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Yashwant Varma

2026-05-07T16:15:41Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting info!

{{Short description|Judge at the Allahabad High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|01|06}}
| name = Yashwant Varma
| image =
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi University]] Rewa University, Madhya Pradesh
| education = [[B.Com]] (Hons.) [[L.L.B.]]
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 5 April 2025 - 10 April 2026 (resigned)
| term_start1 = 13 October 2014
| term_end1 = 10 October 2021
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 2021
| term_end2 = 4 April 2025
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| nominator1 = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
}}

'''Yashwant Varma''' (born 6 January 1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Yashwant Varma |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=218 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> is an Indian jurist who served as a Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] till his resignation on 10 April 2026. He previously served as a judge of the [[Delhi High Court]] from October 2021 to April 2025.

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Prayagraj]] and pursued a [[Bachelor of Commerce|Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) degree]] at [[Hansraj College]], Delhi University. He later obtained a [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws (LLB)]] degree from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Who is Justice Yashwant Varma, the Delhi HC judge in middle of 'cash recovered at home' row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/justice-yashwant-varma-delhi-hc-judge-cash-recovered-home-row-9898533/lite/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Varma enrolled as an advocate on 8 August 1992 and served as special counsel for the [[Allahabad High Court]] from 2006 until his elevation to the bench. In October 2014, he was appointed as an additional judge of the Allahabad High Court and was sworn in as a permanent judge in February 2016. He was transferred to the Delhi High Court in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Delhi High Court judge's transfer is not related to 'rumours', says Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-says-delhi-high-court-judges-transfer-is-not-related-to-rumours/article69356754.ece#:~:text=He%20was%20elevated%20as%20additional,Court%20judge%20in%20October%202021. |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2025-03-02 |title=Who is Justice Yashwant Varma? |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/who-is-justice-yashwant-varma |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Yashwant Verma: क्यों विवादों में जस्टिस यशवंत वर्मा? HC के मुख्य न्यायाधीश ने CJI को सौंपी रिपोर्ट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/india-news/why-is-justice-yashwant-verma-in-controversy-know-what-will-happen-next-in-the-case-2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> and repatriated to Allahabad High Court in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Order of transfer of Justice Yashwant Varma, Judge, Delhi High Court to Allahabad High Court (28.03.2025) |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2025/03/202503281613745161.pdf}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
{{main|Yashwant Varma cash row}}
In 2025, a large sum of currency notes was discovered at his residence during a fire on March 14. An in-house inquiry was conducted by a panel constituted by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in the matter t[[Sanjiv Khanna|h]]<nowiki/>at decided to keep it redacted from public and parliamentary scrutiny citing its sensitivity. The panel found that the accusations against Varma were true and serious enough to possibly start impeachment proceedings On May 8, former Chief Justice of India [[Sanjiv Khanna]] wrote to the [[President of India]] and the Prime Minister forwarding the inquiry report. On 21 July 2025 over 200 MPs of both [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]] signed a motion in parliament to impeach Varma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-23 |title=Supreme Court confirms cash found at Delhi HC Judge Yashwant Varma's residence during fire, releases video footage. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-confirms-cash-found-at-delhi-hc-judge-yashwant-varmas-residence-during-fire-releases-video-footage-9900540/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court releases inquiry report against Justice Yashwant Varma |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/supreme-court-releases-inquiry-report-against-justice-yashwant-varma-125032201000_1.html |access-date=Mar 23, 2025}}</ref> On August 12, 2025, Lok Sabha Speaker [[Om Birla]] announced a three-member inquiry committee to investigate the charges against him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 12, 2025 |title=Justice Varma cash row: Lok Sabha Speaker announces three-member inquiry panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-yashwant-varma-cash-row-lok-sabha-speaker-announces-three-member-enquiry-panel/article69923153.ece |access-date=Aug 12, 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title='Process of removal should begin': LS Speaker forms panel to probe Justice Varma cash row; who's on committee? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cash-at-home-row-lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-forms-3-member-panel-to-investigate-justice-varma-case-who-is-in-the-committee/articleshow/123252337.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 9 April 2026, Varma tendered his resignation to the President pending confirmation.<ref>{{cite news |last= Ojha|first= Arvind|date=10 April 2026|title=Judge In Cash Row Sends Resignation To President Amid Impeachment Process|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-yashwant-varma-at-centre-of-cash-row-sends-resignation-to-president-11337562|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref>

https://www.newslaundry.com/2026/04/27/lalit-hotel-ducked-crores-in-dues-justice-varma-granted-it-relief-but-hc-tore-up-his-order

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=383 Hon’ble Mr. Justice Yashwant Varma]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Yashwant}}
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

International Arbitration and Mediation Centre

2026-05-05T14:01:11Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating a entry nd citations

{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = International Arbitration Centre
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| established = 2019
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates =
| jurisdiction = International
| website = https://iamch.org.in/
| chiefjudgetitle = Secretary-General
| chiefjudgename =
| termstart =
| chiefjudgetitle2 = Chairperson
| chiefjudgename2 =
| termstart2 =
}}

'''International Arbitration and Mediation Centre (IAMC)''' as proposed by the International Arbitration and Mediation Centre Trust is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] body which was inaugurated in [[Hyderabad]] by [[Chief Justice of India]] [[N. V. Ramana|NV Ramana]] and [[Telangana]] Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]. It is fourth centre of its kind after ones in [[Dubai]], [[London]] and [[Singapore]]. The institution acts as [[Mediator (coactivator)|mediator]] or [[Arbitral tribunal|arbitrator]] for [[contract]] value of more than 30 million [[Indian rupee]]s (393,000 [[United States dollar|USD]]) in case of [[Dispute resolution|dispute]] involving any entity owned or managed by [[Government of Telangana]].

== Objective ==

International Arbitration and Mediation Centre was started in Hyderabad<ref name="in4">{{cite news |last1=Kumar Mutha |first1=Sagar |title=India gets its 1st international arbitration centre in Hyderabad {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/india-gets-its-1st-international-arbitration-centre-in-hyderabad/articleshow/88356297.cms |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as an arbitration and mediation centre as proposed by the International Arbitration and Mediation Centre Trust<ref name="in2">{{cite news |title=CJI lays foundation for International Arbitration Centre in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cji-lays-foundation-for-international-arbitration-centre-in-hyderabad/article65218158.ece |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> for resolving commercial disputes and between Government of Telangana and common public.<ref name="in1">{{cite news |title=CJI inaugurates International Arbitration & Mediation Centre in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/dec/19/cji-inaugurates-international-arbitration--mediation-centre-in-hyderabad-2397204.html |access-date=27 August 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

== Pre-Requisite for Mediation ==

Any ministry, public sector company, department, or any entity controlled or managed by the government of Telangana with a contract value of more than 30 million INR (US$393,000) can request for arbitration/mediation with the institution <ref name="in5">{{cite news |title=Telangana state picks IAMC as arbitration centre |url=https://law.asia/telangana-state-picks-iamc-arbitration-centre/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |publisher=Law.asia |date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

==Location==
The facility is being constructed behind IKEA and in proximity to the IT hub. [[Government of Telangana]] provided land and {{INRConvert|50|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2022}} for construction of building.

== Trustees ==

The trustees of the Institution's board will include Telangana Law ministers, senior judges and other eminent people who will ensure policy level execution apart from regularly amending the policies.

== Members ==

International Arbitration and Mediation Centre operations is managed by a professional Secretary with the support from qualified staff.<ref name="in3">{{cite news |title=International Arbitration and Mediation Center - Hyderabad (IAMC-H) - JournalsOfIndia |url=https://journalsofindia.com/international-arbitration-and-mediation-center-hyderabad-iamc-h/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |publisher=journalsofindia.com |date=15 March 2022}}</ref> Many famous persons from legal profession, experts and veterans in commerce industry with specialised in arbitration and mediation field both from India and abroad will form the Governing council of the institution.

== See also ==
* [[Dispute resolution]]
* [[Singapore International Mediation Centre]]
* [[New Delhi International Arbitration Centre]]
* [[Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre]]
* [[London Court of International Arbitration]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [https://icadr.telangana.gov.in/ Official Website]
* [https://iamch.org.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Quasi-judicial bodies of India]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Arbitration organizations]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2019]]

Amenba Yaden

2026-04-24T18:20:49Z

Sylvin Thomas: Adding basic post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| constituency = [[Tuli Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = L. Temjen Jamir
| term_end1 = 2023
| term_start1 = 2018
| constituency1 = [[Tuli Assembly constituency]]
| succeeded1 = [[A. Pangjung Jamir]]
}}
'''Amenba Yaden''' (born 1953) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=February 2023 |title=Assembly Elections 2023 {{!}} Nagaland {{!}} Amenba Yaden |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/amenba-yaden-tuli-candidate-s17a021c001 |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=News 18}}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tuli Assembly constituency]] in [[Mokokchung district]].

== Political life ==
At the age of 60, Yaden was first elected to the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[independent candidate]] to represent the [[Tuli Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Tuli 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33491 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He defeated the incumbent [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF) candidate L. Temjen Jamir by a margin of 2749 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=J. |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |title=Report on the General Election to the 12th Nagaland Legislative Assembly, 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland |location=Kohima |publication-date=2013 |pages=40 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], Amenba Yaden won the Tuli seat on a NPF ticket by defeating L. Temjen Jamir who had joined [[Janata Dal (United)]] by a margin of 886 votes which was 6.06% of the total votes polled in the constituency. NPF had a vote share of 26.44% in 2018 in the seat.

Yaden was elected to the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Tuli Assembly constituency]] in [[Mokokchung district]] reserved for Scheduled Tribe community. He fought the election on an [[Naga People's Front]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Amenba Yaden |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/amenba-yaden |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied till Class 12 but retired as an Indian Forest Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Candidates |url=https://edata.ndtv.com/assembly/2018/feb/mla/mla.html?ver-20200519.01asdfsdf&consti=TULI&state=NAG&iframeid=mpreportcard&site= |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=edata.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of late Watimeren.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaden. Amenba}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]

Kingston (film)

2026-04-21T17:42:21Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating first info basic info

{{Other uses|Kingston (disambiguation){{!}}Kingston}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Kamal Prakash
| image = Kingston film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Kamal Prakash Dhivek Sekar (dialogues)
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Bhavani Sre]] Umesh KR Bansal

| starring = {{Plainlist|
* G. V. Prakash Kumar
* [[Divyabharathi]]
}}
| cinematography = Gokul Benoy
| editing = San Lokesh
| music = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Parallel Universe Pictures
| distributor = Colors Frames Alagappan III
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|7}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}20 crore<ref name="Rajaraman">{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=4 October 2023 |title=GV Prakash turns producer with GV25; to have a grand launch |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/gv-prakash-turns-producer-with-gv25-to-have-a-grand-launch-739790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027164247/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/gv-prakash-turns-producer-with-gv25-to-have-a-grand-launch-739790 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}5.35 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Kingston Day 7 Tamil Box Office: GV Prakash's film continues downward spiral; grosses Rs 20 lakh |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kingston-day-7-tamil-box-office-gv-prakashs-film-continues-downward-spiral-grosses-rs-20-lakh-1377357 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kingston''''' (also marketed as '''''Kingston and the Cursed Sea''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[Horror film|horror]] [[adventure film|adventure]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title=Kamal Haasan Unveils The First Look Poster of GV Prakash Kumar's Kingston |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-look-poster-of-gv-prakash-kumars-kingston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027180415/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-look-poster-of-gv-prakash-kumars-kingston |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> directed by Kamal Prakash, in his directorial debut. It is produced by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], who also enacts in the lead role, [[Bhavani Sre]] and Umesh KR Bansal, under Parallel Universe Pictures and [[Zee Studios]]. The cast also includes [[Divyabharathi]], [[Elango Kumaravel]], [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] and [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]].

The film was officially announced in October 2023 under the tentative title ''GV 25'', as it is Prakash's 25th film in the lead role, and the official title was announced a few days later. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month. The film has music composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, cinematography handled by Gokul Benoy and editing by San Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston: GV Prakash's sea fantasy drama first look will be out sooner than you expected |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingston-gv-prakashs-sea-fantasy-drama-first-look-will-be-out-sooner-than-you-expected/16ae023df3284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105181155/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingston-gv-prakashs-sea-fantasy-drama-first-look-will-be-out-sooner-than-you-expected/16ae023df3284 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

''Kingston'' was theatrically released on 7 March 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics. The film was a [[Box-office bomb|box office bomb]].

== Plot ==
Fishing is banned at the coast of Thoovathur, [[Thoothukudi district]] despite being a coastal hamlet whose main source of income is from fishing. Rumour has it that the sea is cursed and the fishermen who venture out into the waters never return. Kingston "King", one of the fisherfolks in the hamlet, is the handyman of Thomas, the kingpin of the smuggling trade of the region. Things get complicated when Kingston gets to know that he is being used to smuggle drugs instead of sea cucumbers, and decides to venture out into the haunted sea by himself, only to unearth dark secrets of the past.

Kingston ventures out at sea by taking hostage of Thomas and his two men to reveal the truth to the people by catching the fish. During their journey they face sea full of skeletons and later, they enter a foggy area and face the zombie-like dead. Kingston then decides to take Bose's coffin and bury it in the island to break the curse.

Later, when Kingston tries to take the coffin, Thomas escapes and captures Kingston. He then reveals that Bose was innocent. It was Thomas' grandfather who was smuggling the gold. Thomas killed his grandfather for the gold but couldn't find it. Actually, it is the corpse of Kings' grandfather Solomon in Bose's coffin. Thomas threatens Solomon's ghost to leave him or he will kill his grandson Kingston, but Solomon's ghost kills Thomas.

Solomon's ghost tells Kingston to take the gold but to leave his friends to die. Kingston chooses his friends over the gold and takes the coffin out of the sea. Later, he and his friends bury Solomon's body due to which the curse is broken and fish return to the sea. Finally, people resume fishing as before.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Kingston 'King'
** Sucil as Young Kingston
* [[Divyabharathi]] as Rose
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Solomon
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Stephen Bose
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Martin
** Sharath as Young Martin
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Thomas
** Kira as Young Thomas
* [[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Dasan
* Antony as Libin
** R. Tharun as Young Libin
* Praveen as Benjamin
** Master U Tharun Chakravarthy as Young Benjamin
* Arunachaleswaran as Philips
** R. Sriram as Young Philips
* Rajesh Balachandiran as Godson
** VishavRaaj V as Young Godson
* Ram Nishanth as Soosai
* Fara Shibla as Stella, Godson's Wife
* Niranjan Moses as Simon
* Gangadharan as Ivan
* Dheena as Robert
* Rajkumar Manthirapandi as Alex
* Shasha as Merlin
* Vijay Krishna as Gothra
* Subramanyam Shiva as Peter
* Dharmesh Kubendiran as Father
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In early October 2023, it was reported that music composer-turned-actor [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] would turn as producer for his 25th film in the lead role. He would produce it with an estimate budget of {{INRConvert|20|c}} in association with [[Zee Studios]].<ref name="Rajaraman" /> On 9 October, the project was officially announced by the new production banner Parallel Universe Pictures, [[tentatively titled]] ''GV 25''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-01-09 |title=Kingston Teaser: GV Prakash fights a mysterious force in the ocean |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/09/kingston-teaser-gv-prakash-fights-a-mysterious-force-in-the-ocean |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It is directed by Kamal Prakash, who previously had worked with Prakash in ''Kadhalikka Yaarum Illa'' (2016).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan Unveils The First Look Poster of GV Prakash Kumar's Kingston |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-look-poster-of-gv-prakash-kumars-kingston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027180415/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-first-look-poster-of-gv-prakash-kumars-kingston |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> [[Divyabharathi]], who also previously acted alongside Prakash in [[Bachelor (2021 film)|''Bachelor'']] (2021), was cast to play the lead actress role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=GV Prakash to team up with Divyabharathi again for his 25th film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-to-team-up-with-divya-bharathi-again-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/104279861.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-to-team-up-with-divya-bharathi-again-for-his-25th-film/articleshow/104279861.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Two days later, the official title, ''Kingston'', and the film's crew was revealed. A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held the same day in [[Chennai]]. The crew includes cinematographer Gokul Benoy, editor San Lokesh, art director S. S. Moorthy, stunt choreographer [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], costume designer [[Poornima Ramaswamy]], dialogue writer Divek S Sekar and publicity designer Gopi Prassana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan unveils the title of GV Prakash's 25th film; first look revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-unveils-the-title-of-gv-prakashs-25th-film-first-look-revealed/articleshow/104318316.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027164303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us?from=mdr |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Antony and [[Elango Kumaravel]] were announced being a part of cast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Yogi Babu turns scriptwriter for GV Prakash! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-turns-scriptwriter-for-gv-prakash/articleshow/104337317.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027164304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us?from=mdr |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 5 October 2023 at a film studio in [[Chennai]]. Reportedly, the makers began filming by erecting a ship set.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2023-10-15 |title=GV's Kingston a trilogy; team films massive ship sequence |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/gvs-kingston-a-trilogy-team-films-massive-ship-sequence-741999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128173810/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/gvs-kingston-a-trilogy-team-films-massive-ship-sequence-741999 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> On 19 January 2025, G. V. Prakash Kumar announced that he has completed his portions,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-19 |title=It's a wrap for GV Prakash's Kingston |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/19/its-a-wrap-for-gv-prakashs-kingston |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and on 8 February 2025, he announced that the dubbing process had begun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-08 |title=GV Prakash's Kingston enters dubbing stage |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/08/gv-prakashs-kingston-enters-dubbing-stage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224110829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/08/gv-prakashs-kingston-enters-dubbing-stage |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kingston
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| prev_title = [[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Veera Dheera Sooran]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Kingston
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Raasa Raasa
|single1date = 31 January 2025
|single2 = Manda Bathram
|single2date = 15 February 2025
|single3 = Kingston Title Track
|single3date = 1 March 2025
|single4 = Kanmani Raaasathi
|single4date = 28 March 2025
|single5 = Makkamaaru
|single5date = 27 March 2025
|single6 = Yelavele
|single6date = 26 March 2025
}}
}}
The music and background score is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref name=":1" /> The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1711721785614606643 |user=saregamasouth |title=Excited to reveal the electrifying title look of #Kingston - India's first sea-horror adventure extravaganza! |author=Saregama South |author-link=Saregama |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> The first single "Raasa Raasa" released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-28 |title=Kingston first single 'Raasa Raasa' to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/28/kingston-first-single-raasa-raasa-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Manda Bathram" released on 15 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-15 |title='Manda Bathram' from GV Prakash's Kingston out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/15/manda-bathram-from-gv-prakashs-kingston-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219144543/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/15/manda-bathram-from-gv-prakashs-kingston-out |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Kingston Title Track" having lyrics written by [[Kaber Vasuki]] and [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] and sung by them along with Smith Asher was released on 1 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-01 |title=GV Prakash's Kingston title track out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/01/gv-prakashs-kingston-title-track-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304143618/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/01/gv-prakashs-kingston-title-track-out |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raasa Raasa
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Sublahshini]]
| title2 = Manda Bathram
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Gana Francis
| title3 = Kingston Title Track
| lyrics3 = [[Kaber Vasuki]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| extra3 = Smith Asher, [[Kaber Vasuki]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| title4 = Kanmani Raasathi
| lyrics4 = Karthik Netha
| extra4 = Aavani Malhar
| title5 = Yelavalele
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]
| extra5 = Rockzanehere
| title6 = Makkamaaru
| lyrics6 = Arivu
| extra6 = Arivu
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Kingston'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston teaser OUT: GV Prakash headlines a swashbuckling sea fantasy; release date revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingston-teaser-out-gv-prakash-headlines-a-swashbuckling-sea-fantasy-release-date-revealed/9ba08c3333821 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Apart from its original [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language, it was also released in the [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref name=":0" /> The film was certified U/A 16+ by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-06 |title=GV Prakash's Kingston clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/06/gv-prakashs-kingston-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The premiered simultaneously on both [[ZEE5]] and [[Zee Tamil]] on 13 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-03 |title=GV Prakash's Kingston gets an OTT premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/03/gv-prakashs-kingston-gets-an-ott-premiere-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404122942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/03/gv-prakashs-kingston-gets-an-ott-premiere-date |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Kausalya Rachavelpula of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "While Kingston is not without its flaws, it remains an intriguing attempt at blending folklore, suspense, and adventure. Its striking cinematography, atmospheric storytelling, and committed lead performance make it an engaging watch for those who appreciate mood-driven horror over outright scares".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Kingston review: A visually rich horror-thriller that sets the stage well but could have deepened its supernatural menace |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kingston-review-a-visually-rich-horror-thriller-that-sets-the-stage-well-but-could-have-deepened-its-supernatural-menace-951566 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nothing deflates a seafaring horror faster than skeletons that can’t seem to skeletonize anyone—leaving Kingston adrift in unnecessarily stormy narrative waters.[...] The muddled screenplay struggles to clearly communicate its complex mythology through dialogue that shifts between contemporary and regional dialect."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kingston Movie Review : Visually striking but narratively adrift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kingston/movie-review/118765204.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Overall, 'Kingston and the Cursed Sea' is an ambitious attempt at a genre rarely explored in Indian cinema. For its visual effects and the horror elements in the second half, the film could be deemed watchable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Kingston review: GV Prakash's film is a visual spectacle let down by mediocre story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kingston-review-gv-prakashs-film-is-a-visual-spectacle-let-down-by-mediocre-story-2690349-2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for Galatta Plus, "Kingston could have been a fun equivalent of a page-turner, but the non-linear narration and the stabs at rootedness keep playing spoilsport."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=7 March 2025 |title=Kamal Prakash's 'Kingston', starring GV Prakash Kumar, is a good comic-book idea let down by its execution |url=https://www.galattaplus.com/kamal-prakashs-kingston-starring-gv-prakash-kumar-is-a-good-comic-book-idea-let-down-by-its-execution/|access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kingston is trapped under its own weight of having to cramp up multiple storylines to set the stage for the showdown.[...] Kingston makes you feel like reading one of those fascinating pulp fiction stories that are not just radical and intriguing, but also knew never to overstay its welcome."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Kingston movie review: A promising sea creature feature watered down by its embellishments |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kingston-movie-review-a-promising-sea-creature-feature-watered-down-by-its-embellishments-9874141/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "With its convoluted screenplay and no breathing space for character development, Kingston is a half-baked attempt to make a first-of-its-kind genre film. You will be in for a disappointment if you had thought Kingston would be genre loyal for its entirety."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston Review: GV Prakash's sea adventure drowns in curse of convoluted story |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kingston-movie-review-gv-prakashs-sea-adventure-drowns-in-the-curse-of-a-complicated-and-convoluted-storyline/ba7c29c0db608 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "''Kingston'' seems to exhibit technical competency, and you could see how it could have offered an entertaining genre film.[...] However, when the pay-off is just them telling you it was never a magic show but a stand-up comedy routine all along, perhaps the joke is on you. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-03-07 |title=Kingston Movie Review: A stale horror film hidden beneath several convoluted ideas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/07/kingston-movie-review-a-stale-horror-film-hidden-beneath-several-convoluted-ideas |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The problem is that the narrative cuts back and forth in such a ragged rhythm that it hardly allows you to breathe in the world of Kingston. There’s no space for silences, punctuations or any scope for good drama.[...]The characters we follow are no cleverer than the stereotypical horror movie chumps with no survival instincts."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-03-07 |title='Kingston' movie review: GV Prakash's unanchored horror adventure is lost at sea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kingston-movie-review-gv-prakashs-unanchored-horror-adventure-is-lost-at-sea/article69302185.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Audience reception ===
Viewer reactions were mixed. Some praised GV Prakash Kumar’s performance and the adventurous sea setting.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

On social media, fans noted the “raw and realistic portrayal of sea smuggling” and expressed suspense about the “Sea Ghost” reveal in the second half.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston Fan Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/kingstonfilmfan/status/1770512348491121970 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian dark fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian seafaring films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pushpalatha

2026-04-21T06:38:49Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1937 or 1938 – 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushpalatha
| birth_date = 1937 or 1938
| birth_place = [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2025|02|04|87}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1955–1990
| notable_works = {{Ubl
| ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]'' (1962)
| ''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]'' (1963)
| ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' (1963)
| ''[[Karpooram]]'' (1967)
}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[A. V. M. Rajan]]|1964}}
| children = 2, including [[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]]
}}

'''Pushpalatha''' (1937 or 1938 – 4 February 2025) was an Indian actress, who worked predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-, [[Kannada]]- and [[Malayalam]]-language films. She acted in heroine and character roles in more than 100 films. Her debut film was ''[[Sengottai Singam]]'', released in 1958. When Pushpalatha co-starred with [[A. V. M. Rajan]] in ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'', the two fell in love and got married.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pushpa-latha-94875|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505054301/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/pushpa-latha-94875|url-status=live|archive-date=5 May 2021|title=Pushpa Latha movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> In 1964, she was a model for [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] soap.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 1964|title=చిత్రజ్యోతి |work=[[Andhra Prabha]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/FNK/347,2286,2550,3111|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Pushpalatha's native home is Mettupalayam, Coimbatore.<ref name="auto">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEWbVvSzgpw&t=2s|title=Sis.pusbalatha AVM Rajan part 1 & 2|via=YouTube}}</ref> Her father sold brass and silver. She was born in a strict [[Chettinad]]u [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] family. She was the fifth child out of 8 children.<ref name="auto"/> She completed [[Bharatnatyam]] at the age of 9. In 1955, she had a cameo role in the movie ''[[Nalla Thangai]]'', produced and directed by actor [[S. A. Natarajan]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Film career ==
She made her debut in the movie ''Konga Nattu Thangam'' (1962). Following that, she has acted as lead actress and supporting actress in more than one hundred films, such as ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]'', ''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]'', ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'', ''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'', ''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]'', ''[[Karpooram]]'', ''[[Jeevanaamsam]]'', ''[[Dharisanam]]'', Kalyanaraman, Sakalakalla Vallavan, ''[[Simla Special]]'', ''Puthu Vellam'' and ''Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye''. She has acted in several Telugu and Malayalam films. Pushpalatha produced two films. Both of them failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/10/27/pushpalatha/|title=Pushpalatha|date=27 October 2013|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
AVM Rajan and Pushpalatha were one of the popular star couples in Tamil cinema. Pushpalatha was a Christian, while AVM Rajan was a fervent Hindu devoted to Lord Muruga. Pushpalatha produced two films. Both of the films failed. Pushpalatha financially suffered for that reason. The couple had two daughters, one of whom is [[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]] who has acted in some films. Their family has converted to Christianity, doing fulltime ministry today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/opportunity-knocks-for-moonlighters/57627.html|title=Opportunity Knocks for Moonlighters|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

Pushpalatha died on 4 February 2025, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/veteran-actress-pushpalatha-passes-away-at-87-due-to-health-issues-article-12931343.html Veteran actress Pushpalatha passes away at 87 due to health issues]</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Pushpalatha's 1950s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1955
|''[[Cherapakura Chedevu]]''
|Savitri
|Debut in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|1955
|''Aada Bidda''
|
|Telugu
|-
|1958
|''[[Sengottai Singam]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Pushpalatha's 1960s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1961
|''[[Kongunattu Thangam]]''
|Thangam
|Debut Film
|-
|1961
|''[[Panam Panthiyile]]''
|
|
|-
|1962
|[[Sarada (1962 film)|''Sarada'']]
|Uma
|
|-
|1962
|''[[Sengamala Theevu]]''
|
|
|-
|1962
|''[[Policekaran Magal]]''
|Mallika
|
|-
|1962
|''[[Aalayamani]]''
|Parvathi
|
|-
|1962
|''[[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]''
|Kaantha
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Mani Osai]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Yarukku Sontham]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|[[Vanambadi|''Vanampadi'']]
|Kalyani (Nithyanandham's wife)
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Kattu Roja]]''
|Pushpa
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Ezhai Pangalan]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Neengadha Ninaivu]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Ratha Thilagam]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|1964
|[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|''Pachai Vilakku'']]
|Latha
|
|-
|1964
|[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|''Aandavan Kattalai'']]
|Gomathi
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Chitrangi]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Nalvaravu]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Maganey Kel]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]''
| Sakunthala
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Alli]]''
|
|
|-
|1966
|[[Ramu (1966 film)|''Ramu'']]
|Seetha
|
|-
|1965
|[[Pazhani (1965 film)|''Pazhani'']]
|Emily
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]''
|Radha
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Karpooram]]''
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]''
|Geetha
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Jeevanaamsam]]''
|
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Panama Pasama]]''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''Chellapen''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''Magizhampoo''
|
|
|-
|1969
|''Paal Kudam''
|
|
|-
|1969
|[[Nurse (film)|''Nurse'']]
|
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|1969
|''Subadhinam''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Pushpalatha's 1970s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1970
|''[[Dharisanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Prema Nagar]]''
|
|Telugu film
|-
|1970
|''[[Engal Thangam]]''
|Sumathi
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Vasantha Maligai]]''
|Anand's guardian
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]''
|Sathyasiriyan wife
|
|-
|1973
|''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]''
|Pankajam
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Thirumalai Deivam]]''
|
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]''
|
|Kannada film
|-
|1974
|''[[Urimaikural]]''
|Muthamma
|
|-
|1974
|''Avalukku Nigar Avale''
|Kalyani
|
|-
|1974
|''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]''
|
|Hindi film (remake of Prema Nagar)
|-
|1974
|''[[Vandhaale Magaraasi]]''
|Uma (Sivalingam Daughter)
|
|-
|1975
|''Puthu Vellam''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''
|Seetha
|
|-
|1976
|''Muthana Muthallavo''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Navarathinam]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|[[Chittu Kuruvi (1978 film)|''Chittukkuruvi'']]
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Aayiram Jenmangal]]''
|Radha's mother
|
|-
|1978
|''Athaivida Ragasiyam''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Nadagame Ulagam''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Kandar Alangaram''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Pattakkathi Bhairavan]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Vetrikku Oruvan]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Dharma Yuddham]]''
|Chitra's mother
|
|-
|1979
|[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|''Kalyanaraman'']]
|Rajalakshmi
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Maa Voollo Mahasivudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maavoollo Mahasivudu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TZL |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhagyam
|Telugu
|-
|1979
|''[[Vetagadu]]''
|Gãyathri
|Telugu
|-
|1979
|''Nadagame Ulagam''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi]]''
|Latha's mother
|
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Pushpalatha's 1980s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
!
|-
|1980
|''Anna Paravai''
|
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Aatagadu]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1980
|''Naan Kudithukonde Iruppen''
|
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Gharana Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharana Donga (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/USK |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Parvathi, Krishna's mother
|Telugu
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Rakta Bandham]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Soolam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Yamanukku Yaman]]''
|Savithiri Mother
|
|
|-
|1980
|[[Dharma Raja (film)|''Dharma Raja'']]
|
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Natchathiram]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1980
|[[Ratha Paasam (1980 film)|''Ratha Paasam'']]
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Hennina Sedu''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1981
|''Premabhishekam''
|Lakshmi
|Telugu
|Original of Vazhvey Mayam
|-
|1981
|''Pennin Vazhkai''
|Prabhu's Mother
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Simla Special]]''
|Gopu's Mother
|
|
|-
|1982
|''Krishnarjunulu''
|
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''Iddaru Kodukulu''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Pratigna (1982 film)|Pratigna]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Parvathy
|
|-
|1982
|[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|''Sakalakala Vallavan'']]
|Parvathi
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Pralaya Rudrudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralaya Rudrudu (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYA |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Inspector Vijay and Murali's mother
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Puli Bebbuli]]''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Moogavani Paga]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moogavani Paga (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XUS |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Seetha
|
|-
|1983
|''Prema Pichollu''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Dowry Kalyanam]]''
|Rushyendramani
|
|
|-
||1983
|''[[ Ilaiya Piravigal]]''
|Parvathyi
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|''Olave Baduku''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1984
|[[Oorukku upadesam|''Oorukku Upadesam'']]
|Kausalya
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Ninaivugal]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]'' ||
|
|
|-
|1985
|''Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye''
|
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]''
|Nanny
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Mamiyargal Jakkirathai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Ukku Manishi]]<ref>{{Citation |title=UKKU MANISHI {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} KRISHNAM RAJU {{!}} RADHIKA {{!}} SHARATH BABU {{!}} V9 VIDEOS | date=18 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eU_6f-b6eIA |access-date=22 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1987
|[[Jeevana Jyothi (1987 film)|''Jeevana Jyothi'']]
|Lady running [[guest house]]
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|1987
|''Daada''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Veedu Manaivi Makkal]]''
|Jagadamba
|
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Poo Vaasam]]''
|
|
|Delayed released
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0701110}}

[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Srikanth (Kannada film editor)

2026-04-20T13:14:44Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting a article!

{{Short description|Indian film editor and television producer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2016}}
{{cleanup|reason=Grammar, sources, and overall structure need major work.|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srikanth<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809003928/http://kannadaprabha.epapr.in/217650/Chitraprabha/24-january-2014#page/4/2|archive-date=9 August 2022 |title= Chitraprabha Article |url=http://kannadaprabha.epapr.in/217650/Chitraprabha/24-january-2014#page/4/2}}</ref>
| image = Srikanth Gowda (editor).jpg
| imagesize = 200
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film editor, VFX Artist
| spouse = Manjula
| children = 2
| years_active = 2003{{endash}}present
}}

'''Srikanth''' is an Indian film editor and television producer known for his work in Kannada cinema.

==Career==
Srikanth<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|title= Office boy to editor |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Office-boy-to-editor/articleshow/51868988.cms}}</ref> joined as an office boy at Visionworld, Bangalore in 1996. Later he joined in Mohan Studio and then in [[Balaji Telefilms]] and worked for many famous serials like ''Maneyondhu Mooru Baagilu, Kunkuma Bhagya'' and many others produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]] and worked for documentaries, feature films, and episodes on Suprabhata channel, Udaya TV, ETV, ZEE TV channels. He started his own studio in 2003 by name "Srikanth Studios", and produced a serial Katakateya Kathegalu, which was telecasted in [[Zee Kannada]]. He worked on a documentary for Film Division Mumbai titled ''Ganga Kaveri'' in the year 2009, on plastic waste awareness for the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]. He is the editor for the Tulu film ''[[Madipu]]''. Srikanth has produced a Kannada Serial Varalakshmi Stores which telecasts on Star Suvarna Channel. He has edited films like ''[[Ugramm]]'' and ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="6"|2009
|''Auto''
|
|-
|''[[Minugu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Mussanjeya Gelathi]]''
|
|-
|''O Preethiye''
|
|-
|''[[Murali Meets Meera]]''
|
|-
|''[[House Full (2009 Kannada film)|House Full]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]]''
|
|-
|''Jala''
|
|-
|''Kolminchu''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|''Pandya''
|
|-
|''Jasmine.5''
|
|-
|''Chaturbhuja''
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Ugramm]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|''[[Vascodigama]]''
|
|-
|''[[Rathavara]]''
|
|-
|''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Alone]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2016
|''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Karaioram]]'' || Tamil film
|-
|''[[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]''
|
|-
|''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ishtakamya]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="11"|2017
|''[[Madipu]]'' || Tulu film
|-
|''[[Manasu Mallige]]''
|
|-
|''[[BB5 (film)|BB5]]''
|
|-
|''[[Siliconn City]]''
|
|-
|''Kireeta''
|
|-
|''[[Kariya 2]]''
|
|-
|''[[Seizer]]''
|
|-
|''Double Engine''
|
|-
|''[[Tiger Galli]]''
|
|-
|''Diamond Cross''
|
|-
|''Vichitra''
|
|-
|rowspan="13"|2018
|''Atakuntu Lekkakilla''
|
|-
|''Chavadi''
|
|-
|''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]''
|
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|
|-
|''Moolabhutha Karana''
|
|-
|''Bypass Road''
|
|-
|''Parvesha''
|
|-
|''Munduvaridha Adhyaaya''
|
|-
|''Meena Bazar''
|
|-
|''Godhra''
|
|-
|''Kapatanaataka Paathradhaari''
|
|-
|''[[Relax Satya]]''
|
|-
|''Ontara Bannagalu''
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2020
|''[[3rd Class]]''
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Talkies]]''
|
|-
|''Mundhu Varidha Adhaya''
|
|-
|''Varna Patla''
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rangasamudra]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Spooky College]]''
|
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''A Beautiful Breakup'' || English film
|-
|}

===Television and other works===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Type
! Role
|-
|2003
|''Katakateya Kathegalu''
|Television Serial
|Producer
|-
|2016
|''Dibbaradindi''
|Album Song
|Editor
|-
|-
|2016
|''Me and the Parcel''
|Short Film
|Editor
|-
|2018
|''Mundina Badalavane''
|Short Film
|Editor
|-
|2020
|''Varalakshmi Stores''
|Television Serial
|Producer
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikanth Gowda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Kampli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:30Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating some stub added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kampli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
| map_image = 91-Kampli constituency.svg
| mla = [[J. N. Ganesh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = T. H. Suresh Babu
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:214473}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Kampli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Ballari district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | T. H. Suresh Babu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[J. N. Ganesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kampli <ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kampli">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kampli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1091.htm?ac=91 |access-date=30 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430184856/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1091.htm?ac=91 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. N. Ganesh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 100,424 |percentage = 55.21% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Suresh Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,333 |percentage = 41.97% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Nayaka |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,374 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 997 |percentage = 0.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,091 |percentage = 13.25% |change = {{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,053 |percentage = 84.88% |change = {{increase}}6.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,884}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,473 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kampli <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. N. Ganesh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 80,592 |percentage = 48.62% |change = {{increase}}39.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Suresh Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,037 |percentage = 45.27% |change = {{increase}}43.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Raghavendra |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,832 |percentage = 2.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,125 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shanthi Lakshmi |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Shivashankrappa |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,555 |percentage = 3.35% |change = {{decrease}}23.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,088 |percentage = 78.03% |change = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,760}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,841 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kampli <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Suresh Babu |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 70,858 |percentage = 55.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. N. Ganesh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,462 |percentage = 28.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujjal Nagaraja |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,197 |percentage = 9.62% |change = {{decrease}}22.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraju. H. D |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,494 |percentage = 4.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Veeresh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,199 |percentage = 4.10% |change = {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parvatamma. H. L |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,223 |percentage = 2.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankar Badanahatti |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,342 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}49.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Kariyappa Nayaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,396 |percentage = 27.13% |change = {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,305 |percentage = 76.98% |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,777}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,270 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kampli <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Suresh Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,388 |percentage = 50.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanna Hanumakka |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,052 |percentage = 32.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Marappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,780 |percentage = 9.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shivamurthy. K. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,662 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakravarthi Nayaka. T |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,933 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shymu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,357 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkobanna Jambana Halli |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,302 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,336 |percentage = 18.54% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,481 |percentage = 71.33% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,474}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,895 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ballari district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|15.4|76.61|display=title}}

Rajakhera Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:24Z

Sylvin Thomas: Added A Page

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajakhera
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-80-Rajakhera.svg
| mla = [[Rohit Bohra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| division = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
| district = [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:214923}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 80
}}
'''Rajakhera Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Ravindra Singh Bohara
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Pradhymn Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/rohitbohra |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.rajpcc.com}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Rohit Bohra]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023-1">{{Cite web |title=Rajakhera, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Rajakhera में Rohit Bohra ने 15230 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/rajakhera-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830461-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Rajakhera<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-2">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/ConstituencywiseS2080.htm |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 16 December 2023 |title=Election Commission of India }}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rohit Bohra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89120}}
|percentage = 53.26
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neerja Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73563}}
|percentage = 43.97
|change = +1.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1513}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15557}}
|percentage = 9.29
|change = -1.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167315}}
|percentage = 77.85
|change = +4.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Rajakhera<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rohit Bohra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:76278}}
|percentage = 53.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61287}}
|percentage = 42.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Priyanka Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1511}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1683}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14991}}
|percentage = 10.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143625}}
|percentage = 73.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dholpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.9|78.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Aul Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:28Z

Sylvin Thomas: Adding some info added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Aul}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aul
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 98
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,75,973{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Aul''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kendrapara district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=98|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014840/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=98|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Aul (98) District: Kendrapara|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Aul, Odisha|Aul]] block and [[Rajkanika]] block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp30.htm|title= 30 - Aul Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 16 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.37}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.67}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.90}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.00}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.08}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|59.40}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.09}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.60}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.07}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|51.96}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|57.18}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Aul constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Aul Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/aul.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 17 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aul Assembly Election Results 2024: Aul Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/aul-constituency-result-18098 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aul Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/aul-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="3" |[[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Dolagobinda Nayak
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Sushree Devi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Dolagobinda Nayak
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Dibakarnath Sharma
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="3" |Raja Sailendra Narayan Bhanja Deo
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pratap Keshari Deb]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debasmita Sharma by a margin of 19,628 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Aul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|votes = 73,678
|percentage = 42.37
|change = {{decrease}}15.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debasmita Sharma
|votes = 54,050
|percentage = 31.08
|change = {{increase}}5.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Panda
|votes = 44,852
|percentage = 25.79
|change = {{increase}}10.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 510
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,628
|percentage = 11.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,882
|percentage = 63.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pratap Keshari Deb]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]] by a margin of 55,851 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Aul<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|votes = 99,837
|percentage = 57.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]]
|votes = 43,986
|percentage = 25.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dolagobinda Nayak
|votes = 26,487
|percentage = 15.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 547
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,851
|percentage = 32.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,106
|percentage = 65.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election,[[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pratap Keshari Deb]] by a margin of 3,503 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Aul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]]
|votes = 81,254
|percentage = 48.9
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|votes = 77,751
|percentage = 46.8
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Braja Sundar Bhuyan
|votes = 3,914
|percentage = 2.36
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,153
|percentage = 0.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,503
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,106
|percentage = 65.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pratap Keshari Deb]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]] by a margin of 5,877 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=5877 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Aul<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|votes = 72,012
|percentage = 50.00
|change = {{up}}3.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Devendra Sharma (politician)|Devendra Sharma]]
|votes = 66,135
|percentage = 45.92
|change = {{up}}0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Braja Sundar Bhuyan
|votes = 3,358
|percentage = 2.33
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,877
|percentage = 4.08{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,062
|percentage = 63.11
|change = {{up}}0.41
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,28,257
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Kendrapara district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.67|86.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Chandraprabha

2026-04-12T17:42:38Z

Sylvin Thomas: Started new info.

