of Indian Biography/Briggs, Henry George|"Briggs, Henry George"]]. ''Dictionary of Indian Biography''. London: Swan Sonnenschein. p. 52. }}

== External links ==
* [[John Mark Ockerbloom|Ockerbloom, John Mark]], ed. [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Briggs%2C%20Henry%20George%2C%201824%2D1872 "Briggs, Henry George, 1824-1872"]. ''The Online Books Page''. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Briggs, Henry George}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]

Shrirampur Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T00:53:32Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shrirampur
| constituency_no = 220
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 220-Shrirampur.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| district = [[Ahilyanagar]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ogale Hemant Bhujangrao|Hemant Ogale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =309,518
}}
'''Shrirampur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Ahilyanagar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Shrirampur taluka]] and Deolali revenue circle and [[Deolali Pravara Municipal Council]] belonging to [[Rahuri taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-12}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrirampur Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shrirampur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Baburao Chaturbhuj
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|J. W. Bankar
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Govindrao Adik]]
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhanudas Murkute
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Daulatrao Pawar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhanudas Murkute
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |Jayant Sasane
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble|Bhausaheb Kamble]]
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Lahu Kanade]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Hemant Ogale]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shrirampur">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shrirampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13220.htm |accessdate=5 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105100424/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13220.htm |archivedate=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shrirampur Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Shrirampur Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/shrirampur |accessdate=5 January 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105100659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/shrirampur |archivedate=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hemant Ogale|Hemant Bhujangrao Ogale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,099 |percentage = 30.31% |change={{decrease}}21.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]] |party=Shiv Sena (2022–present) |votes = 52,726 |percentage = 24.18% |change={{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sagar Ashok Beg |party=Independent politician |votes = 47,860 |percentage = 21.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanade Lahu Natha |party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes = 42,571 |percentage = 19.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Alias Annasaheb Appaji Mohan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,222 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jitendra Ashok Torane |party=Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Natha Kapse |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 675 |percentage = 0.31% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,373 |percentage = 6.13% |change= {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,755 |percentage = 70.68% |change= {{increase}}7.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 218,080}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 309,518|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Lahu Kanade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 93,906 |percentage = 51.46% |change={{increase}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 74,912 |percentage = 41.05% |change={{increase}}20.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sudhir Radhaji Kshirsagar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,539 |percentage = 3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Ramchandra Namdeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,148 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Bhausaheb Shankar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,647 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,994 |percentage = 10.41% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,672 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}4.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,473}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287,700|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,118 |percentage = 31.54% |change={{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wakchaure Bhausaheb Rajaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,634 |percentage = 25.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Lahu Kanade]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,580 |percentage = 20.75% |change={{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Sunita Milind |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 35,095 |percentage = 19.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Swapnil Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,342 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,484 |percentage = 6.34% |change= {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,496 |percentage = |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,074}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,965|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,819 |percentage = 38.81% |change={{decrease}}10.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dolas Bhausaheb Karbhari |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 38,922 |percentage = 25.25% |change={{decrease}}18.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vijay Prabhakar |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,237 |percentage = 13.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kapase Genu Natha |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 19,659 |percentage = 12.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Bahusaheb Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,503 |percentage = 1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhaya Dagdu Sarode |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Ashok Nivrutti |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,416 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,897 |percentage = 13.56% |change= {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,262 |percentage = 63.75% |change= {{decrease}}10.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,118}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,973|ref = |change= {{increase}}45.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jayant Murlidhar Sasane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,521 |percentage = 49.71% |change={{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 54,358 |percentage = 43.92% |change={{increase}}21.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sasane Dilip Munjaba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Solanki Raju Dadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayrao Govindrao Khajekar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,650 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shelke Simon Dagadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 801 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,163 |percentage = 5.79% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,785 |percentage = 74.22% |change= {{increase}}7.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,780|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jayant Murlidhar Sasane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,053 |percentage = 37.79% |change={{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 35,384 |percentage = 37.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Shamrao Kamble |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 21,280 |percentage = 22.31% |change={{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thorat Annasaheb Laxman |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 1.16% |change={{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Ramrao Pathade |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,015 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 669 |percentage = 0.70% |change= {{decrease}}16.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,261 |percentage = 70.35% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,396}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,946|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,522 |percentage = 51.63% |change={{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Anil Shamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 36,256 |percentage = 34.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thore Ashokrao Alias Mhatardeo Dnyanoba |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,635 |percentage = 3.44% |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bawake Bhimaji Rabhaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,295 |percentage = 3.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Labade Appasaheb Rangnath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,627 |percentage = 2.49% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Yeshwant Rambhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,599 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Janardan Tukaram |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,428 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{decrease}}48.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,266 |percentage = 17.30% |change= {{increase}}14.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,363 |percentage = 76.39% |change= {{increase}}10.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,596}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,859|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath |party=Janata Dal |votes = 43,993 |percentage = 49.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,139 |percentage = 46.33% |change={{increase}}6.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vani Vimal Vishwanath |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,473 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alhat Ashok Vithalrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,854 |percentage = 3.21% |change= {{decrease}}6.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,222 |percentage = 64.66% |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,532|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Daulatrao Malhari Pawar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 32,929 |percentage = 48.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jathar Suresh Govindrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,680 |percentage = 39.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kolase Narayanrao Sahebrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,992 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bavake Bhimaji Rabhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,737 |percentage = 4.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyaneshwar Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 590 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,249 |percentage = 9.29% |change= {{decrease}}26.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,443 |percentage = 61.41% |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,291}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,461|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 42,097 |percentage = 64.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,975 |percentage = 28.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranshur Vasant Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,374 |percentage = 6.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,122 |percentage = 35.33% |change= {{increase}}26.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,780 |percentage = 65.12% |change= {{decrease}}12.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,542|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,009 |percentage = 49.81% |change={{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tekawade Janardanrao Yashwantrao |party=Janata Party |votes = 29,086 |percentage = 41.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranshur Vasant Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,456 |percentage = 7.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Pandurang Ganpat |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 730 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,923 |percentage = 8.43% |change= {{decrease}}5.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,616 |percentage = 79.16% |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,731|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,276 |percentage = 53.33% |change={{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaskarrao Galande |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,350 |percentage = 39.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wamanrao Wakchaure |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,716 |percentage = 6.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Pavalasshankarrao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 433 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,926 |percentage = 13.96% |change= {{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,833 |percentage = 68.99% |change= {{increase}}8.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,775}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,278|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=J. W. Bankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,066 |percentage = 56.27% |change={{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. J. Ogale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,120 |percentage = 32.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. R. Wajadame |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,807 |percentage = 11.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,946 |percentage = 24.26% |change= {{decrease}}8.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,963 |percentage = 64.04% |change= {{increase}}8.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,993}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,207|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrirampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Sawleram Chaturbhuj |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,619 |percentage = 59.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Damodhar Wakchaure |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,769 |percentage = 26.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadas Gangaram Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,463 |percentage = 13.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,850 |percentage = 33.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,813 |percentage = 52.72% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,851}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,037|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.62|74.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shrirampur]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]

Seshadri Naidu

2026-03-03T21:57:15Z

Szeeshan896: Starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seshadri Naidu
| image = Seshadri Naidu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Suresh Varma
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Disco Shanti|Santha Kumari Hari]]
| starring = [[Srihari]] [[Nanditha Jennifer]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| editing =
| music = Lalith Suresh
| studio = Chalanachitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|4|23|ref1=<ref name="I"/>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Seshadri Naidu''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Suresh Varma and starring [[Srihari]] and [[Nanditha Jennifer]]. The film was released on 23 May 2004 to negative reviews and was a box office flop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news246.html|title=Srihari as Seshadri|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=19 March 2004|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html|title=Idlebrain.com's verdict on Telugu cinema 2004|date=30 December 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601071032/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Srihari]] as Seshadri Naidu
*[[Nanditha Jennifer]] as Sathyabama
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Seshadri Naidu's sister
*[[Jai Varma|Jayaram]] as MLA's son
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkateshwarlu
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Venkatarao
*[[Gokina Rama Rao]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* Bhaskar
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Police officer
* Raju as Police officer
* Nittala
*[[M. Balayya]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as [[Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]
* Sridharanna
* Charan
* Venu
* Harsha
* Naidu Gopi
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* Murali Pendyala
}}

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that [[Posani Krishna Murali]]'s "writing is bland. Neither the words nor the direction of Suresh Varma could make any scene strong".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2004/May/7-May-2004.pdf|title=శేషాద్రి నాయుడు - చండాలం|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|first=Griddaluru|last=Gopalrao|date=7 May 2004|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "Over all, ''Seshadri Naidu'' disappoints you".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seshadrinaidu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Seshadri Naidu - Srihari, Nanditha - Posani Krishna Murali|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=23 April 2004|last=jeevi|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528233730/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seshadrinaidu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' rated the film three out of ten and wrote that "Overall, ''Seshadri Naidu'' is crooked, pseudo-flaky and hollow. And Srihari, the real star, realistically tried his best to not make it look that way.",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/seshadri-naidu/telugu/seshadri-naidu-movie-reviews-1095-2.html|title=Seshadri Naidu Review|work=fullhyd.com|first=Mithun|last=Verma|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529054233/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/seshadri-naidu/telugu/seshadri-naidu-movie-reviews-1095-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "From the opening scene where Srihari is shown in the gallows to the one where he scales the wall for escape, the shot structure is ridiculous and makes a mockery of the jails system. Not a single frame has anything to write home about the directorial skill".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/snaidu.shtml|title=Seshadri Naidu|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604130047/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/snaidu.shtml|archive-date=4 June 2004|last=P.|first=Krishnamohan|date=23 April 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3429342}}
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]

Vihar Lake

2026-03-02T00:01:12Z

Szeeshan896: Starting.

{{Short description|Lake in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Vihar Lake
| native_name ={{native name|mr|विहार तलाव}}
| image = Vihar Lake.jpg
| caption =Clouds above Vihar Lake.
| alt = Clouds above Vihar Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Vihar lake within Mumbai
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], [[Mumbai]]
| coords = {{coord|19.1440|72.910|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[reservoir]], fresh water
| inflow = [[Mithi River]]
| outflow = [[Mithi River]]
| catchment = {{convert|18.96|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|7|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|9200000000|impgal|km3|abbr=on}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|80.42|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| islands = [[Salsette]]
| cities = Mumbai
|date-built=1860 (Construction started in January 1856)|agency=Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation}}

'''Vihar Lake''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʋiɦaːɾ]]]) is located near Vihar village on the [[Mithi River]], within the precincts of the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], in North [[Mumbai]]. When built in 1860 (construction started in 1856), it was considered the largest lake in Mumbai in the [[Salsette]] group of islands. It is hemmed between [[Tulsi Lake]] and the [[Powai Lake]] (shown in the map). It partly meets the drinking water needs of the [[Mumbai]] region.<ref name="History">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080921181835/http://www.dewindia.org/html/water-supply-history.asp] Bombay water supply history</ref> It supplies only 3% of Mumbai city's water requirement, after filtration at [[Bhandup]], where the large water filtration plant is located.<ref name = "tifr">{{cite web | url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/water.html | title=History of Water Supply | date=21 July 1997 | publisher=Mumbai Pages | access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061023092216/http://www.realestatemumbai.com/rem_demographics.asp] About Mumbai in Brief</ref>

==History==
[[File:River-Geography-Mumbai.png|thumb|left|Vihar Lake hemmed between [[Powai Lake]] and [[Tulsi Lake]]]]

=== Water shortage crisis and early British intervention (1845) ===
With the few thousand wells feeding the population of Mumbai tending to go dry during summer, the acute shortage of water resulted in protests by the local residents in June 1845. A two-man committee, appointed by the British rulers of the time, to examine the grievances of the agitators concurred with water shortage problem and stressed the urgent need to solve the water supply problem of Mumbai.<ref name="History" />

=== Development of reservoirs and early water infrastructure ===
The Committee appointed by the government located suitable sites to construct dams and create reservoirs to store the monsoon flows of the Mithi river catchment, which resulted in presently existing Vihar Lake, Tulsi Lake, and the Powai Lake. Vihar reservoir was the first piped water supply scheme of Mumbai.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726130654/http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf] A design for echo sustainability: lessons from a stressed environment in Mumbai</ref>

In 1850, Captain Crawford submitted a report favouring the Vihar Scheme for the Mumbai city's water supply needs.<ref>http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/greentips/whosewaterisit.pdf,Whose{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Water Booklet</ref>

Work on the "Vihar Water Works" commenced in January 1856 and was completed in 1860, during the governorship of [[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone|John Lord Elphinstone]].<ref name = "tifr"/>

The [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC), a Govt. body which controls the lake's affairs has also acquired agricultural land in the catchment area of the Vihar lake as a sanitary precaution.<ref name = "tifr"/>

== Location, accessibility, and public restrictions ==
By road, it is {{Convert|31|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Mumbai. Access by suburban electric train is to [[Kurla]] or [[Andheri]] and then by road.<ref>http://www.webindia123.com/city/maharashtra/mumbai/around1.htm Mumbai</ref>

Access to the lake for the general public has been curtailed since 13 March 1993 (Source: Official BMC Board installed at the gate) following the Bombay Blasts on 12 March 1993 due to perceived threats to the Mumbai public, as the lake is located in the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]. It can still be viewed in many [[Bollywood]] movies in a long shot taken from Mumbai Film City, as seen in the Infobox.

==Hydrology and dam features==
[[File:River Mithi 1.jpg|thumb|[[Mithi River]] on which the Vihar Lake was created in 1860 A.D]]
Impoundment of Mithi River, {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Mumbai, was effected to store the rainwater from a catchment area of 18.96 km2 to create the Vihar Lake. The Powai-Kanheri hill ranges form the catchment area, which drains the rain water into the lake. For this purpose, three earthen embankment dams with a masonry spillway section were constructed to create a reservoir of 9200 million gallons capacity at the full reservoir level of 80.42 metres. The lake has a maximum water depth of 34 m and a minimum of 12 m. The lakes water spread area is 7 km2.<ref name="echo">{{cite web|url=http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216191628/http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2012 }} A design for echo sustainability: lessons from a stressed environment in Mumbai</ref> The dam height was raised in 1872 resulting in increase of water supply from 32 million gallons (catering to a population of 0.7 million) to 36 million gallons.<ref name = "tifr"/>

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Persiancrocodile.jpg|thumb|Mugger or Marsh Crocodile]]
The lake and its catchment are protected by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] Authority.<ref name="echo"/>
The catchment areas of Vihar lake has high hills rising on all sides. The seclusion, protection, and security provided under the Sanjay Gandhi National Park has ensured well wooded hill slopes and abundant natural regeneration. Higher percentage of khair species has been noted in the catchment area of the lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/otherdepartments.html |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers - Greater Bombay District |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624115659/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/otherdepartments.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 }} Maharashtra State Gazetteers</ref>

As the lake is situated inside the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the flora and fauna reported for the park would be relevant to the lake. However, fresh water [[crocodile]]s Mugger or Marsh crocodiles (''Crocodilus palustris'') are known to inhabit the lake in sustainable numbers. As it is difficult to sight them in the lake, the park has set up a Crocodile Park’ to view the reptiles of different sizes.<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/KSHROFF/index.htm] Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP)</ref>

==Limnology==
Limnological studies carried out by the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India, in 1964, indicated an unstable thermal stratification in the lake waters. The dissolved oxygen (DO) values were found to increase in some months and carbon dioxide was found to be less at the surface than at the bottom. In cooler season, the surface water was found to be less alkaline, which could be attributed to the photosynthesis activity of the algae. The pH stratification was found to be unstable. Interrelation was attributed to fluctuations in the chlorophyll, pH and DO values and nitrates were generally absent on the surface and no sulphates were detected.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF00964021 | volume=30 | title=Studies on the limnology and primary production of a tropical lake | year=1967 | journal=Hydrobiologia | pages=335–352 | last1 = Hussainy | first1 = S. U.| issue=3–4 | s2cid=2787988 }}</ref>

== Sweet Water Phenomenon at Mahim Creek (2006) ==
[[File:Mahim Creek 1.jpg|thumb|[[Mahim Creek]] where [[Mithi River]] joins and where the sweet water episode occurred in 2006]]
In the year 2006, finding sweet water at the Mahim Creek (a semi enclosed area), where fresh water and sea water meet, created a lot of excitement among the public. The health department of BMC who analysed the water sample from the site found that salt level in the sea water was as low as 600 particle per million (ppm), compared to the normal level 10000000 particle per million (ppm). The [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], [[Goa]] who were also consulted stated that this phenomenon was not unusual and could have been caused by heavy rainfall and low tide. This necessitated the [[Maharashtra]] Government to intervene and examine the issue rationally to convince the excited public. BMC Commissioner gave a press statement stating:{{quote|The Mahim creek is located in a semi-enclosed area where fresh water and sea water mix especially during low tide, which caused the dilution. Also, the Vihar Lake on the outskirts of Mumbai has been overflowing for the past few days and has flown into the Mithi River, which could be the reason for the water tasting sweet.<ref>http://www.keral.com/Highlights/Sea_water_turns_sweet_in_Mumbai.htm.,{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sea water turns sweet</ref><ref>http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=316456&sid=NAT Sweet` water attracts thousands to Mumbai beach</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Lakes of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Maharashtra]]

Hong Kong national cricket team

2026-03-01T09:50:39Z

Szeeshan896: improve references based on references and updated info

{{Short description|National cricket team in Hong Kong}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Hong Kong women's cricket team}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Hong Kong
| image = Cricket Hong Kong, China logo.png
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption =
| association = [[Cricket Hong Kong, China]] {{lang|zh|香港板球}}
| captain = Yasim Murtaza
| coach = [[Kaushal Silva]]
| city = [[Hong Kong]]
| ground = [[Mission Road Ground]]
| capacity = 3,500
| icc_status = Associate member
| icc_member_year = 1969
| icc_region = [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]

| t20i_rank = 24th
| t20i_rank_best = 11th (31 Aug 2015)

| first_odi = v {{cr|BAN}} at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]]; 16 July 2004
| most_recent_odi = v {{cr|IND}} at [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]; 18 September 2018
| num_odis = 26
| odi_record = 9/16 (0 ties, 1 no result)

| wcq_apps = 8
| wcq_first = [[1982 ICC Trophy|1982]]
| wcq_best = 3rd ([[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014]])

| first_t20i = v {{cr|NEP}} at [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]; 16 March 2014
| most_recent_t20i = v {{cr|KUW}} at [[Mission Road Ground]], [[Mong Kok]]; 1 March 2026
| num_t20is = 124
| num_t20is_this_year = 3
| t20i_record = 56/63 (2 ties, 3 no results)
| t20i_record_this_year = 2/1 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wt20_apps = 2
| wt20_first = [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
| wt20_best = Group stage (2014, [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]])
| wt20q_apps = 6{{efn|T20 World Cup Qualifier refers to the Regional Final of the ICC Asia region from the 2023 edition.}}
| wt20q_first = [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]]
| wt20q_best = 4th ([[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015]])
| title1 = [[Hong Kong Cricket Sixes|Hong Kong Sixes]]
| title1wins = 0

| a_pattern_la = _redborder
| a_pattern_b = _hkg_ac25
| a_pattern_ra = _redborder
| a_pattern_pants =
| a_leftarm = 000000
| a_body = FF0000
| a_rightarm = 000000
| a_pants = 000000
| a_title = List A & and T20I kit

| asofdate = 1 March 2026
}}

The '''Hong Kong men's cricket team''' ({{zh|c=香港国家板球队}}), officially '''''Hong Kong, China''''',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/why-is-hong-kong-cricket-team-called-hong-kong-china-in-asia-cup-2025-7102519.html |title=Why is Hong Kong Cricket Team Called Hong Kong, China in Asia Cup 2025? |website=latestly.com|date=9 September 2025}}</ref> represents [[Hong Kong]] in international [[cricket]] competitions. It played its first match in 1866<ref name="Hist">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/HKG/HISTORY/CHRONOLOGY.html Chronology of Hong Kong cricket]</ref> and has been an [[Associate member of the International Cricket Council|associate member]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) since 1969.<ref name="CAP">[https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/58.html Hong Kong] at CricketArchive</ref>

Hong Kong played its first [[One Day International]]s in the [[2004 Asia Cup]],<ref name="ODI">[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/HongKong/Odis/Odi_List.html List of Hong Kong ODIs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041745/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/HongKong/Odis/Odi_List.html |date=12 October 2008 }} at CricketArchive</ref> and in January 2014 was granted ODI status until 2018, as a result of finishing third in the [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]].<ref name="odistatus">{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/77919/scotland-and-uae-battle-lock-horns-in-final-of-icc-cwcq-2014 |title=Scotland and UAE battle lock horns in final of ICC CWCQ 2014 |publisher=International Cricket Council |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131233903/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/77919/scotland-and-uae-battle-lock-horns-in-final-of-icc-cwcq-2014 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The team gained [[Twenty20 International]] status in November 2013, as a result of qualifying for the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2013/content/story/694067.html |title=Hong Kong, Netherlands through to World T20 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> Hong Kong lost their ODI status in March 2018 after losing to the Netherlands in a play-off match during the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/647144 |title=CWCQ 2018 Report Card: Hong Kong |access-date=18 March 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> They did, however, play two further ODI matches at the [[2018 Asia Cup]] in September 2018 after winning the [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier]], as the ICC announced that all matches played at the finals would have ODI status.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/846145 |title=ICC awards Asia Cup ODI status |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

Hong Kong has played in every [[ICC World Cup Qualifier|ICC Trophy/World Cup Qualifier]] tournament, with the exceptions of the [[1979 ICC Trophy|1979]] and [[2005 ICC Trophy|2005]] editions.<ref name="ICCT">[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/HongKong/Icct/Icct_List.html ICC Trophy matches played by Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019123133/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/HongKong/Icct/Icct_List.html |date=19 October 2012 }} at CricketArchive</ref> It has also taken part in two [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] tournaments, in [[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2005]]<ref name="ICCup05">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2005/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202110001/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2005/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |date=2 February 2014 }} at CricketEurope</ref> and in [[2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2015–17]], and in two ICC T20 World Cup tournaments, in [[2014 World Twenty20|2014]] and [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]].