{{not confuse|Candraprabha}}
{{Short description|8th Jain Tirthankara}}{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = 8th Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = Tirthankar Chandraprabha.jpg
| caption = Idol of Chandraprabha Bhagwan at a Jain Temple in Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India
| alt = Chandraprabha
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| other_names = Chanda Prabhu
| symbol = [[Crescent|Crescent Moon]]
| color = [[White]]
| father = Mahāsena
| mother = Lakṣmaṇā
| height = 150 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (450 meters)
| age = 1,000,000 purva (70.56 [[Quintillion]] years)
| tree =
| predecessor = [[Suparshvanatha]]
| successor = [[Pushpadanta]]
| birth_place = [[Varanasi|Chandrapuri]]
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikhar]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}{{Jainism}}

'''Chandraprabha''' ({{Langx|en|Lord of Moon}}{{sfn|Coulter|Turner|2013|p=277}}) or '''Chandranatha''' is the eighth [[Tirthankara]] of {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Tīrthaṅkara]]}} of [[Jainism]] in the present age ({{lang|sa|[[Avasarpini]]}}). According to traditional accounts, he was born to King Mahasena and Queen Lakshmana Devi at Chandrapuri to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. According to [[Jain texts]], his birth-date was the twelfth day of the Posh Krishna month of the Indian calendar. He is said to have become a [[Siddha#Jainism|siddha]], a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]].

== Jain biography ==
Chandraprabha was the eighth Jain ''[[tirthankara|Tīrthankara]]'' of the present age (''[[avasarpini]]'').{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} He was born to King Mahasena and Queen Lakshmana Devi at [[Chandrawati Jain temple|Chandrapuri]],{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=35}} [[Varanasi]] on 12th day month [[Pausa]] in the [[Ikshvaku]] clan.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=300–301}}{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}<ref>{{cite news |date=August 25, 2015 |first=Binay |last=Singh |title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi {{!}} Varanasi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-jain-tirthankaras-born-in-varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Nine months before the birth of ''Chandraprabha'', Queen ''Lakshmana Devi '' dreamt the sixteen most [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|auspicious dreams]].{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=189}} Mahasena named Tirthankar Chandraprabha because of his complexion was white as moon. According to [[Uttarapurana]], [[Indra#Jainism|Indra]] named him Chandraprabha because at his birth the earth and night-lotus were blossomed.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}

Chandraprabha's height is mentioned as 150 [[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He is said to have lived for 1,000,000 ''[[purva]]''.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He spent 2<math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> lakh ''pūrva'' as youth (''kumāra kāla'') and ruled His kingdom for 6<math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> lakh ''pūrva'' and 24 ''pūrvāṇga'' (''rājya kāla''). During his rule, Chandraprabhu was apathetic towards the ordinary delights and princely grandeur.{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=190}} He decided to renounced his worldly life, soon after his ascension to throne and after 3 months he obtained [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience) while mediating under ''[[Couroupita guianensis|Naga tree]]''.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}

After a many years of spreading his knowledge, he is said to have attained [[moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]] at [[Sammed Shikharji]] on the seventh day of the bright half of the month of ''faalgun''.{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=189}}{{refn|group=note|Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=275}} This place is revered in Jainism because 20 out of 24 Jinas died here.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}} }}

Chandraprabha is said to have been born 900 ''crore sagara'' after his predecessor, [[Suparsvanatha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His successor, [[Pushpadanta]], is said to have been born 90 ''crore sagara'' after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

The ''[[yaksha]]'' and ''[[yakshi]]'' of Shantinatha are ''Śyāma'' and ''[[Jvālāmālinī]]'' according to [[Digambara]] tradition and ''Vijaya'' and ''Bhṛkuṭi'' according to [[Śvētāmbara]] tradition.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}

According to [[Digambara]] ''Vaidarbha Svami'' and ''Varuṉā'' were the chief ''[[Ganadhara]]'' and ''[[Aryika]]'' of the Chandraprabha disciples and ''Dinna'' and ''Vāruṇī'' according to [[Śvētāmbara]].{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=190}}

== Legacy ==
=== Worship ===
''Jinastotrāņi'' is a collection of hymn dedicated to Chandraprabha along with [[Munisuvrata]], [[Neminatha]], [[Shantinatha]], Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha.{{sfn|Lienhard|1984|p=137}}

''Svayambhūstotra'' by ''[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Acharya Samantabhadra]]'' is the adoration of twenty-four ''Tīrthankaras''. Its five slokas ([[aphorism]]s) are dedicated to ''Tīrthankara Chandraprabha''.{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=44-50}}

{{blockquote|With complexation bright as the rays of the moon you had the radiated knowledge like another moon. You are worshiped by eminent beings; you are the Lord of learned ascetic; and had conquered all your karmas and internal passion. I bow to you, O Lord Chandraprabha, the processor of moonlike splendour.|Svayambhūstotra (8-1-36){{sfn|Jain|2015|p=52}} }}

Chandraprabha is associated with crescent moon emblem, Naga tree, Vijya or Śyāma (Dig.) & Vijya (Svet.) [[Yaksha]] and [[Jwalamalini]] (Dig.) & Bhṛkuṭi (Svet.) [[Yakshi]].{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}}{{sfn|Tandon|2002}}

=== In literature ===
''Chandraprabha-charitra'' composed by [[Haribhadra]] is an adoration to Chandraprabha.{{sfn|Agnihotri|2010|p=34}} Chandraprabha is mentioned in the [[Buddhist scripture]]s.{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=21}}

=== Iconography ===
Chandraprabha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture, with a crescent moon symbol beneath him;{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=142}} each ''tīrthankara'' has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} Like all ''tirthankaras'', he is depicted with a ''[[Shrivatsa]]''{{refn|group=note|A special symbol that marks the chest of a ''Tirthankara''. The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue to symbolic icon for their theology. There are several ''srivasta'' found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=426–428}}<ref>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/ Jainism: Jinas and Other Deities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526074318/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/ |date=26 May 2017 }}, Victoria and Albert Museum, London</ref>}} and downcast eyes.{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=1553}}

The earliest known sculpture of Chandraprabha was installed by [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Ramagupta]] of [[Gupta dynasty]] in 4th century CE. Chandraprabha has been popular amongst Jain everywhere in India. The iconography of Chandraprabha is particularly popular in Eastern India in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. Sculptures of Chandraprabha were also popular in [[Jain temples, Deogarh]], [[Khajuraho Jain temples]] and [[Sonagiri]].{{sfn|Shah|1987|pp=142–145}}

<gallery>
File:Bhagwan Chandraprabha 20250701 172853551.NIGHT~3.jpg|Bhagwan Chandraprabha at [[Mandaragiri]], [[Karnataka]]
File:Door jamb and lintel decoration, and Tirthankara image in the sanctum at the Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|Idol at [[Jain temple, Lakkundi]]
File:Mahavir-Jain-Fame-1000-Pillar-Temple- Moodbidri.JPG|Idol at [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]]
File:Tijara Jain temple - Main Idol (3) (cropped).jpg|The famous idol of Chandraprabhu at [[Tijara Jain temple|Tijara]]
</gallery>

==== Colossal statue ====
Guru mandir in [[Mandaragiri]] houses a {{convert|21|ft}} monolithic statue of Chandraprabha.{{sfn|Krishnaraja|2021}}{{sfn|Binayak|2020}}

<gallery>
File:Lord Chandranatha Thirthankara statue.jpg|{{convert|21|ft}} statue at [[Mandaragiri Hill]], [[Tumkur]], [[Karnataka]]
File:Chandaragiri Vatika.jpg|{{convert|15.25|ft}} statue at Chandragiri Vatika, [[Tijara]]
File:Chandraprabh.jpg|{{convert|15|ft}} statue at [[Sonagiri]]
</gallery>

=== Main temples ===
[[File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] also known as "The 1000 Pillars Temple"|thumb]]

Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. [[Sonagiri]], also known as Laghu Sammed Shikhar is a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|Siddha-Kṣetra]]'',{{sfn|Detige|2017|p=38}}{{sfn|Shukla|Kulshreshtha|2019|p=103}} is considered one of the most important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain Tirtha]] (pilgrimage site).{{sfn|Burgess|Cousens|1903|p=21}} The mulnayak is a {{convert|3|m|ft}} rock cut image of Chandraprabhu dating back to the 5th to 6th century.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=128}} There are a total of 103 temples with 77 on hill and 26 in village.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=75}}{{sfn|Mitra|2012|p=52}}

[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] (Thousand Pillared Temple ) in [[Moodabidri]] (Jain Kashi{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=47}}), built in 1430 CE, is considered an architectural wonder and is one of the most important Jain centers in Karnataka.{{sfn|Paul|2019|p=18}}{{sfn|Butalia|Small|2004|p=367}}{{sfn|Panikar|2010|p=408}} [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]] was built in {{circa|678 C.E.}} by King Konguvelir of [[Velir dynasty]].{{sfn|Home Ministry|2011|p=110}}{{sfn|Krishnamachari|2017}}

Important Chandraprabha temple complexes include: [[Tijara Jain temple]], [[Jainimedu Jain temple]], [[Chandravati]], [[Kumbakonam Jain Temple]], [[Mandaragiri]], [[Veraval]], [[Atishaya Kshetra Lunwa Jain Temple|Lunwa Jain temple]], [[Dharmasthala Temple|Chandranatha basadi Dharmasthala]], and [[Chandraprabha temple, Pavagadh]]

<gallery>
File:Jain temple, Mettupudur 2.jpg|[[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]] built in 678 C.E.
File:N-RJ-87 Fort including Ancient Temples Jaisalmer SolReyes20100917 332.JPG|[[Chandraprabhu temple, Jaisalmer Fort]]
File:Sonagiri.jpg|[[Sonagiri Jain Tirth]]
File:Tijara Jain Temple - Main(3).jpg|[[Tijara Jain temple]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Arihant (Jainism)]]
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[Jainism and non-creationism]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Butalia | first1=Tarunjit Singh | last2=Small | first2=Dianne P. |title=Religion in Ohio: Profiles of Faith Communities |url={{Google books|LRFePtMXjT8C|page=367|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8214-1551-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Burgess | first1=James | author-link1=James Burgess (archaeologist) | last2=Cousens | first2=Henry | author-link2=Henry Cousens |title=The Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujarat, More Especially of the Districts Included in the Baroda State | volume=9 | series=Archaeological survey of western India | year=1903 | publisher=[[B. Quaritch]] | location=[[Bombay]] |url={{Google books|3ZrpAAAAMAAJ|page=21|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC |plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell | last2=Turner | first2=Patricia | author-link2=Patricia Turner |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |url={{Google books|VWxekbhM1yEC|pg=PT277|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2013|isbn=9781135963972 | language=en}}
* {{citation |last=Finegan |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4nAAAAYAAJ |title=The archeology of world religions |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1952 }}
* {{citation |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Jain Sūtras (Translation) |editor=Max Muller |series=The Sacred Books of the East Series |volume=XXII |url=https://archive.org/stream/jainsūtrasparti029233mbp#page/n333/mode/2up |year=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Oxford University Press)}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Vijay K. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI8HBgAAQBAJ|title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara |year=2015|publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=9788190363976 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |title=Candraprabhacaritra (Book 3.6 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213156.html |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}
* {{citation |last=Lienhard |first=Siegfried| author-link=Siegfried Lienhard |title=A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit
|url={{Google books|JmRlAgAAQBAJ|page=137|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | volume=1 | series=A history of Indian literature: Classical Sanskrit literature |year=1984 | publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |isbn= 978-1-84511-625-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|url={{Google books|zLLHrrD8KrUC|page=75|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Orchha, Travel Guide| publisher=Goodearth Publications |date=2009|isbn= 9788187780915}}
* {{cite book | last=Mitra | first=Swati |url={{Google books|THW_OkoTuE4C|page=52|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Temples of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Goodearth Publications| isbn=9789380262499 | edition=1 | year=2012 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor-last2=Baumann |editor-first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |edition=Second |volume=One: A-B |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Panikar|first=Agustin|url={{Google books|oCPtDwAAQBAJ|page=408|plainurl=yes}} |title=Jainism: History, Society, Philosophy and Practice | volume=24 | series=Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[Delhi]] |date=2010|isbn=978-81-208-3460-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Paul | first=George S. | author-link=George S Paul | title=Vasundhara - Odyssey of a Dancer |url={{Google books|9MS5DwAAQBAJ|pg=PT18|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Notion Press]] | location=[[Chennai]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-64587-531-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Aspects of Jaina religion |url={{Google books|8UhvGRoyAqMC|page=21|plainurl=yes}} |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-date=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-81-263-1273-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{citation |last1=Shukla |first1=U. N. | last2=Kulshreshtha | first2=Sharad Kumar |title=Emerging Trends in Indian Tourism and Hospitality: Transformation and Innovation |url={{Google books|58OkDwAAQBAJ|page=103|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Copal Publishing Group |date=2019 |isbn=9789383419760 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City | series=Planet Earth & Cultural Understanding |url={{Google books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|page=35|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] | isbn=9781443815796 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn |first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=81-208-1534-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tukol|first=T. K. | author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism|publisher=University of Karnataka|year=1980|location=Dharwad}}
* {{cite book |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprinted 1999) |date=1925 |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6}}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Detige | first=Tillo | title=Manuscript Collections of the Western and Central Indian Bhaṭṭārakas
| journal=[[SOAS University of London]] | issue=12 | year=2017 | pages=36–39 | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8514337/file/8514342 | access-date=21 September 2022 }}
* {{cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |title=On how Kongu Nadu was a Jain bastion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-influence-of-jainism-in-kongu-nadu/article19845654.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 October 2017 | access-date=25 January 2021 | issn=0971-751X }}
* {{cite news |last=Krishnaraja |first=Renuka |title=The serene hills of Mandaragiri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/the-serene-hills-of-mandaragiri-967537.html |access-date=10 December 2022 | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=31 March 2021}}
* {{cite web | author=Home Ministry | author-link=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) | title=District census handbook Erode | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3309_PART_A_DCHB_ERODE.pdf | year=2011 | series=Census | access-date=7 April 2022 }}
* {{cite web |last=Binayak |first=Pooja | date=19 August 2020 |title=India's Jain Temples Are Incredible Architectural Marvels |url=https://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/experiences/news/indias-jain-temples-are-incredible-architectural-marvels |website=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=10 December 2022}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism]
{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chandraprabha| ]]
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]

P. Jairaj

2026-04-10T10:41:35Z

Sylvin Thomas: Added New Page

{{short description|Indian actor, director and producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paidipati Jairaj
| image = Paidi Jairaj in Swami.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Jairaj in the film ''Swami'', {{circa|1941}}
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|9|28}}
| birth_place = [[Sircilla]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Telangana]], India)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paithari|first=Raghu|title=Sircilla-born Jairaj still remains unsung in film industry|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sircilla-born-jairaj-still-remains-unsung-in-film-industry|access-date=20 September 2020|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|8|11|1909|9|28}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| awards =[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1980)
| alma mater =[[Nizam College]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Savitri|1940}}
| occupation =
| yearsactive = 1929–1995
}}
'''Paidipati Jairaj''' (28 September 1909 – 11 August 2000) was an Indian actor, director and producer known for his works majorly in [[Hindi]]; few [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Telugu language]] films, and [[Telugu theatre]].<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jul/24jai.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Jairaj's son asked to vacate father's flat}}</ref><ref name="auto">Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005</ref> During the talkie period, from 1931 onwards, he started with ''Shikari'' in Urdu and English languages. Subsequently, he became one of the leading actors for about two decades, along with [[V. Shantaram]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]] etc. He starred in about 170 feature films in a variety of roles. He directed a few films such as ''[[Mohar]]'', ''Mala'' (1943), [[Pratima (1945 film)|''Pratima'']], ''Rajghar'' and ''Saagar'' (1951), which he produced. In 1980, he was awarded with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest award for films in India, for his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|title=::DIRECTORATE OF FILM FESTIVALS::|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427193700/http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|archive-date=27 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Paidipati Jairaj was born in [[Sircilla]] of [[Hyderabad State]] (present-day [[Telangana]]) on 28 September 1909. He had two brothers - Paidipati Sundararaj Naidu, Paidipati Deendayal Naidu(Artist) and Paidipati Jairaj was the youngest.<ref name="auto"/>

==Career==
Jairaj developed an interest in theatre and films during his graduate studies at [[Nizam College]], and left for [[Bombay]] in 1929.<ref name="cinejosh.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-andhra-others-photos/18765/5/19/paidi-jairaj-105-jayanthi-utsavam.html|title=Paidi Jairaj 105 Jayanthi Utsavam}}</ref> He made his acting debut in 1929 with the silent film ''Star Kling Youth'', and subsequently he acted in about eleven silent films including ''Triangle of Love'', ''Mathru Bhoomi'', ''All for Lover'', ''Mahasagar Mothi'', ''Flight into Death'', ''My Hero'' etc.<ref name="rediff.com"/><ref name="auto"/>

He played the characters of Amar Singh Rathore [1957], Prithviraj Chauhan [1959], and Maharana Pratap [1960] among notable films. He also essayed the roles of Shah Jahan [1947], Tipu Sultan [1959] and Haider Ali [1962]. His other portrayals have been in films such as ''Sassi Punnu'' [1947], ''Hatimtai'' [1956], ''Chandrashekar Azad'' [1963] and ''Durga Das'' [1964] among others. Jairaj did six films with Suraiya in the 1940s and 1950s, five of them, viz. ''Humaari Baat'' (1943), ''Singaar'' (1949), ''Amar Kahani'' (1949), ''Rajput'' (1951) and ''Resham'' (1952) as her hero, and one of them, ''Lal Kunwar'' (1952), as second lead. In 1952, he produced and directed his own film ''Sagar'', which was not well received by the audiences, but he was still committed to cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/the-inevitable-celluloid-man|title=Paidi Jairaj - The Invincible Celluloid Man|first=Vidya|last=Mahajan|access-date=1 August 2016|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135441/https://www.saddahaq.com/the-inevitable-celluloid-man|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] woman, Savitri, from Delhi. It was an arranged marriage. Prithviraj Kapoor's father had chosen the bride for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/jairaj/|title=Jairaj – Profile}}</ref> He had two sons and three daughters. His wife died a year before him of cancer. His daughter Geeta Gupta looked after him in his last years. [[Rajan Shahi]], TV producer-director, is his daughter's son (maternal grandson), the sole person of Jairaj's extended family in Bollywood.<ref name="rediff.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/fun-zone/did-you-know/did-you-know-director-rajan-shahi-and-veteran-film-actor-pjairaj-are-related|title=Did you know that director Rajan Shahi and veteran film actor P.Jairaj are related?|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/tvp-special/how-rajan-shahi-became-a-successful-tv-producer/|title=How Rajan Shahi became a successful TV producer - TelevisionPost.com}}</ref> Jairaj died in [[Mumbai]] on 11 August 2000.<ref name="rediff.com"/><ref name="auto"/><ref
name="cinejosh.com"/>

==Popular culture==
A one-hour documentary, Life journey of Jairaj, was made by the [[Government of Telangana]] in 2018 to celebrate his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/documentary-on-telanganas-paidi-jairaj-to-be-released-on-july-28 |title=Documentary on Telangana's Paidi Jairaj to be released |website=telanganatoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726112100/https://telanganatoday.com/documentary-on-telanganas-paidi-jairaj-to-be-released-on-july-28 |archive-date=26 July 2018}} </ref>

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] - 1980

==Filmography==

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1930 || Jagmagti Jawani ||
|-
| 1932 || [[Shikari (1932 film)|Shikari]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1933 || Maya Jaal ||
|-
| Patit Pawan ||
|-
| Aurat Ka Dil ||
|-
| 1934 || [[Mazdoor (1934 film)|Mazdoor]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1935 || Sher Dil Aurat ||
|-
| Jeevan Natak ||
|-
| 1937 || Toofani Khazana ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1938 || [[Bhabhi (1938 film)|Bhabhi]] ||
|-
| Madhur Milan ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1939 || Jugari ||
|-
| [[Leatherface (1939 film)|Leatherface]] ||
|-
| 1940 || Chambe Di Kali ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1941 || Prabhat ||
|-
| Mala ||
|-
| [[Swami (1941 film)|Swami]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1942 || Nai Duniya ||
|-
| [[Khilona (1942 film)|Khilona]] ||
|-
| [[Tamanna (1942 film)|Tamanna]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1943 || Nai Kahani ||
|-
| Hamari Baat ||
|-
| Prem Sangeet ||
|-
| 1944 || [[Panna (film)|Panna]] || Shyam
|-
| 1945 || [[Rahat (1945 film)|Rahat]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1946 || [[Shahjehan]] ||
|-
| Salgirah ||
|-
| [[Rajputani (1946 film)|Rajputani]] ||
|-
| 1947 || [[Manmani]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1948 || Sajan Ka Ghar ||
|-
| [[Anjuman (1948 film)|Anjuman]] ||
|-
| Azadi Ki Raah Par ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1949 || Darogaji ||
|-
| Roomal ||
|-
| [[Singaar]] ||
|-
| [[Amar Kahani]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1951 || Rajput ||
|-
| [[Saagar (1951 film)|Saagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1952 || [[Lal Kunwar (film)|Lal Kunwar]] ||
|-
| Resham ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Baadbaan]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1955 || Teerandaz ||
|-
| [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1956 || Parivar ||
|-
| [[Hatim Tai (1956 film)|Hatim Tai]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1957 || [[Mumtaz Mahal (1957 film)|Mumtaz Mahal]] ||
|-
| [[Pardesi (1957 film)|Pardesi]] || Also known as Journey Beyond Three Seas
|-
| 1959 || [[Tippu Sultan|Char Dil Char Raahein]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1960 || [[Return of Mr. Superman]] || Mr. Superman ki Wapsi
|-
| Lal Quila ||
|-
| Veer Durgadas ||
|-
| Chambe Di Kali || Punjabi movie
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1961 || [[Razia Sultana (1961 film)|Razia Sultana]] ||
|-
| [[Aas Ka Panchhi]] ||
|-
| Jai Chitod ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Pick Pocket (1962 film)|Pick Pocket]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1963 || [[Nine Hours to Rama]] ||
|-
| [[Gul-e-Bakawali]] ||
|-
| 1964 || Khufia Mahal ||
|-
| 1965 || Baghi Haseena ||
|-
| 1965 || Mujrim Kaun Khooni Kaun ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Maya (1966 film)|Maya]] ||
|-
| 1967 || [[Baharon Ke Sapne]] ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1970 || [[Gunah Aur Kanoon]] ||
|-
| [[Jeevan Mrityu]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1971 || [[Nadaan (1971 film)|Nadaan]] ||
|-
| [[Chhoti Bahu]] ||
|-
| [[Chingari (1971 film)|Chingari]] ||
|-
| 1972 || [[Shehzada]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1973 || [[Gehri Chaal]] ||
|-
| Suraj Aur Chanda ||
|-
| [[Chhalia]] ||
|-
| Naag Mere Saathi ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1974 || [[Chor Chor]] ||
|-
| [[Faslah]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="6"|1975 || [[Sholay]] || Police Commissioner
|-
| [[Kala Sona]] ||
|-
| [[Dharmatma]] ||
|-
| [[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|Jogidas Khuman]] ||
|-
| [[Himalay Se Ooncha]] ||
|-
| [[Toofan (1975 film)|Toofan]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1976 || [[Hera Pheri (1976 film)|Hera Pheri]] ||
|-
| [[Charas]] ||
|-
| [[Bairaag]] ||
|-
| Naag Champa ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|1977 || [[Chhailla Babu]] ||
|-
| [[Kachcha Chor]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1978 || [[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978 film)|Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]] ||
|-
| [[Don (1978 film)|Don]] ||
|-
| [[Aakhri Daku]] ||
|-
| [[Khoon Ka Badla Khoon]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1979 || [[Ahimsa (1979 film)|Ahimsa]] ||
|-
| [[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]] ||
|-
| Nagin Aur Suhagan ||
|-
| rowspan ="4"|1980 || [[Jyoti Bane Jwala]] ||
|-
| [[Chunaoti]] ||
|-
| [[Jazbaat (1980 film)|Jazbaat]] ||
|-
| [[Shiv Shakti (1980 film)|Shiv Shakti]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="3"|1981 || [[Fiffty Fiffty]] ||
|-
| Khoon Aur Paani ||
|-
| [[Kranti]] ||
|-
| rowspan ="5"|1983 || [[Ardh Satya]] ||
|-
| [[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]] ||
|-
| [[Karate]] ||
|-
| [[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]] ||
|-
| [[Paanchwin Manzil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1984 || [[Bindiya Chamkegi]] ||
|-
|''[[Maan Maryada (Hindi film)|Maan Maryada]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maan Maryada (1984) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maan-maryada-5775/cast-crew |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|Thakur Surajbhan Singh
|-
| Unchi Uraan ||
|-
| 1986 || [[Zinda Laash (1986 film)|Zinda Laash]] ||
|-
| 1988 || [[Khoon Bhari Maang]] ||
|-
| 1992 || [[Lambu Dada]] ||
|-
| 1993 || [[Meri Aan]] ||
|-
| 1994 || [[Betaaj Badshah]] ||
|-
| 1995 || [[God and Gun]] ||
|-
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Pratima (1945 film)|Pratima]]'' ||
|-
| 1951 || ''Saagar'' ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Mohar'' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2191654|P. Jairaj}}
*[http://www.pitara.com/news-for-kids/world-news/talkie-star-from-the-silent-era/ ''Talkie Star from the Silent Era''](by B. Sumangal)
{{commons category}}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jairaj, Paidi}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON

2026-04-04T23:00:36Z

Sylvin Thomas: Added A Details

{{Short description|Indian singing talent competition TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON''
| season_number = 13
| starring = '''Judges''' [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] [[S. P. Sailaja]] [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Pradeep Machiraju]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = Yasaswi Kondepudi
| runner_up = Bharat Raj
}}
| num_episodes = 30
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|03|21|df=y}}
| next_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar]]
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON''''' is the 13th season of Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language musical/singing [[reality television show]] ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-25|title=Zee Telugu's singing reality show 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' is back|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zee-telugus-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-is-back/article32436398.ece|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title='Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' 25-Hour Live-athon On Zee, Zee Telugu On Saturday|url=https://english.sakshi.com/tollywood/2020/05/20/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-25-hour-live-athon-on-zee-zee-telugu-on-saturday|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Sakshi Post}}</ref> It premiered on [[Zee Telugu]] from 23 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=The 13th Season Of SRGMP Is Back On Zee Telugu With A Hunt For The Next Singing Icon!|url=https://telugustop.com/the-13th-season-of-srgmp-is-back-on-zee-telugu-with-a-hunt-for-the-next-singing-icon/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Telugu Stop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu season 13 to kickstart from August 23; Rahul Sipligunj to grace the show {{!}} PINKVILLA|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-season-13-kickstart-august-23-rahul-sipligunj-grace-show-557832|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu Season 13 will start from August 23, Rahul graces the show|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-season-13-to-kickstart-from-august-23-rahul-sipligunj-to-grace-the-show-mc21-nu915-ta272-1114177-1.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=News Track}}</ref> Kondepudi Yasaswi is the winner of the season.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=March 22, 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati announces Yasaswi Kondepudi as Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu 13 winner|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rana-daggubati-announces-yasaswi-kondepudi-as-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-13-winner-1782131-2021-03-22|access-date=2021-05-07|magazine=India Today}}</ref>

== Production ==
It started on 23 August 2020 with [[Pradeep Machiraju]] as the host.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradeep Machiraju to host Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu season 13; watch teaser – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pradeep-machiraju-to-host-upcoming-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-season-13-watch-teaser/articleshow/77350864.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is directed by Shashi Kiran Goud and judged by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=Zee Telugu's singing reality show 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' is back|url=https://newsron.com/zee-telugus-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-is-back/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Newsron}}</ref> The final episode was aired on 21 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu 13 grand finale to air on March 21 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-13-grand-finale-to-air-on-march-21/articleshow/81462686.cms|access-date=2021-05-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Judges ==
* [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
* [[S. P. Sailaja]]
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
* [[Kalpana Raghavendar]] (Episodes 6 & 7; final episode special judge)
* [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] (final episode special judge)

== Jury ==
* Damini Bhatla
* Deepu
* Harika Narayan
* [[L. V. Revanth]]
* Prudhvi Chandra
* Raghuram
* Saketh
* Soni
* Sandeep

== Guests ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest
!Episode(s) No.
!Ref.
|-
|[[Rahul Sipligunj]]
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=కోటి సార్‌‌కి కటింగ్, ఫేషియల్‌ చేసేవాడ్ని.. గతం చెప్పి ఏడిపించేసిన రాహుల్.. కోటి కన్నీటి పర్యంతం|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-winner-rahul-sipligunj-emotional-words-about-music-director-koti-at-zee-telugu-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-show/articleshow/77871072.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudigali Sudheer]]
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa season 13: Sudigaali Sudheer to grace the show; host Pradeep to pull his leg for his singing talent – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-season-13-sudigaali-sudheer-to-grace-the-show-host-pradeep-to-pull-his-leg-for-his-singing-talent/articleshow/77885947.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramya Krishnan]]
|4 & 5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 13: Ramyakrishnan aka Sivagami to grace the show; watch teaser – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-13-ramyakrishnan-aka-sivagami-to-grace-the-show-watch-teaser/articleshow/77927129.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Baba Bhaskar]]
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 13: Noted choreographer-TV personality Jani wows with his lesser-known singing talent – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-13-noted-choreographer-tv-personality-jani-wows-with-his-lesser-known-singing-talent/articleshow/78588691.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jani Master]]
|-
|[[Bithiri Sathi]]
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Ra Ga Ma Pa 13: Bithiri Sathi to entertain audience in the Dussehra special episode – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-ra-ga-ma-pa-13-bithiri-sathi-to-entertain-audience-in-the-dussehra-special-episode/articleshow/78663565.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
|14 & 15
|
|-
|[[Aadi (actor)|Aadi]]
| rowspan="3" |24 & 25
|
|-
|[[Surbhi]]
|
|-
|Arun Chiluveru
|
|-
|[[Baba Sehgal]]
| rowspan="5" |30
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-23|title=Yasaswi Kondepudi is Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’s next singing icon|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/yasaswi-kondepudi-pursuing-mbbs-is-zee-telugus-sa-re-ga-ma-pas-the-next-singing-icon/article34131160.ece|access-date=2022-02-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Geetha Madhuri]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Rana Daggubati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - The Singing Superstar to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-the-singing-superstar-to-launch-soon/articleshow/88027375.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zoya Hussain]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Contestants ==
* Kondepudi Yasaswi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Sharwanand's response leaves Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu 13's Yasaswi overwhelmed; take a look – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actor-sharwanands-response-leaves-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-13s-yasaswi-overwhelmed-take-a-look/articleshow/77997792.cms|access-date=2020-10-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> (Winner)
{{Colbegin}}
* Bharat Raj (Runner-Up)
* Pavan Kalyan (Second Runner-Up)
* Venkata Chaitanya <ref>{{Cite web|title= Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 13 finalist Venkata Chaitanya: I didn't want to get back to my software job; it was my biggest motivation to perform |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-13-finalist-venkata-chaitanya-i-didnt-want-to-get-back-to-my-software-job-it-was-my-biggest-motivation-to-perform/etphotostory/81584634.cms |access-date=2021-03-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> (Finalist)
* Pragna Nayani (Finalist)
* Ananya Bhaskar
* Abhilash Anand Katta
* Teja
* Lakshmi Gayathri
* Balaji
* Swapnika Kosuru
* Yuti Harshavardhana
* Sai Priya
* Ganesh
* Rana
* Sai Sameera
* Vikram
* Prathima Korada
* Rajeshwari
{{Colend}}

== Eliminations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Contestant
!Round
|-
|Ananya
|Super Six
|-
|Yuti
|Semi Finals-2
|-
|Saipriya
|Semi Finals-2
|-
|Ganesh
|Semi Finals-1
|-
|Lakshmi Gayathri
|Semi Finals-1
|-
|Abhilash
|Quarter Finals
|-
|Teja
|Quarter Finals
|-
|Sai Sameera
|Round 4
|-
|Swapnika
|Round 4
|-
|Balaji
|Round 4
|-
|Vikram
|Round 4
|-
|Prathima Korada
|Round 2
|-
|Rajeshwari
|Round 2
|-
|Rana
|Round 2
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/saregamapa-the-next-singing-icon/0-6-2903 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON]'' at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10340632}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_The_Next_Singing_ICON}}
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television seasons]]

G. Bidai

2026-04-01T03:48:42Z

Sylvin Thomas: Started new post.

{{Short description|Bodo militant}}

{{Infobox Criminal
| birth_name = Bishnu Basumatary<ref>{{cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ratnadip |title=Didn't Surrender, But Ceased Fire, Says NLFB Leader M Batha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/didnt-surrender-but-ceased-fire-says-nlfb-leader-m-batha-2493505 |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=23 June 2021}}</ref>
| organization = [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]]
| criminal_status =
| birth_place = Oxiguri Gaon (Moinamata), Kahitama, [[Baksa district]], [[Assam]]
| judicial_status = Absconder
| reward_amount = ₹ 5 Lakh ($6,433)
| wanted_by = [[National Investigation Agency]]
}}
'''G Bidai''' (also known as '''Bishnu Gayari''' and '''Bishnu Goyari''') is the Commander and Vice-president of the militant outfit [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]] (NDFB).<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Catch me if you can: Bidai |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/catch-me-if-you-can-bidai/cid/1396903 |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=Telegraph India |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 January 2016}}</ref> He is on the [[National Investigation Agency]]'s (NIA)'s most wanted list, a primary [[Counter-terrorism|counter-terrorist]] task force of [[India]], with a bounty of Rupess 0.5 Million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hali |first=Sultan M. |title=Failure of Indian security forces in apprehending NDFB {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/08/04/failure-of-indian-security-forces-in-apprehending-ndfb/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

The [[Indian Army]] led several unsuccessful operations to kill or capture Bidai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rajeev |title=Assam Operation: Army Fails Again To Neutralise a Small Squad of Rebels |url=https://thewire.in/security/assam-operation-army-fails-again-to-neutralise-a-small-squad-of-rebels |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basumatary |first=Rinoy |title=Army operation against NDFB-S 'army chief' G Bidai intensified |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/army-operation-against-ndfb-s-army-chief-g-bidai-intensified.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

== Criminal acts ==
In 2014, while Bidai was deputy Army chief of the NDFB, killed Priya Basumatary, a class 10 student, on suspicion of being a police informer, at Dwimuguri village in the [[Chirang district]] of Assam.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dowerah |first=Simantik |title=The gruesome death of Priya Basumatary: Will Tarun Gogoi give her justice? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-gruesome-death-of-priya-basumatary-will-tarun-gogoi-give-her-justice-1685027.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Her killing was video graphed by Bidai's partners, and the villagers were warned not to touch her body, otherwise they would face the same fate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |title=Assam horror: Militants shot her nine times, warned villagers not to touch her body |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/militants-shot-her-nine-times-warned-villagers-not-to-touch-her-body/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

The killing of Priya Basumatary was widely protested and several civic bodies condemned and demanded a bravery award for her.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Anurag |title='The gunning down of 16-yr-old Priya should shame Assam government' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-gunning-down-of-16-yr-old-priya-should-shame-assam-government/20140824.htm |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=24 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> [[All Assam Students' Union|All Assam Students Union]] (AASU), All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), All Bodo Women's Welfare Federation, and [[Bodoland People's Front]] (BPF) arranged protested over the brutal killing.<ref>{{cite news |last=India |first=ANI |date=30 August 2014 |title=NDFB(S) militants killing triggers widespread protests |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ndfb-s-militants-killing-triggers-widespread-protests-114083000481_1.html |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Nandita |title=Gunning down of school girl in Assam: Troubling questions for Tarun Gogoi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gunning-down-of-school-girl-in-assam-troubling-questions-for-tarun-gogoi-1689739.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=31 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Bidai was also involved in the massacre in [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] districts on 23 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |title=Assam massacre: Top NDFB(S) leader who led Kokrajhar attack killed in encounter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-massacre-top-ndfbs-leader-who-led-kokrajhar-attack-killed-in-encounter/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=NDFB commander-in-chief B Bidai behind attack on adivasis: Police |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ndfb-commander-in-chief-b-bidai-behind-attack-on-adivasis-police/articleshow/45740183.cms |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 January 2015}}</ref> Also, He was involved in the serial bombings in Assam on 31 October 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Ranjan daimary: 2008 Assam serial blasts: CBI court convicts NDFB chief Ranjan Daimary, 13 Others |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2008-assam-serial-blasts-cbi-court-convicts-ndfb-chief-ranjan-daimary-13-others/articleshow/67733323.cms |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 January 2019}}</ref>

== Wanted status ==
Speaking to [[The Indian Express]], in 2016, the then [[Director general of police]] (DGP) of Assam, Mukesh Sahay and [[Additional director general of police]] (ADGP) R. M. Singh announced an Rs. 5 Lakh of reward for Bidai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |title=NDFB(S) leaders based in Bhutan ordered attack in Assam: DGP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/assam-attack-ndfbs-leaders-based-in-bhutan-ordered-attack-dgp-2958931/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 NDFB(S) militants killed in last 5 months: DGP |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/northeast/10-ndfb-s-militants-killed-in-last-5-months-dgp-65665.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)]] |date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

Bidai was also involved in the [[2008 Assam bombings]] that killed 88 civilians, injuring nearly 500 civilians,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gani |first=Abdul |title=NDFB Chief, 9 Others Sentenced To Life Imprisonment In 2008 Assam Serial Blasts Case |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-2008-assam-blast-case-ndfb-chief-9-others-get-life-imprisonment/324551 |access-date=25 May 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> in which 13 other NDFB leaders, cadres, and helpers including the NDFB Chairman [[Ranjan Daimary]] were convicted by the CBI ([[Central Bureau of Investigation]]) court. Bidai was declared as an absconder.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Pankaj |date=28 January 2019 |title=NDFB chief Daimary, 13 others convicted in 2008 serial blasts |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ndfb-chief-ranjan-daimary-14-others-convicted-in-2008-assam-serial-blasts-that-killed-88/cid/1683088 |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>

Though Bidai is likely to come to the mainstream as per media reports, the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] still has listed him as most wanted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case No : RC-01/2014/NIA/GUW |url=https://www.nia.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/Absconders.pdf |website=[[National Investigation Agency]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidai, G}}
[[Category:Bodo nationalism]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abhinav Deshwal

2026-03-30T14:05:36Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Indian sports shooter (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Abhinav Deshwal
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|2007}}
| country = {{IND}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Deaflympics]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|Caxias do Sul 2021]]|[[Shooting at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics|10m air pistol]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Summer Deaflympics|Tokyo 2025]]|[[Shooting at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics|10m air pistol]]}}
{{MedalGold|Tokyo 2025|Mixed 10m air pistol}}
}}

'''Abhinav Deshwal''' (born 2007) is an Indian deaf sports shooter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinav Deshwal |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/abhinav-deshwal |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics}}</ref> He made his Deaflympic debut at the age of 15 representing [[India at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]] (held in May 2022). He hails from [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abhinav Deshwal wins men's 10m air pistol gold at Deaflympics |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/abhinav-deshwal-wins-mens-10m-air-pistol-gold-deaflympics-indian-shooting/article38486168.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Sportstar |date=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He competed at the [[2021 Summer Deaflympics]] and clinched a gold medal in the men's 10m air pistol shooting event.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Abhinav Deshwal wins gold in men's 10m air pistol at Deaflympics {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/abhinav-deshwal-wins-gold-in-mens-10m-air-pistol-at-deaflympics/articleshow/91402619.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was initially tied with Ukraine's [[Oleksii Lazebnyk]] at 234.2 points apiece at the end of 24-shot final, before securing a gold medal in a shoot-off where he shot 10.3 in contrast to Lazebnyk's 9.7 mark.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Shooting 10m Air Pistol (Men) |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/2022-s/results/3452 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics}}</ref> It was also India's second gold medal in shooting during the 2021 Summer Deaflympics.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/abhinav-deshwal Abhinav Deshwal] at [[Deaflympics]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshwal, Abhinav}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Deaf sport shooters]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Deaflympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Deaflympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Uttarakhand]]

{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}

Chennakeshava Temple, Belur

2026-03-25T21:44:08Z

Sylvin Thomas: quick update

{{Short description|12th-century Vishnu temple complex in Belur, Karnataka (Hoysala Empire era)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = The Courtyard of Chennakesava Temple - Belur.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The entrance Gopura and courtyard of Chennakeshava temple at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.162930|75.860593|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Karnataka
| location = [[Karnataka]], India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
| locale = [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
| deity = [[Vishnu|Chennakeshava]] (Vishnu)
| important_festivals=
| architecture = [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]]
| year_completed = 12th-century
| creator = Hoysala [[Vishnuvardhana]]
| website = {{URL|http://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/srichennakeshavatemple/about.html|Sri Chennakeshava Temple}}
|footnotes={{designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas]]
| designation1_date = 2023 (45th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = 1670<ref>{{cite web |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1670 |title=Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref>
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
}}}}
'''Chennakeshava Temple''', also referred to as '''Keshava''', '''Kesava''' or '''Vijayanarayana Temple''' of Belur, is a 12th-century [[Hindu temple]] in, [[Hassan district]] of Karnataka state, India. It was commissioned by King [[Vishnuvardhana]] in 1117 CE, on the banks of the [[Yagachi River]] in [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], an early [[Hoysala Empire]] capital. The temple was built over three generations and took 103 years to finish.<ref name=unesco2014>Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO (2014), [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/ Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala], UNESCO</ref> It was repeatedly damaged and plundered during wars, repeatedly rebuilt and repaired over its history. It is 35 km from [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] city and about 220 km from [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=Subramanian/>

Chennakesava (''lit'', "handsome Kesava") is a form of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu and has been an active Hindu temple since its inception. It is reverentially described in medieval Hindu texts, and remains an important pilgrimage site in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="unesco2014" />{{sfn|Gerard Foekema|1996|pp=47-49}} The temple is remarkable for its architecture, sculptures, reliefs, friezes as well its iconography, inscriptions and history. The temple artwork depicts scenes of life in the 12th century, dancers and musicians, as well as a pictorial narration of Hindu texts such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Puranas]] through numerous friezes.<ref name="unesco2014" />{{sfn|Kirsti Evans|1997|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=2-9}} It is a Vaishnava temple that reverentially includes many themes from [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]], as well as images of a Jina from [[Jainism]] and the Buddha from [[Buddhism]]. The Chennakeshava temple is a testimony to the artistic, cultural, and theological perspectives in 12th-century [[South India]] and the Hoysala Empire rule.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=2-9}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Winifred Holmes|editor=C.P. Snow|title=Discovery: Mysore's Medieval Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85 |year=1938|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=85}}</ref>

The Belur temple complex, along with the nearby [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] at [[Halebidu]] and the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura|Keshava Temple]] at [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]], was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 2023 as part of the [[Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas]].<ref name=unesco2014/>

==Location==
The Chennakeshava Temple is located in Belur taluk in Hassan district of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is about {{convert|35|km|mi|0}} northwest of [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]].<ref name=Subramanian/> The temple is about {{convert|16|km}} from [[Halebidu]] temple.<ref name=Subramanian/> Belur has no nearby airport, and is about {{convert|220|km|mi|0}} west of [[Bengaluru]] (IATA Code: BLR), about 3.5 hours drive accessible with a [[National Highway 75 (India)|four lane NH75 highway]]. Hassan is the closest city near Belur that is connected by railway network to major cities of Karnataka.<ref name=Subramanian>{{cite book|author=V. K. Subramanian|title=Art Shrines of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcMhnC9sYS8C|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-431-8|pages=75–77}}</ref>

The Chennakeshava Temple is an active Hindu temple and a major Vaishnava pilgrimage site.<ref name="reason1"/> It is located on the banks of [[Yagachi River]] (also called Badari River in historic texts), a tributary of Hemavati River.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=1-2}}

== History ==
[[File:Madanika (Temple de Chennakeshava à Belur, Inde) (14484817881).jpg|thumb|Artwork at Chennakeshava temple.]]
{{See also|Hoysala architecture|Hoysaleswara temple|Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura}}
The Hoysala period of South Indian history began about 1000 CE and continued through 1346 CE. In this period, they built around 1,500 temples in 958 centres. Belur is called Beluhur, Velur or Velapura in old inscriptions and medieval era texts. It was the early capital of the Hoysala kings. The city was so esteemed by the Hoysalas that it is referred to as "earthly [[Vaikuntha]]" (Vishnu's abode).

One of the Hoyasala kings was [[Vishnuvardhana]], who came to power in 1110 CE. He commissioned the Chennakeshava temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] in 1117 CE, a temple considered as one of "five foundations" of his legacy.<ref name="reason1">Foekema (1996), p. 47</ref><ref name="reason3">Kamath (2001), p. 124</ref> According to Dhaky – a scholar of Indian temple architecture and temple history, this temple reflects the rising opulence, political power, deep spiritual dedication to Sri Vaishnavism of [[Ramanujacharya]], and it is his ''magnum opus''. The main temple is called ''Vijaya-Narayana'' and the smaller temple next to it built by his queen Santala Devi is called ''Chennakesava'' in the inscriptions of his era, but these two temples are now called the Chennakesava temple and Chennigaraya temple respectively.<ref name=dhaky>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 313–314 }}</ref>

The main Chennakeshava temple at Belur was complete and consecrated in 1117 CE,<ref name=dhaky/> though the complex continued to expand over 100 some years.<ref name=unesco2014/> Vishnuvardhana moved his capital to Dorasamudra, (also referred to as Dvarasamudra, now [[Halebidu]]), famous for the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]. Its construction continued till he died in 1140 CE. His legacy was continued by his descendants who completed the Hoysaleswara Temple in 1150 CE, and other temples about 200 kilometers away such as the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]] in 1258 CE. The Hoysalas employed many noted architects and artisans who developed a new architectural tradition, which art historian Adam Hardy calls the ''Karnata Dravida'' tradition.<ref name="trad">Hardy (1995), pp. 6–7</ref>

The Hoysala Empire and its capital was [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|invaded]], plundered and destroyed in the early 14th century by [[Malik Kafur]], a commander of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref name="Dalal2002p195">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2gRUVIF2joC |year=2002|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-333544-3|page=195}}</ref> Belur and Halebidu became the target of plunder and destruction in 1326 CE by another Delhi Sultanate army.<ref name="Rice2001p353">{{cite book|author=B. L. Rice|title=Gazetteer of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&pg=PA353|year=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0977-8|pages=353–354}}</ref> The territory was taken over by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Dalal2002p195"/> The Hoysala style, states James C. Harle, came to an end in the mid 14th century, when Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III]] was killed in a war with the Muslim [[Madurai Sultanate]] followed by his son.<ref name="Harle1994p261">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/261 261]–267}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
[[File:Belur inscription.jpg|thumb|Example Belur temple inscription in Sanskrit, written in [[Kadamba script]].<ref name=rice1>[https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft#page/n175/mode/1up Epigraphia carnatica], B. Lewis Rice, Mysore Government Press, pages 98-129.</ref>]]
Historians have found 118 inscriptions in the temple complex, dated between 1117 CE to the 18th century, which provide a history of the temple, the grants made to the Chennakeshava temple for its upkeep and the repairs during later times.
*An inscription found on the east wall near the north entrance of the temple's main ''mandapa'' (hall) states that Vishnuvardhana commissioned the temple for god Vijayanarayana in 1117 CE.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=2-3}} Some historians have interpreted this inscription as stating that the Chennakeshava Temple was completed in 1117 CE.{{sfn|Krishna|1937|p=3, Quote: "As designed and completed in 1117 A.C., the ...."}}
*The Chennigaraya temple was built concurrently with the main temple, and the queen sponsored it.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}
*Narasimha I of Hoysala dynasty made grants to the temple for its maintenance and operation.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}
*Ballala II in 1175 CE added temple buildings for kitchen and grain storage in the southeast corner, and a water tank in the northeast corner of the temple.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}
*The original temple was without boundary wall. The main mandapa was also open for the devotees to view and appreciate the intricate carvings inside the temple. For security of the temple, a high wall was constructed around the temple, a wood-and-brick gateway and doors added by Somayya Danayaka during the rule of [[Veera Ballala III]] (1292–1343), as well as the open mandapa was covered with perforated stone screens. The new screens darkened the inside of the temple making it difficult to see the artwork but allowed enough light for the darshana of the ''garbha griya''.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}
*The temple was raided, damaged and its gateway was burnt down in a raid by a Muslim general Salar and his army working for Muhammed bin Tughlaq (1324–1351).{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}<ref name=goktemple>[http://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/srichennakeshavatemple/about.html SRI CHENNAKESHAVA SWAMY TEMPLE], Hindu Religious Institutions & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Karnataka</ref>
*The temple was repaired by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under the sponsorship of [[Harihara II]] (1377–1404). In 1381, they added four granite pillars; in 1387, a gold plated ''kalasa'' was added by Malagarasa to a new tower above the sanctum; it added a new seven storey brick gopuram in 1397 replacing the destroyed gateway.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}<ref name=goktemple/>
*An Andal shrine, the Saumyanayaki shrine, the dipa-stambha at the entrance, the Rama and Narasimha shrines were added during the Vijayanagara Empire era.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}}
*The main temple had a ''shikara'' (superstructure tower) but it is now missing and the temple looks flat. The original tower, suggest the inscriptions, was made of a combination of wood, brick and mortar. It was destroyed and rebuilt several times.{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}
*The Vijayanagara Empire sponsored the addition of smaller shrines dedicated to goddesses and the Naganayakana mandapa within the temple complex. These were constructed by collecting the war ruins of other demolished temples in Belur area and reusing them.{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}
*The temple premises were again damaged after the destruction of Vijayanagara Empire by a coalition of Sultanates. The first repairs were done in 1709, followed by additions in 1717 and 1736.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=331-332}} The temple was repaired in 1774 by an officer of [[Hyder Ali]] during a period when Hyder Ali was the de facto ruler on behalf of the Wadiyar dynasty.{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=3-4}}
*In late 19th-century, the collapsing tower above the sanctum was removed to save the lower levels and never replaced. In 1935, parts of the temple was cleaned and restored with financing by the Mysore government and grants by the Wadiyar dynasty. The Chennigaraya shrine was rebuilt, new images of Ramanuja and Garuda added along with many other facility improvements and repairs to the complex. These repairs were inscribed in stone for a historical record, just like earlier inscriptions.{{sfn|M.H. Krishna|1966|pp=332-333}}

== Description ==
[[File:12th century Belur Chenna Kesava temples layout ground plan, Karnataka India.jpg|thumb|left|Chennakeshava temples and monuments layout.<ref name=rice1/>]]
The Chennakeshava complex at Belur consists of a 443.5 feet by 396 feet court with several Hindu temples and minor shrines inside a walled compound.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-4}}{{refn|group=note|James Harle states that the court dimensions are 380x425 sq ft.<ref name="Harle1994p261"/>}} The compound is entered from the east through a [[Gopuram]] added during the repairs of the [[Vijayanagar empire]] era.<ref name="gopura">Kamath (2001), p. 183</ref> The temples and monuments found inside the walled complex are:

*Chennakeshava temple, also called as Kesava temple, is the main temple. It is in the middle of the complex, faces east, in front of the gopuram. Including the improvements added later, it is 178 feet by 156 feet. The temple stands on a wide platform terrace (''jagati'') about 3 feet high. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu in the form of Kesava.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-4}}
*To the south of the Kesava temple is the Kappe Chennigaraya temple measuring 124 feet by 105 feet. It has two sanctums inside, one dedicated to Venugopala and the other to Chennigaraya (local popular name of Chennakeshava, Vishnu). The temple is called Kappe Chennigaraya because, according to a local legend, a ''Kappe'' (frog) was once found near its navel. This smaller temple was built by the queen concurrently with the main temple, and is believed to be similar smaller version.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=13-14}}
*A stone slab with a couple standing side by side in a [[namaste]] posture under a canopy. The monument is damaged.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=15-16}}
{{Infobox
| title = Temples and monuments of Chennakeshava complex
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=150|height=120
| image1 = View of the Gopuram from inside the courtyard of the Chennakesava Temple - Belur.jpg| caption1 = Eastern gopuram
| image2 = BelurChennakeshavaTempel.jpg| caption2 = Kesava temple
| image3 = Belur_Panorama.JPG| caption3 = View from center-southwest
| image4 = Chennakeshava_temple_Belur_294.jpg| caption4 = Temples in the west end
| image5 = The_Ranganayaki_temple,_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex,_Belur.jpg| caption5 = [[Andal]] temple
| image6 = Temple_tank_(kalyani)_at_the_Chennakeshava_temple_in_Belur.jpg| caption6 = Water tank inside the complex
}}
| caption = The Chennakeshava temple includes a number of smaller shrines and monuments.
}}

*To the west of the Kesava temple is the Viranarayana temple measuring 70 feet by 56 feet. It is a small but complete temple with a navaranga (nine square hall) and a garbha griya (sanctum) with 59 large reliefs on the outer walls. These reliefs are dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Bhairava (angry Shiva), Lakshmi, Parvati, Saraswati and others. Some panels depict the Bhima story from the ''Mahabharata''. The temple is also dated to the 12th century.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=15-16}} [[File:Chennakeshava Temple 2025 - 2.jpg|left|thumb|Viranarayana temple, west of Keshava Temple]]
*To the southwest of the Kesava temple is a small temple dedicated to Somyanayaki (form of the goddess [[Lakshmi]]), also dated to the 12th century. However, the temple was expanded and enhanced later. This temple is notable because the local tradition holds that its tower is miniature version of the major tower that once rose above the main Kesava temple.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=16-17}}
*The Andal temple, also called Ranganayaki shrine, is to the northwest of the Kesava temple. Its outer wall are decorated with artwork such as elephants and nature. It also displays 31 large images of deities from the Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions of Hinduism. It also has intricately carved Venugopala, Mohini and Lakshmi, as well as friezes showing legends in the [[Purana]]s.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=17-18}}
*The complex has a number of small shrines. To the east of Kappe-Chennigaraya temple are shrines for Narasimha, Rama, Jiyar and Alvars of the [[Bhakti movement]] fame. To the east of Andal temple are shrines for Krishna, and Vaishnavism scholars Desikar, Bhashyakara and Ramanuja of [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedanta fame. On the base of the shrines for Alvars are friezes showing stories from the ''Ramayana''. Some of these shrines were added later because few of these scholars such as Desikar lived after the 12th century.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=17-18}}
*Two main ''sthambha'' (pillars) are found in the temple complex. The pillar facing the main temple, the [[Garuda]] (eagle) ''sthambha'' was erected in the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] period while the pillar on the right, the ''Deepa sthambha'' (pillar with lamp) dates from the Hoysala period. Near the Viranarayana temple is a mandapa where annual procession ''ratha'' and temple vehicles have traditionally been stored. It is called ''vahana mandapa''.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=17-18}} The complex also has a kalyana-mandapa in the southeast corner for ceremonies. It was added in the 17th century.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=18}}
*A granary for storing food reserves is found in the northwest corner of the complex. There is smaller northern gate to the complex, near which is a ''pakasale'' or community kitchen built in the 13th century. A stepped water tank, called ''kalyani'' or Vasudeva-sarovara in inscriptions, is found in the northeast corner with two stone elephants on its side.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=17-18}}

The complex has many other small monuments and features, such as the ''ane-bagilu'' or "elephant's gate" just south of the gopuram and a memorial of past destruction in the form of pillars and statues in the northwestern part of the complex.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=3}}

===Main temple: Kesava===
[[File:Belur Main Temple 3.jpg|thumb]]

The temple is a ''ekakuta'' ''[[Vimana (shrine)|vimana]]'' design (single shrine) of 10.5 m by 10.5 m size. It combines elements of North Indian Nagara and South Indian Karnata style architecture.{{sfn|Kirsti Evans|1997|pp=9-10}} The temple stands on an open and wide platform designed to be a circumambulatory path around the sanctum. The temple and platform were without walls and the platform surrounded an open ''mantapa'', following the contour of the temple. A visitor would have been able to see the ornate pillars of the open ''mantapa'' from the platform.<ref name="mag">Foekema (1996), p. 48</ref> Later walls and stone screens were added, creating an enclosed [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] and mantapa, providing security but creating too much dark to appreciate the artwork inside. The vestibule connects the circumambulatory platform to the ''[[mandapa]]'' (hall). There is intricate and abundant artwork both on the outside and inside the temple.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=1-4}}

The temple has a simple Hoysala plan and features one sanctum. The building material used in the Chennakesava temple is chloritic schist, more commonly known as [[soapstone]]. It is soft when quarried and allows artists to more easily carve details. Over time the material hardens.<ref name="schist">Kamath (2001), p. 136</ref><ref name="schist1">Quote:"The Western Chalukya carvings were done on green schist ([[soapstone]]). This technique was adopted by the Hoysalas too" {{cite web|title=Architecture of the Indian subcontinent, 20 September 1996|url=http://www.indoarch.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204232927/http://www.indoarch.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 December 2003|author=Takeo Kamiya |publisher=Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India|access-date=2006-11-12}}</ref> This Hoysala temple, according to the art critic and historian Settar, deployed the [[Western Chalukya]]n artists and their tradition that originally developed in Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal. It is simpler than later Hoysala temples (including the [[Hoysaleswara temple]] at [[Halebidu]] and the Keshava temple at [[Somanathapura]]).

[[File:Chennakeshava temple Belur 188.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Bands of carvings on one side of the circumambulatory platform.]]

====Platform====
[[File:Chennakesava Temple- carvings on outer wall.jpg|thumb|Celestial deity with mythical animals carved at the entrance]]
The temple is built on a ''[[Jagati (temple)|jagati]]'' (literally, "worldly"), a symbolic worldly platform with a wide walking space for circumambulation (''[[pradakshina]]-patha'').<ref name="platform">Quote:"The ''jagati'' serves as a ''[[pradakshina]]-patha'' or path for circumambulation, as the shrine has no such arrangement", Kamath (2001), p. 135</ref> There is one flight of steps leading to the ''jagati'' and another flight of steps into the ''mantapa''. The ''jagati'' provides the devotee the opportunity to do a ''[[pradakshina]]'' around the temple before entering it. The ''jagati'' carefully follows the staggered square design of the ''mantapa''<ref name="stagger">Quote:"The Hoysala plan for open ''mantapa'' is almost always staggered square. This results in many projections and recesses", Foekema (1996), p. 22</ref> and the star shape of the shrine.

====Exterior walls====
The visitor sees numerous artwork during the circumambulation of the temple over the ''jagati'' platform in horizontal bands. The bottom band is of elephants with different expressions, as symbolic supporters of the entire structure.{{sfn|Kirsti Evans|1997|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-6}} Above it is an empty layer, followed by cornice work with a periodic lion face. Above it is another band of scroll and then cornice band, except at the back of the temple where a row of horsemen in various riding positions are depicted.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-6}}

The fifth carved band is of small figurines, mostly females with various expressions facing the viewer, while periodically the band includes Yakshas who face towards the inside of the temple. This layer also has numerous dancers and musicians, as well as professionals with their tools.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-5}}{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=8-12}} The band above has [[pilasters]] between some of which are carved secular figures mostly females and couples. A nature and creepers band wraps the temple above the pilaster band, with scenes of the ''Ramayana'' epic included in this band. Above this layer are scenes from common life depicting kama, artha and dharma. Included here are couples in courtship, eroticism and sexual scenes, followed by couples with children, economic and festive activities.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-5}} Towards the north outer wall, friezes with scenes from the ''Mahabharata'' are portrayed.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-5}}

[[File:Chennakeshava temple Belur 265.jpg|thumb|Two styles of light screens used in Kesava temple: geometric artwork (left) and Puranic stories artwork.]]
Above these bands is later construction that added 10 perforated stone windows and screens to north side and 10 to the south side of the temple. The later artists engraved Purana scenes in ten of these later additions, and the other ten have geometric floral designs.<ref name="Harle1994p261"/>{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=3-6}} The perforated screens with characters show:{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=4-6}}
*Hoysala court scene, with the king, queen, officers, attendants and two [[guru]]s with their students
*Kesava with [[Hanuman]] and Garuda,
*the [[Vamana]] dwarf, Bali and Trivikrama legend,
*the Krishna Kaliyamardana legend, Shiva on Nandi with Ganesha and Kartikeya,
*the Prahlada, Hiranyakashipu and Narasimha legend (notable for Thenkalai namam style Urdhava pundra symbols on Prahlada's forehead),
*Yoga-Narasimha with Hanuman and Garuda,
*the Samudra manthan legend,
*the Krishna killing Kamsa legend,
*Ranganatha reclining on Sesha,
*the Hanuman and Garuda fighting over Shiva linga legend.

[[File:Chennakesava temple belur karnataka by Goutam Dutta IMG 9133 2.jpg|thumb|Statues on capital support the temple eaves. 38 of the original 40 have survived in Belur.]]
[[File:Chennakeshava Temple 2025.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of the deity's guardian and carvings outside the main temple.]]
Above the perforated screens, on capitals of the supporting pillars, are ''madanakai'' ([[Salabhanjika]]) figures. There were originally 40 ''madanakai'', of which 38 have survived in damaged or good form. Two of these are [[Durga]], three huntresses (with bow), others are dancers in ''Natya Shastra'' abhinaya mudra (acting posture), musicians, women dressing or doing make up, a woman with a pet parrot, men making music.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=6-7}}{{sfn|Krishna|1931|pp=33-42}} A majority of these ''madanakai'' figures are also carved into miniatures in the sixth band of the outer wall around the ''pradakshina patha''.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=6-7}}

The wall also features 80 large reliefs around the temple. Of these 32 are of Vishnu, 9 of his avatars (Narasimha, Varaha, Vamana, Ranganatha, Balarama); 4 of Shiva in various forms including [[Nataraja]] (with or without Parvati); 2 of Bhairava (Shiva); 2 of [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu); 4 of [[Surya]] (Sun god); 5 of [[Durga]] and Mahishasuramardini; 1 of Kama and Rati; 1 of Ganesha, Brahma, Saraswati, Garuda and Chandra. Other major reliefs are of Arjuna shooting an arrow to win Draupadi; Ravana lifting the Kailasha; Daksha, Bali and Sukracharya.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=6-7}}{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=8-17}}

Some of the statues present exceptional details. For example, one ''madanakai'' figure is shown with a fruit tree canopy, where a small fly is shown sitting on the fruit and nearby a lizard is preparing to pounce on the fly. In another, an eagle is shown attacking a ''sarabha'', which in turn is attacking a lion, which in turn is pouncing on an elephant, which itself is seizing a snake, which in turn is shown in the act of swallowing a rat – a sight that includes a pondering sage.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=8}} Secular life is shown in these images, such as an artist making a drawing or musicians lost in their music. A notable image is the depiction of 12th century Rudra-vina and a Lasya dance posture.{{sfn|Krishna|1937|pp=12-17}} Also included is the image of a Jina of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=8-9}}
[[File:Chennakesava Temple - Stone grill in design.jpg|thumb|Stone grill in design]]
The outer wall on the side of the eastern entrance into the temple inside shows Bhairava and Durga. The outer wall on the side of the southern entrance into the temple shows Tandavesvara and Brahmani. The outer sides at the northern entrance into the temple show Vishnu and Mahishasuramardini.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=9-10}}

====Interior====
The Chennakesava temple has three entrances and their doorways have decorated sculptures called ''dvarapalaka'' (doorkeepers) on either side.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The central hall (''navaranga'') was originally open on all sides except the west where the sanctum is, but all sides were later closed with perforated screens.{{sfn|Krishna|1931|pp=26-28}} This reduced the amount of light significantly and the intricate art work is difficult to appreciate without secondary light. The artwork starts on entry to the three entrances to the hall. Each leads to raised verandas on both sides. The hall has carved pillars with a large domed ceiling in the center.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The ''[[mandapa]]'' has 60 "bays" (compartments).<ref name="bay">Quote:"A bay is a square or rectangular compartment in the hall", Foekema (1996), p. 93</ref>

The ''navaranga'' in Kesava temple at Belur is the largest of any Hoysala temple, is of ''triratha'' diamond-shaped layout, according to James Harle.<ref name="Harle1994p261"/>

[[File:Lathe turned pillars at Chennakeshava temple in Belur.jpg|thumb|left|Ornate lathe turned pillars in ''mantapa''.]]

====Pillars and ceiling====
[[File:Chennakesava Temple - Sunrise in Sanctum Sanctorum, Beluru India.jpg|thumb|Sanctum Sanctorum with stone grills and pillars.]]
The navaranga hall has forty eight pillars. All except the central four are carved in a unique way. The central four are later additions, added in 1381 CE during the Vijayanagara Empire era, to support the internal structure of a damaged temple.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The pillars are of three sizes. Two pillars are particularly notable. One is the so-called Narasimha pillar which is carved with miniature figures from top to bottom, such as a tiny bull (''kadale basava'').{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The local legend states that this pillar once could rotate because of how it was supported, but it no longer can be rotated.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The other pillar is the Mohini pillar.{{sfn|Krishna|1931|pp=42-43}} Other than the female avatar of Vishnu, the pillar has eight bands of carvings, including those of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, then ten avatars of Vishnu, the eight direction deities, mythical animals with the body of a lion but the face of other wildlife.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} The four central pillars are notable for having been hand carved while the others were lathe turned.<ref name="lathe">Quote:"This is a common feature of Western Chalukya-Hoysala temples", Kamath (2001), p. 117</ref>

[[File:Mohini inside Belur Temple.jpg|thumb|right|The temple is famous for its rendering of Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu.]]
In the center of the hall is a large open square, above which is a domed ceiling about 10 feet in diameter and 6 feet deep.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=11}} At the top is a lotus bud with Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva carved on it. At the bottom of the dome is a series of friezes with the ''Ramayana'' story.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=11}} On the capitals of the four pillars are ''madanikas'' (''[[Salabhanjika]]''). One represents dancing Saraswati, the Hindu god of knowledge, arts and music. The others are regular dancers, but with different expressions. One is dressing her hair, the other in a Natya posture, and the fourth has a parrot seated on her hand. The head and neck jewelry made of rock are freely mounted and can be moved. The bracelets similarly are moveable.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|p=11}} The design of the ceiling follows the Hindu texts, and is a modified ''utksipta'' style with images placed in concentric rings.<ref name="Harle1994p261"/>

[[File:12th-century sculpture at Belur Hindu temple inner mandala, woman tending her hair 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|One of four ceiling dome madanikas, with an inscription on pedestal.]]
Other reliefs inside the hall include large images of Vishnu avatars, friezes of the Vedic and Puranic histories, and more scenes of the ''Ramayana''.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=11-12}}

====Sanctum====
[[File:Chennakesava Temple - Intricately carved pillar.jpg|thumb|Intricately carved damsel on a pillar at the Sanctum Sanctorum.]]
The mandapa leads to the ''garbha griya'' past the pillars and a doorway. The door is flanked by ''dvarapala'', Jaya and Vijaya. Its pediment has Lakshminarayana in center.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} Below it are musicians playing 12th-century musical instruments. On the side are two ''makaras'' with Varuna and Varuni together riding on them. Inside the square sanctum is the image of Keshava, or as inscriptions call it "Vijayanarayana". It stands on a 3 feet high pedestal, is about 6 feet high with a halo.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}} It has four hands, with [[Sudarshana Chakra|chakra]] and [[shankha]] in the upper hands and a [[Gada (mace)|gada]] and lotus in his lower hands. The halo has cyclical carving of the ten avatars of Vishnu – Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and Kalki. The temple is active house of worship, with Keshava dressed and decorated, priests present and devotees doing [[Darśana|darshana]].{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1987|pp=10-11}}

===Superstructure===
The temple had a tower, which was repeatedly damaged and destroyed, rebuilt and restored. In the 19th-century restorations, the temple was left without a tower. According to Foekema, the tower when it existed would have been of the ''[[Bhumija (architecture)|Bhumija]]'' style when it existed and not the regular star shaped tower that followed the shape of the ''vimana''. The ''Bhumija'' towers, which are intact on the miniature shrines at the entrance of the hall are actually a type of ''nagara'' (North Indian) tower, being curvilinear in shape.<ref name="bhumija">Foekema (1996), p. 50</ref> This shape of tower is quite uncommon in pure [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] architecture.

===Artists===
Some of the Hoysala artists signed their work in the form of inscriptions. In doing so, they sometimes revealed details about themselves, their families, guilds and place of origin. Stone inscriptions and [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]] provide more information about them. Ruvari Mallitamma was a prolific artist to whom more than 40 sculptures are attributed. Dasoja and his son Chavana who were from [[Balligavi]] in modern [[Shimoga district]] made important contributions. Chavana is credited with the work on five ''madanikas'' and Dasoja accomplished four of them. Malliyanna and Nagoja created birds and animals in their sculptures. Artists such as Chikkahampa and Malloja are credited with some of the sculptures in the ''mantapa''. These artists also contributed to the artwork found in other major Hoysala temples found within 50 kilometers of Belur.<ref>{{cite book | last=Collyer | first=Kelleson | title=The Hoysala Artists, Their Identity and Styles | publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums | year=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnDqAAAAMAAJ | pages=41–48, 79–82, 110–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Collyer | first=K. | title=The Identification of Artists and Styles in the Hoysaḷa Period | publisher=University of Melbourne | year=1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RZsNQAACAAJ }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Musician playing Kinnari vina, sculpture at Chennakeshava Temple, Belur (modified 3).jpg|Musician playing ''[[Kinnari vina]]''
File:Belur Temple Apsara with Mirror.JPG|''Shilabalika'' (celestial maiden) with mirror
File:Shilabalika 3.JPG|''Shilabalika''
File:Shilabalika 4.jpg|''Shilabalika''
File:Shilabalika 6.JPG|''Shilabalika''
File:Channakeshava temple sculpture.jpg|Lintel relief Sculpture at Channakeshava temple, Belur
File:Ornate sanctum door jamp, lintel, door keepers and stambha buttalika pillar in Chennakesava temple at Belur.jpg|Jaya and Vijaya before the sanctum
File:Decorative turret and relief in Chennakeshava temple at Belur.jpg|Decorative turret in relief art at Chennakeshava temple, Belur
File:Miniature decorative towers, kirtimukha and pantheon in relief under eves at Chennakeshava temple in Belur.jpg|Decorative panel comprising miniature towers ([[aedicule]])
File:Belur4.jpg|Gajasurasamhara: Shiva slaying the demon [[Gajasurasamhara|Gajasura]]
File:Garuda image facing Chennakeshava temple at Belur with gopura (entrance tower) in the background.jpg|View of Gopura (tower over entrance) from ''[[Garuda]]'' ''[[stambha]]'' (pillar) at Chennakeshava temple complex, Belur
File:Chennakeshava temple Belur.JPG|Shrine wall relief at Chennakeshava temple, Belur
File:Ornate Plinth on the south side , Chennakesava Temple, Belur.jpg|Ornated lintel with the ''Makara'' (mythical beasts) on either side
File:Madanikas on the roof railings - Chennakesava Temple, Belur 06.jpg|''Madanikas'' below the eaves
File:Chennakeshava1.jpg|The central structure of the Chennakeshava Temple as viewed from the north-east corner of the inner court.
A Close up of decorative moulding frieze on outer wall of mandapa, Chennakeshava Temple, Belur, Karnataka.jpg|A Close up of decorative moulding frieze on outer wall of mandapa, Chennakeshava Temple, Belur, Karnataka
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chennakesava Temple, Belur}}
*[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/belur/bel01.html Photo of Gopura - Chennakeshava Temple]
*[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/belur/chennaplan.jpg Plan of temple]
*[http://thinkingparticle.com/articles/chennakesava-temple-complex-belur-remarkable-hoysala-architecture detailed Information on complex]
*[http://www.walkingjourneys.com/belur.html explanation of temple and its architecture in the order as a person would walk around it]

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Hassan district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Ahobilam

2026-03-25T21:35:58Z

Sylvin Thomas: minor add details per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ahobilam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = 1st Nava Narasimha Temple
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Upper Ahobilam temple Gopuram 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Upper Ahobilam temple Gopuram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.1333|N|78.7167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 327
| population_total = 3,732
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website = http://ahobilamtemple.com
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ahobilam''' is a town and holy site in the [[Allagadda]] mandal of [[Nandyal district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/book-on-ahobilam-temple-released/article26444528.ece|title=Book on Ahobilam temple released|date=2019-03-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is surrounded by the [[Eastern Ghats]] with several mountain hills and gorges. It is the centre of worship of [[Narasimha]], the lion-headed [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], along with his consort [[Pratyangira]], an avatar of [[Lakshmi]]. It is one of the nine [[Hindu temple]]s and shrines dedicated to this deity. The main village and a temple complex are at Lower Ahobilam. Upper Ahobilam, about 8 kilometres to the east, has more temples in a steep gorge.<ref>Michell, 330</ref> The site has evidence of historical patronage from a number of regional dynasties, with the most significant being that of the [[Vijayanagara Kingdom]].