In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all [[Twenty20]] matches played between Hong Kong and other [[List of International Cricket Council members|ICC members]] after 1 January 2019 have the full T20I status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322|title=All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>

==History==
===Early years===

The sport was introduced to Hong Kong by the British, with the first recorded game taking place in 1841, and the [[Hong Kong Cricket Club]] being founded ten years later. The Cricket Club (playing as Hong Kong) played a number of [[Interport matches]] against sides on the Chinese mainland, the first taking place against Shanghai in 1866, and in 1890 played [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) for the first time.<ref name="Hist" />

1892 saw disaster when the {{SS|Bokhara}}, which was carrying the team back from Shanghai, sank in a [[typhoon]] with the loss of 125 lives. There were only 23 survivors, which included only 2 of the 13 team members. The other 11 members of the team were lost, including Surrey cricketer [[John Dunn (cricketer)|John Dunn]].<ref name="Sinking">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/HKG/HISTORY/BOKHARA.html Sinking of the SS Bokhara], Hong Kong Cricket Association official site</ref>

1948 saw the last game against Shanghai.<ref name="Hist" />[[Jack Chegwyn]] led the first international team to Hong Kong in 1952, and the first tour by an [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] team was in 1966.<ref name="Hist" /> The MCC, captained by [[M. J. K. Smith|Mike Smith]] played one match against the national side, winning by 74 runs.<ref>[https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/104/104465.html Scorecard] of Hong Kong v MCC, 19 March 1966 at CricketArchive</ref> In 1969 the Hong Kong Cricket Association became an associate member of the [[International Cricket Council]], cricket's global ruling body.<ref name="CAP" />

===ICC membership===

The year after gaining ICC membership, the Hong Kong national side played against an MCC side captained by [[Tony Lewis]], drawing the game,<ref>[https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/97/97142.html Scorecard] of Hong Kong v MCC, 15 March 1970 at CricketArchive</ref> but it was not until the 1982 ICC Trophy when the Hong Kong team next played.<ref name="Hist" /> At that tournament the Hong Kong team, which featured future [[England cricket team|England]] [[Test cricket]]er [[Dermot Reeve]], failed to progress beyond the first round.<ref name="ICCT82">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT82/|title=ICC Trophy, 1982: England|website=uk.cricinfo.com|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

Hong Kong took part in the following three ICC Trophy tournaments, again failing to progress beyond the first round in [[1986 ICC Trophy|1986]],<ref name="ICCT86">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT86/ 1986 ICC Trophy] at Cricinfo</ref> reaching the plate competition in [[1990 ICC Trophy|1990]]<ref name="ICCT90">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT90/ 1990 ICC Trophy] at Cricinfo</ref> and the second round in [[1994 ICC Trophy|1994]].<ref name="ICCT94">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT94/ 1994 ICC Trophy] at Cricinfo</ref> They then played in the [[1996 ACC Trophy|inaugural ACC Trophy tournament]] in 1996,<ref name="Hist" /> failing to progress beyond the group stage after losing to [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] and [[Fiji national cricket team|Fiji]].<ref name="ACCT96">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/1996/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml 1996 ACC Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113010741/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/1996/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml |date=13 January 2010 }} at CricketEurope</ref>

In 1997, Hong Kong [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|returned to Chinese control]]. In the same year, the national team finished eighth in the [[1997 ICC Trophy|ICC Trophy]].<ref name="ICCT97">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT97/ 1997 ICC Trophy] at Cricinfo</ref> They played in the ACC Trophy again in [[1998 ACC Trophy|1998]], losing to [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]] in the semi-finals.<ref name="ACCT98">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/1998/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml 1998 ACC Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111153007/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/1998/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml |date=11 January 2010 }} at CricketEurope</ref>

===21st century===
====2000–2009====

In 2000, Hong Kong reached the final of the [[2000 ACC Trophy|ACC Trophy]], where they lost to the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="ACCT00">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2000/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml 2000 ACC Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822072246/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2000/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml |date=22 August 2010 }} at CricketEurope</ref> Nonetheless, this earned them qualification for the 2002 Asia Cup (which was subsequently moved to 2004), and thus their first taste of One Day International cricket.<ref name="Hist" />

Hong Kong fared poorly in the [[2001 ICC Trophy]], going out in the group stage having achieved only one win, against [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="ICCT01">[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT2001/ 2001 ICC Trophy] at Cricinfo</ref> In 2002, they reached the semi-finals of the [[2002 ACC Trophy|ACC Trophy]], again losing to the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="ACCT02">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml 2002 ACC Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822082115/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/ACCTROPHY/about.shtml |date=22 August 2010 }} at CricketEurope</ref>

At the [[2004 Asia Cup]], held in [[Sri Lanka]], Hong Kong were drawn alongside Test nations Bangladesh and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. They lost both matches heavily, despite restricting Bangladesh to 221/9 in the first match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65706.html |title=Asia Cup, 1st Match: Bangladesh v Hong Kong at Colombo (SSC), Jul 16, 2004 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="AC04">[https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/Tables/Asia_Cup_2004.html 2004 Asia Cup points table] at CricketArchive</ref>

Also in 2004, Hong Kong failed to progress beyond the first round of the ACC Trophy after losing in the group stages to [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] and [[Bahrain national cricket team|Bahrain]], missing out on qualification for the [[2005 ICC Trophy]] in Ireland.<ref name="ACCT04">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/asia.shtml 2005 ICC Trophy official website – Asian qualifying] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206103212/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/asia.shtml |date=6 February 2012 }}</ref> They also reached the final of the [[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament]], losing to the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="Hist" /> Hong Kong played in the Intercontinental Cup for the first time in 2005. They lost to the UAE and drew with [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]], failing to reach the semi-finals.<ref name="ICCup05" /> They finished last in the fast-track nations tournament the same year.<ref name="FTN05">[http://www.asiancricket.org/h_ftctpoints0506.cfm 2005/06 Fast-track nations tournament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325144607/http://www.asiancricket.org/h_ftctpoints0506.cfm |date=25 March 2008 }} at [[Asian Cricket Council]] official website</ref>

In 2006, Hong Kong again lost to the United Arab Emirates in the final of the ACC Trophy,<ref name="ACCT06">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/WCLACCT/about.shtml 2006 ACC Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511214734/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/WCLACCT/about.shtml |date=11 May 2008 }} at CricketEurope</ref> and finished fourth in the [[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament|ACC Premier League]].<ref name="FTN06">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/ACCPREMIER/about.shtml 2006/07 ACC Premier League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703072020/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/ACCPREMIER/about.shtml |date=3 July 2007 }} at CricketEurope</ref> The following year, they travelled to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Australia to take part in [[ICC World Cricket League Division Three|Division Three]] of the [[World Cricket League]], finishing fifth,<ref name="WCL307">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2007/TOURNAMENTS/WCLDIV3/about.shtml 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024162509/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2007/TOURNAMENTS/WCLDIV3/about.shtml |date=24 October 2007 }} at CricketEurope</ref> relegating them to [[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Four|Division Four]] for 2008.<ref name="Div4">[http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml Uganda lift Division Three title] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524025112/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml |date=24 May 2011 }} by Andrew Nixon, 2 June 2007 at CricketEurope</ref>

In October/November 2007, Hong Kong took part in the inaugural [[ACC Twenty20 Cup]] held in [[Kuwait]], where they played in Group B against the United Arab Emirates, [[Singapore national cricket team|Singapore]], [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia national cricket team|Saudi Arabia]]. Hong Kong finished 4th in their group and failed to make to the semi-finals stage.

In June 2008, Hong Kong took part in the [[2008 Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] in Pakistan. They failed to progress beyond the group stage to the Super Four stage, as they lost both of their group A matches against [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] convincingly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/asiacup/engine/series/298014.html?view=pointstable|title=Points Table - Asia Cup - ESPNcricinfo|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

In October 2008, Hong Kong travelled to [[Dar-es-Salaam]], Tanzania to participate in [[ICC World Cricket League Division Four|Division Four]] of the [[World Cricket League]]. Hong Kong won four group matches against; [[Fiji national cricket team|Fiji]], [[Italy national cricket team|Italy]], [[Jersey cricket team|Jersey]] and [[Tanzania national cricket team|the hosts]] but lost twice to [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in their group match and the Final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/353166.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008035334/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/353166.html|url-status=live|archive-date=8 October 2008|title=Cricinfo, Accessed 1 March 2009|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> Hong Kong's top two finish resulted in their promotion back to Division Three.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcl/content/story/373573.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017021414/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcl/content/story/373573.html|url-status=live|archive-date=17 October 2008|title=Cricinfo, Accessed 1 March 2009|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

====2010–present====

In 2011 they hosted the [[2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|Division Three]] and won it defeating [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] in the finals to qualify for [[2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|Division Two]] to be held in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES4/articles/000003/000321.shtml|title=Hong Kong defeat Papua New Guinea to ensure promotion to WCL Division 2|date=28 January 2011|website=CricketEurope|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202153103/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES4/articles/000003/000321.shtml|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Then in [[2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|Division Two]] they came 4th qualifying as HPP member and for [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] in New Zealand. .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2011/TOURNAMENTS/WCL2/about.shtml|title=UAE and Namibia contest final|date=15 April 2011|website=CricketEurope|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130002/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES4/articles/000007/000799.shtml|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

In 2013 the UAE hosted the ICC T20 Qualifier where Hong Kong came 6th by beating Papua New Guinea and just enough to qualify for ICC T20 World Cup 2014 held in Bangladesh.

In 2014, New Zealand hosted the ICC 50 over world cup qualifier where Hong Kong came third place despite not qualifying for 2015 ICC cricket world cup, they still achieved an ODI status with Papua New Guinea.

In March 2014 Hong Kong beat the host [[Bangladesh]] in the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] by two wickets with two balls remaining but could not make it to the next stage of super 10 having lost the two earlier matches to [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dar guides HK to historic win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/match/682915.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

Hong Kong first ODI win against a full member came on 8 March 2018 defeating Afghanistan in [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]].<ref name="HK-Afg">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22690924/afghanistan-suffer-massive-dent-world-cup-hopes |title=Afghanistan suffer massive dent to World Cup hopes |access-date=8 March 2018 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 March 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 241/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anshuman Rath]] 65 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 3/26 (10 overs)
| score2 = 195/9 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dawlat Zadran]] 40[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] 4/33 (9 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 30 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1133009.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] (HK)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Afghanistan were set a revised target of 226 runs from 46 overs due to rain.
| notes = This was Hong Kong's first win against a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Member side]] in ODIs.
}}

==Grounds==

{{location map+|Hong Kong|float=center|width=390|caption=The [[Mission Road Ground]] is the only international ground in Hong Kong.|places=
{{location map~|Hong Kong|label=[[Mission Road Ground|Mission Road]]|position=left|lat=22.3233|long=114.1850}}
}}

==Tournament history==
===ICC T20 World Cup===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[ICC T20 World Cup]] records
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || colspan="7" rowspan="4"|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || Group stage || 15/16 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]|| Group stage || 16/16 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|OMA}}{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] || colspan="7" rowspan="4" |Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SL}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
|-
|'''Total'''||'''2/9''' ||'''0 Title '''||'''6'''||'''1'''||'''5'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

===ICC Trophy / World Cup Qualifier===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="9" |[[ICC World Cup Qualifier|ICC Trophy/World Cup Qualifier record]]
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!P
!W
!L
!T
!NR
![[Result (cricket)#Abandoned|A]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1979 ICC Trophy|1979]] || colspan="8"|Did not participate
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1982 ICC Trophy|1982]] || Group stage || 8/16 || 7 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1986 ICC Trophy|1986]] || Group stage || 8/16 || 8 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[1990 ICC Trophy|1990]] || [[1990 ICC Trophy#Plate|Plate round]] || 11/17 || 8 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[1994 ICC Trophy|1994]] || Second round || 8/20 || 7 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[1997 ICC Trophy|1997]] || Second round || 8/22 || 7 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2001 ICC Trophy|2001]] || Group stage || 17/24 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|IRE|cricket}} [[2005 ICC Trophy|2005]] || colspan="8" rowspan="2"|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2009 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2009]]
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014]] || Super Sixes || 3/10 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018]] || Playoffs || 10/10 || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]] || colspan="8"| Did not qualify
|-
|| '''Total''' || '''57''' || '''25''' || '''29''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|}

===T20 World Cup Qualifier===

*[[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]]: 11th place
*[[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013]]: 6th place
*[[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015]]: 4th place
*[[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2019]]: 8th place
*[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier Group B|2022]]: 6th place
* [[2023 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier|2023]] (T20 WC Asia Qualifier): Group Stage

===ICC Intercontinental Cup===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="9"|[[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] records
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!P
!W
!L
!D
!T
!NR
|-
| [[2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2004]] || colspan="8"|Did not qualify
|-
| [[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2005]] || Group stage || 11/12 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[2006–07 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2006–07]] || colspan="8" rowspan="4"|Did not qualify
|-
| [[2007–08 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2007–08]]
|-
| [[2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2009–10]]
|-
| [[2011–13 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2011–13]]
|-
| [[2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2015–17]] || Round Robin || 4/8 || 7 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|| '''Total''' ||'''7/7'''||'''0 Title '''||'''9''' || '''2''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''1'''
|}

===World Cricket League===

*[[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|2007 Division Three]]: 5th place<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcldiv3/engine/series/292564.html|title=Results - ICC World Cricket League Division Three - ESPNcricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Four|2008 Division Four]]: 2nd place<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/353166.html|title=Results - Global - ESPNcricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[2009 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|2009 Division Three]]: 4th place<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/382526.html?view=pointstable|title=Points Table - ICC World Cricket League (Old) - ESPNcricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|2011 Division Three]]: '''Champions'''
*[[2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|2011 Division Two]]: 4th place
*[[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|2019 Division Two]]:6th place

===ACC Asia Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=8|[[Asia Cup]] records
|-
! width=150 |Host/Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||colspan=8 rowspan=5|1983 to 1995 inclusive: Did not participate<ref name="ODI" />
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[1988 Asia Cup|1988]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1991]]
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[1997 Asia Cup|1997]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]||Group stage||–||2||0||2||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]||Group stage||–||2||0||2||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]||colspan=8 rowspan=4|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]||Group stage||–||2||0||2||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]||Group stage||–||2||0||2||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|SL}} [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||colspan=8|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Group stage
|7/8||3||0||3||0||0
|-
|'''Total'''||'''5/17'''||'''0 Titles'''||'''11'''||'''0'''||'''11'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

=== Asia Cup Qualifier ===
*[[2016 Asia Cup Qualifier|2016]]: 4th out of 4 teams (Did not qualify for [[2016 Asia Cup]])
*[[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier|2018]]: Winner (Qualified for [[2018 Asia Cup]])
*[[2022 Asia Cup Qualifier|2022]]: Winner (Qualified for [[2022 Asia Cup]])

===ACC Eastern Region T20===
* [[2018 ACC Eastern Region T20|2018]]: Did not participate
* [[2020 ACC Eastern Region T20|2020]]: Runner up (Qualified for [[2020 Asia Cup Qualifier]])

===ACC Trophy===

*1996: First round<ref name="ACCT96" />
*1998: semi-finals<ref name="ACCT98" />
*2000: Runners up<ref name="ACCT00" />
*2002: semi-finals<ref name="ACCT02" />
*2004: First round<ref name="ACCT04" />
*[[2006 ACC Trophy|2006]]: Runners up<ref name="ACCT06" />
*[[2008 ACC Trophy Elite|2008 (Elite)]]: Won<ref name="ACCT08">[https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/180/180216.html Scorecard] of Hong Kong v UAE, 3 August 2008 at CricketArchive</ref>
*[[2010 ACC Trophy Elite|2010 (Elite)]]: 3rd place
*[[2012 ACC Trophy Elite|2012]]: 5th place

===ACC Premier League===

*[[2014 ACC Premier League|2014]]: 5th place

===ACC Twenty20 Cup===

*[[2007 ACC Twenty20 Cup|2007]]: First round
*[[2009 ACC Twenty20 Cup|2009]]: 10th place
*[[2011 ACC Twenty20 Cup|2011]]: Runners up
*[[2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup|2013]]: 4th place

===ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament===

*2004/05: Runners-up<ref name="Hist" />
*2005/06: 5th place<ref name="FTN05" />
*2006/07: 4th place<ref name="FTN06" />

===East Asia Cup===
* [[2016 Twenty20 East Asia Cup|2016]]: 3rd place (as HK Dragons)
* [[2018 Twenty20 East Asia Cup|2018]]: Runners-up (as HK Dragons)
* [[2024 Twenty20 East Asia Cup|2024]]: '''Winners'''

===Asian Games===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
!colspan=9|[[Cricket at the Asian Games]] record
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]||Quarter-finals||5/9||3||2||1||0||0
|-
||{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]||4th-place||5/10||3||1||2||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|2022]]||Quarter-finals||5/12||3||2||1||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Asian Games|2026]]||colspan=8|To be determined
|-
|'''Total'''||'''3/3'''||'''0 Title '''||'''9'''||'''5'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