== History ==
The history of Ahobilam before the 16th century is obscure. One of the earliest literary references to Ahobilam is in the 9th-century [[Tamil-language]] religious work ''[[Periya Tirumoli|Periyatirumoḻi]]'' written by [[Thirumangai Alvar]], where it is eulogized; this led to it being codified as one of the 108 canonical ''[[Divya Desams]].'' Ahobilam finds subsequent mention in several [[Sanskrit]] and [[Telugu-language]] texts between the 12th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dębicka-Borek |first=Ewa |date=2023-12-15 |title=Storied Hills: On Landscape, Narratives and Sacredness of Ahobilam |url=https://journals.akademicka.pl/cis/article/view/5491 |journal=Cracow Indological Studies |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=113–158 |doi=10.12797/CIS.25.2023.01.04 |issn=2449-8696|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ambach |first=Malini |url=https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xa/catalog/book/906/c13941 |title=Temples, Texts, and Networks: South Indian Perspectives |last2=Buchholz |first2=Jonas |last3=Hüsken |first3=Ute |last4=Nachimuthu |first4=K. |last5=Ganesan |first5=T. |last6=Sarma |first6=S. a. S. |last7=Czerniak-Drożdżowicz |first7=Marzenna |last8=Sathyanarayanan |first8=R. |last9=Dębicka-Borek |first9=Ewa |date=2022-10-20 |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |isbn=978-3-948791-23-0 |language=en |chapter=Connected Places, Networks of Shrines: Ahobilam in the Nets of Spatial Relationships |doi=10.11588/hasp.906.c13941 |chapter-url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/906/chapter/13941}}</ref>

Inscriptions and other material evidence indicate that the shrines of the town received patronage from the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] and [[Reddy dynasty|Reddi]] dynasties during the 13th and 14th centuries. The historical record is more prominent during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] period. The site received significant patronage from rulers of the Vijayanagara kingdom, starting with the [[Saluva dynasty]] in the 15th century, and sustained by the [[Tuluva dynasty]] in the 16th century. Most inscriptions at the shrines date to the Tuluva period. The ruler [[Krishnadevaraya]] visited and patronised the town's shrines in the 16th century. The town is also the birthplace of the [[Ahobila Matha]], a monastic institution founded during the medieval period; scholars have proposed the late 15th or early 16th century as the possible periods of origin.<ref name=":0" />

Ahobilam lost imperial patronage with the decline of the Vijayanagara kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hinduism_in_Middle_India/0PqKEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ahobilam+history&pg=PA138&printsec=frontcover |title=Hinduism in Middle India: Narasimha, The Lord of the Middle |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-13852-0 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> The site faced a raid in 1579 by Murahari Rao, a commander of the [[Golconda Sultanate]]. Ahobilam's temple was sacked and its bejewelled idol presented to Golconda's sultan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India |date=2004 |publisher=Hope India |isbn=978-81-7871-027-3 |series=Social justice series |location=Gurgaon |pages=44–45}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ahobilam is located at {{coord|15.1333|N|78.7167|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Pedda_Ahobilam.html|title=redirect to /world/IN/02/Pedda_Ahobilam.html|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It is located in [[Nallamala Forest]], along the [[Eastern Ghats]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/090918/ahobilam-a-journey-into-spirituality.html|title=Ahobilam: A journey into spirituality|last=KUMAR|first=R. SANDEEP|date=2018-09-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>

== Structure and shrines ==
[[File:Prahlada Varada Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Ahobilam in February 2024 (3).jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Prahladavarada temple]]
[[File:Ugra stambham rock at Ahobilam 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Close-up shot of ''Ugra stambham'' peak at Ahobilam, [[Nallamala Hills]]]]
The town of Ahobilam is home to ten shrines of [[Narasimha]], the man-lion incarnation of the god [[Vishnu]] in Hinduism. The town can be divided into Lower and Upper Ahobilam, which are separated from each other by 8 km. Upper Ahobilam refers to a forested area that sprawls up a ravine. The area is marked by nine different shrines of Narasimha representing nine aspects of the deity, as follows:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Southern_India/GdBbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Southern India |date=2012-08-10 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1 |language=en}}</ref>

* ''Ahobilanarasiṃha''
* ''Bhārgavanarasiṃha''
* ''Jvālānarasiṃha''
* ''Yogānandanarasiṃha''
* ''Chatravātanarasiṃha''
* ''Karañjanarasiṃha''
* ''Pāvananarasiṃha''
* ''Mālolanarasiṃha''
* ''Vārāhanarasiṃha''

The shrine of ''Ahobilanarasimha'' is the earliest shrine of Ahobilam, and is dedicated to the ''ugra'' (ferocious) aspect of Narasimha.<ref name=":0" />

Lower Ahobilam is contiguous with the populated area of the town, and hosts the town's main pilgrimage attraction, termed the ''Prahlādavarada'' temple. This shrine dates primarily to the 16th century; its construction may have begun during the reign of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], first member of the Saluva dynasty, around the 15th/16th century. It is the last of the shrines built at Ahobilam. It is dedicated to the ''saumya'' (mild) aspect of Narasimha. Most inscriptions at Ahobilam are found at this temple.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
*Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}
*Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Monal Naval

2026-03-25T19:29:34Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Monal
| image = Monal Naval (1981–2002).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Monal in 2000
| birth_name = Radhamonal Naval
| birth_date = {{birth date|1981|1|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[NCT of Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|4|14|1981|1|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| yearsactive = 2000–2002
| death_cause = [[Suicide by hanging]]
| relatives = [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] (sister) Jyoti Anand (sister)
| occupation = [[Film actor|Film actress]]
| partner =
}}

'''Radhamonal Naval''' (26 January 1981 – 14 April 2002) was an Indian actress who appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She is known for her debut role in the film ''[[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]'' (2001) alongside [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]]. Monal died on 14 April 2002 after committing [[suicide]] in her apartment in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-simran-emotional-message-on-sister-actress-monal-20th-death-anniversary--tamil-news-312403|title=Simran's emotional message to her sister actress Monal on her 20th death anniversary|website=India Glitz|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Radhamonal Naval was born on 26 January 1981 to parents Ashok Naval and Saratha in Delhi. She did her schooling in [[Delhi]] and college in [[Bombay]], and studied for the Bachelor of Commerce degree in [[Mithibai College]]. She had two sisters, actresses [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and Jyothi, and a brother, Sumeet.

==Career==
Throughout her career, Monal did some modelling, fashion shows and beauty contests, and subsequently received film offers. Her sister [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] was a leading actress in South Indian films during the period, while another sister, Jyoti, made her debut in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/Simrans-sister-act/articleshow/26569.cms |title=Simran's sister act - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2003 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102151350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/Simrans-sister-act/articleshow/26569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her debut in 2001 and was reported by the media for throwing tantrums on the sets of her first film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monal demanding star treatment |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAgkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d3gFAAAAIBAJ&dq=monal%20simran&pg=4597%2C988923 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=22 February 2001 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201001/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAgkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d3gFAAAAIBAJ&dq=monal%20simran&pg=4597,988923 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was signed up to make her debut in ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], but her first release was ''[[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]'' alongside [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] (the lead actor of ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/20monal.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Monal: I joined films because of Shah Rukh Khan! |work=Rediff.com |date=20 August 2001 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115558/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/20monal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Monal appeared in a few more films, with most turning out to be moderate successes at the box office. At the time of her death, she was working on ''Dadagiri'', a Telugu film which also featured her [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], and ''Best of Luck'', a Tamil film co-starring Eashwar and [[Yugendran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news211.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=14 April 2002 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202095252/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news211.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2002/sept/06-09-02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029195744/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2002/sept/06-09-02.html |archive-date=29 October 2004 |title=06-09-02}}</ref> On the day of her death, she had attended the launch of her new film ''Paiye Janmam'', literally translating into "Ghost Life".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/16monal.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: For whom death tolls |work=Rediff.com |date=16 April 2002 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004123434/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/16monal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
Monal was found hanging on 14 April 2002, aged 21, in her room in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-actress-Monal-commits-suicide/articleshow/6894475.cms |title=Tamil actress Monal commits suicide - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2002 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226173456/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-actress-Monal-commits-suicide/articleshow/6894475.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/18/stories/2002041800370302.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701072548/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/18/stories/2002041800370302.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2003 |title=The suicide syndrome! |date=18 April 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

In May 2002, Simran accused dance choreographer [[Prasanna Sujit]] for being a possible reason for her suicide, claiming that Prasanna had broken off his relationship with her just days earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-06/news-interviews/27139698_1_monal-suicide-prasanna |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712065418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-06/news-interviews/27139698_1_monal-suicide-prasanna |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=Simran says sister was driven to suicide |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2016|date=May 6, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704154904/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=It's a heavy price to pay |date=3 May 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
||2000||''[[Indradhanush (film)|Indradhanush]]'' || Yavanika ||Kannada||Credited as Abhisarika
|-
|rowspan="5"|2001 || ''[[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]'' || Neetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Mamati || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Madhubala || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' || || Telugu || Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="4"|2002 || ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || || Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]'' || Nargis || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || Thilothama || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' || Swetha || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Aadhikkam]]'' || Jhansi || Tamil || Posthumously released 3 years after death
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monal}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:2002 suicides]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Female suicides]]

Ashwini Kalsekar

2026-03-20T12:25:37Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwini Kalsekar
| image = Ashwini Kalsekar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kalsekar in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1991–present
| notable_works = ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| style =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| spouse = {{married|[[Nitesh Pandey]]|1998|2002|reason=divorced}} {{married|[[Murali Sharma]]|2009}}
| partner =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| module =
| signature =
| website =
}}

{{Confusing|section|date=April 2024}}'''Ashwini Kalsekar''' is an Indian actress who works predominantly in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] television and film industry.

She has primarily worked with [[Sriram Raghavan]], [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]]. After playing a cop in the popular TV show [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']], Kalsekar had her first lead role on television in [[Zee TV]]'s 1999 series ''Mr. Gayab''. She had rose to fame with negative characters in ''[[Kasamh Se]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Jaya-is-a-pal-Ashwini-Kalsekar/articleshow/2158437.cms |title=Jaya is a pal: Ashwini Kalsekar |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427005313/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Jaya-is-a-pal-Ashwini-Kalsekar/articleshow/2158437.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'', ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]'' and ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach]]''. She also featured as a judge in the Marathi reality show ''"Fu bai fu"'' in 2011.

Kalsekar debuted in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] like her husband [[Murali Sharma]] with ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''. Since 2019, she focused on [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] with [[ZEE5|Zee5's]] series ''"Chargesheet: The Shuttlecock Murder"'', in the [[MX Player]] web series ''"Cheesecake"'' as Chaaru, an animal communicator, which premiered in December 2019, in ''[[36 Farmhouse]]'' on Zee5 and in the Hotstar Specials show ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''.

== Early life ==
Ashwini Kalsekar was born into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Her father Anil Kalsekar was a bank employee. Ashwini completed her B.A. from Mumbai and graduated in 1991. She pursued theatre from 1991 to 1994 after her studies. From 1992 to 1993, she was studying under actress [[Neena Gupta]] to pursue her dream to become an actress. She also trained under Muzammeel Vakil, a theatre acting coach, from 1992 to 1995. Ashwini is also a trained Kathak dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/On-a-role/226252/ |title=Ashwini Kalsekar:An Actress & a Trained Kathak Dancer |date=9 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223929/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/On-a-role/226252/ |archivedate=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ashwini married [[Nitesh Pandey]] in 1998. They were divorced in 2002 due to undisclosed reasons.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} In 2009, she married film and television actor [[Murali Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=Murali Sharma And Ashwini Kalsekar's Love Story Started On Sets Of Apaharan |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/murali-sharma-and-ashwini-kalsekars-love-story-started-on-sets-of-apaharan-7741477.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In an interview to [[The Indian Express]], she said that [[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]] was her first acting project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=6 May 2020 |title=First of Many: Ashwini Kalsekar revisits Shanti |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ashwini-kalsekar-shanti-first-tv-show-6360520/}}</ref> She then worked in successful television serials such as ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', ''Anjaane'', ''Siddhant'' and ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashwini Kalsekar: No one remembers that I have also played positive characters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-No-one-remembers-that-I-have-also-played-positive-characters/articleshow/46716759.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328195317/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-No-one-remembers-that-I-have-also-played-positive-characters/articleshow/46716759.cms |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |work=The Times of India|date=28 March 2015 }}</ref>

In 1990, Ashwini first appeared in a [[Odia language|Odia]] film ''Paradeshi Chadhei''.

In 1996, Ashwini performed in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Tula Jhapar La''. This was followed by a number of films in Marathi where she appeared in supporting roles.

[[File:Murali and Ashwini.jpg|thumb|Ashwini Kalsekar with husband [[Murali Sharma]] at the sudio release of Kalsekar's 2012 film ''[[Jeena Hai Toh Thok Daal]]'']]

Her biggest break came when she was approached by [[Ekta Kapoor]] to play the [[antagonist]] in her [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]] ''[[Kasamh Se]],'' where she played the role of Jigyasa Walia. The role fetched her the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award]] for Best Actress in a Negative Role,{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]],<ref name="Telly Awards 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm |title=Indiantelevision.com > News Headlines > Winners at The Indian Telly Awards 2006 |first=Anil |last=Wanvari |website=indiantelevision.org.in |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415202355/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and other major awards.

In 2012, Ashwini was again approached by Ekta Kapoor to play the role of [[Maham Anga]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jodha-akbar-to-be-aired-in-may-1822201 |title=Ekta Kapoor's Jodha Akbar starring Ashwini Kalsekar to go on air in May? |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094717/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jodha-akbar-to-be-aired-in-may-1822201 |url-status=live}}</ref> a foster mother of [[Emperor Akbar]] in her [[Indian soap opera|historical drama series]] ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''. The role fetched her critical acclaim<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-Bids-a-Tearful-Goodbye-to-Jodha-Akbar/articleshow/43067898.cms |title=Ashwini Kalsekar Bids a Tearful Goodbye to Jodha Akbar |work=The Times of India ► |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927200633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-Bids-a-Tearful-Goodbye-to-Jodha-Akbar/articleshow/43067898.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140923/entertainment-tvmusic/article/it-isn%E2%80%99t-easy-let-go-ashwini-kalsekar |title=It isn't easy to let go: Ashwini Kalsekar |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103659/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140923/entertainment-tvmusic/article/it-isn%E2%80%99t-easy-let-go-ashwini-kalsekar |url-status=live}}</ref> and major awards. She went on to win the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role,<ref name="Telly Awards 2014">[http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners Winners List:Indian Telly Awards, 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914102910/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners |date=14 September 2015 }}</ref> the [[Zee Gold Awards|Boroplus Gold Award]] for Best Actress in a Negative Role,{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} and other major awards.

In 2012, she was a part of a Marathi comedy reality show, Fu Bai Fu. She was the judge of the show, along with Swapnil Joshi and Sanjay Jadhav, for 2 seasons.

In 2014, Ashwini performed the role of Pam Khanna<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-is-the-biggest-prankster-on-the-sets-of-Itna-Karo-Na-Mujhe-Pyar/articleshow/46186589.cms |title=Ashwini Kalsekar is the biggest prankster on the sets of Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308122527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-is-the-biggest-prankster-on-the-sets-of-Itna-Karo-Na-Mujhe-Pyar/articleshow/46186589.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> in Ekta Kapoor's soap opera ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-to-play-Ronit-Roys-sister/articleshow/45205140.cms |title=Ashwini Kalsekar to play Ronit Roy's sister |work=The Times of India ► |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashwini-Kalsekar-to-play-Ronit-Roys-sister/articleshow/45205140.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes

|-
| 1990
| ''Paradeshi Chadhei''
| Manasi (Maani), Sujan Choudhury's love interest, Choudhury family's neighbour
| [[Odia cinema|Odia film]]
|-
| 1996
| ''Tula Jhapar La''
|
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]''
| Intelligence officer under Major Arun Khanna
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
| ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
| Kamlesh's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]''
| Angela
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2005
| ''[[Kisna]]''
| Rita
|
|-
| ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Apaharan]]''
| Anwar's wife
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Ankahee (2006 film)|Ankahee]]''
| Mrs. Shilpa Mehta
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
| ''[[Speed (2007 film)|Speed]]''
| Pam
|
|-
| ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''
| Varsha
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| Munni
|
|-
| ''[[Phoonk]]''
| Madhu
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
| ''[[Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye]]''
| Mrs. Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
| Mary
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Tho Chance]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sumbaran]]''
|
|[[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Phoonk 2]]''
| Madhu
|
|-
| ''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
| Inspector Ashwini
|
|-
| ''[[Golmaal 3]]''
| Chintu
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''
| Sarkar's wife
|[[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] debut
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Nippu]]''
| Raja Goud's wife
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Dehraadun Diary]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Singham Returns]]''
| TV journalist Meera Shori
|
|-
| ''[[Poshter Boyz]]''
| Head of Health Department
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Rahasya]]''
| Remi Fernandes
| She is Ayesha's real mother
|-
| ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]''
| Detective Joshi
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dongri Ka Raja]]''
| Raja's mother
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| Damini
|
|-
|''[[Baghtos Kay Mujra Kar]]''
|
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
| [[Mehbooba (2018 film)|''Mehbooba'']]
| Muntaz
| Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Andhadhun]]''
| Rasika Jawanda
|
|-
| ''[[Simmba]]''
| Judge Mrs. Smita Parulkar
|
|-
|2019
| ''[[Wedding Cha Shinema]]''
| Dr. Anagha Pradhan
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|-
|2020
| ''[[Laxmii]]''
| Ashwini
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
| ''[[36 Farmhouse]]''
| Benny
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
| Panditayeen
|
|-
|''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
| Shakuntala Devi
|
|-
|2023
|''Daak''
|
|Marathi film
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]''
| Scarlett
|Hindi/Tamil; Tamil debut
|-
|''[[Monkey Man (film)|Monkey Man]]''
| Queenie Kapoor
|English film; International debut
|-
|''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|Bulbul Didi
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
| Panditayeen
|
|-
|''[[Vanvaas]]''
|Rampatiya Mausi
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''
|Premlata
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1995–1997
| ''[[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]]''
| Shasha
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Farz''
|
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Ek Aur Mahabharat]]''
| [[Draupadi]]<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=14933 Of Grit and Determination]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]''
|Rohini Amma
|Guest
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Police Inspector Smita
| Episode 86,87 Asli Yaa Naqli
|-
| 1998–2004
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Inspector Asha
| Supporting role
|-
| 1998
| ''Ji Sahab''
| Doctor
| Special appearance
|-
| 1999
| ''Naya Zamana''
|Kiran Indrayani
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Mr. Gaayab12''
|Nisha
| Lead role
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by DD National|Anjaane]]''
|
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]''
| Malini
|
|-
| 2002-2004
| ''[[Kittie Party]]''
| Natassha
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Siddhanth (TV series) | Siddhanth]]''
| ACP Netra Menon
|
|-
| 2006; 2007–2009
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Jigyaasa Walia Bali
| [[Antagonist|Main Antagonist]]
|-
| 2007
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television|Jeete Hai Jiske Liye]]''
| Adira Dhanrajgir
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Virrudh]]''
| Devyani
|
|-
| 2007-2008
| ''Parrivaar''
| Manorma
| Supporting role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
| Heera Bai
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Ganga Kii Dheej]]''
| Maha Mai
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Hitler Didi]]''
|Rani Bhatija
|Guest
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]''
| Sikka Thakurayin
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''
| Judge
| Marathi comedy show
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| [[Maham Anga]]
| [[Antagonist]]
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]''
| Poonam Khanna
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Adaalat (season 2)]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]''
| Saudaamini (pisachini)
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]''
| Neena Nadkarni
| Supporting role
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
!''[[Booo Sabki Phategi]]''
|Amma
|[[ALTBalaji]]
|Digital debut
|-
!''Hutatma''
|
| rowspan="2"| [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hutatma, a web series on the creation of Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/hutatma-a-web-series-on-the-creation-of-maharashtra-1510497-2019-04-26 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=India Today |date=26 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
!''The Chargesheet: Innocent or Guilty?''
|Abha Abhyankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=25 December 2019 |title=Politics, sports, royalty, sex: 'Chargesheet' will be brutal reminder of Syed Modi murder |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/politics-sports-royalty-sex-chargesheet-will-be-brutal-reminder-of-syed-modi-murder/340329/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Theprint.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225113122/https://theprint.in/opinion/politics-sports-royalty-sex-chargesheet-will-be-brutal-reminder-of-syed-modi-murder/340329/ |archive-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''
| Commissioner Deepali Handa
| rowspan="2"| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
| 2023
! ''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
| Satwant Kaur
|
|-
|2026
!''[[Psycho Saiyaan (TV series)|Psycho Saiyaan]]''
|Ratna Singh
|[[MX Player]]
|Special Appearnce
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! For
! Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| 2006
| [[Indian Telly Awards|6th Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in Negative Role]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Telly Awards 2006"/>
|-
| 2007
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|7th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress in Negative Role
| {{won}}
|<ref name="ITA 2006">[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 Winners List:Indian Television Academy Awards, 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| [[Indian Telly Awards|13th Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in Negative Role]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Telly Awards 2014"/>
|-
| [[Zee Gold Awards|7th Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)
| {{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|}
== See also ==

* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ashwini Kalsekar}}{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Bollywood|Television}}
* {{IMDb name|1817397|Ashwini Khalsekar}}
* {{Instagram|ashwinikalsekar|name=Ashwini kalsekar}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Ashwini Kalsekar
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Negative Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalsekar, Ashwini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]

H. W. L. Poonja

2026-03-13T02:00:53Z

Sylvin Thomas: small cleanup citations further and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|article|date=July 2008}}
{{independent sources|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name = H. W. L. Poonja
|image = Papaji 1.jpg
|caption = H. W. L. Poonja, often known as "Papaji"
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date = 13 October 1910 (or later)
|birth_place = [[Punjab, British India]]
|birth_name = Hariwansh Lal Poonja
|death_date = 6 September 1997 (aged 86 or 87)
|death_place = [[Lucknow]], India
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|guru = [[Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi]]
|philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
|honors =
|footnotes =
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=No teaching, no teacher, no student.}}
{{Advaita}}

'''Hariwansh Lal Poonja''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|dʒ|ə}}; born 13 October 1910 (or later) in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British India]] – 6 September 1997 in [[Lucknow]], [[India]]) was an Indian [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]]. Poonja was called "'''Poonjaji'''" or "'''Papaji'''" {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|a:|p|a:|dʒ|i}} by devotees. He was a key figure in the [[Neo-Advaita]] movement.

==Biography==

===Early life===

At the age of eight, he claimed he had experienced an unusual state of consciousness:
{{blockquote|The experience was so overwhelming it had effectively paralysed my ability to respond to any external stimuli. For about an hour they tried everything they could think of to bring me back to a normal state of consciousness, but all their attempts failed.<ref group=web name="EarliestMemory">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044631/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/biography.htm Papaji biography, ''Earliest Memory'']}}</ref>}}

===Meeting Ramana Maharshi===

However, rather than giving another vision of God, [[Ramana Maharshi]] pointed him in the direction of his own self:
{{blockquote|I cannot show you God or enable you to see God because God is not an object that can be seen. God is the subject. He is the seer. Don't concern yourself with objects that can be seen. Find out who the seer is.<ref group=web name="MeetingRamana">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044631/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/biography.htm Papaji biography, ''Meeting Ramana Maharshi'']}}</ref>}}

===Transformation===
He found that he could no longer bring his mind to think of God, do [[japa]] or any other spiritual practice. He asked Ramana for help and was told that this was not a problem, that all his practice had carried him to this moment and it could be left behind now because it had served its purpose. Poonja recognised this as the same state he experienced when he was eight years old, but this time it was permanent.<ref group=web name="WithRamanaAgain">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044631/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/biography.htm Papaji Biography, ''With Ramana Again'']}}</ref>

===Teaching others===

Poonjaji met two other men "who convinced me that they had attained full and complete Self-realisation.",<ref group=web name="MuslimPir">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044631/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/biography.htm Papaji Biography, ''The Muslim Pir'']}}</ref> a Muslim Pir and an unknown sadhu whom he met by the side of a road in Karnataka.<ref group=web name="MuslimPir" />

At the end of 1968 Poonja met in [[Rishikesh]] Geneviève de Coux (born 1947), — later known as Ganga Mira — a young Belgian seeker, who became his disciple and with whom he would form a new family, after the ancient [[Polygamy#Hinduism|Vedic polygamic tradition]]. Their daughter Mukti was born in 1972.<ref>[https://www.gangamirasatsang.com/ganga-mira/biography ''Ganga Mira biography'']</ref>

Poonjaji later settled in Lucknow where he received visitors from all around the world. Some well-known students of his and later self-appointed gurus of [[Neo-Advaita]] included Eli Jaxon-Bear, [[Gangaji]], [[Mooji]], and [[Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher)|Andrew Cohen]], who later distanced himself from Poonja. [[Sam Harris]] also visited Poonja several times in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Harris on Poonjaji (Papaji) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_Ud_KQkrF0&t=154s |website=YouTube | date=22 November 2021 |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

[[David Godman]], a devotee of Ramana Maharshi, moved to Lucknow in 1992 to spend time around Poonja and stayed until 1997. Godman wrote prolifically about Poonja, including ''Papaji Interviews'', an anthology of interviews, and ''Nothing Ever Happened'', a three volume 1,200-page biography.

==Teaching through silence==
His teaching emphasises that words can only point to ultimate truth, but never are ultimate truth, and that intellectual understanding without directly realising the truth through one's own investigation is not enough. Like Sri Ramana he stressed that teaching through silence was more important than teaching through words. Once, when a French seeker informed Poonja that he was learning Sanskrit to better understand ancient scriptural texts, Poonja replied:
{{blockquote|All your books, all the time lost in learning different languages! Are they any use for conversing with the ''atman'', with the Self, for speaking to ''yourself''? None of that leads anywhere useful. The atman has nothing to do either with books, or with languages or with any scripture whatever. ''It is'' — and that's all!{{sfn|Godman|1998|p={{page needed|date=August 2023}}}} }}

===The process===
Poonja mentions several events in his own life which "illustrate, in a general way, how the process of realisation comes about."<ref group=web name="TheProcess">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044631/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/biography.htm Papaji Biography, ''The Process'']}}</ref>

# "There must be a desire for God, a love for Him, or a desire for liberation. Without that, nothing is possible."<ref group=web name="TheProcess" />
# "This desire for God or realisation is like an inner flame. One must kindle it and then fan it until it becomes a raging fire which consumes all one's other desires and interests."<ref group=web name="TheProcess" />
# "If this inner fire rages for long enough, with sufficient intensity, it will finally consume that one, central, overwhelming desire for God or the Self."<ref group=web name="TheProcess" />
# The presence of the Master is the final ingredient: "When the Maharshi’s gaze met my vasana-free mind, the Self reached out and destroyed it in such a way that it could never rise or function again. Only Self remained."<ref group=web name="TheProcess" />

===Self-enquiry===
{{Main|Self-enquiry}}

His message, like that of his teacher Sri Ramana, was always that the Self is already enlightened and free. Like Sri Ramana, he taught [[self-enquiry]], which involved locating a person's sense of "I" and focusing on and investigating this directly. Famous for eschewing all forms of practices or ''sadhana'', Poonja nonetheless recommended self-enquiry as the only practice one should take up, but he didn't want people to take it up as a form of meditation. He would say, “Do it once and do it properly, and your spiritual quest will be over instantly."{{sfn|Godman|1998|p={{page needed|date=August 2023}}}}

===Liberation===
According to Poonja, Self-realization is in itself liberating from karmic consequences and further rebirth. According to Poonja "karmic tendencies remained after enlightenment, [but] the enlightened person was no longer identified with them and, therefore, did not accrue further karmic consequences."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} According to Cohen, Poonja "insisted that the realization of the Self had nothing to do with worldly behavior, and he did not believe fully transcending the ego was possible."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} For Poonja, ethical standards were based on a dualistic understanding of reality and the notion of an individual agent, and therefore were not indicative of "nondual enlightenment:{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} "For Poonja, the goal was the realisation of the self; the illusory realm of relative reality was ultimately irrelevant."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}}

==Works==
* Poonja, H. W. L. (1992). ''Wake Up and Roar.'' Pacific Center Pub. [[Special:BookSources/9781591795896|ISBN 978-1591795896]].
* {{cite book |last=Poonja |first=H. W. L. |editor-first=David |editor-last=Godman |year=1993 |title=Papaji: Interviews |publisher=Avadhuta Foundation |isbn=978-0963802200}}
* {{cite book |last=Poonja |first=H. W. L. |year=2000 |title=This: Prose and Poetry of Dancing Emptiness |publisher=Red Wheel Weiser |isbn=978-1578631766}}
* {{cite book |last=Poonja |first=H. W. L. |editor-first= Prashanti |editor-last=De Jager |year=2000 |title=The Truth Is |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=978-1578631759}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===

====Printed sources====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Caplan |first=Mariana |year=2009 |title=Eyes Wide Open: Cultivating Discernment on the Spiritual Path |publisher=Sounds True |isbn=978-1591797326}}.
* {{cite book |last=Gleig |first=Ann |year=2013 |chapter=From Being to Becoming, Transforming to Transcending. Andrew Cohen and the Evolution of Enlightenment |editor-last1=Gleig |editor-first1=Ann |editor-last2=Williamson | editor-first2=Lola |title=Homegrown Gurus: From Hinduism in America to American Hinduism |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1438447919}}.
* {{cite book |last=Godman |first=David |year=1998 |title=Nothing Ever Happened |volume=1 |publisher=Avadhuta Foundation |isbn=978-0963802224}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Jacobs |first=Alan |title=Advaita and Western Neo-Advaita |journal=The Mountain Path Journal |date=Autumn 2004 |pages=81–88 |publisher=Ramanasramam |url=http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/trad_neo/neoadvaita_jacobs.htm |access-date=2023-08-15 |df=dmy-all}}.
{{refend}}

====Online sources====
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |year=1995 |title=My Master is My Self: The Birth of a Spiritual Teacher |publisher=Moksha |isbn=978-1883929077 |ref=none}} Account of his relationship with H. W. L.Poonja.
* {{cite book |last=Godman |first=David |year=1998 |title=Nothing Ever Happened |publisher=Avadhuta Foundation |isbn=978-0963802255 |ref=none}} A three-volume biography.
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Godman |year=2007 |title=The Fire of Freedom: Satsang with Papaji |volume=1 |publisher=Avadhuta Foundation |isbn=978-0963802262 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Madhukar |last2=Poonja |first2=H. W. L. |year=2006 |title=The Simplest Way |publisher=Editions India |isbn=978-8189658045 |ref=none}} Contains an interview with H. W. L. Poonja.

== External links ==
* [http://www.avadhuta.com/ Papaji's Avadhuta Foundation]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041031075405/http://www.satsangbhavan.net/ Papaji's Satsang Bhavan]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poonja, H. W. L.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Neo-Advaita teachers]]
[[Category:Nonduality teachers]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Ramana Maharshi]]

Adani Foundation

2026-03-05T15:04:37Z

Sylvin Thomas: correct intro also and added references

#REDIRECT [[Adani Group]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Koka Antonova

2026-03-05T06:23:13Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Russian indologist (1910–2007)}}
{{family name hatnote|Aleksandrovna|Antonova|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = K. A. Antonova
|image = Koka_Antonova_Russian_Indologist_1910-2007.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = 10 [23] March 10 1910
|birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|2|3|1910|3|10}}
|death_place = [[Moscow]]
|field = History of medieval and modern India
|work_institutions = [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
|alma_mater = [[Moscow State University]]
|doctoral_advisor = I. M. Reisner
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
}}
'''Koka Aleksandrovna Antonova''' ({{langx|ru|Ко́ка Алекса́ндровна Анто́нова}}; 10 [23] March 1910, [[Saint Petersburg]] – 3 February 2007, [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]) was a [[Soviet]] [[Indologist]] specializing in medieval and modern Indian history. A researcher at the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]], she was a co-author of a comprehensive four-volume History of India in the Russian language.{{sfn|Glaesser|1974|page=504}}

==Life and career==
Koka Aleksandrovna Antonova was born in a Czarist prison{{sfn|Ioffe|1995|page=102}} in 1910 in Saint Petersburg in a family of revolutionaries. Her mother was a member of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] from 1904, while her father joined in April 1917. She went to school in [[Brighton]], leaving with fluent command over English, French and German, to which she was later to add Urdu, Arabic, Spanish and Persian.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

In 1931, she graduated from [[Moscow State University]] and started teaching British politics at the Institute of World Economy and Politics. In 1936, she began doctoral studies, supervised by I.M. Reisner.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

Antonova married Vladimir Turok-Popov, a historian of modern Europe.

Following her mother's arrest, she was treated as a [[family member of a traitor to the Motherland]] and exiled to [[Siberia]] in 1937. She along with Reisner had been denounced by the Indian communist [[Abani Mukherji]] as a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyite]] and an ''enemy of the people''; her critiques of his publications added to the spread of mass repression, in which Mukherji perished.{{sfn|Alpatov|2017|page=75}} Her husband joined her in exile. She was allowed to return to Moscow in 1939 to continue her studies.

She defended her dissertation titled ''India in the time of Governor-General Warren Hastings'' in 1940.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

During the [[Great Patriotic War]], she was evacuated to [[Tashkent]], where she took up Persian studies with the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]. She obtained her higher doctoral degree in 1950 for her work on the religious politics of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor Akbar]].{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

After the war, she joined the [[Russian Academy]]'s Fundamental Library of Social Sciences, where she edited a bibliographic publication ''New foreign literature on Orientalism'', a massive effort annotating nearly 7000 works every year. Antonova was lauded for her industry and rigour. She was one of six founding members of the Indian division (later, the Centre for Indian Studies) at the Institute of Oriental Studies.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

At the end of the 1970s, Antonova was forced into retirement.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=42}}

Koka Antonova died in Moscow in 2007.

===Academics===
In the 1940s and 1950s, Antonova with N.M. Goldberg began the first publication of archival works by Russian travellers to India.{{sfn|Bornet|Gorshenina|2014|page=3}}

In 1952, she published an article on [[feudalism]] in India, in which she claimed that from the fifth century onwards, free members of society were taxed, peasants enslaved, and land assigned to feudal lords, who were then able to dominate towns, ultimately delaying the development of capitalism in India.{{sfn|Kosambi|1955|page=258}} This was criticised for not addressing increased trade despite reduced per capita production of commodities, the latter being a major factor in the formation of state power.{{sfn|Kosambi|1955|page=259}} Further, her interpretation of source material from the ''Epigraphia Indica'' was questioned: she claimed that land grants were made to temples and the priesthood, with no mention that [[brahmin]]s – unattached to any temple – were the primary recipients of grants,{{sfn|Kosambi|1955|pages=260}} and that - unlike in European feudalism - there were no feudal dues from the recipient to the royal donor, nor any military service exacted.{{sfn|Kosambi|1955|pages=261—262}}

Antonova began work on the Emperor Akbar because there were no strictures against such research from the Communist Party leadership. She believed she could write extensively on the Mughal king without fear of being accused of ''counter-revolutionary'' claims.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=34}}

Antonova's book ''Essays on social relations and political system of Mughal India in the time of Akbar (1556–1605)'' was published in 1952, the first monograph on medieval India released in the Soviet Union. It was acclaimed for its use of original source material and innovative conclusions. A similar critical approval met her second book, ''The English conquest of India in the 18th century''.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}}

In 1973, she co-authored a bestselling History of India with [[Grigory Bongard-Levin]] and G.G. Kotovsky, which also became a standard text for students of Indology.{{sfn|Gordon|2012|page=33}} Critics appreciated the ''wealth of historico-social data and considerations upon feudalism'', the attention to the general culture in the various periods of the Indian middle ages, as well as the ''remarkable pages dealing with the economic development of India'' in the early 19th century.{{sfn|Glaesser|1974|page=507}}

==Selected works==
* {{cite book|title=Очерки общественных отношений и политического строя Могольской Индии времен Акбара (1556–1605 гг.)|trans-title=Essays on social relations and political system of Mughal India in the time of Akbar (1556–1605) |year=1952}}
* {{cite book|title=Английское завоевание Иидии в XVIII в.|trans-title=The English conquest of India in the 18th century|year=1958}}
* {{cite book|title=Русско-индийские отношения в ХVII веке|trans-title=Russo-Indian relations in the 17th century|year=1958}}
* {{cite book|title=Русско-индийские отношения в XVIII в.|trans-title=Russo-Indian relations in the 18th century|year=1965}}
* {{cite book|title=История Индии в средние века.|trans-title=History of India in the Middle Ages|year=1968}}
* {{cite book|title=История Индии: Кр. очерк.|trans-title=History of India: Short Essays|year=1973|location=Moscow|publisher=Мысль}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first=V.|last=Alpatov|title=Языковеды, востоковеды, историки|year=2017|isbn=9785457896048|publisher=Litres}}
* {{cite journal|title=Zones marginales des études postcoloniales : nouvelles approches et comparaisons entre les mondes indien et russo-soviétique|first1=P.|last1=Bornet|first2=S.|last2=Gorshenina|year=2014|journal=Études de lettres|number=2–3|pages=17–78|doi=10.4000/edl.645|url=https://journals.openedition.org/edl/645|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: Istorija Indii - Kratkij ocerk - History of India - Brief sketch by K.A. Antonova, G.M. Bongard-Levin, G.G. Kotovskij|first=G.|last=Glaesser|journal=East and West|volume=25|number=3/4|year=1974|jstor=29756120}}
* {{cite journal|title="в России надо жить долго…": памяти К. А. Антоновой, (1910-2007) / сост. И отв. Ред. Л. Б. Алаев, Т. Н. Загородникова; Ин-т востоковедения РАН. - М. : Вост. Лит., 2010. - 470 с|first=A.V.|last=Gordon |journal=Востоковедение и африканистика: Реферативный журнал|year=2012|number=2|series=9|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/2012-02-006-v-rossii-nado-zhit-dolgo-pamyati-k-a-antonovoy-1910-2007-sost-i-otv-red-l-b-alaev-t-n-zagorodnikova-in-t-vostokovedeniya-ran-m-vost-lit}}
* {{cite journal|title=On the Development of Feudalism in India|first=D.D|last=Kosambi|author-link=Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|year=1955|volume=36|number=3/4|pages=258–269|jstor=44082960}}
* {{cite book|first=N.|last=Ioffe|title=Back in Time: My Life, My Fate, My Epoch|isbn=9780929087702|year=1995|publisher=Mehring Books|translator=F.S. Choate}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonova, Koka}}

[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Soviet Indologists]]
[[Category:Soviet historians]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Soviet orientalists]]

Manthra Mothiram

2026-03-03T21:16:40Z

Sylvin Thomas: expanded article as per guidelines for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthra Mothiram
| image = Manthra-Mothiram.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sasi Shanker]]
| producer = Lallu films
| story = [[Sasi Shankar]]
| screenplay = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Hakim Rawther]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = Prathapan
| editing = A. Sukumaran
| studio = Lallu Films
| distributor = Lallu Films
| released = {{Film date|1997|2|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Manthra Mothiram''''' ({{Translation|Enchanted Ring}}) is a 1997 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Sasi Shanker]]. The film stars [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Kalabhavan Mani]] in the lead roles.Though failed to find audience initially later did good business due to positive word of mouth. The film has musical score by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3013|title=Manthra Mothiram|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1254|title=Manthra Mothiram|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/manthramothiram.htm|title=Manthra Mothiram|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=.bharatmovies.com|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071153/http://www.bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/manthramothiram.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==

Kumaran is a barber who works for his employer Kurup. He is also an artist at his best friend Pappachan's drama troupe which consists of Abdukka, Sundareshan, Vakkachan supported by their Church priest Fr. Vattakuzhi.

==Cast==
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Kumaran
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Pappachan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as [[Chief Minister|CM]] M.K.S Warrier, Kumaran's father
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Achuthan, Meenakshi's brother
*Seline as Lakshmi Kurup
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Meenakshi, Warrier's wife
*[[Keerthi Gopinath]] as Bindhu, Warrier's daughter
*[[Indrans]] as Sundareshan
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Abdu
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Vakkachan
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Fr. Vattakuzhi
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Kurup
*[[Philomina]] as Mariyamma, Pappachan's mother
*[[Kanakalatha]] as Lakshmi's Mother
*[[Spadikam George]] as George Anthony
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Prasad
*Swapna Ravi as Kumaran's Mother
*Manka Mahesh as Shakuntala
*Kalady Jayan
*[[Hakim Rawther]] - Cameo Appearance

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chiraku Thedumee" || [[G. Venugopal]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "Manjin Maarkazhi" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Sujatha Mohan || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333871}}
* {{YouTube|id=U36ZqyXtGyI|title=Manthra Mothiram}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sasi Shanker]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Indian Military Historical Society

2026-02-04T20:43:47Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating first details first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
The '''Indian Military Historical Society''' (IMHS) was an [[organisation]] and [[learned society]] formed in 1983 to bring together those interested in the military history of the Indian Subcontinent and to encourage research and the exchange of information. Their research covered a broad spectrum ranging from aspects of general military history, to specific battles or campaigns, to the history of service units engaged in India, including details of uniforms, medals, badges, buttons and other militaria. It was based primarily in the [[United Kingdom]], but with a wide membership extending to the [[British Commonwealth]] and several other countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Military Historical Society |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510202146if_/http://durbaronline.co.uk/about.htm |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> The IMHS merged into the MHS in 2020 and a digitised copy of the entire run of Durbar, their quarterly publication, is fully searchable through the MHS website, with a limited stock of back numbers also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Military Historical Society |url=https://www.militaryhistoricalsociety.co.uk/WelcomeMore2 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.militaryhistoricalsociety.co.uk}}</ref>

== Committee members ==
The Society's principal officers were:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Military Historical Society |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217135007if_/http://durbaronline.co.uk/committee.htm |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* President - Sir [[John Chapple (British Army officer)|John Chapple]]
* Vice-Presidents - [[Rana Chhina]] and John P. Randle
* Secretary - Chris Kempton
* Editor - Barrow Renfrew
* Treasurer - Paul Murphy

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1983 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Professional associations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Learned societies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1983]]
[[Category:Research organisations in the United Kingdom]]

Aditya Singh Rajput

2026-01-31T19:53:49Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1990–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditya Singh Rajput
| image = Aditya Singh Rajput.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1990|8|19}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|5|22|1990|8|19}}
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| death_cause =
| height =
| relatives =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2003{{endash}}2023
| known_for =
}}

'''Aditya Singh Rajput''' (19 August 1990 – 22 May 2023) was an Indian television actor, who did various TV commercials and roles in Hindi television shows and [[Bollywood]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Aditya Singh Rajput to feature in a highly emotional music video along with Shweta Kothari for Zee Music|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/aditya-singh-rajput-feature-highly-emotional-music-video-along-shweta-kothari-zee-music|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>

Rajput was born in Delhi on 19 August 1990.<ref name="Exclusive Interview With Aditya Singh Rajput">{{cite web|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Talents/Actors/Exclusive-Interview-With-Aditya-Singh-Rajput.html|title=Exclusive Interview With Aditya Singh Rajput|work=About Uttarakhand|date=24 June 2010|accessdate=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128002929/http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Talents/Actors/Exclusive-Interview-With-Aditya-Singh-Rajput.html|archive-date=28 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He started his career at the age of 11.<ref name="Exclusive Interview With Aditya Singh Rajput"/> He died in Mumbai on 22 May 2023, at the age of 32.<ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=Aditya Singh Rajput Death News: Splitsvilla 9 fame Aditya Singh Rajput found dead in bathroom, allegedly due to a drug overdose – - Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=22 May 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-9-fame-aditya-singh-rajput-found-dead-in-bathroom-allegedly-due-to-a-drug-overdose/articleshow/100421077.cms | access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=Splitsvilla's Aditya Singh Rajput, 32, found dead at Andheri residence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/splitsvillas-aditya-singh-rajput-32-found-dead-at-andheri-residence-101684758077435.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
* 2006 – ''We R Friends''
* 2008 – ''Aadi King''
* 2010 – ''Mom And Dad: The Lifeline Love''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-And-Dad-then-and-now/articleshow/5991163.cms|title=Krantiveer... then and now|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 May 2010|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>
* 2010 – ''[[Paiyaa]]''
* 2014 – ''[[3 A.M. (2014 film)|3 A.M.]]''
* 2016 – Lovers

=== Television ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' (episodic role)
* ''[[Rajputana]]'' (Singh) (2015–2020)
* ''[[Love (TV series)|Love]]'' (episodic role)
* ''[[Ashiqui]]'' (episodic role)
* ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]'' (episodic role) (2015)
* ''[[Aawaz]]'' (season 9) (episodic role)
* ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]'' (Season 9) (2016)
* ''Bigg Boss'' (Season 12) (2018)
* ''[[MTV Webbed]]'' (episodic role)
* ''[[Cambala Investigation Agency]]'' (2007–2009)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2956215}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Rajput, Aditya}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]

Markandeya Purana

2026-01-28T04:27:31Z

Sylvin Thomas: fixed formatting additionally and added references

{{Short description|Ancient Sanskrit text}}
{{italic title}}
[[Image:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmya (part of Markandeya Purana), on palm-leaf, in an early [[Bhujimol]] script, [[Nepal]], 11th century.]]
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
The '''''Markandeya Purana''''' ({{langx|sa|मार्कण्डेय पुराण}}; [[IAST]]: {{IAST| Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] text of [[Hinduism]], and one of the eighteen major [[Puranas]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=246}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}} The text's title [[Markandeya]] refers to a sage in [[Hindu literature]] who is the central character in two legends, one linked to [[Shiva]] and other to [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=426}} The Markandeya text is one of the Puranas that lacks a sectarian presentation of ideas in favor of any particular god,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=426}} and it is rare to read any deity being invoked or deity prayers in the entire text.{{sfn|Dutt|1896|p=4}}{{sfn|Wilson|1864|p=LVII}}

The Markandeya Purana is probably one of the oldest in Purana genre of [[Hindu texts|Hindu Literature]], among the most interesting and important, states [[Ludo Rocher]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}} It is famous for including the [[Devi Mahatmya]] within it, the oldest known treatise on [[Devi]] (Goddess) as the Supreme Truth and [[Creator deity|Creator of the Universe]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=426}}{{sfn|Coburn|1988|pp=1-23}} The text is considered as a central text of the Hindu Goddess-related [[Shaktism]] tradition, with an extraordinary expression of reverence for the feminine.{{sfn|Coburn|1988|pp=1-23}}{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-4}} The Markandeya Purana's Devi Mahatmya is often ranked in some Hindu traditions to be as important as the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}}

The extant manuscripts of this Purana have 137 chapters, of which chapters 81 through 93 is the Devi Mahatmya.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=191}} Tradition and some medieval era texts assert that the Markandeya Purana has 9,000 verses, but surviving [[Manuscript]]s have about 6,900 verses.{{sfn|Wilson|1864|p=LIV}} 2,100 verses were transferred to Devi Bhagavatam. The text presents a diverse range of topics,{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=246}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-194}}{{sfn|Gietz|1992|p=354|ps=, with note 1948}} with socio-cultural information and symbolism for Vedic ideas and [[metaphysics|Metaphysical Thought]].{{sfn|Gietz|1992|p=803|ps=, with note 4538}}

== History ==
[[File:Dadhimati Mata Temple, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|The Early 1st-Millennium [[Dadhimati Mata Temple]] Of Rajasthan, Near [[Jodhpur]] And [[Bikaner]], That Preserves An Inscription From Markandeya Purana. The Temple Inscription Has Been Dated To The Early Seventh Century CE.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=195}}]]

The ''Markandeya'' text is probably one of the oldest Puranas in Hinduism.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{Sfn|Collins|1988|p=36}} The text's literary style and content, wherein the early chapters read like a supplement to the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] has led scholars to suggest it is an early composition that likely followed the epic.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}

The ''Markandeya Purana'', states [[Wendy Doniger]], is probably from {{circa|250 CE}}, with the exception of the ''Devi Mahatmya'', which she dates to {{circa|550 CE}}.{{Sfn|Collins|1988|p=36}} Other scholars have also suggested that parts of this Purana existed by the third century.{{sfn|Gietz|1992|pp=798-799|ps=, with note 4507}} In contrast, Nileshvari Desai suggests that the oldest of extant manuscripts probably is from the 7th-century CE.{{sfn|Gietz|1992|p=354|ps=, with note 1948}} The earliest version of the ''Makandeya Purana'', with ''Devi Mahatmya'', was probably composed near the [[Narmada]] river, in Western India.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=196}}

The text has also been dated with the help of epigraphical evidence.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{sfn|Asopa|1911|p=302}} The [[Dadhimati Mata Temple|Dadhimati Mata]] inscription, for example has been dated to be from 608 CE, and this inscription is a quote from chapter 10 of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' (91st chapter of the Purana). This suggests that this part of the text existed by the 6th century CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{sfn|Asopa|1911|p=302}} A complete [[Palm-leaf manuscript]] of the text was discovered in [[Nepal]], and has been dated to 998 CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=195}} Similarly, the early 8th-century text ''Malatimadhava'' of Bhavabhuti references Devi Mahatmya, which implies the text was established and in circulation by then. Other scholars have placed it between 4th- to 6th-century CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=195-196}} The idea of Goddess as the supreme, states John Lochtefeld, likely existed before the 6th-century than the composition date of ''Devi Mahatmya'', because it appears in so fully developed form in the text.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=195-196}}{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=426}}

Like all the Puranas, the ''Markandeya Purana'', has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|Van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}

{{Quote|
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
|Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{sfn|Dimmitt|Van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}}

=== Printed editions ===
The three early printed editions of this text vary from one another. The Calcutta edition ends abruptly in chapter 136, leaving the narrative of ''Dama'' halfway. The Bombay and Poona editions have complete narrative of ''Dama'', which ends in chapter 137.{{sfn|Shastri|1995|pp=77-78}}

The text has been translated into English by many, including C. C. Mukherjee (1893) and [[F. E. Pargiter]].{{sfn|Pargiter|1904}} However, states Coburn, Pargiter's focus was reconstruction of India's political history, not other contents of the Purana.{{sfn|Coburn|1988|pp=22-23}} Pargiter's work and conclusions have been widely disputed, after he published his translation in 1904.{{sfn|Coburn|1988|pp=22-23}}

A good translation of the ''Devi Mahatmya'' text within the ''Markandeya Purana'', states Gregory Bailey, was published in 1991 by Thomas Coburn.{{Sfn|Bailey|2003|p=146}}

==== Critical edition ====
''The Critical Edition of the Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇam'', edited by M. L. Wadekar, 2 vols., [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Vadodara: Oriental Institute]], 2011 (vol. 2, adhyāyas 76-88, is the ''Devīmāhātmyam'').

== Content ==
This Purana has 137 chapters, of which chapters 81 through 93 is the Devi Mahatmya.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=191}} The text opens with the Mimamsa founder [[Jaimini]] asking sage [[Markandeya]] for answers to some questions raised by the Mahabharata, but never addressed in it.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=192}} Markandeya asserts that he needs to go and perform some [[Vedic]] rituals, and suggests Jaimini to meet up with four wise birds who live in the [[Vindhya]] range.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=192}} Jaimini meets the birds. The birds answer his questions, which constitute chapters 4 to 45 of the ''Markandeya Purana''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=192}}{{sfn|Hazra|1962|pp=255-256}} This discussion weaves in moral instructions with mythology,{{Sfn|Dutt|1896|p=4}} the theory of [[Karma]], [[Samsara]], [[Dharma]] and [[Śrāddha|Shraddha]] verses from texts such as the Mahabharata and the Gautama Dharmasutras.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=192}}

The text presents its [[Yoga]] philosophy in chapters 39 to 43, and asserts that it is the path to gain self-knowledge and liberation ([[Moksha]]), thereby overcoming past Karma.{{Sfn|Dutt|1896|pp=73-81}} The Yoga discussions, [[Dattatreya]]'s portrayal and his yoga-teachings within the ''Markandeya Purana'', states Rigopoulos, are essentially those of [[Jnana yoga]], and this emphasis on Jnana within a nondual ([[Advaita Vedanta]]) framework characterizes Dattatreya throughout the text.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=37, 57}} More generally, the ''Markandeya Purana'', along with ''[[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]]'', ''[[Vayu Purana|Vayu]]'', ''[[Narada Purana|Narada]]'' and ''[[Kurma Purana|Kurma]]'' Puranas, states Sahasrabudhe, have "unmistakingly the Advaita" (non-dualistic) premises, which likely reflect the [[Advaita]] tradition before the times of [[Adi Shankara]].{{sfn|Sahasrabudhe|1968|pp=113-114}}

The later chapters also present a conversation between the birds and sage Markandeya, but the sage is the primary speaker in chapters 45-80 and 94-137.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=192}} This switch in style, state scholars, is likely because this part is the older core of the Purana.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=192-193}} This part consists of genealogy, [[manvantara]]s, geography and chapters glorifying god [[Surya]] (Sun god).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=192-193}}

=== Devi Mahatmya ===
[[File:Durga - Mahishasurmardini.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Goddess [[Durga]] killing [[Mahishasura]], Sacred idol in [[Rani ki vav]]]]
The ''Devi Mahatmya'', literally "glorification or praises of the Goddess", constitutes chapters 81 to 93 of the ''Markandeya Purana''.{{sfn|Coburn|1988|pp=1-23}} It is the primary [[bhakti]] text of those who revere [[Durga]] or [[Chandi]] as the [[Shakti]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} This text is studied on its own, and sometimes titled as ''Saptasati'' or ''Chandi-mahatmya'' or ''Chandipatha''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} It is particularly popular in eastern states of India, such as [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]].{{Sfn|Dutt|1896|p=4}}

The Devi Mahatmya opens with the legend of King Suratha, who was defeated in battle & exiled, and Samadhi, a merchant who was driven away by his wives & children for his wealth. Once, they meet in the forest.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} Nevertheless, asserts the text, the two discover that they both care about the welfare of those who drove them out.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} They wonder why they still care. They meet sage Medhas (Sumedha) for answers. The sage replies that this is the nature of existence, just watch the hungry birds who collect seeds, and despite being hungry those birds drop the seeds into the beaks of their babies.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} This is the power of the Goddess, her manifestation in nature and everywhere, one who empowers attachments, yet also empowers release, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=193-194}} The two men want to know more about this Goddess. The ''Devi Mahatmya'' portion of this Purana describes the Goddess with theological and philosophical premises focussed on the feminine.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=193-194}}

=== Socio-cultural content ===
The text presents a diverse range of topics including society, religion and mythology.{{sfn|Gietz|1992|p=354|ps=, with note 1948}} Embedded in its chapters is information on Family, Marriage, Social Life, Dress, Food, Customs, Ceremonies, Weights And Measures, Social Conventions, Position Of Women, Geography, Flora And Fauna known and considered important in ancient Indian society along with Mythology and Theology.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-194}}{{sfn|Gietz|1992|p=354|ps=, with note 1948}}{{sfn|Varma|1978|pp=270-298}}

Wendy Doniger states that the ''Markandeya Purana'' challenges some of the contextual assumptions about the medieval Indian society in 1st-millennium. She writes, in her analysis of chapters 10 and 11 of the text which discusses its theory of embryo development and wherein the Purana asserts that woman's contribution to the development and the health of a fetus is essential:{{efn|The ''Markandeya Purana'' States, "For What The Woman Eats And Drinks Goes Into The Embryo's Womb, And The Living Creature's Body Is Strengthened And Nourished By That So That It Grows".{{sfn|Doniger|2000|pp=173-174}}}}
{{Quote|
The predominance of the father in the making of the body, that [[Manusmriti|Manu]] insists upon, is here undercut not only by the role of the mother in contributing to the physical substance of the body, but also by the role of the embryo itself.
|Wendy Doniger| in ''Religion and the Body''{{sfn|Doniger|2000|pp=173-174}}}}

==Translations==

The 'Markandeya Purana' has been rendered into various Indian languages. The following is a partial list of translations:

=== [[English language|English]] ===

*''The Markandeya Purana'' by [[F. E. Pargiter]] (1904)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188841 |title=Markandeya Purana (Pargiter) |date=1904 }}</ref>
*''Markandeya Purana'' by [[Bibek Debroy]] (2019)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Markandeya-Purana-Bibek-Debroy-tr/dp/0143448250 |title=Markandeya Purana (Debroy) |date=2019 }}</ref>

== Influence ==
The [[Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas]] in [[Dasam Granth]] – a secondary scripture of [[Sikhism]], state Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, is sourced from the Markandeya Purana.{{sfn|Fenech|McLeod|2014|p=79}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2011|pp=27, 70}}

The Devi-Mahatmya portion of the text is recited during [[Durga Puja]] festival, in Durga temples of India.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=118}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=181}}

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Surath]]
* [[Garh Jungle]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]
* [[Devi Upanishad]]
* [[Tripura Upanishad]]
* [[Chandi di Var]] (In Sikhism)
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|15em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Asopa |first1=Pandit Ram Karna |journal=[[Epigraphia Indica]] |volume=11 |year=1911 |editor1-last=Hultzsch
|editor1-first=Eugen |editor-link=E. Hultzsch |title=Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana |url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiaindica014772mbp#page/n355/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Gregory |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=Arvind |title=The Study of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC |year=2003 |publisher=[[University of South Carolina]] Press |isbn=978-1-57003-449-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Cheever Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary |year=1998 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Coburn |first1=Thomas B. |title=Devī-māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0557-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Charles Dillard |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36 |year=1988 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Rosen |year=2014 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-8184752779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dimmitt |first1=Cornelia |first2=J.A.B. |last2=Van Buitenen |author2-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC |publisher=[[Temple University]] Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Doniger |first1=Wendy |editor1-last=Coakley |editor1-first=Sarah |title=Religion and the Body |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-rDk_OyvwC |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-78386-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Dutt |first=M.N. |year=1896 |title=Markandeya Puranam |publisher=Elysium Press |url=https://archive.org/stream/markandeyapurana021288mbp#page/n0/}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=McLeod |first2=W.H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/181 181]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gietz |first1=K.P. |display-authors=et al |title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annotated and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870 |year=1992 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hazra |first1=Rajendra Chandra |year=1962 |contribution=The Puranas |editor1-last=Radhakrishnan |editor1-first=S. |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |volume=2 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |isbn=81-85843-03-1}}
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Lochtefeld |year=2002 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2 |publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn=978-0823931798 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pargiter |first1=Frederick Eden |author-link=Frederick Eden Pargiter |title=Markandeya Purana |year=1904 |publisher=The Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022991974#page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rigopoulos |first1=Antonio |title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity |year=1998 |publisher=[[State University of New York]] Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rinehart |first1=Robin |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Ludo |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Purāṇas |date=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-02522-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sahasrabudhe |first1=M.T. |title=A Survey of the Pre-Śaṅkara Advaita Vedānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpdWAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=[[University of Pune]] Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Pushpendra |year=1995 |title=Introduction to the Puranas |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=Vishwanath Prasad |title=Ethics and Sociology of Politics in some of the Puranas |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=39 |issue=2 |date=1978 |pages=270–298 |jstor=41854846 |issn=0019-5510}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition |volume=1 |year=1864 |url=https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/ |publisher=Read Country Books |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-markandeya-purana/ The Markandeya Purana (English) By F. E. Pargiter; Online HTML]
*[http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/mkp1-93u.htm Chapters 1-93 Of Markandeya Purana In Sanskrit At Göttingen Register Of Electronic Texts In Indian Languages]
*[http://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/markandeya%20purana%20home.html The Markandeya Purana, In English, Complete Online At Kamakoti.Org]
*[https://archive.org/details/markandeyapurana/ The Markandeya Purana, In Sanskrit-Hindi]

{{Puranas}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

History of Malappuram district

2026-01-22T00:00:37Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating a place initial version

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Keralahistory}}
'''[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]''' is one of the 14 districts in the South Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The district has a unique and eventful history starting from pre-historic times. During the early medieval period, the district was the home to two of the four major kingdoms that ruled Kerala. [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] was the original hometown of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], which is also known as ''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'', and [[Nediyiruppu]] was the original hometown of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], which is also known as ''Nediyiruppu Swaroopam''. Besides, the original headquarters of the ''[[Palakkad]] Raja''s were also at [[Athavanad]] in the district.<ref name="mnn">{{Cite book|title='Kerala Charitram|last=Shreedhara Menon|first=A|publisher=DC Books|year=2007|isbn=9788126415885|location=Kottayam|page=200|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/keralacharithram/11148/|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709123203/https://keralabookstore.com/book/keralacharithram/11148/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ancient period ==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|Tyndis (Tondis) on [[Tabula Peutingeriana|Peutinger Table]] (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris)]]
The remains of some pre-historic symbols including [[Dolmen]]s, [[Menhir]]s, and Rock-cut caves have been found from various parts of the district. [[Rock-cut architecture|Rock-cut caves]] have been found from the places like [[Kuzhimanna Gramapanchayat|Puliyakkode]], [[Chemmad|Thrikkulam]], [[Oorakam]], [[Melmuri]], [[Ponmala]], [[Vallikunnu]], and [[Vengara, Malappuram District|Vengara]].<ref name=History_of_Malappuram>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title=History of Malappuram |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127005243/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The ancient maritime port of [[Tyndis]], which was a centre of trade with [[Ancient Rome]], is roughly identified with [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and [[Vallikkunnu]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Beypore]] region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="odra">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </ref> The River [[Bharathappuzha]] (River Ponnani) had importance since [[Sangam period]] (1st-4th century CE), due to the presence of [[Palakkad Gap]] which connected the [[Malabar coast]] with [[Coromandel coast]] through inland.<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref>

== Early medieval period ==
[[File:Kurumathur inscription.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kurumathur inscription]] (871 CE)]]
[[File:Aalthiyoor Nambi Illam.jpg|300px|left|thumbnail|[[Alattiyur, Malappuram|''Alathiyoor Nambi Illam'']] near [[Tirur]]]]
The [[Kurumathur inscription]] found near [[Areekode]] dates back to 871 CE.<ref name="Veluthat">Veluthat, Kesavan (1 June 2018). "History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala". ''Studies in People's History''. '''5''' (1): 13–31. [https://doi.org/10.1177/2348448918759852] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063330/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448918759852 |date=13 September 2021 }}</ref> Three [[Old Malayalam]] inscriptions those date back to 932 CE, those were found from [[Triprangode]] (near [[Tirunavaya]]), [[Kottakkal]], and [[Chaliyar]], mention the name of [[Goda Ravi]] of [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Perumāḷs of Kerala].'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 438-42.</ref> The [[Triprangode]] inscription states about the agreement of [[Thavanur]].<ref name=":0"/> Several inscriptions written in [[Old Malayalam]] those date back to 10th century CE, have found from [[Sukapuram]] near [[Edappal]], which was one of the 64 old [[Nambudiri]] villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of [[Eranad|Eranad region]] and [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad region]] can be seen in [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish copper plates]] of Bhaskara Ravi Varman and [[Viraraghava copper plates]] of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy.<ref name=History_of_Malappuram /> A number of city-states were there in the region, including [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], [[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunadu (Tanur)]], [[Parappanad]] and [[Eranad|Nediyiruppu (Eranad)]] (ruled by the Zamorins).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nair|first=K. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qdc3NKpQ5jEC&q=nair+principalities+after+chera&pg=PA75|title=By Sweat and Sword: Trade, Diplomacy and War in Kerala Through the Ages|date=2013|publisher=KK Nair|isbn=978-81-7304-973-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=C. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRcqOm5N_YwC&q=nair+principalities+after+chera&pg=PA90|title=Problems of Higher Education in India: A Case Study|publisher=Mittal Publications|language=en}}</ref>
=== Rise of the Zamorin of Calicut ===
{{Location map+|Kerala|width=300|float=right
|alt=
|relief = yes
|caption=Major locations associated with the history of the Kingdom of Calicut
|places=
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=9.9606008|lon_deg=76.2360067|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label='''[[Kochi|Cochin]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.88|lon_deg=76.6|position=top|marksize=4|label_size=55|label='''[[Kollam|Quilon (Kurakkeni Kollam)]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.8689|lon_deg=75.3555|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label='''[[Kannur|Cannanore]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.23|lon_deg=76.19|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Kodungallur|Cranganore]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.25|lon_deg=75.77|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label='''[[Kozhikode|Calicut]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.58|lon_deg=77.34|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Bangalore]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.01|lon_deg=76.97|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Coimbatore]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.26|lon_deg=76.6|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Mysore]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.83|lon_deg=74.78|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Mangalore]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.147|lon_deg=75.964|position=right|marksize=6|label_size=55|label='''[[Nediyiruppu]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.07|lon_deg=76.07|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Malappuram]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.77|lon_deg=75.9|position=left|marksize=6|label_size=55|label='''[[Ponnani]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.52|lon_deg=76.21|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Trichur]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.4484219|lon_deg=75.6911295|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label='''([[Quilandy]])Panthalayani Kollam'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.750622|lon_deg=75.487022|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Tellicherry]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.701111|lon_deg=75.536667|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.276944|lon_deg=76.225833|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Nilambur]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.97|lon_deg=75.87|position=top|marksize=6|label_size=55|label=[[Tanur, Malappuram|'''Tanur''']]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.5207157|lon_deg=76.0404044|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Chetuva|Chetwai]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.0111|lon_deg=75.2189|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=''[[Ezhimala|Mount D'eli]]''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.4875|lon_deg=76.9525|position=top|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Trivandrum]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.084|lon_deg=77.546|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=9.49|lon_deg=76.33|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Alleppey]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.77|lon_deg=76.65|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Palakkad|Palghat]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.8637217|lon_deg=75.981718|position=top|marksize=6|label_size=55|label='''[[Tirunavaya]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.9148724|lon_deg=76.418916|position=bottom|marksize=6|label_size=55|label='''Karimpuzha'''}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=9.172|lon_deg=76.501|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Kayamkulam]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=9.35|lon_deg=76.35|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Purakkad|Porca]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.0274289|lon_deg=76.2957058|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Edapally]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.884359|lon_deg=76.563631|position=bottom|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Tangasseri]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.6932866|lon_deg=76.7983387|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Attingal]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.67|lon_deg=76.28|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Sultan Bathery|Sultan's Battery]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.35|lon_deg=77.95|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Dindigul]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.721555|lon_deg=77.6721372|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Tirunelveli|Tinnevelly]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.701917|lon_deg=75.98614|position=left|marksize=6|label_size=55|label=[[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|'''Perumpadappu''']]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.4137765|lon_deg=76.6761841|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.29588|lon_deg=76.15809|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Pappinivattom]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.1769287|lon_deg=77.2451524|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Colachel]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.4833|lon_deg=76.9167|position=bottom|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.4699372|lon_deg=75.0010563|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=Chandragiri}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.3101214|lon_deg=75.0834387|position=left|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Hosdurg]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.4190511|lon_deg=75.9334827|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=[[Thamarassery|Tamarassery]]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.9727069|lon_deg=76.2046144|position=right|marksize=6|label_size=55|label=[[Angadipuram|'''Angadippuram''']]}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=10.17|lon_deg=76.18|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=Pallipuram}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.3667|lon_deg=75.05|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=Bekal}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=9.913889|lon_deg=76.363333|position=right|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=Diamper}}
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=11.5711822|lon_deg=75.591462|position=top|marksize=4|label_size=55|label=Puthupattanam/Kottakkal}}
}}
During and around the fall of [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Perumal Empire]], [[Calicut]] and its environs were ruled over by ''Porlathiri''. Eranad was ruled by a [[Samanthan Nair]] clan known as [[Eradi]]s, similar to the [[M. K. Vellodi|Vellodi]]s of neighbouring [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] and [[Nedungadi]]s of [[Ottapalam|Nedunganad]]. The rulers of Eranad were known by the title ''Eralppad''/''Eradi''. The [[Eradi|''Eradis'']] (A title used to denote the rulers of [[Eranad]]) of [[Nediyiruppu]] marched with their army to [[Panniyankara]] and often surrounded the headquarters of ''Porlathiri''. The ultimate aim was to find access to the sea and thus to participate directly in the maritime trade. This war lasted for almost half a century. The battle ended in the victory of the ''Eradis''. ''Porlathiri'' fled to [[Kolathunadu]] in search of political asylum.

With the conquest of ''Polanad'', the ''Eradis'' who ruled [[Eranad]] shifted their headquarters from [[Nediyiruppu]] to [[Calicut]], and later began to known as the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. In the early stage of his territorial development, Zamorin expanded his territories to [[Parappanad]] and [[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunad]] by defeating their rulers.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419034831/https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dr. Hari Desai |title=The Zamorins of Calicut and Vasco Da Gama |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/The-Zamorins-of-Calicut-and-Vasco-Da-Gama |website=asian-voice.com |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182129/https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/The-Zamorins-of-Calicut-and-Vasco-Da-Gama |url-status=live }}</ref>

The power balance in Kerala changed as Eralnadu rulers developed the port at [[Kozhikode]]. The Samoothiri became one of the most powerful chiefs in Kerala.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> In some of his military campaigns – such as that into Valluvanadu – the ruler received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors.<ref name="VVHaridas">V. V., Haridas. ''"King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD 1200 to AD 1767)"''. [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065714/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929 |date=13 September 2021 }} Unpublished PhD Thesis. Mangalore University</ref> It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to the Samoothiri to strike at Thirunavaya.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> Smaller chiefdoms south of Kozhikode – Beypore, Chaliyam, Parappanadu and Tanur (Vettam) – soon had to submit and became their feudatories one by one.

The ruler of Kozhikode next turned his attention to the valley of [[Bharathappuzha]]. Large parts of the valley were then ruled by Valluvakkonathiri, the hereditary chief of Valluvanadu. The principal objective of Kozhikode was the capture the sacred settlement of [[Tirunavaya|Thirunavaya]]. The rivalry that existed between the [[Nambudiri]]s in the [[Nambudiri]] villages of [[Kumbidi|Panniyoor]] and [[Sukapuram|Chowwara]] (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala.<ref name="askh"/> [[Kumbidi|Panniyoor]] is situated opposite to [[Kuttippuram]] town while [[Sukapuram]] lies in [[Edappal]]. Soon the Samoothiris found themselves intervened in the so-called ''kurmatsaram'' between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Nambudiris from Thirumanasseri Nadu had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the ruler of Kozhikode for help, and promised to cede the port of [[Ponnani]] to Kozhikode as the price for his protection. Kozhikode, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted the offer.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

Assisted by the warriors of their subordinate chiefs ([[Chaliyam]], [[Beypore]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] and [[Cranganore|Kodungallur]]) and the Muslim naval fleet under the Koya of Kozhikode, the Samoothiri's fighters advanced by both land and sea.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The main force under the command of Samoothiri himself attacked, encamping at [[Triprangode]], an allied force of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu from the north. Meanwhile, another force under the Eralppadu commanded a fleet across the sea and landed at [[Ponnani]] and later moved to Thirumanasseri, with an intention to descend on Thirunavaya from the south with help of the warriors of the Thirumanasseri Brahmins. Eralppadu also prevented the warriors of Perumpadappu from joining Valluvanadu forces. The Muslim merchants and commanders at [[Ponnani]] supported the Kozhikode force with food, transport, and provisions. The warriors of the Eralppadu moved north and crossed the [[Bharathappuzha]] and took up position on the northern side of the river.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The Koya marched at the head of a large column and stormed [[Tirunavaya]]. In spite of the fact that the warriors of Valluvanadu did not get the timely help of Perumpadappu, they fought vigorously and the battle dragged on. In the meantime, the Kozhikode minister Mangattachan was also successful in turning Kadannamanna Elavakayil Vellodi (junior branch of Kadannamanna) to their side. Finally, two Valluvanadu princes were killed in the battles, the Nairs abandoned the settlement and Kozhikode infested [[Tirunavaya]].<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

The capture of Thirunavaya was not the end of Kozhikode's expansion into Valluvanadu. The Samoothiri continued surges over on Valluvanadu. [[Malappuram]], [[Nilambur]], Vallappanattukara and [[Manjeri]] were easily occupied. He encountered stiff resistance in some places and the fights went on in a protracted and sporadic fashion for a long time. Further assaults in the east against Valluvanadu were neither prolonged nor difficult for Kozhikode.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

The battles along the western borders of Valluvanadu were bitter, for they were marked by treachery and crime. Panthalur and Ten Kalams came under Kozhikode only after a protracted struggle. The assassination of a minister of Kozhikode by the chief minister of Valluvanadu while visiting [[Kottakkal]] in Valluvanadu sparked the battle, which dragged on for almost a decade. At last, the Valluvanadu minister was captured by Samoothiri's warriors and executed at Padapparambu, and his province (Ten Kalams, including [[Kottakkal]] and Panthalur) was occupied by the Samoothiri. The Kizhakke Kovilakam Munalappadu, who took a leading part in this campaign, received half of the newly captured province from Samoothiri as a gift. The loss of this fiercely loyal chief minister was the greatest blow to Valluvanadu after the loss of [[Tirunavaya]] and [[Ponnani]].<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

The port of [[Ponnani]] was a prominent centre of Islamic learning and [[Tirunavaya]] was a centre of Vedic learning in medieval Kerala. The ports of [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] and [[Parappanangadi]] had some of the oldest [[Muslims|Muslim]] settlements in Kerala originated as a result of the trade relationship.

== Late medieval period ==
[[File:Thunchan Smarakam1.jpg|thumb|''Thunchan Smarakam'' at [[Tirur]], in memory of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]]]
''Thrikkavil Kovilakam'' in [[Ponnani]] served as a second home for Zamorin, and his navy headquarters.<ref name="ReferenceB">K. V. Krishna Iyer ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938</ref> Archaeological relics found in [[Malappuram]] include the remnants of palaces of the eastern branch of the Zamorin reign. [[Malappuram]] was the military headquarters of the Zamorin in the Eranad region. The Zamorins held sway over Malappuram and their chieftain Para Nambi, ruled the area in the early days with headquarters at Downhill (Kottappadi), Malappuram.<ref name="Malabar Manual Appendix">{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=William |title=MALABAR MANUAL: With Commentary by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS |publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 |edition=Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TJFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Smaller ports in kingdom included [[Parappanangadi]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and [[Ponnani]].<ref name="KrishnaIyer2">K. V. Krishna Iyer, ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.</ref><ref name="Kunhali">Kunhali. V. "Calicut in History" Publication Division, University of Calicut (Kerala), 2004</ref> The headquarters of the [[Azhvanchery Thamprakkal]], who were considered as the supreme religious head of Kerala [[Brahmin]]s, was at [[Athavanad]]. Besides, the original headquarters of the ''[[Palakkad]] Raja''s were also at [[Athavanad]].<ref name="mnn"/>

The works like ''Kozhikode Granthavari'', ''Mamakam Kilippattu'' written by ''Kadanchery Namboodiri'' in 17th-century CE, ''Kandaru Menon Patappattu'' (1683), and ''Ramchcha Panicker Pattu'' contains pieces of information about the Mamankam festival held at the bank of [[Bharathappuzha]] in Tirunavaya.<ref>K.P. Padmanabha Menon, ''History of Kerala'', Vol. II, Ernakulam, 1929, Vol. II, (1929)</ref> The modern [[Malayalam script|Malayalam alphabet]] (accepted by [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]), and the [[Arabi-Malayalam]] script (also known as Ponnani script) were developed in the district during the medieval period. The [[Sanskrit]] works like ''[[Kokila Sandeśa]]'' (15th-century CE) written by ''Uddanda Śāstrī'', ''Bhramara Sandesham'' (17th century CE) by ''Vasudevan'', and ''Chathaka Sandesha'' (18th-century CE) have descriptions about Tirunavaya and [[Triprangode]].<ref name="askh"/> Many medieval [[Malayalam]] works also help to trace the history of district.

=== Portuguese era ===
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|left|thumb|The path [[Vasco da Gama]] took to reach [[Kozhikode]] (black line) in 1498, which was also the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a sea route]] from [[Europe]] to India, and eventually paved way for the [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] of [[Indian subcontinent]]. At that time, the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]] was residing at ''Thrikkavil Kovilakam'' in Ponnani.]]