==Current squad==
This lists all the players who have played for Hong Kong in the past 12 months or has been part of the latest One-day or T20I squad. Updated as of 14 April 2024.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Name
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Age
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Batting style
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Bowling style
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Forms
! style="text-align:center; background:#EE1C25; color:white; | Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Batters
|-
| [[Nizakat Khan]] || {{age|1992|7|8}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || One-day & T20I || Captain
|-
| [[Babar Hayat]] || {{age|1992|1|5}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Anshuman Rath]] || {{age|1997|11|5}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Martin Coetzee]] || {{age|1988|10|12}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
! colspan="6" | All-rounders
|-
| Yasim Murtaza || {{age|1990|12|4}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Aizaz Khan]] || {{age|1993|3|21}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Haroon Arshad]] || {{age|1999|9|6}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day ||
|-
| [[Kinchit Shah]] || {{age|1995|12|9}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || One-day || Vice-captain
|-
! colspan="6" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| Zeeshan Ali || {{age|1989|6|16}} || Right-handed || || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Adit Gorawara]] || {{age|2001|12|21}} || Right-handed || || One-day & T20I ||
|-
! colspan="6" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] || {{age|1984|12|27}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Mohammad Ghazanfar]] || {{age|1994|12|28}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || T20I ||
|-
| [[Dan Pascoe]] || {{age|1983|5|14}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || One-day ||
|-
| [[Raunaq Kapur]] || {{age|2004|2|6}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
! colspan="6" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| Ayush Shukla || {{age|2002|10|28}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Nasrulla Rana]] || {{age|2002|9|11}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || One-day & T20I ||
|-
| [[Ehsan Nawaz]] || {{age|1995|3|21}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || One-day ||
|-
| Sheryar Khan || {{age|1995|10|30}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || One-day ||
|-
| Dhananjay Rao || {{age|2002|3|10}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || T20I ||
|-
| Ateeq Iqbal || {{age|1991|12|10}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || T20I ||
|}

==Players==

{{For|a list of Hong Kong ODI cricketers|List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers}}
{{For|a list of Hong Kong T20I cricketers|List of Hong Kong Twenty20 International cricketers}}

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:white; text-align:center;" | Role
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
| Head Coach || [[Kaushal Silva]]
|-
| Assistant Coach || Moner Dar
|-
| Team Analyst || Chris Pickett
|-
| Specialist Coach || Richard das Neves
|}

===Coaching history===
*1993–1994: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dermot Reeve]]
*1997: {{flagicon|NZ}} [[David Trist]]
*2000: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Hollioake]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hollioake-to-coach-hong-kong-for-acc-trophy-93030|title=Hollioake to coach Hong Kong for ACC Trophy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 October 2000|accessdate=31 January 2023}}</ref>
*2001: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Moles]]
*2001–2002: {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Lal Jayasinghe]]
*2004–2007: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
*2007: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Dighe]]
*2007–2009: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Aftab Habib]]
*2009–2010: {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Afzaal Haider]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afzaal-haider-appointed-temporary-national-coach-of-hong-kong-teams-429049|title=Afzaal Haider appointed temporary National Coach of Hong Kong teams|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 October 2009|accessdate=31 January 2023}}</ref>
*2010–2015: {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Charlie Burke]]
*2015–2019: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Cook (English cricketer)|Simon Cook]]
*2019–2022: {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Trent Johnston]]
*2023–2025: {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Willis]]
*2025-present: {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Kaushal Silva]]

==Records==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

'''International Match Summary – Hong Kong'''<ref name="ODIsummary">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Result summary |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="T20Isummary">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

''Last updated 1 March 2026.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|-
| colspan=7 align="center" | '''Playing Record'''
|-
! Format !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! Inaugural Match
|-
| align="left"| One Day Internationals || 26 || 9 || 16 || 0 || 1 || 16 July 2004
|-
| align="left"| Twenty20 Internationals || 124 || 56 || 63 || 2 || 3 || 16 March 2014
|}

===One Day Internationals===

* Highest team total: 323/4 v [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]], 8 December 2017 at [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Highest totals |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
* Highest individual score: 143*, [[Anshuman Rath]] v [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]], 8 December 2017 at [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / High scores |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
* Best individual bowling figures: 4/10, [[Kinchit Shah]] v [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]], 17 March 2018 at [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most ODI runs for Hong Kong'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Most runs |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Player!!Runs!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Anshuman Rath]] || 828 || 51.75 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Babar Hayat]] || 784 || 39.20 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Nizakat Khan]] || 675 || 33.75 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Tanwir Afzal]] || 292 || 18.25 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Aizaz Khan]] || 260 || 20.00 || 2014–2018
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most ODI wickets for Hong Kong'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Most wickets |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Player!!Wickets!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Nadeem Ahmed]] || 38 || 24.52 || 2004–2018
|-
|[[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] || 29 || 20.48 || 2016–2018
|-
|[[Tanwir Afzal]] || 19 || 31.63 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Ehsan Nawaz]] || 16 || 28.62 || 2014–2018
|-
|[[Aizaz Khan]] || 16 || 42.50 || 2014–2018
|}
{{col-end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Highest individual innings in ODI''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/uae/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=19;type=team| title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Highest Scores | publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player!!Score!!Opposition!!Venue!!Year
|-
|[[Anshuman Rath]] || '''143*''' || {{cr|PNG}} || [[ICC Academy Ground|Dubai]] || 2017
|-
|[[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] || '''124*''' || {{cr|UAE}} || [[ICC Academy Ground|Dubai]] || 2015
|-
|[[Anshuman Rath]] || '''97''' || {{cr|SCO}} || [[Mission Road Ground|Mong Kok]] || 2016
|-
|[[Nizakat Khan]] || '''94''' || {{cr|SCO}} || [[Mission Road Ground|Mong Kok]] || 2016
|-
|[[Nizakat Khan]] || '''93''' || {{cr|UAE}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || 2017
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Best bowling figures in an innings in ODI''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/uae/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=19;type=team| title=Records / Hong Kong / One-Day Internationals / Best bowling figures | publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player!!Score!!Opposition!!Venue!!Year
|-
|[[Kinchit Shah]] || '''4/10''' || {{cr|PNG}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || 2018
|-
|[[Nadeem Ahmed]] || '''4/26''' || {{cr|SCO}} || [[Mission Road Ground|Mong Kok]] || 2016
|-
|[[Nadeem Ahmed]] || '''4/33''' || {{cr|SCO}} || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || 2017
|-
|[[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] || '''4/33''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Queens Sports Club|Bulawayo]] || 2018
|-
|[[Ehsan Nawaz]] || '''4/47''' || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Queens Sports Club|Bulawayo]] || 2018
|}
{{col-end}}

'''ODI record versus other nations'''<ref name="ODIsummary" />

''Records complete to ODI #4039. Last updated 18 September 2018.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|-
! Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First match !! First win
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" | '''vs Test nations'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 May 2014 || 8 March 2018
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 16 July 2004 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 25 June 2008 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 18 July 2004 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|ZIM}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 10 March 2018 ||
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" | '''vs Associate Members'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PNG}} || 8 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 8 November 2014 || 4 November 2016
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SCO}} || 5 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 26 January 2016 || 26 January 2016
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|UAE}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 4 May 2014 || 16 November 2015
|}

===Twenty20 Internationals===

* Highest team total: 219/7 v. [[Japan cricket team|Japan]] on 17 February 2024 at [[Mission Road Ground]], [[Mong Kok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>
* Highest individual score: 122, [[Babar Hayat]] v. [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] on 19 February 2016 at [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / High scores |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
* Best individual bowling figures: 6/12, [[Nasrulla Rana]] v. [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] on 24 September 2023 at [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I runs for Hong Kong'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Player!!Runs!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Nizakat Khan]] || 2,403 || 21.64 || 2014–2026
|-
|[[Babar Hayat]] || 2,339 || 27.19 || 2014–2026
|-
|[[Anshuman Rath]] || 2,010 || 29.55 || 2015–2026
|-
|[[Zeeshan Ali (cricketer)|Zeeshan Ali]] || 1,384 || 29.44 || 2022–2026
|-
|[[Aizaz Khan]] || 1,042 || 15.10 || 2014–2026
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I wickets for Hong Kong'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Records / Hong Kong / Twenty20 Internationals / Most wickets |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Player!!Wickets!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] || 134 || 16.94 || 2016–2026
|-
|[[Aizaz Khan]] || 101 || 21.46 || 2014–2026
|-
|Yasim Murtaza || 77 || 20.03 || 2022–2026
|-
|[[Ayush Shukla]] || 53 || 25.92 || 2022–2026
|-
|[[Nasrulla Rana]] || 46 || 23.58 || 2019–2025
|}
{{col-end}}

'''T20I record versus other nations'''<ref name="T20Isummary" />

''Records complete to T20I #3748. Last updated 1 March 2026.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|-
! Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First match !! First win
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" | '''vs Test nations'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|AFG}} || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 18 March 2014 || 21 July 2015
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 20 March 2014
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 31 August 2022 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|IRE}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 17 July 2015
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 September 2022 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SL}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 15 September 2025 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|ZIM}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 8 March 2016 ||
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" | '''vs Associate Members'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BHR}} || 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || colspan="2" | 8 March 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|CAM}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 28 September 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|CAN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 24 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|CHN}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 14 February 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|JPN}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 1 October 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|JER}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 23 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|KUW}} || 11 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 1 || colspan="2" | 23 August 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|MAS}} || 19 || 8 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 20 February 2020 || 6 March 2020
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|MDV}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 September 2024 || 3 September 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|MGL}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 31 August 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|MYA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 30 August 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NGA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 27 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NEP}} || 12 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 16 March 2014 || 24 November 2014
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NED}} || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 18 January 2017
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|OMA}} || 9 || 1 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 21 November 2015 || 26 November 2015
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PNG}} || 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 14 July 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|QAT}} || 8 || 5 || 2 || 1 || 0 || colspan="2" | 27 February 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SAM}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 19 July 2025
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SAU}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 14 April 2024 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SCO}} || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 25 July 2015 || 30 January 2016
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SIN}} || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 March 2020 || 15 July 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|THA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2" | 3 March 2020
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|UGA}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 11 July 2022 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|UAE}} || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 21 February 2016 || 24 August 2022
|}

==International records/World records==
*[[Jamie Atkinson]] was the first player (either male or female) born in the 1990s to play in ODI cricket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22815998/has-anyone-born-1990-played-test-cricket|title=Has anyone born after 1990 played Test cricket?|work=ESPN|access-date=20 September 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/26441121|title=World Twenty20 2014: Hong Kong ready to shine - Jamie Atkinson|date=2014-03-14|work=BBC Sport|access-date=20 September 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Ryan Campbell]] who formerly played for Australia in ODIs, became the oldest player in T20I cricket to make his T20I debut at the age of 44 and 30 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/979139.html|title=Hong Kong eye second Full Member scalp|access-date=20 September 2018|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>
*Holds the record for the highest ODI partnership for any wicket by an associate nation (174 for the first wicket between [[Nizakat Khan]] and [[Anshuman Rath]] v India)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/asia-cup-2018-unimpressive-india-beat-spirited-hong-kong-by-26-runs/story-8eVWzpsTgK0k5fBcBlt6LM.html|title=Record for highest partnership |date=19 September 2018 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
*Hong Kong set the record for taking the longest time duration to lose their first wicket in an ODI match (34.1 overs against India at the [[2018 Asia Cup]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2018/asia-cup-2018-team-indias-heart-warming-gesture-for-valiant-hong-kong-1918954|title=Asia Cup 2018: Team India's Heart-Warming Gesture For Valiant Hong Kong |newspaper=Ndtvsports.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cricket Hong Kong]]
*[[List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers]]
*[[List of Hong Kong Twenty20 International cricketers]]
*[[Hong Kong national cricket captains]]
*[[Hong Kong women's cricket team]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hkcricket.org/en Hong Kong Cricket Association]
*[https://advancecricket.com/cricket-team/hong-kong/30809710 Hong Kong Cricket Team]

{{Cricket in Hong Kong}}
{{National cricket teams}}
{{National sports teams of Hong Kong}}

[[Category:Cricket in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:National cricket teams]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of Hong Kong|Cricket]]
[[Category:Hong Kong in international cricket]]

Religious views of Periyar

2026-02-24T20:51:02Z

Szeeshan896: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Periyar|E V Ramasami]]]]
{{Periyar}}
The '''religious views of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]''' involved opposition to religion virulently because, in his views, the so-called men of religion invented myths and superstitions to keep the innocent and ignorant people in darkness and to go on exploiting them. He was an [[atheist]] and a [[rationalist]] in his own right.<ref name="Veeramani">Veeramani, K., ''Periyar on Women's Rights'', p. ix.</ref> [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] had been a harsh critic of Brahminical Hinduism in Tamil Nadu, and he also criticized Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. He has spoken appreciatively of these other faiths in India finding in their ethics principles of equality and justice, thus advocating them if they can prove an alternative to Brahamanic Hinduism. With regards to institutionalized religion being used for personal gain, Periyar stated that ''"religion goes hand in hand with superstition and fear. Religion prevents progress and suppresses man. Religion exploits the suppressed classes."'' As religions, however they are prone to be hit by accusation of superstition, exploitation and irrationalism.<ref name="Diehl">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p.55.</ref>

==Hinduism==
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
In Periyar's school of thought, there was no religion by name Vedic Hinduism derived from the name of a place. With no distinct doctrines and no particular sacred book, it was said to be an imaginary religion preaching the superiority of the Brahmin the inferiority of the Shudra, and the untouchability of the Panchama.<ref name="Saraswathi">Saraswathi, S. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 118 & 119.</ref>

[[Maria Misra]] compares him to the [[philosophe]]s, {{Cquote|"His contemptuous attitude to the baleful influence of [[Hinduism]] in Indian public life is strikingly akin to the anti-[[Catholic Church|Catholic]] diatribes of the enlightenment philosophes."<ref>Vishnu's crowded temple, India since the great rebellion, p181, Maria Misra, 2008, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-13721-7}}</ref>}}

Through the Self-Respect Movement, Periyar preached that compared to other religions, Hinduism placed many restrictions on men by prohibiting all except a small minority of Brahmins from reading the religious texts or discussing religious matters and by evolving a caste system in the name of divine law, and by creating several gods and festivals to provide an assured income and prosperity to the small Brahmin group at the expense of all others.<ref name="Saraswathi-2">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 119.</ref>

Regarding Mahatma Gandhi's views on Hinduism and Hindu Varnashramadharma, Periyar wrote: "The day when Gandhi said God alone guides him, that Varnashramadharma is superior system fit to govern the affairs of the world and that everything happens according to God's will, we came to the conclusion that there is no difference between Gandhism and Brahminism. We also concluded unless the Congress party that subscribes to such philosophy and principle is abolished it will not be good to the country. But now this fact has been found out at least by some of the people. They have gained wisdom and courage to call for the downfall of Gandhism. This is a great victory to our cause".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/periyar-admired-bhagat-singh-criticised-gandhiji/article2379711.ece|title = Periyar admired Bhagat Singh, criticised Gandhiji|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 August 2011|last1 = Kolappan|first1 = B.}}</ref>

When the ideal of Dravidian nationalism was projected in the 1940s, Periyar's religious philosophy also underwent a modification to assert that Hinduism was not the religion of the Dravidians. There was no Dravidian ''Veda'' and the Aryan ''Vedas'' prevalent among Dravidians were said to be the sacred books which prescribed how Dravidians should be treated but put a bar on Dravidians from acquiring a knowledge of these texts. In his Presidential Address at the Justice Confederation in 1940 EVR said:<ref name="Saraswathi-3">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 121.</ref>

"We have to bring about certain reforms in our religion. Many of our countrymen think that they are Hindus. When you call yourself a Hindu you admit Aryan principles. The words Hindu and Hinduism were not used by our forefathers in any of their works. Historians of world religions say that the sacred books of the Hindus are the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]]. You will notice that none of the ancient religious works of the Dravidians have been included among those religious books. A careful study of the [[Vedas]], etc., proves beyond doubt that they were written with a view to disgrace, enslave and exploit the Dravidians. It is this Hinduism which says that we are Sudras and Rakshasas. Again it is this Hinduism which is responsible for the introduction of caste distinction and growth of feud among the sons of the soil. All our superstitions and meaningless and absurd rituals and ceremonies are the result of following the tenets of Hinduism. In addition to our social subjugation and enslavement it paved the way for our political enslavement also by Aryans. If we think calmly we shall see that it is as necessary to be free from Hinduism in the field of religion as it is to be separated from [[Aryavarta]] in the field of politics."<ref name="Saraswathi-3"/>

Periyar, even while upholding rationalism, executed his duties of a `dharmakartha' of a temple at Erode.<ref name="Periyar as dharmakartha">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/26/stories/2006082600660400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219044354/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/26/stories/2006082600660400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 19, 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=The known and the unknown | date=August 26, 2006}}</ref>

==Islam==
Ramasamy said "Bane of Tamils is Brahmins, Muslims and Christians consider themselves to Tamilans". In his book "Vedangalin Vandavalangal", he had separate chapters where he criticized Quran and Bible. However, Periyar also praised Islam and the prophet Muhammad. At the rally in Tiruchi, Periyar said:

"Muslims are following the ancient philosophies of the Dravidians. The Arabic word for Dravidian religion is Islam. When Brahmanism was imposed in this country, it was Muhammad Nabi who opposed it, by instilling the Dravidian religion's policies as Islam in the minds of the people"<ref name="muslimidentityp164">{{cite book |last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2632-7 |pages=164}}</ref>

For eradicating the evil of 'shudrahood', the threat of conversion was occasionally exercised. The Dravidian movement repeatedly complained about the imposition of Aryan religion on Dravidians. 'He clarified that the idea was not to place the Dravidian people under the authority of Muslim religious leaders abroad but to practice the tenets of equality, righteous conduct and mutual respect. He emphasized that he was not an advocate of Islam but was only trying to find a remedy to the sufferings under Aryan, brahminical system and to find a rightful place for Dravidians in the independent country.<ref name="Saraswathi-5">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 124 & 125.</ref>

==Buddhism==

Periyar found in Buddhism a basis for his philosophy though he did not accept that religion as self-respect movement. The search for basis began in the course of the movement and was intensified soon after independence. It was again an experiment in the search for self-respect and the object was to get liberation from the shudrahood of Hinduism. A conference to propagate Buddhism was convened in Erode on 31 January 1954.<ref name="Saraswathi-6">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 125.</ref> Later that year, he and his wife [He married Maniammai when he was 74 years old] went to Burma to attend the celebration of the 2500th anniversary of Buddha.<ref name="Diehl4">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p. 28.</ref>

Periyar stated that what he was propagating could be found in the teachings of Buddha given 2000 years ago and wanted to revive them as the independent government had accepted the wheel of the Buddha and Hindus have regarded Buddha as an ''avatar''. Brahmins were accused of covering Buddha within the Aryan religion as they had been hiding Tiruvalluvar within the Aryan fold. EVR pointed out that Buddha also laid stress on rationalism, on intellect as the precept, and on thought process for accepting anything. The persecution of Buddha by Brahmins, the burning of Buddhist institutions and teachings and the 'export' of Buddhism to China, Japan and Ceylon were recalled at the conference and Periyar observed that Buddha Vihars at Srirangam, Kanchi, Palani and Tirupati were converted as Hindu temples.<ref name="Saraswathi-6"/>

==Christianity==
Periyar said "Bane of Tamils is Brahmins, Muslims and Christians consider themselves to Tamilans". In his book "Vedangalin Vandavalangal", he had separate chapters where he criticized Quran and Bible.

He was against evangelical movement of DGS Dinakaran and fought with him on this issue. In Periyar's publication, Naathigan, he used to vehemently oppose and criticize Dinakaran calling him fraud.

Christianity was viewed by Periyar similar to monotheistic faith of Islam. He stated that, "So far as god is concerned we find the Christians and Muslims, somewhat reformed from the olden days of barbarians. They say that there can be only one God. They say that it is beyond human comprehension. They say that God does good to those who are good and punishes those who are bad. They say that God has no name or shape. They talk of good qualities".<ref name="Veeramani2">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 495.</ref> He took an interest in Rev. [[Martin Luther]], where both he and his followers wanted to liken him and his role to that of the European reformer.