[[File:Ponnani harbour 2.jpg|thumbnail|The second home of Zamorin was situated near to the port of [[Ponnani]].]]
[[File:From a map by Emanuel Bowen, 1744.jpg|thumb|[[South India]] (1744) from a map by [[Emanuel Bowen]], an English map engraver. Note that in the map, only [[Kingdom of Tanur]] is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Zamorin]]
The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], who is considered as the father of modern [[Malayalam literature]], was born at [[Tirur]] (''[[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunadu]]'') during Portuguese period.<ref name="askh"/> The medieval [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] that flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in [[Kingdom of Tanur|''Vettathunadu'']] ([[Tirur Taluk|Tirur region]])<ref name="roy">{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Ranjan |year=1990 |title=Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.2307/2690896 |jstor=2690896}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link=David Pingree |title=Hellenophilia versus the History of Science |year=1992 |journal=Isis |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=554–563 |jstor=234257 |doi=10.1086/356288 |quote=One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution. |bibcode=1992Isis...83..554P|s2cid=68570164 }}</ref>

In the 16th century, the district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the [[Kunhali Marakkar]]s, and the Portuguese colonizers. Towards the end of the year 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy [[Francisco de Almeida]] was informed that a column of 13 Muslim ships had taken cargo - mainly spices - from [[Ponnani]] and was about to leave for the [[Red Sea]]. The Viceroy immediately decided to corner the fleet. The decision was perhaps made with a view to retrieve the Portuguese prestige lost on account of some incidents at [[Anjediva Island|Angediva]] and [[Dabhol|Dabul]]. Almeida himself commandeered the fleet of 12 vessels consisting of four ''naus'', six caravels, and two gales. The fleet had about 6,000 European soldiers, led by a collection of noblemen such as Pero Barreti, Diogo Pires, Lourenco de Almeida, and [[Nuno da Cunha]], son of [[Tristão da Cunha|Tristao da Cunha]] and a handful of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceH">K. S. Mathew, ''Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India'' Routledge, 2017</ref>

The defenses of the Ponnani Port were repaired and strengthened by the Zamorin after this event.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceF"/> The Zamorin appointed [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali Marakkar I]], his loyal naval chief, in the port of Ponnani, to resist the Portuguese occupation. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maritime Heritage - Join Indian Navy {{!}} Government of India|url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/maritime-heritage.html|website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331151728/https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/maritime-heritage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Arun Kumar |title=Give Indian Navy its due |url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925000822/https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It seems that [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali Marakkar I]], assisted by Kutti Ali and Pacchi Marakkar, subsequently constructed a naval base at Ponnani. Kutti Ali sent harassing raids from Ponnani to Cochin and reinforcement fleets to Kozhikode.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> In 1523 when the Viceroy Menezes sailed with all the available ships to Hormuz, an Arab merchant, one Kutti Ali of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], had the effrontery to bring a fleet of two hundred vessels to Calicut, to load eight ships with pepper, and to despatch them with a convoy of forty vessels to the Red Sea before the very eyes of the Portuguese.<ref name="ReferenceG">William Logan. ''Malabar Manual, Volume 1'' Asian Educational Services, 1887</ref>

The Zamorin later faced a protest in 1540 by Kutti Pocker, who is popularly known as [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali Marakkar II]] (a title given to the naval chief of the Zamorin) when the Zamorin signed a treaty with the Portuguese power in [[Ponnani]].<ref name="kunjalimarakkarII">{{cite book |title=Arrival of Muslims and its impact on Kerala history |page=31 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/162158/6/5.%20chapter%201.pdf |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719125206/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/162158/6/5.%20chapter%201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. In 1552, the Zamorin received assistance in heavy guns landed at Ponnani, brought by certain Yoosuf, a Turk, who had sailed against the monsoon winds. In 1566 and again in 1568, Kutti Pocker and his men captured two Portuguese ships. Around a thousand soldiers from one of these ships were killed either by the sword or drowning. Kutti Pocker was later in killed off the coast of [[Mangalore]] while returning from a successful raid on the Portuguese fort there.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

A Portuguese fleet of 40 vessels under the command of Diogo de Meneses is known to have pillaged Ponnani, sometime before 1570 AD.<ref name="ReferenceF">K. K. N. Kurup ''India's Naval Traditions'' Northern Book Centre, 1997</ref><ref>K. M. Mathew. ''History of the Portuguese Navigation in India''. Mittal Publications, 1988 - Goa, Daman and Diu (India)</ref> The strategic [[Chaliyam]] - also known as ''Challe''- which was then a part of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], was a Portuguese garrison between 1531–1571.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/cochin.html |title=Portuguese India: History of Portuguese Cochin, Cannanore, Quilon. Malabar (Kerala) |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205505/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/cochin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chāliyam was a strategic site, for it was only 10 km south of Calicut and was situated in [[Chaliyar]] River that falls into the sea about three leagues from Calicut, which was navigable by boats all the way to the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] mountains throogh [[Nilambur]] valley.<ref name="columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html|title=Vol06chap01sect07|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222081409/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1532 with the help of the ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], a chapel was built at [[Chaliyam]], together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce the ruler of [[Parappanangadi]], Caramanlii (King of [[Beypore]]?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them<ref name="columbia.edu"/>) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> In 1571, the Zamorin sent against the Fort Chaliyam certain of his ministers in command over the Moors (a term used by [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]] to indicate [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s and [[Arabs|Arab Merchants]]) of [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and [[Parappanangadi]], who was assisted by bodies of people from [[Chaliyam]]. The army led by troops of Zamorin won to seize the Portuguese fort at [[Chaliyam]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In 1573, [[Parappanangadi]] town was burnt by the Portuguese. In 1578, peace negotiations between Zamorin and the Portuguese were strengthened. However, the Zamorin refused to agree to construct a Portuguese fort at Ponnani.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> It is also known that Gil Eanes Mascarenhas opened fire from his ships to the port and killed a large number of natives in 1582. Mascarenhas was later captured and executed by the forces of Kunjali Marakkar.<ref>Teotonio R. De Souza. ''Essays in Goan History'' Concept Publishing Company, 1989</ref>

The ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="Noorani">AG Noorani {{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |title=Islam in Kerala |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021629/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref> It was first printed and published in [[Lisbon]]. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510060620/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |date=10 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref>

== Colonial period ==
[[File:Paloor Kotta Waterfall, Perinthalmanna (1).png|thumb|A waterfall at [[Paloor Kotta Falls|Paloor Kotta]] near [[Perinthalmanna]], where [[Tipu Sultan]] once sought asylum]]
[[File:Wikipedia OldMysore.jpg|thumbnail|An old map of Malappuram during [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore rule]] (Late 18th century CE)]]
[[File:Codacal Tile Factory.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, [[Tirunavaya]]. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was at [[Feroke]], which was then part of [[Eranad Taluk]]]]
When [[William Keeling]], a sea captain of [[East India Company|English East India Company]] arrived at the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Kingdom of Calicut]] in 1615, he was allowed to start warehouses in the port of Ponnani, through a treaty signed with the then Zamorin of Calicut.<ref name = "Medieval Malappuram">{{cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/136015/9/09_chapter%202.pdf |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |title=European treaties of Malappuram |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231723/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/136015/9/09_chapter%202.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch had attained monopoly over trade in many ports in Kerala. However, some factories in Ponnani came under the trade monopoly of English.<ref name = "History of Malappuram">{{cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2626/6/06_chapter%202.pdf |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |title=The English supremacy in Ponnani |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623115953/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2626/6/06_chapter%202.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During 18th century, the ''de facto'' [[Mysore kingdom]] rulers [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] marched into Zamorin's kingdom. With headquarters at [[Manjeri]], Tipu's army was spread in many areas.<ref name = "Medieval Malappuram"/> Tipu had a fort at [[Paloor Kotta Falls|Paloor]] near [[Perinthalmanna]] on his way from [[Palakkad]] to the Zamorin's kingdom, where now a waterfall only remains.

The [[Battle of Tirurangadi]] was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at [[Tirurangadi]], during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=176}}</ref> In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the [[Malabar region]], including present-day Malappuram district, was integrated into the English East India Company. In 1793, the district became a part of the newly formed Malabar.

On 20 May 1800, the East India Company separated Malabar from [[Bombay Presidency]] and annexed it with the [[Madras Presidency]]. The British had established a [[Barracks]] called Haig Barracks in the city of [[Malappuram]], which has now been turned into Malappuram Collectorate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malappuramtourism.org/history.php|title=History of Malappuram and the Mappila Revolt | Centre for Vedic and Islamic studies|website=malappuramtourism.org|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035952/https://www.malappuramtourism.org/history.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Malappuram]] acted as the military headquarters of [[Malabar District|British Malabar]], as it was the centre of [[Malabar Special Police]]. Malabar Special Police is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. Muttichira revolt, Mannur revolt, Cherur revolt, Manjeri revolt, Wandoor revolt, Kolathur revolt, Ponnani revolt, and Thrikkalur revolt are some important revolts during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolutions against the British officials alone.<ref>K. Madhavan Nair, 'Malayalathile Mappila Lahala,' Mathrubhumi, 24 March 1923.</ref> East India Company made an arrangement to collect revenue through Zamorin. However, a revolt under the leadership of Manjeri Athan Gurukkal took place against this in 1849.<ref name = "History of Malappuram"/> The district was administered as parts of Eranad, Valluvanad and Ponnani subdistricts in the [[South Malabar]] region during the British rule. The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just {{cvt|2|km}} from [[Nilambur]] town. It was named in memory of [[Henry Valentine Conolly]], the then district collector of Malabar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, to reopen after maintenance|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105|date=16 May 2017|access-date=12 October 2020|work=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012215336/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first railway line in the state started its function from [[Tirur]] to [[Beypore]] on 12 March 1861, with the oldest Railway Station at [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |title='Lifeline' of Malabar turns 125 |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=19 December 2020 |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415104255/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lifeline-of-malabar-turns-125/article4250472.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130082010/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Koyi Thampuran]]s of [[Travancore]] belongs to [[Parappanad]] Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's [[Travancore]] family were usually selected.<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626115522/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Malabar Rebellion ===
[[File:South Malabar 1921.png|thumb|alt=Map of South Malabar in 1921|A map of [[South Malabar]] during the [[Malabar rebellion]] in 1921]]
The Malabar district political conference of [[Indian National Congress]] held at [[Manjeri]] on 28 April 1920 strengthened [[Indian independence movement]] and national movement in [[Malabar District|British Malabar]].<ref name="Manjericonference_1920">{{cite news |title=The 1920 political conference at Manjeri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290616/rare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718131229/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290616/rare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html |url-status=live }}</ref> That conference declared that the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] were not able to satisfy the needs of [[British Raj|British India]]. It also argued for a land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between [[Surat Split|extremists and moderates]] within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.<ref name="askh"/>

Malappuram has been part of [[Khilafat Movement]] just after the Manjeri conference. The Khilafat [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation]] demonstration conducted at [[Kalpakanchery]] in Ponnani Taluk (now a part of Tirur Taluk) on 22 March 1921 under the leadership of [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] was attended by about 20,000 people. The first all Kerala provincial conference of Indian National Congress held at [[Ottapalam]] in April 1921 also influenced the rebellion. [[Malabar Rebellion]] of 1921 was the last and important among the Mappila rebellions.

The cities/towns of [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], [[Kondotty]], [[Perinthalmanna]], and [[Tirurangadi]] were the main strongholds of the rebels. The [[Battle of Pookkottur]] occurred as a part of the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, the declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in [[Eranad]], [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], [[Ponnani]], and [[Kozhikode]] taluks.<ref>''Malabar Desiyathayude Idapedalukal''. Dr. M. T. Ansari. DC Books</ref> The new country was given the name ''Malayala Rajyam'' (The land of Malayalam).<ref>R. H. Hitch cock, 1983 Peasant revolt in Malabar, History of Malabar Rebellion 1921.</ref> On 25 August 1921, [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji]] inaugurated the Military Training Center at [[Angadipuram]], which was started by the revolutionary government. The feudal customs of ''Kumpil Kanji'' and ''Kanabhumi'' were abolished and the tenants were made landowners. A tax exemption was given for one year and a tax was imposed on the movement of goods from Wayanad to Tamil Nadu.<ref>Madras Mail 17 September 1921, p 8</ref> Similar to the British, the structure of administration was built upon [[District Collector|Collector]], [[Governor]], [[Viceroy]], and [[King]].<ref>‘particularly strong evidence of the moulding influence of British power structures lies in the rebels constant use of British titles to authority such as Assistant Inspector, Collector, Governor, Viceroy and (less conclusively) King’ The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis 184</ref> The parallel government established courts, tax centers, food storage centers, the military, and the legal police. [[Passport]] system was introduced for those in the new country.<ref>‘The rebel kists’, martial law, tolls, passports and, perhaps, the concept of a Pax Mappila, are to all appearances traceable to the British empire in India as a prototype’ The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis, Peoples Publishing House, 1987, 183 </ref><ref name="CGN78">{{cite book |last1=C. Gopalan Nair |title=Moplah Rebellion, 1921 |page=78 |url=https://archive.org/details/MoplahRebellion1921/page/n90/mode/1up |access-date= 4 October 2020 |quote=He issued passports to persons wishing to get outside his kingdom}}</ref> Although the nation's lifespan is less than six months, some British officials have suggested that the region was ruled by a parallel government for more than a year.<ref>F. B. Evans, ‘Notes on the Moplah Rebellion’, 27 March 1922, p 12.</ref><ref>(Tottenham, G. F. R., ‘Summary of the Important Events of the Rebellion,’ in Tottenham, Mapilla Rebellion) 1921 dated Sept 15 no 367</ref>
[[File:Wagon Tragedy Memorial, Tirur.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Wagon tragedy]] memorial at [[Tirur]]]]
The rebels won to establish self-rule in the region for about six months. However less than six months after the declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the [[British Raj]]. The war was directly controlled by British Army Commander-in-Chief Chief Rawlson, General Barnett Stuart, Intelligence Chief Maurice Williams, and Police General Armitage. Many of the important British military regiments including Dorset, Karen, Yenier, Linston, Rajputana, Gorkha, Garwale, and Chin Kutchin reached Malabar for the reannexation of the [[South Malabar]].<ref>Home (Pol) Department, Government of India, File No. 241/XVI,/1922, Telegram Section, p.3, TNA</ref> The [[Wagon tragedy]] (1921) is still a saddening memory of the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921.<ref>Panikkar, K. N., ''Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921''</ref> The prisoners had been taken into custody following the Mappila Rebellion in various parts of the district. Their deaths through apparent negligence generated sympathy for [[Indian independence movement]].

== Post-colonial period ==
[[File:മലപ്പുറം ജില്ലയിൽ പൊന്നാനിയിലെ ഹാർബർ (1930-37).jpg|left|300px|thumbnail|[[Ponnani]] harbour in mid-1930s]]
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Malabar District]] in 1951 (The present-day Malappuram district was administered as parts of the [[Tehsil|Taluks]] of Eranad, Walluvanad, and Ponnani)]]
Malabar remained as a part of the [[Madras State|state of Madras]] for a few years after the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|declaration of Indian independence]].

Malappuram was one of the five revenue divisions in the Malabar district with the Taluks of Eranad (headquartered at Manjeri) and Valluvanad (headquartered at Perinthalmanna) under its jurisdiction, while the other four being Thalassery, Kozhikode, Palakkad and Fort Cochin.<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626115516/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later in 1956, Malabar merged with the erstwhile state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] to form [[Kerala]] following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|linguistic reorganisation of states]]. The newly merged Malabar was divided into [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] districts of [[Kerala]] in 1957. The Eranad Taluk of erstwhile Malappuram revenue division was added to the new Kozhikode district and Valluvanad Taluk was added to Palakkad. Large-scale changes in the territorial jurisdiction of the region took place between 1957 and 1969. On 1 January 1957, the Tirur subdistrict was formed by adjoining major portions of the Eranad and Ponnani subdistricts. Another portion of the Ponnani subdistrict was carved out to form [[Chavakkad]] subdistrict (in [[Thrissur district]]), and the remainder is the present-day Ponnani. Perinthalmanna was formed by carving out some portions from the erstwhile Valluvanad subdistrict. Of these, Eranad and Tirur subdistricts remained in Kozhikode district, while Perinthalmanna and Ponnani subdistricts continued in Palakkad.

=== Present day district ===
In 1969, following intense demand from [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and various organizations the district of Malappuram was formed by the [[Saptakakshi Munnani]] government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imported |date=2018-06-20 |title=Development and bifurcation of Malappuram District |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/editorial/2018/jun/20/development-and-bifurcation-malappuram-district |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426173341/https://english.madhyamam.com/editorial/2018/jun/20/development-and-bifurcation-malappuram-district |url-status=live }}</ref> The new district was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 [[Gram panchayat]]s at the time.<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf|access-date=27 December 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111080702/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty.

In the early years of [[Communist]] rule in Kerala, Malappuram experienced land reform under the [[Land reform in Kerala|Land Reform Ordinance]]. In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained [[First World]] health standards and near-universal literacy.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084259,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004134/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084259,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 July 2011 | magazine=Time | title=Summer Journey 2011 | date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Administration of Malappuram district|Administration of Malappuram]]
*[[Education in Malappuram]]
*[[List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)|List of desoms in Malappuram (1981)]]
*[[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district|List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram]]
*[[List of people from Malappuram district|List of people from Malappuram]]
*[[List of villages in Malappuram district|List of villages in Malappuram]]
*[[Transportation in Malappuram district|Transportation in Malappuram]]
*[[Malappuram metropolitan area]]
*[[Malappuram district]]
*[[South Malabar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* K. V. Krishna Iyer, ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to A D 1806.'' Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.
* M. G. S. Narayanan, ''Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited'' Kerala. University of Calicut, 2006
* A. Sreedhara Menon, ''A Survey of Kerala History'', (1967), Madras, 1991
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}
* {{Citation
| author = William Logan | year=1887
| title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = William Logan | year=1887
| title= Malabar Manual (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908
| title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf
}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to History of Malappuram district
| list =
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Histories of Kerala cities}}
}}

[[Category:History of Malappuram district]]

Rear admiral (India)

2026-01-10T06:58:09Z

Sylvin Thomas:

{{Short description|Rank in the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox military rank
| name = Rear admiral
| image = File:Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg{{!}}border
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Flag of a rear admiral
| image2 = [[File:12-Indian_Navy-RADM.svg|50px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-7.svg|50px]] [[File:IN SURG RADM.png|50px]] [[File:SURG SLEEVE RADM.png|50px]]
| image_size2 =
| caption2 = Rank insignia of a Rear admiral and Surgeon Rear admiral
| image3 = Vehicle star plate of Rear admiral (Indian Navy).svg
| image_size3 = 120px
| caption3 = Vehicle plate of Rear Admiral
| country = {{flag|India}}
| service branch = {{navy|India}}
| abbreviation = RAdm/ Surg RAdm
| rank = [[Two-star rank]]
| NATO rank =OF 7
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation =
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice admiral]]
| lower rank = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| equivalents = [[Major General (India)|Major general]] ([[Indian Army]]) [[Air Vice Marshal (India)|Air vice marshal]] ([[Indian Air Force]])
| history =
|native_name={{lang|hi|रियर एडमिरल}}|rank group=Flag officer|pay grade=[[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|Level 14]]}}
'''Rear admiral''' is a [[Two-star rank|two-star]] [[flag officer]] rank in the [[Indian Navy]]. It is the third-highest active rank in the Indian Navy. Rear admiral ranks above the [[one-star rank]] of [[Commodore (India)|commodore]] and below the [[three-star rank]] of [[Vice Admiral (India)|vice admiral]].

The equivalent rank in the [[Indian Army]] is [[Major General (India)|major general]] and in the [[Indian Air Force]] is [[Air Vice Marshal (India)|air vice marshal]].

[[File:RAdm Krishna Swaminathan.jpg|thumb|right|Vice Admiral [[Krishna Swaminathan]] as a rear admiral.]]

==History==
[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Ram Dass Katari]] was the first Indian to be promoted to the rank of Rear admiral. In 1954, while serving as the [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Commander-in-Chief]], in the absence of Rear Admiral [[Mark Pizey]], he officiated as the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Commander-in-Chief]] in the rank of rear admiral.<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Pizey returns from United Kingdom |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-09-05_241.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=5 September 1954}}</ref> On 12 March 1956, Katari was promoted to the acting rank of [[Rear Admiral]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=236 |date=24 November 1956 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2164-1956-0047-98758.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 2 October 1956, he was confirmed as a substantive rear admiral and became the first Indian officer to be appointed the [[Flag Officer (Flotillas) Indian Fleet]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=55 |date=2 March 1957|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0009-96375.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

==Appointments==
Officers in the rank of rear admiral hold important appointments like [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] (FOCWF) and [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF). The flag officers commanding naval areas (FONA/FOGA, FOMA, [[Flag Officer Commanding Tamil Nadu & Puducherry Naval Area|FOTNA]], [[Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area|FOK]], [[Flag Officer Commanding Gujarat Naval Area|FOGNA]]) and the admiral superintendents of the naval dockyards are also officers of the rank of rear admiral. At naval headquarters, rear admirals hold the appointments of assistant chief of naval staff in different staff branches and those of additional director general.

==Insignia==
The flag of a vice admiral has a gold-blue octagon bearing naval crest in the middle, and two blue stars placed vertically at hoist side.

The badges of rank have a crossed sword and baton over two eight-pointed stars and the [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka emblem]] above, on a golden shoulder board. A rear admiral wears [[gorget patches]] which are golden patches with two white stars. In addition to this, the double-breasted [[reefer jacket]] has two golden sleeve stripes consisting of a broad band with one narrow band.

==Order of precedence==
A rear admiral who is a principal staff officer ranks at No. 25 in the [[Indian order of precedence]]. Other rear admirals are at No. 26 in the order of precedence.<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web |work=Office of the President of India |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |accessdate=2010-08-05 |date=1979-08-26 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf |title=President's Secretariat}}</ref>

Rear admirals are at pay level 14, with a monthly pay between ₹144,200 (US$1,950) and ₹218,200 (US$2,950).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=19 August 2023 |title=Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiJune 29 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |last2=June 29 |first2=India Today Web Desk New |last3=Ist |first3=India Today Web Desk New |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pay Scale of Officers - Join Indian Navy {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/pay-scale-of-officers.html |website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=Anup|last1=Singh|title=Blue Waters Ahoy!: The Indian Navy 2001-2010 |year=2018|isbn=978-9353025526|publisher= HarperCollins Publishers India}}

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Military insignia|India Navy]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Two-star officers]]

Nitin Bali

2025-12-31T02:55:02Z

Sylvin Thomas: Added New Biography

{{Short description|Indian singer (1971–2018)}}
{{Notability|1=Music|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nitin Bali
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place =
| death_date = 9 October 2018
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| genre = Bollywood, Redux
| occupation = Singer
| years_active =
| label = BMG Crescendo
| spouse = Ruby Bhatia (divorced), Roma Bali
| module =
}}
'''Nitin Bali''' (1971–2018) was an Indian singer, known for his redux version of [[Bollywood]] songs.

==Biography==
Nitin Bali was born in 1971.{{cn|date=May 2021}} He was known for singing the redux version of Bollywood songs including ''Neele Neele Ambar Par'', ''Chhukar Mere Man Ko'', ''Ek Ajanbee Haseena Se'' and ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''. His debut album ''Na Jaana'' was released in 1998 by BMG Crescendo. He then released 6 more albums. He recorded his last song for the 2012 Hindi film ''[[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |title=Singer Nitin Bali, 47, Dies In Car Accident |website=NDTV |date=2018-10-09 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singer-nitin-bali-47-dies-in-car-accident-1929444 |access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Popular 90s singer Nitin Bali passes away in road accident |website=News in English |date=2018-10-09 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-popular-90s-singer-nitin-bali-passed-away-in-road-accident-470153 |access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref>

He died on 9 October 2018 in [[Mumbai]] after a car accident.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Singer Nitin Bali dies in car accident |website=The Indian Express |date=2018-10-10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/singer-nitin-bali-dies-in-car-accident-5394614/ |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Gwalani |first=Payal | title=Nitin Bali passes away at 47 |website=Mumbai Mirror |date=2018-10-10 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitin-bali-passes-away-at-47/articleshow/66142091.cms |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bali was married to actress and VJ [[Ruby Bhatia]]. After divorce, he was married to actress Roma Bali in 2002.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |title=Singer Nitin Bali passes away |website=The Times of India |date=2018-10-09 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-nitin-bali-dies-in-an-accident/articleshow/66136776.cms |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>

==Albums==
*''Na Jaane'' (1998)
*''Baliwood'' (2002)
*''Baliwood 2'' (2003)
*''Balimix'' (2003)
*''Akkha Nal'' Akkhian (2016)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm7506104}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Nitin}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]

Shri Bade Hanuman Ji Temple

2025-12-29T22:13:47Z

Sylvin Thomas: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bade Hanuman Mandir]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
}}

Chanditala I

2025-12-23T16:57:30Z

Sylvin Thomas: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chanditala I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Chanditala-i CD Block Office .png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chanditala-I CD block office
| image_map = File:Chanditala-I in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6999504|N|88.1804752|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 93.45
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 179,825
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701 (Masat) 712704 (Kumirmorah) 712705 (Kristarampur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03214
| registration_plate = WB 15, WB 16, WB 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 83.76%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sreerampur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]], [[Jangipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jangipara]]
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Chanditala I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
The Chanditala I CD block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains, that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region has many depressions which receive water from the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge the water through small channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physigraphy, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
{{clear}}
Bhagabatipur, a constituent gram panchayat of Chanditala I block, is located at {{coord|22.6999504|N|88.1804752|E|format=dms|}}.

Chanditala I CD block is bounded by [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]] and [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]] CD blocks in the north, [[Chanditala II]] CD block in the east, [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]] and [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]] CD blocks, in Howrah district, in the south and [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hooghly.gov.in/map.htm |title = Map of Hooghly district |work = District Profile| publisher= Hooghly district administration | access-date = 20 May 2016}}</ref>

It is located 34 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Chanditala I CD block has an area of 93.45 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 148 gram sansads (village councils), 56 [[mouza]]s and 47 inhabited villages. [[Chanditala#Police station|Chanditala]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of this CD block is at [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/chanditala_I.html | title = Chanditala I | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

[[File:CHANDITALA-I CD BLOCK MAP 1.svg|thumb|Map of Chanditala-I CD block showing GP]]

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Chanditala I block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Aniya]], [[Bhagabatipur]], [[Gangadharpur]], [[Haripur, Chanditala-I|Haripur]], [[Krishnarampur]], [[Kumirmora]], [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]], [[Nababpur]] and [[Sehakhala]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Chanditala I CD block had a total population of 179,825, of which 104,677 were rural and 75,148 were urban. There were 90,032 (50%) males and 89,793 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 19,350. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 35,243 (19.60%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 281 (0.16%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} census, Chanditala I block had a total population of 165,837, out of which 81,689 were males and 84,148 were females. Chanditala I block registered a population growth of 11.38% during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72%.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Chanditala I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]] (8,007), [[Jangalpara]] (7,478), [[Gangadharpur]] (7,862), [[Manirampur]] (7,428), [[Dudhkalmi]] (5,558), [[Nababpur]] (12,728), [[Kumirmora]] (12,208), [[Ramanathpur]] (6,811) and [[Bhagabatipur]] (7,068).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (4,000+ population) in Chanditala I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Patul, Chanditala-I|Patul]] (4,083), [[Sehakhala]] (6,434), [[Kanaidanga]] (4,517), [[Bhadua]] (4,704) and [[Krishnarampur]] (10,044).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Chanditala I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Akuni]] (3,759), [[Alipur, Chanditala-I|Alipur]] (3,091), [[Anantarampur]] (1,582), [[Aniya]] (3,281), [[Aushbati]] (2,246), [[Azabnagar]] (1,021), [[Bade Sola]] (2,094), [[Baghati, Chanditala-I|Baghati]] (1,263), [[Ban Panchbere]] (465), [[Banamalipur, Hooghly|Banamalipur]] (3,443), [[Bandpur, Chanditala-I|Bandpur]] (3,594), [[Banipur, Chanditala-I|Banipur]] (840), [[Bankrishnapur]] (1,610), [[Bara Choughara]] (788), [[Chak Bangla]] (340), [[Chak Tajpur]] (2,692), [[Chota Choughara]] (1196), [[Dudhkanra]] (391), [[Dudhkomra]] (1,692), [[Ganeshpur, Chanditala-I|Ganeshpur]] (474), [[Gopalpur, Chanditala-I|Gopalpur]] (901), [[Haripur, Chanditala-I|Haripur]] (2,757), [[Ichhapasar]] (1,442), [[Jagmohanpur]] (1,193), [[Jalamadul]] (2,293), [[Jiara]] (1,150), [[Kalyanbati]] (1,217), [[Krishnanagar, Hooghly|Krishnanagar]] (1,712), [[Madhupur, Chanditala-I|Madhupur]] (1,846), [[Malipukur]] (945), [[Mamudpur]] (1,522), [[Metekhal]] (3,006), [[Mukundapur, Chanditala-I|Mukundapur]] (1,579), [[Pakur, Hooghly|Pakur]], (3,997), [[Paschim Tajpur]] (1,873), [[Radhaballabhpur, Chanditala-I|Radhaballabhpur]] (1,655), [[Raghunathpur, Chanditala-I|Raghunathpur]] (645), [[Sadpur, Chanditala-I|Sadpur]] (888), [[Sandhipur]] (2,186), [[Shyamsundarpur, Chanditala-I|Shyamsundarpur]] (2,028), [[Singjor]] (1,589) and [[Suchiya(Chhunche)]] (2,569).<ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= Mouza Information |publisher= Land & Land Reforms Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date= 2016-04-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 2016-12-22 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Chanditala I CD block was 134,421 (83.76% of the population over 6 years), of whom males numbered 70,740 (88.24% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 63,681 (79.65% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 8.59%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2001}} census, Chanditala I block had a total literacy of 52.75%. While male literacy was 73.52%, female literacy was 55.09%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/chanditala_I.html | title = Chanditala I | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Chanditala I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|34.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 117,300 and formed 65.23% of the population in Chanditala I CD block. Muslims numbered 62,225 and formed 34.60% of the population. Others numbered 300 and formed 0.17% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.49% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below the poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Chanditala I CD block was 9.07%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hogghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 2017-08-07 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Chanditala I CD block'''
|value1 = 9.24
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 18.10
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 10.41
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 62.25
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Chanditala I CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 9.24%, agricultural labourers 18.10%, household industry workers 10.41% and other workers 62.25%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 47 inhabited villages in Chanditala I CD block. 100% villages have power supply. 14 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 27 villages have only tube well/ borewell and 6 villages have only hand pump. Three villages have sub post offices and two villages have post and telegraph offices. 47 villages have landlines, 37 villages have public call offices and 47 villages have mobile phone coverage. 28 villages have pucca roads and 28 villages have bus service (public/ private). Two villages have agricultural credit societies and six villages have commercial/ co-operative banks.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important handicrafts of Hooghly district
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari work on sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and cotton printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and bell metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute diversified product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:<ref>District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67</ref>
|}

===Agriculture===
Although a large proportion of the people are engaged in non-agricultural pursuits, this is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Along with rice, the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Vegetable is a prize crop in the blocks of Haripal, Singur, Chanditala, Polba and Dhaniakhali being grown in a relay system throughout the year. Potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 2011-07-16 | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=handbook2014/>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Chanditala I CD block area are Jangalpara hat, Mesat hat, Sheakhala hat, Bhagakalipur hat, Gopalpur hat and Gangadharpur hat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 6 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | archive-date = 2009-07-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the comparatively small percentage of persons engaged in agriculture in Chanditala I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 17.25%, patta (document) holders 5.23%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.29%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 39.82% and agricultural labourers 35.41%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chanditala I CD block had 53 fertiliser depots, 15 seed stores and 59 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Chanditala I CD block produced 341 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 167 hectares, 10,259 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,097 hectares, 4,282 tonnes of jute from 202 hectares, 51,925 tonnes of potatoes from 1,854 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds .<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Chanditala I CD block was 6,985 hectares, out of which 2,560 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,500 hectares by tank water, 620 hectares by deep tube wells and 2,305 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Chanditala I CD block had offices of 12 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Chanditala I CD block has nine originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Chanditala I CD block had 94 primary schools with 9,796 students, 7 middle schools with 980 students, 6 high schools with 6,353 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 18,364 students. Chanditala I CD block had 1 general college with 1,301 students, 254 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,114 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at Suchia, [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vidyasagarmahavidyalaya.org.in/ | title = Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya | publisher = VM |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

In Chanditala I CD block, amongst the 47 inhabited villages, 2 villages had no school, 23 villages had more than 1 primary school, 31 villages had at least 1 primary school, 14 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 10 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Chanditala I CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 6 private nursing homes with total 130 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 32 family welfare subcentres. 2,696 patients were treated indoor and 233,480 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chanditala I CD block has Akuni Ichhapasar Rural Hospital (with 30 beds) at PO [[Aniya]],
Bhattapur [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] at PO [[Akuni]] (with 4 beds), [[Gangadharpur]] PHC (with 10 beds) and [[Jangalpara]] PHC (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Chanditala I CD bBlock is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by low level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Chanditala I CD block is 33 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 2017-05-24| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Chanditala-I all GP map picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:CHANDITALA-I CD BLOCK OF HOOGHLY DISTRICT.jpg|Map of Chanditala-I CD block
File:Map of Chanditala-i CD Block .png|Map of Chanditala-i CD block
File:MAP OF 56 MOUZAS IN CHANDITALA-I CD BLOCK.png|Map of Chanditala-I CD block showing 56 mouzas
File:Map of Aniya GP.png|Map of Aniya GP
File:Map of BHAGABATIPUR GP .png|Map of Bhagabatipur GP
File:Map of Gangadharpur GP 1.png|Map of Gangadharpur GP
File:Map of Haripur GP.png|Map of Haripur GP
File:Map of KRISHNARAMPUR GP.png|Map of Krishnarampur GP
File:Map of KUMIRMARA GP.png|Map of Kumirmara GP
File:Map of Masat GP , CHANDITALA-I .png|Map of Masat GP
File:MAP OF NABABPUR GP.png|MAP of Nababpur GP
File:Map of Sehakhala GP.png|Map of Sehakhala GP
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{commons category|Chanditala I}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Srirampore subdivision}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Srirampore subdivision]]

Indo-Burman Ranges

2025-12-21T13:14:12Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating some details first draft

{{Short description|Mountain range in southeast Asia}}

{{Infobox mountain
| fetchwikidata = ALL
| name = Indo–Burman Ranges
| map_image = Indo Burman Ranges.jpg
| map_size = 280
| other_name = Indo–Myanmar Ranges
| country = {{hlist|{{flag|India}}|{{flag|Myanmar}}}}
| subdivision2_type = States/Regions
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[Nagaland]]|[[Manipur]]|[[Mizoram]]|[[Sagaing]]|[[Chin State|Chin]]|[[Rakhine State|Rakhine]]}}
| parent =
| geology =
| age =
| orogeny =
| highest = [[Mount Saramati]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHKiJGzJ5ewC&q=%22patkai+range%22+%22mt.+saramati%22 The new encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref>
| elevation_m= 3826
| elevation =
| elevation_ref =
| length_ref =
| coordinates =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|23|40|N|94|10|E|type:mountain_dim:2000000|display=inline,title}}
| length_mi =
| length_km = 1200
| area_km2 =
| area_mi2 =
| area_ref =
}}

[[File:Text6986-6.png|right|thumb|390x390px|The figure shows a simplified version of the regional features in Myanmar. The Indo–Burma range is towards the left.]]

The '''Indo–Burman Ranges (IBR)''', also known as the '''Indo–Myanmar Ranges''',<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/jgs2022-091|title=Age, depositional history and tectonics of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges, Myanmar|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=180|date=August 2023|doi=10.1144/jgs2022-091|first1=Tin Tin|last1=Naing|first2=Stuart A.|last2=Robinson|first3=Mike P.|last3=Searle|hdl=2434/970119|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Petrogenesis of neo-Tethyan ophiolites from the Indo-Myanmar ranges: a review|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00206814.2020.1775137|first1=Thungyani N|last1=Ovung|first2=Biswajit|last2=Ghosh|first3=Jyotisankar|last3=Rayare|date=15 June 2020|doi=10.1080/00206814.2020.1775137|journal=International Geology Review|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is a [[mountain chain]] that forms the boundary between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Indochinese peninsula]]. This geological feature sits at the convergent boundary of the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Burma Plate]]. The Indo–Burman Range merges with [[Eastern Himalaya]]n Syntaxis further north; protrudes further from its central-west till the [[Shillong Plateau]]; and submerges into the [[Andaman Sea]], and resurfaces as the [[Andaman Islands]] further south.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=Manoj|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Sujit|date=1988-06-01|title=Deep structure and tectonics of the burmese arc: constraints from earthquake and gravity data|bibcode=1988Tectp.149..299M|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=149|issue=3|pages=299–322|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(88)90180-1|s2cid=129288739 |issn=0040-1951}}</ref> Geopolitically, it is located at the intersection of modern-day [[Northeast India]] and [[Burma]].

The mountain belt comprises the following ranges from north to south: the [[Patkai Bum]], the [[Naga Hills]], the [[Mikir Hills]], the [[Mizo Hills]] and the [[Arakan Mountains]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yu|last2=Sieh|first2=Kerry|last3=Tun|first3=Soe Thura|last4=Lai|first4=Kuang-Yin|last5=Myint|first5=Than|date=2014-04-01|title=Active tectonics and earthquake potential of the Myanmar region|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|language=en|volume=119|issue=4|article-number=2013JB010762|doi=10.1002/2013JB010762|issn=2169-9356|doi-access=free|hdl=10220/19774|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The first four are often grouped into the [[Purvanchal Range]], and comprise the northern half of the Indo–Burman mountain system.

== Geology ==
The subduction between the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Burma Plate]] resulted in the development of accretionary wedges, in order to accommodate the EW shortening along the convergent boundary. Later, thrusting, folding and uplifting formed the Indo–Burman Ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sikder|first1=Arif Mohiuddin|last2=Alam|first2=M.Mustafa|title=2-D modelling of the anticlinal structures and structural development of the eastern fold belt of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh|journal=Sedimentary Geology|volume=155|issue=3–4|pages=209–226|doi=10.1016/s0037-0738(02)00181-1|year=2003}}</ref>

The Indo–Burman Range bulges towards the west at the center (about 22°N), forming an arc-shaped structure.<ref name=":6" /> This arc-shaped structure implies restriction on the convergent motion along the Indian-Burma boundary, therefore the collision intensity varies along the range.<ref name=":7" />

The collision is at a maximum at the center of the Indo–Burman Range around 24°N, which is presented with a broad, high range (up to 20 km wide) and evolves to narrow, low hills in the south (16°N).<ref name=":7" /> The collision strikes in NW-SE at the northern part of the Indo–Burman Range (Naga Domain).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maurin|first1=Thomas|last2=Rangin|first2=Claude|date=2009-04-01|title=Structure and kinematics of the Indo-Burmese Wedge: Recent and fast growth of the outer wedge|journal=Tectonics|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=TC2010|doi=10.1029/2008TC002276|issn=1944-9194|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Lithology ==
[[File:Naf River 2.JPG|thumb|Arakan Mountains in [[Maungdaw Township|Maungdaw district]]. ]]
The Indo–Burman Range is a sedimentary belt mainly consisted of [[Cenozoic]] [[flysch]] sediments<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Brunel|first=Maurice|title=Late Cretaceous to Eocene metamorphism of internal zones of the Indo–Burma range (western Myanmar): geodynamic implications. About the paper by Anne Socquet et al.|journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience|volume=334|issue=12|pages=875–876|doi=10.1016/s1631-0713(02)01824-2|year=2002|url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.1016/S1631-0713(02)01824-2/ |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and a core of [[Mesozoic]] [[ophiolites]] dated back to [[late Jurassic]] overlain on a thick Mesozoic [[Sequence (geology)|sequence]]. All the above lie [[unconformity|unconformably]] on a [[metamorphic]] [[Basement (geology)|basement]] dated back to pre-[[Triassic]].<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783443110161/#|title=Geology of Burma|last=Bender|first=Friedrich|editor1-last=Bannert|editor1-first=Dietrich|editor2-last=Brinckmann|editor2-first=Jörn u.a.|date=1983-02-14|website=www.schweizerbart.de|language=en|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>

The core Mesozoic ophiolites consists of [[serpentinite]] [[peridotites]], [[pillow basalt]]s and red [[chert]]s etc.<ref name=":21" /> The [[obduction]] of ophiolites is interpreted as the closure of several [[Neo-Tethys]] between the Shan-Thai block, Burma microplate and Indian Plate.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Rangin|first1=Claude|last2=Maurin|first2=Thomas|last3=Masson|first3=Frederic|title=Combined effects of Eurasia/Sunda oblique convergence and East-Tibetan crustal flow on the active tectonics of Burma|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=76|pages=185–194|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.05.018|year=2013}}</ref>

The sedimentary sequence overlain by the ophiolites ranges from Late Triassic to [[Orbitoides]]-bearing [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Carbonate rock|carbonates]] and [[shale]]s,<ref name=":6" /> where part of the sedimentary sequence has undergone high pressure/low temperature [[blue-schist metamorphism]].<ref name=":17" />

The pre-Triassic metamorphic basement composed of Kampetlet [[schist]] and [[gneiss]]es were exposed in the [[Nat Ma Taung|Mount Victoria]] area in Myanmar.<ref name=":21" /> The flysch type sediments in the western flank of the Indo–Burman Range are relatively younger than the folded and thrusted eastern flank.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=A. H. G.|date=1993-12-01|title=Cretaceous–Cenozoic tectonic events in the western Myanmar (Burma)–Assam region|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/150/6/1089|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=150|issue=6|pages=1089–1102|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1089|s2cid=129830325 |issn=0016-7649|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Myanmar]]

Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis

2025-12-16T04:00:14Z

Sylvin Thomas: Started new data.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = rishivalleyensis
| authority = Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2020
}}

'''''Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis''''' is a species of diurnal [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=rishivalleyensis Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis]
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Cnemaspis_rishivalleyensis Rishi Valley Dwarf Gecko (Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis)]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q105123598}}

[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]
[[Category:Cnemaspis|rishivalleyensis]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{cnemaspis-stub}}

Football Delhi

2025-11-26T10:17:45Z

Sylvin Thomas: cleaned up layout to improve readability and fixed typos after review

#REDIRECT [[Delhi Soccer Association]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Guman Mal Lodha

2025-10-28T04:50:54Z

Sylvin Thomas: fixed references additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician and jurist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Guman Mal Lodha
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1989 - 1991
| predecessor = Shankar Lal
| successor = Himself
| constituency = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| 1blankname = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| 1namedata = [[Rabi Ray]]
| term1 = 1991 - 1996
| predecessor1 = Himself
| successor1 = Himself
| constituency1 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| term2 = 1996 - 1998
| predecessor2 = Himself
| successor2 = Mitha Lal Jain
| constituency2 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| 1namedata2 = [[P. A. Sangma]]
| office3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|19th Chief Justice]] of [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term3 = 1 March 1988 - 15 March 1988
| predecessor3 = K. N. Saika
| successor3 = [[Anisetti Raghuvir]]
| nominator3 = [[R. S. Pathak]]
| appointer3 = [[R. Venkataraman]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term4 = 1 May 1978 - 28 February 1988
| nominator4 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| appointer4 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term5 = 1972 - 1977
| predecessor5 = [[Barkatullah Khan]]
| successor5 = Birad Mal Singhvi
| constituency5 = [[Jodhpur Assembly constituency|Jodhpur]]
| 1blankname5 = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Ram Kishore Vyas]]
| office6 = President of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jana Sangh]], Rajasthan
| term6 = 1969 - 1971
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1926|3|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|3|22|1926|3|16}}
| birth_place = [[Didwana]], [[Nagaur]] [[Rajasthan]]
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| relations = {{ubl|[[Chand Mal Lodha]] (Brother)|[[Rajendra Mal Lodha]] (Nephew)}}
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| otherparty = [[Bhartiya Jana Sangh|Jan Sangh]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Lawyer]] and [[Judge]]
| alma_mater = Jawant College, [[Jodhpur]]
| education = [[B. Com]], [[LL. B.]]
| children = [[Mangal Lodha]]
}}

'''Guman Mal Lodha''' (16 March 1926 – 22 March 2009) was a retired Indian judge, a former chief justice of [[Gauhati High Court]] and former member of [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loksabha members : Lodha , Shri Gumanmal - Data is Info: Data is more useful if it is made available in a better format. |url=https://datais.info/loksabha/members/Lodha+,+Shri+Gumanmal/51bfc83a419c7990c171f579e13cae4f/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Data is Info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Decode Politics: In judiciary battle, BJP and Congress take aim at old ghosts. Who are Baharul Islam and Gumanmal Lodha? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-judiciary-battle-bjp-congress-baharul-islam-gumanmal-lodha-9962596/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
He was Born in a [[Marwari Jain]] family <ref name="lokatantra">{{Cite web |title=Lokatantra – vidhansabhacandidates |url=https://www.lokatantra.in/vidhansabhacandidates/getcandidatesdetails/187/type= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163039/https://www.lokatantra.in/vidhansabhacandidates/getcandidatesdetails/187/type= |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.lokatantra.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Saurabh |date=2015-11-15 |title=BJP reaches out to Muslims |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bjp-reaches-out-muslims-688 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> in 1926 in [[Didwana]], [[Nagaur District]] in [[Rajasthan]], India, Lodha graduated with BCom and LLB degrees at Jaswant College, [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=lsrj01 |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11rj20.htm |accessdate=2012-02-29 |publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref> He participated in the freedom movement and was imprisoned in 1942. He joined politics and was the President of [[Rajasthan]] state unit of [[Jan Sangh]] from 1969 to 1971.

His son [[Mangal Lodha]] is also politician and currently minister in [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Mangal Lodha wins Malabar seat in Maharashtra 2024 polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjps-mangal-lodha-leads-from-malabar-hills-seat-in-maharashtra-poll-results-101732281639827.html}}</ref> and founder of [[Macrotech Developers]]. His grandsons are engaged in legal battle over Lodha trademark and the matter is pending before Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=Lodha trademark row: Retired SC judge appointed mediator in feud between Maharashtra minister Mangal Prabhat Lodha's sons |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lodha-trademark-row-retired-sc-judge-appointed-mediator-9809575/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090323/1205607.html Guman Mal Lodha's obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132423/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090323/1205607.html |date=7 March 2012 }}
* https://ghconline.gov.in/index.php/former-honourable-chief-justices-of-gauhati-high-court/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodha, Guman Mal}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:People from Pali district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1972–1977]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Galathea National Park

2025-10-22T17:16:20Z

Sylvin Thomas: basic refined lead for consistency and improved wording

{{short description|National park in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Coord|6.923|93.833|display=title}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Galathea National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| area = 110
| established = 1992
}}

'''Galathea National Park''' is a [[national park]] located in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located on the island of [[Great Nicobar]] in the [[Nicobar Islands]], which lie in the eastern [[Indian Ocean]] ([[Bay of Bengal]]). Many unique and rare species of plants and animals are found in the park, a number of which (owing to their relative geographical isolation) are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the islands.

==Etymology==

The Galathea National Park is named after the [[Danish India|Danish colonial]] vessel ''Galathea'' which conducted [[Galathea_expeditions#First_expedition|survey for minerals in Great Nicobar in 1845-47]].

==History==

The Great Nicobar Island Biosphere Reserve was declared by the government in 1989, and was recognised as [[UNESCO]] [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Biosphere Reserves]] in 2013.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Nicobar |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/great-nicobar |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Unesco.org}}</ref>

==Geoclimate ==

===Geography ===

The total area of this park is approximately 110 square kilometres, and was gazetted as a [[National parks of India|National Park of India]] in 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Galathea National Park |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/06/galathea-national-park.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref> Galathea forms part of what has been designated as the [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]], which also includes the larger [[Campbell Bay National Park]], separated from Galathea by a 12-km forest buffer zone.

=== Climate ===

There is an acute tropical climate here, only with the summer season and monsoons, the inhabitants of the park here have never encountered winter conditions.

During the rainy season, an average of 3000–3800 mm of rain per square meter falls here.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=Galathea National Park complete detail – updated|url=http://natureconservation.in/galathea-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=NatureConservation.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Ecology==

===Flora===

Galathea National Park, due to geographical surroundings and physical location is considered to be having world's best preserved tropical rain forests and large quantity of endemism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eco-sensitive zones of 0 km notified by 60 national parks: Study |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-national-parks-and-sanctuaries-without-eco-sensitive-zones-preliminary-analysis-by-vidhi-centre-for-legal-policy-101682968028044.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The vegetation consists largely of [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]].

===Fauna===

Notable animal species found in the park include the [[giant robber crab]], [[megapode]] and [[Nicobar pigeon]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=Restriction imposed on visiting Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park :: The Daily Telegrams |url=https://dt.andaman.gov.in/DetailNews.aspx?newsid=LLo4XGqhXXoh8AhYrMmoBcp7q0VUtnW8GdfIOXpXKhk= |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=dt.andaman.gov.in |date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

From February to December, the largest turtle in the world, the [[Leatherback sea turtle|leather back turtle]] ''(Dermochelys coriacea)'', nests here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galathea National Park – Geography and You|url=https://geographyandyou.com/galathea-national-park/|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==

[[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] at [[Port Blair]] is the nearest civil aviation airport on another Island. There are daily flights to and from Port Blair to [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]] which have approximately 2 hours flight time each.<ref name=Galathea>{{cite web|title=Galathea National Park|url=http://www.celebrateindia.com/wildlife/national-park/galathea-national-park-0|access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

==Issues==

The Great Nicobar Island is at risk of being developed into a Military and trading hub by the Indian government as part of the [[Great Nicobar Island#Great_Nicobar_Development_Plan|Great Nicobar Development Plan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Murali |title=Will India's megaproject sink Great Nicobar island? – DW – 02/20/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/will-indias-megaproject-sink-great-nicobar-island/a-68308442 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=dw.com |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=2024-02-20 |language=en}}</ref> The 9 billion dollar project will include the construction of the [[International Container Transshipment Port, Galathea Bay|International Container Transshipment Port]]; upgrade of [[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]] to a dual-use airport for military and civilian purposes; a gas, diesel, and solar-based power plant; and a greenfield township on the 1,000-square-kilometer island. These developments would also boost the island's population into the hundreds of thousands.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
file:Coconut Crab on Chagos Archipelago.jpg|The Giant robber crab, or Coconut crab.
file:Micronesian megapode 6.jpg|A megapode bird.
file:Nicobar Pigeon RWD2.jpg|Nicobar pigeon in the national park.
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team]]
* [[International Container Transshipment Port, Galathea Bay]]
* [[Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Radha Prem Rangi Rangli

2025-10-20T19:02:54Z

Sylvin Thomas: Added New Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Radha Prem Rangi Rangali.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer =
| producer = Aarav Jindal
| director = Ganesh Rasane
| creative_director =
| editor = Lalsahab Yadav
| cinematography = Ashok Pawar
| company = Yuforiya Productions
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 440
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|11|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|03|30}}
| image_alt =
| creator =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| released =
| based_on =
| related =
| opentheme =
}}

'''''Radha Prem Rangi Rangli''''' is Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='राधा प्रेम रंगी रंगली'मध्ये सचित पाटीलचा डबल रोल!|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sachit-patil-to-play-double-role-in-radha-prem-rangi-rangali-serial-568722|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='राधा प्रेम रंगी रंगली'मध्ये येणार नवा टि्वस्ट, प्रेम आणि राधाची होणार भेट|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/eu/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-new-twist-and-turn-in-marathi-serial-radha-prem-rangi-rangali-5898663-NOR.html|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 27 November 2017 and ended on 30 March 2019 completing 440 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radha Prem Rangi Rangali to go off-air soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/radha-prem-rangi-rangali-to-go-off-air-soon-actress-archana-nipankar-aka-deepika-writes-a-valedictory-note/articleshow/68579507.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=राधा प्रेम रंगी रंगली या मालिकेचे पूर्ण झाले २०० भाग, अशाप्रकारे केले सेलिब्रेशन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/radha-prem-rangi-rangali-completes-200th-episode/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=राधा-प्रेमचं नातं झालं एका वर्षाचं!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/video/entertainment/radha-prem-rangi-rangali-successfully-completes-1-year/videoshow/66825208.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is a story focusing on Radha and Prem, who have 2 different school of thoughts. However, they both love their siblings too much and will go to any extent for their smile. The story said how these two opposite personalities will finally find love for each other.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radha Prem Rangi Rangali successfully completes 1 year - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/radha-prem-rangi-rangali-successfully-completes-1-year/articleshow/66794184.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Radha Prem Rangi Rangli completes 200 episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/radha-prem-rangi-rangli-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/64837746.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Sachit Patil]] as Prem Deshmukh – Madhuri's son; Vishwanath's step-son; Anvita's half-brother; Deepika's step-cousin and ex-fiancé; Radha's husband.
* Veena Jagtap as Radha Nimbalkar Deshmukh – Madhavrao and Nalini's daughter; Aditya's sister; Prem's wife.

===Recurring===
* [[Kavita Lad]] as Madhuri Paranjape – Vishwanath's wife; Prem and Anvita's mother.
* [[Shailesh Datar]] as Madhavrao Nimbalkar – Mrs. Nimbalkar's son; Nalini's husband; Aditya and Radha's father.
* Aparna Aparajit as Nalini Nimbalkar – Madhavrao's wife; Aditya and Radha's mother.
* Vidya Karanjikar as Mrs. Nimbalkar – Madhavrao's mother; Aditya and Radha's grandmother.
* Niranjan Namjoshi as Aditya Nimbalkar – Madhavrao and Nalini's son; Radha's brother; Anvita's husband.
* Akshaya Gurav as Anvita Paranjape Nimbalkar – Madhuri and Vishwanath's daughter; Prem's half-sister; Deepika's cousin; Aditya's wife.
* Gautam Joglekar as Vishwanath Paranjape – Shakuntala's brother; Madhuri's husband; Anvita's father; Prem's step-father.
* Rugvedi Pradhan as Shravni – Radha and Aditya's aunt.
* Sarika Navathe as Shakuntala Paranjape – Vishwanath's sister; Deepika's mother.
* Archana Nipankar as Deepika Paranjape – Shakuntala's daughter; Anvita's cousin; Prem's step-cousin and ex-fiancée.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14631146}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/radha-prem-rangi-rangli/3497976 ''Radha Prem Rangi Rangali''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Hemtabad

2025-10-08T00:02:43Z

Sylvin Thomas: added layout and corrected details to improve readability

{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake village|Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Hemtabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hemtabad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = community development block
| image_skyline = File:Hemtabad in Uttar Dinajpur (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.683333|N|88.216667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 191.82
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 142,056
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hemtabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hemtabad]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hemtabad''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Historically the western frontier of ancient [[Pundravardhana]] kingdom, bordering ancient [[Anga]] of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the [[Permanent Settlement]] in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.<ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 2-5: Administrative History of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], and on the recommendations of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of [[Kishanganj]] and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960–61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | title = Islampur Municipality | work = History | publisher = IM | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 3 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103112955/http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.<ref name=history/>

==Geography==
Hemtabad is located at {{coord|25.683333|N|88.216667|E|format=dms|}}.

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger [[Barind Tract]]. The soil is composed of different varieties of [[alluvium]]. The main rivers are: [[Nagar River (Rangpur)|Nagar]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and [[Tangon River|Tangon]]. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during [[monsoon]], overflow the banks. The Kulik river flows through a portion of the boundary with Raiganj CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-14: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 405: Map of Hemtabad CD Block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 17-21: The Regional Setting | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Hemtabad CD Block is bounded by [[Haripur Upazila|Haripur]], [[Ranisankail Upazila|Ranisankail]] and [[Pirganj Upazila, Thakurgaon|Pirganj]] Upazilas in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh on the north, [[Kaliaganj (community development block)|Kaliaganj]] CD Block on the east and south and [[Raiganj (community development block)|Raiganj]] CD Block on the west.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 14, Map: Locational Setting of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Approximately 206 km of the [[Bangladesh-India border|India-Bangladesh border]] is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/district_profile.html |title = Egiye Bangla Uttar Dinajpur district | work= Demographic Profile at a Glance |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

Hemtabad CD Block has an area of 191.82 km2.It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 5 [[gram panchayat]]s, 87 gram sansads (village councils), 116 [[mouza]]s and 114 inhabited villages. [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur#Police station|Hemtabad]] police station serves this block.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1>{{cite web|url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur|work = Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3|publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|access-date = 26 December 2018|archive-date = 21 January 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Hemtabad.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.<ref name=sizegrowth>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Hemtabad block/ panchayat samiti are: Bangalbari, Bishnupur, Chainagar, Hemtabad, Naoda.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Uttar Dinajpur district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 January 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Hemtabad CD Block had a total population of 142,056, all of which were rural. There were 72,624 (51%) males and 69,432 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 19,968. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 49,446 (34.81%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 6,491 (4.57%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 December 2018}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Hemtabad block had a total population of 118,815, out of which 61,236 were males and 57,579 were females. Hemtabad block registered a population growth of 24.86 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 28.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Uttar Dinajpur district (04) |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040124/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Hemtabad CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Kasimpur (4,188) and Shashan (4,559).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Hemtabad CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Hemtabad (3,810), Bangalbari (379), Naoda (3,434), Bishnupur (3,397) and Chainagar (2,662).<ref name=census2011/>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 25.61,22.18,24.87,19.55
|y2 = 30.2,34.0,28.7,23.2
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Hemtabad CD Block
|y2Title= Uttar Dinajpur district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971–1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Hemtabad PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Hemtabad CD Block in 2001-2011 was 19.55%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 47 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Hemtabad PS in 1991-2001 was 24.87%, in 1981-91 was 22.18% and in 1971-81 was 25.61%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Uttar Dinajpur | work = page 24 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows: 30.2% in 1971–81, 34.0% in 1981–91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Page 39: Table 3: Decadal Growth Rate of Population in Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001–2011, 17.77% in 1991–2001,<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 26 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.<ref name=sizegrowth/>

According to the [[Human Development Report]] for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with the [[East Bengali refugees]] coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. “A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951–1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to [[Illegal immigration in India|Hindu and tribal migrants]] from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur.” The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.<ref name=population>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 25: Decennial Densist Increment, Pages 292-311: Chapter 6: Migration and Resettlement in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A study by North Bengal University has observed that “Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971.” The Human Development Report opines, “The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga.”<ref name=population/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Hemtabad CD Block was 82,874 (67.88% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 45,939 (73.61% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 36,935 (61.91% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.70%.<ref name=census2011/>

The [[literacy rate]] in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 26 December 2018 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Uttar Dinajpur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Hemtabad CD Block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|50.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|49.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.61}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 71,225 and formed 50.14% of the population in Hemtabad CD Block. Hindus numbered 69,957 and formed 49.25% of the population. Christians numbered 331 and formed 0.29% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others numbered 543 and formed 0.38% of the population. In Hemtabad CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 48.83% in 1991 to 50.24% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 50.01% in 1991 to 49.42% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.<ref name=censusreligion2011/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 43-44: Table 9: Religion |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Hemtabad CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 94.12 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 2.94 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.94 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.12% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.94% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 57.0% of the rural families in Hemtabad CD Block belonged to the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category. As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, Hemtabad, ranks fourth in terms of Human Poverty Index (HPI), implying a higher concentration of poverty and partial exclusion of the poor from the human development gains recorded by other economic sections.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 358-360: Poverty & Deprivation within Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Hemtabad CD Block'''
|value1 = 24.24
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 56.67
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.98
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 17.11
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Hemtabad CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,537 and formed 24.24%, agricultural labourers numbered 33,994 and formed 56.67%, household industry workers numbered 1,190 and formed 1.90% and other workers numbered 10,260 and formed 17.11%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 66, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 48,087 and formed 23.07% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 160,396 and formed 76.93% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 62, Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 114 inhabited villages in Hemtabad CD Block. All 114 villages (100%) have power supply. All 114 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 14 villages (12.28%) have post offices. 112 villages (98.25%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 67 villages (58.77%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 30 villages (26.32%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (3.21%) have agricultural credit societies. 4 villages (3.21%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 71 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 December 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
“With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations.”<ref name=livelihood>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 143-218: Chapter 4: Economic Livelihood in Uttar Dinajpur district | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets.<ref name=livelihood/>

Hemtabad CD Block had 128 fertiliser depots, 23 seed stores and 25 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Hemtabad CD Block produced 28,657 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 12,798 hectares, 42,245 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 11,779 hectares, 4,229 tonnes of wheat from 1,447 hectares, 36,243 tonnes of jute from 2,754 hectares, and 34,143 tonnes of potatoes from 1,001 hectares. It also produced maskalai and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Hemtabad CD Block was 915 hectares, out of which 155 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 760 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Craft based activities===
“More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditional crafts based industries, among which [[dhokra]], mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable.”<ref name=craft>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Page 200: Non-farm livelihoods in Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012–13, Hemtabad CD Block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 30 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
Hemtabad CD Block has 1 ferry service, 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Barsoi-Radhikapur branch line]] passes through the Hemtabad CD Block and there is a station at Bamangram.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14172/442/2689 | title= 55729 Katihar-Radhikapur Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 2 January 2019}}</ref>

Assam Behar State Railway extended the [[metre gauge]] railway from [[Parbatipur railway station|Parbatipur]], now in Bangladesh, to [[Katihar railway station|Katihar]] in 1889.<ref name=irii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870-1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref> With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the Indian side of the Barsoi-Parbatipur line became the [[Barsoi-Radhikapur branch line]]. It was converted to [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | title = Role of Engineering Deptt in Meeting Corporate Objectives of Indian Railways | first = V.P. | last = Srivastava | access-date = 2013-02-21 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160317/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | archive-date = 30 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

State Highway No. 10A, running from [[Buniadpur]] to Raiganj passes through Hemtabad village and Hemtabad CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 2 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012–13, Hemtabad CD Block had 86 primary schools with 10,240 students, 13 middle schools with 1,041 students, 3 high schools with 1,306 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 13,189 students. Hemtabad CD Block had 325 institutions for special and non-formal education with 13,484 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Hemtabad CD Block, amongst the 114 inhabited villages, 6 villages did not have a school, 80 villages had 1 or more primary schools, 28 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 December 2018}}</ref>

The [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meal programme]] for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/middaymeal.html |title = Cooked Mid day meal programme |publisher= Uttar Dinajpur district administration | access-date = 30 December 2018 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Hemtabad CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 46 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 19 family welfare subcentres. 2,946 patients were treated indoor and 190,413 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Hemtabad rural hospital at [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur|Hemtabad]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Hemtabad CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bangalbari (with 10 beds), Baharail (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Raiganj}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district]]

Montagu's harrier

2025-10-03T17:13:39Z

Sylvin Thomas: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Species of bird}}

{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=''Circus pygargus'' |article-number=e.T22695405A201058261 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695405A201058261.en |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
| image = Montagu's harrier male.jpg
| image_caption = Adult male
| image2 = Montagu's Harrier, juvenile, Bangalore, India.jpg
| image2_caption = Adult female
| range_map = CircusPygargusIUCNver2019-2.png
| genus = Circus
| species = pygargus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. pygargus'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = ''Falco pygargus'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
}}

'''Montagu's harrier''' ('''''Circus pygargus''''') is a species of [[harrier (bird)|harrier]], a [[bird of prey]] in the family [[Accipitridae]]. It breeds in large open areas in the [[Palearctic]] and is [[migratory bird|migratory]], wintering in [[Africa]], the [[Indian subcontinent]] and parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Its common name commemorates the British [[natural history|naturalist]] [[George Montagu (naturalist)|George Montagu]].

==Taxonomy==
The first [[Species description|formal description]] of Montagu's harrier was by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Falco pygargus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1| volume=v.1 | edition=10th | page=89 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726996}}</ref> The [[genus]] ''[[Circus (bird)|Circus]]'' was introduced by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=4 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=316 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108956 }}</ref> The genus name is derived from [[Ancient Greek]]. ''Circus'' is from ''kirkos'', meaning "circle", referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (probably the [[hen harrier]]), and ''pygargus'' is [[Neo-Latin|Modern Latin]] derived from the Greek ''pugargos'', from ''puge'', meaning "rump", and ''argos'', meaning "shining white". The species name was formerly used for the hen harrier before Montagu's was identified as a different species.<ref name=Jobling>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n109 109], 325}}</ref>
[[File:Montagu's Harrier Male.jpg|alt= Montagu's Harrier Male|thumb|Montagu's Harrier Male, Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India]]

==Identification==
[[File:Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) In flight.jpg|thumb|Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in flight from Tal Chappar]]

===Plumage===
[[Sexual dimorphism]] is particularly apparent in the [[plumage]] of this species. Adult males are characterized by their overall pale grey plumage contrasting with black wingtips. Compared with other harriers this species has characteristic black bands along the secondaries, both above and below the wing and rusty streaks on belly and flanks. Adult females have a broadly similar plumage to that of [[Pallid harrier|pallid]] and [[hen harrier]]s. The underparts are mostly pale yellow-brown, the belly with longitudinal stripes and the wing coverts spotted. The upper parts are uniform dark brown except for the white upper tail coverts ("rump"), and the sightly paler central wing coverts.

The [[Juvenile (organism)|juvenile]] plumage resembles that of the female, but differs by the belly and under wing coverts which are not spotted, but uniformly red brown in colour.

A [[Melanism|melanistic]] form occurs regularly in this species. In this form the male is much darker than usual, with a black head, brownish black above and grey underparts. The melanistic female is entirely chocolate brown except for grey flight feathers. Partially melanistic morphs can also be found.

===Flight===
Montagu's harrier has a particularly graceful flight, with powerful and elegant wingbeats which give an impression of buoyancy and ease. In true harrier fashion it searches the countryside, flying low, and generally holds its wings with a marked positive [[dihedral (aircraft)|dihedral]].

[[File:Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) grounded.jpg|thumb|Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) from Tal Chappar]]

===Dimensions===
Montagu's harrier is a deceptively small raptor, though it appears larger because of its large wing surface compared to small body weight, which gives it a typically buoyant flight. The female is larger than the male because the female needs to produce eggs, however this is not apparent in the field.

* Wingspan: {{Convert|97|-|115|cm|in|abbr=on}}
* Length: {{Convert|43|-|47|cm|in|abbr=on}} (tail: {{Convert|16|-|18|cm|in|abbr=on}})
* [[body weight|Weight]] (average):
** Male: {{Convert|265|g|oz|abbr=on}}
** Female: {{Convert|345|g|oz|abbr=on}}

===Risk of confusion===
Montagu's harrier can be confused with several species that exist within the same range. The most similar are the [[hen harrier]] and the [[pallid harrier]]. The male is easily distinguished from other species as its plumage is distinctly darker and more mottled than in the males of hen or pallid harriers. However, distinguishing females and juveniles is more difficult. Usually, Montagu's harrier appears more slender in flight than the hen harrier, with a longer tail, longer and narrower wings and more pointed "hands". Also its flight is more elegant than the hen harrier, with more elastic, almost tern-like wingbeats. The distinction between female pallid and Montagu's harriers is the most delicate and can only be made in good conditions as the proportions are similar. The best recognition character is the pale collar around the neck of female and juvenile pallid harriers which is not present in Montagu's.

==Habitat==
This species can be found in a middle-latitude band of predominantly [[temperate|temperate climate]]s, but also in [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], and [[boreal climate|boreal]] zones. Although it has been found nesting up to {{Convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, it is essentially a lowland species, and nests mostly in broad river valleys, plains, and levels bordering lakes and the sea. It can breed in [[wetland]]s, though these are often smaller and drier than those used by the [[marsh harrier]]. It also utilizes [[Heath (habitat)|heaths]], [[dunes]], [[Moorland|moor]]s, and can be found in the [[steppe]]. It adapts to [[shrubland]]s in [[gorse]] or [[Calluna|heather]] and to areas planted with young [[conifer]]s.

When no other suitable habitat is available this harrier will nest in agricultural farmlands where it is vulnerable to early harvesting. Amongst these it chooses especially grasslands and [[cereal]] crops such as [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[oats]] and [[colza]]. In western Europe, up to 70% of the population breeds in artificial habitats.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
[[File:Montagu's Harrier- Male.JPG|thumb|Adult male]]
In short, Montagu's harrier requires a large open area for breeding, with sufficiently tall ground vegetation to afford cover without being overgrown. It favours posts on which both male and female can rest and survey the breeding area: these can be fenceposts, small trees, or rocky outcrops. When hunting, in any season, it prefers areas of low or sparse vegetation where prey is more visible. Densely settled areas are generally avoided and it is highly susceptible to disturbance.

==Food and foraging methods==
The diet consists mainly of small [[rodent]]s, small [[bird]]s, bird eggs, reptiles (including [[snake]]s) and large [[insect]]s (mainly Orthoptera, which are numerically the most common).<ref name=Arroyo1997/>

As this bird has a wide distribution, it will take whatever prey is available in the area where it nests; in the northern range it will mainly take [[ground squirrel]]s and [[rabbit]]s, whereas in southern [[Europe]], it mostly takes small [[reptile]]s and large [[insect]]s. In areas where the food supply is composed almost exclusively of [[rodent]]s, the breeding success depends greatly on the cyclic fluctuations of [[vole]] populations.<ref name=Salamolard2000/> At times they [[Regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitate]].

Prey is caught while flying along fixed routes at low heights and constant low speeds (c. {{Convert|30|kph|mph|abbr=on}}), as is typical of harriers. The flight is considered lighter and more dexterous than other harriers enabling it to take more agile prey. When possible it often follows the edges of various vegetation to catch its prey by surprise. This is taken after a short stoop, though fast running animals and flying birds can be chased over a short distance.

During the breeding season, the male will provision the female and later the young with food. The rate of provisioning increases from 5 to 6 times per day during incubation to 7 to 10 times per day when young have hatched, though the male can be handicapped by wet, foggy or windy weather. In a manner typical of harriers, prey is passed between partners in the air: The female flies underneath the male, who drops the prey for her to catch. The male hunts over a large area up to {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the nest. The female hunts closer to the nest, up to {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} away, and only after the young have hatched.

==Status and distribution==
This species can still be found throughout most of the [[Western Palaearctic]]. In most [[Europe]]an countries there is at least a small population, except in [[Norway]] where it is not present. The breeding range extends as far east as the [[Ural Mountains|Ural]]s, whereas the most western population is that of [[Portugal]]. Breeding also occurs in northern [[Africa]], mostly in [[Morocco]]. In [[Great Britain]], the species is limited to southern England. In [[Ireland]] the species is rarely seen, and mainly in the South, although there are a number of breeding records, the most recent from 1971.<ref name=irishbirding/> Despite having a wide distribution, this bird is not common in many areas and has strong populations only in France, Spain, [[Russia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]] where the greater part of the European population can be found. Breeding sites frequently change, with some sporadic nesting occurring outside known breeding areas, however clear signs of reduced range are apparent and are associated with population decline.

===Status in Britain===
Montagu's harrier is a rare breeding bird in Britain. There are two breeding areas: the area surrounding [[The Wash]], and downland areas of southern England, from [[Dorset]] and [[Hampshire]] north to [[Oxfordshire]]. Away from these areas it occurs only as a scarce migrant. One site, Estuary Farm, near North Wootton in west Norfolk, a special observation area was negotiated with local landowners, so that pressure could be taken off other nesting pairs.<ref name=Evans1996/> In 2005, a pair bred on the [[Holkham]] estate.<ref name=holkham2006/> In 2015, it was reported that some Montagu's harrier were nesting at [[Blacktoft Sands]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news|title=UK's rarest bird of prey nesting at Humber site|url=http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/UK-s-rarest-bird-prey-nesting-Humber-site/story-26742849-detail/story.html|work=Scunthorpe Telegraph|date=22 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622220554/http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/UK-s-rarest-bird-prey-nesting-Humber-site/story-26742849-detail/story.html|archive-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

==Population trends==
The population for the western [[Palearctic]] is estimated at 35,000–50,000 pairs. The global population is unknown and could be anything between 150,000 and 200,000 individuals(Birdlife International, 2004). This uncertainty is due to the fact that most of the world's population is situated in [[Russia]] and [[former Soviet republics]] where it is not quantified.

The evolution has been paradoxical throughout the 20th century. In the beginning of the century up to the 1940s, during a period when other raptors greatly decreased because of human persecution, Montagu's harrier actually increased its population and breeding range, breeding for the first time in [[Denmark]] in the 1900s, and greatly increasing elsewhere. However, from the 1940s onwards it has decreased rapidly. This is due to several negative factors: first, the massive use of agricultural pesticides such as [[DDT]] and other environmental poisons was extremely detrimental to the harriers themselves, as well as rarefying their prey, in particular large [[insect]]s. The modification of agricultural practises, with an evolution towards more [[intensive farming]] also puts pressure on harriers, with faster growing crops preventing those birds that nest in farmlands from finishing their nidification before their clutches are destroyed by harvesting machines. Despite a generally negative trend there are local cases when the population has increased, such as in [[Sweden]] or in Germany<ref name=Belting/> in the 1990s. These local trends show that while they have access to suitable habitats and food supply there can still be positive developments.

==Social behaviour and breeding==
[[File:Circus pygargus MWNH 0857.JPG|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
It can be both solitary and gregarious at times, both during the breeding season and in winter quarters. A breeding pair may associate with others to form loose [[Bird colony|colonies]], with as many as 30 nests in the same area, sometimes as close as {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} apart. Semi-colonial nesting is not due to a shortage of nesting sites, but arises rather from the need to provide a better defence against predators.<ref name=Arroyo2001/> The actual area defended by both partners covers only {{Convert|300|-|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} around the nest, and in case of colonial nesting the response to predators may be [[community|communal]]. Other species attacked and mobbed include large [[Bird of prey|raptors]], [[corvidae|corvid]]s, and [[fox]]es.

Reproduction begins with the return of both partners to the nesting site, at which point both male and female will start displaying. The display consists of various sky-dances and aerobatic figures that vary according to each individual. Both sexes will display, crying loudly, though the males' displays are more frequent and spectacular. Montagu's harriers breed for the first time when two or three years old, but occasionally one-year-old females may attempt to nest. Pairs form on the territory, when returning from migration. As the birds are tied to their former nesting sites, they probably mate with the same partner every year. The nest is built by the female, always in tall vegetation. It is a simple construction made of grass, used only for one season. The female lays 3 to 5 eggs which are incubated for 27–40 days. The young leave the nest after 28–42 days and are independent two weeks later.

The males may be [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamous]], then having to feed two females and later two broods, either simultaneously or consecutively.