== Judaism ==
Periyar believed that south Indians, especially Tamils, were a separate race and the Brahmins who came from the north were intruders and possibly [[Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=P. A. |author-link=P. A. Krishnan |date=27 September 2019 |title=Periyar EV Ramasamy -- The Man Who Opposed Mahatma Gandhi's Idea Of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-periyar-ev-ramasamy-the-man-who-opposed-mahatma-gandhis-idea-of-india/302169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906152800/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-periyar-ev-ramasamy-the-man-who-opposed-mahatma-gandhis-idea-of-india/302169 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

In a rally organised on 29 December 1938 (during the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40|Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937—40]]) an address from Periyar was read out that he had sent from jail. In it he called the Brahmins 'mosquitos', 'bugs' and 'Jews', and said that the abolition of the reign of priests was more urgent than the abolition of [[Zamindar|zamindari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Calling%20Brahmins%20mosquitos%20%2C%20bugs%20and%20jews%22 |title=The Rajaji Story, 1937-1972 |date=1984 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=23 |language=en |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918043920/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=jews |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ&dq=Calling+Brahmins+'mosquitos,'+'bugs'+and+'Jews,'+the+Periyar+said+that+abolition+of+the+reign+of+priests+was+more+urgent+than+abolition+of+zamindari.&pg=PT197 |title=Rajaji: A Life |date=14 October 2010 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-33-8 |language=en}}</ref>

In an article published in his magazine ''[[Kudi Arasu]]'' on 20 March 1938, he had written:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=P. A. |author-link=P. A. Krishnan |date=21 September 2017 |title=Why Do Dravidian Intellectuals Admire a Man as Prickly as Periyar? |url=https://thewire.in/history/periyar-ev-ramasamy-dravida-nadu-brahmins-dmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912233611/https://thewire.in/history/periyar-ev-ramasamy-dravida-nadu-brahmins-dmk |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><blockquote>"The Jews are only interested in themselves, and nobody else. They somehow contrive to have the rulers in their pocket, participate in governance and conspire to torture and suck the lives out of other citizens in order that they live (in comfort). Are they not comparable to the Brahmins who too have no responsibility but have the rulers in their pocket, have entered the ruling dispensation and been lording over (all of us)?"</blockquote>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Diehl, Anita, (1977). ''E. V. Ramaswamy — Periyar: A study of the influence of a personality in contemporary South India''. Scandinavian University Books: Sweden. {{ISBN|91-24-27645-6}}.
* Saraswathi, S. (2004) Towards Self-Respect. Institute of South Indian Studies: Madras.
* Veeramani, Dr. K.(2005). ''Collected Works of Periyar E.V.R.''. Third Edition. The Siriyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution: Chennai.
* Veeramani, Dr. K.(1992). ''Periyar on Women's Rights''. Emerald Publishers: Chennai.
{{refend}}

https://thecommunemag.com/criminal-lunatic-perverted-mind-how-nehru-described-evr/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramasamy And Religion}}
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Religious views by individual]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Christianity]]
[[Category:Criticism of Hinduism]]
[[Category:Criticism of Judaism]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]

Thind

2026-02-20T21:18:06Z

Szeeshan896: typo fix

{{short description|Indian family name}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

'''Thind''' is a family name found among Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh communities.<ref name="Hanks2016">{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Coates |first2=Richard |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |editor-last=Hanks |editor-first=Patrick |editor2-last=Coates |editor2-first=Richard |editor3-last=McClure |editor3-first=Peter |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |edition=1st |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780199677764 |page=2651}}</ref> It is primarily associated with the [[Kamboj]] community and is also present among some [[Jat]] and [[Khatri]] groups in India and Pakistan.<ref name="Rose1911">{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Horace Arthur |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Lahore |year=1911–1919 |page=445}}</ref><ref name="Ibbetson1916">{{cite book |last=Ibbetson |first=Denzil |title=Panjab Castes |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab |location=Lahore |year=1916 |page=202}}</ref>

==Surname==
Notable people with the surname Thind, who may or may not have a connection to the clan, include:

* [[Balwant Singh Thind]], finance minister of Punjab
* [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], writer and immigrant to the USA
* [[Gurminder Thind]], player of American football
* [[Hassan Nawaz (cricketer)|Hassan Nawaz Thind]], Pakistani cricketer
* [[Kartar Singh Thind]], botanist
* [[Sadhu Singh Thind]], politician

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname|Thind}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]

Jio

2026-02-19T12:00:50Z

Szeeshan896: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian multinational telecommunications company}}
{{Distinguish|Reliance Communications|Jio Platforms}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited
| logo = Reliance Jio Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt = Jio's logo
| image = Jio LYF building.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = Jio's headquarters in RCP, [[Navi Mumbai]]
| image_caption = Headquarters in Reliance Corporate Park, [[Navi Mumbai]]
| trading_name = Jio
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2007|02|15}}
| hq_location_city = Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| founder = [[Mukesh Ambani]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Akash Ambani {{small|(Chairman)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mukesh-ambani-steps-down-as-reliance-jio-director-akash-ambani-appointed-as-chairman-8750551.html/amp|title=Mukesh Ambani steps down as Reliance Jio director, Akash Ambani appointed as chairman|work=Moneycontrol |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=Money control|access-date=28 June 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628112418/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mukesh-ambani-steps-down-as-reliance-jio-director-akash-ambani-appointed-as-chairman-8750551.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>}}[[Isha Ambani]] {{small|(Managing Director)}}
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Landline|Fixed-line telephone]]|[[Mobile telephony]]|[[Wireless broadband]]|[[Internet service provider|Internet services]]|[[Mobile phone]]s|[[Over-the-top media service|OTT services]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|128218|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|27485|c}} (2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited Standalone Financial Statements 2023–24|url=https://rilstaticasset.akamaized.net/sites/default/files/2024-08/Reliance-Jio-Infocomm-Limited.pdf|work=Reliance Industries Limited|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|20372|c}} (2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited Standalone Financial Statements 2023–24|url=https://rilstaticasset.akamaized.net/sites/default/files/2024-08/Reliance-Jio-Infocomm-Limited.pdf|work=Reliance Industries Limited|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|236369|c}} (2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited Standalone Financial Statements 2023–24|url=https://rilstaticasset.akamaized.net/sites/default/files/2024-08/Reliance-Jio-Infocomm-Limited.pdf|work=Reliance Industries Limited|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|487405|c}} (2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited Standalone Financial Statements 2023–24|url=https://rilstaticasset.akamaized.net/sites/default/files/2024-08/Reliance-Jio-Infocomm-Limited.pdf|work=Reliance Industries Limited|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
| owner = [[Reliance Industries]]
| members = {{increase}} 50.6 [[crore]] (506 million) (September 2025)
| parent = [[Jio Platforms]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=RIL's new digital unit christened Jio Platforms Ltd |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rils-new-digital-unit-christened-jio-platforms-ltd/article30113511.ece |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203193956/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rils-new-digital-unit-christened-jio-platforms-ltd/article30113511.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| subsid = [[LYF]]
| homepage = {{URL|jio.com}}
}}

'''Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited''' ([[d/b/a]] '''Jio''') is an Indian telecommunications company and a [[subsidiary]] of [[Jio Platforms]], headquartered in [[Navi Mumbai]]. It operates a national [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] network with coverage across all 22 [[telecom circle]]s. Jio offers [[4G]], [[LTE Advanced|4G+]] and [[5G NR]] services all over India. Its [[6G (network)|6G]] service is in the works.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited |url=http://www.coai.com/content/reliance-jio-infocomm-limited |publisher=[[Cellular Operators Association of India]] |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824100402/https://www.coai.com/content/reliance-jio-infocomm-limited |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Infocomm plans to launch pan-India LTE |date=16 June 2015 |url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/20150616/network-infrastructure/lte/reliance-jio-infocomm-plans-to-launch-pan-india-lte/ |publisher=RCR Wireless News |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824100444/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20150616/network-infrastructure/lte/reliance-jio-infocomm-plans-to-launch-pan-india-lte |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Reliance Jio completes 5G planning for 1,000 cities in India|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220125/5g/reliance-jio-completes-5g-plannning-1000-cities-india|access-date=2022-02-15|website=RCR Wireless News|language=en-US|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216044455/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220125/5g/reliance-jio-completes-5g-plannning-1000-cities-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="INDIANEXPRESS">{{Citation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/the-university-of-oulu-announces-its-6g-collaboration-with-jio-to-explore-digital-opportunities-7733762/|title=Indian Telecom Jio partners with University of Oulu over development of 6G technology|date=21 January 2022|website=indianexpress|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031094623/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/the-university-of-oulu-announces-its-6g-collaboration-with-jio-to-explore-digital-opportunities-7733762/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jio was soft launched on 27 December 2015 with a beta for partners and employees,<ref name="India Today 2016">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2016 |title=Jio opens Mobile Number Portability, urges incumbent telcos to fulfil regulatory obligations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/jio-opens-mobile-number-portability-urges-incumbent-telcos-to-fulfil-regulatory-obligations-338953-2016-09-03 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=India Today |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903122939/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/jio-opens-mobile-number-portability-urges-incumbent-telcos-to-fulfil-regulatory-obligations/1/755904.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Infocomm launches 4G services for its employees |date=27 December 2015 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-jio-infocomm-launches-4g-services-for-employees/articleshow/50344999.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230230009/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-jio-infocomm-launches-4g-services-for-employees/articleshow/50344999.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and became publicly available on 5 September 2016. It is the [[List of telecom companies in India#Wireless operators|largest mobile network operator in India]] and the [[List of mobile network operators#Terrestrial|third largest mobile network operator in the world]] with over 50.6 [[crore]] (506 million) subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Reliance Jio Q2 Results: ARPU rises to ₹211.40, subscriber base tops 500 million - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/reliance-jio-infocomm-q2-results-arpu-rises-total-subscribers-cross-506-million-telecom-growth-india-19720724.htm |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Q4-FY-2024-25" />

==History==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visits the exhibition at the 6th edition of India Mobile Congress, in New Delhi on October 01, 2022 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visits the stall of Jio with [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], Minister of Railways and Communications along with [[Mukesh Ambani]] and Akash Ambani on October 1, 2022.]]
The company was registered in [[Ambawadi]], Ahmedabad, Gujarat, on 15 February 2007 as Infotel Broadband Services Limited (IBSL). In June 2010, [[Reliance Industries]] (RIL) bought a 95% stake in IBSL for {{INRConvert|4800|c|year=2010}}. Although unlisted, IBSL was the only company that won broadband spectrum in all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that took place earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 June 2010|title=Reliance Industries buys 95% stake in Infotel Broadband for Rs 4,800 cr|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-industries-buys-95-stake-in-infotel-broadband-for-rs-4800-cr/articleshow/6037260.cms|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316170555/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-industries-buys-95-stake-in-infotel-broadband-for-rs-4800-cr/articleshow/6037260.cms|archive-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary, Infotel Broadband Services Limited was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL) in January 2013.<ref>{{Citation |title=RIL's Infotel Broadband renamed Reliance Jio Infocomm |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 January 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/RILs-Infotel-Broadband-renamed-Reliance-Jio-Infocomm/articleshow/18271907.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] Business Line |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909123226/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/RILs-Infotel-Broadband-renamed-Reliance-Jio-Infocomm/articleshow/18271907.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2015, Jio announced that it would start its operations throughout the country by the end of 2015.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio to launch commercial operations by December; to alter telecom industry landscape, say experts |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-jio-to-launch-commercial-operations-by-december-to-alter-telecom-industry-landscape-say-experts/articleshow/47649795.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821142254/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/reliance-jio-to-launch-commercial-operations-by-december-to-alter-telecom-industry-landscape-say-experts/articleshow/47649795.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, four months later in October, the company postponed the launch to the first quarter of the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="auto">{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio likely to delay its December pan-India launch |date=19 October 2015 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/phn2YqPIq1IQj6UxnM3zkM/RJio-likely-to-delay-its-December-panIndia-launch.html |publisher=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608115534/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/phn2YqPIq1IQj6UxnM3zkM/RJio-likely-to-delay-its-December-panIndia-launch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, in July 2015, a [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] filed in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] by an NGO called the [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]], through [[Prashant Bhushan]], challenged the grant of a pan-India license to Jio by the [[Government of India]]. The PIL also alleged that the firm was being allowed to provide voice telephony along with its [[4G|4G data service]], by paying an additional fee of just {{INRConvert|165.8|c|nolink=yes}} which was arbitrary and unreasonable, and contributed to a loss of {{INRConvert|2284.2|c|nolink=yes}} to the exchequer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petition against 4G licence to Reliance Jio: Apex court seeks Centre's reply |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/petition-against-4g-licence-to-reliance-jio-apex-court-seeks-centres-reply/article5993872.ece |access-date=10 June 2014 |work=The Hindu |date=9 May 2014 |archive-date=11 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511093057/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/petition-against-4g-licence-to-reliance-jio-apex-court-seeks-centres-reply/article5993872.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2014 |title=Reliance Jio goes for the kill |work=Rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-reliance-jio-goes-for-the-kill/20140117.htm#1 |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123359/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-reliance-jio-goes-for-the-kill/20140117.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian [[Department of Telecommunications]] (DoT), however, explained that the rules for 3G and BWA spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners from providing voice telephony. As a result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DoT refutes CAG's charges of favoring Reliance Jio by allowing it to convert its ISP permit into a unified license |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002815_1_bwa-reliance-jio-infocomm-reliance-industries-unit |access-date=4 July 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707140052/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002815_1_bwa-reliance-jio-infocomm-reliance-industries-unit |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The 4G services were launched internally on 27 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2016|title=Now Reliance employees can refer friends, family for Jio 4G services|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-now-reliance-employees-can-refer-friends-family-for-jio-4g-services-852|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Zee Business|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724223038/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-now-reliance-employees-can-refer-friends-family-for-jio-4g-services-852|url-status=live}}</ref> The company commercially launched its 4G services on 5 September 2016,<ref name="India Today 2016" /> offering free data and voice services until 31 December,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Kul|date=1 September 2016|title=Reliance Jio Welcome Offer launched, offers free access to its Jio services till December 31, 2016|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/reliance-jio-welcome-offer-launched-offers-free-access-to-its-jio-services-till-december-31-2016-420843/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=BGR India|language=en-US|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724224504/https://www.bgr.in/news/reliance-jio-welcome-offer-launched-offers-free-access-to-its-jio-services-till-december-31-2016-420843/|url-status=live}}</ref> which was later extended until 31 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mudgill|first=Amit|title=Jio welcome offer extended: Mukesh Ambani extends Reliance Jio freebies, RIL shares up 1.28 per cent to Rs 1005.50|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mukesh-ambani-extends-reliance-jio-freebies-ril-shares-up-1-28-per-cent-to-rs-1005-50/articleshow/55722982.cms|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402191942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mukesh-ambani-extends-reliance-jio-freebies-ril-shares-up-1-28-per-cent-to-rs-1005-50/articleshow/55722982.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Reliance Jio's Entry Tied Regulatory Knots Around India's Telecom Ecosystem|url=https://thewire.in/tech/reliance-jio-telecom-regulation-trai-anil-ambani|access-date=24 July 2020|website=thewire.in|language=en|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725033429/https://thewire.in/tech/reliance-jio-telecom-regulation-trai-anil-ambani|url-status=live}}</ref> Within the first month, Jio announced that it had acquired 1.6 crore (16 million) subscribers<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2016 |title=Reliance Jio creates world record: 16 million subscribers in one month |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-creates-world-record-16-million-subscribers-in-one-month-3073468/ |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010161651/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-creates-world-record-16-million-subscribers-in-one-month-3073468/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has crossed 5 crore (50 million) subscriber mark in 83 days since its launch,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Reliance Jio crosses 50 million subscriber mark in 83 days |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-crosses-50-million-subscriber-mark-in-83-days-4400972/ |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130160924/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-crosses-50-million-subscriber-mark-in-83-days-4400972/ |url-status=live }}</ref> subsequently crossing 100 million subscribers on 22 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |date=22 February 2017 |title=Reliance Jio crosses 100 million users within 6 months |work=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-jio-crosses-100-million-users-in-under-6-months/articleshow/57263052.cms |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221220223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-jio-crosses-100-million-users-in-under-6-months/articleshow/57263052.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2017|October|alt=By October 2017}}, it had about 13 crore (130 million) subscribers.<ref name="veconomist">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2017 |title=Dirt-cheap mobile data is a thrill for Indian consumers |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21730045-mukesh-ambanis-25bn-bet-severe-headache-other-telecoms-firms-dirt-cheap-mobile |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006113512/https://www.economist.com/news/business/21730045-mukesh-ambanis-25bn-bet-severe-headache-other-telecoms-firms-dirt-cheap-mobile |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 October 2022, it has launched 5G services to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]].<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Jio 5G rollout will begin today, but only for limited users |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/reliance-jio-is-rolling-out-5g-services-in-4-cities-but-only-limited-users-will-get-access-to-5g-network-2008279-2022-10-04 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=India Today |date=4 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020155736/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/reliance-jio-is-rolling-out-5g-services-in-4-cities-but-only-limited-users-will-get-access-to-5g-network-2008279-2022-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of March 2023, Jio 5G service was available in 365 cities across India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/jio-expands-true-5g-services-coverage-to-365-cities/98657603 | title=Jio's True 5G services now available in 365 cities – ET Telecom | access-date=20 March 2023 | archive-date=20 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320061900/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/industry/jio-expands-true-5g-services-coverage-to-365-cities/98657603 | url-status=live }}</ref> As of April 2023, 5G service was available across 2,500+ cities in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jio 5G is now available in 2,691 cities|url=https://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-5g-is-now-available-2691cities/696915/|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423222706/https://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-5g-is-now-available-2691cities/696915/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2023, it was announced that Jio had completed its rollout of 5G services nationwide, ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230816/5g/indian-telco-jio-reaches-nationwide-5g-target-ahead-of-schedule | title=Indian telco Jio reaches nationwide 5G target ahead of schedule | date=16 August 2023 | access-date=16 August 2023 | archive-date=16 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816202237/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230816/5g/indian-telco-jio-reaches-nationwide-5g-target-ahead-of-schedule | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Network==

===Spectrum frequency holding summary===
[[File:জিও মোবাইল ফোন টাওয়ার, মাথুরাপুর গ্রাম, বনগাঁ - Jio Mobile phone towers, Mathurapur village, Bangaon ২০২০-১২-০১গ.jpg|thumb|A [[Cell site|cell tower]] carrying antennas of Jio cellular network in [[West Bengal]], India]]
Jio owns spectrum in 850 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands in India's 22 [[telecom circle|circles]], and also owns pan-India licensed 2,300 MHz spectrum. The spectrum is valid until 2035.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pan India Telecom Spectrum holding chart 2022 (updated) |date=August 2022 |url=https://onlytech.com/india-telecom-spectrum-chart/ |publisher=Only Tech |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008170024/https://onlytech.com/india-telecom-spectrum-chart/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jio also picked up pan-India licenses in the 700 MHz, 3,500 MHz and 26 GHz spectrum bands in the DoT's 2022 5G auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DoT completes USD19bn 5G auction |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/02/dot-completes-usd19bn-5g-auction/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Telegeography |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007172113/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/02/dot-completes-usd19bn-5g-auction/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | [[Telecom circle]] coverage
! scope="col" | FD-[[5G NR|NR]] 700[[Frequency|MHz]] [[5G NR frequency bands|Band n28]]
! scope="col" | FD-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] 850[[Frequency|MHz]] [[LTE frequency bands|Band 5]]
! scope="col" | FD-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] 1800[[Frequency|MHz]] [[LTE frequency bands|Band 3]]
! scope="col" | TD-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] 2300[[Frequency|MHz]] [[LTE frequency bands|Band 40]]
! scope="col" | TD-[[5G NR|NR]] 3500[[Frequency|MHz]] [[5G NR frequency bands|Band n78]]
! scope="col" | TD-[[5G NR|NR]] 26[[Frequency|GHz]] [[5G NR frequency bands|Band n258]]
|-
|[[Delhi]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Mumbai]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Kolkata]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Gujarat]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Karnataka]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] & [[Goa]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Haryana]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Kerala]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Chhattisgarh]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (East)]]|| {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Western Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (West)]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[West Bengal]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Assam]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] & [[Ladakh]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[North East India|North East]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Odisha]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|}