==Migration==
[[File:Youngmonties.jpg|thumb|Young Montagu's harriers during relocation.]]
Montagu's harrier is a long distance [[bird migration|migrant]]. Birds from [[Eurasia]] spend the winter in sub-[[Sahara]]n [[Africa]], while those from the eastern part of the range migrate to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In Europe, the first birds start to move at the beginning of August and most have left by mid-October. They travel over a broad front, crossing the Mediterranean at various points, and only a small number are observed at migration choke points. Western birds do not go further south than the [[Gulf of Guinea]], but some eastern birds travel as far as [[South Africa]]. In Africa, their diet is composed mostly of insects and birds, and it is possible that they follow [[locust]] swarms.<ref name=grauwekiekendief/>
Spring return peaks in April, and most birds have arrived by May though there is evidence that first-year juveniles spend their first summer in the winter quarters

==Conservation issues==
In western Europe, an estimated 70% of breeding pairs nest in agricultural farmlands, especially cereal crops. This makes Montagu's harrier a very vulnerable species, and very dependent on nest protection. Bird protection [[non-governmental organization]]s participate in their protection, in collaboration with concerned landowners. Once a nest is spotted in a field, it can be safeguarded either by relocating it to a safer area or by creating a protected space which will not be harvested.<ref name=grauwekiekendief2/> In France and in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], an average 60% of nestlings are saved by these kinds of measures.<ref name=Arroyo2002/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Arroyo1997>{{cite journal |last=Arroyo |first=B.E. |title=Diet of Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus in central Spain: analysis of temporal and geographic variation |journal=Ibis |year=1997 |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=664–672 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1997.tb04689.x}}</ref>

<ref name=Arroyo2001>{{cite journal |last1=Arroyo |first1=Beatriz |last2=Mougeot |first2=François |last3=Bretagnolle |first3=Vincent |year=2001 |title=Colonial breeding and nest defence in Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=109–115 |issn=0340-5443 |doi=10.1007/s002650100342|s2cid=34334023 |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14099006|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=Arroyo2002>{{cite journal |last1=Arroyo |first1=Beatriz |first2=Jesús T. |last2=García |first3=Vincent |last3=Bretagnolle |title=Conservation of the Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in agricultural areas |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=283 |date=November 2002 |doi=10.1017/s1367943002004031 |bibcode=2002AnCon...5..283A |s2cid=55108565 }}</ref>

<ref name=Belting>{{cite journal |last1=Belting |first1=C. |first2=R.M. |last2=Krüger |trans-title=Population development and strategies for the protection of Montagu's Harrier in Bavaria |title=Populationsentwicklung und Schutzstrategien für die Wiesenweihe Circus pygargus in Bayern |language=de |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Anzeiger-Ornith-Ges-Bayerns_41_2-3_0087-0092.pdf |journal=Ornithologischer Anzeiger |volume=87 |pages=87–92 |year=2002}}</ref>

<ref name=Evans1996>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Lee G.R. |year=1996 |title=The Ultimate Site Guide to Scarcer British Birds |isbn=1-898918-15-5}}</ref>

<ref name="grauwekiekendief">{{cite web | url=http://werkgroepgrauwekiekendief.nl/ | title=Montagu's harrier migration | website=werkgroepgrauwekiekendief.nl}}</ref>
<ref name="grauwekiekendief2">{{cite web | url=http://werkgroepgrauwekiekendief.nl/ | title=Nest protection put into practice at grauwekiekendief.nl | website=werkgroepgrauwekiekendief.nl}}</ref>

<ref name=holkham2006>{{cite journal |title=Rare Harriers Breed at Holkham |url=http://www.holkham.co.uk/downloads/holkham-newsletter-winter-spring-2006.pdf |journal=Holkham Newsletter |number=11 |year=2006}}</ref>

<ref name=irishbirding>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishbirding.com/birds/web |title=Irish Birding}}</ref>

<ref name=Salamolard2000>{{cite journal |last1=Salamolard |first1=M. |last2=Butet |first2=A. |last3=Leroux |first3=A. |last4=Bretagnolle |first4=V. |year=2000 |title=Responses of an avian predator to variations in prey density at a temperate latitude |journal=Ecology |issn=0012-9658 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2428:ROAAPT]2.0.CO;2 |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=2428–2441}}</ref>
}}

*

== Further reading ==

* Clarke, Roger (1996), ''Montagu's Harrier'' (book)
*Werkman, Elvira (2021), ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Amazing-Story-Montagus-Harrier-agriculture/dp/9090348573/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2UP6OZ6Q3EFUH&keywords=amazing+story+of+montagu%27s+harrier&qid=1642508027&s=books&sprefix=amazing+story+of+montagu+s+harrier%2Cstripbooks%2C49&sr=1-1 The Amazing Story of Montagu's Harrier]'' ''- How birds show us the way to agriculture and nature in balance'' (book) ISBN 978-90-9034857-5
*{{cite journal |last=Forsman |first=Dick |year=1995 |url=http://www.dutchbirding.nl/content/journal/pdf/1995-2.pdf |title=Field identification of female and juvenile Montagu's and Pallid Harriers |journal=[[Dutch Birding]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=41–54}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Cramp |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Simmons |editor2-first=K.E.L. |year=1980 |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |volume=II |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-857505-X|title-link=The Birds of the Western Palearctic }}
* {{cite book |last=Gensbøl |first=Benny |year=1989 |title=Collins guide to the Birds of Prey of Britain and Europe North Africa and the Middle East |publisher=William Collins Sons and Co Ltd. |isbn=0-00-219176-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Circus pygargus}}
{{Wikispecies|Circus pygargus}}
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/166.pdf Montagu's harrier species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* [https://harrierconservationinternational.com/ Website of the Harrier Conservation International]
* [http://www.seaturtle.org/tracking/?project_id=139&dyn=1158053167 Satellite tracking map] - Migration and breeding ecology of Montagu's harriers (Spain)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403040148/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/115_MontagusHarrierCpygargus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{InternetBirdCollection|montagus-harrier-circus-pygargus}}
* {{VIREO|montagu's+harrier}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26574}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Harriers (birds)|Montagu's harrier]]
[[Category:Birds of prey of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|Montagu's harrier]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Montagu's harrier]]
[[Category:Birds of prey of Africa]]

Saint Augustine's Forane Church, Ramapuram

2025-09-02T02:03:36Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting new stub!

{{Infobox church
| name = Ramapuram church
| image = Ramapuram Church, രാമപുരം പള്ളി, സെന്റ് മേരീസ് പള്ളി, സെന്റ് അഗസ്ത്യന്‍സ് പള്ളി.JPG
| caption =
| location = [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9.7963542|N|76.6600227|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui iuris church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| tradition =
| website =
| architectural type = Mixed
| style =
| parish =
| membership =
| dedication = [[Saint Mary]], [[Saint Augustine]]
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Palai]]
| founded date = St. Augustine church, {{Start date and age|1450}} St. Mary church, {{Start date and age|1864}}
| diocese =
| district = Kottayam
|major_archbishop =
| vicar =
| asstpriest =
}}
'''Saint Augustine's Forane Church''' is a [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar]] church complex located in [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]] of [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one of the most prominent churches in the Eparchy of Palai and is a notable shrine housing the tomb of [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]]. There are currently three church buildings in the same compound of which the oldest one was built in 1450. A second church in the name of Blessed Mary was built in 1864. The two churches and a two-storey building in which the [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] is said to have lived, is a protected monument of the Archeology Department of the Government of Kerala. A third church was built, to replace the old Augustine's church as the parish church, in 2019. It is one of the largest churches in Asia.

==History==
The old twin-church complex at Ramapuram had a smaller church dedicated to Saint Augustine and a larger church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. Among these, the church dedicated to St. Augustine was built around 1450.<ref name="Nasranis"/> Archbishop Alexis de Menezes, Archbishop of [[Goa]], took the lead in rebuilding the first church (originally a smaller one named after St. Mary) in the name of St. Augustine, in 1599.<ref name="Nasranis"/> The church dedicated to the Blessed Mary was built around 1864.<ref name="Nasranis"/> In 1929 St. Augustine church was raised as a Forane Church.<ref name="Nasranis"/>

Paremmakal Thomma Katanar, the governor of then [[Kodungallur]], ruled the Syrian Christian community from here and his mortal remains are buried here.<ref name="KCBC">{{cite web |title=St. Augustine's Forane Church, Ramapuram |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/Pilgrims/11 |website=kcbc.co.in}}</ref><ref name="Manoramanews"/> Likewise, blessed [[Thevarparampil Kunjachan]]'s mortal remains are also preserved here.<ref name="Manoramanews"/>

==Churches in the complex==
[[File:St. Augustines Church and the new church Ramapuram 2019.jpg|thumb|Old St. Augustines Church in front and the newly built church at back]]
The old twin-church complex had a smaller church dedicated to Saint Augustine and a larger church dedicated to the Blessed Mary. The two churches and a two-storey building in which the [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] is said to have lived, is a protected monument of the Archeology Department of the Government of Kerala.

The oldest church, St. Augustine's Forane Church was built in 1450 A.D. and the second church in the name of Blessed Mary was built in 1864 A.D.<ref name="marunadan">{{cite news |title=ഈ ഭീമൻ പള്ളികൾ ആർക്കുവേണ്ടി? പ്രളയത്തിൽ മുങ്ങിയ കേരളം കരകയറും മുമ്പേ കോടികൾ പൊടിച്ച് ... |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/news/special-report/st-augustine-s-church-ramapuram-the-largest-church-to-be-dedicated-on-january-13-2019-126091#google_vignette |work=www.marunadanmalayalee.com}}</ref> There are more than two thousand families and 13 parishes under St. Augustine's Forane Church.<ref name="marunadan"/>

It is after the government decided to make the two old churches a protected monument and not to demolish them, a new church building is decided to be built in the same compound.<ref>{{cite news |title=New church to be constructed at Ramapuram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/Jul/03/new-church-to-be-constructed-at-ramapuram-166693.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid in 2009 and work started in 2010.<ref name="Vanitha">{{cite web |title=രാമപാദം പതിഞ്ഞ രാമപുരം; പാലായിലെ വലിയ പള്ളിയിലേക്ക് നടി മിയയ്ക്കൊപ്പം! |url=https://www.vanitha.in/archive/justin/pala-church-actress-miya-journey-vanitha-magazine.html |website=vanitha.in |publisher=[[Vanitha]]}}</ref> The consecration of the new church took place in January 2019, under the leadership of Cardinals [[Mar George Alencherry]] and Climmes Mar Baselius.<ref name="Manoramanews">{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=സ്വന്തം |title=ഏഷ്യയിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ പള്ളി രാമപുരത്ത്;കൂദാശ നടത്തി |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/nattuvartha/central/2019/01/14/forane-church-holds-tradition.html |work=Manoramanews |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

The newly built church, is one of the largest churches in Asia. Spread over 70,000 square feet, the three-storey church has a seating capacity of 3,500 people.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ചരിത്രത്തില്‍ ഇടം നേടാന്‍ രാമപുരം സെന്റ് അഗസ്റ്റിന്‍സ് ഫെറോന പള്ളി |url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ramapuram-st-augustine-s-forane-church-asia-largest-church-1.11138 |work=Mathrubhumi |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=18 June 2024}}</ref> Of the three floors, the lowest floor houses the museum and rest rooms for pilgrims.<ref name="Vanitha"/> On the second floor, there are the offices of all the religious organizations of the church, the media room and the rooms for the priests.<ref name="Vanitha"/> It is also where the precious golden cross of the church is kept.<ref name="Vanitha"/> On the top floor there is a prayer hall that can accommodate more than 3,500 people.<ref name="Vanitha"/> The front of the church is built in Portuguese-Gothic style, and the back is in Byzantine style.<ref name="Vanitha"/> The church is 200 feet long and 120 feet wide and has a height of 235 feet.<ref name="Vanitha"/>

The gate in front of the church is built in one piece wood.<ref name="Vanitha"/> The door is made of 350 year old teak. he construction cost of the church is more than 20 crores.<ref name="Vanitha"/>

==Associated rituals==
There is a ritual of holding a small gold chain with a cross on a plate, and walking around the tall granite cross in front of the church.<ref name="Nasranis">{{cite web |last1=Admin |first1=NSC- |title=Ramapuram twin churches, Role, History & Rituals Nasranis |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/04/01/focus-i-ramapuram-twin-churches-role-history-rituals/ |website=Nasranis |date=1 April 2007}}</ref> Similarly, on the feast of [[Saint George]], it is customary to offer chickens and hens in the church, and on the feast of [[Saint Sebastian]], many believers walk around the large cross, carrying a small arrow on a plate, symbolizing the arrows that killed the saint.<ref name="Nasranis"/>

Burning candles and oil lamps around the granite cross is another ritual followed even by non-Christians.<ref name="Nasranis"/> Some worshipers crawl on their elbows around the tomb of the blessed Thevarparampil Kunjachan.<ref name="Nasranis"/>

==Legal status==
In view of the importance of the two churches and a two-storey building in which the [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] is said to have lived, the Archeology Department of the Government of Kerala issued a notification in June 2008 declaring them as protected monuments, under the provisions of the Kerala Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2009 |title=Court rules against demolishing ancient churches |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2009/03/05/court-rules-against-demolishing-ancient-churches&post_id=50035}}</ref> This notification was upheld by a Single Bench of the Kerala High Court. The Division Bench dismissed the appeal filed by the Parish Vicar against this. In 2009, the final notification of the Kerala government came declaring both the churches as monuments. Subsequently, St. Augustine's Forane Church Vicar George Njarakunnel approached the Supreme Court against the Kerala High Court's decision to protect the churches as protected monuments, but the appeal was directed to maintain the status quo.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=SC asks government to file reply to application |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Aug/31/sc-asks-government-to-file-reply-to-application-182687.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="New Indian Express2">{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Mahima Anna |title=Raise your glass to manavatty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Jun/22/raise-your-glass-to-manavatty |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The case related to this is continuing in the Supreme Court.

A group of people had again approached the Supreme Court seeking permission to demolish the two old churches to provide a better view of the new bigger church building.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Binumol |title=Saving churches for their history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/one-of-the-heritage-twin-churches-at-ramapuram-in-kottayam-is-caught-in-a-demolition-row/article25566320.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]

Hyder Yousuf

2025-08-23T11:34:57Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating a pg w/ sources

{{Indian name|Hyder|Yousuf}}
{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Hyder Yousuf
| image = Hyder Yousuf playing for Real Kashmir FC.jpg
| upright =
| caption = Hyder playing for Real Kashmir FC
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|February|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| height = 1.72 m
| position = [[Right-back]]
| currentclub = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| clubnumber = 6
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Lonestar Kashmir FC|Lonestar Kashmir]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| caps2 = 13
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023-
| clubs3 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| caps3 = 21
| goals3 = 1
| club-update =
}}

'''Hyder Yousuf''' (born 17 February 2000) is an Indian professional [[footballer]] who plays as a [[right-back]] for [[I-League]] club [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=I-League 2023-24: Real Kashmir prove two good for Rajasthan United in the opener {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/i-league-2023-24-real-kashmir-prove-two-good-for-rajasthan-united-in-the-opener/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Aswathy |date=29 October 2023 |title=I-League 2023-24: Real Kashmir FC and Inter Kashi serve up thrills on opening day fixtures |url=https://thebridge.in/football/real-kashmir-beat-rajasthan-united-gokulam-kerala-draw-inter-kashi-44574 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=29 October 2023 |title=Real Kashmir prove two good for Rajasthan United in I-League opener |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/real-kashmir-prove-two-good-for-rajasthan-united-in-i-league-opener/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Kashmir prove two good for Rajasthan United in I-League opener {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-prove-two-good-for-rajasthan-united-in-i-league-opener/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Born and brought up in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], Yousuf started playing football at the age of 12. Yousuf represented his home side [[Jammu and Kashmir football team]] in [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]] and [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2 January 2023 |title=J&K Draw 0-0 Against Rajasthan In Santosh Trophy |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/01/02/jk-draw-0-0-against-rajasthan-in-santosh-trophy/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, while Yousuf was pursuing his graduation at [[Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar|Gandhi Memorial College]], he joined [[Downtown Heroes FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Babra |date=15 August 2023 |title=Downtown Heroes FC |url=https://kashmirlife.net/downtown-heroes-fc-vol-15-issue-20-324798/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> He featured a total of three matches for Downtown Heroes FC in [[2023 Durand Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K all set to host first ever National football camp at Srinagar |url=https://risingkashmir.com/jk-all-set-to-host-first-ever-national-football-camp-at-srinagar-ee145656-c572-4ecc-8920-d11df6463620 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=risingkashmir.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=J&K all set to host first ever national football camp in Srinagar |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/jk-all-set-to-host-first-ever-national-football-camp-in-srinagar/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yousuf, Hyder}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Lonestar Kashmir FC players]]
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC players]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Kuttoor (Thiruvalla)

2025-08-11T18:25:42Z

Sylvin Thomas: Creating basic info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuttoor
| image_skyline = KUTTOOR.jpg
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.385|N|76.575|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 18433
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689106
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-469
| registration_plate = KL-27 (Thiruvalla)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Thiruvalla
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_name_sec2 = Nearest Airport
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Cochin International Airport Limited]]
| website = {{URL|http://lsgkerala.in/Kuttoorpanchayat/}}
| footnotes =
}}

''' Kuttoor ''' is a village in Thiruvalla Taluk, [[Pathanamthitta district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].Kuttoor panchayathu which is under [[Thiruvalla]] assembly constituency and Pulikkizhu block panchayathu.

==Location==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
This village has 12.16 square kilometer consist of 14 wards. Boundaries are Eraviperoor Panchayathu, Kadalimangalam River, Manimalayar and Varattar.Early years Kuttoor was in [[Kollam]] district and later [[Alappuzha]] District and now it under Pathanamthitta.

[[File:Thondra Kadavu Bridge, Kuttoor.jpg|thumb|Thondra Kadavu Bridge is an entrance to Kuttoor grama panchayathu from Tiruvalla Municipality.]]

==Demographics==
Total area is 1203 hectors and total population 18433 as per 2001 census.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |author=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
Kuttoor was a capital of Thekkumkoor Kingdom. Dritharashramala (known as [[Pottanmala]] ), Kottappuram, Bhoothakkuzhi, Chakrashalanakkadavu and Thalayar. historically relevant places which were in Kuttoor. The name ‘Thalayar’ comes from the story of Sreevallabha. He killed Thukalasuran, and at that moment, the demon’s head (thala) fell on Thalayar when Sreevallabha used the Sudarshana Chakra.The name Kuttoor came from Kottayoor-Kottoor.

==Transport==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] has a depot at Tiruvalla (station code: TVLA) which is one among the 29 major depots in the state. Its 4 km from Kuttoor. KSRTC operates long distance and interstate bus services from the Tiruvalla depot. KSRTC operates daily Interstate Airbus service to [[Bangalore]] from Tiruvalla.
[[Tiruvalla railway station]] (station code: TRVL) and Chenagannur (station code: CGNR) railway station are near to Kuttoor. Thiruvalla railway station is the sole railway station in [[Pathanamthitta]] district. Both stations are only 4 km from Kuttoor. Most trains stop here. Another major railway station is [[Kottayam railway station]] which is 25 km from Kuttoor. The nearest airports are [[Cochin International Airport]] (105 km) and Trivandrum airport (126 km).

[[File:Kuttoor Panchayathu Office, Kuttoor Junction.jpg|thumb|Kuttoor Panchayath Office]]

==Geography==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
The topography of Kuttoor comprises plains, paddy fields, and small ranges. There are paddy fields in Ottam Etukadavu and Kothavithiruthi. Main crops are paddy, coconut, cassava, sugarcane, banana, and pepper. The main water source of the village is Manamalayar. There are smaller sources of water like Varattar, Madhurampuzha, Kadhalimangalathar and Ettukadavu stream.

==Politics==
The current Panchayathu is under governed by [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]], LDF. Out of 14 wards, 8 seat won by LDF, BJP 3, UDF 3.

Current MLA is Adv.Mathew T Thomas. He is currently the Legislature Party Leader of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].
Current MP [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is Anto Antony

[[File:K E Mamman, Venpala Ramachandran, Kandathil, Varghese Mapillai.jpg|thumb|K E Mamman, Venpala Ramachandran, Kandathil, Varghese Mapillai]]

== Notable personalities==

[[File:Vanchimoottil Devi Temple,.jpg|thumb|Vanchimoottil Devi Temple]]

==Temples==
*[[Vanchimoottil Devi Temple]], Thalayar
*Sankara Narayana Darma Sastra Kshetram, Kuttoor
*Sree Kailasa Nadha Uma Maheswara Kshetram, Thengeli
*Puthoorkavu Kshetram, Kuttoor
*Valliyilkavu devi Kshetram, Thengeli
*Dritharashramala Kshetram, Pottanmala
*Kadalimangalam devi temple, Venpala

[[File:St'Mary's Knanaya Church, Kuttoor.jpg|thumb|St'Mary's Knanaya Church, Kuttoor.]]

==Churches==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
*St'Mary'Orthodox Syrian Church, Venpala
*St'Mary's Knanaya Church, Thengali
*St'George Orthodox Church Thengali
*St'Mary's Knanaya Catholic Church Thengali
*St'Mary's Knanaya Church Kuttoor
*St'George Orthodox Church, Kallumkal Venpala
*New India Church of God, Thengali
*New India Church of God, Kuttoor
*Bretheran Assembly Hall, Kuttoor
*All Saint's CSI Church, Kuttoor
*Salem Marthoma Church Thymaravumkara

==Hospitals==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
* [[Pushpagiri Medical College|Pushpagiri Medical College Hospital]] 3.1 km
* Dr. K.M Cherian Institute of Medical Sciences, Kallissery 4.1 km
* Taluk Headquarters Hospital (Govt.Hospital, Thiruvalla) 4.3 km
* Tiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital 4.8 km
* [[Believers Church Medical College Hospital]] 7.0 km
* St.Gregorious Medical Mission Multi-Speciality Hospital, Parumala (Parumala Hospital) 12.0 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://lsgkerala.gov.in/ LSGD Kerala]
* [http://lsgkerala.in/kuttoorpanchayat/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082716/http://lsgkerala.in/kuttoorpanchayat/ |date=18 May 2015 }}
* {{usurped|1=[http://vaikhari.org/thiruvalla.html http://vaikhari.org/thiruvalla.html]}}
* [http://www.keraladays.com Information about kerala]

{{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Villages in Thiruvalla taluk]]

The Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine

2025-07-29T07:52:42Z

Sylvin Thomas: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Devan (writer)

2025-05-26T11:09:55Z

Sylvin Thomas: updated content for consistency and added references based on references

{{no footnotes|date=May 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{About||the film|Devan (film)|the singer|Devan Ekambaram|the actor|Devan (actor)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Devan (R. Mahadevan)
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Devan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvidaimarudur]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1957|5|5|1913|9|8}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| occupation = Managing editor, [[Ananda Vikatan]]
| nationality =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Thuppariyum Sambu]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Devan (R. Mahadevan)''' (8 September 1913 – 5 May 1958) was a 20th-century Indian writer who wrote in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], known for his witty and humorous stories.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/sep/09/remembering-a-literary-genius-514879.html "Remembering a literary genius"]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/he-was-a-man-of-next-generation/article18483453.ece " Human traits — Devan’s forte"]</ref>

==Early life==
Devan was born in 1913 at [[Thiruvidaimarudur]] in present-day [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, where he did his schooling. He came to Kumbakonam Government College to complete his B.A. degree. He worked as a school teacher for a year, before joining the popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] weekly magazine, [[Ananda Vikatan]] in 1933. Devan's first foray into the world of writing was through the humorous short story "Mister Rajamani", written when he was in his twenties.

==Life as an editor==
Devan started as a Sub-Editor at [[Ananda Vikatan]] in 1933. After [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] left Vikatan, worked as Managing Editor from 1942 to 1957.

During this time, he wrote about 20 serials, more than 500 stories, articles and travelogues. A common feature in all his works was his gentle sense of humour. He was a very popular writer and stories abound of how, when a new issue of [[Ananda Vikatan]] came out, everyone in the family would fight to get hold of the copy first.

Devan worked under famous writers like Kalki Krishnamurthy and [[S. S. Vasan]]. It was his wish that his stories get published as books, but sadly this did not happen in his lifetime, due to the nature of his contract with Vikatan.

During this time, he also served as Chairman of the Tamil Writers' Guild twice, and helped to promote [[Tamil literature]].

Devan was the editor of Ananda Vikatan until his death in 1957. In his short life, he experimented with different types of writing – travelogues, detective novels, articles, short stories, current affairs. Devan's books are a joy to read even today, when social values and techniques in fiction writing are so different.

About ten of Devan's writings were also dramatised by several Tamil drama troupes, even during his lifetime. He himself wrote most of the dialogues for the plays. More recently, some of his works like Thuppariyum Sambu, Sriman Sudharsanam and Mister Vedhantham were made into television serials also. Only one of his novels, gOmathiyin kAdhalan, was made into a movie, starring T. R. Ramachandran and Savithri.

==Bibliography==
All of Devan's stories and travelogues were serialised in [[Ananda Vikatan]] (with, perhaps, one exception, 'Mythili' which was serialised in 'Naradar'). His writings are copyright of the Devan Endowments. Recently, many of Devan's works have been published by Alliance Publishers, [[Chennai]], India. 'Kizakkup padhippagam' has also recently started publishing Devan's writings.
One of his novels, Justice Jagannathan, has been translated into English.

His writings include :

Novels:
* Mythili (1939 )
* Malathi ( 1942)
* [[Thuppariyum Sambu]] (1942)
* GOmathiyin KAdhalan
* KalyANi (1944)
* Miss JAnaki
* SrimAn Sudharsanam
* Mr VedhAntham (1949–50)
* Justice JagannAthan (1953–54)
* Lakshmi KatAksham (1951–52)
* CID Chandru (his last novel) (1955–56 )

Other collections of stories, articles and travelogues include:
* Mister RajAmaNi – a series
* Vichuvukku Kadithangal – a series
* AppaLak KachchEri – a series of articles with a recipe at the end of each article
* Aindhu NaadugaLil ARupathu NaaL (60 Days in 5 countries) – Travelogue
* POkkiri MAmA
* PallisAmiyin Thuppu
* MOtAr AgarAthi
* Chinna KaNNan katturaigaL – a series
* RAjiyin PiLLai – a series
* Adhisaya thaambathigaL – a series
* Kamalam SolgirAL – a series
* Podaatha Thapaal – a series
* Sarasuvukku Kadithangal
* manidha subAvam
* chInup payal
* chinnan chiRu kadhaigaL – a series
* pArvathiyin sangalpam
* mallAri rAo kadhaigaL – a series
* En indha asattuththanam
* jAngiri sundharam
* peyarpOna puLugugaL
* prabuvE! uththaravu! – a series
* nadandhathu nadanthapadiyE – a travelogue
* rangUn periyappA
* chonnapadi kELungaL
* rAjaththin manOratham – a series on building a house

==References==
{{reflist}}
* "dEvanin ezuththulagam" Tamil Book by S. Vaitheeswaran, vAnathi publishers, April 1995.
* Prefaces in Devan's books published by Alliance Publishers.
* [http://www.tamilbooksonline.in/booklist1.php?authorname=DEVAN Books listed by Tamilbooksonline]

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090623043212/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/09/18/stories/13180671.htm Wrote to delight]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20021218162555/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/06/stories/1306046a.htm Wow! It's a woman]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090623102031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003101001631300.htm&date=2003/10/10/&prd=fr& God's plenty, with a touch of humour ]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040620085916/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600280500.htm Murder Mystery ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230405/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/01/28/stories/2007012800130400.htm Kalki and Devan ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107152316/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/10/17/stories/2008101751440600.htm Devan's house ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915094654/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/09/12/stories/2008091251250300.htm A mirror to human nature ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080824061113/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050606850400.htm Devan day 2007 ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513203319/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/09/stories/2008050951330600.htm Devan day: 2008]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107152334/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/14/stories/2010051451600400.htm Devan day:2010 ]
* [https://archive.today/20130103222550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/chennai/30134254_1_tamil-popular-writer-literary-merit First Devan memorial lecture ]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2462158.ece Wodehousian or just William? ]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2507389.ece The Devan days ]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/he-made-people-laugh/article5119970.ece He made people laugh ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001050107/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Remembering-a-literary-genius/2013/09/09/article1774681.ece Remembering a literary genius ]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/fine-insight-into-human-psychology/article5096398.ece Fine Insight into Human Psychology ]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Children's writers in Tamil]]
[[Category:Writers from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]

Five Little Indians

2025-05-05T04:21:23Z

Sylvin Thomas: cleaned up citations per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian rock band}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{for|the 2020 Canadian novel by Michelle Good|Five Little Indians (novel)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Five Little Indians
| image =
| origin = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| instrument =
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[hardcore punk]], [[hard rock]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 2007–2011
| label = [[Independent record label|Independent]]
| associated_acts = The Supersonics Span [[Pinknoise]] Them Clones [[Avial (band)|Avial]] [[Thermal and a Quarter]] [[Pentagram]]
| website = {{url|fivelittleindians.com/}}
| current_members = Neel Adhikari Allan Ao Arka Das Sayak Banerjee Roheet Mukherjee
| past_members = Sandip Roy Rabi L. Roy Sanket Bhattacharya
}}
'''Five Little Indians''' ({{langx|bn|ফাইভ লিটিল ইন্ডিয়নস}}), (also known as FLI) was an alternative rock band based in [[Kolkata]]. The band was formed in January 2007. Five Little Indians merged melodic rock and a heavier sound with singer-songwriter sensibilities. The band used [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocals and often mixed [[raga]]s with a rock sound.

==History==
Five Little Indians played its debut show at the [[Eastwind (music festival)|Eastwind Festival]] '08.<ref>{{cite web|author=Diya Kohli|date=25 February 2008|title=Blowin' in the Wind|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080225/jsp/entertainment/story_8946131.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526034218/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080225/jsp/entertainment/story_8946131.jsp|archive-date=26 May 2011|access-date=4 March 2011|work=The Telegraph|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Allan Ao|date=9 March 2008|title=Rock Mela|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080309/jsp/entertainment/story_8996130.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526034241/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080309/jsp/entertainment/story_8996130.jsp|archive-date=26 May 2011|access-date=4 March 2011|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The band had formed only a few months before.

Back at [[Kolkata]], the band was featured in ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>[https://archive.today/20120718070358/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Client.asp?Daily=TOIKM&login=default&Enter=true&Skin=TOI&GZ=T "We don't need shelter from any establishment"]; ''[[Calcutta Times]]'', 24 March 2008.</ref> for its original sound. Simultaneously, FLI was the band in focus for August 2008 on IndianMusicRevolution.
The band played the Calcutta leg of the RSJ Pubrockfest '08, taking the stage after Aurora Jane to a full house at Someplace Else. The band played at Star Theatre, Calcutta as part of INTERface '08, an inter-disciplinary arts festival featuring artistes from [[Korea]], Singapore, [[Switzerland]] and Japan.
In November 2008, FLI's original "Screaming at the Sun" saw a worldwide release as part of ''Stupidditties 2'', a compilation of Indian "un-metal" music from {{Proper name|ennui.BOMB}}, supported by [[Counter Culture Records]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Arjun S Ravi|date=5 November 2008|title=Meet Stupid Ditties 2: Five Little Indians|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2008/11/05/meet-stupid-ditties-2-five-little-indians/|access-date=4 March 2011|work=Indiecision}}</ref>

The November issue of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine, India, featured FLI's first single, "Happy Birthday" on its Downloads section, lauding the band's dark, moody sound and offering up a 3½ rating for the song.<ref>{{cite web|author=Neha Sharma|date=1 November 2008|title=Five Little Indians|url=https://www.rollingstone-india.com/review/reviewdetails.php?reviewid=339|access-date=4 March 2011|work=Rolling Stone India}}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In early 2009, FLI co-headlined the east zone finals of Campus Rock Idols with Skinny Alley in January.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 January 2009|title=Make some noise!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/kolkata/27999803_1_top-spot-bands-noise|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023083754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/kolkata/27999803_1_top-spot-bands-noise|archive-date=23 October 2012|access-date=4 March 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Malini Banerjee|date=20 January 2009|title=A war out there|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090120/jsp/entertainment/story_10412557.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911110154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090120/jsp/entertainment/story_10412557.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2012|access-date=4 March 2011|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In May, the band, along with Bertie Da Silva and The Supersonics, organised the first chapter of Elektrik Kool Rock Revue, a platform for all-original music showcased in a series of shows.<ref name="play" /> FLI also opened for French chanson-rockers KWAK and was featured as part Littlei's Friday Night Live series at the Big Ben, The Kenilworth. Apart from the 2008 and 2009 editions of the RSJ/Kingfisher Pubrockfest, the band headlined the Autumn Festival 2009 at [[Shillong]] and then headlined the Hornbill Festival in Kisama, [[Kohima]].<ref>{{cite web|date=8 December 2009|title=Five Little Indians finds roots in Hornbill fest|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091208/jsp/northeast/story_11834065.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204225157/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091208/jsp/northeast/story_11834065.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|access-date=4 March 2011|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In February 2010, the FLI opened for pop singer [[Richard Marx]] at Rock'N'India, [[Bangalore]], along with [[Swarathma]], Jaycee Lewis and [[Prime Circle (band)|Prime Circle]] from South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Taniya Talukdar|date=22 February 2010|title=Backstreet Boys perform in Bangalore|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_backstreet-boys-perform-in-bangalore_1351014|access-date=4 March 2011|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> FLI also played the [[Greenpeace]] [[Earth Day]] Fest in May 2010.

In between live performances, Five Little Indians also crafted the soundtrack to ''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]'', the critically acclaimed 2010 feature by Kolkata-based director Q.<ref>{{cite web|author=Grishma Rao|date=15 October 2010|title=Five Little Indians Score Film Soundtrack|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2010/10/15/five-little-indians-score-film-soundtrack/|access-date=5 March 2015|work=[[NH7 (webzine)|NH7]]}}</ref> The independent film went on to bag several awards at the South Asian International Film Festival 2010 at New York.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meenakshi Shedde|date=18 February 2011|title='G--- will win over fans exhausted with the tried and true'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_g-will-win-over-fans-exhausted-with-the-tried-and-true_1509393|access-date=24 February 2011|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>
Five Little Indians disbanded in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2010|title=Five Little Indians-Interview(A Conversation)|url=http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Interview-s/Five-Little-Indians-InterviewA-Conversation.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025120/http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Interview-s/Five-Little-Indians-InterviewA-Conversation.html|archive-date=13 July 2011|access-date=4 March 2011|publisher=IndianMusicRevolution}}</ref>

==Members==
* Neel Adhikari: vocals, guitar
* Allan Temjen Ao: guitar, backing vocals
* Arka Das: drums/percussion<ref name=play>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090526/jsp/entertainment/story_11018760.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204002818/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090526/jsp/entertainment/story_11018760.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Play Me! |author=Malini Banerjee |date=26 May 2009 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>
* Sayak Banerjee: vocals, guitar
* Roheet Mukherjee: bass guitar, vocals

===Former members===

*Sandip Roy: bass, backing vocals
*Rabi L. Roy: bass, backing vocals
*Sanket Bhattacharya: bass guitar, vocals<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090528/jsp/entertainment/story_11027442.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912013519/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090528/jsp/entertainment/story_11027442.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Ready to rock you|date=28 May 2009 |work=The Telegraph|access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207105839/http://fivelittleindians.com/ Official Five Little Indians website]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100104005550/http://indianrockmp3.com/2009/03/28/1o1-with-five-little-indians/ Interview with FLI]}}
*[http://nh7.in/indiecision/2010/10/15/five-little-indians-score-film-soundtrack/ Five Little Indians score Gandu soundtrack]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268192/ Netherworld]
* [http://rollingstoneindia.com/news-updates/five-little-indians/ In Shades of Grey]

{{Bengali Bands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Five Little Indians}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Bengali musical groups]]

Ultapani Reserve Forest

2025-02-04T18:01:38Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian nature preserve}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Ultapani Reserve Forest''' is a biodiversity area situated under Holtugaon Forest Division of [[Manas National Park|Manas Biosphere]] reserve situated in [[Kokrajhar district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].

The name means "The Reverse Water", the river which flows through the forest in the direction west to east unlikely other rivers flows east to west. It is located in Kokrajhar Tehsil of Kokrajhar district in Assam, India. It is situated 55 km away from [[Kokrajhar]], which is both district and sub-district headquarter of Ultapani Forest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/assam/kokrajhar/kokrajhar/ultapani-forest-block.html|title=Ultapani Forest Block Village in Kokrajhar (Kokrajhar) Assam {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280535049_Diversity_and_Conservation_of_Ultapani_Reserve_Forest_of_Assam_Problems_and_Prospects|title=Publication (PDF): Diversity and Conservation of Ultapani Reserve Forest of Assam: Problems and Prospects|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
[[File:Butterfly Ultapani.jpg|thumb|Butterfly Ultapani]]
The Ultapani reserve forest plays a very important part of the Manas [[Biosphere reserves of India|Biosphere Reserve]]. The forest type of Ultapani is a unique one which comprises mostly [[Semi-evergreen|semi evergreen]] and moist deciduous type. The plants are basically evergreen and semi evergreen. Among these some plants have medicinal values, some are edible fruits, while, some of them are oil and timber yielding plants with great economic prospects. Ultapani is the "Haven of Butterfly" and the natural home of [[Gee's golden langur|Golden langur]], famous [[Great hornbill|Great Pied Hornbill]] and some other RET species. [[Orchidaceae|Orchids]] are also the strength of Ultapani Reserve Forest. But, unfortunately the valuable asset of this forest is now threatened due to over exploitation of forest resources by forest mafias and encroachment for agricultural and human settlements by economically poor People in the forest lands living there in. Which creates lots of problems to the wild animals and it will effect adversely to the ecological balance. This paper highlighting upon the present status of conservation, richness of Biodiversity and tourism of Ultapani Reserve Forest.

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Assam]]
[[Category:Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

B.G. Matapurkar

2024-11-09T04:21:16Z

Sylvin Thomas: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|biography|date=September 2014}}
{{COI|date=November 2019}}}}
'''Balkrishan Ganpatrao Matapurkar'''{{langx|hi|डा. बालक्रिशन गणपतराव मातापुरकर}} is an Indian medical researcher and multi-lingual poet. He first defined the term "organ regeneration" and was awarded a US patent on [[adult stem cell]]s used for organ regeneration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?Arch=&articleid=7705&sectionid=44|title=Dr.B.G.Matapurkar gets US patent for surgical procedure for organ regeneration - Patents|website=www.pharmabiz.com}}</ref>

== Works ==

* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUYx1neUEIoC&pg=PA625|title=Textbook of Gynecology|last=Salhan|first=Sudha|date=August 2011|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5025-369-4|pages=625–}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvQD3din9S4C|title=Local Cells, Global Science: The Rise of Embryonic Stem Cell Research in India|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=Aditya|last2=Glasner|first2=Peter E.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-39609-7}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matapurkar, B. G.}}
[[Category:Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]

Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency

2024-10-19T07:06:40Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting a entry!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{About|Shahabad Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh|constituency in Bihar|Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahabad
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Shahabad''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Yuvraj Dutta Singh
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Dharam Gaj Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ganga Bhakt Singh]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Dharam Gaj Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Dharam Gaj Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Dharam Gaj Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Surendra Pal Pathak<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Iliyas Azmi]]
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Raghvendra Singh<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Daud Ahmad]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Iliyas Azmi]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| colspan="3" |Constituency Demolished in 2008.
|}

==See also==
* [[Shahabad, Hardoi|Shahabad]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.6|79.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Politics of Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Nadira (actress)

2024-03-21T04:45:13Z

Sylvin Thomas: add references for clarity and updated info for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Nadira]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}
}}

Talpura

2024-02-26T05:55:37Z

Sylvin Thomas: starting a info!

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tālpurā
| native_name = तालपुरा
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Buddhist site
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_relief =yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Possible location in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.47|N|77.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sehore district|Sehore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 300
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tālpurā''' (Hindi तालपुरा) in [[Sehore]] district, [[Madhya Pradesh]], is an ancient Buddhist site near [[Hoshangabad]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]]. It dates to the early centuries BCE and consists of two [[stupa]]s, one with remains of a stone railing carved with lotus medallions and other designs similar to those seen at [[Sanchi]]. Next to the stupas is a rock shelter with paintings. <ref>Peter Skilling, “Stūpas, Aśoka and Buddhist Nuns: Early Buddhism in Ujjain and Malwa,” ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'' 25 (2011): 157–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43896142.</ref>
[[File:Buddhist stupa at Talpura (Sehore district) Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|Buddhist stūpa at Tālpurā (Sehore district) Madhya Pradesh.]]
Tālpurā appears in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West]] and is centrally protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]

Bijni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T11:08:13Z

Sylvin Thomas: minor add section based on references and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Bijni Assembly constituency]]

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