===Partnerships===
[[File:Jio True 5G Logo.svg|thumb|Logo of Jio True 5G]]
Jio shares spectrum with [[Reliance Communications]]. The sharing deal is for 800 MHz band across seven circles other than the 10 circles for which Jio already owns.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio to share RCom spectrum in seven circles |date=16 October 2015 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/reliance-jio-to-share-spectrum-in-7-circles/article7770426.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704160028/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/reliance-jio-to-share-rcom-spectrum-in-seven-circles/article7770426.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sep 2014 – Acquired undisclosed stake in [[Airspan Networks]] for US$5 mn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rel Jio ties with Israel's Airspan for 4G equipment|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rel-jio-ties-with-israels-airspan-for-4g-equipment/42239908|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402194809/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rel-jio-ties-with-israels-airspan-for-4g-equipment/42239908|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Everything to know about companies acquired by RIL to complement Jio's operations – Airspan Networks|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/slide-shows/everything-to-know-about-companies-acquired-by-ril-to-complement-jios-operations/64599666|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164636/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/slide-shows/everything-to-know-about-companies-acquired-by-ril-to-complement-jios-operations/64599666|url-status=live}}</ref> Deploys Airspan's small cells throughout the network roll out phase.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Biswas|first=Rudradeep|title=Reliance Jio's deployment of 150,000 small cells is largest in the world: Senior VP of Wireless networks|url=https://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jios-deployment-of-150000-small-cells-is-largest-in-the-world-senior-vp-of-wireless-networks/145319/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Telecomtalk|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728041205/https://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jios-deployment-of-150000-small-cells-is-largest-in-the-world-senior-vp-of-wireless-networks/145319/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Airspan Partners with Jio for Deployment of Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced|url=https://www.airspan.com/news/airspan-partners-with-jio-for-deployment-of-ultra-dense-heterogeneous-lte-advanced/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Airspan.com|language=en-US|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071602/https://www.airspan.com/news/airspan-partners-with-jio-for-deployment-of-ultra-dense-heterogeneous-lte-advanced/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sep 2016 – Jio signed a pact with [[BSNL]] for intra-circle roaming which would enable users of the operators to use each other's 4G and 2G spectrum in [[roaming|national roaming]] mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio Signs Deal With BSNL to Address One of Its Potential Pain Points |date=13 September 2016 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/reliance-jio-signs-deal-with-bsnl-to-address-one-of-its-potential-pain-points-1458089 |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913125025/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/reliance-jio-signs-deal-with-bsnl-to-address-one-of-its-potential-pain-points-1458089 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Feb 2017 – Jio announced a partnership with [[Samsung]] to work on LTE – Advanced Pro and 5G.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio ties up with Samsung to 'bring' 5G in India |url=http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/reliance-jio-ties-up-with-samsung-to-bring-5g-in-india/articleshow/57390062.cms |access-date=9 May 2017 |website=Gadget Now |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509221027/http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/reliance-jio-ties-up-with-samsung-to-bring-5g-in-india/articleshow/57390062.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Feb 2017 – Partnered with [[Ciena]] to deploy transport [[Software-defined networking|SDN]] architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio transforms one of the world's largest self-healing optical networks with Ciena – Ciena|url=http://www.ciena.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/Jio-transforms-one-of-the-worlds-largest-self-healing-optical-networks-with-Ciena.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.ciena.com|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071627/https://www.ciena.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/Jio-transforms-one-of-the-worlds-largest-self-healing-optical-networks-with-Ciena.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Jio, Ciena partner to make optical network future ready|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-ciena-partner-to-make-optical-network-future-ready/68152944|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164200/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-ciena-partner-to-make-optical-network-future-ready/68152944|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reliance Jio also partnered with several OSS ([[Operations Support Systems]]) & BSS ([[Business Support System]]) companies for the deployment of services, like: [[SAP]], [[HP Inc.|HP]], [[IBM]], [[Ericsson]], [[Rancore]], Estel Technologies, [[Subex]] and Intec Telecom Systems. However, the finalized OSS firms were Ericsson, HP and Friendly Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio teams up with 20 tech firms for OSS/BSS |url=https://www.teleanalysis.com/reliance-jio-teams-up-with-20-ossbss-firms/ |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=TeleAnalysis|date=22 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ericsson successfully deploys OSS fulfillment suite for Jio in India |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/3/ericsson-successfully-deploys-oss-fulfillment-suite-for-jio-in-india |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=Ericsson |date=March 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814142156/https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/3/ericsson-successfully-deploys-oss-fulfillment-suite-for-jio-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sep 2020 – Partners with [[Cisco Systems]] for [[5G]] deployment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Telecom news India, Airtel news, Jio news, Vodafone idea news|url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/cisco-partners-with-jio-airtel-for-5g-ready-networks/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.communicationstoday.co.in|language=english|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702073858/https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/cisco-partners-with-jio-airtel-for-5g-ready-networks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sep 2020 – Announces partnership with HFCL to deploy [[Fiber-optic communication]] to support the rollout of [[Fiber to the x|FTTx]] services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HFCL deploying Jio FTTH network across 300 cities: Report|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hfcl-deploying-jio-ftth-network-across-300-cities-report/78312623|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602042247/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hfcl-deploying-jio-ftth-network-across-300-cities-report/78312623|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oct 2022 – Contracts with [[Nokia]] & [[Ericsson]] for supplying standalone [[5G]] network equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio to deploy 5G gear from Nokia & Ericsson |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/reliance-jio-to-deploy-5g-gear-from-nokia-ericsson/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=currentaffairs.adda247.com |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020155254/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/reliance-jio-to-deploy-5g-gear-from-nokia-ericsson/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Summit Digitel Infrastructure ===
Summit Digitel Infrastructure (formerly known as Reliance Jio Infratel Private Limited) operates 136,000 telecom sites. This division has been divested to Tower Infrastructure Trust, which is owned by [[Brookfield Asset Management]], for a consideration of {{INRConvert|25215|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RIL Says Brookfield Infrastructure's Rs 25,215 Investment In Tower Infrastructure Trust Has Been Completed|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ril-says-brookfield-infrastructures-rs-25215-investment-in-tower-infrastructure-trust-has-been-completed-5781681.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Moneycontrol|date=September 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101221906/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ril-says-brookfield-infrastructures-rs-25215-investment-in-tower-infrastructure-trust-has-been-completed-5781681.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Products and services==
===Mobile broadband===
The company launched its 4G broadband services throughout India in September 2016.<ref name="auto" /> It was slated to be released in December 2015 after some reports said that the company was waiting to receive final permits from the government.<ref name="The Economic Times"/> Jio offers fourth-generation (4G) data and voice services, along with peripheral services like instant messaging and streaming movies and music.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance to launch Jio by Dec, set to kick off pricing war |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-jio-to-launch-commercial-services-by-december-ambani-115061200219_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621043214/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-jio-to-launch-commercial-services-by-december-ambani-115061200219_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 October 2022, it launched 5G services to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Varanasi]], [[Siliguri]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Nagpur]].<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

===JioFiber===
In August 2018, Jio began to test a new [[Triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]] [[fiber to the home]] service known tentatively as Jio GigaFiber, including [[broadband internet]] with speeds ranging from 100 to 1000 Mbit/s, as well as television and landline telephone services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio Fiber broadband plans announced: Check tariffs, speed, offers |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-fiber-broadband-launch-live-updates-1567676352890.html |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=LiveMint |date=5 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110113821/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-fiber-broadband-launch-live-updates-1567676352890.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Nikhil |date=21 August 2018 |title=Reliance Jio GigaFiber broadband preview offer launched. It is free for 3 months |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/wcJK1MWbW11oSJ3uGpHsgN/Reliance-Jio-GigaFiber-broadband-plan-launch-offer-free.html |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=LiveMint |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105051955/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/wcJK1MWbW11oSJ3uGpHsgN/Reliance-Jio-GigaFiber-broadband-plan-launch-offer-free.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2019, it was announced that the service would officially launch on 5 September 2019 as JioFiber, in honour of the company's third anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JioFiber now available: Here's how you can book new connection, get free TV and 4K Set Top Box |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/jiofiber-now-available-here-s-how-you-can-book-new-connection-get-free-tv-and-4k-set-top-box-1597527-2019-09-10 |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=India Today |date=10 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203130522/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/jiofiber-now-available-here-s-how-you-can-book-new-connection-get-free-tv-and-4k-set-top-box-1597527-2019-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Reliance JioGigaFiber unveils on September 5: A comparison with BSNL, ACT, Airtel Fiber broadband plans |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/techook/reliance-jiogigafiber-to-unveil-on-september-5-a-comparison-with-bsnl-act-airtel-broadband-plans-5920344/ |access-date=21 August 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |archive-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313163035/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/techook/reliance-jiogigafiber-to-unveil-on-september-5-a-comparison-with-bsnl-act-airtel-broadband-plans-5920344/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Amritanshu Mukherjee |date=14 August 2019 |title=Jio has changed name of GigaFiber broadband to JioFiber but why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/jio-has-changed-name-of-gigafiber-broadband-to-jiofiber-but-why-all-confusions-explained-1580011-2019-08-12 |access-date=8 June 2020 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129084740/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/features/story/jio-has-changed-name-of-gigafiber-broadband-to-jiofiber-but-why-all-confusions-explained-1580011-2019-08-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jio also announced plans to offer streaming of films still in theatres ("First Day First Show") to eligible JioFiber subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2019 |title=Mukesh Ambani unveils Jio Fiber & the mother of all set top boxes |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/reliance-agm-mukesh-ambani-unveils-jio-fiber-the-mother-of-all-set-top-boxes/articleshow/70639869.cms |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814203927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/reliance-agm-mukesh-ambani-unveils-jio-fiber-the-mother-of-all-set-top-boxes/articleshow/70639869.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jio Set Top Box Demo {{!}} Zero Latency 4K Online Gaming | date=12 August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jT8McgJJvzw |language=en |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903203055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jT8McgJJvzw |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the year 2015, the company has a network of more than {{Convert|250000|km|abbr=on}} of [[Fiber-optic cable|fiber optic cables]] in the country, over which it will be partnering with local cable operators to get broader connectivity for its broadband services.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio looking to partner local cable firms in broadband push |date=29 October 2015 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/TqZOiqubM2KAQRU4oLJw4H/Reliance-Jio-looking-to-partner-local-cable-firms-in-broadba.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901134118/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/TqZOiqubM2KAQRU4oLJw4H/Reliance-Jio-looking-to-partner-local-cable-firms-in-broadba.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== JioBusiness ===
In March 2021, the company launched connectivity solutions for businesses bundled with services provided by [[Jio Platforms]], [[Reliance Retail]], and [[Office 365]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-09|title=Reliance Jio introduces new fiber broadband plans for small, medium businesses|url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-introduces-new-fiber-broadband-plans-for-small-medium-businesses-11615290053979.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310065527/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-introduces-new-fiber-broadband-plans-for-small-medium-businesses-11615290053979.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Jio launches Jio Business services to tap 50 million MSMBs in India|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-launches-jiobusiness-services-to-tap-50-million-msmbs-in-india/81412333|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310084010/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-launches-jiobusiness-services-to-tap-50-million-msmbs-in-india/81412333|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== JioAirFiber ===
In August 2023, in the Reliance AGM, the chairman of Reliance announced that the JioAirFiber eliminates the need for the last mile fiber cable connectivity by making use of the Jio 5G wireless network, and the product was made available for purchase from 19 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Jio AirFiber? When will it be available and what are the charges? |url=https://www.jio.com/help/faq/mobile/jio-true-5g/about-5g/what-is-jio-airfiber-when-will-it-will-available-what-will-be-the-charges |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.jio.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jio AirFiber announced: Launch date confirmed, price, availability, benefits and everything you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/jio-airfiber-announced-launch-date-confirmed-price-availability-benefits-and-everything-you-need-to-know-2427733-2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828191429/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/jio-airfiber-announced-launch-date-confirmed-price-availability-benefits-and-everything-you-need-to-know-2427733-2023-08-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company has started installing JioAirFiber devices from 1 October 2023.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

=== Jio SpaceFiber ===
On 27 October 2023, Jio launched its satellite-based GigaFiber internet service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Reliance Jio Launches Jio SpaceFiber- India's First Satellite-based GigaFiber Internet Service |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/reliance-jio-launches-jio-spacefiber-indias-first-satellite-based-gigafiber-internet-service-8635846.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027160844/https://www.news18.com/tech/reliance-jio-launches-jio-spacefiber-indias-first-satellite-based-gigafiber-internet-service-8635846.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Jio Branded Devices ===

====LYF smartphones====
{{Main|LYF}}
[[File:LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|180px|thumb|An image of LYF Water 2 phone with [[In-plane switching|IPS]] display<ref>{{Citation |title=Water 2 Smartphone |date=11 May 2016 |url=https://www.mylyf.com/water-2 |work=MyLYF.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410025928/https://www.mylyf.com/water-2 |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
In June 2015, Jio entered into an agreement with domestic handset maker [[Intex Technologies|Intex]] to supply 4G handsets capable of voice over LTE (VoLTE).<ref>{{Citation |title=Intex ties up with Reliance Jio to supply 4G handsets |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/intex-ties-up-with-reliance-jio-to-supply-4g-handsets/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531134636/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/intex-ties-up-with-reliance-jio-to-supply-4g-handsets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2015, Jio announced that it would be launching its own mobile handset brand named [[LYF]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Retail to sell 4G smartphones under 'LYF' Brand |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-retail-to-sell-4g-smartphones-under-lyf-brand/articleshow/49429202.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208121133/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-retail-to-sell-4g-smartphones-under-lyf-brand/articleshow/49429202.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Unveiled A 4G Device Under Lyf Brand |date=10 January 2016 |url=http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Reliance-Jio-Unveiled-A-4G-Device-Under-Lyf-Brand/articleshow/50517335.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213221332/http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Reliance-Jio-Unveiled-A-4G-Device-Under-Lyf-Brand/articleshow/50517335.cms |publisher=[[Gizmodo]] – India |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio unveils low-cost 4G mobile phones LYF |date=8 January 2017 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/reliance-jio-unveils-low-cost-4g-mobile-phones-lyf/190790/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215222523/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/reliance-jio-unveils-low-cost-4g-mobile-phones-lyf/190790/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 January 2016, the company launched its LYF smartphone<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mylyf.com/ |title=LYF smartphone |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306103914/https://www.mylyf.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> series starting with Water 1, through its chain of electronic retail outlets, [[Reliance Retail]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio LYF Water 1 Launched in India for rs. 14,999 |date=7 February 2016 |url=https://maktechblog.com/reliance-jio-lyf-water-1-launched-in-india-for-rs-14999/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183926/https://maktechblog.com/reliance-jio-lyf-water-1-launched-in-india-for-rs-14999/ |publisher=Maktech |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Three more handset models have been released so far, namely Water 2,<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance's LYF Water 2 Goes Official in India: specifications, features, price and availability |date=9 February 2016 |url=http://gsminsider.com/2016/02/reliances-lyf-water-2-specifications-features-price-and-availability/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216113753/http://gsminsider.com/2016/02/reliances-lyf-water-2-specifications-features-price-and-availability/ |publisher=GSM Insider |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Earth 1,<ref>{{Citation |title=Lyf Earth 1 Price, Specifications, Features |date=1 February 2016 |url=http://www.digit.in/mobile-phones/lyf-earth-1-price-6582.html |publisher=Digit |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216221758/http://www.digit.in/mobile-phones/lyf-earth-1-price-6582.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Flame 1.<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Saurabh |title=Reliance Jio's Lyf Earth 1, Water 1 & Water 2 phones listed online, prices start at Rs.14,690 |date=27 January 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/reliance-jios-lyf-earth-1-water-1-and-water-2-phones-listed-online-prices-start-at-rs-14-690-305735-2016-01-27 |work=India Today |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216190329/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/reliance-jios-lyf-earth-1-water-1-and-water-2-phones-listed-online-prices-start-at-rs-14-690/1/580618.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Lyf Flame 1 vs Xiaomi Redmi 2 vs Coolpad Note 3 Lite |date=10 February 2016 |url=http://www.in.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/Reliance-Lyf-Flame-1-vs-Xiaomi-Redmi-2-vs-Coolpad-Note-3Lite/articleshow/50916634.cms |publisher=[[TechRadar]] – India |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210092536/http://www.in.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/Reliance-Lyf-Flame-1-vs-Xiaomi-Redmi-2-vs-Coolpad-Note-3Lite/articleshow/50916634.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Jio Phone ====
{{Main|JioPhone|JioPhone 2}}
[[File:Jio Phone.svg|alt=|thumb|180px|Illustration of a JioPhone]]
[[JioPhone]] is a line of [[feature phone]]s marketed by Jio. The first model, released in August 2017 (with public pre-orders beginning 24 August 2017), was positioned as an "affordable" LTE-compatible feature phone. It runs on the [[KaiOS]] platform (derived from the defunct [[Firefox OS]]), and includes a 2.4-inch display, a dual-core processor, 4 GB of internal storage, [[near-field communication]] support, a suite of Jio-branded apps (including the [[voice assistant]] HelloJio), and a Jio-branded [[application store]]. It also supports a "TV cable" accessory for output to an external display.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JioPhone announced: A quick look at price, features, plans and availability |language=en |work=TechRadar |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/jiophone-announced-a-quick-look-at-price-features-plans-and-availability |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722201903/http://www.techradar.com/news/jiophone-announced-a-quick-look-at-price-features-plans-and-availability |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=jio phone launch: Reliance Jio 4G feature phone: Here's all you want to know about it |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-jio-feature-phone-launched/articleshow/59695466.cms |access-date=21 July 2017 |website=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728002945/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/reliance-jio-feature-phone-launched/articleshow/59695466.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jio Phone Plans Start at Rs. 153 Per Month, Jio Phone TV-Cable Announced |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/jio-phone-plans-start-at-rs-153-per-month-jio-phone-tv-cable-announced-1727546 |access-date=11 September 2019 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=21 July 2017 |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603052518/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/jio-phone-plans-start-at-rs-153-per-month-jio-phone-tv-cable-announced-1727546 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2018, the company unveiled the [[JioPhone 2]], an updated model in a [[Form factor (mobile phones)#Keyboard bars|keyboard bar]] form factor with a QWERTY keyboard and horizontal display. Jio also announced that [[Facebook]], [[WhatsApp]], and [[YouTube]] apps would become available for the two phones.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=JioPhone 2 announced, comes with these features |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/jiophone-gets-mega-makeover-feature-phone-with-whatsapp-youtube-facebook/articleshow/64866074.cms |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221185654/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/jiophone-gets-mega-makeover-feature-phone-with-whatsapp-youtube-facebook/articleshow/64866074.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== JioPhone Next ====
The JioPhone Next is a fully-featured [[Android (operating system)|Android]] smartphone co-developed with [[Google]] as part of Jio's long-term partnership. It was announced on 24 June 2021, by [[Mukesh Ambani]]. The budget smartphone was launched in India on 4 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jio Phone Next Price in India, Specifications, Comparison (30th October 2021) |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/jio-phone-next-price-in-india-103071 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030053110/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/jio-phone-next-price-in-india-103071 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google and Jio reveal a low-cost smartphone that's 'made for India' |url=https://www.engadget.com/google-jio-phone-next-india-125205560.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624223850/https://www.engadget.com/google-jio-phone-next-india-125205560.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=Engadget |date=24 June 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=24 June 2021 |title=Jio Google Smartphone Launches September 10: Mukesh Ambani |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/jiophone-next-4g-5g-phone-reliance-agm-2021-google-android-low-cost-smartphone-ambani-2471441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035756/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/jiophone-next-4g-5g-phone-reliance-agm-2021-google-android-low-cost-smartphone-ambani-2471441 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Saurabh |date=2021-06-24 |title=JioPhone Next: A quick first look at Jio's first 4G smartphone, features, availability and other details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/jiophone-next-a-quick-first-look-at-jios-first-4g-smartphone-features-availability-and-other-details/2277748/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035757/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/jiophone-next-a-quick-first-look-at-jios-first-4g-smartphone-features-availability-and-other-details/2277748/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

The JioPhone Next will be run by the indigenously built Pragati OS based on the [[Android Go]] operating system. This phone is classified as an entry-level phone and is aimed at replacing [[feature phone]]s and providing basic [[smartphone]] services efficiently at low specifications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Debashis |date=25 October 2021 |title=jio: What is Pragati OS that will power Reliance JioPhone Next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-is-pragati-os-that-will-power-reliance-jiophone-next/articleshow/87259338.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030052843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-is-pragati-os-that-will-power-reliance-jiophone-next/articleshow/87259338.cms |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==== Jio Bharat ====
[[Reliance Jio]] has introduced a budget-friendly [[4G|4G phone]] called Jio Bharat at an affordable price of ₹999. The phone's sales commenced on 7 July 2023, and [[Reliance Jio]] aims to eliminate 2G technology from India through the widespread adoption of this device. The Jio Bharat Phone is specifically targeted towards individuals who are unable to afford expensive smartphones but still rely on basic features.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2023-07-03 |title=India's richest man unveils $12 4G phone with digital pay and streaming |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/03/jio-bharat-specifications-price-plans/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225251/https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/03/jio-bharat-specifications-price-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Charmaine |date=2023-07-06 |title=A $12 phone is opening doors for rural India to get on the internet |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/06/reliance-jio-bharat-phone-opens-doors-for-rural-india-to-get-on-internet.html |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==== JioFi ====
JioFi is a portable broadband device brought by [[Reliance Digital]]. The JioFi device allows multiple users and mobile devices to access Jio's 4G high-speed internet connectivity and create a personal [[Tethering|Wi-Fi hotspot]].{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==== JioDive ====
[[Reliance Jio]] has unveiled its JioDive [[virtual reality]] (VR) headset in India, to help [[IPL]] fans watch a match in 360-degree stadium view while sitting in front of a 100-inch screen. A smartphone-based virtual reality headset for [[entertainment]], [[learning]], [[Video game|gaming]], and [[well-being|wellness]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JioDive VR Headset - Enjoy Movies, TV Shows, VR Games, & YouTube 360 videos |url=https://www.jio.com/dive/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.jio.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== JioTag ====
JioTag, an affordable [[Tracking device|object tracker]], was introduced by [[Reliance Jio]] in India. By utilizing [[Bluetooth 5.1]] technology and the JioThings app, JioTag assists in locating lost items and alerts you when you inadvertently leave your connected device behind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=JioTag launched: What is it and how is it different from Apple's AirTag? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/what-is-jiotag-and-how-is-it-different-from-airtag-8654627/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609213854/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/what-is-jiotag-and-how-is-it-different-from-airtag-8654627/ |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''JioTag Air'''

This tracking device was launched in July 2024 by Reliance Jio, as a successor to JioTag. It features [[Bluetooth#Bluetooth 5.3|Bluetooth 5.3]] technology. It supports both iOS ([[iOS 14]] and above) and Android (version 9 and above) platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-14 |title=Reliance Jio launches new gadget: Price, features and other details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-launches-new-gadget-price-features-and-other-details/articleshow/111603768.cms |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714125926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/reliance-jio-launches-new-gadget-price-features-and-other-details/articleshow/111603768.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio launches JioTag Air {{!}} India Infoline |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/business/reliance-jio-launches-jiotag-air |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722172047/https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/business/reliance-jio-launches-jiotag-air |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Jionet Wi-Fi===
Prior to its pan-India launch of 4G data and telephony services, the firm has started providing free [[Wi-Fi]] hotspot services in cities throughout India including [[Surat]], [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], and [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio offers strategic Wi-Fi hotspot free services to increase user base |date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.mobiletor.com/reliance-jio-offering-free-wi-fi-hotspot-services-trial/ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172019/http://www.mobiletor.com/reliance-jio-offering-free-wi-fi-hotspot-services-trial/ |url-status=live |publisher=Mobiletor |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> [[Indore]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Dewas]] and [[Ujjain]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beguwala |first=Esmail |date=19 December 2015 |title=Reliance Jio launches high-speed Wi-Fi service 'Jionet' in 55 locations across Indore |language=en-US |work=Telecom Talk |url=https://telecomtalk.info/jionet-in-indore/147082/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172013/https://telecomtalk.info/jionet-in-indore/147082/ |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> in [[Madhya Pradesh]], select locations of [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio launches unlimited free WiFi in Mumbai for Ganesh Utsav |date=16 September 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-launches-unlimited-free-wifi-in-mumbai/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904232416/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-launches-unlimited-free-wifi-in-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Introduces Free Public Wifi in Kolkata, How to Use Jionet Wifi ? |url=http://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-introduces-free-public-wifi-in-kolkata-how-to-use-jionet-wifi/130719/ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824180716/http://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-introduces-free-public-wifi-in-kolkata-how-to-use-jionet-wifi/130719/ |url-status=live |publisher=Telecom Talk |archive-date=24 August 2016}}</ref> [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio launches free Wi-Fi service in Lucknow's Hazratganj |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/reliance-jio-launches-free-wi-fi-service-in-lucknows-hazratganj/48507907 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034900/http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/Reliance-Jio-launches-free-Wi-Fi-service-in-Lucknows-Hazratganj/48507907 |url-status=live |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] – Telecom |archive-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> [[Bhubaneswar]] in [[Odisha]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio Launches 4G Wi-Fi Internet Service in Bhubaneswar |date=31 August 2015 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/reliance-jio-launches-4g-wi-fi-internet-service-in-bhubaneswar-734184 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822132119/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/reliance-jio-launches-4g-wi-fi-internet-service-in-bhubaneswar-734184 |url-status=live |publisher=Gadgets 360 |archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> [[Mussoorie]] in [[Uttarakhand]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Mussoorie, the First Hill Station to receive Reliance Jio's Wi-Fi Service |work=Reliance News |date=4 September 2015 |url=https://reliancenews.wordpress.com/2015/09/04/mussoorie-the-first-hill-station-to-receive-reliance-jios-wi-fi-service/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124103010/https://reliancenews.wordpress.com/2015/09/04/mussoorie-the-first-hill-station-to-receive-reliance-jios-wi-fi-service/ |archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2017}} Collectorate's Office in [[Meerut]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio to offer free 4G-backed WiFi service at Meerut Collectorate |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/3g-4g/reliance-jio-to-offer-free-4g-backed-wifi-service-at-meerut-collectorate/49732170 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101355/http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/3g-4g/reliance-jio-to-offer-free-4g-backed-wifi-service-at-meerut-collectorate/49732170 |url-status=live |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> and at MG Road in [[Vijayawada]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Reliance Jio rolls out wi-fi service at MG Road in Vijayawada |date=11 January 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/Reliance-Jio-rolls-out-wi-fi-service-at-MG-Road-in-Vijayawada/articleshow/50531043.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522082932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/Reliance-Jio-rolls-out-wi-fi-service-at-MG-Road-in-Vijayawada/articleshow/50531043.cms |url-status=live |archive-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> among others.

In March 2016, Jio started providing free [[Wi-Fi]] internet to spectators at six cricket stadiums hosting the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] matches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2016 |title=T20 World Cup 2016: Free unlimited Wi-Fi at 6 stadiums, courtesy Reliance Jio |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/T20-World-Cup-2016-Free-unlimited-Wi-Fi-at-6-stadiums-courtesy-Reliance-Jio/articleshow/51290041.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413154729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/T20-World-Cup-2016-Free-unlimited-Wi-Fi-at-6-stadiums-courtesy-Reliance-Jio/articleshow/51290041.cms |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

==Jio apps==
[[File:Jio sim.jpg|thumb|180px|Jio sim card pouch as distributed by Reliance Jio Infocomm]]

In May 2016, Jio launched a bundle of multimedia apps on [[Google Play]] as part of its upcoming 4G services. While the apps are available to download for everyone, a user will require a Jio [[SIM card]] to use some of them. Notable apps include:


* '''MyJio''' – manage Jio account and digital services associated with it
* '''JioSphere''' ''(formerly JioPages)'' – a web browser for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] device with VPN<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jio-launches-made-in-india-jiopages-browser-features-other-details-here-11603291917345.html|title=Jio launches made-in-India JioPages browser: Features, other details here|publisher=Live Mint|date=21 October 2020|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110124252/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jio-launches-made-in-india-jiopages-browser-features-other-details-here-11603291917345.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://techpp.com/2020/10/21/jiopages-jio-browser/|title=Jio Browser Rebranded as JioPages with improved design and more features|publisher=TechPP|date=21 October 2020|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102020225/https://techpp.com/2020/10/21/jiopages-jio-browser/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''JioChat''' – instant messaging app<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abbas |first=Muntazir |date=16 October 2015 |title=Jio Chat crosses 2 million users in less than six months |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/jio-chat-crosses-2-million-users-in-less-than-six-months/articleshow/49397526.cms |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101102/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/jio-chat-crosses-2-million-users-in-less-than-six-months/articleshow/49397526.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[JioCinema]]''' – OTT platform<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2016 |title=Reliance to launch Jio On Demand with over 450 TV channels |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/reliance-to-launch-jio-on-demand-with-over-450-tv-channels-160219 |access-date=20 May 2016 |publisher=Indian Television |archive-date=8 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908204338/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/reliance-to-launch-jio-on-demand-with-over-450-tv-channels-160219 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''JioCloud''' – cloud-based backup tool<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=Exclusive First look at Jio Drive : India's answer to Google drive and One drive, to offer 100 GB storage |url=http://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-drive-indias-answer-to-google-drive-and-one-drive/126969/ |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=Telecom Talk |language=en-US |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912015241/http://telecomtalk.info/reliance-jio-drive-indias-answer-to-google-drive-and-one-drive/126969/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''JioHealthHub''' – health services app
* '''JioNews''' – e-reader for news<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Exclusive First look at Reliance Jio Mags: Jio's answer to Google's Play Newsstand |url=http://telecomtalk.info/first-look-at-reliance-jio-mags/127163/ |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=Telecom Talk |language=en-US |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902081308/http://telecomtalk.info/first-look-at-reliance-jio-mags/127163/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''JioMeet''' – video-conferencing platform<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruze |first1=Danny Cyril D. |title=Jio to launch video conferencing platform JioMeet to take on Google Meet, Zoom |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jio-to-launch-video-conferencing-platform-jiomeet-to-take-on-google-meet-zoom-11588324251469.html |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=Livemint |date=1 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161358/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jio-to-launch-video-conferencing-platform-jiomeet-to-take-on-google-meet-zoom-11588324251469.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''JioMoney''' – online payments/wallet app<ref>{{Citation |last=Bendre |first=Ritesh |title=Reliance JioMoney Wallet app first impressions: Good potential, needs design overhaul |date=12 May 2016 |url=http://www.bgr.in/news/reliance-jiomoney-wallet-app-first-impressions-good-potential-needs-design-overhaul/ |work=[[Boy Genius Report]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518054810/http://www.bgr.in/news/reliance-jiomoney-wallet-app-first-impressions-good-potential-needs-design-overhaul/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[JioSaavn]]''' – for online and offline music streaming in English and Indian languages
* '''JioSecurity''' – security app{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* '''[[JioTV]]''' – TV Channels streaming service
* '''JioCall''' – VoLTE phone simulator<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Jio Join app: First look and comprehensive feature review |url=http://telecomtalk.info/jio-join-app-first-look-and-comprehensive-feature-review/150834/ |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=Telecom Talk |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906174843/http://telecomtalk.info/jio-join-app-first-look-and-comprehensive-feature-review/150834/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[JioMart]]''' – online shopping app<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=JioMart goes live in 200 cities after Mumbai pilot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jiomart-goes-live-in-200-cities-after-mumbai-pilot/articleshow/75955843.cms |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020153801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jiomart-goes-live-in-200-cities-after-mumbai-pilot/articleshow/75955843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''JioGames''' – gaming platform{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* '''JioHome''' – home entertainment{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* '''JioThings''' – device tracking{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* '''JioGate''' – housing society solutions{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* '''JioPOS Lite''' – platform for partners to earn{{cn|date=September 2024}}

==Controversies==

===Issue with incumbents===
In September 2016, the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) summoned Jio and the country's existing telecom operators like [[Airtel India|Airtel]], [[Vodafone India|Vodafone]], and [[Idea Cellular]] to meet and discuss an issue regarding the interconnection between the operators. This was a result of Jio complaining to TRAI and [[Department of Telecom]] (DoT) about other operators not honoring their commercial agreements to let Jio use their network resources. The company further added that the operators are trying to sabotage its entry into the telecom scene. However, DoT dismissed the request and directed TRAI to help settle the dispute amicably. Moreover, the [[Cellular Operators Association of India]] (COAI) requested TRAI to include all the operators in the discussion instead of the three.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Truce insight? Trai summons Airtel, Vodafone, and Idea to settle a fight with Reliance Jio – The Economic Times | newspaper=The Economic Times | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/truce-in-sight-trai-summons-airtel-vodafone-and-idea-to-settle-fight-with-reliance-jio/articleshow/54170767.cms | last1=Mankotia | first1=Anandita Singh | access-date=8 September 2016 | archive-date=10 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910080254/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/truce-in-sight-trai-summons-airtel-vodafone-and-idea-to-settle-fight-with-reliance-jio/articleshow/54170767.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

The incumbent operators had previously approached the country's PMO to reiterate their stance that they "''are in no way obliged or in any position to entertain Jio's requests for interconnection points as they do not have either the network or the financial resources to terminate the latter's humongous volumes of potentially asymmetric voice traffic.''" Responding to this, Mukesh Ambani, owner of Jio, said, "''All operators have publicly said last week that they will provide this (interconnect and MNP). So, we are waiting. These are all great companies. They have their own reputations to protect. I am confident they won't violate the law.''" Commenting about number portability, he added, "The number belongs to the consumer. No operator can cause trouble if they want to change operators."<ref>{{Cite news | title=You can't hold off Reliance Jio for long, Mukesh Ambani tells rivals – The Economic Times | newspaper=The Economic Times | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/you-cant-hold-off-reliance-jio-for-long-mukesh-ambani-tells-rivals/articleshow/54167867.cms | last1=Deva | first1=Pranati | access-date=8 September 2016 | archive-date=10 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910014419/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/you-cant-hold-off-reliance-jio-for-long-mukesh-ambani-tells-rivals/articleshow/54167867.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> However, on 12 September 2016, Idea Cellular agreed to allow Jio to use 196 of its interconnection access points.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Upasana |date=12 September 2016 |title=Idea agrees to give Reliance Jio interconnection points |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/bSfWJaGGyIxgAqf5No38XN/Idea-agrees-to-provide-interconnection-points-to-Reliance-Ji.html |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913174037/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/bSfWJaGGyIxgAqf5No38XN/Idea-agrees-to-provide-interconnection-points-to-Reliance-Ji.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Subscriber data breach===
On 10 July 2017, Jio's customer data was allegedly leaked on the website magicapk.com.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Reliance Jio data breached: Why it matters, what it means for you, and everything to know |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-data-breached-120-million-users-why-it-matters-what-it-means-for-you-and-everything-to-know-4743592/ |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710075415/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-data-breached-120-million-users-why-it-matters-what-it-means-for-you-and-everything-to-know-4743592/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The website was suspended shortly after the news of the breach broke out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Reliance Jio probing claims of alleged data breach of millions of subscribers |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/reliance-jio-investigating-claims-of-alleged-data-breach-of-millions-of-subscribers/story-wnT1H33yyJIh8eHQBdHSrM.html |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710031512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/reliance-jio-investigating-claims-of-alleged-data-breach-of-millions-of-subscribers/story-wnT1H33yyJIh8eHQBdHSrM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Farmers' boycott ===
During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020–2021 Indian Farmers' Protest]], farmers across multiple states in northern part of India boycotted and vandalized Jio's towers owing to allegations of Reliance Industries's support to controversial farm laws of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-28|title=Reliance Jio Faces More Trouble As Farmers Target 1,300 4G Towers In Punjab|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/reliance-jio-faces-trouble-as-farmers-target-1300-4g-towers-in-punjab/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132001/https://inc42.com/buzz/reliance-jio-faces-trouble-as-farmers-target-1300-4g-towers-in-punjab/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jio blamed its competitors Airtel and Vodafone for spreading rumours of "Reliance being an undue beneficiary in the farm bills", an allegation both the companies denied.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-02|title=Tower damage case: Airtel, VIL say Jio's charges against them baseless, false|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/reliance-jios-charges-outrageous-baseless-airtel-writes-to-dot-over-tower-damage-case/2162793/|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122060231/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/reliance-jios-charges-outrageous-baseless-airtel-writes-to-dot-over-tower-damage-case/2162793/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company saw a loss of around 25 lakh (2.5 million) subscribers in Punjab and Haryana between November and December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Effect of Farmers' Protest: Jio Loses Subscribers in Punjab and Haryana|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Effect-Farmers-Protest-Jio-Loses-Subscribers-Punjab-Haryana|access-date=2021-03-18|website=NewsClick|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305091844/https://www.newsclick.in/Effect-Farmers-Protest-Jio-Loses-Subscribers-Punjab-Haryana|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bird deaths ===
{{See also|5G misinformation}}
In January 2021, several social media posts started circulating linking bird deaths to Jio's 5G network trials. The claims were found to be fake as 5G trials were not yet permitted. The cause of the death of the birds is determined as due to an outbreak of [[Avian influenza|bird flu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kundu|first=Chayan|date=13 January 2021|title=Fact Check: Conspiracy theory on bird flu linking bird deaths to Jio 5G trial goes viral|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-conspiracy-theory-on-bird-flu-linking-bird-deaths-to-jio-5g-trial-goes-viral-1758796-2021-01-13|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218024048/https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-conspiracy-theory-on-bird-flu-linking-bird-deaths-to-jio-5g-trial-goes-viral-1758796-2021-01-13|archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jio Payments Bank]]
* [[JioSaavn]]
* [[List of telecom companies in India]]
* [[List of mobile network operators]]
* [[Reliance Foundation]]
* [[Reliance Industries Limited]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|https://www.jio.com}}
* {{OpenCorp|Reliance+Jio|Reliance Jio}}

{{Reliance Group}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}
{{Major telecommunications companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jio| ]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hastings Chapel, Kolkata

2026-02-17T07:42:01Z

Szeeshan896: starting new data!

{{Short description|Church in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Hastings Chapel, at Hastings in Kolkata 08.jpg|thumb|Hastings Chapel in Kolkata]]
'''Hastings Chapel, Kolkata''' is a historic church situated beside Clyde Road at [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]] in [[Kolkata]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hastings, the neighbourhood that sums up Kolkata’s colonial past |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/hastings-the-neighbourhood-that-sums-up-kolkatas-colonial-past |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Walk near the docks that made Calcutta |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/walk-near-the-docks-that-made-calcutta |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Hastings Chapel, a Christian [[Missionary Church]] was founded in 1855 by the [[London Missionary Society]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knight|first=James Blackburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOc2AQAAMAAJ&q=Hastings+Chapel+Kolkata|title=W. Newman & Co.'s Hand-book to Calcutta: Historical and Descriptive|date=1875|publisher=W. Newman|language=en}}</ref> It has eight Doric columns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&dq=Hastings+Chapel+Kolkata+established+in&pg=PA69|title=Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History|date=2003|publisher=Signal Books|isbn=978-1-902669-59-5|language=en}}</ref> There are four marble plaques having the memory of Mary Sophia, Mrs. Mullens, Rev. James Edward Payne and Rev. John Henry Parker, all are died in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Sukhamaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZuzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hastings+Chapel+Kolkata+established+in&pg=PT23|title=Chronicling Calcutta|date=2019-10-04|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64650-666-8|language=en}}</ref> Presently the church is running under the supervision of [[Missionary Church|United Missionary Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hastings Chapel in the city Kolkata|url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/kolkata/baptist-church/hastings-chapel|access-date=2021-08-20|website=in.worldorgs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lapp|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hl6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hastings+Chapel+Kolkata&pg=PT356|title=Churches Engage Asian Traditions: A Global Mennonite History|date=2011-10-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-68099-226-7|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hastings Chapel, at Hastings in Kolkata 17.jpg
File:Hastings Chapel, at Hastings in Kolkata 03.jpg
File:Hastings Chapel, at Hastings in Kolkata 12.jpg
File:Hastings Chapel, at Hastings in Kolkata 04.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Hastings Chapel, Kolkata}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata, Hastings Chapel}}
[[Category:1855 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Churches in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Jess Fernandes

2026-02-16T18:47:33Z

Szeeshan896: starting new data!

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Jess Fernandes''' is an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer and poet. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and is recognized for his contributions to Konkani literature, particularly in the [[Roman script]].<ref name="TOI61991093">{{cite news |title=Six Konkani stalwarts to be awarded by DKA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/six-konkani-stalwarts-to-be-awarded-by-dka/articleshow/61991093.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 December 2017 |access-date=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="Daijiworld70046">{{cite news |title=Panaji: Konkani Writer Jess Fernandes' New Book Released |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=70046 |work=Daijiworld |date=10 April 2010 |access-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Fernandes is a prolific author in Konkani literature. In April 2010, his collection of poems titled ''Kirvontt'' was released in [[Panaji]]. The book was previously selected for the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Konkani in 2009.<ref name="Daijiworld70046" />
In 2024, Fernandes authored a book titled ''Vontth Mhoje Kristak Gaitat'' (transl. {{lang|kok-Latn|My Lips Sing for Christ}}). The book launch was held at the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] in Panaji and was organized by the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA). The work focuses on religious themes centered on the life and teachings of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="GTBookLaunch">{{cite web |title=Book launch of Jess Fernandes' 'Vontth Mhoje Kristak Gaitat' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/things-to-do/book-launch-of-jess-fernandes-vontth-mhoje-kristak-gaitat |website=[[Gomantak Times]] |access-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Fernandes has received several honors for his literary work:
Sahitya Akademi Award (2009): Conferred for his poetry collection ''Kirvontt''.<ref name="Daijiworld70046" />
Dalgado Sahityik Puraskar (2017): Awarded by the Dalgado Konknni Akademi in recognition of his standing as a veteran writer and his significant contributions to Konkani literature.<ref name="TOI61991093" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Neelam Sivia

2026-02-09T04:52:56Z

Szeeshan896: creating a post.

{{short description|Indian television and film actress (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neelam Sivia
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Neelam Sivia
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1989}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[47 to 84]]''
| notable_works =
}}

'''Neelam Sivia''' (born 1989) is an Indian television and film actress.

== Early life and career ==
She has worked in a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[47 to 84]]''.

She has also worked in many television shows like ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'', ''[[MTV|MTV Webbed]]'', ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'', ''Love by Chance'', ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'', ''Halla Bol'', ''[[Saubhagyalakshmi]]'', ''[[Nadaniyaan]]'' and ''[[Naamkarann]]''.

She finished working in [[4 Lions Films]]' web series ''[[Tanhaiyan]]'' as Tanya and TV series called ''[[Naamkarann]]'' on Star Plus.

Currently, she is seen in the webseries called ''Aafat''.

== Personal life ==
Sivia married musician and drummer Apoorv Singh.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2014
|''[[47 to 84]]''
|Reet <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zil-pVd10jI|title=Judai - Full Song - 47 To 84 - Krishna - Arshpreet Jugni - Zafar Dhillon -Neelam Sivia|last=shemaroopunjabi|date=9 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Channel
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2013
|''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''
|Anika Sarkar Bhalla
|[[Sony TV]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anika-will-help-me-evolve-Neelam-Sivia/articleshow/17623722.cms|title=Anika will help me evolve: Neelam Sivia - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2012 |publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|
|[[Channel V India]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MMS-Scandal-Nude-videos-case-in-Gumraah-The-end-of-innocence/articleshow/26895095.cms|title=Two Kya Hua Tera… actors in Gumrah! - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[MTV|MTV Webbed]]''
|Surbhi Oberoi
|[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Neelam-Sivia-Kya-Hua-Tera-Waada-MTV-Webbed/articleshow/23363670.cms|title=Neelam Sivia of Kya Hua Tera...fame in webbed! - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Love by Chance''
|Sheetal
|[[Bindass|Bindaas]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfAc0IkwBZo|title=Love By Chance - Full Episode 23 - bindass Official|last=bindass|date=1 November 2014|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Naina
|Bindaas
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui-Love-brings-out-the-best-in-you/articleshow/39410049.cms|title=Yeh Hai Aashiqui: Love brings out the best in you! - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Saumya
|[[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui Siyappa Ishq Ka]]''
|Pratyusha
|Bindaas
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5oV305_QoM|title=Reel life to real Life - Yeh Hai Aashiqui - Siyappa Ishq Ka - Episode 3|last=bindass|date=4 July 2015|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Halla Bol''
|Megha
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AL_Vi58HGVA|title=Halla Bol - Model Story - Season 02 - Episode 17|last=bindass|date=22 March 2015|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Ismaira
|Zing
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozee.com/shows/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-07/video/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-07-episode-07-march-25-2016-full-episode.html|title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya - Season 07 - Episode 07 - March 25, 2016 - Full Episode : OZEE Show - Zing|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120134928/http://www.ozee.com/shows/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-07/video/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-07-episode-07-march-25-2016-full-episode.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Saubhagyalakshmi]]''
|Muskaan Prajapati
|[[&TV]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/tvs-bhaghyalakshmi-rechristened-saubhagyalakshmi-2015|title=&TV's 'Bhaghyalakshmi' rechristened 'Saubhagyalakshmi' - BizAsia Media - The UK's only Asian media news site|publisher=|accessdate=8 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220095925/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/tvs-bhaghyalakshmi-rechristened-saubhagyalakshmi-2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Nadaniyaan]]''
|Nikki/Nikita Thapar
|[[Big Magic]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-uk-to-air-big-magic-show-uff-yeh-nadaniyaan/|title=ZEE TV UK to air Big Magic show 'Uff Yeh Nadaniyaan'|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2018-10-30|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Tanhaiyan]]''
|Tanya
|[[Hotstar]]
|Webseries{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Naamkarann]]''
|Diksha
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2019
|''Aafat''
|Anu Chhabra
|
|Webseries<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/my-biggest-challenge-in-playing-anu-in-mx-players-aafat-was-to-cut-my-hair-for-the-series-neelam-sivia/articleshow/68463404.cms|title=My biggest challenge in playing Anu in MX Player's Aafat was to cut my hair for the series: Neelam Sivia - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6002030}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television|Punjab}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivia, Neelam}}
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Thakurbari Temple, Gangtok

2026-02-08T16:31:22Z

Szeeshan896: expanded lead also and added references

{{short description|Hindu temple in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Thakurbari Temple
|image = Sri Thakurbari Temple, in Gangtok 05.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Thakurbari Temple
|map_type = India Sikkim
|coordinates = {{coord|27.3301|N|88.6132|E|type:landmark_region:IN-SK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location in [[Sikkim]]
|native_name =
|country= [[India]]
|state= [[Sikkim]]
|district= [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
|location = [[Gangtok]]
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|festivals= Bala Chaturdasi and [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|architecture =
|native_name_lang=ne
}}

'''Thakurbari Temple''' ({{Langx|ne|ठाकुरबारी मन्दिर}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]], in the heart of the town. It is one of the oldest Hindu temples in [[Sikkim]] built on land donated by the erstwhile [[Chogyal]] of Sikkim in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1995_01_18.pdf | title=Some aspect of Bhutia culture in Sikkim (a case study) | first=Bandana | last=Mukherjee}}</ref> The temple houses almost all major deities and has emerged as an important center of convergence for the [[Hindu]] community of Gangtok.

==Upgrades==
Subsequently, the temple was upgraded to a major temple-complex in the time period between 1945 and 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gangtokhotels.org/gangtok-tourist-attractions.htm |title=Gangtok Tourist Attractions |publisher=Gangtok Hotels |accessdate=2 October 2011 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218110102/http://gangtokhotels.org/gangtok-tourist-attractions.htm |archivedate=18 February 2013 }}</ref>

In 2011, the temple complex was further upgraded to include a multipurpose hall and library. Completion was expected by 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isikkim.com/thakurbari-to-be-completed-within-a-year/ |title=Thakurbari to be completed within a year |publisher=iSikkim.com |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2015|02|15}} the temple was incomplete due to shortage of funds. Another Rs. 3 crore is required to complete the mandir.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindu temples in Sikkim}}

[[Category:Gangtok]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Sikkim]]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sikkim]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Jamai Sasthi

2026-02-05T18:09:48Z

Szeeshan896: starting stub

{{Short description|Bengali Hindu festival}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Jamai Sasthi
| nickname = Arannya Sasthi
| observedby = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| date = {{CE|01 June 2025}} (17 Joishtho 1432 [[Bengali calendars|BS]])
| observances = [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]
| type = Festival
| longtype = Cultural
| significance = Family reunion
| frequency = Yearly
| duration = One day
}}
'''Jamai Sasthi''' ({{langx|bn|জামাই ষষ্ঠী}}) is a traditional cultural ritual of [[Bengali Hindus]]. This ritual is performed on the sixth [[tithi]] of the Shukla [[paksha]] of the [[Joishtho]] month.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ram|first=Priyanka|date=2021-06-15|language=bn|title=বুধবার জামাই ষষ্ঠী - জানুন নির্ঘণ্ট, পুজোর নিয়ম ও কাহিনি|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/-31623738843024.html|access-date=2022-12-24|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122237/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/-31623738843024.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On this day married women and their husbands are invited and entertained by women's parents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamai Sasthi Special:: Fixture of JamaiShasthi dgtl|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/horoscope/jamai-sasthi-special-fixture-of-jamaishasthi-dgtl/cid/1348446|access-date=2022-12-24|website=www.anandabazar.com|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122239/https://www.anandabazar.com/horoscope/jamai-sasthi-special-fixture-of-jamaishasthi-dgtl/cid/1348446|url-status=live}}</ref> In this way, in an attempt to keep the son-in-law happy, the mundane tradition of Shashthi [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] has become the festival of Hindu Bengali's Joishtho month.<ref>{{cite web|language=bn|title=Jamai Sasthi 2022: বাংলায় জামাইষষ্ঠী কীভাবে শুরু হল? এত আয়োজনের কারণ কী?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/jamai-shashthi-2022-know-date-timing-subho-muhurto-tithi-puja-rituals-history-and-significance-behind-bengali-festival-jamai-sasthi-sbm-380745-2022-06-04|access-date=2022-12-24|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122241/https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/jamai-shashthi-2022-know-date-timing-subho-muhurto-tithi-puja-rituals-history-and-significance-behind-bengali-festival-jamai-sasthi-sbm-380745-2022-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Long ago, in around medieval time in the [[Indian subcontinent]], as girls were often married far away, and transport was expensive & extremely exhausting for long travels, for the girl's parents and entire family to meet their girl would face lot difficulties, on other hand if the girl and her husband would come and stay for few days, all could conveniently meet them in joint families and villages. For this, reason the society rules that on Shukla Shashti of the month of [[Joishtho]], the girl and her husband will be invited to the house of the girl's parents and have Shashthi Puja so that they can have healthy children soon.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-06-03|language=bn|title=জামাইদের জন্য জামাই ষষ্ঠী নয়! কাদের মঙ্গল কামনায় পালিত হয় এই দিন? জানেন?|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/off-beat/jamai-sasthi-2022-know-the-actual-reasons-behind-jamai-sasthi-rituals-sdg-818878.html|access-date=2022-12-24|website=News18 Bengali|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122237/https://bengali.news18.com/news/off-beat/jamai-sasthi-2022-know-the-actual-reasons-behind-jamai-sasthi-rituals-sdg-818878.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Jamai Sasthi 2025: ২০২৫ সালে কবে জামাইষষ্ঠী? জানুন জামাই ষষ্ঠীর পূর্ণ রীতি, ইতিহাস ও পাতে থাকুক কোন কোন খাবার! » Tollywood Online |url=https://www.tollywoodonline.in/jamai-sasthi-2025-date-rituals-food-and-celebration/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to a legend, a greedy wife of a family used to steal food and blame it on the cat, the vehicle of Goddess [[Shashthi]]. When Shashthi came to know about this false allegation, she got angry and took the life of the wife's child, which left the wife grief-stricken. Later, when the goddess approached the wife in the form of an old woman and reminded her of her fault, the wife realized her mistake and apologized, and the goddess brought her child back to life.<ref>{{cite web|language=bn|title=Jamai Shashthi 2022: ৫ জুন জামাই ষষ্ঠী, জানেন কেন পালিত হয়?|url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/rituals-and-festivals/hindu/know-the-date-and-time-of-jamai-shashthi-2022/articleshow/91910730.cms|access-date=2022-12-24|website=EI Samay|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122236/https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/rituals-and-festivals/hindu/know-the-date-and-time-of-jamai-shashthi-2022/articleshow/91910730.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The people of the society get angry when they come to know about the misdeeds of the wife and restrict her from going to her parents' house. Then on Shashthi Puja day the wife's parents invite her and her husband to come their home and henceforth the day came to be known as Jamai Shashti.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-06-03|language=en|title=Jamai Sasthi 2022: History, significance and all that you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/jamai-sasthi-2022-history-significance-and-all-that-you-need-to-know-101654252466227.html|access-date=2022-12-24|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/jamai-sasthi-2022-history-significance-and-all-that-you-need-to-know-101654252466227.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SAARC">{{cite journal |last1=Munshi |first1=Swayamdipta |title=SAARC Culture Journal Vol 9 2023 240719 180752 (1) |journal=SAARC Cultural Journal |date=1 January 2024 |volume=9 |page=32 |url=https://www.academia.edu/122479590/SAARC_Culture_Journal_Vol_9_2023_240719_180752_1_ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220113832/https://www.academia.edu/122479590/SAARC_Culture_Journal_Vol_9_2023_240719_180752_1_ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Significance ==
On this day, mother-in-law performs Shasthi Puja to please Goddess Shasthi and seek her blessings for good luck and prosperity for her daughters and sons-in-law. The son-in-law is invited home and treated to a sumptuous feast of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food prepared by the mother-in-law. Gifts are also given to daughter-in-law on this day. Jamai Shashti is celebrated as a family reunion day and the whole family comes together to celebrate by having a meal together.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamai Shashthi: 'জামাইষষ্ঠী' কি আসলে জামাইদের জন্য অনুষ্ঠান?|url=http://calcuttanews.tv/specialstory/know-about-the-main-rituals-Jamai-Shashthi|date=2022-06-04|access-date=2022-12-24|website=calcuttanews.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604135121/https://calcuttanews.tv/specialstory/know-about-the-main-rituals-Jamai-Shashthi|archive-date=2022-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Husbands]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Summer festivals]]
[[Category:June observances]]

Gopa (caste)

2026-01-30T09:48:38Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|Synonyms of Ahirs in India and Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Gopa
| kula_daivat = [[Shri Krishna]]
| subdivisions =
| populated_states = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = Varies depending on region
|classification =
| related =
}}
'''Gopa''' or '''Gop''' or '''Gope''' is a synonym of a caste in [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdf_JXMklV0C&q=Gope|title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ&q=abhir+gopa |title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India |date=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-2133-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das1980">{{cite book|author=Madhusudan Das|title=Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope+ahir|year=1980|publisher=Pragati Utkal Sangha}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2007">{{cite book|author=Dalip Kumar|title=Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23eYY4sR3KQC&pg=PA106|year=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-000-4|pages=106–}}</ref> It is generally used as a title by the yadav/Ahir caste in the states of [[Bihar]] in India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai|title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7046-303-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=gope+ahir |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&dq=gope+rai+yadav&pg=PT112 |title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-85436-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Terai]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Sohan Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUbAAAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai+yadav |title=Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal |date=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-174-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Sanskrit]] word Gopa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=James Bradun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIzAQAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA916|title=The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments|date=1893|publisher=Housekeeper Press|language=en}}</ref> originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb0FAAAAIAAJ&q=Gopa|title=Humboldt library of science. no. 131 {{!}} pt. 2, 1890|date=1890|publisher=Humboldt Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogozin|first=Z. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0E-dZx-eMcC&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA64|title=Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda|date=2005|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0085-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Origin and history==
Buddhaswami, an ancient scholar, in his Brhatkathaslokasamgraha has mentioned the story of an [[Abhira people|Abhira]] who lived in a 'Ghosha' where both the terms 'Abhira' and 'Gopa' have been used for the same people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=J. N. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+ghosa+abhira |title=Yadavas of South India |date=2001 |publisher=Yadava Publications |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Amarakosha]] lists Gopa, Gopala, Gosamkhya, Godhuk, and Ballava as synonyms for [[Abhira people|Abhira]] and states that the village or settlement where Abhiras lived was called Ghosa or Abhirapalli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&dq=gopa+abhira&pg=PA126 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Gwalior]] was known as Gopagiri in ancient and early medieval times, as mentioned in inscriptions by rulers such as [[Mihirakula|Mihirkula]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&dq=gopa+inscription&pg=PA346 |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=B. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lihuAAAAMAAJ&q=gopagiri |title=Forts and Fortresses of Gwalior and Its Hinterland |date=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-047-4 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> and in an 876 AD inscription of Bhoja Deva,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DegEAAAQBAJ&dq=gopagiri&pg=PA336 |title=Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II |date=2022-12-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-368-13568-3 |language=en}}</ref> which suggest some kind of association of this place with pastoral communities like the Gopas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basant |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC&q=gopagiri+gopas&pg=PA64 |title=The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa |date=2012 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-15-3 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

===Dynasties, chieftaincy & zamindari===
* [[Gopala dynasty|Gopala-Gupta dynasty]] and [[Mahisapala dynasty]] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|title=Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda|date=1985|publisher=Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa|language=hi|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092624/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Satyal|first=Yajna Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|title=Tourism in Nepal: A Profile|date=1988|publisher=Nath Publishing House|language=en|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092642/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&dq=gopal+dynasty&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sadgope Dynasty of [[Gopbhum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān|date=1965|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref> It had two Sadgope (Gopa) kings, one ruled from [[Amrargar]] and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=William L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOZiAAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+king|title=The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal|date=1980|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell International|isbn=978-91-22-00408-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=Gopbhum|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323000943/https://books.google.com/books/about/Land_and_Local_Kingship_in_Eighteenth_Ce.html?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sadgope rulers of [[Midnapore Raj]], [[Narajole Raj]], [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]] and Balrampur in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-07-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0407-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Swarupa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&q=sadgop+kornagar&pg=PA289 |title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905 |date=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17614-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKFRAQAAIAAJ&q=Sadgopas+Karnagarh |title=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |language=en}}</ref>
* Gopa or Ahir chieftain of [[Murho Estate]], Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAdXAAAAMAAJ&q=gope+murho |title=History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar |date=1957 |publisher=Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shashi Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVTMNbEDp8EC&q=gope+ranipatti |title=Political Elite in Bihar |date=1972 |publisher=Vora |isbn=978-0-8426-0365-2 |pages=308 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A village that symbolises Bihar|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212191951/https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gop Jatiye Mahasabha==
Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu [[Rash Bihari Lal Mandal]] in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar.<ref>Madhusudan Das (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092628/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gope |date=2023-03-17 }} Pragati Utkal Sangha.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books|isbn=9780429783951|access-date=14 June 2020|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092625/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937|access-date=14 June 2020|isbn=8170999790|last1=Alam|first1=Jawaid|date=January 2004|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and other regional organisation of Ahirs. AIYM first National Conference was held in [[Purnia|Purnea]], Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yadav]]
* [[Ahir]]
* [[Bihari Ahir]]
* [[Yadavs of Nepal]]
* [[Sadgop]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Ahir|Yadav]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Arvind Kumar Sharma

2026-01-27T14:11:06Z

Szeeshan896: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dr. Arvind Sharma.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Second Saini ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] [[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *Co-operation
*Jails
*Elections
*Heritage & Tourism
| term_start = 17 October 2024
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2019
| term_end2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| successor2 = [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| office3 =
| constituency3 = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| term_start3 = 2004
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Ishwar Dayal Swami]]
| successor3 = [[Ashwini Kumar Chopra]]
| office4 =
| constituency4 = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 1998
| predecessor4 = [[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]]
| successor4 = [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[M.P. Majra]], Punjab, India (now in [[Haryana]], India)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014–present)
| otherparty = *[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)]]
*[[Independent politician]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rita Sharma|9 November 1989}}
| children = 2
| nationality =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/3785?from=members
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]] ([[Bachelor of Dental Surgery|BDS]]) [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] ([[Master of Dental Surgery|MDS]])
}}

'''Arvind Kumar Sharma''' (born 25 November 1962) is an Indian dental surgeon, politician who currently represents the [[Gohana Assembly constituency]] in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Varinder |date=2 December 2024 |title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 July 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archive-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> He was also a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He represented the [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)]] constituency of [[Haryana]] in [[15th Lok Sabha]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] but he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/ex-congress-mp-from-karnal-arvind-sharma-joins-bjp/story-DQ3dFaII2XJAnBddoDz8WM.html|title=Ex-Congress MP from Karnal Arvind Sharma joins BJP|date=16 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharma was born on 25 November 1962 to Satguru Dass Sharma and Bimla Devi in the village of [[M.P. Majra]] in [[Jhajjar district]] of [[Haryana]]. He completed his [[Dental degree|Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] from [[Gujarat University]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Master of Dental Surgery]] from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]]. Sharma married Rita Sharma on 9 November 1989, with whom he has a son and a daughter. He is a medical practitioner, social worker and agriculturist.<ref name="LokSabha">{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha - Sharma, Dr. Arvind Kumar |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/3785?from=members |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==
In January 2014, he left [[Indian National Congress]] and joined [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and was named chief ministerial candidate. He lost from both Yamunanagar and Julana seats and was pushed to the third slot in both the seats.

In 2019, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested from [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak Lok Sabha seat]] in [[2019 Indian general election]] and defeated [[Deepender Singh Hooda]] of [[Indian National Congress]] with margin of 7,503 votes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Srishty |title=Arvind Kumar Sharma, senior Haryana Congress leader, joins BJP |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/arvind-kumar-sharma-senior-haryana-congress-leader-join-bjp-today-217137.html |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=News Nation English |date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/birender-singh-s-son-bjp-candidate-from-hisar-ex-mp-arvind-sharma-gets-ticket-from-rohtak-119041400527_1.html|title=Birender Singh's son BJP candidate from Hisar, ex-MP Arvind Sharma gets ticket from Rohtak|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard|date=14 April 2019|accessdate=2 January 2020}}</ref> However, in [[2024 Lok Sabha election]], he lost to Hooda by 345,298 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 7 - ROHTAK (Haryana) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS077.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Shiv Sena}}|
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow2.svg|50px]] [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="3"bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|13th Haryana Assembly]]
|rowspan="2"bgcolor={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Elephant.png|50px]] [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="3"bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|15th Haryana Assembly]]
|[[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
|{{Won}}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3785 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{17th LS members from Haryana}}
{{14th LS members from Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Arvind Kumar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category: Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category: People from Jhajjar]]
[[Category: Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category: Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category: Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manjula Devi

2026-01-05T23:05:02Z

Szeeshan896: improved article

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manjula Devi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|1|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pithapuram]], Godavari District, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]{{smaller|(present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)}}
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Goalpara]], [[Assam]]
| term = 1957-1962
| predecessor=
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse = Raja of Sidh (m. 1932)
| children = one
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1250.htm
}}

'''Rani Manjula Devi''' was an Indian politician, daughter of the Rajah of [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram]]. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Goalpara]], [[Assam]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She was a student of the Church Park Convent in Madras. She married the Raja of Sidhli Raja Ajit Narayan Dev in 1932.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1250.htm| title=Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Chopra1993">{{cite book|author=Joginder Kumar Chopra|title=Women in the Indian Parliament: A Critical Study of Their Role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjQ7zgQK9qcC&pg=PA464|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-513-5|pages=465–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Journal of Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW4KAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=26 October 2017|year=1978|publisher=Indian Political Science Association|page=72}}</ref><ref name="Privileges1957">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha. Committee of Privileges|title=Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZu2AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=26 October 2017|year=1957|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=101}}</ref><ref name="Assembly1969">{{cite book|author=Assam (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly|title=Assam Legislative Assembly Debates: Official report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXYcTbhYKPEC|accessdate=26 October 2017|year=1969|page=293}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1250.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Manjula}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Jawahar Sagar Dam

2025-12-16T08:24:38Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|Dam in Rajasthan, northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Jawahar Sagar Dam
| image =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-switcher = zooms
| image_caption =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location = [[Chambal River]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.0372|75.6780|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| purpose = [[Hydroelectricity]], [[Irrigation]]
| construction_began =
| opening = 1972
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity dam
| dam_height = {{cvt|45|m}}
| dam_length = {{cvt|393|m}}
| dam_volume =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| reservoir =
| res_capacity_total = 67.07 million cubic meters (2.37 tmcft)
| active_capacity =
| inactive_capacity =
| plant_capacity = 3 units of 33 MW
| surface_area =
| max_length =
| max_width =
| reservoir_length =
| reservoir_depth =
| elevation_above_sea =
| plant_type =
| plant_annual_gen =
| turbine_manuf =
| turbine_model =
| average_annual_gen =
| website =
}}

The '''Jawahar Sagar Dam''' is the third dam in the series of Chambal Valley Projects on the [[Chambal River]], located 29&nbsp;km upstream of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota city]] and 26&nbsp;km downstream of [[Rana Pratap Sagar dam]]. It is a concrete gravity dam, 45 meters high and 393 meters long, generating 60 MW of power with an installed capacity of 3 units of 33 MW. Its construction was completed in 1972. The dam's gross storage capacity is 67.07 million cubic meters (2.37 tmcft). The total catchment area of the dam is 27,195&nbsp;km2, of which only 1,496&nbsp;km2 are in Rajasthan. The free catchment area below Rana Pratap Sagar dam is 2,331&nbsp;km2.<ref>[[Chambal River]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2018}}
The dam is located after the [[Gandhi Sagar Dam]] and Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, but before the [[Kota Barrage]].

==Geography==
The Chambal River (known in ancient times as the Chamranyavati River) raises in the [[Vindhya Range]] at an elevation of {{Convert|853|m|ft}}, {{Convert|15|km}} west-southwest of the town of [[Mhow]], near [[Indore]]. It flows north-northeast through [[Madhya Pradesh]], runs for a time through [[Rajasthan]], then forms the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the [[Yamuna River]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its total length from its source to its [[confluence]] with the Yamuna River is {{Convert|900|km}}.<ref name=hy>{{cite book |title=Hydrology and water resources of India- Volume 57 of Water science and technology library – Tributaries of Yamuna river|last=Jain |first=Sharad K.|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal |author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|pages=350–351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&dq=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345 }}</ref>

The Chambal and its tributaries drain the [[Malwa]] region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the [[Banas River|Banas]], which rises in the [[Aravalli Range]], drains southeastern [[Rajasthan]]. At its confluence with the Yamuna, the Chambal joins four other rivers – the Yamuna, [[Kuwari river|Kwari]], [[Kali Sindh River|Sind]], and [[Pahuj River|Pahuj]] – at [[Pachnada]] near [[Bhareh]] in Uttar Pradesh, at the border of the [[Bhind District|Bhind]] and [[Etawah District|Etawah]] districts.<ref name=Chambal>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104847/Chambal-River#ref=ref172222|title= Chambal River (in Chambal River (river, India)) |access-date=10 May 2011|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=River>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104850/Chambal-Valley|title= Chambal Valley|access-date=10 May 2011|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The river is drained by a rain-fed catchment area with an average annual rainfall of {{Convert|860|mm}}, a temperature range of between {{Convert|2|C}} and {{Convert|40|C}}, and a relative [[humidity]] ranging from 30% to 90%.<ref name=hy/>

Between {{Convert|344|km}} and {{Convert|440|km}} from the Chambal's source is an area of deep [[Canyon|gorges]]; the Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in the middle reach of this gorge section. The dam is situated at a distance of {{Convert|168|km}} from the district administrative headquarters of [[Mandsaur]].<ref name=Gandhi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mandsaur.nic.in/tour.htm|title=Gandhisagar Dam|access-date=11 May 2011|publisher=National Informatics Center Mandsur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203173238/http://mandsaur.nic.in/tour.htm|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Construction History==
[[File:Gandhi Sagar Mandsaur1.JPG|right|thumb|The power station on the right bank of the Gandhi Sagar dam and the downstream bridge across the Chambal River.]]
The [[Chambal River|Chambal River Valley Development]] marked one of the landmark actions of the [[Five-Year plans of India|First Five-Year Plan]] launched by the [[Government of India]] in 1951, after [[History of the Republic of India|India attained independence in August 1947]]. The Chambal River had not until then been used for any major developmental works, and was proposed to be developed under a joint initiative of the state governments of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The three-stage proposal, drawn up in 1953, called for three dams to provide hydroelectric power generation, and a downstream barrage to use stored waters released from the upstream dams for [[irrigation]].<ref name=reduce>{{Cite web|url=http://agropedialabs.iitk.ac.in/gangapedia/sites/default/files/THE%20BIG%20IRRIGATION%20PROJECTS_The%20strong%20case%20for%20reducing%20the%20FRL%20of%20the%20Chambal%20Dam.pdf|title=The strong case for reducing the FRL of the Chambal Dam|access-date=11 May 2011|publisher=AgropediaLabs.iitk.ac.in}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The river's drop of {{Convert|625|m}} between its source in Mhow and the city of Kota, which marks the exit of the river from its gorge section into the plains of Rajasthan, was seen as having great hydroelectric potential.<ref name=Valley>{{Cite web|url=http://kotadivision.nic.in/commandareadevlopment.htm|title= Command Area Development Chambal, Kota|access-date=10 May 2011|publisher=Kota Division National Informatics Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505022511/http://kotadivision.nic.in/commandareadevlopment.htm |archive-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=Dams>{{Cite web|url=http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/4chambal.htm|title=Chambal Valley Project|access-date=10 May 2011|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085442/http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/4chambal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Stage I===
The first stage of the development involved construction of the Gandhi Sagar Dam to a height of a {{Convert|62.17|m}} as a storage dam to store 7,322,000,000 cubic metres in Madhya Pradesh and use the stored water for hydroelectric power generation, followed by irrigation from the Kota Barrage in Rajasthan, {{Convert|104|km|mi}} downstream of the dam. Power generation at Gandhi Sagar Dam was through a powerhouse at the toe of the dam, with a total installed capacity of 115 MW (divided into five units of 23 MW).<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/annexure.pdf|title=Consultancy for formulating operational cost norms including O&M and escalation for Hydro Power for the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission.|work=Gandhi Sagar: Annexure 3, sr.no. 36|access-date=11 May 2011|publisher=Central Electricity Regulatory Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309053001/http://www.cercind.gov.in/annexure.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Kota Barrage, an earth and masonry structure {{Convert|37.34|m}} in height, was built to provide irrigation through a canal system, with two main canals on the right and left banks. Construction of both projects began in 1953–54; both began functioning in 1960. The water received at the Kota Barrage is shared equally between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan for irrigation.<ref name=Valley/><ref name=Dams/>

===Stage II===
The second stage of development involved the use of the water released from the Gandhi Sagar Dam through another dam structure, the [[Rana Pratap Sagar Dam]], located {{Convert|48|km|mi}} downstream of the Gandhi Sagar at [[Rawatbhata]] in the [[Chittorgarh District]] of Rajasthan. Additional storage at this dam provides an increase in irrigation benefits from the Kota Barrage, increasing its area of irrigation from {{Convert|445000|ha}} to {{Convert|567000|ha}}. In addition, a powerhouse at the toe of the dam provides an additional hydroelectric power generation capacity of 172 MW from four turbo generators, of 43 MW capacity each. The second stage was completed in 1970. The power generated at the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is shared equally with Madhya Pradesh, as the Gandhi Sagar Dam provides the stored waters for use at this dam.<ref name=Valley/><ref name=Dams/>

===Stage III===
The third and final stage of development envisaged an intermediate dam between the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and the Kota Barrage, called the Jawahar Sagar Dam. This dam is a concrete gravity dam, {{Convert|45|m}} high, located approximately {{Convert|23|km}} upstream of Kota Barrage to its southwest, and provides a hydroelectric power generation capacity of 99 MW, with three generator units of 33 MW capacity each. This project was commissioned in 1972.<ref name=Valley/><ref name=Dams/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[Jawahar Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080318151048/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/4chambal.htm Chambal Valley Project]

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Power Plants of Rajasthan}}
{{Chambal River dams}}

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dams in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Chambal River]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Jawahar Sagar Dam

2025-12-16T08:24:38Z

Szeeshan896:

Kansala (India)

2025-11-27T15:37:16Z

Szeeshan896: Created redirect page

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{For|the former capital of [[Kaabu]]|Kansala}}
'''Kansala''' is a village in Rohtak district in [[Haryana]] State, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Kansala Village in Rohtak Tehsil, Rohtak, Haryana |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/haryana/rohtak/rohtak/kansala.html |website=www.mapsofindia.com |accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref> Its Pin code is 124406 and its postal head office is in Rohtak. Kansala is a big village on the Rohtak to Sonipat State Highway. It has a very ancient and famous temple dedicated to Baba Haridas. There are two government schools for boys and girls separately till class XII Near by Baba Haridas Mandir. In Kansala a PNB bank branch also have a post office on main road.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Rohtak district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Patka

2025-11-24T08:06:15Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|Sikh headgear}}
{{otheruses}}
[[File:Amjyot Singh.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Indian basketball player [[Amjyot Singh]] wearing a patka.]]
[[File:Monty Panesar.jpg|thumb|left|200px|English cricketer [[Monty Panesar]] wearing a patka]]
'''Patka''' is a Sikh headgear ''in lieu'' of the full [[Sikh turban]]. It is commonly worn by Sikh sportsmen and young Sikh boys''.''<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/patka-box-1.6782198# Ontario woman creates 'patka box' for teachers to help Sikh students ]</ref><ref name="tie">[https://www.sikhcoalition.org/images/documents/how_do_you_tie_a_patka.pdf How Do You Tie a Patka?]</ref> Patka is a square piece of cotton, usually with four strings (one attached to each corner) for tying.<ref name="tie" />

==Patka in sports==
Patkas are commonly tied by Sikh sportsmen due to their stability, especially those playing [[cricket]] and [[field hockey]]. The Patka is tied a bun behind their head instead of a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Kesh (Sikhism)|joora]] (at the top of their head). This is commonly tied by cricketers such as [[Monty Panesar]] and [[Harbhajan Singh]]. Sikh separatist leader [[Gurpatwant Singh Pannun]] is known for his wearing of patka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Sheela |date=2023-10-03 |title=Sikhs in US don't want Khalistan. It's only used to get funds, votes at gurdwara elections |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/sikhs-in-us-dont-want-khalistan-its-only-used-to-get-funds-votes-at-gurdwara-elections/1787637/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Sikh patka.PNG|thumb|A Sikh boy with a rishi knot wearing a patka.|left]]In 2014 there was a row with [[FIBA]] about two Sikh Indian players, [[Amritpal Singh (basketball)|Amritpal Singh]] and [[Amjyot Singh]] wearing patkas during the [[FIBA Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/fiba-asia-assures-amicable-solution-to-patka-row/articleshow/38984876.cms | title=Fiba Asia assures amicable solution to patka row | newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In 2017 FIBA lifted the patka ban.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/basketball-governing-body-lifts-turban-ban/articleshow/58544787.cms Basketball governing body lifts turban ban]</ref> In 2018 Indian wrestler Jashkawar Gill was denied the participation in a tournament in Turkey for his refusal to replace his patka with a women-style tying of hair allowed by the [[United World Wrestling]] rules.<ref>[https://thewire.in/sport/headgear-comes-in-the-way-of-this-wrestlers-international-debut Headgear 'Comes in the Way' of This Wrestler's International Debut]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rumāl]]
*[[Bandana]]
*[[Patka helmet]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian headgear]]
[[Category:Religious headgear]]
[[Category:Sikh religious clothing]]
[[Category:Turbans]]

{{Sikhism}}

Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Bina)

2025-11-15T03:19:46Z

Szeeshan896:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Somnath–Jabalpur Express
| image= Jabalpur Somnath Express TB.png
| caption = Jabalpur - Somnath Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}} (JBP)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Somnath}} (SMNH)
| distance = {{convert|1569|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly.{{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 11463/11464 [[Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Itarsi)]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11465 / 11466
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Somnath - Jabalpur) Express (via Bina) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 11465 / 11466 '''Somnath–Jabalpur Junction Express (via Bina)''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Somnath}} and {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}} in India.

== Service==

The 11466 Jabalpur Junction–Somnath Express covers the distance of 1570 kilometres in 29 hours 15 mins (47.58 km/h) and in 30 hours 30 mins as 11465 Somnath–Jabalpur Junction Express (47.70 km/h).

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Somnath}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jetalsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wankaner Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chhayapuri||Chhayapuri (Vadodara)}}
* {{stnlnk|Godhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khachrod}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Saugor}}
* {{stnlnk|Damoh}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Murwara Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has highly refurbished LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC First-class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Tier economy
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General
* 2 EOG/Generator Car

==Traction==

The train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Jabalpur Junction to Somnath and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once at:

* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with;
* 11463/11464 [[Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Itarsi)]],
* 22191/22192 [[Jabalpur–Indore Overnight Express]].

==Timings==
* 11465 Somnath–Jabalpur Junction Express leaves Somnath every Monday & Saturday at 09:55 hrs IST and reaches Jabalpur Junction at 16:25 hrs IST the next day.
* 11466 Jabalpur Junction–Somnath Express leaves Jabalpur Junction every Monday & Saturday at 12:40 hrs IST and reaches Somnath at 17:55 hrs IST the next day.

== See also ==

* [[Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Itarsi)]]
* [[Jabalpur–Indore Overnight Express]]
* [[Somnath railway station]]
* [[Jabalpur Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajkot-gets-yet-another-train-to-temple-town/1157045/|title=Rajkot gets yet another train to temple town–Indian Express|publisher=archive.indianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225205/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=25 November 2013 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somnath-Jabalpur Express (via Bina)}}
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Veraval]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]

Kakarla

2025-11-03T04:12:08Z

Szeeshan896:

'''Kakarla''' may refer to:

== People ==
* [[Kakarla Subba Rao]], bone radiologist and former director of [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], Hyderabad
* [[Tyagaraja|Kakarla Tyaga Brahmam]] or Tyagaraja (1767–1847), composer of [[Carnatic music]]

== Geography ==
* Kakarla, a village in [[Ardhaveedu]] mandal, in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Kakarlamudi]], a village in Vemuru mandal, in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Kakarlapalli]], a village in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, India

{{Disambig}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]